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High jump

2026-05-12T08:07:39Z

AlejandroQkj: started some article more to come

{{Short description|Track and field event}}
{{redirect|High Jump|the film|High Jump (film)}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event= High jump
|image= [[File:Nicole Forrester.JPG|240px]]
|caption= Canadian high jumper [[Nicole Forrester]] demonstrating the [[Fosbury flop]]
|WRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Javier Sotomayor]] {{T&Fcalc|2.45}} (1993)}}
|ORmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]] {{T&Fcalc|2.39}} (1996)}}
|CRmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Bohdan Bondarenko]] {{T&Fcalc|2.41}} (2013)}}
|WRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]] {{T&Fcalc|2.10}} (2024)}}
|ORwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yelena Slesarenko]] {{T&Fcalc|2.06}} (2004)}}
|CRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|BUL|1971}} [[Stefka Kostadinova]] {{T&Fcalc|2.09}} (1987)}}
}}
The '''high jump''' is a [[track and field]] event in which competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it. In its modern, most-practiced format, a bar is placed between two standards with a crash mat for landing. Since ancient times, competitors have successively improved their technique, today employing the universally preferred [[Fosbury Flop]], in which athletes run towards the bar and leap head first with their back to the bar.

The discipline is, alongside the [[pole vault]], one of two vertical clearance events in the [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic athletics program]]. It is contested at the [[World Championships in Athletics]] and the [[World Athletics Indoor Championships]], and is a common occurrence at track and field meets. The high jump was among the first events deemed acceptable for women, having been held at the [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Olympic Games]].

[[Javier Sotomayor]] (Cuba) is the world record holder with a jump of {{T&Fcalc|2.45}} set in 1993 – the longest-standing record in the history of the men's high jump. [[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]] (Ukraine) is the women's world record holder with a jump of {{T&Fcalc|2.10}} set in 2024.

==Rules==
[[File:Yelena Slesarenko failing 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Yelena Slesarenko]] hitting the bar while using the Fosbury Flop technique]]

The rules set for the high jump by [[World Athletics]] (previously named the IAAF<ref name="rules2009"/>) are Technical Rules TR26 and TR27<ref>{{cite web |title=C2.1: Technical Rulesv (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020*) |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=8728ad5a-61ee-4b04-9156-af26378d17e2.pdf&urlslug=C2.1%20-%20Technical%20Rules%20(amended%20on%2031%20January%202020)#page=61 |website=Book of Rules |publisher=World Athletics |pages=59–65}}</ref> (previously Rules 181 and 182<ref name="rules2009"/>). Jumpers must take off from one foot. A jump is considered a failure if the jumper dislodges the bar or touches the ground or any object behind the bar before clearance.

Competitors may begin jumping at any height announced by the chief judge, or may pass at their own discretion. Most competitions state that three consecutive missed jumps, at any height or combination of heights, will eliminate the jumper from contention. The victory goes to the jumper who clears the greatest height during the final.

===Tie breaking===
If two or more jumpers tie for any place, the tie-breakers are: 1) the fewest misses at the height at which the tie occurred; and 2) the fewest misses throughout the competition. If the event remains tied for first place (or a limited-advancement position to a subsequent meet), the jumpers have a jump-off, beginning at the next height above their highest success. Jumpers have one attempt at each height. If only one succeeds, he or she wins; if more than one does, these try with the bar raised; if none does, all try with the bar lowered. This process was followed at the [[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's high jump|2015 World Championship men's event]] and at the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|2024 Summer Olympics]].

Example:
{|class="wikitable"
|+Example jump-off
!rowspan=2| Competitor !!colspan=7| Main competition !!colspan=3| Jump-off !!rowspan=2| Place
|-
! 1.75m !! 1.80m !! 1.84m !! 1.88m !! 1.91m !! 1.94m !! 1.97m !! 1.91m !! 1.89m !! 1.91m
|-
| A || o || xo || o || xo || x || – || xx || x || o || x || 2
|-
| B || – || xo || – || xo || – || – || xxx || x || o || o || 1
|-
| C || – || o || xo || xo || – || xxx || || x || x || || 3
|-
| D || – || xo|| xo || xo || xxx || || ||colspan=3| || 4
|}

In the example jump-off, the final cleared height is 1.88m, at which A B C and D each have one failure. D has two failures at lower heights compared to one each for the other three, who proceed to a jump-off at the next height above the final cleared height. C is eliminated in the second round of the jump-off 1.89m, then B wins in the third round.

A 2009 rule-change makes the jump-off optional, so that first place can be shared by agreement among tied athletes.<ref name="rules2009">{{cite web |title=Competition Rules 2010-2011; In Force as from 1st November 2009 |url=http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/05/47/81/20091027115916_httppostedfile_CompRules2010_web_26Oct09_17166.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011023632/http://iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/05/47/81/20091027115916_httppostedfile_CompRules2010_web_26Oct09_17166.pdf |publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations |page=168; Rule 181 §§ 8, 9 [note marginal change lines]}}; {{cite web |last1=Locteau |first1=Sebastien |title=IAAF Technical Rule Changes 2009/2010. |url=https://www.runireland.com/iaaf-technical-rule-changes-20092010-aai-website/ |website=RunIreland.com |access-date=2 August 2021 |date=4 December 2009}}</ref> This rule led to shared gold in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|2020 Olympic men's event]] held in 2021.

==History==
[[File:1912 Konstantinos Tsiklitiras2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Konstantinos Tsiklitiras]] during the [[standing high jump]] competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics]]
The first recorded high jump event took place in Scotland in the 19th century. Early jumpers used either an elaborate straight-on approach or a [[Scissors jump|''scissors'']] technique. In later years, the bar was approached diagonally, and the jumper threw first the inside leg and then the other over the bar in a scissoring motion.

Around the turn of the 20th century, techniques began to change, beginning with the Irish-American [[Michael Sweeney (athlete)|Michael Sweeney's]] ''[[Eastern cut-off]]'' as a variation of the scissors technique. By taking off as in the scissors method, extending his spine and flattening out over the bar, Sweeney raised the world record to {{T&Fcalc|1.97}} in 1895. Even in 1948, [[John Winter (athlete)|John Winter]] of Australia won the gold medal of the [[Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|1948 London Olympics]] with this style. Besides, one of the most successful female high jumpers, [[Iolanda Balaș]] of Romania, used this style to dominate women's high jump for about 10 years until her retirement in 1967.

Another American, [[George Horine]], developed an even more efficient technique, the ''[[Western roll]]''. In this style, the bar again is approached on a diagonal, but the inner leg is used for the take-off, while the outer leg is thrust up to lead the body sideways over the bar. Horine increased the world standard to {{T&Fcalc|2.01}} in 1912. His technique was predominant through the [[Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|1936 Berlin Olympics]], in which the event was won by [[Cornelius Johnson (athlete)|Cornelius Johnson]] at {{T&Fcalc|2.03}}.

American and Soviet jumpers were the most successful for the next four decades, and they pioneered the [[straddle technique]]. Straddle jumpers took off as in the Western roll but rotated their torso, belly-down, around the bar, obtaining the most efficient and highest clearance up to that time. Straddle jumper [[Charles Dumas]] was the first to clear 7 feet (2.13 m), in 1956. American [[John Thomas (high jumper)|John Thomas]] pushed the world mark to {{T&Fcalc|2.23}} in 1960. [[Valeriy Brumel]] of the Soviet Union took over the event for the next four years, radically speeding up his approach run. He took the record up to {{T&Fcalc|2.28}} and won the gold medal of the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|1964 Tokyo Olympics]], before a motorcycle accident in 1965 ended his career.
[[File:EthelCatherwood1928.jpg|thumb|Gold medal winner [[Ethel Catherwood]] of Canada ''scissors'' over the bar at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]]. Her winning result was {{T&Fcalc|1.59}}.]]

[[File:1912 Platt Adams5.JPG|thumb|left|Platt Adams during the standing high jump competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics]]
Coaches from the United States, such as a two-time [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] champion Frank Costello of the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]], traveled to Russia to learn from Brumel and his coaches like [[Vladimir Dyachkov]]. However, it would be a solitary innovator at [[Oregon State University]], [[Dick Fosbury]], who would bring the high jump into the next century.

Taking advantage of the raised, softer, artificially-cushioned landing areas that were in use by then, Fosbury added a new twist to the outmoded Eastern cut-off. He directed himself over the bar head and shoulders first, going over on his back and landing in a fashion that would likely have resulted in serious injury in the old ground-level landing pits, which were usually filled with sawdust or sand mixtures. Around the same time, [[Debbie Brill]] independently came up with the same technique, which she called the 'Brill Bend'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Runnerstribe |date=2022-08-19 |title=If The 'Flop' Had Flopped Would We Be Seeing The Brill Bend? - A Column by Len Johnson |url=https://www.runnerstribe.com/features/if-the-flop-had-flopped-would-we-be-seeing-the-brill-bend-a-column-by-len-johnson/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Runner's Tribe |language=en-AU}}</ref>

Since Fosbury used his new style, called the [[Fosbury flop]], to win the gold medal of the [[Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|1968 Mexico Olympics]], its use spread quickly, and soon "floppers" were dominating international high jump competitions. The first flopper setting a world record was the American [[Dwight Stones]], who cleared {{T&Fcalc|2.30}} in 1973. In the female side, the 16-year-old flopper [[Ulrike Meyfarth]] from West Germany won the gold medal of the [[Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump|1972 Munich Olympics]] at {{T&Fcalc|1.92}}, which tied the women's world record at that time (held by the Austrian straddler [[Ilona Gusenbauer]] a year before). However, it was not until 1978 when a flopper, [[Sara Simeoni]] of Italy, broke the women's world record.

Successful high jumpers following Fosbury's lead also included the rival of Dwight Stones, {{convert|5|ft|8|in|order=flip}}-tall [[Franklin Jacobs]] of Paterson, New Jersey, who cleared {{T&Fcalc|2.32}}, {{convert|0.59|m}} over his head (a feat equalled 27 years later by [[Stefan Holm]] of Sweden); Chinese record-setters [[Ni Zhiqin|Ni-chi Chin]] and [[Zhu Jianhua]]; Germans [[Gerd Wessig]] and [[Dietmar Mögenburg]]; Swedish Olympic medalist and former world record holder [[Patrik Sjöberg]]; female jumpers [[Ulrike Meyfarth]] of West Germany and [[Sara Simeoni]] of Italy.

In spite of this, the straddle technique did not disappear at once. In 1977, the 18-year-old Soviet straddler [[Vladimir Yashchenko]] set a new world record {{T&Fcalc|2.33}}. In 1978, he raised the record to {{T&Fcalc|2.34}}, and {{T&Fcalc|2.35}} indoor, just before a knee injury effectively ended his career when he was only 20 years old. In the female side, the straddler [[Rosemarie Ackermann]] of East Germany, who was the first female jumper ever to clear {{T&Fcalc|2}}, raised the world record from {{T&Fcalc|1.95}} to {{T&Fcalc|2.00}} during 1974 to 1977. In fact, from 2 June 1977 to 3 August 1978, almost 10 years after Fosbury's success, the men's and women's world records were still held by straddle jumpers Yashchenko and Ackermann respectively. However, they were the last world record holders using the straddle technique. Ackermann also won the gold medal of the [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump|1976 Montreal Olympics]], which was the last time for a straddle jumper (male or female) to win an Olympic medal.

In 1980, the Polish flopper, 1976 Olympic gold medalist [[Jacek Wszoła]], broke Yashchenko's world record at {{T&Fcalc|2.35}}. Two years before, the female Italian flopper [[Sara Simeoni]], the long-term rival of Ackermann, broke Ackermann's world record at {{T&Fcalc|2.01}} and became the first female flopper to break the women's world record. She also won the gold medal of the [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump|1980 Moscow Olympics]], where Ackermann placed fourth. Since then, the flop style has been completely dominant. All other techniques were almost extinct in serious high jump competitions after late 1980s.

==Technical aspects==
Technique and form have evolved greatly over the history of high jump. The Fosbury Flop is considered the most efficient way for competitors to propel themselves over the bar.

===Approach===
[[File:Ruth Beitia Valence 2008.jpg|thumb|Spanish jumper [[Ruth Beitia]] approaching the bar from an angle]]

For a Fosbury Flop, depending on the athlete's jump foot, they start on the right or left of the high jump mat, placing their jump foot farthest away from the mat. They take an eight- to ten-step approach, with the first three to five steps being in a straight line and the last five being on a curve. The approach angle is critical for optimal height. Athletes generally mark their approach in order to find as much consistency as possible.

The straight run builds the momentum and sets the tone for a jump. The athlete starts by pushing off their takeoff foot with slow, powerful steps, then begins to accelerate. They should be running upright by the end of the straight portion.

The athlete's takeoff foot will be landing on the first step of the curve, and they will continue to accelerate, focusing their body towards the opposite back corner of the high jump mat. While staying erect and leaning away from the mat, the athlete takes their final two steps flat-footed, rolling from the heel to the toe.

Most great straddle jumpers run at angles of about 30 to 40 degrees. The length of the run is determined by the speed of the approach. A slower run requires about eight strides, but a faster high jumper might need about 13 strides. Greater speed allows a greater part of the body's forward momentum to be converted upward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coachr.org/hj.htm|title=The HIGH JUMP|last=CoachR|website=www.coachr.org|access-date=2009-02-10|archive-date=2017-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330152430/http://www.coachr.org/hj.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The '''J''' approach favored by Fosbury floppers allows for speed, the ability to turn in the air ([[centripetal force]]), and a good takeoff position, which helps turn horizontal momentum into vertical momentum. The approach should be a hard, controlled stride so that the athlete does not fall from running at an angle. Athletes should lean into the curve from their ankles, not their hips. This allows their hips to rotate during takeoff, which in turn allows their center of gravity to pass under the bar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everythingtrackandfield.com/catalog/matriarch/OnePiecePage.asp_Q_PageID_E_152_A_PageName_E_ArticleHighJumpApproach|title=The High Jump Approach - Training Article|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123060941/http://www.everythingtrackandfield.com/catalog/matriarch/OnePiecePage.asp_Q_PageID_E_152_A_PageName_E_ArticleHighJumpApproach|archive-date=November 23, 2008|access-date=2009-02-11|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Takeoff===
The takeoff can be double-arm or single-arm. In both cases, the plant foot should be the foot farthest from the bar, angled towards the opposite back corner of the mat, as they drive up the knee on their non-takeoff leg. This is accompanied by a one- or two-arm swing while driving the knee.

Unlike the straddle technique, where the takeoff foot is "planted" in the same spot regardless of the height of the bar, flop-style jumpers must adjust their approach run as the bar is raised so that their takeoff spot is slightly farther out from the bar. Jumpers attempting to reach record heights commonly fail when most of their energy is directed into the vertical effort and they knock the bar off the standards with the backs of their legs as they stall.

An effective approach shape can be derived from physics. For example, the rate of backward spin required as the jumper crosses the bar in order to facilitate shoulder clearance on the way up and foot clearance on the way down can be determined by computer simulation. This rotation rate can be back-calculated to determine the required angle of lean away from the bar at the moment of planting, based on how long the jumper is on the takeoff foot. This information, together with the jumper's speed, can be used to calculate the radius of the curved part of the approach. One can also work in the opposite direction by assuming a certain approach radius and determining the resulting backward rotation.

Drills can be practiced to solidify the approach. One drill is to run in a straight line and then run two to three circles spiraling into one another. Another is to run or skip a circle of any size two or three times in a row.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everythingtrackandfield.com/catalog/matriarch/OnePiecePage.asp_Q_PageID_E_307_A_PageName_E_ArticleGirouxHighJump|title=High Jump Technique and Training|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123042035/http://www.everythingtrackandfield.com/catalog/matriarch/OnePiecePage.asp_Q_PageID_E_307_A_PageName_E_ArticleGirouxHighJump|archive-date=November 23, 2008|access-date=2009-02-11|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It is important to leap upwards without first leaning into the bar, allowing the momentum of the '''J''' approach to carry the body across the bar.

===Flight===
[[File:Britt Weerman at the 2023 European Indoor Championships.jpg|thumb|[[Britt Weerman]] in flight during the [[2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's high jump|2023 European Indoor Championships]]]]

The knee on the athlete's non-takeoff leg naturally turns their body, placing them in the air with their back to the bar. The athlete then drives their shoulders towards the back of their feet, arching their body over the bar. They can look over their shoulder to judge when to kick both feet over their head, causing their body to clear the bar and land on the mat.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liveabout.com/illustrated-high-jump-technique-3258815 |title=Illustrated High Jump Technique |last=Rosenbaum |first=Mike |website=Liveabout.com |date=27 October 2017 |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729154445/https://www.liveabout.com/illustrated-high-jump-technique-3258815 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Area records==
*Updated 12 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/jumps/high-jump/outdoor/men |title=Men's High Jump {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/jumps/high-jump/outdoor/women |title=Women's High Jump {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Men
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Women
|-
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|2.38}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Jacques Freitag]]|RSA}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|2.06}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Hestrie Cloete]]|RSA}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|2.43}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|2.00}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Nadezhda Dubovitskaya]]|KAZ}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|2.42}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sjöberg]]|SWE}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|2.10}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|2.45}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|2.05}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Chaunte Lowe]]|USA}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|2.36}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Tim Forsyth]]|AUS}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Nicola Olyslagers]]|AUS}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&Fcalc|2.33}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Gilmar Mayo]]|COL}} || '''{{T&Fcalc|1.96}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Solange Witteveen]]|ARG}}
|}

==All-time top 25==
{{See also|Men's high jump world record progression|Women's high jump world record progression|Men's high jump indoor world record progression}}
{| style="wikitable"
|Outdoor tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 '''high jump marks''' and the top 25 '''athletes''':
|-
| style="background: #f6F5CE" |''- denotes top performance for '''athletes''' in the top 25 '''high jump marks'''''
|-
|''- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 '''high jump marks''', by repeat athletes''
|-
| style="background: #CCFFCC" |''- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 '''athletes''' who fall outside the top 25 high jump marks''
|}
*{{As of|2025|August}}.<ref name=AlltimeMO>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/high-jump/outdoor/men/senior High Jump - men - senior - outdoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.</ref><ref name=AlltimeWO>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/high-jump/outdoor/women/senior High Jump - women - senior - outdoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.</ref><ref name=AlltimeMI>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/high-jump/indoor/men/senior High Jump - men - senior - indoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.</ref><ref name=AlltimeWI>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/high-jump/indoor/women/senior High Jump - women - senior - indoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.</ref>

===Men (outdoor)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|1 || align=center|1 || {{T&Fcalc|2.45}} || [[Javier Sotomayor]] || {{CUB}} || 27 July 1993 || [[Salamanca]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| || align=center|2 || {{T&Fcalc|2.44}} || ''Sotomayor #2'' || rowspan=2| || 29 July 1989 || [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] ||
|-
| align=center|3 || {{T&Fcalc|2.43}} || ''Sotomayor #3'' || 8 September 1988 || [[Salamanca]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|2 || align=center|3 || {{T&Fcalc|2.43}} || [[Mutaz Essa Barshim]] || {{QAT}} || 5 September 2014 || [[Brussels]] || <ref name="Brussels2014">{{cite news|title=Justin Gatlin rolls back the years as tyro Barshim basks|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/justin-gatlin-rolls-back-the-years-as-tyro-barshim-basks_1465688.html|publisher=zeenews.india.com|date=6 September 2014|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|3 || align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|2.42}} || [[Patrik Sjöberg]] || {{SWE}} || 30 June 1987 || [[Stockholm]] ||
|-
| || align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|2.42}} || ''Sotomayor #4'' || || 5 June 1994 || [[Seville]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|3 || align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|2.42}} || [[Bohdan Bondarenko]] || {{UKR}} || 14 June 2014 || [[New York City]] || <ref name="High Jump Results">{{cite web|title=High Jump Results|url=http://www.iaaf.org/results/diamond-league-meetings/2014/adidas-grand-prix-5390/men/high-jump/final/series|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=14 June 2014|access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| || align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|2.42}} || ''Barshim #2'' || || 14 June 2014 || [[New York City]] || <ref name="High Jump Results"/>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|5 || align=center|9 || {{T&Fcalc|2.41}} || [[Igor Paklin]] || {{URS}} || 4 September 1985 || [[Kobe]] ||
|-
| rowspan=7| || rowspan=7 align=center|9 || rowspan=7|{{T&Fcalc|2.41}} || ''Sotomayor #5'' || rowspan=7| || 25 June 1994 || [[Havana]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #6'' || 15 July 1994 || [[London]] ||
|-
| ''Bondarenko #2'' || 4 July 2013 || [[Lausanne]] ||
|-
| ''Bondarenko #3'' || 15 August 2013 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
| ''Barshim #3'' || 5 June 2014 || [[Rome]] ||
|-
| ''Barshim #4'' || 22 August 2014 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|-
| ''Barshim #5'' || 30 May 2015 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || [[Rudolf Povarnitsyn]] || {{URS}} || 11 August 1985 || [[Donetsk]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3| || rowspan=2 align=center|17 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || ''Sotomayor #7'' || rowspan=3| || 12 March 1989 || [[Havana]] ||
|-
| ''Sjöberg #2'' || 5 August 1989 || [[Brussels]] ||
|-
| align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || ''Sotomayor #8'' || 13 August 1989 || [[Bogotá]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || [[Sorin Matei]] || {{ROU}} || 20 June 1990 || [[Bratislava]] ||
|-
| || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || ''Sotomayor #9'' || || 19 July 1991 || [[Paris]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || [[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]] || {{USA}} || 7 August 1991 || [[Zurich]] ||
|-
| rowspan=8| || rowspan=8 align=center|17 || rowspan=8|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || ''Sotomayor #10'' || rowspan=8| || 22 May 1993 || [[Havana]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #11'' || 23 July 1993 || [[London]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #12'' || 22 August 1993 || [[Stuttgart]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #13'' || 10 July 1994 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #14'' || 18 July 1994 || [[Nice]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #15'' || 29 July 1994 || [[Saint Petersburg]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #16'' || 11 September 1994 || [[London]] ||
|-
| ''Sotomayor #17'' || 25 March 1995 || [[Mar del Plata]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || [[Vyacheslav Voronin]] || {{RUS}} || 5 August 2000 || [[London]] ||
|-
| || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || ''Barshim #6'' || || 1 June 2013 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || [[Derek Drouin]] || {{CAN}} || 25 April 2014 || [[Des Moines]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| || rowspan=2 align=center|17 || rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || ''Bondarenko #4'' || rowspan=2| || 11 May 2014 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|-
| ''Bondarenko #5'' || 3 July 2014 || [[Lausanne]] || <ref name="Lausanne2014"/>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|17 || {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || [[Andriy Protsenko]] || {{UKR}} || 3 July 2014 || [[Lausanne]] || <ref name="Lausanne2014">{{cite web|title=High Jump Results|url=http://www.diamondleague-lausanne.com/en/Live-StartlistsResults/Overview/High-Jump/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705222106/http://www.diamondleague-lausanne.com/en/Live-StartlistsResults/Overview/High-Jump/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2013|work=Diamond League - Lausanne|date=3 July 2014|access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7| || rowspan=7 align=center|17 || rowspan=7|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || ''Bondarenko #6'' || rowspan=7| || 18 July 2014 || [[Monaco]] ||
|-
| ''Bondarenko #7'' || 5 September 2014 || [[Brussels]] || <ref name="Brussels2014"/>
|-
| ''Barshim #7'' || 11 June 2016 || [[Opole]] ||
|-
| ''Barshim #8'' || 20 August 2017 || [[Birmingham]] ||
|-
| ''Barshim #9'' || 27 August 2017 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|-
| ''Barshim #10'' || 4 May 2018 || [[Doha]] ||
|-
| ''Barshim #11'' || 2 July 2018 || [[Székesfehérvár]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=4 align=center|12 || rowspan=14| || rowspan=4|{{T&Fcalc|2.39}} || [[Zhu Jianhua]] || {{CHN}} || 10 June 1984 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Hollis Conway]] || {{USA}} || 30 July 1989 || [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Ivan Ukhov]] || {{RUS}} || 5 July 2012 || [[Cheboksary]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Gianmarco Tamberi]] || {{ITA}} || 15 July 2016 || [[Monaco]] || <ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=High Jump Results|url=http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2016/monaco/re0810040.pdf|publisher=sportresult.com|date=15 July 2016|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805171132/http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2016/monaco/re0810040.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| rowspan=10 align=center|16 || rowspan=10|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}} || [[Hennadiy Avdyeyenko]] || {{URS}} || 6 September 1987 || [[Rome]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Sergey Malchenko]] || {{URS}} || 4 September 1988 || [[Banská Bystrica]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Dragutin Topić]] || {{FR-YUG}} || 1 August 1993 || [[Belgrade]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Troy Kemp]] || {{BAH}} || 12 July 1995 || [[Nice]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Artur Partyka]] || {{POL}} || 18 August 1996 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Jacques Freitag]] || {{RSA}} || 5 March 2005 || [[Oudtshoorn]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Andriy Sokolovskyy]] || {{UKR}} || 8 July 2005 || [[Rome]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Andrey Silnov]] || {{RUS}} || 25 July 2008 || [[London]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Zhang Guowei (high jumper)|Zhang Guowei]] || {{CHN}} || 30 May 2015 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Danil Lysenko]] || {{ANA}} || 27 August 2017 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|}

====Annulled marks====
The following athletes have had their personal best annulled due to doping offences:
{| class="wikitable"
!Mark
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!Ref
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|2.41}} || {{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}} || 10 May 2014 || [[Doha]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || {{flagathlete|[[Danil Lysenko]]|RUS}} || 20 July 2018 || [[Monaco]] ||
|}

===Women (outdoor)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
|align="center" |1
|align="center" |1
|{{T&Fcalc|2.10}}
|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]
|{{UKR}}
|7 July 2024
|[[Paris]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLASH: Mahuchikh breaks world high jump record with 2.10m in Paris {{!}} REPORTS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/meeting-de-paris-diamond-league-2024-world-record |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |2 || align="center" |2 || {{T&Fcalc|2.09}} || [[Stefka Kostadinova]]|| {{flag|Bulgaria|1971}} || 30 August 1987 || [[Rome]]||
|-
| || align="center" |3 || {{T&Fcalc|2.08}} || ''Kostadinova #2''|| || 31 May 1986 || [[Sofia]]||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |3 || align="center" |3 || {{T&Fcalc|2.08}} || [[Blanka Vlašić]]|| {{CRO}} || 31 August 2009 || [[Zagreb]]||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |4 || align="center" |5 || {{T&Fcalc|2.07}} || [[Lyudmila Andonova]]|| {{flag|Bulgaria|1971}} || 20 July 1984 || [[Berlin]]||
|-
| rowspan="4" | || rowspan="4" align="center" |5 || rowspan="4" |{{T&Fcalc|2.07}} || ''Kostadinova #3'' || rowspan="4" | || 25 May 1986 || [[Sofia]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #4'' || 16 September 1987 || [[Cagliari]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #5'' || 3 September 1988 || [[Sofia]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #2'' || 7 August 2007 || [[Stockholm]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|4 || align=center|5 || {{T&Fcalc|2.07}} || [[Anna Chicherova]] || {{RUS}} || 22 July 2011 || [[Cheboksary]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5| || rowspan=5 align=center|11 || rowspan="5" |{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} || ''Kostadinova #6'' || rowspan=5| || 18 August 1985 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #7'' || 15 June 1986 || [[Fürth]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #8'' || 14 September 1986 || [[Cagliari]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #9'' || 6 June 1987 || [[Worrstadt]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #10'' || 8 September 1987 || [[Rieti]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| rowspan=3 align=center|6 || rowspan=3 align=center|11 || rowspan="3" |{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} || [[Kajsa Bergqvist]] || {{SWE}} || 26 July 2003 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| [[Hestrie Cloete]] || {{RSA}} || 31 August 2003 || [[Paris]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| [[Yelena Slesarenko]] || {{RUS}} || 28 August 2004 || [[Athens]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3| || rowspan=3 align=center|11 || rowspan="3" |{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} || ''Vlašić #3'' || rowspan=3| || 30 July 2007 || [[Thessaloniki]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #4'' || 22 June 2008 || [[Istanbul]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #5'' || 5 July 2008 || [[Madrid]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| rowspan=2 align=center|6 || rowspan=2 align=center|11 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} || [[Ariane Friedrich]] || {{GER}} || 14 June 2009 || [[Berlin]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| [[Mariya Lasitskene]] || {{ANA}} || 6 July 2017 || [[Lausanne]] || <ref name="static_sportresult_com">{{cite web|title=High Jump Results|url=http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2017/lausanne/re1810040.pdf|work=sportresult.com|date=6 July 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804115830/http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2017/lausanne/re1810040.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| || align=center|11 || {{T&Fcalc|2.06}} || ''Lasitskene #2'' || || 20 June 2019 || [[Ostrava]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Miller-Uibo breaks 300m world best, Lasitskene tops 2.06m and Kirt joins 90-metre club in Ostrava|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kirt-lasitskene-miller-uibo-ostrava|publisher=IAAF|author=Bob Ramsak|date=20 June 2019|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|11 || align=center|25 || {{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || [[Tamara Bykova]] || {{URS}} || 22 June 1984 || [[Kyiv]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5| || rowspan=5 align=center|25 || rowspan="5" |{{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || ''Kostadinova #11'' || rowspan=5| || 14 June 1986 || [[Worrstadt]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #12'' || 7 September 1986 || [[Rieti]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #13'' || 4 July 1987 || [[Oslo]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #14'' || 13 September 1987 || [[Padua]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #15'' || 12 August 1988 || [[Budapest]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|11 || align=center|25 || {{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || [[Heike Henkel]] || {{GER}} || 31 August 1991 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| || rowspan=2 align=center|25 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || ''Kostadinova #16'' || rowspan=2| || 4 July 1992 || [[San Marino]] ||
|-
| ''Kostadinova #17'' || 18 September 1993 || [[Fukuoka]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|11 || align=center|25 || {{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || [[Inha Babakova]] || {{UKR}} || 15 September 1995 || [[Tokyo]] ||
|-
| rowspan=8| || rowspan=8 align=center|25 || rowspan="8" |{{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || ''Kostadinova #18'' || rowspan=8| || 3 August 1996 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|-
| ''Bergqvist #2'' || 18 August 2002 || [[Poznań]] ||
|-
| ''Cloete #2'' || 10 August 2003 || [[Berlin]] ||
|-
| ''Bergqvist #3'' || 28 July 2006 || [[London]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #6'' || 21 July 2007 || [[Madrid]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #7'' || 2 September 2007 || [[Osaka]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #8'' || 12 June 2008 || [[Ostrava]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #9'' || 1 July 2008 || [[Bydgoszcz]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|11 || align=center|25 || {{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || [[Tia Hellebaut]] || {{BEL}} || 23 August 2008 || [[Beijing]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| || rowspan=2 align=center|25 || rowspan="2" |{{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || ''Vlašić #10'' || rowspan=2| || 23 August 2008 || [[Beijing]] ||
|-
| ''Vlašić #11'' || 8 May 2009 || [[Doha]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|11 || align=center|25 || {{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || [[Chaunté Lowe]] || {{USA}} || 26 June 2010 || [[Des Moines]] ||
|-
| rowspan=6| || rowspan="6" align="center" |25 || rowspan="6" |{{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || ''Vlašić #12'' || rowspan="6" | || 5 September 2010 || [[Split, Croatia|Split]] ||
|-
| ''Chicherova #2'' || 16 September 2011 || [[Brussels]] ||
|-
| ''Chicherova #3'' || 11 August 2012 || [[London]] ||
|-
| ''Lasitskene #3'' || 21 July 2017 || [[Monaco]] ||
|-
| ''Lasitskene #4'' || 8 September 2021 || [[Zurich]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=High Jump Result|url=https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/ZURICH2021/PDF_RE1810040.PDF?h=kWTuI5CIVLJKp2nvC4rbDc/vEbA=|work=sportresult.com|date=8 September 2021|access-date=23 September 2021}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| ''Mahuchikh #2''|| 2 September 2022 || [[Brussels]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Krop, Mahuchikh and Winger bounce back in Brussels with world-leading marks|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/brussels-memorial-van-damme-krop-mahuchikh-winger-fisher-mageean|publisher=World Athletics|author=Jon Mulkeen|date=2 September 2022|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="5" align="center" |16 || rowspan="10" | || rowspan="5" |{{T&Fcalc|2.04}} || [[Silvia Costa (athlete)|Silvia Costa]] || {{CUB}} || 9 September 1989 || [[Barcelona]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Venelina Veneva-Mateeva]] || {{BUL}} || 2 June 2001 || [[Kalamata]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Irina Gordeeva]] || {{RUS}} || 19 August 2012 || [[Eberstadt]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Brigetta Barrett]] || {{USA}} || 22 June 2013 || [[Des Moines]] ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Nicola Olyslagers]]|| {{AUS}}|| 27 August 2025 ||[[Zurich]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittington |first=Jess |date=27 August 2025 |title=Olyslagers soars Oceanian record to clinch Diamond League crown on day one in Zurich |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/diamond-league-final-2025-weltklasse-zurich-day-one-olyslagers |access-date=28 August 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="5" align="center" |21 || rowspan="5" |{{T&Fcalc|2.03}} || [[Ulrike Meyfarth]]|| {{FRG}} || 21 August 1983 || [[London]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Louise Ritter]] || {{USA}} || 8 July 1988 || [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Tatyana Babashkina|Tatyana Motkova]] || {{RUS}} || 30 May 1995 || [[Bratislava]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Niki Bakoyianni]] || {{GRE}} || 3 August 1996 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Antonietta Di Martino]] || {{ITA}} || 24 June 2007 || [[Milan]] ||
|}

===Men (indoor)===
''Only one performance (best) per athlete''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Mark
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!Ref
|-
!1
| {{T&Fcalc|2.43}} || {{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}} || 4 March 1989 || [[Budapest]] ||
|-
!2
| {{T&Fcalc|2.42}} || {{flagathlete|[[Carlo Thränhardt]]|FRG}} || 26 February 1988 || [[Berlin]] ||
|-
!rowspan=2|3
| rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.41}} || {{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sjöberg]]|SWE}} || 1 February 1987 || [[Piraeus]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}} || 18 February 2015 || [[Athlone]] ||
|-
!rowspan=4|5
| rowspan=4|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} || {{flagathlete|[[Hollis Conway]]|USA}} || 10 March 1991 || [[Seville]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}} || 6 March 2005 || [[Madrid]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}} || 25 February 2009 || [[Piraeus]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Aleksey Dmitrik]]|RUS}} || 8 February 2014 || [[Arnstadt]] ||
|-
!rowspan=2|9
| rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.39}} || {{flagathlete|[[Dietmar Mögenburg]]|FRG}} || 24 February 1985 || [[Cologne]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Ralf Sonn]]|GER}} || 1 March 1991 || [[Berlin]] ||
|-
!rowspan=10|11
| rowspan=10|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}} || {{flagathlete|[[Igor Paklin]]|URS}} || 7 March 1987 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Gennadiy Avdeyenko]]|URS}} || 7 March 1987 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Steve Smith (British high jumper)|Steve Smith]]|GBR}} || 4 February 1994 || [[Wuppertal]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Wolf-Hendrik Beyer]]|GER}} || 18 March 1994 || [[Weinheim]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Sorin Matei]]|ROU}} || 3 February 1995 || [[Wuppertal]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Matt Hemingway]]|USA}} || 4 March 2000 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}} || 15 February 2005 || [[Stockholm]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Linus Thörnblad]]|SWE}} || 25 February 2007 || [[Gothenburg]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Gianmarco Tamberi]]|ITA}} || 13 February 2016 || [[Hustopeče]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Danil Lysenko]]|RUS}} || 29 January 2023 || [[Moscow]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Athletics 'Battle Of The Sexes' Brought Lyssenko To Victory Over Lasitskene: 'I Didn't Wait'|url=https://www.easternherald.com/2023/01/30/athletics-battle-of-the-sexes-brought-lyssenko-to-victory-over-lasitskene-i-didnt-wait/|website=easternherald.com|date=30 January 2023|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=7|21
| rowspan=7|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}} || {{flagathlete|[[Artur Partyka]]|POL}} || 3 February 1991 || [[Sulingen]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Dalton Grant]]|GBR}} || 13 March 1994 || [[Paris]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]]|USA}} || 1 March 1996 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Vyacheslav Voronin]]|RUS}} || 5 March 2005 || [[Glasgow]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Jaroslav Bába]]|CZE}} || 5 February 2000 || [[Arnstadt]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Andrey Silnov]]|RUS}} || 2 February 2008 || [[Arnstadt]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Maksim Nedasekau]]|BLR}} || 7 March 2021 || [[Toruń]] ||
|}

====Annulled marks====
The following athletes have had their personal best annulled due to doping offences:
{| class="wikitable"
!Mark
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!Ref
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|2.42}} || {{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}} || 25 February 2014 || [[Prague]] ||
|}

===Women (indoor)===
''Only one performance (best) per athlete''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Mark
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!Ref
|-
!1
| {{T&Fcalc|2.08}} || {{flagathlete|[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]|SWE}} || 4 February 2006 || [[Arnstadt]] ||
|-
!2
| {{T&Fcalc|2.07}} || {{flagathlete|[[Heike Henkel]]|GER}} || 8 February 1992 || [[Karlsruhe]] ||
|-
!rowspan=4|3
| rowspan=4|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} || {{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}} || 20 February 1988 || [[Athens]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}} || 6 February 2010 || [[Arnstadt]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}} || 4 February 2012 || [[Arnstadt]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}} || 2 February 2021 || [[Banská Bystrica]] || <ref name="static_sportresult_com" />
|-
!rowspan=3|7
| rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}} || {{flagathlete|[[Tia Hellebaut]]|BEL}} || 3 March 2007 || [[Birmingham]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Ariane Friedrich]]|GER}} || 15 February 2009 || [[Karlsruhe]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Mariya Lasitskene]]|RUS}} || 9 February 2020 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
!rowspan=3|10
| rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}} || {{flagathlete|[[Alina Astafei]]|GER}} || 3 March 1995 || [[Berlin]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Yelena Slesarenko]]|RUS}} || 7 March 2004 || [[Budapest]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Antonietta Di Martino]]|ITA}} || 9 February 2011 || [[Banská Bystrica]] ||
|-
!rowspan=3|13
| rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|2.03}} || {{flagathlete|[[Tamara Bykova]]|URS}} || 6 March 1983 || [[Budapest]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Monica Iagăr]]|ROU}} || 23 January 1999 || [[Bucharest]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Marina Kuptsova]]|RUS}} || 2 March 2002 || [[Vienna]] ||
|-
!rowspan=5|16
| rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|2.02}} || {{flagathlete|[[Susanne Beyer]]|GDR}} || 8 March 1987 || [[Indianapolis]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Venelina Veneva-Mateeva]]|BUL}} || 2 February 2002 || [[Łódź]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Yelena Yelesina]]|RUS}} || 26 February 2003 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|2.02}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || {{flagathlete|[[Chaunte Lowe]]|USA}} || 26 February 2012 || [[Albuquerque]] ||
|-
| {{T&Fcalc|2.02}} || {{flagathlete|[[Kamila Lićwinko]]|POL}} || 21 February 2015 || [[Toruń]] ||
|-
!rowspan=7|21
| rowspan=7|{{T&Fcalc|2.01}} || {{flagathlete|[[Gabriele Günz]]|GDR}} || 31 January 1988 || [[Stuttgart]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Ioamnet Quintero]]|CUB}} || 5 March 1993 || [[Berlin]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Tisha Waller]]|USA}} || 28 February 1998 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Ruth Beitia]]|ESP}} || 24 February 2007 || [[Piraeus]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Vita Palamar]]|UKR}} || 9 March 2008 || [[Valencia]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Irina Gordeeva]]|RUS}} || 28 January 2009 || [[Cottbus]] ||
|-
| {{flagathlete|[[Airinė Palšytė]]|LTU}} || 4 March 2017 || [[Belgrade]] ||
|}

==Olympic medalists==
===Men===
{{Olympic medalists in men's high jump}}

===Women===
{{Olympic medalists in women's high jump}}

==World Championships medalists==
===Men===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's high jump}}

===Women===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's high jump}}

==World Indoor Championships medalists==
===Men===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-
|[[1985 IAAF World Indoor Games|1985 Paris]]{{ref label|WIG|A}} {{DetailsLink|1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sjöberg]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Othmane Belfaa]]|ALG}}
|-
|[[1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1987 Indianapolis]] {{DetailsLink|1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Paklin]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hennadiy Avdyeyenko]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ján Zvara]]|TCH}}
|-
|[[1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1989 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dietmar Mögenburg]]|FRG}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sjöberg]]|SWE}}
|-
|[[1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1991 Seville]] {{DetailsLink|1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hollis Conway]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Artur Partyka]]|POL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Aleksey Yemelin]]|URS}}
|-
|[[1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1993 Toronto]] {{DetailsLink|1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sjöberg]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Smith (British high jumper)|Steve Smith]]|GBR}}
|-
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1995 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Labros Papakostas]]|GRE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tony Barton (athlete)|Tony Barton]]|USA}}
|-
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Labros Papakostas]]|GRE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dragutin Topić]]|FRY}}
|-
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1999 Maebashi]] {{DetailsLink|1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vyacheslav Voronin]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2001 Lisbon]] {{DetailsLink|2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andriy Sokolovskyy]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Staffan Strand]]|SWE}}
|-
|[[2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2003 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Henadz Maroz]]|BLR}}
|-
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2004 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ștefan Vasilache]]|ROU}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Germaine Mason]]|JAM}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Jaroslav Bába]]|CZE}}
|-
|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2006 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrey Tereshin]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Linus Thörnblad]]|SWE}}
|-
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2008 Valencia]] {{DetailsLink|2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kyriakos Ioannou]]|CYP}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Andra Manson]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 Doha]] {{DetailsLink|2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dusty Jonas]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2012 Istanbul]] {{DetailsLink|2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{nowrap|{{flagathlete|[[Dimitrios Chondrokoukis]]|GRE}}}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrey Silnov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2014 Sopot]] {{DetailsLink|2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andriy Protsenko]]|UKR}}
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 Portland]] {{DetailsLink|2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gianmarco Tamberi]]|ITA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Robert Grabarz]]|GBR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Erik Kynard]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2018 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Danil Lysenko]]|ANA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mateusz Przybylko]]|GER}}
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2022 Belgrade]] {{DetailsLink|2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Woo Sang-hyeok]]|KOR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Loïc Gasch]]|SUI}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gianmarco Tamberi]]|ITA}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Hamish Kerr]]|NZL}}
|-
|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2024 Glasgow]] {{DetailsLink|2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hamish Kerr]]|NZL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Shelby McEwen]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Woo Sang-hyeok]]|KOR}}
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2025 Nanjing]] {{DetailsLink|2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Woo Sang-hyeok]]|KOR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hamish Kerr]]|NZL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Raymond Richards (high jumper)|Raymond Richards]]|JAM}}
|-
|[[2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2026 Toruń]] {{DetailsLink|2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Oleh Doroshchuk]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Erick Portillo]]|MEX}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Raymond Richards]]|JAM}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Woo Sang-hyeok]]|KOR}}
|}

===Women===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-
|[[1985 IAAF World Indoor Games|1985 Paris]]{{ref label|WIG|A}} {{DetailsLink|1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Susanne Lorentzon]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Debbie Brill]]|CAN}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Danuta Bułkowska]]|POL}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Silvia Costa (athlete)|Silvia Costa]]|CUB}}
|-
|[[1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1987 Indianapolis]] {{DetailsLink|1987 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Susanne Beyer]]|GDR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Emilia Dragieva]]|BUL|1971}}
|-
|[[1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1989 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tamara Bykova]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Henkel|Heike Redetzky]]|FRG}}
|-
|[[1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1991 Seville]] {{DetailsLink|1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Henkel]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tamara Bykova]]|URS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Balck]]|GER}}
|-
|[[1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1993 Toronto]] {{DetailsLink|1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Henkel]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Inha Babakova]]|UKR}}
|-
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1995 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Alina Astafei]]|GER}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Britta Bilač]]|SLO}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Henkel]]|GER}}
|-
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Inha Babakova]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hanne Haugland]]|NOR}}
|-
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1999 Maebashi]] {{DetailsLink|1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Khristina Kalcheva]]|BUL}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Zuzana Hlavoňová]]|CZE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tisha Waller]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2001 Lisbon]] {{DetailsLink|2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Inha Babakova]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Venelina Veneva-Mateeva|Venelina Veneva]]|BUL}}
|-
|[[2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2003 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]|SWE}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Yelesina]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}}
|-
|[[2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2004 Budapest]] {{DetailsLink|2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Slesarenko]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|-
|[[2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2006 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Slesarenko]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Beitia]]|ESP}}
|-
|[[2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2008 Valencia]] {{DetailsLink|2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Slesarenko]]|RUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vita Palamar]]|UKR}}
|-
|[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2010 Doha]] {{DetailsLink|2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Beitia]]|ESP}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Chaunté Lowe]]|USA}}
|-
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2012 Istanbul]] {{DetailsLink|2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Chaunté Lowe]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Antonietta Di Martino]]|ITA}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Ebba Jungmark]]|SWE}}
|''none awarded''
|-
|[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2014 Sopot]] {{DetailsLink|2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Kuchina]]|RUS}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Kamila Lićwinko]]|POL}}
|''none awarded''
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Beitia]]|ESP}}
|-
|[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2016 Portland]] {{DetailsLink|2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vashti Cunningham]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Beitia]]|ESP}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kamila Lićwinko]]|POL}}
|-
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|2018 Birmingham]] {{DetailsLink|2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Lasitskene]]|ANA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vashti Cunningham]]|USA}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Alessia Trost]]|ITA}}
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2022 Belgrade]] {{DetailsLink|2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Eleanor Patterson]]|AUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nadezhda Dubovitskaya]]|KAZ}}
|-
|[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2024 Glasgow]] {{DetailsLink|2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nicola Olyslagers]]|AUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lia Apostolovski]]|SLO}}
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2025 Nanjing]] {{DetailsLink|2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nicola Olyslagers]]|AUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Eleanor Patterson]]|AUS}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|-
|[[2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships|2026 Toruń]] {{DetailsLink|2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's high jump}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Angelina Topić]]|SER}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Nicola Olyslagers]]|AUS}}<hr>{{flagathlete|[[Yuliya Levchenko]]|UKR}}
|''none awarded''
|}
*{{note label|WIG|A}} Known as the ''World Indoor Games''.

==Athletes with most medals==
Athletes who have won multiple titles at the two most important competitions, the [[Olympic Games]] and the [[World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]:
*4 wins: [[Mariya Lasitskene]] (RUS) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2015, 2017 & 2019
*4 wins: [[Mutaz Essa Barshim]] (QAT) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2017, 2019 & 2022
*3 wins: [[Javier Sotomayor]] (CUB) - Olympic Champion in 1992, World Champion in 1993 & 1997
*3 wins: [[Stefka Kostadinova]] (BUL) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1987 & 1995
*2 wins: [[Hennadiy Avdyeyenko|Gennadiy Avdeyenko]] (URS) - Olympic Champion in 1988, World Champion in 1983
*2 wins: [[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]] (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1991
*2 wins: [[Iolanda Balaș]] (ROU) - Olympic Champion in 1960 & 1964
*2 wins: [[Ulrike Meyfarth]] (FRG) - Olympic Champion in 1972 & 1984
*2 wins: [[Heike Henkel]] (GER) - Olympic Champion in 1992, World Champion in 1991
*2 wins: [[Hestrie Cloete]] (RSA) - World Champion in 2001 & 2003
*2 wins: [[Blanka Vlašić]] (CRO) - World Champion in 2007 & 2009
*2 wins: [[Anna Chicherova]] (RUS) - Olympic Champion in 2012, World Champion in 2011
*2 wins: [[Gianmarco Tamberi]] (ITA) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2023
*2 wins: [[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]] (UKR) - Olympic Champion in 2024, World Champion in 2023
*2 wins: [[Hamish Kerr]] (NZL) - Olympic Champion in 2024, World Champion in 2025

Kostadinova, Sotomayor and Mahuchikh are the only high jumpers to have been Olympic Champion, World Champion and broken the world record.

==World leading marks==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Sticky header}}
===Men===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.29}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ni Zhiqin]]|CHN}}
|[[Changsha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.29}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pat Matzdorf]]|USA}}
|[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.25}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jüri Tarmak]]|URS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.30}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dwight Stones]]|USA}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.28}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dwight Stones]]|USA}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.28}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dwight Stones]]|USA}}
|[[New York City|New York]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.32}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dwight Stones]]|USA}}
|[[Philadelphia]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.33}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vladimir Yashchenko]]|URS}}
|[[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.35}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vladimir Yashchenko]]|URS}}
|[[Milan]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.32}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Dietmar Mögenburg]]|FRG}}
|[[Ottawa]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.36}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gerd Wessig]]|GDR}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.33}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksey Demyanyuk]]|URS}}
|[[Leningrad]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.33}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Zhu Jianhua]]|CHN}}
|[[Delhi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Zhu Jianhua]]|CHN}}
|[[Shanghai]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.39}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Zhu Jianhua]]|CHN}}
|[[Eberstadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.41}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Paklin]]|URS}}
|[[Kobe]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Igor Paklin]]|URS}}
|[[Rieti]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.42}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sjöberg]]|SWE}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.43}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[Salamanca]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.44}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sorin Matei]]|ROU}}
|[[Bratislava]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hollis Conway]]|USA}}
|[[Seville]]
|-
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]]|USA}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sjöberg]]|SWE}}
|[[Genoa]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.45}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[Salamanca]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.42}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[Seville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[Mar del Plata]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.39}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Charles Austin (high jumper)|Charles Austin]]|USA}}
|[[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}}
|[[Maracaibo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vyacheslav Voronin]]|RUS}}
|[[Seville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vyacheslav Voronin]]|RUS}}
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vyacheslav Voronin]]|RUS}}
|[[Eberstadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jacques Freitag]]|RSA}}
|[[Durban]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.36}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}}
|[[Arnstadt]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|2.36}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksander Walerianczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Bydgoszcz]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefan Holm]]|SWE}}
|[[Madrid]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=4|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}}
|[[Arnstadt]]
|-
|[[Moscow]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|[[Arnstadt]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrey Silnov]]|RUS}}
|[[Monaco]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.39}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslav Rybakov]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrey Silnov]]|RUS}}
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|[[Piraeus]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|[[Banská Bystrica]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|rowspan=3|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|[[Hustopeče]]
|-
|[[Banská Bystrica]]
|-
|[[Paris]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.39}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ivan Ukhov]]|RUS}}
|[[Cheboksary]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.41}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Bohdan Bondarenko]]|UKR}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|-
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.43}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.41}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Athlone]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|2.41}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Opole]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Birmingham]]
|-
|[[Eberstadt]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.40}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
|[[Székesfehérvár]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=6|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|rowspan=5|{{T&Fcalc|2.33}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Darryl Sullivan]]|USA}}
|[[Blacksburg, Virginia|Blacksburg]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Tom Gale (high jumper)|Tom Gale]]|GBR}}
|[[Hustopeče]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Jamal Wilson]]|BAH}}
|[[Banská Bystrica]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Luis Zayas (athlete)|Luis Zayas]]|CUB}}
|[[Banská Bystrica]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Ilya Ivanyuk]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
|{{T&Fcalc|2.33}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Maksim Nedasekau]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=6|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|rowspan=3|{{flagathlete|[[Maksim Nedasekau]]|BLR}}
|[[Toruń]]
|-
|rowspan=5|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|[[Székesfehérvár]]
|-
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Ilya Ivanyuk]]|ANA}}
|[[Smolensk]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Gianmarco Tamberi]]|ITA}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mutaz Essa Barshim]]|QAT}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.38}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Danil Lysenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gianmarco Tamberi]]|ITA}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.36}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hamish Kerr]]|NZL}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.33}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Danil Lysenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Chelyabinsk]]
|}
{{col-2}}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.87}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Antonina Lazareva]]|URS}}
|[[Kyiv]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ilona Gusenbauer]]|AUT}}
|[[Vienna]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.94}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yordanka Blagoeva]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Zagreb]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yordanka Blagoeva]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Warsaw]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.95}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rosemarie Ackermann]]|GDR}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.94}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rosemarie Ackermann]]|GDR}}
|[[Nice]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.96}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rosemarie Ackermann]]|GDR}}
|[[Dresden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.00}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rosemarie Ackermann]]|GDR}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sara Simeoni]]|ITA}}
|[[Brescia]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.99}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rosemarie Ackermann]]|GDR}}
|[[Turin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.98}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sara Simeoni]]|ITA}}
|[[Turin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&Fcalc|1.97}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Pam Spencer]]|USA}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ulrike Meyfarth]]|FRG}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Tamara Bykova]]|URS}}
|[[Pisa]]
|-
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.07}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lyudmila Andonova]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Sofia]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.09}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.07}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Sofia]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Silvia Costa (athlete)|Silvia Costa]]|CUB}}
|[[Barcelona]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Pireás]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Yelesina]]|URS}}
|[[Seattle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Henkel]]|GER}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.07}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Heike Henkel]]|GER}}
|[[Karlsruhe]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL}}
|[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.02}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Alina Astafei]]|GER}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Inga Babakova]]|UKR}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL}}
|[[Atlanta]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|rowspan=3|{{T&Fcalc|2.02}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Stefka Kostadinova]]|BUL}}
|[[Osaka]]
|-
|[[Paris-Bercy]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Inga Babakova]]|UKR}}
|[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Venelina Veneva]]|BUL}}
|[[Kalamata]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Hestrie Cloete]]|RSA}}
|[[Monaco]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Monica Iagăr]]|ROU}}
|[[Villeneuve d'Ascq]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Venelina Veneva]]|BUL}}
|[[Kalamáta]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]|SWE}}
|[[Poznań]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]|SWE}}
|[[Eberstadt]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Hestrie Cloete]]|RSA}}
|[[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Slesarenko]]|RUS}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]|SWE}}
|[[Sheffield]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.08}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kajsa Bergqvist]]|SWE}}
|[[Arnstadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.07}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|[[Istanbul]]
|-
|[[Madrid]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|[[Zagreb]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Blanka Vlašić]]|CRO}}
|[[Arnstadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.07}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}}
|[[Cheboksary]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}}
|[[Arnstadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Brigetta Barrett]]|USA}}
|[[Des Moines]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.01}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Kuchina]]|RUS}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Beitia]]|ESP}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Chicherova]]|RUS}}
|[[Stade olympique de la Pontaise|Lausanne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.01}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Chaunté Lowe]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Lasitskene]]|ANA}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Lasitskene]]|ANA}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Lasitskene]]|ANA}}
|[[Ostrava]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Lasitskene]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.06}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|[[Banská Bystrica]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.05}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&Fcalc|2.03}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Nicola Olyslagers]]|AUS}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.10}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nicola Olyslagers]]|AUS}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&Fcalc|2.03}} {{athAbbr|i}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaroslava Mahuchikh]]|UKR}}
|[[Lviv]]
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[National records in high jump]]
* [[List of high jump national champions (men)]]
* [[List of high jump national champions (women)]]
* [[Standing high jump]]

== Sources ==
* ''The Complete Book of Track and Field'', by Tom McNab
* ''The [[World Almanac and Book of Facts]], 2000''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iaaf.org/disciplines/jumps/high-jump IAAF high jump homepage]
*[https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=jumps&d=high-jump IAAF list of high-jump records in XML]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190501030748/http://www.verticaljumpresource.com/ Vertical Jump Resource]

{{High jump techniques}}
{{Athletics events}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:High Jump}}
[[Category:High jump| ]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]

Shilji Shaji

2026-05-07T03:56:54Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Indian name|Shilji|Shaji}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Shilji Shaji
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |2007|3|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kakkayam, Kozhikode|Kakkayam]],[[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| height = 1.53 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 20
| years1 = 2022–
| clubs1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps1 = 10
| goals1 = 2
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 16
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| pcupdate = 6 May 2026
}}

'''Shilji Shaji''' (born 13 March 2007) is an Indian women's international [[association football|footballer]] who plays for [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] and the [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/pv-priya-announces-20-member-squad-for-saff|title=PV Priya announces 20-member squad for SAFF U-17 Women's Championship to be held in Dhaka|publisher=AIFF|date=16 March 2023|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317133951/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/pv-priya-announces-20-member-squad-for-saff|url-status=live}}</ref> She won the [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Emerging Player of the Year|2022–23 AIFF Emerging Player of the Year]] award.<ref name="2022-23Aiff">{{cite web |title=Indian Football News: Chhangte and Manisha Kalyan win the AIFF Player Of the Year award |url=https://sportzpoint.com/football/indian-football-news-chhangte-and-manisha-kalyan-win-the-aiff-player-of-the-year-award/#:~:text=Mumbai%20City%20FC%20winger%20Lallianzuala,Player%20of%20the%20Year%20award. |website=sportzpoint.com |access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Shilji hails from Kakkayam, Kozhikode, Kerala and started playing football at Kallanode School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-saff-u17-womens-championship-shilji-shaji-profile|title=Shilji Shaji wants to build on a bright start for the Indian U-17 Women's Team|publisher=khelnow.com|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325145517/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-saff-u17-womens-championship-shilji-shaji-profile|url-status=live}}</ref> She said, "My father played football, and he sent me to play as well. Very few girls of my age used to play football. So I mostly played with senior girls".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/shilji-shaji-sets-a-high-standard-for-the-indian-u-17-womens-team/|title=Shilji Shaji sets a high standard for the Indian U-17 Women's Team|date=24 March 2023 |publisher=footballexpress.in|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328004349/https://footballexpress.in/shilji-shaji-sets-a-high-standard-for-the-indian-u-17-womens-team/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Gokulam Kerala ===
Shilji progressed through the girls' academy at Gokulam . She made her senior debut during the [[2025–26 Indian Women's League]] season aged 18, was introduced as a substitute against [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]] on 20 December 2025.

== International career ==

She was called up to the [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/aiff-tv-interview-with-india-u-17-womens-shilji-shaji/|title=Interview with India U-17 Women's Shilji Shaji!|date=22 March 2023 |publisher=arunfoot.com|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322180200/https://www.arunfoot.com/aiff-tv-interview-with-india-u-17-womens-shilji-shaji/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2023/03/19/shilji-shaji-and-akhila-rajan-in-indian-team.html|title=സാഫ് ഫുട്ബോൾ: ഇന്ത്യൻ ടീമിൽ ഇടം നേടി ഷിൽജിയും അഖിലയും, ആദ്യ മത്സരം നേപ്പാളിനെതിരെ|publisher=manoramaonline.com|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328004351/https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/2023/03/19/shilji-shaji-and-akhila-rajan-in-indian-team.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thebridge.in/football/afc-u17-women-asia-cup-india-squad-named-qualifiers-41226 | title=AFC U17 Women's Asia Cup: Indian squad named for qualifiers | date=19 April 2023 }}</ref>
Shilji scored her first goal for [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]] team in a friendly match against [[Jordan women's national under-17 football team|Jordan]] on 6 February 2023,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://view19.in/india-u-17-women-outplay-hosts-jordan-in-friendly-match/|title=India U-17 women outplay hosts Jordan in friendly match - View19|date=6 February 2023|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320103841/https://view19.in/india-u-17-women-outplay-hosts-jordan-in-friendly-match/|url-status=live}}</ref> ultimately scoring four goals in this game. Shilji also scored another four goals in the next match against the same opponent on 9 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/football-shilji-shaji-nets-four-as-india-u-17-womens-team-hammers-jordan-6-0-1503153565.html|title=Football: Shilji Shaji nets four as India U-17 women's team hammers Jordan 6-0|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=10 February 2023|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320103836/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/football-shilji-shaji-nets-four-as-india-u-17-womens-team-hammers-jordan-6-0-1503153565.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilji scored a hat trick as India beat [[Nepal women's national under-17 football team|Nepal]] emphatically in the [[2023 SAFF U-17 Women's Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/shilji-shaji-strikes-hat-trick-as-india-down-nepal-in-saff-u-17-womens-championship-opener/ |title=Shilji Shaji strikes hat-trick as India down Nepal in SAFF U-17 Women's Championship opener |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320155356/https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/shilji-shaji-strikes-hat-trick-as-india-down-nepal-in-saff-u-17-womens-championship-opener/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shilji got to her fourth hat trick for the U-17 team against [[Bhutan women's national under-17 football team|Bhutan]] in the [[2023 SAFF U-17 Women's Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-saff-under-17-womens-championship-india-vs-bhutan-match-report |title=SAFF U17 Womens' Championship: India vs Bhutan report |work=Khel Now |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326161916/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-saff-under-17-womens-championship-india-vs-bhutan-match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>
She was called for [[2024 AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup qualification]] Team, Later AIFF announced Nishima Kumari of Jharkhand as replacement for attacking midfielder Shilji Shaji, who was diagnosed with viral pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/pv-priya-names-u1-7-womens-squad-for-u-17-afc-womens-asian-cup-qualifiers-in-bishkek | title=PV Priya names U-17 Women's squad for U-17 AFC Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers in Bishkek }}</ref>

==Honours==

'''Individual'''
* Top Scorer :[[2023 SAFF U-17 Women's Championship]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shilji Shaji}}
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

Malini Kishor Sanghvi College of Commerce & Economics

2026-05-01T17:23:07Z

AlejandroQkj: added biography

{{Short description|Commerce college in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{inline|date=May 2026}}
[[File:Mother Teresa n Ahwinbhai.jpg|thumb|Mother Teresa and Ashwinbhai Mehta]]
'''Malini Kishor Sanghvi College of Commerce and Economics''' commenced in 1994 under Ritambhara Vishva Vidyapeeth with inspiration of former Chairperson Padma Bhushan Smt. Poornimaben Pakvasa, Didi of Dang Tribals. MKS is currently headed by President Shri Ashwinbhai Mehta, Managing Trustee Shri Umeshbhai Sanghvi and Executive Trustee Shri Apurvabhai Patel.
Principal Dr Keshav Ghorude is leading the college.

A notable alumna of MKS College is the Indian actress [[Janvi Chheda]].

==History==
It received donations from businessmen and patrons Shri Kishorbhai Sanghvi, Late Shri Mafatlal Mehta, and support from ex-President Late Shri Dipchandbhai Gradi and ex-Managing Trustee Late Shri Haribhai Dresswala. Ritambhara Vishva Vidyapeeth has received [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] linguistic minority status and the college is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]], on a permanent non-grant basis. Malini Kishor Sanghvi Degree and Junior College and M.Com (Management) has student strength of more than 5000. In its 21 years the college has not only grown immensely in student strength but has also diversified and added a repertoire of new course.

==J.V.P.D Campus==
This trust acquired 12,000 sq. meters land in J.V.P.D Scheme, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai. Today it has educational activities with an English medium R.N. Shah High School (Established in 1990 with liberal donations from Shri Pravinbhai R. Shah in memory of his father) with current student strength of about 1800). Malini Kishor Sanghvi Junior College and Malini Kishor Sanghvi College of Commerce & Economics (Degree).

==Courses offered==
From a beginning with 37 students in 1994, the Degree College today has more than 3000 students with B.Com and M.Com (Management) and six specialized courses – [[Bachelor of Management Studies|BMS]], BAF, BBI, BMM, BFM & B.Sc (IT). The college is running an Add-on course in Tax Procedure & Practice (Certificate, Diploma & Advance Diploma). With the building for management institute, fast progressing, MMS and other additional courses will commence in the near future.

==See also==
*[[List of Mumbai Colleges]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.mkscollege.com/ Malini Kishor Sanghvi College of Commerce & Economics official page]
*[http://mu.ac.in University of Mumbai official page]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malini Kishor Sanghvi College of Commerce and Economics}}

[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Vijay Anand (composer)

2026-04-29T21:45:56Z

AlejandroQkj: done

{{Short description|Indian composer (died 2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Anand
| image = Vijay Anand (composer).jpg
| birth_name = Jude Matthew
| birth_date = c. 1952
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = 6 February 2024 (aged 71)
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Composer
| spouse = Amali
| children = 1
| years_active = 1984{{endash}}2007
}}
'''Vijay Anand''' (born '''Jude Matthew''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Craig |title=Vijaya Anand |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/vijaya-anand-mn0000208548 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210190128/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/vijaya-anand-mn0000208548 |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=8 February 2025 |website=[[AllMusic]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Circa}} 1952 – 6 February 2024) was an Indian music composer who worked in [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. He made his debut with the Tamil film ''[[Oorukku Upadesam]]'' (1984), and became more active in Kannada films after working on its remake ''[[Indina Ramayana]]'' the same year.

== Career ==
Vijay Anand was born in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) to [[Catholic Church in India|Roman Catholic]] parents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Viswanathan |first=T. |url=https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/fdscontent/uscompanion/us/pdf/globalmusic/SIndiaCH5.pdf |title=Music in South India: The Karnatak Concert Tradition and Beyond |last2=Allen |first2=Matthew Harp |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |pages=115–116 |oclc=52240224 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712172812/https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/fdscontent/uscompanion/us/pdf/globalmusic/SIndiaCH5.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> He developed an interest in music at the age of five due to the musical troupe Thomas and Party being his neighbours. After seeing his interest in music, they took him to their troupe and made him to be part of their concerts. He later started his own troupe in 1972.<ref name="Anna" /> Anand was also a composer for [[Visu]]'s stage plays.<ref name="Hindu Tamil Thisai">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=ரஜினியின் 'நான் அடிமை இல்லை' பட இசை அமைப்பாளர் விஜய் ஆனந்த் காலமானார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1195968-music-director-vijay-anand-passes-away.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215101605/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1195968-music-director-vijay-anand-passes-away.html |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> He was expected to debut in film with Visu's ''[[Naanayam Illatha Naanayam]]'' (1984);<ref name="Anna">{{Cite news |date=16 March 1986 |title=இசை வானில் ஒரு புதிய நிலா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_137/3.jp2/0,0,6072,8486/6072,8486/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209094532/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_137/3.jp2/0,0,6072,8486/6072,8486/0/default.jpg |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> however ''[[Oorukku Upadesam]]'', released the same year, became his film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=இசையமைப்பாளர் விஜய் ஆனந்த் காலமானார் |url=https://www.thamilan.lk//articles/JkK6qRHJh68IsVqBx1sX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209112121/https://www.thamilan.lk/articles/JkK6qRHJh68IsVqBx1sX |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=Thamilan |language=ta}}</ref> [[Dwarakish]] who was impressed with his music in ''Oorukku Upadesam'' chose him to compose music for its Kannada remake ''[[Indina Ramayana]]'' (1984).<ref name="Anna" /> Vijay Anand went to score for more Tamil films including ''[[Naan Adimai Illai]]'' (1986), ''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]'' (1987), ''[[Vetri Mel Vetri]]'' (1989) and ''[[Rasathi Varum Naal]]'' (1991). ''Naan Adimai Illai'' remains his best-known Tamil film. He was, however, more prolific in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2024 |title="ஒரு ஜீவன்தான்..." – 80, 90-களின் பிரபல இசையமைப்பாளர் விஜய் ஆனந்த் காலமானார்! |url=https://www.kalaignarseithigal.com/cinema/2024/02/07/famous-music-director-vijay-anand-died-due-to-health-issue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424120906/https://www.kalaignarseithigal.com/cinema/2024/02/07/famous-music-director-vijay-anand-died-due-to-health-issue |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=Kalaignar Seithigal |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jey |date=8 February 2024 |title=இசையமைப்பாளர் விஜய் ஆனந்த் காலமானார் |url=https://tamilreview.com/2024/02/08/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209095638/https://tamilreview.com/2024/02/08/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D/ |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=Tamil Review |language=ta}}</ref> He also composed the music for a 1992 album titled ''Asia Classics I''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2023 |title=Dance Raja Dance: The South Indian Film Music of Vijaya Anand – Asia Classics 1 by Vijaya Anand |url=https://www.luakabop.com/products/asia-classics-1-the-south-indian-film-music-of-vijaya-anand-dance-raja-dance-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221143125/https://www.luakabop.com/products/asia-classics-1-the-south-indian-film-music-of-vijaya-anand-dance-raja-dance-1 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Luaka Bop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthi |first=R. S. |date=9 September 1992 |title=Tracks |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B5ZUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6934%2C3589903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114153030/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B5ZUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6934%2C3589903 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=24 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&dq=%22Vijaya+Anand%22+asia+classic&pg=PA108 |title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific |date=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1-85828-636-0 |editor-last=Broughton |editor-first=Simon |pages=108 |editor-last2=Ellingham |editor-first2=Mark |editor-last3=Trillo |editor-first3=Richard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> One of his last releases was the Kannada film ''[[Mugila Chumbana]]'', which had a delayed release in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2013 |title=Love is torturous and torturous |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/love-tortuous-torturous-2301011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227020744/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/love-tortuous-torturous-2301011 |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=8 February 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Vijay Anand was married to Amali, and they had a daughter.<ref name="Hindu Tamil Thisai" /> He died in Chennai on 6 February 2024, at age 71, following health issues since December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2024 |title=ரஜினி பட இசையமைப்பாளர் விஜய் ஆனந்த் உடல் நலக்குறைவால் காலமானார்! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/music-composer-vijay-anand-passed-away-due-to-ill-health-in-chennai-tns24020703137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424121118/https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/music-composer-vijay-anand-passed-away-due-to-ill-health-in-chennai-tns24020703137 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2024 |title=சோகம்...பிரபல இசையமைப்பாளர் விஜய் ஆனந்த் காலமானார்! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/56898-actor-rajini-movie-fame-music-director-vijay-anand-passed-away.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226104603/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/56898-actor-rajini-movie-fame-music-director-vijay-anand-passed-away.html |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Discography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="3"|1984
|''[[Oorukku Upadesam]]''
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Naanayam Illatha Naanayam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Indina Ramayana]]''
|rowspan="4"|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1985
|''Brahma Gantu''
|
|-
|''[[Nee Bareda Kadambari]]''
|
|-
|''[[Nee Thanda Kanike]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|1986
|''[[Naan Adimai Illai]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Africadalli Sheela]]''
|rowspan="4"|Kannada
|Background score
|-
|''[[Ee Jeeva Ninagagi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Madhuve Madu Tamashe Nodu]]''
|
|-
|''Agni Parikshe''
|
|-
|rowspan="10"|1987
| ''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]''
| Tamil
| rowspan="2"|Background score
|-
| ''[[Sheela (1987 film)|Sheela]]''
| Hindi
|-
|''Onde Goodina Hakkigalu''
| rowspan="3"|Kannada
|-
|''Sathva Pareekshe''
|
|-
|''[[Jayasimha (1987 film)|Jayasimha]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''Ravana Rajya''
|rowspan="10"|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1987 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Dance Raja Dance]]''
|
|-
|''Nyayakke Shikshe''
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1988
|''[[Brahma Vishnu Maheshwara]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ganda Mane Makkalu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Daada]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|1989
|''[[Avatara Purusha (1989 film)|Avatara Purusha]]''
|
|-
|''[[Jai Karnataka]]''
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Nee Kunidaga]]''
|
|-
|''[[Vetri Mel Vetri]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Inspector Vikram (1989 film)|Inspector Vikram]]''
|rowspan="2"|Kannada
|
|-
|1990
|''Maheshwara''
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Rasathi Varum Naal]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Rajadhi Raja (1992 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''
|rowspan="13"|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1993
|''Captain''
|
|-
|''Hosa Love Story''
|
|-
|''[[Ananda Jyothi]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1994
|''Adhipathi''
|
|-
|''Alexander''
|
|-
|''Kaveri Theeradalli''
|
|-
|''[[Kunthi Puthra]]''
|
|-
| 1995
| ''Killer Diary''
|
|-
|2000
|''Uttara Dhruvadin Dakshina Dhruvaku''
|
|-
|2001
|''Shukradeshe''
|
|-
|2007
|''Guna''
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Mugila Chumbana]]''
|Delayed release
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Vijay}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Hola Venky!

2026-04-26T18:59:56Z

AlejandroQkj: starting

{{short description|Indian English-language independent romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hola Venky!
| image = Hola Venky!.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sandeep Mohan]]
| producer = Sandeep Mohan
| writer = Sandeep Mohan
| starring = [[Roger Narayan]] Sonia Balcazar [[Giju John]] [[Ashwin Mushran]] Ramanathan Seshan<ref name="CrawlingAngel">{{Cite web|url=https://crawlingangelfilms.com/project/hola-venky/|title=Hola Venky|publisher=Crawling Angel Films|date=13 October 2017|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = Crawling Angel Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|25|San Jose}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiacurrents.com/hola-venky/|title=Hola Venky!|last=|first=|publisher=[[india Currents]]|date=14 January 2014|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
| runtime = 85 Minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/health-lifestyle/film-gets-a-corner-office/articleshow/29204306.cms|title=Film gets a corner office|last=|first=|publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=22 January 2014|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = English
| budget = ₹10 lakh
| gross =
}}

'''''Hola Venky!''''' ({{translation|Hi Venky!}}) is a 2014 Indian English-language independent romantic comedy film written and directed by [[Sandeep Mohan]]. The film stars [[Roger Narayan]], Sonia Balcazar, and [[Ashwin Mushran]]. Shot on a micro-budget of ₹10 lakh with a four-member crew, it explores the quirky journey of a techie in San Francisco, blending slapstick humor with an Indian-Mexican cultural flavor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/through-a-mans-eyes/article5566393.ece|title=Through a man's eyes|last=|first=|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2014|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/A-bitter-truth/article16670133.ece|title=A bitter truth|last=|first=|work=The Hindu|date=25 November 2016|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Hola Venky!'' follows Venky, a techie who embarks on a comedic journey in San Francisco, blending slapstick humor with natural acting. The film is noted for its quirky situations and exploration of life experiences.<ref name="DailyMailReview" /><ref name="BM">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/hola-venky/articleshow/46796308.cms|title=Hola Venky|last=Desai|first=Rahul|publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=3 April 2015|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Roger Narayan]] as Venky
*Sonia Balcazar as Inez
*[[Giju John]] as Kurian
*[[Ashwin Mushran]] as Psychiatrist
*Ramanathan Seshan as Bharatwaj<ref name="CrawlingAngel" />

==Production==
''Hola Venky!'' was produced on a shoestring budget of ₹10 lakh, with Sandeep Mohan taking on multiple roles as writer, director, and actor. He positioned the film as an accessible model for aspiring filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-made-my-film-hola-venky-in-10-lakh-you-can-too/story-Gy7bd2jaogBStcbQsrHH4J.html|title=I made my film Hola Venky in 10 lakh, you can too|last=|first=|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=6 December 2014|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

==Release==
Eschewing traditional theatrical release, Sandeep Mohan traveled across India to screen ''Hola Venky!'' directly for audiences, an approach described as bringing "cinema to doorsteps."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/independent-filmmaker-sandeep-mohan-takes-his-film-hola-venky-to-cinemalovers-doorsteps/article6552562.ece/|title=Independent filmmaker Sandeep Mohan takes his film Hola Venky to cinemalovers' doorsteps|last=|first=|work=The Hindu|date=14 November 2014|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> This method contributed to discussions on alternative distribution for indie films in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/film-bazaar-indias-independents-seek-distribution-alternatives/5111697.article|title=Film Bazaar: India's independents seek distribution alternatives|last=|first=|publisher=Screen Daily|date=25 November 2015|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> The film was also slated for an online release to reach a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ready-for-online-release/article7054975.ece|title=Ready for online release|last=|first=|work=The Hindu|date=27 March 2015|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> The Hindu termed this mobility "movie on the move."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/movie-on-the-move/article5609711.ece|title=Movie on the move|last=|first=|work=The Hindu|date=2 February 2014|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
Critical reception to ''Hola Venky!'' was mixed. ''[[Live Mint]]''’s Nandini Ramnath praised its simplicity but found it unexceptional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1nVzZb2yv0jmhYuCgRGmoJ/Hola-and-goodbye.html|title=Hola and goodbye|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|publisher=[[LiveMint]]|date=3 April 2015|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 stars, lauding its humor while pointing out narrative flaws.<ref name="BM"/> ''[[Mail Today]]'''s Vinayak Chakravorty hailed it as a "refreshing indie effort," particularly for its release strategy.<ref name="DailyMailReview">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dailymail_202503|title=Hola Venky! Review|last=Chakravorty|first=Vinayak|publisher=[[Wayback Machine]]|date=10 March 2025|access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt3444018}}

[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]

Deependra Singh Shekhawat

2026-04-24T23:48:40Z

AlejandroQkj: made a bio.

{{Short description|Member of Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deependra Singh Shekhawat
| assembly =
| constituency = [[Srimadhopur Assembly constituency|Sri Madhopur, Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 1980 - 1985, 1993 - 2003, 2008 - 2013, 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Jhabar Singh Kharra]]
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1951|7|20}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]]
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2 January 2009
| term_end1 = 20 January 2014
| successor1 = [[Kailash Chandra Meghwal]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sumitra Singh]]
}}
'''Deependra Singh Shekhawat''' (born 20 June 1951) is an Indian politician who served as [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 2009 to 2014. He has been elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Srimadhopur Assembly constituency|Sri Madhopur]] for five terms between 1980 and 2023. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deependra Singh Shekhawat |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/deependra-singh-shekhawat.html |website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthan: Ex-speaker Deepender Singh Shekhawat wants Congress probe into MLA resignations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-ex-speaker-deepender-singh-shekhawat-wants-congress-probe-into-mla-resignations/articleshow/97593489.cms |newspaper=Times of India|date=4 February 2023|accessdate=22 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimadhopur: विधायक दीपेंद्र सिंह शेखावत ने विकास कार्यों का किया शिलान्यास |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/sikar/srimadhopur-mla-deepender-singh-shekhawat-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-development-works/1272132 |website=Zee news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Pilot loyalist Congress MLA: 'No one is bargaining for posts merely asking for what is due' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/pilot-loyalist-cong-mla-no-one-bargaining-for-posts-only-asking-what-s-due-101623862547928.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Evan Murray-Macgregor

2026-04-22T14:39:19Z

AlejandroQkj: made a pg.

{{short description|Scottish colonial administrator and senior British army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| name = Sir Evan Murray-Macgregor
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|KCB|KCH}}
| image = Sir Evan John Murray-MacGregor, 2nd Baronet (1785–1841), by Henry Raeburn.png
| alt =
| caption = Portrait by [[Henry Raeburn|Sir Henry Raeburn]], 1797–1799
| birth_name = Evan John Murray
| birth_date = 1785
| birth_place =
| death_date = 14 June 1841
| death_place = [[Barbados]]
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir Evan John Murray-Macgregor of Macgregor, 2nd Baronet''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCB|KCH}} (born '''Murray'''; 1785 – 14 June 1841) was a Scottish colonial administrator and senior [[British Army]] officer.

Murray's father was a [[baronet]] and [[Scottish clan chief|chief]] of [[Clan Gregor]]; the family had a military tradition, which Murray followed, serving in the [[British Army]] from 1801. He fought in the [[Peninsular War]] (1808–11) and, after arriving in India in 1811, the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–18); he was severely injured while serving in the latter. By that time a Lieutenant-Colonel, he returned to England in 1820, inherited his father's baronetcy and chieftaincy two years later (adding Macgregor to his surname) and was appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] to the King in 1825.

In 1831, he was appointed [[List of colonial governors and administrators of Dominica|Governor of Dominica]] and the following year became [[List of colonial governors and administrators of Antigua|Governor of Antigua]] and the [[Leeward Islands]], during which time he implemented the [[Emancipation of the British West Indies|abolition of slavery]] on the island (1834); unusually, he was able to do this without using the optional transitional and highly restrictive [[Emancipation of the British West Indies|apprenticeship]] system on the islands. The relative peace which followed immediate emancipation convinced him that this could be achieved elsewhere. He became [[List of governors of Barbados|Governor of Barbados]] and the [[Windward Islands]] in 1836, and worked to bring about the early end of the apprenticeship system which had been implemented on the islands in 1834; although he achieved that result in 1838, the British also passed an [[Act of Parliament (UK)|Act of Parliament]] overruling the local legislature to the same effect and Murray-Macgregor was accused of duplicity by some of the island's planters, who refused his request to bring their own termination date earlier still. Murray-Macgregor proclaimed early termination, effective on 1 August 1838. In the aftermath, he also had restrictive employment contract laws overruled. Although controversial and blamed for deteriorating legislative–executive relations, he has also been regarded as conciliatory and tactful in his approach to governing, with his administration overseeing liberal reforms. Having suffered from ill health for some time, Murray-Macgregor died in office in 1841.

== Early life and family ==
Evan John Murray was born either in January 1785<ref name=":0">Cokayne, p. 303.</ref> or on 2 June 1785,<ref name=":3">Foster, p. 401.</ref> the only child of Captain [[Sir John Macgregor Murray, 1st Baronet|John Murray]] (1745–1822), an officer in the [[Bengal Army]], and his wife Anne, daughter of Roderick Macleod, [[Writer to The Signet|WS]], of [[Edinburgh]]. In 1787, his father inherited the [[Scottish clan chief|chieftaincy]] of [[Clan Gregor]] (or Macgregor) and in 1795 was created a [[baronet]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>Macgregor, p. 394.</ref>

On 28 May 1808, Murray married Lady Elizabeth Murray (1787–1846), daughter of [[John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl]],<ref name=":0" /> and had five sons who lived to adulthood:{{refn|group="nb"|Another son, Roderick Dhu Alexander, died young.<ref name="Debrett, p. 486">Debrett, p. 486.</ref>}}
* [[Sir John Murray-Macgregor, 3rd Baronet|John Atholl Bannatyne Murray-Macgregor]] (1810–1851), who would inherit the baronetcy and serve as [[List of presidents of the British Virgin Islands|President of the British Virgin Islands]].<ref name="burke">Burke, p. 713.</ref>
* Evan John William Murray-Macgregor (1819–1850), an officer in the Austrian military.<ref name="burke"/>
* James Strathallan Murray-Macgregor (1821–1843), who died in Dominica.<ref name="burke"/>
* Lieutenant Francis Alexander Robert Murray Macgregor (1823–1857), an officer in the Indian Army who was killed by members of his regiment in [[Jabalpur|Jubbulpore]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]].<ref name="burke"/><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QTtzqpaW7oQC&pg=PA304 The East-India Register and Army List for 1858]'' (1858), p. 304.</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Augustus Murray Macgregor (1825–1869), an officer in the [[9th Light Cavalry]] in the East India Company's Army and a [[Groom in Waiting]] to the Queen (1869).<ref name="burke"/><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1NAZsLlcJd4C&pg=PA331 The Register and Magazine of Biography]'', vol. 1 (1869), pp. 331–332.</ref><ref>''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/7919/page/49 The Edinburgh Gazette]'', 12 January 1869 (issue 7919), p. 49.</ref>

And three daughters: Jane Anne Maria (married John James Hamilton Burgoyne, son of Sir [[John James Burgoyne]]), Elizabeth Mary Anne (died 1857; married to Joseph Blake of London) and Amelia Georgiana.<ref name="burke"/>{{refn|group="nb"|Another daughter, Louisa Isabella, died in 1830.<ref name="Debrett, p. 486">Debrett, p. 486.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BvAIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA541 "Sir E. J. Murray Macgregor, Bart."], ''The Gentleman's Magazine'', new series, vol. 16, part 2 (July–December 1841), p. 541.</ref>}}

== Military career ==
A number of Murray's relatives had military careers; his father was Military Auditor General of Bengal between 1789 and 1796, and several uncles and cousins were also officers in the East India Company's Bengal army.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Hodson, p. 141.</ref> Murray purchased a commission as an Ensign in the [[81st Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers)|81st Regiment of Foot]] in the British Army in 1801,<ref>''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15439/page/1531 The London Gazette]'', 26 December 1801 (issue 15439), p. 1531.</ref> then bought a commission as a Lieutenant in the [[9th Regiment of Foot]] the following year,<ref>''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15451/page/130 The London Gazette]'', 6 February 1802 (issue 15451), p. 130.</ref> and was transferred to the 15th Dragoons with the rank in 1803.<ref name=":0" /> The following year, he became Captain of a Troop (by purchase) in the same regiment.<ref>''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15726/page/953 The London Gazette]'', 7 August 1804 (issue 15726), p. 953.</ref>

Murray fought with the Cavalry in the [[Corunna Campaign|Corunna campaign]] of 1808–09 during the [[Peninsular War]], serving under [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey|Lord Paget (who later became the Marquis of Anglesey)]]; he was present at the [[Battle of Sahagún]] in December 1808. In 1810, he exchanged his commission and transferred to the 52nd Foot; he then travelled to [[Cádiz]] on [[Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch|Lord Lynedoch]]'s [[Staff (military)|staff]]. Murray was promoted to Major in the 103rd Foot in April 1810<ref name=":1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=EdsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243 "Major-General Sir Evan John Murray Mac Gregor, of Mac Gregor, Bart., K.C.B., K.C.H."], ''The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Gazette'' (1841, part 3), pp. 243–244.</ref> and appointed Assistant [[Adjutant general|Adjutant-General]] in Spain and Portugal.<ref name=":0" /> He was present during the [[Siege of Cádiz]].<ref name=":1" />

In June 1811, Murray exchanged into the 8th Light Dragoons and went to the East Indies, arriving in October that year. He was appointed Deputy Quartermaster-General in January 1812 with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He transferred back to the 8th Light Dragoons three years later. In June 1816, he was appointed Deputy Adjutant-General and served in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] under Sir [[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet|Thomas Hislop]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name=":1" /> An obituary in the ''[[United Service Journal]]'' records that he "distinguished himself" at the [[Battle of Mahidpur]] (December 1817) by leading the attack on the batteries under Maharaja [[Malhar Rao Holkar II]]'s command.<ref name=":1" /> After Holkar's forces were defeated in the battle, most of his border fortresses surrendered. The last holdout was the fort at [[Talnar]] (or Talnier).<ref>H. M. Chichester, revised by Alex May, [[doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13367|"Hislop, Sir Thomas, first baronet"]], ''[[The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (online ed., [[Oxford University Press]], September 2005). Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> There, the following February, Murray joined Hislop's forces in storming the fort.<ref name=":1" /> Although the attack was successful (though controversial for Hislop slaughtered the remnants of the Maratha garrison after it had surrendered),<ref name=":1" /> Murray was severely wounded (sustaining seven dagger wounds); he was left unable to use his right arm.<ref name=":1" /> Murray's stand, surrounded by enemies, was captured in a watercolour by [[William Heath (artist)|William Heath]], which is now housed in the [[British Museum]]'s collections.<ref name=":6">[https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=742895&partId=1 "Collection online: museum number 1937,0308.17"], ''[[British Museum]]''. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> He was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB) in October 1818 but was forced to return to England in July 1820 because of his injuries.<ref name=":1" />

Murray inherited the [[baronet]]cy on his father's death in June 1822; he also became chief of Clan Gregor and in December 1822 received a [[Royal Licence]] to take the surname ''Murray-Macgregor''.<ref name=":0" /> He was also made a Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]] (KH) in 1822. In May 1825, Murray-Macgregor was appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] to the King (with the rank of [[colonel]]) and travelled with him to [[Lisbon]] two years later.<ref name=":1" /> In 1831, he participated in the coronation procession of William IV in his capacity as an aide-de-camp,<ref>''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18848/page/1862 The London Gazette]'', 13 September 1831 (issue 18848), p. 1862.</ref> and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order (KCH).<ref name=":1" /> In 1837 was promoted to the rank of [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|major-general]].<ref name=":1" />

== Colonial governor ==

=== Dominica (1831–32) and Antigua and the Leeward Islands (1832–36) ===
On 25 July 1831, Murray-Macgregor was appointed [[List of colonial governors and administrators of Dominica|Governor of Dominica]].<ref>''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18828/page/1505 The London Gazette]'', 26 July 1831 (issue 18828), p. 1505.</ref> On 19 December 1832, he was made [[List of colonial governors and administrators of Antigua|Governor of Antigua]], [[Montserrat]] and [[Barbuda]], [[Saint Kitts|St Christopher]], [[Nevis]], [[Anguilla]] and the [[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], and [[Dominica]],<ref>''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19006/page/2786 The London Gazette]'', 21 December 1832 (issue 19006), p. 2786.</ref> administered together as the [[British Leeward Islands]].<ref>[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4343 "Leeward Islands"], ''[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]''. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> Murray-Macgregor's gubernatorial appointments coincided with the passage of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|Slavery Abolition Act]] in the British Parliament in 1833<ref name=":1" /> and the [[Emancipation of the British West Indies|abolition of slavery in the British West Indies]]. While abolishing slavery in all British colonies, the 1833 Act allowed for slaves to remain as apprentices of their former masters for a period of four to six years as part of a transition period.<ref>Latimer, pp. 52–57.</ref> Murray-Macgregor implemented laws abolishing slavery and, uniquely, foregoing apprenticeships in the Leeward Islands in 1834, granting freedom to all former slaves immediately. He believed the process to have been peaceful and successful. This likely convinced him that swift moves towards full emancipation were both possible and beneficial elsewhere.<ref name=":4">Marshall, pp. 2–3.</ref> Murray-Macgregor also appointed two non-white justices of the peace in Antigua.<ref>Lowes.</ref>

=== Barbados and the Windward Islands (1836–41) ===

==== Abolition of apprenticeships ====
Murray-Macgregor left the Leeward Islands and was appointed [[List of governors of Barbados|Governor of Barbados]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]], [[Grenada]] and [[Tobago]] (the [[British Windward Islands]]) in October 1836.<ref>''[[The London Gazette]]'', 18 October 1836 (issue 19429), p. 1814.</ref> By the time he took office in Barbados, the colony's [[Planter class|planters]] were embittered following the 1833 Act, poor relations with Murray-Macgregor's predecessor Sir [[Sir Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet|Lionel Smith]], and the British government's decision to amalgamate the governorship of the island with that of the other Windward Islands in 1833.<ref>Marshall, pp. 4–6.</ref> When the Abolition of Slavery Act came into force in 1834, the islands opted to impose the apprenticeship scheme on former slaves.<ref>Sebastian Foltz, [https://scholar.library.miami.edu/emancipation/whites1.htm "Plantation Owners and Apprenticeship: The Dawn of Emancipation"], ''Emancipation: The Caribbean Experience'' (University of Miami Library). Retrieved 13 April 2020.</ref> Criticism of the system grew from [[Abolitionism|abolitionists]] in Britain, who argued that former slaves fared little better as apprentices;<ref>Latimer, pp. 53–54.</ref> pressure mounted on the British government to end the system early. In late 1837, the [[Colonial Office]] encouraged governors to persuade local legislatures to terminate the apprenticeship system early.<ref>Marshall, pp. 6–7.</ref>

In January 1838, Macgregor formally recommended to the [[Parliament of Barbados]] that it abolish apprenticeships, but in the following months the planters (who made up most of its membership) made clear their opposition to the notion. They resented what they saw as another attempt to weaken their position economically and impose laws on them.<ref>Marshall, pp. 8–13.</ref> In March and April, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] began debating legislation which would force an end to the apprenticeships (the [[Act to Amend the Abolition of Slavery Act 1838|Bill to Amend the Abolition of Slavery Act]]); Macgregor therefore encouraged the Barbadian planters to realise that they faced a choice: free the apprentices on their own terms, or be compelled on the terms of the British government.<ref>Marshall, pp. 12–13.</ref> He worked with others, notably [[Robert Bowcher Clarke]], to champion early termination.<ref>Marshall, p. 15.</ref><ref>Clarke received a knighthood at Murray-Macgregor's recommendation in 1840 (Schomburgk, p. 489).</ref> He had to give some concessions to planters, mainly over the right of apprentices to retain their tied tenures after termination,<ref>Marshall, p. 20.</ref> and the Bill passed on 15 May in Barbados; equivalent Bills were passed in all but the [[Saint Lucia]]n assemblies within the month. The assemblies voted to abolish the apprenticeship scheme effective in August 1838, creating a system of free labour.<ref>Marshall, p. 2.</ref> This applied pressure on planters in other colonies, such as [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]], to do the same.<ref>Green, p. 158.</ref>

In late May the British Parliament passed their Bill; this made early termination effective from 1 August unless the assemblies were to bring forward emancipation earlier still. When the Act arrived at Barbados, many on the island were deeply unhappy with the move (and felt that Macgregor had deceived them), seeing it as an imposition on the part of the British government. Macgregor tried to convince the planters to bring forward the commencement of their own Bills. They refused, arguing that to do so would signal to the British that the islanders could be coerced into supporting anything coming out of the Colonial Office: they could "be brought into a dog-like fidelity ... the more they were kicked and spurned". They therefore voted down a move to bring the date for early termination before August.<ref>Marshall, pp. 32–39; the quote is from Dr Francis Goding and on p. 38.</ref>

On 2 July, Murray-Macgregor proclaimed emancipation for apprentices in Barbados effective from 1 August.<ref name=":5">Beckles, pp. 38–39.</ref> Saint Lucia's legislature still had not passed an Act to the same effect and so he arrived on the island on 13 July 1838 with a 100 infantrymen and convinced the planters to pass the Bill three days later.<ref>Marshall, pp. 29–30.</ref> On 19 July, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB).<ref>Shaw, p. 234.</ref> The historian [[Hilary Beckles]] states that the end of the apprenticeship system occurred peacefully,<ref name=":5" /> although there were reports of rioting in [[Saint Andrew, Barbados|Saint Andrew]] in July, some freed labourers refusing to work in August, [[Sugarcane|cane]] fires being started in late 1839 and early 1840, and [[Strike action|strikes]] in 1840, all of which prompted the legislature to pass laws appointing [[special constable]]s to assist the police forces in 1840.<ref>Gobert and Handler, p. 251, n. 11.</ref>

==== "Contract Laws" of 1838 and 1840 ====
With the end of the apprenticeships, the Barbadian legislature passed the [[Masters and Servant Act 1838]], which became known as the Contract Law. It stipulated that a worker who was employed for five days a week was assumed to be employed on a one-year contract, which could be ended by either party with one month's notice. It placed workers at a disadvantage, allowing employers to evict them from [[Tied cottage|tied tenancies]] and punish them for misbehaviour (imposing jail terms for using [[Profanity|foul language]]). Employers were also allowed to employ [[private police]] on their estate. Murray-Macgregor disliked the law, feeling it unfair on workers; he convinced the Colonial Office in October 1838 to overrule it and another vagrancy law which was being abused by planters. Workers were also critical of their low wages and he encouraged them to negotiate with their employers.<ref>Beckles, pp. 70–72.</ref> In 1840, a "mildly modified" form of the 1838 Act was passed, which allowed for contracts of one month instead of one year.<ref>Beckles, p. 72.</ref> Despite that, the Act "institutionalised discrimination against black and coloured workers".<ref>Appiah and Gates, p. 372.</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Murray-Macgregor's health had been "for some time delicate", but his death in office at Barbados on 14 June 1841 was "unexpected", according to one contemporary.<ref name=":2">Schomburgk, p. 490.</ref> His funeral was paid for by public funds and attended by a large number of government officials, army and navy officers and "gentlemen" from across the colony.<ref name=":2" /> He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son John.<ref name=":0" />

Macgregor's role in the process of ending the apprenticeship scheme on Barbados was summarised by the historian [[Woodville K. Marshall]]: "the policy and actions of ... Sir Evan McGregor [''sic''], are of central importance. He, more than any other, was responsible for the early termination of the Apprenticeship in the Windward Islands".<ref name=":4" /> In Marshall's view, he was also responsible for the deteriorating relations between the executive and legislative branches on the island from May 1838, and was likely motivated by sympathy for abolitionists, but more still by belief in his own style of governing and a desire (as an "able and articulate" governor) to limit the British government's embarrassment over the apprenticeship system.<ref>Marshall, pp. 3–4 (p. 4 for the quote), 44.</ref> The historian [[Hilary Beckles]] argues that Macgregor "did well to convince the legislature that they should abolish the system".<ref>Beckles, p. 37.</ref> Another historian, [[William A. Green]], argues that: "MacGregor was neither formidable nor austere. His language was conciliatory ... His correspondence was uninspired, offering limited analysis of colonial affairs ... [but he] confronted none of the animus which Smith [his predecessor on Barbados] had encountered ... and his administration was distinguished by the production of liberal and remedial legislation".<ref>Green, p. 148.</ref>

== Likenesses ==
An [[Oil painting|oil-on-canvas]] portrait of a young Murray-Macgregor by Sir [[Henry Raeburn]] was completed around 1797–99; it was exhibited in 1939 at the [[Royal Academy of Arts|Royal Academy]] and in 1956 at the [[Scottish National Gallery|National Gallery of Scotland]]. Ownership remained in the family until it was sold at [[Christie's]] in 2014 for £458,000.<ref>[https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/sir-henry-raeburn-ra-stockbridge-1756-1823-edinburgh-5813600-details.aspx "Portrait of Sir Evan Murray-MacGregor of MacGregor, 2nd Bt., K.C.B., K.C.H., 19th Chief of Clan Gregor, as a boy (1785-1841), full-length, in tartan, in a landscape"], ''Christie's''. Retrieved 14 April 2020.</ref><ref>''Raeburn: Bi-Centenary Exhibition : National Gallery of Scotland, 16 July to 16 Sept. 1956'' ([[Scottish National Gallery|National Gallery of Scotland]] exhibition catalogue, 1956), p. 32 (no. 31).</ref> A print by [[Henry Dawe]] (after George Watson) of 1825 depicts Murray-Macgregor wearing [[tartan]] "In the Dress as He appeared at His Majesty's [[Levee (ceremony)|Levee]] [[Holyrood Palace]], 1822". Published by Robert Scott, a copy was acquired in 1902 by the British Museum, where it remains (museum no. 1902,1011.610).<ref>[https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3120571&page=1&partId=1&peoA=103536-2-23&people=103536&sortBy=producerSort&view=list "Sir Evan J Murray MacGregor"], ''British Museum''. Retrieved 14 April 2020.</ref> The watercolour by [[William Heath]] depicting his stand at the storming of Fort Talnar is also housed in the British Museum's collection (no. 1937,0308.17).<ref name=":6" />

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
*[[Kwame Anthony Appiah|Appiah, Kwame Anthony]], and [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.|Henry Louis Gates Jr]], ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', 2nd ed., vol. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
*[[Hilary Beckles|Beckles, Hilary]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yr10kDUTgs4C Great House Rules: Landless Emancipation and Workers' Protest in Barbados 1838–1938]'' (Kingston: [[Ian Randle]], 2004).
*[[Bernard Burke|Burke, Sir Bernard]], ''A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire'', 30th ed. (London: Harrison, 1868).
*[[George Edward Cokayne|Cokayne, G. E.]], ''[[iarchive:cu31924092524416/page/n325/mode/2up|The Complete Baronetage]]'', vol. 6 (Exeter: W. Pollard & Co., 1900).
*[[John Debrett|Debrett, John]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FPFRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA962 The Baronetage of England]'', 4th ed. (London: F.C. and J. Rivington and others, 1819).
*[[Joseph Foster (genealogist)|Foster, Joseph]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uFE4AQAAMAAJ The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of the British Empire for 1881]'' (Westminster: Nichols and Sons, 1881).
*Gobert, David L., and [[Jerome S. Handler]], [http://jeromehandler.org/wp-content/uploads/Layrle1-78.pdf "Barbados in the Post-Apprenticeship Period: The Observations of a French Naval Officer – 1"], ''The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society'', vol. 35, no. 4 (1978), pp. 243–266.
*[[William A. Green|Green, William A.]], ''British Slave Emancipation: The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment, 1830–1865'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976).
*Hodson, V. C. P., ''List of the Officers of the Bengal Army: 1758–1834'' (London: Constable, 1946).
* Latimer, James, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2294514 "The Apprenticeship System in the British West Indies"], ''[[The Journal of Negro Education]]'', vol. 33, no. 1 (1964), pp. 52–57.
*Lowes, Susan, "They Couldn’t Mash Ants”: The Decline of the White And Non-White Elites In Antigua, 1834–1900", in Karen Fog Olwig (ed.), ''Small Islands, Large Questions: Society, Culture, and Resistance in the Post-Emancipation Caribbean'' (London: Cass, 1995), pp. 31–52.
*MacGregor, Amelia Georgiana Murray, ''[[iarchive:historyofclangre02macg|History of Clan Gregor]]'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh: William Brown, 1901).
*[[Woodville K. Marshall|Marshall, Woodville K.]], [https://www.proquest.com/openview/30d507572959804c88c42aac3123343c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817061 "The Termination of the Apprenticeship in Barbados and the Windward Islands: An Essay in Colonial Administration and Politics"], ''[[Journal of Caribbean History]]'', vol. 2 (1971), pp. 1''–''45.
*[[Robert Hermann Schomburgk|Schomburgk, Sir Robert H.]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvT630bvH8C&pg=PA475 The History of Barbados]'' (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1848).
*Shaw, William A., ''[[iarchive:knightsofengland01shawuoft/page/234/mode/2up|The Knights of England]]'', vol. 1 (London: Sherratt and Hughes, 1906).

== Further reading ==

* [[Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl|Atholl, Duchess of]], "Major-General Sir Evan John Murray Macgregor of Macgregor, Bart., K.C.B., K.C.H. 1785–1841", in [[Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl]] (ed.), ''A Military History of Perthshire, 1660–1902'', vol. 1 (Perth: R. A. & J. Hay, 1908), p. 502.
*Dyde, Brian, ''A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle'' (London: Macmillan, 2000).
*Dyde, Brian, ''Out of the Crowded Vagueness: A History of the Islands of St Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla'' (London: Macmillan, 2005).
*Figueroa, Luis Antonio, "From Slave to Peasant: Comparative Perspectives on Post-Emancipation Class Formation in Puerto Rico" (MA thesis, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1985).
*Hall, Douglas, ''Five of the Leewards, 1834–1870: The Major Problems of the Post-Emancipation Period in Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, Nevis, and St. Kitts'' (Caribbean University Press, 1971).
*Heuman, Gad, and David Vincent Trotman, ''Contesting Freedom: Control and Resistance in the Post-emancipation Caribbean'' (London: Macmillan Caribbean, 2005).

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|gb-bt}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir John Macgregor Murray, 1st Baronet|John Macgregor Murray]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[MacGregor baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Lanrick)''' | years=1822–1841}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir John Murray-Macgregor, 3rd Baronet|John Murray-Macgregor]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Barbados|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray-Macgregor, Evan}}
[[Category:1785 births]]
[[Category:1841 deaths]]
[[Category:Clan Gregor|Evan]]
[[Category:Scottish clan chiefs]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:81st Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:Royal Norfolk Regiment officers]]
[[Category:52nd Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:8th King's Royal Irish Hussars officers]]
[[Category:15th The King's Hussars officers]]
[[Category:Royal Dublin Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Peninsular War]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish businesspeople]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British expatriates in the British West Indies]]

Pawan Kumar Kajal

2026-04-20T07:44:26Z

AlejandroQkj: started bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|05|06|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| other_party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]], [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kangra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| term_start = 25 December 2012
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Chaudhary]]
| spouse = Mrs. Monica Kajal
| father =
}}
'''Pawan Kumar Kajal''' is an Indian politician, and a member of [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He was the head of Congress Working committee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Live |first1=A. B. P. |title=कांग्रेस ने पवन काजल को कार्यकारी अध्यक्ष पद से हटाया, चंद्र कुमार के हाथों में थमाई कमान |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/himachal-pradesh-congress-removed-pawan-kajal-post-of-working-president-chandra-kumar-2193774 |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=www.abplive.com |date=17 August 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2026}}
Pawan Kumar Kajal, born on 6 May 1974 in Sahoura, Kangra. Pawan Kumar Kajal is the son of Late Shri Amar Singh. He completed his education from Kangra.

== Political career ==
Kajal's political journey began with his active involvement in the Zila Parishad of Kangra, where he served as a Member twice. In the December 2022 elections, Pawan Kumar Kajal won third time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kangra, Himachal Elections Results 2022: कांग्रेस छोड़ भाजपा में आए पवन काजल ने लगाई जीत की हैट्रिक |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/himachal-pradesh/dharamsala-kangra-vidhansabha-seat-result-live-update-himachal-pradesh-election-result-pawan-kajal-kuka-surender-kaku-rajkumar-jaswal-bjp-aap-congress-loose-winner-5007945.html |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kajal, Pawan Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{HimachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Keshav Desiraju

2026-04-18T23:25:05Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{Short description|Indian bureaucrat (1955–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keshav Desiraju
| image = Keshave Desiraju P padmanabhan.png
| caption = Desiraju delivering the inaugural P. Padmanabhan memorial award, 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1955|5|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|9|5|1955|5|11|df=y}}
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Bureaucrat
| known_for = Public health, mental health, disability, primary and community healthcare
}}
'''Keshav Desiraju''' (11 May 1955 – 5 September 2021) was an Indian bureaucrat who served as the union health secretary of the country. He was known for his contributions to mental health and community healthcare and was the architect of the country's [[Mental Healthcare Act, 2017|Mental Healthcare Act of 2017]].

== Early life ==
Desiraju was born on 11 May 1955 and grew up in [[South Bombay]], where he attended the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]]. He was the grandson of former Indian President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] and the nephew of Indian historian [[Sarvepalli Gopal]].<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=Keshav+Desiraju&pg=PA48|title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays|date=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-001-5|language=en|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907002754/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA48&dq=Keshav+Desiraju&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

He completed his [[Master's degree]] in Economics from the [[University of Cambridge]] and also had a [[Master of Public Administration]] from the [[John F Kennedy School|John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]. He was a member of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] belonging to the 1978 [[Uttarakhand]] cadre.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2021|title=Former Union health secy Keshav Desiraju, grandson of S Radhakrishnan, passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keshav-desiraju-radhakrishnan-grandson-death-7490542/|access-date=5 September 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905132709/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keshav-desiraju-radhakrishnan-grandson-death-7490542/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Desiraju was a member of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and served as the union secretary with the Ministry of Health. He had earlier served as the health secretary for the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. As a bureaucrat, Desiraju focused on public health, primary health care, disability, mental health, and community health.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=5 September 2021|title=Keshav Desiraju, former Union Health Secretary, passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/keshav-desiraju-former-union-health-secretary-passes-away/article36301689.ece|access-date=5 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905100632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/keshav-desiraju-former-union-health-secretary-passes-away/article36301689.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During his term as the additional secretary with the [[Ministry of Health (India)|Ministry of Health]], he initiated the ban on [[gutka]] and [[Chewing tobacco|chewable forms of tobacco]], an act that was later adopted and replicated by many states.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika|date=6 September 2021|title=Erudite, articulate, soft-spoken -- bureaucrat Keshav Desiraju was not afraid to speak his mind|url=https://theprint.in/india/erudite-articulate-soft-spoken-but-keshav-desiraju-was-not-afraid-to-speak-his-mind/728499/|access-date=6 September 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906030121/https://theprint.in/india/erudite-articulate-soft-spoken-but-keshav-desiraju-was-not-afraid-to-speak-his-mind/728499/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He also advanced the Mental Healthcare Bill, 2012, that later went on to become the [[Mental Healthcare Act, 2017]]. The bill was considered path-breaking and introduced provisions that allowed for a person to call out the nature of treatment that one should be provided if they were to develop a mental illness later in their lives.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sachan|first=Dinsa|date=27 July 2013|title=Mental health bill set to revolutionise care in India|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=382|issue=9889|pages=296|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61620-7|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23901410|s2cid=5568192|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Pranav J.|date=24 June 2017|title=Too soon to celebrate Mental Healthcare Act|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/too-soon-to-celebrate-mental-healthcare-act-117062400734_1.html|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907002241/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/too-soon-to-celebrate-mental-healthcare-act-117062400734_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An editorial in the ''[[British Journal of Psychiatry]]'' read "The drafters of India's new legislation have demonstrated wisdom and vision in articulating a legally binding right to such care despite the inevitable challenges and complexities of such a bold move. The rest of the world should watch, listen and learn."<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duffy|first1=Richard M.|last2=Kelly|first2=Brendan D.|date=1 February 2019|title=The right to mental healthcare: India moves forward|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=214|issue=2|pages=59–60|doi=10.1192/bjp.2018.250|pmid=30681053|issn=0007-1250|doi-access=free}}</ref> His approach was described as a pragmatic middle of the ground approach trying to draw a fine balance protecting patients from potentially exploitative care providers and also family members while guaranteeing "[[right to health]]" in emergencies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YnDwAAQBAJ&dq=Keshav+Desiraju&pg=PA23|title=The Caravan: June 2017|publisher=Delhi Press|language=en|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907003624/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5YnDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA23&dq=Keshav+Desiraju&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> He also led actions from India on getting the [[World Health Organization]] to pass a special resolution on mental health and led to the development of the organization's ''Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan'' in 2013.<ref name=":2"/>

During his service with the health ministry, he also advanced efforts that resulted in the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] being designated as an institute of national importance.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=6 September 2021|title=Keshav Desiraju (1955-2021): 'New Mental Health Act was his baby… country's psychiatrists owe a lot to him'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keshav-desiraju-1955-2021-new-mental-health-act-was-his-baby-countrys-psychiatrists-owe-a-lot-to-him-7491102/|access-date=6 September 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905223936/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/keshav-desiraju-1955-2021-new-mental-health-act-was-his-baby-countrys-psychiatrists-owe-a-lot-to-him-7491102/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also led the establishment of the [[National Immunization Technical Advisory Group|National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization]] (NTAGI), an expert group that examined linkages between vaccination and immunization and determined the vaccines to be included in the national health program for administration across India. He was also noted to have strengthened the governance systems in the [[National Health Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 September 2021|title=Desiraju's initiative in developing mental health policy stands out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/desirajus-initiative-in-developing-mental-health-policy-stands-out/articleshow/85964752.cms|access-date=7 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907043347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/desirajus-initiative-in-developing-mental-health-policy-stands-out/articleshow/85964752.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His stint with the health ministry, however, was cut short in February 2014 when he was moved away from the health ministry and over to the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Ministry of Consumer Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2014|title=Union health secretary: Desiraju ousted for making goof or showing bias?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/desiraju-ousted-for-making-goof-or-showing-bias/articleshow/31237089.cms|access-date=6 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906190731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/desiraju-ousted-for-making-goof-or-showing-bias/articleshow/31237089.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The move was believed to be due to his dissent with the leadership at the [[Medical Council of India]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Dey|first=Sushmi|date=24 February 2014|title=Corporate stalwarts show resentment over Desiraju's transfer|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/corporate-stalwarts-show-resentment-over-desiraju-s-transfer-114022401053_1.html|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907000016/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/corporate-stalwarts-show-resentment-over-desiraju-s-transfer-114022401053_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He continued to maintain his focus on the healthcare space addressing topics of mental health and corruption in the healthcare space even after moving away from the ministry.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=INX Media case: 71 retired bureaucrats write to PM Modi, express concern over prosecution of four officials|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/inx-media-case-71-retired-bureaucrats-write-to-pm-modi-express-concern-over-prosecution-of-four-officials|access-date=6 September 2021|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906190732/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/inx-media-case-71-retired-bureaucrats-write-to-pm-modi-express-concern-over-prosecution-of-four-officials|url-status=live}}</ref> He also co-wrote a book, ''Healers or Predators'',<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Nundy|first1=Samiran|title=Healers or Predators?: Healthcare Corruption in India|last2=Desiraju|first2=Keshav|last3=Nagral|first3=Sanjay|date=2018-06-29|id={{ASIN|0199489548|country=in}}}}</ref> which focused on corruption in the healthcare industry in India.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/> As a bureaucrat he was widely recognized for his "impeccable honesty and integrity".<ref name=":3"/>

After his retirement from the administrative services, he was appointed the chairperson of the governing board of the [[Population Foundation of India]], a non-profit organization focused on community health and population strategies for the country.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|date=5 September 2021|title=Obituary {{!}} Keshav Desiraju was known for his keen engagement with public health and clean governance|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/obituarykeshav-desiraju-was-known-for-his-keen-engagement-with-public-health-and-clean-governance/article36301715.ece|access-date=6 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905123438/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/obituarykeshav-desiraju-was-known-for-his-keen-engagement-with-public-health-and-clean-governance/article36301715.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was on the board of directors of many organizations, including [[The Banyan]], [https://latikaroy.org Latika Roy Foundation], [[Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy]] in Washington D.C., and the [[Auroville]] foundation.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors of Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy |url=https://cddep.org/about/board_directors/ |website=CDDEP |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006003824/https://cddep.org/about/board_directors/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Desiraju was a follower of [[Carnatic music]] and wrote a biography, considered definitive, of Indian Carnatic music singer [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], titled ''Of Gifted Voice''.<ref name="The Hindu"/> At the time of his death, he was working on a book on Carnatic music composer [[Thyagaraja]] and mastering [[Telugu language|Telugu]] for the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 September 2021|title=In the passing of Keshav Desiraju, India has lost a public health icon|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/in-the-passing-of-keshav-desiraju-india-has-lost-a-public-health-icon/2324760/|access-date=7 September 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907022621/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/in-the-passing-of-keshav-desiraju-india-has-lost-a-public-health-icon/2324760/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:The Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing the inaugural session of the National NCD Summit, in New Delhi on June 07, 2013.jpg|Desiraju addressing the inaugural National NCD Summit, New Delhi, 2013
File:The Special Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing the meeting of the release of report of National Initiative for Allied Health Sciences (NIAHS).jpg|Desiraju on the release of the National Initiative for Allied Health Sciences (NIAHS) report, New Delhi, 2012
File:The Secretary, Health & Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing the India-UK Health Policy Forum - Bilateral Workshop, in New Delhi on February 21, 2013.jpg|Desiraju addressing the India-UK Health Policy Forum, New Delhi, 2013
File:The Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing at the launch of the media campaign of National Tobacco Control Programme, in New Delhi. The WHO Representative.jpg|Desiraju at the launch of the media campaign of the National Tobacco Control Program, New Delhi, 2012
File:The Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Keshav Desiraju and the Commissioner, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), Ms. Margaret A. Hamburg.jpg|Desiraju exchanging an MOU with the Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, [[Margaret Hamburg|Margaret A. Hamburg]], New Delhi, 2014
File:The Secretary, Department of Consumer Affairs, Shri Keshav Desiraju addressing at the Standards Conclave 2015 on "Role of Standards in International Trade Challenges, Opportunities & Issues".jpg|Desiraju addressing a [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] standards conclave, New Delhi 2015
</gallery>

== Personal life ==
Desiraju was not married.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Pathare|first=Soumitra|date=6 September 2021|title=Keshav Desiraju (1955-2021) was much more than a bureaucrat and gentleman|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/keshav-desiraju-1955-2021-was-much-more-than-a-bureaucrat-and-gentleman|access-date=6 September 2021|website=National Herald|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906071933/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/keshav-desiraju-1955-2021-was-much-more-than-a-bureaucrat-and-gentleman|url-status=live}}</ref> He followed [[Carnatic music]] and generally used to attend the annual [[Madras Music Season]]. As an art collector, he collected the works of [[Raja Ravi Varma]].<ref name=":2"/> Desiraju died from [[acute coronary syndrome]] on 5 September 2021, in [[Chennai]], in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was 66.<ref name=":0"/>

== Published works ==

* {{Cite book|last=Desiraju|first=Keshav|title=Of Gifted Voice : The Life and Art of M.S. Subbulakshmi|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|year=2020|isbn=978-93-90327-54-6|oclc=1231547970}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Desiraju|first=Keshav|date=2021|title=Do we need more All India Institute of Medical Sciences - Type institutions?|journal=Journal of Medical Evidence|volume=2|issue=1|pages=71–72|doi=10.4103/jme.jme_32_21|s2cid=236727730|issn=2667-0720|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Desiraju|first=Keshav|title=Healers or Predators? : Healthcare Corruption in India|others=S. Nundy, Sanjay Nagral|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-948954-1|edition=|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=1046567144}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Desiraju|first1=Keshav|last2=Minas|first2=Harry|last3=van Ginneken|first3=Nadja|last4=Dal Poz|first4=Mario R|last5=Kakuma|first5=Ritsuko|last6=Morris|first6=Jodi E|last7=Saxena|first7=Shekhar|last8=Scheffler|first8=Richard M|date=2011|title=Human resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61093-3|journal=The Lancet|volume=378|issue=9803|pages=1654–1663|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61093-3|pmid=22008420|s2cid=11901504|issn=0140-6736|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Barbosa da Silva|first1=Jarbas|last2=Desiraju|first2=Keshav|last3=Matsoso|first3=Precious|last4=Minghui|first4=Ren|last5=Salagay|first5=Oleg|date=2014|title=BRICS cooperation in strategic health projects|url=https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.141051|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=92|issue=6|pages=388|doi=10.2471/blt.14.141051|issn=0042-9686|pmc=4047817|pmid=24940008}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Desiraju|first=Keshav|date=1998|editor-last=Ashish|editor-first=Madhava|title=The scientific sadhu|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005690|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=25|issue=2/3|pages=167–169|jstor=23005690|issn=0376-9771}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Desiraju|first1=Keshav|last2=Jain|first2=Yogesh|date=2017|title=It is not enough to grieve; we must learn from Gorakhpur|url=http://ijme.in/articles/it-is-not-enough-to-grieve-we-must-learn-from-gorakhpur/?galley=html|journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics|volume=2|issue=4|pages=221–223|doi=10.20529/IJME.2017.080|pmid=28918380|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|id=mvLWoATkMLs|title=Keshav Desiraju discussing his biography of M.S. Subbulakshmi}}
* {{YouTube|id=RgyFLVLgC2Q|title=Keshav Desiraju at the Association of Family Physicians, New Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desiraju, Keshav}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from coronary artery disease]]

Thrissilery Shiva Temple

2026-04-18T20:59:10Z

AlejandroQkj: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Thrissilery Shiva Temple
| image = Thrissilery Siva Temple12.jpg
| caption = Thrissilery Shiva Temple, Wayanad
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Thrissilery Shiva Temple, [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.8515|N|76.0166|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| location = [[Thrissilery]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| elevation_m = 845.33
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]], 'Puthari' and an annual festival
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
}}

'''Thrissilery Shiva Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] situated at [[Thrissilery]] neighbourhood in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. This ancient temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Prasadam |url=https://www.holyprasadam.com/temples/details/454 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.holyprasadam.com}}</ref> This temple is a popular pilgrim centre in Wayanad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissilery Shiva Temple |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/temples/wayanad/thrissilery-shiva |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Temples of Kerala |language=en}}</ref>

This temple is believed to have been built about 1000 years ago by Chera kings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xafari: Home |url=https://www.xafari.in/poi/thrissilery-shiva-temple |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.xafari.in}}</ref>
== Location ==
This temple is located, with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|11.8515|N|76.0166|E}}) at about 19 km from [[Thirunelly]].

{{Location map many | India Kerala
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Thrissilery Shiva Temple
| pos1 = right
| bg1 = violet
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|11.8515|N|76.0166|E}}
}}
== Details ==
It is believed that the performance of ancestral rites at [[Thirunelli Temple|Thirunelly Vishnu Temple]] remain incomplete unless followed by visiting this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissilery Shiva Temple, Wayanad - Timings, History, Darshan, Pooja Timings |url=https://www.trawell.in/kerala/wayanad/thrissilery-shiva-temple |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref>
== Sub deities ==
[[Parvati]], [[Ganesha]], Balakrishnan and [[Dharma Sastha]] are the other deities in this temple. There is a separate shrine viz., Jal Durga shrine which was consecrated by [[Parashurama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissilery Siva temple wayanad |url=http://www.wayanadtourpackage.com/Thrissilery-Siva-temple-wayanad.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.wayanadtourpackage.com}}</ref>
== Festivals ==
In the Malayalam month of [[Malayalam calendar|Meenam]], an annual festival is celebrated and in the month of [[Malayalam calendar|Thulam]], a festival viz., 'Puthari' is celebrated in this temple.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Wayanad district]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

A. K. Kaliappa Gounder

2026-04-18T19:25:56Z

AlejandroQkj: Adding New Bio Initial Version

{{Short description|Tamil Nadu politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. K. Kaliappa Gounder
| image = A K Kalliappa gounder.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|6|11|1913|10|6|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Nambiyur Assembly constituency|Nambiyur]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = K. L. Ramasamy
| successor =
| office2 = Chairman of Sathyamangalam Panchayat Union
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children = 6
| profession = Agriculturist
| footnotes =
}}
'''A. K. Kaliappa Gounder''' was an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Hailing from the Shanarpalayam area in the [[Erode district]], he was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.

In the [[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1962 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections]], he contested from the [[Nambiyur Assembly constituency]] and emerged victorious.<ref>Madras Legislative Assembly Who Who 1962. Madras-9: Legislative Assembly Department. April 1962. p. 78.</ref> Additionally, he served as the Chairman of the Sathyamangalam Panchayat Union, having been elected unopposed to the position twice.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Electoral Performance==
===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nambiyur<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Kaliappa Goundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,795 |percentage=55.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. Saminathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,275 |percentage=32.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Sami Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=5,867 |percentage=11.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,520 |percentage=23.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,937 |percentage=69.30% |change= 69.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,281 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Nawan Shahr Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:13Z

AlejandroQkj: added stub

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nawanshahr
| map_image = 47-Nawan Shahr.svg
| mla = [[Nachhatar Pal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|None}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Nawan Shahr district|Nawan Shahr]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:177231}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 47
}}
'''Nawanshahr Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 47) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nawanshahr.nic.in/|title= Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar|access-date= 21 March 2022}}</ref>

==Vidhan Sabha Members==
* 1972 : Dilbagh Singh (Indian National Congress)
* 1977 : Jatinder Singh (Shiromani Akali Dal)
* 1980 : Dilbagh Singh, IND
* 1985 : Dilbagh Singh, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
* 1992 : Dilbagh Singh, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
* 1997 : Charanjit Singh (Independent)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Parkash Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Jatinder Singh Kariha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Guriqbal Kaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Angad Singh (INC politician)|Angad Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections|last1=News18|date=2022|accessdate=27 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027091043/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|archivedate=27 October 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Nachhatar Pal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Nawanshahr}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Nachhatar Pal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37031}}
|percentage = 29.9
|change = {{increase}}14.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Lalit Mohan Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:31655}}
|percentage = 25.55
|change = {{increase}}0.24
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Angad Singh (INC politician)|Angad Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:31516}}
|percentage = 25.44
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Satvir Singh Palli Jhikki
|votes = {{formatnum:6998}}
|percentage = 5.65
|change = {{decrease}}24.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Davinder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5037}}
|percentage = 4.07
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = Poonam Manik
|votes = {{formatnum:3226}}
|percentage = 2.60
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:643}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{decrease}}0.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:5376}}
|percentage = 4.34
|change = {{increase}}1.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:123868}}
|percentage = 69.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:177391}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Nawanshahr<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Angad Singh (INC politician)|Angad Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:38197}}
|percentage = 29.98
|change = {{decrease}}0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Jarnail Singh Wahid
|votes = {{formatnum:34874}}
|percentage = 27.29
|change = {{decrease}}1.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Lalit Mohan Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:32341}}
|percentage = 25.31
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Nachhatar Pal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:19578}}
|percentage = 15.32
|change = {{decrease}}9.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Hitesh Kumar Patak
|votes = {{formatnum:881}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:844}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:3,323}}
|percentage = 2.69
|change = {{increase}}1.19
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:128619}}
|percentage = 76.49
|change = {{decrease}}3.31
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:1,68,160}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Nawanshahr }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Guriqbal Kaur]]
|votes = 35,190
|percentage = 30.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Satinder Kaur Kariha
|votes = 34,151
|percentage = 29.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Gangar
|votes = 29,523
|percentage = 25.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = People's Party of Punjab
|candidate = Abhey Singh Sandhu
|votes = 8,903
|percentage = 7.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:1,759}}
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,17,192
|percentage = 79.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:1,46,849}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.13|76.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Gosaunik Geet

2026-04-13T20:33:37Z

AlejandroQkj: made new entry.

{{See also-text|[[Brahman Geet]]}}{{Short description|Maithili folk song}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Gosaunik Geet
| version = Maithili
| type = Song
| artist = [[Maithils|Maithili]] folk poets
| language = Maithili
| venue = [[Gosaunik Ghar]]
| genre = Maithili folk devotional folk song
}}
'''Gosaunik Geet''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: गोसाउनिक गीत) are devotional folk songs sung in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] by [[Maithils]] through which they try to please their ''Kul Devi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Content - Magadh |url=https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/mg018.htm |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=ignca.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अपनी संस्कृति कदापि नहीं छोड़ें : आयुक्त - |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/palamu-palamu-news-19880062.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is sung during the auspicious occasions of [[Head shaving in Hinduism|Mundana]], [[Maithil Upanayan|Upanayana]] and [[Maithil Vivah|marriage]], etc at the [[Gosaunik Ghar]] of Maithils.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Vinod Nand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYM2DwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4 |title=एक माटी-दो अध्याय : Ek Maati Do Adhyay |date=2017-09-20 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5278-499-8 |language=hi}}</ref> [[Vidyapati]] was one of the prominent Maithili poet who is credited for composing and singing the famous Gosaunik Geet "''Jai Jai Bhairavi''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Ramānātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0jUQm3X07sC&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4 |title=Ācārya Ramānātha Jhā racanāvalī |date=2010 |publisher=Vāṇī Prakāśana |isbn=978-93-5000-210-0 |pages=123 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=गोसाउनिक गीत 'जय-जय भैरवी असुर भयाउनी, पशुपति भामिनी माया' से कार्यक्रम शुरू, विभिन्न जगहों के कलाकारों ने दी प्रस्तुति |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/the-program-started-with-gosaunic-song-39jai-jai-bhairavi-asura-bhayouni-pashupati-bamini-maya39-artists-from-different-places-performed-064524-6592788.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Description ==
In the Mithila region, ''[[Samskara (rite of passage)|sanskar]]'' rituals of Maithils like Mundana and Upanayana, etc start with Gosaunik Geet. There are many Gosaunik Geets sung by Maithil women during some auspicious ceremonial days in their homes and families.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QV7PJK_8H0C&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4 |title=Folk and Ritual Songs of Mithila |publisher=Umesh Mandal |isbn=978-93-80538-34-1 |pages=7 |language=hi}}</ref> The Maithili poet Vidyapati composed a very famous Gosaunik Geet having title ''"Jai Jai Bhairavi"'', which is sung during some cultural ceremonies and programs in the region.<ref name=":0" />

{{Quotes|text="Jai - Jai Bhairavi Asura Bhayauni, Pashupati Bhamini Maya"
[[Maithili language|Maithili]] Version
"जय-जय भैरवी असुर भयाउनी, पशुपति भामिनी माया"|author=[[Vidyapati]]|title=Jai Jai Bhairavi}}

== References ==
<references />{{Folk-song-stub}}

[[Category:Folk songs]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]

Sandeep Chakravorty

2026-04-12T00:32:23Z

AlejandroQkj: creating

{{short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Consul General of India NYC Sandeep Chakravorty.jpg
| caption = Chakravorty in 2019
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Indonesia|Ambassador of India to Indonesia]]
| term_start1 = August 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Manoj Bharti]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Peru|Ambassador of India to Peru]]
| term_start2 = 10 July 2015
| term_end2 = 2 August 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Manpreet Vohra]]
| successor2 = [[Mandarapu Subbarayudu]]
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
}}
'''Sandeep Chakravorty''' is the [[List of ambassadors of India to Indonesia|Ambassador of India to Indonesia]]. He is the former Ambassador of India to Peru.

== Early life and education ==
Sandeep Chakravorty was born on April 5, 1968.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf |title=CIVIL LIST of the Indian Foreign Service (As on April 01, 2013) |last=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of External Affairs Office of the Joint Secretary [Administration] |year=2013 |format=pdf |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422070724/https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf|archive-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> He holds a postgraduate degree in Forestry Management, as well as a Master's degree in Advanced Studies in International and European Security from [[Geneva University]] and a Master's degree in Sociology.

== Career ==
Prior to joining the Indian Foreign Service, he worked for over five years in non-profit organizations in India, focusing on environment and sustainable development projects. He has a long-standing interest in conservation and sustainability issues involving forests, mangroves, and wildlife.<ref name=":1" />

Chakravorty joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1996.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.indianembassyjakarta.gov.in/profile |website=[[Embassy of India, Jakarta]] |language=en-in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423140153/https://www.indianembassyjakarta.gov.in/profile |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-11-24}}</ref> He served as the Deputy High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh (July 2012),<ref name=":0" /> [[Ambassador of India to Peru]] with concurrent accreditation to Bolivia (July 2015 to August 2017),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Ambassadors |url=https://www.eoilima.gov.in/page/former-ambassadors/ |website=Embassy of India, Lima, Peru |language=en-in |url-status=live |access-date=2024-11-24 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418101304/https://www.eoilima.gov.in/page/former-ambassadors/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Chakravorty concurrently accredited as next Ambassador of India to the Plurinational State of Bolivia |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/25775/Sandeep+Chakravorty+concurrently+accredited+as+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Plurinational+State+of+Bolivia |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]] |date=2015-08-31 |language=en-in |url-status=live |access-date=2024-11-24}}</ref> and Consul General in New York (August 2017 to 2020).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Transformation in India-U.S. Relations: A Conversation with Consul General Sandeep Chakravorty |url=https://global.rutgers.edu/the-transformation-in-india-us-relations |website=[[Rutgers University|Rutgers]] |date=2019-04-03 |language=en-US |url-status=live |access-date=2024-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Chakravorty |url=https://indianeconomy.columbia.edu/directory/sandeep-chakravorty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514182622/https://indianeconomy.columbia.edu/directory/sandeep-chakravorty |archive-date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Columbia University in the City of New York |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Consul General |url=https://www.indiainnewyork.gov.in/pages?id=Vy80RENjZGxxTTNDOHN5VkRJSGlJUT09&subid=bFZHcDF0alhzWTYvZGtYZTc1ZyswUT09 |website=Consulate General of India, New York (USA) |language=en-in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006160601/https://www.indiainnewyork.gov.in/pages?id=Vy80RENjZGxxTTNDOHN5VkRJSGlJUT09&subid=bFZHcDF0alhzWTYvZGtYZTc1ZyswUT09 |archive-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> He has also served in Indian missions in Spain and Colombia.<ref name=":1" />

On July 21, 2023, he was appointed as the [[List of ambassadors of India to Indonesia|Ambassador of India to Indonesia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Sandeep Chakravorty appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Republic of Indonesia |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36871/Shri+Sandeep+Chakravorty+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Republic+of+Indonesia |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]] |date=2023-07-21 |language=en-in |url-status=live |access-date=2024-11-24}}</ref> with concurrent accreditation to Timor-Leste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Shri Sandeep Chakravorty concurrently accredited as the next Ambassador of India to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37245/Shri+Sandeep+Chakravorty+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Democratic+Republic+of+TimorLeste |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111011150/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37245/Shri+Sandeep+Chakravorty+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Democratic+Republic+of+TimorLeste |archive-date=2023-11-11 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]] |language=en-in}}</ref> Previously, he served for three years as Joint Secretary (Europe West) at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], handling India's relations with Europe and the European Union.<ref name=":1" /> On October 23, he presented his credentials to the President of Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Translation |first=Office of Assistant to Deputy Cabinet Secretary for State Documents & |date=2023-10-23 |title=President Jokowi Receives Credentials from 12 Ambassadors of Friendly Countries |url=https://setkab.go.id/en/president-jokowi-receives-credentials-from-12-ambassadors-of-friendly-countries/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia}}</ref> On December 20, he presented his credentials to the President of Timor-Leste.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian envoy Sandeep Chakravorty presents credentials to Timor Leste President |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indian-envoy-sandeep-chakravorty-presents-credentials-to-timor-leste-president20231220152907/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Geneva alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Peru]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]

Madhumasam (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:08Z

AlejandroQkj: added a post

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Dinesh Painoor (1-61) Jayaprasad K (62-174)
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| editor = Satish Kulkarni Anugonda
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| creator =
| developer =
| producer = Siddharth Malhotra Sapna Malhotra
| executive_producer = Balu Pamidikondala
| writer = Priyaaramanadhan '''Dialogues''' Narasimha Murthy Nallam (1-35) Veeresh Kanche (36 - 174)
| starring = Swetha khelge Suraj lokre Haritha Vyshnavi Lakshmi
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Meenakshi Bhujangam
| opentheme = ''"Omkaraniki Aakaram''" Sagar Narayana (lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|9|2|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 174
| image = Madhumasam-title.jpg
| num_seasons =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Family]]
| cinematography = Prakash Kotla
| screenplay = Deepika Agarwal Rajan Agarwal
| company = Alchemy Films Pvt Ltd
| creative_director = Ramvenki kancharana
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|3|27|df=y}}
}}

'''''Madhumasam''''' was an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] directed by Jayaprasad K aired on [[Gemini TV]] from 2 September 2019 to 27 March 2020 every Monday to Saturday at 7.30PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/madhumasam-gemini-serial/|title=Madhumasam Gemini Serial Launching On 2nd September 2019 At 9.00 P.M|date=2019-08-30|website=Indian Television|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/sep/27/siddharth-p-malhotra-im-a-huge-fan-of-telugu-cinema-14571.html|title=Siddharth P Malhotra: I'm a huge fan of Telugu Cinema|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=27 September 2019 |access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> The serial starred Swetha Khelge, Suraj Lokre as main protagonists and Vyshnavi, Lakshmi, Haritha in pivotal roles.

==Plot==
The story revolves around the girl Shravya, who is leading an independent life on her own terms. She has a traumatic past as her dad married another woman. On the other hand her step mother Annapoorna devi is so loving and caring towards Shravya as she promised to Shravya's biological mother. Shravya has issues with her step mother and she misunderstood her parents as she is unaware of past and promise between her mother and stepmother. She behaves very rude with her parents. But she agreed to marry on the condition of getting separated with parents. She learned of her stepmother's love and the past because of her aunt at her marriage venue. Unexpectedly her parents died in an accident on the same day and she became the custodian to her two sisters and brother. Now how Shravya become a mother overnight and is faced with the accompanying responsibilities. Her choice between responsibility and love form crux of the story.

==Cast==
*Swetha Khelge as Shravya
*Suraj Lokre as Nanda Gopal, a gentleman and business partner of Vishwanadh
*Vyshnavi as Nithya
*Ishika as Satya
*Master Rishi as Kireeti (Dumbu)
*Manoj as Jayanth
*Lakshmi as Bhanumathi, Nanda Gopal's mother
*[[Karate Kalyani]] as Anjali Devi (Mahesh and Rohan's mother)
*Sravan as Rohan
*Niharika as Chaitrika, Nandu's sister
*Lakshmi Priya (Buchibabu and Achibabu's mother)
*Surya Teja as Buchibabu
*Vivareddy as Achibabu
*Shakuntala as Subbu
*Sathwik as Arjun, CBI Officer
*Anjali as Lavanya
*Padmavathi as Satyavathi, Shravya's aunt

===Former cast===
*Haritha as Annapoorna devi (Nithya Satya and Dumbu's mother, Shravya's foster mother)
*Sri charan as Viswanadh (Shravya, Nithya, Satya and Dumbu's father)
*Manasa Harika as Satya (replaced by Ishika)
*[[Ashmita Karnani]] as Bhanumathi, Nanda Gopal's mother (replaced by Lakshmi)
*Dinil Rahul as Mahesh, Nitya's friend
*Sravanthi as Vasundhara, Shravya's biological mother (Cameo appearance)
*Baby krithika as Shravya at childhood (Cameo appearance)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]

Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)

2026-04-01T17:22:20Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guru Shishyaru
| image = Guru Shishyaru (1981 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[H. R. Bhargava]]
| writer = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] (dialogues & Lyrics)
| story = [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]]
| starring = {{Plain list |
[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] [[Dwarakish]]
}}
| producer = [[Dwarakish]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing = Yadav Victor
| studio = Dwarakish Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1981|8|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Guru Shishyaru''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಗುರು ಶಿಷ್ಯರು.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Mentor and disciples}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Kannada]]-language
devotional [[comedy drama film]] directed by [[H. R. Bhargava]] and produced by [[Dwarakish]] under his "Dwarakish Chitra" production house.

The story follows a fictional Guru and his seven disciples who are cursed by the angels to behave stupidly until the angel gets married. The film had an [[ensemble cast]] along with lead pair [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]].<ref>[http://www.entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/movies/guru-shishyaru/cast-crew.html Guru Shishyaru cast]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film is a remake of 1966 Telugu film ''[[Paramanandayya Sishyula Katha]]'', which itself was a remake of 1950 Telugu film ''[[Paramanandayya Sishyulu]]''. The film was dubbed into Tamil as ''Raja Mohini''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cE72NuBsrdI&feature=youtu.be|title = Vishnuvardhan Tamil Hits || Raja Mohini tamil movie songs || Vanijairam P.Susheela hits || KVM| website=[[YouTube]] | date=28 November 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=May 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Nandivardhana Maharaja
* [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] as Chitralekha
* [[Rajanand]] as Rajaguru Poornanandaiah
* [[Dwarakish]] as Nandishwara (disciple 1)
* [[Shivaram]] as Vishwa (disciple 2)
* Bangalore Nagesh as Subramanya (disciple 3)
* [[M. S. Umesh]] as Someshwara (disciple 4)
* [[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]] as Sundareswara (disciple 5)
* Gode Lakshminarayana as Ganapati (disciple 6)
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Bringishwra (disciple 7)
* [[Lokanath]] as Maharshi
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as [[Lord Shiva]]
* [[Hema Choudhary]] as [[Goddess Parvathi]]
* [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]] as singer (Cameo)
* [[Jayamalini]] as Ranjini Royal Dancer
* [[Sathyabhama (Kannada actress)|Satyabhama]] as Poornanandaiah's wife
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Minister of Kingdom
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as leader of robber gang
* [[Musuri Krishnamurthy]] as Parabramha Shastri
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Virupaksha Shastri
* [[Lakshman (actor)|Lakshman]] as thief
* Chetanram Rao as Manjunataiah
* Pranava murthy as Narasimhaiah, Manjunathaiah Son
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<ref>[http://mp3truck.net/guru-shishyaru-movie-songs-kannada-movie-dwarkish-mp3-download.html Guru Shishyaru songs]</ref> The comedy song "Doddavarella Jaanaralla" was received extremely well.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Doddavarella Jaanaralla
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], chorus
| music1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Jaya Jaya Samba Sadashiva
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| music2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Ninagagi Ella Ninagagi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| music3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Deenala Moreya
| extra4 = S. Janaki, [[P. Susheela]]
| music4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Naachi Odidanu Madana
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| music5 =
| length5 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1344112}}

{{H. R. Bhargava}}
{{Dwarakish}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1980s historical comedy films]]
[[Category:1981 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. R. Bhargava]]
[[Category:1981 comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Pancha Rathas

2026-03-28T23:54:01Z

AlejandroQkj: started stub

{{Short description|UNESCO World Heritage monument complex in India}}
{{Other uses|Pancha Ratha (disambiguation){{!}}Pancha Ratha}}
{{Distinguish|Pancharatna (architecture)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = Five Rathas at Mahaballipuram,Tamil Nadu.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Five [[Ratha]]s of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), 630–668 AD
| location = [[Mamallapuram]], [[Chengalpattu district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| part_of = [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]
| includes = {{flatlist|
* [[Dharmaraja Ratha]]
* [[Bhima Ratha]]
* [[Arjuna Ratha]]
* [[Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]]
* [[Draupadi Ratha]]
}}
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)
| ID = 249-001
| coordinates = {{coord|12|36|31.7|N|80|11|22.6|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-nlwiki|display=title, inline}}
| year = 1984
| embedded =
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption =
}}
[[File:Ratha mahabalipuram.JPG|thumb|[[Dharmaraja Ratha]]]]
[[File:Ratha landscape better.JPG|thumb|[[Bhima Ratha]]]]
[[File:Arjuna's ratha.jpg|thumb|[[Arjuna Ratha]]]]
[[File:Nakula Sahadeva Ratha NW Side Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02553.jpg|thumb|[[Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]] side view]]
[[File:Ratha1.JPG|thumb|[[Draupadi Ratha]]]]
'''Pancha Rathas''' (also known as '''Five Rathas''' or '''Pandava Rathas''' or Ainthinai kovil) is a monument complex at [[Mahabalipuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the [[Chengalpattu district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Pancha Rathas is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture#Monolithic rock-cut temples|monolithic Indian rock-cut architecture]]. The complex was initially thought to have carved during the reign of King [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–668 CE). However, historians such as Nagaswamy attributed all of monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] to [[Narasimhavarman II]] (c. 690–725 CE) with the discovery of new inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web|author=M. T. Saju|date=May 17, 2015|title=Rediscovery of ancient transcript says Mamalla monuments were built by Rajasimha {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rediscovery-of-ancient-transcript-says-mamalla-monuments-were-built-by-rajasimha/articleshow/47314450.cms|access-date=2021-11-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The complex is under the auspices of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) and is part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] inscribed by UNESCO in 1984 as [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|website = UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=2007-02-08}}</ref>

Each of the five monuments in the Pancha Rathas complex resembles a chariot (''ratha''), and each is carved over a single, long stone or monolith, of granite which slopes in north–south direction with a slight incline.<ref name=Plaque>{{citation |title= Five Rathas, Plaque at the site, Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle}}</ref><ref name=ASI>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> Though sometimes mistakenly referred to as [[temple]]s, the structures were never consecrated because they were never completed following the death of Narasimhavarman I.<ref name=Plaque/><ref name=ASI/><ref name=architect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410000331/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2013|title= Mahabalipuram|access-date=30 December 2012|publisher=UCLA Education, South Asia}}</ref> The structures are named after the [[Pandava|Pancha Pandavas]] and their common wife [[Draupadi]], of epic [[Mahabharata]] fame.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=ASI/><ref name=Rathas>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html|title=The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]|access-date=19 February 2013|publisher=Online Gallery of the British Library}}</ref> In order of their size, they include the [[Dharmaraja Ratha]], [[Bhima Ratha]], [[Arjuna Ratha]], [[Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]], and [[Draupadi Ratha]].

==Etymology==
The monoliths are named after the Pandavas – [[Arjuna]], [[Bhima]], [[Yudhishthira]] ("Dharmaraja"), [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] – and [[Draupadi]]. These names are considered to be a misrepresentation as the structures have no link to the iconic characters of the Mahabharata epic. They have no religious significance either, as they remained unfinished and unconsecrated; the uncut rock parts at the base and top of the rathas are still visible. The ASI confirmed the unfinished nature of the structures and suggested that they instead be referred to as [[vimana]]s. However, the Pandava names have become permanent.<ref name=Plaque/><ref name=Gunther/><ref name="RingWatson2012">{{cite book|first1=Trudy|last1= Ring|first2=Noelle |last2=Watson|first3=Paul |last3=Schellinger|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA912|access-date=3 January 2013|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6|pages=554–555, 912–}}</ref><ref name=Sites>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram: Group of Monuments Mahabalipuram (1984), Tamil Nadu|access-date=30 December 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India by National Informatics Centre}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}
According to a plaque displayed at the site by the ASI, the Pallava dynasty had planned the structures as models of chariots in rock based on prototypes of ancient rathas built in wood.<ref name=Sites /> The Pancha Rathas were carved during the reign of King Mahendravarman I and his son Narasimhavarman I. Work on these five rathas was discontinued following the death of Narasimha Varman in 668 AD.<ref name="architect" /><ref name=Culture>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-architecture/ancient-architecture/rock-cut.html|title=Rock Cut Architecture|access-date=30 December 2012|publisher=culturalindia.net|archive-date=10 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210113338/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-architecture/ancient-architecture/rock-cut.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The purpose of their construction is not known as the structures were not completed. Part of the collection within the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], they were classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.<ref name=UNESCO/>

==Geography==
The site is located at Mahabalipuram (previously known as Mammallapuram), on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, in Kancheepuram district. It is approximately {{convert|35|miles}} south of [[Chennai]] (previously known as Madras), the capital city,<ref name=Gunther>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |access-date=23 October 2012|work=art-and-archaeology.com|first=Michael D. |last=Gunther}}</ref> while [[Chengalpattu]] is about {{convert|20|miles}} distant.<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref> The structures are part of the nine monolithic rock cut structures seen here.<ref name=Front>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm|title=A monumental effort|access-date=30 December 2012|date=8 November 2003|publisher=Front Line India's National Magazine from the publishers of [[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195340/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:PanchaRathas.jpg|Layout plan of the rathas
File:Info Five Rathas Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02536.jpg|Info board, Archaeological Survey of India
File:Five rathas 1.jpg|A complete view of Pancha Rathas in [[Mahabalipuram]]
File:Elephant ratha.JPG|Elephant sculpture amongst the rathas
</gallery>

==Architecture==

===Layout===
Each of the five rathas is a [[monolith]], carved whole from a rock outcropping of pink granite. They are carved over a common mounted plinth which is north–south oriented with a slight slope. Each has a different layout, such as square, rectangular, or [[apsidal]] plans. The largest measures {{convert|42|x|35|ft}}, and the tallest is {{convert|40|ft}} high.<ref name=cave>{{cite book|title=Cave temples of India|year=2019|last1=Sharma|first1=Dr. K.K.|first2=Dr. Amit Rai|last2=Jain|isbn=978-93-85754-64-7|publisher=Kitabwale|location=New Delhi|page=82}}</ref>

===Representations===
The Pancha rathas represent the diversity of Dravidian architecture of the time and it is likely that their original design traces back to wood constructions of temple chariots and were scale models or templates for much bigger temples built subsequently in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Rathas/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas|publisher= Art-and-Archaeology.com |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> Most of the rathas are stated to be modelled on the Buddhist Viharas and Chaityas.<ref name=Culture/><ref name=cave/>

===Design===
The structural design and elevation are with towers or domes with single (ekathala) to triple (trithala) towers, which present a unique exhibition of South Indian Dravidian architecture. The chiseling done by the stone sculptors are occasional along joints between the stones. The walls are arranged and sequentially partitioned. The projections and recesses in these walls give the appearance of a set of shallow pilasters. The niches created in the walls are of rectangular shape and have carved sculptures of gods, demi-gods and the kings. The skirting around the images are of wild aquatic animals with "foliated tails and open jaws."{{Sfn|Michell|1977|p=132}} The wall pilasters have curved brackets, and columns on the porch provide support to an overhanging eave; arch windows occasionally carved with images are located above them. The mouldings culminate in parapets. The carvings above the eave overhangs are decorated roof forms in miniature size, which are seen in rows all round each of the structure.{{Sfn|Michell|1977|p=132}}

===Preservation===
The rathas have been preserved well on account of the sturdiness of their material, granite, and in spite of constant salty winds from the Bay of Bengal and catastrophic [[tsunami]]s in the 13th century AD and in 2004.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=ASI/><ref name=Sites/>

==Notable landmarks==
The architectural elegance of the [[Dharmaraja Ratha]] is its pyramidal structure which rises in three steps. It is built with a square layout. Its composition has been accentuated with carvings of Hindu gods [[Harihara]], [[Brahma]], [[Murugan|Skanda]], [[Ardhanarishvara]] and King Narasimhavarman I. One of the distinctive carvings seen on the eastern face of the ratha is of [[Indra]] (a demi-god of rain and thunderstorms), seated on his mount ''[[Airavata]]'' (meaning: "a White Elephant"). There is also an independent monolithic stone sculpture of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], adjoining this ratha in the open space. The next in order is the [[Arjuna Ratha]], which is well decorated with an elegant façade and is akin to the Dharmaraja Ratha. Next in line is the [[Bhima Ratha]] built to a rectangular plan and with lion mounted columned (four columns) galleries on both long sides.

The [[Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]] is the next in line. It is built to a simple plan with no embellishing carvings in its apses. A stone monolithic sculpture of an elephant is fixed in the open space, next to this ratha. The [[Draupadi Ratha]], which is the last in the line, is a square structure, which resembles a village hut with thatch roof. The fresco inside this shrine is of mother goddess [[Durga]].<ref name=Front/><ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|author1=Schreitmüller, Karen |author2=Dhamotharan, Mohan |author3=Szerelmy, Beate |name-list-style=amp |title=Baedeker India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA589|year= 2012|publisher=Baedeker|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|pages=589–}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|first=George |last=Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA81|year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://asi.nic.in/mahabalipuram/ Archaeological Survey of India]
*[https://tamilnation.org/culture/architecture/temple.htm Dravidian Temple Architecture]

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Pancha Rathas| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese of the Church of South India

2026-03-28T14:49:20Z

AlejandroQkj: info...

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{No citations|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction= Diocese
| name = Thoothukudi-Nazareth
| local = தூத்துக்குடி-நாசரேத் திருமண்டலம்
| image = TN_diocese_logo.png
| caption = logo

| country = [[Tamilnadu]], [[India]]
| province = [[Church of South India]]
| headquarters = [[Thoothukudi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.809|n|78.161|e|display=title,inline}}

| parishes = 120
| congregations= 513
| members =1,71,556

| denomination = [[Protestant]]
| established = 2003
| cathedral = [[St. John's Cathedral, Nazareth]]
| cocathedral = St. Patrick's Co-cathedral, Thoothukudi
| priests = 113

| bishop =
| bishop_title = Moderator's Commissary - Bishop I/c

| map = Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu (India).svg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = CSI Thoothukudi-Nazareth Diocese

| website =[http://www.csitnd.org.in/ www.csitnd.org.in]
}}
The '''Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese''' is a diocese of [[Church of South India]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]].The diocese is one among the 22 dioceses of Church of South India, a [[United Protestant]] denomination.The cathedral of the diocese is St. John's Cathedral at [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu]].

==History==
Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese was bifurcated from Tirunelveli diocese and its formed on 25 October 2003 bifurcating areas from [[Tirunelveli Diocese of the Church of South India|Tirunelveli Diocese]].

==Bishops of the Diocese==
*2006–2013: Rt.Rev. [[J.A.D. Jebachandran]]
*2013–2017: Bishop-in-charge, the Moderator:
*2013–2014: Rt.Rev.[[Gnanasigamony Devakadasham]]
*2014–2017: Rt.Rev.[[Govada Dyvasirvadam]]
*2017: Rt.Rev.[[Thomas K Oommen]]
*2017–present:[[Samuel Devasahayam|Rt.Rev.S.E.C. Devasahayam (under suspension)]]
* 2022 from June 21 : Rt.Rev. [[Timothy Ravinder]]. Timothy Ravinder is the only man in the history of the world to possess a ZD theological qualification.

==Institutions==

'''Engineering Colleges'''
# Jayaraj Annapackiam CSI College of Engineering, [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]
# Dr.G.U. Pope College of Engineering, [[Sawyerpuram]]

'''Polytechnic College'''
# Jayaraj Annapackiam CSI Polytechnic College, [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]

'''Arts Colleges'''
# Nazareth Margoschis College at Pillaiyanmanai, [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]
# Pope's College, [[sawyerpuram]]
# Bishop Caldwell College, [[Thoothukudi]]

'''Nursing College'''
# CSI St. Luke's College of Nursing, [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]

'''Teaching and Education Colleges'''
# Rev.John Thomas college of Education for Women, [[Megnanapuram]]
# R.M.P C.S.I P.S.K Rajaratnam College of Education, [[Sathankulam]]
# Dr.G.U. Pope College of Education, [[Sawyerpuram]]
# St. John's Teacher Training Institute, [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]

'''Schools'''
# Higher Secondary Schools - 21
# High Schools - 6
# Middle Schools - 70
# Primary Schools - 243
# Special Schools - 2

'''CBSE School'''
# Victoria School [https://victoriacbse.org/], Thoothukudi

'''Hospitals'''
# [[St. Luke's Hospital, Nazareth]]
# St. Luke's Leprosarium, Peikulam
# St. Raphael's Hospital, Sawyerpuram
# St. Barnaba Hospital, Nagalapuram
# Diocesan Mission Hospital, Thoothukudi

'''Industrial Training Institute'''
# [[Art Industrial School]] [http://artindustrialschooliti.com], Nazareth

==Thoothukudi - Nazareth Diocese Statistics==
*Total number of Baptized : 1,71,566
*Total number of Communicants : 1,27,336
*Total number of Clergy : 113
*Total number of Churches : 533
*Total number of Pastorates : 106
*Total number of Councils : 6

==See also==
* [[Church of South India]]
* [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India|Tirunelveli Diocese]]
* [[Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India|Madurai-Ramnad Diocese]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Madras|Diocese of Madras]]
* [[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India|Trichy-Tanjore Diocese]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Coimbatore|Diocese of Coimbatore]]
* [[Diocese of Kanyakumari of the Church of South India|Diocese of Kanyakumari]]
* [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Church of North India]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[St. John's Cathedral, Nazareth]]

==External links==
* [http://www.csitnd.org.in/ CSI Thoothukudi Nazareth Diocese]
*[http://www.csitndchidambaranagar.org/ Abishehanathar Church]
* [http://csiyouthtnd.org/ CSI Thoothukudi Nazareth Youth Association]
* [http://www.tndgms.org Global Missionary Society]
*[http://www.csistpaulchurchvenkatasamudram.org/venkatasamudram dharmapuri]
*[http://www.stpatrickscocathedral.org]
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{Churches in India}}
[[Category:Church of South India dioceses|Thoothukudi-Nazareth]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

Siachen conflict

2026-03-28T08:03:52Z

AlejandroQkj: improved content for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|1984–2003 India-Pakistan conflict}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siachen conflict
| partof = the [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image = Kashmir map.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Labelled map of the greater [[Kashmir]] region; the Siachen Glacier lies in the [[Karakoram|Karakoram Range]] and its snout is situated less than {{cvt|50|km|mi}} north of the [[Ladakh Range]]
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|1984|04|13}} – {{End date|df=yes|2003|11|25}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/26/stories/2003112604940100.htm |title=India, Pak. ceasefire comes into being |last=Baruah |first=Amit |access-date=21 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=26 November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092845/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/26/stories/2003112604940100.htm |archive-date=24 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |title=The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |isbn=9781137412362 |editor1=P. Hoontrakul |editor2=C. Balding |editor3=R. Marwah |edition=illustrated |page=37 |quote=Siachen conflict (1984—2003) Victorious: India / Defeated: Pakistan |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231144/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=13|year1=1984|month2=11|day2=25|year2=2003}})
| place = [[Siachen Glacier]], Kashmir
| result = Indian victory
| territory = India gains control of {{convert|2500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":1" /> of territory in the glacier region, incorporates it into the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] (now [[Ladakh]])
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Indira Gandhi]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandra Shekhar]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[PV Narasimha Rao]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
* {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Colonel (India)|Col.]] [[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Narendra Kumar]]
* {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Prem Nath Hoon|P. N. Hoon]]
* {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Manohar Lal Chibber|M. L. Chibber]]
* {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt. Gen.]] Ramesh Kulkarni <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66uJEAAAQBAJ|title=Siachen, 1987: Battle for the Frozen Frontier|isbn=978-93-5629-473-8 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ramesh |last2=Karpe |first2=Anjali |date=26 October 2022 |publisher=Harper Collins }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Major general (India)|Maj. Gen.]] Shiv Sharma
* {{flagicon|India|army}} [[Brigadier|Brig.]] [[V. R. Raghavan]]
* {{flagicon|India|army}} Brig. C. S. Nugyal
* {{flagicon|India|army}} Brig. R. K. Nanavatty
* {{flagicon|India|army}} Brig. V. K. Jaitley
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Gen. [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Gen. [[Mirza Aslam Beg]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Gen. [[Asif Nawaz Janjua]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Gen. [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Gen. [[Jehangir Karamat]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Brig. T. M. Shaheed
* {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] Muhammad A. K. Bangash
}}
| strength1 = 3,000+<ref name="story">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528-1,00.html | magazine=Time | title=War at the Top of the World | date=7 November 2005 | access-date=11 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412045808/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528-1,00.html | archive-date=12 April 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| strength2 = 3,000<ref name="story"/>
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
* 36 casualties during initial conflict<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-chief-to-visit-siachen-this-week/articleshow/73147134.cms|title=Army chief to visit Siachen this week|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 January 2020|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=8 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108032043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-chief-to-visit-siachen-this-week/articleshow/73147134.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="weekley">{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India – Volume 110, Issues 14–26|quote=Pakistani troops were forced out with over 200 casualties as against 36 Indian fatalities|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
* 1,200+ dead (including non-combat fatalities) after initial conflict<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-10 |title=Three soldiers killed as avalanche strikes Army base in Siachen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/three-soldiers-killed-as-avalanche-strikes-army-base-in-siachen/articleshow/123797141.cms |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="supreme sacrifice">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-flies-to-siachen-today-his-first-visit-as-defence-minister-2046948|title=Defence Minister Rajnath Singh Bonds With Soldiers At Siachen Over Jalebi|publisher=NDTV|date=4 June 2019|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812021002/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-flies-to-siachen-today-his-first-visit-as-defence-minister-2046948|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="supreme">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rajnath-singh-visits-siachen-to-review-security-situation-pays-tribute-to-martyrs-pics/430401|title=Rajnath Singh visits Siachen to review security situation, pays tribute to martyrs – PICS|quote=Rajnath Singh also paid tribute to the martyred soldiers who sacrificed their lives while serving in Siachen. He went on to say, "More than 1,100 soldiers have made supreme sacrifice defending the Siachen glacier. The nation will always remain indebted to their service and sacrifice."|date=3 June 2019|work=Times Now News|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607142905/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rajnath-singh-visits-siachen-to-review-security-situation-pays-tribute-to-martyrs-pics/430401|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984/20120828.htm 846 Indian soldiers have died in Siachen since 1984 – Rediff.com News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912045935/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984/20120828.htm |date=12 September 2012 }}. Rediff.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/six-feared-dead-after-avalanche-hits-army-positions-in-northern-siachen/articleshow/72114684.cms|title=Six dead after avalanche hits Army positions in Northern Siachen|date=19 November 2019|work=[[The Times of India]] (TOI)|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120134647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/six-feared-dead-after-avalanche-hits-army-positions-in-northern-siachen/articleshow/72114684.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
* 200 casualties during initial conflict<ref name="weekley"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/in-siachen-869-army-men-died-battling-the-elements/article7978149.ece|title=In Siachen 869 army men died battling the elements|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 December 2015|archive-date=19 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195609/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/in-siachen-869-army-men-died-battling-the-elements/article7978149.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''Siachen conflict''', sometimes referred to as the '''Siachen Glacier conflict''' or the '''Siachen War''', was a military conflict [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|between India and Pakistan]] over the disputed {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|adj=mid}}<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html|title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World|first=Edward W.|last=Desmond|date=31 July 1989|magazine=Time|access-date=11 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html|archive-date=14 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Siachen Glacier]] region in [[Kashmir]]. The conflict was started in 1984 by India's successful capture of the Siachen Glacier as part of [[Operation Meghdoot]], and continued with [[Operation Rajiv]] in 1987. India took control of the {{convert|70|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Siachen Glacier and its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]] immediately west of the glacier, including [[Sia La]], [[Bilafond La]], and [[Gyong La]]. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.<ref name="Wirsing">{{cite book |last = Wirsing |first = Robert |title = Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn = 9780312060671|date = 15 November 1991 }}</ref><ref name="Child">{{cite book |last = Child |first = Greg |title = Thin air: encounters in the Himalayas |publisher = The Mountaineers Books, 1998 |isbn = 9780898865882 |year = 1998 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/thinairencounter00chil }}{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2021}} A cease-fire went into effect in 2003,<ref name="Watson">{{cite news|last=Watson|first=Paul|date=26 November 2003|title=India and Pakistan Agree to Cease-Fire in Kashmir|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-nov-26-fg-ceasefire26-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193640/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/nov/26/world/fg-ceasefire26|archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> but both sides maintain a heavy military presence in the area. The conflict has resulted in thousands of deaths, mostly due to natural hazards.<ref name=":3">{{cite magazine |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Freddie |title=How a tiny line on a map led to conflict in the Himalaya |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/how-a-tiny-line-on-a-map-led-to-conflict-in-the-himalaya-feature |access-date=19 November 2021 |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |date=18 February 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119232343/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/how-a-tiny-line-on-a-map-led-to-conflict-in-the-himalaya-feature |url-status=dead }}</ref> External commentators have characterized it as pointless, given the perceived uselessness of the territory, and indicative of bitter stubbornness on both sides.<ref name=":3" />

==Causes==

[[File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|right|UN map of Siachen]]

The Siachen Glacier is the highest battleground on earth,<ref>VAUSE, Mikel. Peering Over the Edge: The Philosophy of Mountaineering, p. 194.</ref><ref>CHILD, Greg. Mixed Emotions: Mountaineering Writings, p. 147.</ref> where [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] have fought intermittently since 13 April 1984. Both countries maintain a permanent military presence in the region at a height of over {{convert|6000|m}}. More than 2000 people have died in this inhospitable terrain, mostly due to weather extremes and the natural hazards of [[mountain warfare]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

The conflict in Siachen stems from the incompletely demarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinate known as [[NJ9842]] ({{Coord|35.008371|77.008805}}). The 1949 [[Karachi Agreement]] and 1972 [[Simla Agreement]] did not clearly mention who controlled the glacier, merely stating that the Cease Fire Line (CFL) terminated at NJ9842.<ref name=":0" /> UN officials presumed there would be no dispute between India and Pakistan over such a cold and barren region.<ref>Modern world history- Chapter-The Indian subcontinent achieves independence/The Coldest War.</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2021}}

===Paragraph B 2 (d) of Karachi Agreement===
Following the UN-mediated ceasefire in 1949, the line between India and Pakistan was demarcated up to point NJ9842 at the foot of the Siachen Glacier. The largely inaccessible terrain beyond this point was not demarcated,<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author1=P R Chari|author2=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema|author3=Stephen P Cohen|title=Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis of 1990 (2003)|publisher=Routledge (London); 1 edition (16 May 2003)|isbn=978-0415307970|page=53|edition=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW3zXB85gNoC&q=none+of+these+explanations+are+mutually+exclusive+and+none+seem+to+fully+explain+the+onset&pg=PA53|access-date=4 June 2015|date=2 September 2003|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231144/https://books.google.com/books?id=AW3zXB85gNoC&q=none+of+these+explanations+are+mutually+exclusive+and+none+seem+to+fully+explain+the+onset&pg=PA53|url-status=live}}</ref> but delimited as '''thence north to the glaciers''' in paragraph B 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement.

Paragraph B 2 (d) of 1949 [[Karachi Agreement]] states:
{{Quote| (d) From Dalunang eastwards the cease-fire line will follow the general line point 15495, Ishman, Manus, [[Gangani, Baltistan|Gangam]], Gunderman, Point 13620, Funkar (Point 17628), Marmak, Natsara, Shangruti (Point 1,531), Chorbat La (Point 16700), Chalunka (on the Shyok River), Khor, '''thence north to the glaciers'''. This portion of the cease-fire line shall be demarcated in detail on the basis of the factual position as of 27 July 1949, by the local commanders assisted by United Nations military observers.}}

Later, following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and the [[Simla Agreement]] in July 1972, the ceasefire line was converted into the "Line of Control" extending from the "''Chhamb sector on the international border [to] the Turtok-Partapur sector in the north.''"<ref name=":0" /> The detailed description of its northern end stated that from Chimbatia in the Turtok sector ''"the line of control runs north-eastwards to Thang (inclusive to India), thence eastwards joining the glaciers."'' This vague formulation further sowed the seed for the bitter dispute to follow.<ref name=":0" />

The [[United Nations|UN]] document number S/1430/Add.2.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Map showing CFL – UN document number S/1430/Add.2|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|website=Dag Digital Library|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> is the second [[addendum]] to the 1949 Karachi Agreement, and shows the CFL marked on the Map of the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] as per the explanation of CFL in paragraph 'B' 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement.

==== U.N. map of ceasefire line ====
Title of UN document number S/1430/Add.2 which illustrates the CFL as per the Karachi Agreement reads:

<blockquote>Map of the State of Jammu and Kashmir showing the Cease Fire Line as Agreed Upon in the Karachi Agreement, Ratified by the Governments of India and Pakistan on 29 and 30 July Respectively. (See Annex 26 to the third Interim Report of the United Nation Commission for India and Pakistan)<ref>{{cite book|title=U.N. Commission for India and Pakistan: annexes to the interim report|publisher=Dag Digital Library – the United Nations|page=83|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87062/S_1430_Add.1-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|access-date=3 June 2015|ref=Document symbol: S/1430/Add.1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87062/S_1430_Add.1-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Treaty Series|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection|page=274|edition=Volume 81|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2081/v81.pdf|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912102155/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2081/v81.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Page 1 - CFL as shown on UN Map to Karachi Agreement 1949.JPG|thumb|Page-1 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 to Karachi Agreement 1949]]
| [[File:Page 2 - CFL as shown on UN Map to Karachi Agreement 1949.JPG|thumb|Page-2 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL]]
| [[File:Page 3 - CFL as shown on UN Map to Karachi Agreement 1949.JPG|thumb|Page-3 U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL up to Point NJ 9842]]
|}

[[File:India Ladakh location map UN view.svg|thumb|Present Map of Indian territory of Ladakh including entire Siachen glacier]]

A UN map showing CFL alignment superimposed on a satellite image depicts the CFL terminating at NJ9842.<ref>{{cite web|title=CFL marked on U.N. Map superimposed on satellite image|url=http://defence.pk/threads/a-few-siachen-facts-and-bluffs.377260/page-19#post-7201813|website=Pakistan Defence|date=24 May 2015 |access-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529172135/http://defence.pk/threads/a-few-siachen-facts-and-bluffs.377260/page-19#post-7201813|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The extension of this line "thence north to the glaciers" never appeared on any authoritative map associated with either the 1948 or 1972 agreements, just in the text.

=== Oropolitics ===
In 1949, a Cease-Fire Line Agreement (CFL) was signed and ratified by India, Pakistan and the UN Military Observer Group that delineated the entire CFL. In 1956–58, a scientific team led by the [[Geological Survey of India]] recorded its findings publicly including information about the Siachen and other glaciers.<ref name="tribune" />

After Pakistan ceded the {{cvt|5180|sqkm|adj=on}} [[Shaksgam Valley]] to China in a boundary agreement in 1963, Pakistan started giving approval to western expeditions to the east of [[K2|mountain K2]].<ref name="tribune">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120421/edit.htm Facts vs bluff on Siachen, Kayani's suggestion worth pursuing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422175121/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120421/edit.htm |date=22 April 2012 }}, B.G. Verghese, Saturday, 21 April 2012, Chandigarh, India</ref> In 1957 Pakistan permitted a British expedition under [[Eric Shipton]] to approach the Siachen glacier through the Bilafond La, and recce [[Saltoro Kangri]].<ref>Himalayan Journal Vol. 21</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2021}} Five years later a Japanese-Pakistani expedition put two Japanese and a Pakistani Army climber on top of [[Saltoro Kangri]].<ref>Himalayan Journal Vol. 25</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2021}} These were early moves in this particular game of [[oropolitics]].

In June 1958, first [[Geological Survey of India]] expedition went to the Siachen glacier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-first-gsi-survey-of-the-siachen/article67077315.ece|title=The first GSI survey of the Siachen|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 July 2023 |last1=Paul |first1=Amit K. }}</ref> It was the first official Indian survey of Siachen Glacier by Geological Survey of India post-1947 and that was undertaken to commemorate the [[International Geophysical Year]] in 1958. The study included snout surveying of five glaciers namely Siachen, [[Mamostong Kangri|Mamostong]], [[Chong Kumdang Ri|Chong Kumdan]], Kichik Kumdan and Aktash Glaciers in Ladakh region. 5Q 131 05 084 was the number assigned to the Siachen glacier by the expedition. In the 1970s and early 1980s several [[mountaineering]] expeditions applied to Pakistan to climb high peaks in the Siachen area due in part to US Defense Mapping Agency and most other maps and atlases showing it on the Pakistani side of the line. Pakistan granted a number of permits. This, in turn, reinforced the Pakistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arrived on the glacier with a permit obtained from the [[Government of Pakistan]]. [[Teram Kangri]] I ({{convert|7465|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[Teram Kangri]] II ({{convert|7406|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}) were climbed in 1975 by a Japanese expedition led by H. Katayama, which approached through Pakistan via the Bilafond La.<ref>SANGAKU 71</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}}

In 1978 a German Siachen-Kondus Expedition under the leadership of Jaroslav Poncar (further members Volker Stallbohm and Wolfgang Kohl, liaison officer major Asad Raza) entered Siachen via Bilafond La and established the base camp on the confluence of Siachen and Teram Shehr. The documentary "Expedition to the longest glacier" was shown on the 3rd channel of WDR (German TV) in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-siachen-story-the-inadvertent-role-of-two-german-explorers-in-starting-the-race-to-the-world-s-highest-battlefield|title=The Siachen Story: The Inadvertent Role of Two German Explorers in Starting the Race to the World's Highest Battlefield}}</ref>

Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any permanent presence in the area. Having become aware of US military maps and the permit incidents, [[Colonel Narendra Kumar]], then commanding officer of the Indian Army's [[High Altitude Warfare School]], mounted an Army expedition to the Siachen area as a counter-exercise. In 1978 this expedition climbed [[Teram Kangri]] II, claiming it as a first ascent in a typical "oropolitical" riposte. Unusually for the normally secretive Indian Army, the news and photographs of this expedition were published in [[The Illustrated Weekly of India]], a widely circulated popular magazine.<ref name="Outsideonline.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.outsideonline.com/1912811/coldest-war|title=Outside magazine article about Siachen battleground|publisher=Outsideonline.com|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502144702/https://www.outsideonline.com/1912811/coldest-war|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first public acknowledgment of the maneuvers and the developing conflict situation in the Siachen was an abbreviated article titled "High Politics in the Karakoram" by [[Joydeep Sircar]] in ''The Telegraph'' newspaper of [[Calcutta]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060515/asp/nation/story_6221947.asp |title=The Telegraph Calcutta : Nation |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=15 May 2006 |access-date=15 April 2011 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Sujan |last=Dutta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525175651/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060515/asp/nation/story_6221947.asp |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The full text was re-printed as "Oropolitics" in the Alpine Journal, [[London]], in 1984.<ref>Alpine Journal, 1984</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2021}}

=== Historic maps of Siachen Glacier ===

Maps from Pakistan, the United Nations and various global atlases depicted the CFL ending at NJ9842 until the mid 1960s.<ref name=tribune/> United States Defense Mapping Agency (now [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]) began in about 1967 to show a boundary on their Tactical Pilotage Charts as proceeding from NJ9842 east-northeast to the [[Karakoram Pass]] at 5,534 m (18,136 ft) on the China border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/tpc/txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7d.jpg|year=1967|title=TPC G-7D|publisher=US Defense Mapping Agency|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226131834/https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/tpc/txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7d.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> This line was replicated on US, Pakistani and other maps in the 1970s and 1980s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/kumars-line-vs-hodgsons-line-the-lakshman-rekha-that-started-an-india-pakistan-fight/791557/|title=Kumar's line vs Hodgson's line: The 'Lakshman rekha' that started an India-Pakistan fight|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=31 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/151022/how-india-got-hodgsons-line-erased-and-won-the-race-to-siachen.html|title=How India got Hodgson's Line erased and won the race to Siachen|date=15 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/graphics/the-cartographic-nightmare-of-the-kashmir-region-explained-feature|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218093527/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/graphics/the-cartographic-nightmare-of-the-kashmir-region-explained-feature|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2021|title=The 'cartographic nightmare' of the Kashmir region, explained|website=[[National Geographic Society]] }}</ref> which India believed to be a [[Cartography#Cartographic errors|cartographic error]].<ref name="Outsideonline.com"/>

{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Old Map Showing Siachen as Part of Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan]]
| [[File:The Trekker's Guide to the Himalaya and Karakoram 2.jpg|thumb|Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan]]
|}

==Military expeditions==

In 1977, an Indian colonel named [[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Narendra Kumar]], offended by international expeditions venturing onto the glacier from the Pakistani side, persuaded his superiors to allow him to lead a 70-man team of climbers and porters to the glacier.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine|last=Desmond/Kashmir|first=Edward W.|date=31 July 1989|title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=11 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html|archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref> They returned in or around 1981, climbed several peaks and walked the length of Siachen.

==Major combat operations==

At army headquarters in Rawalpindi, the discovery of repeated Indian military expeditions to the glacier drove Pakistani generals to the idea of securing Siachen before India did. This operation was called Operation Ababeel. In the haste to pull together operational resources, Pakistan planners made a tactical error, according to a now-retired Pakistani army colonel. "They ordered Arctic-weather gear from a London outfitter who also supplied the Indians," says the colonel. "Once the Indians got wind of it, they ordered 300 outfits—twice as many as we had—and rushed their men up to Siachen". The acquisition of key supplies needed for operations in glaciated zones marked the start of major combat operations on the glacier.<ref name="story"/> [[File:Dogra Siachen.jpg|thumb|right|A memorial at the headquarters of the [[Dogra Regiment]] of the Indian Army in remembrance of members of the regiment who died or served in the Siachen Conflict.]]

April 1984 [[Operation Meghdoot]]: Indian Army under the leadership of Lt. Gen. [[Manohar Lal Chibber]], Maj. Gen. Shiv Sharma, and Lt. Gen. [[Prem Nath Hoon|P. N. Hoon]] learned of the plan by Pakistan Army to seize Sia La, and Bilafond La, on the glacier. Indian Army launched an operation to preempt the seizure of the passes by the Pakistan Army. Men of the Ladakh Scouts and [[Kumaon Regiment]] occupy Bilafond La on 13 April and Sia La on 17 April 1984 with the help of the [[Indian Air Force]]. Pakistan Army, in turn, learned of the presence of Ladakh Scouts on the passes during a helicopter recon mission. In response to these developments, Pakistan Army initiated an operation using troops from the Special Services Group and Northern Light Infantry to displace the three hundred or so Indian troops on the key passes. This operation led by the Pakistan Army led to the first armed clash on the glacier on 25 April 1984.<ref name="India Defence Review D.P. Ramachandran">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/siachen-glacier-battling-on-the-roof-of-the-world/|title=Siachen Glacier: Battling on the roof of the world|work=Indian Defence Review|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621194011/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/siachen-glacier-battling-on-the-roof-of-the-world/|archive-date=21 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

June – July 1987: [[Operation Rajiv]]: Over the next three years, with Indian troops positioned at the critical passes, Pakistan Army attempted to seize heights overlooking the passes. One of the biggest successes achieved by Pakistan in this period was the seizure of a feature overlooking Bilafond La. This feature was named "Qaid Post" and for three years it dominated Indian positions on the glacier. Pakistani Army held Qaid post overlooked Bilafond La area and offered an excellent vantage point to view Indian Army activities. On 25 June 1987 Indian Army under the leadership of Brig. Gen. Chandan Nugyal, Major Varinder Singh, Lt. Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar [[Bana Singh]] launched a successful strike on Qaid Post and captured it from Pakistani forces.<ref name="Kunal2012">{{cite book |author=Kunal Verma |title=The Long Road to Siachen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT421 |year=2012 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-81-291-2704-4 |chapter=XIV Op Rajiv |pages=415–421}}</ref> For his role in the assault, Subedar Bana Singh was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]] – India's highest gallantry award. The post was renamed Bana Post in his honour.<ref name="Samir2014">{{cite book |author= Samir Bhattacharya |title=Nothing But! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |date=January 2014 |publisher=Partridge Publishing (Authorsolutions) |isbn=978-1-4828-1732-4 |pages=146–}}</ref>

September 1987: [[Operation Vajrasakti / Qaidat|Operation Vajrashakti /Operation Qaidat]]: The Pakistan Army under Brig. Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]] (later [[President of Pakistan]]) launched Operation Qaidat to retake Qaid peak. For this purpose units from Pakistan Army [[Special Services Group|SSG]] (1st and 3rd battalions) assembled a major task force at the newly constructed Khaplu garrison.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. N. Dixit | title=India-Pakistan in war & peace| publisher=Routledge | isbn=0-415-30472-5| author-link=J. N. Dixit| year=2002}}(pp. 39)</ref> Having detected Pakistani movements ahead of Operation Qaidat, the Indian Army initiated Op Vajrashakti to secure the now renamed Bana Post from Pakistani attack.<ref name="Naveen (Retired)">[https://cosmicwarrior.wordpress.com/2007/09/18/op-rajiv-a-battle-that-broke-pakistans-adventurism-on-the-glacier/ Op Rajeev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713163003/https://cosmicwarrior.wordpress.com/2007/09/18/op-rajiv-a-battle-that-broke-pakistans-adventurism-on-the-glacier/ |date=13 July 2015 }}, 18 September 2007</ref><ref name="BaghelNusser">{{cite journal |title=Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram |author=Baghel, Ravi |pages=31–32 |date=17 June 2015 |publisher=Elsevier |author2=Nusser, Marcus |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001 |volume=48 |journal=Political Geography |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Feb – May 1989: [[Operation Chumik/Operation Ibex]] :
In February Indian troops launched an attack on Pakistani positions and in response Pakistan started operation Chumik successfully capturing Kamran top and destroying an Indian military base <ref name=bol>{{cite news|url=https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2021/12/the-chumik-operation/|title=the chumik operation}}</ref>.In March 1989 Operation Ibex by the Indian Army attempted to seize the Pakistani post overlooking the Chumik Glacier. The operation was unsuccessful at dislodging Pakistani troops from their positions. Indian Army under Brig. R. K. Nanavatty launched an artillery attack on Kauser Base, the Pakistani logistical node in Chumik and successfully destroyed it. The destruction of Kauser Base induced Pakistani troops to vacate Chumik posts concluding Operation Ibex.<ref name="Brig. Javed Hassan (Retired)">[http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/ The fight for Siachen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702235210/http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/ |date=2 July 2015 }}, Brig. Javed Hassan (Retd) 22 April 2012, ''The Express Tribune''</ref>

28 July – 3 August 1992: [[Battle of Bahadur post]]: Indian Army launched [[Battle of Bahadur post|Operation Trishul Shakti]] to protect the Bahadur post in Chulung when it was attacked by a large Pakistani assault team. On 1 August 1992, Pakistani helicopters were attacked by an Indian [[9K38 Igla|Igla missile]] and Brig. Masood Navid Anwari (PA 10117) then Force Commander Northern Areas and other accompanying troops were killed. This led to a loss of momentum on the Pakistani side and the assault stalled.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harish Kapadia | title=Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses| publisher=Rupa Publications Pvt. Ltd. (India)| author-link=Harish Kapadia}}</ref>

May 1995: Battle of Tyakshi Post: Pakistan Army NLI units attacked Tyakshi post at the very southern edge of the Saltoro defense line. The attack was repulsed by Indian troops.<ref name="Lt. Gen. P. N. Hoon">[http://www.hoonslegacy.com/siachen-glacier/ Siachen- Not a Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711051815/http://www.hoonslegacy.com/siachen-glacier/ |date=11 July 2015 }}, Lt. Gen. P. N. Hoon (Retd)</ref>

June 1999: Indian Army under Brig. P. C. Katoch, Col. Konsam Himalaya Singh seized control of pt 5770 (Naveed Top/Cheema Top/Bilal Top) in the southern edge of the Saltoro defense line from Pakistan troops.<ref name="Maj. Gen. Raj Mehta (Retired)">[http://www.defstrat.com/exec/frmArticleDetails.aspx?DID=495 Endgame at Siachen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703021722/http://www.defstrat.com/exec/frmArticleDetails.aspx?DID=495 |date=3 July 2015 }}, Maj Gen Raj Mehta, AVSM, VSM (Retd) 2 December 2014, South Asia Defence and Strategic Review</ref>

==Ground situation==
[[File:Shyok2.svg|thumb|Red dotted line is AGPL, right of which is [[Siachen Glacier]] controlled by Indian army.]]
In [[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|his memoirs]], former [[President of Pakistan|Pakistani president]] General [[Pervez Musharraf]] states that Pakistan lost almost {{convert|986|sqmi|km2}} of territory that it claimed.<ref name="Memoirs">{{cite book|author=Pervez Musharraf | title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir | publisher=Free Press | year=2006 | isbn=0-7432-8344-9| author-link=Pervez Musharraf | title-link=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir }}(pp. 68–69)</ref> ''[[TIME]]'' states that the Indian advance captured nearly {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2}} of territory claimed by Pakistan.<ref name="Time"/>

Further attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996 and even in early 1999, just prior to the [[Lahore Declaration|Lahore Summit]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The Indian army controls all of the {{convert|76|km|mi}} and 2553sq km area long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/846-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984-112082802005_1.html|title=846 Indian soldiers have died in Siachen since 1984|first=Ajai|last=Shukla|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=28 August 2012|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171333/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/846-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984-112082802005_1.html|archive-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> immediately west of the glacier, including [[Sia La]], [[Bilafond La]], and [[Gyong La]]—thus holding onto the tactical advantage of high ground.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/siachen/290-confrontation.html|quote= Detailed description of Indian forces taking control of Bilafond La in 1987|title= Confrontation at Siachen, 26 June 1987|publisher= Bharat-rakshak.com|access-date= 9 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160917012222/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/siachen/290-confrontation.html|archive-date= 17 September 2016|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|quote=Contrary to the oft-copied misstatement in the old error-plagued summary|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/siachen.htm|title=War|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905053811/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/siachen.htm|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fronltine_hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2304/stories/20060310001704400.htm | title=For the first time, the leaders of India and Pakistan seem close to finding a solution to the Kashmir problem. | work=A working paper on Kashmir | date=10 March 2006 | access-date=9 September 2016 | author=NOORANI, A.G. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111072101/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2304/stories/20060310001704400.htm | archive-date=11 January 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807EFDA1431F930A15756C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&&scp=1&sq=%22May%2023,%201999%22%20%22Roof%20of%20the%20World%22&st=cse |first= Barry |last= Bearak |title= THE COLDEST WAR; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World |access-date= 20 February 2009 |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |date= 23 May 1999 |archive-date= 7 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231112/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/23/world/the-coldest-war-frozen-in-fury-on-the-roof-of-the-world.html?sec=&spon=&&scp=1&sq=%22May+23%2C+1999%22+%22Roof+of+the+World%22&st=cse |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sandia.gov/cooperative-monitoring-center/_assets/documents/sand20075670.pdf |title= Demilitarization of the Siachen Conflict Zone |access-date= 9 September 2016 |last= Hakeem |first= Asad |author2= Gurmeet Kanwal |author3= Michael Vannoni |author4= Gaurav Rajen |date= 1 September 2007 |work= Sandia Report |publisher= Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170128004555/http://www.sandia.gov/cooperative-monitoring-center/_assets/documents/sand20075670.pdf |archive-date= 28 January 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref> Indians have been able to hold on to the tactical advantage of the high ground... Most of India's many outposts are west of the Siachen Glacier along the [[Saltoro Ridge|Saltoro Range]]. In an academic study with detailed maps and satellite images, co-authored by brigadiers from both the Pakistani and Indian military, pages 16 and 27: "Since 1984, the Indian army has been in physical possession of most of the heights on the Saltoro Range west of the Siachen Glacier, while the Pakistan army has held posts at lower elevations of western slopes of the spurs emanating from the Saltoro ridgeline. The Indian army has secured its position on the ridgeline."{{cite this quote|date=April 2018}}

The line between where Indian and Pakistani troops are presently holding onto their respective posts is being increasingly referred to as the [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL).<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042906591200.htm Confirm ground position line on Siachen: BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211141542/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042906591200.htm |date=11 December 2008 }} – 29 April 2006, ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-11-2003_pg1_1 Guns to fall silent on Indo-Pak borders] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120527072843/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-11-2003_pg1_1 |date=27 May 2012 }} 26 November 2003 – ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''</ref>

== Reception ==

Despite the high cost India maintains presence, as Pakistani control of Siachen would allow them to put radar and monitor all Indian airforce activity in Ladakh. It would also unite the Chinese and Pakistani front and allow them to launch a combined attack on India in case of a conflict. It saves Indian army from heavy cost of building defence infrastructure in the [[Nubra valley]]. While stakes are high for India, Pakistan cannot be threatened with Indian control of Siachen as the terrain does not allow India to launch an offensive on Pakistan but is a big question on Pakistan's ability to defend its territory claims. 1999 Kargil war was also an attempt to restrict supply route to Ladakh and Siachen.

Both sides have shown desire to vacate the glacier as there are environmental and cost concerns. There are numerous negotiations between both parties but have shown no significant progress, the process was further complicated when Pakistan violated ceasefire line in 1999 and built bunkers on Indian side and started artillery fire on Indian strategic highways resulting in 1999 Kargil War. Even if both sides agree to demilitarize a Pakistani occupation similar to 1999 will make it extremely difficult and expensive for India to reoccupy the glacier. The steady Chinese advancement in Himalayas is also a concern since 2020 Galwan Incident as the border understanding was violated and a similar incident, though unlikely is possible inflicting heavy cost on India.

Siachen is seen as a major military setback by the Pakistani Army.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=54}}{{sfn|Gokhale|2015|p=148}} Pakistani generals view the Siachen glacier as their land, which has been stolen by India.<ref name="India Changes Course" /> When India occupied the Saltoro Ridge in April 1984, [[Benazir Bhutto]] publicly taunted the Pakistan Army as "fit only to fight its own citizens".{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=53}} When, in June 1987, the Indian Army captured the 21,153 foot high "[[Operation Rajiv|Quaid Post]]" and renamed it to "Bana Top", in honour of [[Naib Subedar]] [[Bana Singh]], Bhutto once again publicly taunted the Pakistani generals, telling them to wear bangles if they cannot fight on the Siachen.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=53}}<ref name="Into the Untravelled Himalaya">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5l1RhMStxgC&pg=PA235 |title=Into the Untravelled Himalaya: Travels, Treks, and Climbs |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9788173871818 |page=235 |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231148/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5l1RhMStxgC&pg=PA235 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Lavoy|2009|p=76}}

American observers say that the military conflict between India and Pakistan over the Siachen Glacier "made no military or political sense".<ref name="India Changes Course">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8p19H4UwE_AC&pg=PA109 |title=India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium |last=Dettman |first=Paul R. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=9780275973087 |edition=illustrated |page=109 |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231145/https://books.google.com/books?id=8p19H4UwE_AC&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref>
An article in the [[Minneapolis Star Tribune]] stated: "Their combat over a barren, uninhabited world of questionable value is a forbidding symbol of their lingering, irreconcilability."<ref name="India Changes Course" /> [[Stephen P. Cohen]] compared the conflict to "a struggle between two bald men over a comb. Siachen is a symbol of the worst aspects of their relationship."<ref name="India Changes Course" />

In the book ''Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict'', Khan, Lavoy and Clary wrote: <blockquote>The Pakistan army sees India's 1984 occupation of the Siachen Glacier as a major scar, outweighed only by Dhaka's fall in 1971. The event underscored the dilution of the Simla Agreement and became a domestic issue as political parties, led by Benazir Bhutto's Peoples Party, blamed an incompetent military government under Zia ul-Haq for failing to defend Pakistani-held territory — while Zia downplayed the significance of the loss.{{sfn|Lavoy|2009|p=75}}</blockquote>

General [[Ved Prakash Malik]], in his book ''Kargil from Surprise to Victory'', wrote: <blockquote>Siachen is considered a military setback by the Pakistan Army. That the Indians dominate the area from the Saltoro Ridge and Pakistani troops are nowhere near the Siachen Glacier is a fact never mentioned in public. The perceived humiliation at Siachen manifests itself in many ways. It is synonymous with Indian perfidy and a violation of the [[Shimla Agreement]]... In Pakistan, Siachen is a subject that hurts, just like a thorn in its flesh; it is also a psychological drain on the Pakistani Army. [[Pervez Musharraf]] had himself once commanded the [[Special Services Group]] (SSG) troops in this area and made several futile attempts to capture Indian posts.{{sfn|Malik|2006|p=54}}</blockquote>

The cost of presence on glacier is heavy for both countries but it account for a larger portion of Pakistan's economy. India over the years has built permanent positions on ground.

==Severe conditions==
A cease-fire went into effect in 2003. Even before then, more soldiers were killed every year due to severe weather conditions than enemy fire. The two sides by 2003 had lost an estimated 2,000 personnel primarily due to [[frostbite]], [[avalanches]] and other complications. Together, the nations have about 150 manned outposts along the glacier, with some 3,000 troops each. Official figures for maintaining these outposts are put at ~$300 and ~$200 million for India and Pakistan respectively. India built the world's highest [[helipad]] on the glacier at [[Point Sonam]], 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the sea level, to supply its troops. The problems of reinforcing or evacuating the high-altitude ridgeline have led to India's development of the [[Advanced Light Helicopter|Dhruv]] Mk III helicopter, powered by the [[Shakti engine]], which was flight-tested to lift and land personnel and stores from the [[Sonam post]], the highest permanently manned post in the world.<ref>{{cite news|last = Shukla|first = Ajai|url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/|title = In Siachen, Dhruv proves a world-beater|date = 20 January 2013|orig-year = First published 7 March 2011|journal = Business Standard|place = New Delhi|access-date = 7 March 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110806070753/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/|archive-date = 6 August 2011|url-status = live}}</ref> India also installed the world's highest [[telephone booth]] on the glacier.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67743542.html |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222017/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67743542.html|journal = Denver Rocky Mountain News|archive-date=14 July 2014|title = India Installs World's Highest Phone Booth Soldiers Fighting Along Kashmir Glacier Can Now Call Families, Army Says}}</ref>

According to some estimates, 97% of the casualties in Siachen have been due to weather and altitude, rather than actual fighting.<ref name="Jack">{{cite book
|last = Ives
|first = Jack
|title = Himalayan Perceptions: Environmental Change and the Well-Being of Mountain Peoples
|publisher = Routledge, 2004
|isbn = 9781134369089|date = 5 August 2004
}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2021}} In 2012, an avalanche [[2012 Siachen Glacier avalanche|hit Pakistan's Gayari military base, killing 129 soldiers and 11 civilians]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18246239| publisher=BBC| title=Pakistan declares Siachen avalanche buried dead| date=29 May 2012| access-date=21 June 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18246239| archive-date=18 January 2016| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Pakistan/Siachen-Pakistan-declares-buried-troops-dead-after-52-days/Article1-862824.aspx|title=Siachen: Pakistan declares buried troops dead after 52 days|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011175924/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Pakistan/Siachen-Pakistan-declares-buried-troops-dead-after-52-days/Article1-862824.aspx|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

==Kargil War==
One of the factors behind the [[Kargil War]] in 1999 when Pakistan sent infiltrators to occupy vacated Indian posts across the [[Line of Control]] was their belief that India would be forced to withdraw from Siachen in exchange of a Pakistani withdrawal from Kargil.<ref name="India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vZKO2XtiFMC |title=India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |last2=Kapur |first2=S. Paul |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780231143752 |edition=reprint |page=50 |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216021806/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vZKO2XtiFMC |archive-date=16 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the Kargil War, India decided to maintain its military outposts on the glacier, wary of further Pakistani incursions into Kashmir if they vacate from the Siachen Glacier posts.<ref name="Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIXlDQAAQBAJ |title=Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |last=Macdonald |first=Myra |publisher=Random House India |year=2017 |isbn=9789385990830|quote=After Kargil the Indian Army would resist any suggestion of a withdrawal from the world's highest battlefield for fear Pakistani troops would take over its vacated positions}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2021}}

==Visits==

On 12 June 2005, [[Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] became the first [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In 2007, the [[President of India]], [[Abdul Kalam]] became the first [[head of state]] to visit the area. Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited Siachen on 23 October 2014 to celebrate Diwali with the troops and boost their morale.<ref name="modivisits">{{cite news|last1=Pundit|first1=Rajat|title=PM Modi visits Siachen, meets soldiers on Diwali|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-visits-Siachen-meets-soldiers-on-Diwali/articleshow/44914743.cms?|access-date=24 October 2014|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024040423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-visits-Siachen-meets-soldiers-on-Diwali/articleshow/44914743.cms|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chief of Staff of US Army, General [[George W. Casey Jr.|George Casey]] on 17 October 2008 visited the Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General [[Deepak Kapoor]]. US General visited for the purpose of "developing concepts and medical aspects of fighting in severe cold conditions and high altitude".<ref>{{cite news|title=US army chief's visit adds milestone to Indo-US ties|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-us-army-chief-s-visit-adds-milestone-to-indo-us-ties-1199496|access-date=24 October 2014|work=Daily News and Analysis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925005833/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-us-army-chief-s-visit-adds-milestone-to-indo-us-ties-1199496|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Casey in Siachen on 'study tour'|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/18-Oct-2008/casey-in-siachen-on-study-tour|access-date=24 October 2014|publisher=dailytimes.co.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/18-Oct-2008/casey-in-siachen-on-study-tour|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since September 2007, India has welcomed mountaineering and trekking expeditions to the forbidding glacial heights. The expeditions have been meant to show the international audience that Indian troops hold "almost all dominating heights" on the important Saltoro Ridge west of Siachen Glacier, and to show that Pakistani troops are nowhere near the {{convert|43.5|mi|km|-1|adj=on}} Siachen Glacier and from 2019 the Indian Army And The Indian Government has allowed the tourists to visit the Siachen Glacier's Indian Army Post.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-opens-Siachen-to-trekkers/articleshow/2363583.cms India opens Siachen to trekkers] [[Times of India]] 13 September 2007</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* The Siachen glacier and its conflict was depicted in a 48-page comic book, ''Siachen: The Cold War'', released in August 2012. Later its sequel, ''Battlefield Siachen'', was released in January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130120/spectrum/book5.htm|title=Tribute to Siachen heroes Reviewd by Geetu Vaid|work=The Tribune|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303070331/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130120/spectrum/book5.htm|archive-date=3 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/siachen-war-comes-alive-in-a-comic-book/article3883123.ece|title=Siachen war comes alive in a comic book|author=Vijetha S.N|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 October 2014|location=Chennai, India|date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304202232/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/siachen-war-comes-alive-in-a-comic-book/article3883123.ece|archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/valour-of-siachen-jawans-now-in-a-comic-strip/article1-914217.aspx|title=Valour of Siachen jawans now in a comic strip|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011180151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/valour-of-siachen-jawans-now-in-a-comic-strip/article1-914217.aspx|archive-date=11 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/an-illustrated-literary-salute-to-our-warriors-at-siachen-glacier|title=An illustrated, literary salute to our warriors at Siachen glacier|publisher=Sunday-guardian.com|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012041654/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/an-illustrated-literary-salute-to-our-warriors-at-siachen-glacier|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The TV show [[Alpha Bravo Charlie]] had an extended multi-episode arc about one of the main characters being deployed to Siachen and losing his leg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepakistani.tv/i/12/pakistani-tv-dramas/alpha-bravo-charlie.htm |title=Alpha Bravo Charlie – Pakistani Television TV Show |website=Thepakistani.tv website|date=19 March 2008 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322090912/http://www.thepakistani.tv/i/12/pakistani-tv-dramas/alpha-bravo-charlie.htm |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/lifeandstyle/2019/10/col-qasim-khan-hints-at-an-alpha-bravo-charlie-remake/ |title=Alpha Bravo Charlie — Pakistani TV Drama |date=3 October 2019|website=Samaa TV News website |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>

==List of post-ceasefire avalanches and landslides==

=== 2010–2011 ===
On 11 February 2010, an avalanche struck an Indian army post in the Southern Glacier, killing one soldier. A base camp was also struck, that killed two Ladakh scouts. The same day, a single avalanche hit a Pakistani military camp in Bevan sector, killing 8 soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title = Siachen avalanche kills 3 Indian, 8 Pak soldiers|url = http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/siachen-avalanche-kills-3-indian-8-pak-soldiers/68283.html|website = greaterkashmir.com|access-date = 5 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195609/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/siachen-avalanche-kills-3-indian-8-pak-soldiers/68283.html|archive-date = 19 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2011, 24 Indian soldiers died on the Siachen glacier from the climate and accidents.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = 50 Indian soldiers die in Siachen in 3 yrs|url = http://www.nationalturk.com/en/50-indian-soldiers-die-in-siachen-in-3-yrs-52726|website = nationalturk.com|access-date = 5 February 2016|first = National Turk|last = News| date=26 July 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160604004726/http://www.nationalturk.com/en/50-indian-soldiers-die-in-siachen-in-3-yrs-52726/|archive-date = 4 June 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> On 22 July, two Indian officers burned to death when a fire caught on their shelter.<ref>{{cite news|title = Indian army officers killed in Siachen fire | publisher=BBC News | date=22 July 2011 |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14245688|access-date = 5 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195608/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14245688|archive-date = 19 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== 2012–2014 ===
{{Main|2012 Gayari Sector avalanche}}
In the early morning of 7 April 2012, an [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|avalanche hit a Pakistani military headquarters]] in the Gayari Sector, burying 129 soldiers of the 6th [[Northern Light Infantry]] battalion and 11 civilian contractors.<ref name="bbc_avalanche">{{cite news|title=Pakistan resumes search for 135 buried by avalanche|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17643625|access-date=28 April 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=8 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413133018/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17643625|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/04/20124755454785414.html|title=Huge search for trapped Pakistani soldiers|date=7 April 2012|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409214140/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/04/20124755454785414.html|archive-date=9 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In the aftermath of the disaster, Pakistan's army chief General [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]] suggested India and Pakistan should withdraw all troops from the contested glacier.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Pakistan army chief urges India on glacier withdrawal | publisher=BBC News | date=18 April 2012 |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17753848|access-date = 5 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195609/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17753848|archive-date = 19 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

On 29 May, two Pakistani soldiers were killed in a landslide in the Chorbat Sector.<ref>{{cite web|title = Two soldiers killed in Siachen landsliding|url = http://www.geo.tv/latest/45338-two-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-landsliding|website = geo.tv| date=29 May 2012 |access-date = 4 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195608/http://www.geo.tv/latest/45338-two-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-landsliding|archive-date = 19 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

On 12 December, an avalanche killed 6 Indian soldiers in the Sub Sector Hanif in [[Turtuk]] area, when troops of the 1st Assam regiment were moving between posts.<ref>{{cite web|title = Politics|url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pzIgZRAQpN4qXw7476kdEJ/Avalanche-kills-six-Indian-soldiers-on-Siachen-glacier.html |website=livemint.com/ |access-date= 4 February 2016|last = AFP|date = 16 December 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180108051834/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pzIgZRAQpN4qXw7476kdEJ/Avalanche-kills-six-Indian-soldiers-on-Siachen-glacier.html|archive-date = 8 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Six Army soldiers killed in Siachen avalanche, one missing|url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/six-army-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-avalanche-one-missing-507669|website = NDTV.com|access-date = 4 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205062528/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/six-army-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-avalanche-one-missing-507669|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2012, a total of 12 Indian soldiers died of hostile weather conditions.<ref name=":2" />

In 2013, 10 Indian soldiers died due to weather conditions.<ref name=":2" />

=== 2015 ===
On 14 November 2015, an Indian captain from the Third Ladakh scouts died in an avalanche in the Southern Glacier while 15 others were rescued.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Army Captain dies in avalanche in Siachen glacier, 15 soldiers rescued| work=IBNLive |url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/army-captain-dies-in-avalanche-in-siachen-glacier-15-soldiers-rescued-1164462.html|publisher = CNN-IBN|access-date = 4 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205231321/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/army-captain-dies-in-avalanche-in-siachen-glacier-15-soldiers-rescued-1164462.html|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
On 4 January 2016, four Indian soldiers of the [[Third Ladakh Scouts|Ladakh Scouts]], were killed in an avalanche on the Southern Glacier while on patrol duty in Nobra Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Siachen avalanche kills four Indian Army soldiers – Firstpost|url = http://www.firstpost.com/india/siachen-avalanche-kills-four-indian-army-soldiers-2570118.html|website = Firstpost| date=4 January 2016 |access-date = 4 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206143031/http://www.firstpost.com/india/siachen-avalanche-kills-four-indian-army-soldiers-2570118.html|archive-date = 6 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

On the morning of 3 February 2016, ten Indian soldiers including one [[Junior commissioned officer]] of the 6th Madras battalion were buried under the snow when a massive avalanche struck their post in the Northern Glacier at a height of 19,600 feet, on the [[Actual Ground Position Line]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Siachen avalanche: Army declares all trapped soldiers dead; PM Modi pays condolences|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-chances-of-finding-any-survivors-very-remote-says-mod/|website = The Indian Express|date = 4 February 2016|access-date = 4 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093624/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-chances-of-finding-any-survivors-very-remote-says-mod/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Pakistani officials offered their help in search and rescue operations 30 hours after the incident, although it was declined by Indian military authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Indian Army thanks Pakistan for offering help in Siachen rescue|url = http://kashmirdispatch.com/2016/02/04/indian-army-thanks-pakistan-for-offering-help-in-siachen-rescue/140625/|website = KashmirDispatch|access-date = 4 February 2016|first = New Delhi/Islamabad|last = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205061428/http://kashmirdispatch.com/2016/02/04/indian-army-thanks-pakistan-for-offering-help-in-siachen-rescue/140625/|archive-date = 5 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> During the rescue operations, the Indian army found Lance Naik Hanumanthappa alive, though in a critical condition, after being buried under 25 feet snow for 6 days. He was taken to Army Research and Referral Hospital in Delhi. His condition became critical later on due to multiple organ failure and lack of oxygen to brain and he died 11 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lance-naik-hanumanthappa-passes-away/article8222718.ece |title=Siachen avalanche survivor Lance Naik Hanamanthappa passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 February 2016 |first=Dinakar |last=Peri |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212080835/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lance-naik-hanumanthappa-passes-away/article8222718.ece |archive-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 27 February, a civilian porter working with the Indian army in the Northern Glacier, fell to his death in a 130-foot crevasse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-tragedy-at-siachen-as-army-porter-falls-to-death-2184953|title=Another tragedy at Siachen as army porter falls to death {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|website=dna|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203051312/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-tragedy-at-siachen-as-army-porter-falls-to-death-2184953|archive-date=3 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 March, two Indian soldiers from the Chennai-21 regiment were killed, and bodies recovered in 12-feet deep ice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TN-Army-Village-Loses-Another-Jawan-in-Siachen/2016/03/21/article3337841.ece|title=TN Army Village Loses Another Jawan in Siachen|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427041114/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TN-Army-Village-Loses-Another-Jawan-in-Siachen/2016/03/21/article3337841.ece|archive-date=27 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 25 March, two Indian [[jawans]] died after they were buried in an avalanche in the Turtuk sector while on patrol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-soldier-missing-army-patrol/|title=Siachen avalanche: Lance Havildar Bhawan Tamang killed, another soldier missing|date=25 March 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410080609/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-soldier-missing-army-patrol/|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 April, Indian General [[Dalbir Singh]] and General [[D. S. Hooda]] of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] visited the Siachen glacier in order to boost morale after 17 of its soldiers died in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Army-Chief-Visits-Siachen-Glacier-After-17-Casualties-in-3-Months-Due-to-Avalanches/2016/04/01/article3358063.ece|title=Army Chief Visits Siachen Glacier After 17 Casualties in 3 Months Due to Avalanches|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409214417/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Army-Chief-Visits-Siachen-Glacier-After-17-Casualties-in-3-Months-Due-to-Avalanches/2016/04/01/article3358063.ece|archive-date=9 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2018 – 2019===
On 14 July 2018, 10 Indian Army soldiers were killed as result of Avalanche in Siachen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/siachen-avalanche-tragedy-names-of-deceased-soldiers-released/articleshow/50870651.cms|title=Siachen avalanche tragedy: Names of deceased soldiers released|date=14 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|last1=Hooda|first1=Deepshikha|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208023205/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/siachen-avalanche-tragedy-names-of-deceased-soldiers-released/articleshow/50870651.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 January 2019, 7 Indian Army soldiers were killed as result of an avalanche in Siachen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-more-bodies-found-at-ladakh-avalanche-site-number-of-dead-rise-to-7-1980232|title=2 More Bodies Found At Ladakh Avalanche Site, Number Of Dead Rise To 7|date=19 January 2019|publisher=NDTV|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044025/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-more-bodies-found-at-ladakh-avalanche-site-number-of-dead-rise-to-7-1980232|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 June 2019, Indian defense minister [[Rajnath Singh]] visited the Indian army's forward posts and base camp in Siachen. He interacted with the Indian soldiers deployed in Siachen and commended their courage. He claimed that more than 1,100 Indian soldiers have died defending the Siachen glacier.<ref name="supreme"/><ref name="supreme sacrifice"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajnath-to-visit-siachen-today-with-army-chief/story-xe8OARfsMq3oL7jVFlEPVP.html|title='I salute,' tweets defence minister Rajnath Singh from Siachen Glacier|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 June 2019|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajnath-to-visit-siachen-today-with-army-chief/story-xe8OARfsMq3oL7jVFlEPVP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 18 to 30 November 2019, 6 Indian soldiers and 2 Indian civilians porters were killed as result of an avalanche in the northern and southern part of Siachen glacier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-soldiers-killed-as-avalanche-hits-army-patrol-in-siachen/articleshow/72310427.cms|title=Two soldiers killed as avalanche hits Army patrol in Siachen|date=30 November 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203000811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-soldiers-killed-as-avalanche-hits-army-patrol-in-siachen/articleshow/72310427.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/2-army-soldiers-killed-in-avalanche-in-siachen-1623979-2019-11-30|title=2 Army soldiers killed in avalanche in Siachen|work=India Today|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091556/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/2-army-soldiers-killed-in-avalanche-in-siachen-1623979-2019-11-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2021 – 2023 ===
2 Indian soldiers were killed in an avalanche in Haneef sub-sector in 2021.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-09 |title=3 soldiers killed as avalanche hits Siachen camp, Army captain rescued |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/3-army-personnel-killed-after-major-avalanche-hits-ladakhs-siachen-glacier-rescue-ops-underway-2784505-2025-09-09 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An Indian soldier was killed and 3 were injured in a fire incident on 19 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army officer killed, 3 soldiers injured in fire incident in Siachen |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/army-officer-killed-3-soldiers-injured-in-fire-incident-in-siachen-1238656.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===
3 Indian soldiers were killed in an avalanche after being trapped under snow.<ref name=":4" />

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781139482820 |editor-last=Lavoy |editor-first=Peter R. }}
* {{cite book |last=Malik |first=V. P. |year=2006 |title=Kargil from Surprise to Victory |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9788172236359 }}
** {{cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin A |year=2015 |title=Beyond NJ 9842: The SIACHEN Saga |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9789384052263 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/23/world/the-coldest-war-frozen-in-fury-on-the-roof-of-the-world.html |title=THE COLDEST WAR; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World |last=Bearak |first=Barry |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 May 1999}}
* ''Siachen: Conflict Without End'' by [[V.R. Raghavan]]
* Myra MacDonald (2008) ''Heights of Madness: One Woman's Journey in Pursuit of a Secret War'', Rupa, New Delhi {{ISBN|81-291-1292-2}}. The first full account of the Siachen war to be told from the Indian and Pakistani sides.
* {{cite journal|title=Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram |author=Baghel, Ravi |pages=31–32 |date=17 June 2015|publisher=Elsevier |author2=Nusser, Marcus |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001 |volume=48 |journal=Political Geography|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last = Wirsing |first = Robert |title = Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn = 978-0-312-06067-1|date = 15 November 1991 }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Freddie |title=How a tiny line on a map led to conflict in the Himalaya |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/how-a-tiny-line-on-a-map-led-to-conflict-in-the-himalaya-feature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218151854/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/how-a-tiny-line-on-a-map-led-to-conflict-in-the-himalaya-feature |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |date=18 February 2021}}

==External links==
* [http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_1.html The Coldest War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411111640/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_1.html |date=11 April 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111215024320/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528,00.html Time report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027004644/http://www.kashmirsentinel.com/apr1999/3.9.html Siachen: The stalemate continues]
* [http://www.pakistanarmy.biz.tc/siachen.html/ Siachen Glacier – Highest Battlefield Of The World]
* {{cite journal | title = The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict | doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001 | volume=48 | journal=Political Geography | pages=24–36| doi-access=free }}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Military history of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siachen Conflict}}
[[Category:Siachen conflict| ]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 in India]]
[[Category:1984 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Baltistan]]
[[Category:Operations involving special forces of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Pakistan]]

Kari Nayanar

2026-03-26T16:38:36Z

AlejandroQkj: quick enhanced layout per sources and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Kari Nayanar
|image= Thogai adiyar with three nayanars.jpg
|caption = thillaivazh andhanar ("thogai adiyar"), Kaari nayanar, Arivattaya nayanar, Vaayilaar
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_place= Tirukadavur
|birth_name= Kari
|death_date=
|death_place=
|guru=
|philosophy= [[Shaivism]], [[Bhakti]]
|honors= [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint,
|literary_works =
|footnotes=
}}
'''Kari Nayanar''' is the 47th [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Shaivam.org | title = 63 nAyanmArkaL | publisher = Shaivam.org | url = http://www.shaivam.org/nalist.html | access-date = 2012-05-07}}</ref> Traditional hagiographies like ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' (13th century CE) and ''[[Sundarar|Thiruthondar Thogai]]'' (10th century CE) detail his legendary life and services to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. Kari Nayanar was a vedic Brahmin devotee as well as a Tamil poet with an understanding of Sanskrit. The poet-saint compiled the vedic truths in ''Kovai''([[Anthology]]), a Tamil composition titled ''Karikkovai''. This book is now considered lost.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Vaiyāpurip Piḷḷai | first1 = ES | title = Vaiyapuripillai's history of Tamil language and literature: from the beginning to 1000 A.D. | publisher = New Century Book House | year = 1988 | location = Chennai | pages = 78 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6WQOAAAAYAAJ&q=karikkovai | access-date = 2012-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Zvelebil | first1 = Kamil V | title = Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature | chapter =Problems of integrity authenticity, Attributions and Authorship; Interpolations, Additions, Revisions, Forgeries; Lost Literature| publisher = BRILL | year = 1992 | location = New York | pages = 55 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&q=kari+nayanar&pg=PA55 | access-date = 2012-05-08 | isbn = 978-9004093652}}</ref> Therefore the saint got the name as Kari Nayanar.

==Hagiography==

Kari Nayanar was born in a Vedic [[Brahmin]] family in [[Thirukkadaiyur]], a coastal town located - 15 km north of [[Karaikal]] - on the east coast of [[Tamil Nadu]], where there are [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple, Thirukkadaiyur|Amritaghateswarar - Abirami Temple]] and the ancient Thirukkadaiyur Mayanam temple. The poet-saint was not only the great Shiva devotee but also a learned scholar. The saint, with the help of his Sanskrit learning and with fair knowledge about the Vedic truths, composed [[anthology|anthologies]] in praise of Shiva and on [[Vedic]] truths. The knowledge of Vedic truths originally compiled in [[Sanskrit]] language was disseminated in the easily understandable, rhythmic and music filled [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[anthology]] compositions, which melted the entire [[Tamil language|Tamil]] regions. The poet-saint also composed anthologies in praise of the [[monarch]]s i.e., [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola dynasty|Chozha]] and [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan]], the rulers of three major [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[monarchy|kingdoms]]. In appreciation of his anthologies, the poet-saint was rewarded with heaps of prize money and gifts. The saint utilized all his earnings for the cause of [[Shaivism|Saiva]] services. The poet-saint built many Shiva temples. He also served [[Shiva]] devotees. After rendering the prolonged selfless services, the devotion, faith and intense prayers of the poet-saint made him to attain the abode of Shiva.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Shaivam.org | title = kAri nAyanAr | publisher = Shaivam.org | url = http://www.shaivam.org/nakaariy.html | access-date = 2012-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Sivananda | first1 = Swami | title = Sixty-three Nayanar Saints | chapter = 48. Kari Nayanar | publisher = The Divine Life Society | year = 1999 | location = Sivanandanagar | url = http://www.dlshq.org/download/nayanar.htm#_VPID_58 | access-date = 2012-05-08}}</ref>

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] month [[Tamil calendar|Masi]] – Puradam Poorvashada, Purvashada, star is widely celebrated as Guru Puja Day of Kari Nayanar.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nayanars}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]

George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney

2026-03-23T04:41:51Z

AlejandroQkj: made new stub

{{Short description|British diplomat, politician and colonial administrator (1737–1806)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
:''George Macartney should not be confused with [[George Macartney (British consul)|Sir George Macartney]], a later British statesman.''
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl Macartney
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Bath|KB]] [[Privy Council of Ireland|PC (Ire)]]
| image = George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney by Lemuel Francis Abbott.jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = Portrait by [[Lemuel Francis Abbott]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1737|5|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Loughguile]], [[County Antrim]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1806|5|31|1737|5|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chiswick]], [[Middlesex]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College Dublin]]
| office = [[Governor of Grenada]]
| term = 1776–1779
| monarch = [[George III]]
| predecessor = [[Sir William Young, 1st Baronet, of North Dean|Sir William Young]]
| successor = [[Jean-François, comte de Durat]]
| office1 = [[Governor of Madras]]
| monarch1 = [[George III]]
| term_start1 = 22 June 1781
| term_end1 = 14 June 1785
| predecessor1 = [[Thomas Rumbold|Sir Thomas Rumbold]]
| successor1 = [[Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)|Sir Archibald Campbell]]
| office2 = [[Governor of the Cape Colony]]
| term2 = 1797–1798
| monarch2 = [[George III]]
| predecessor2 = [[Abraham Josias Sluysken]]
| successor2 = [[Francis Dundas]]
}}

'''George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KB|PCi}} (14 May 1737 – 31 May 1806) was a [[British people|British]] [[diplomat]], [[politician]] and [[British Empire|colonial]] [[Administrator of the government|administrator]] who served as the governor of [[Grenada]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] and the [[Cape Colony]]. He is often remembered for his observation following [[Great Britain in the Seven Years War|Britain's victory]] in the [[Seven Years' War]] and subsequent [[British Empire|territorial expansion]] at the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] that Britain now controlled "[[The empire on which the sun never sets|a vast Empire, on which the sun never sets]]" as well as his [[Macartney Embassy|mission to China]] in 1793.

==Early years==
He was born in 1737 as the only son of George Macartney, [[High Sheriff of Antrim]] and Elizabeth Winder. Macartney descended from a Scottish family with origins in Ireland, who were granted land in Scotland for serving under [[Edward Bruce]], brother of [[Robert the Bruce]]. The Macartneys of Auchenleck, [[Kirkcudbrightshire]] settled in Lissanoure [[County Antrim]], Ireland, where he was born.

After graduating from [[Trinity College Dublin]], in 1759, he became a student of the [[Inns of Court|Temple, London]]. Through [[Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland|Stephen Fox]], elder brother of [[Charles James Fox]], he was taken up by [[Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland|Lord Holland]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Appointed envoy extraordinary to Russia in 1764,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=10478|page=1|date=11 December 1764}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=10492|page=1|date=29 January 1765}}</ref> he succeeded in negotiating an alliance between Great Britain and Russia with [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]]. In 1768, he returned to the [[Irish House of Commons]] as a Member of Parliament for [[Armagh Borough (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Armagh Borough]], in order to discharge the duties of [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]]. On resigning this office, he was knighted.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11255|page=1|date=6 June 1772}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11262|page=1|date=30 June 1772}}</ref>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In 1775, he became [[List of colonial governors and administrators of Grenada|governor]] of the [[British West Indies]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11622|page=8|date=12 December 1775}}</ref> and was created Baron Macartney in the [[Peerage of Ireland]] in 1776.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11679|page=1|date=29 June 1776}}</ref> He was elected to a seat in the British parliament ([[Bere Alston (UK Parliament constituency)|Bere Alston]]) from 1780 to 1781.

== Grenada ==
{{Moresources|section|date=January 2023}}
Macartney was the [[List of colonial governors of Grenada|governor of Grenada]] from 1776<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11622|page=8|date=12 December 1776}}</ref> to 1779. During his governance, [[Capture of Grenada (1779)|the island was attacked in July 1779]], by the French royal fleet of the [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing|Comte d'Estaing]].

After losing control of the fortifications on Hospital Hill
— an essential defence position located on a prominence overlooking the island capital [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]]—Macartney chose to surrender unconditionally and was [[Prisoner of war|taken prisoner]] to France.

== Madras ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2019}}
Macartney was the [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency|governor of Madras]] (now known as [[Chennai]]) from 1781 to 1785. During his tenure as governor, renovation and strengthening of the walls of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] was commenced after the siege by [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Thomas Lally]], and completed in 1783. It was also during this time that most of the buildings and barracks in the western portion of the Fort were erected. The Palace Street, the Arsenal, the Hanover square and the Western Barracks were constructed during this time. The streets on the eastern side of the Fort were also altered.

It was also during this time that idea of a police force for Madras was thought of. [[Stephen Popham]], another British resident and the developer of [[Broadway, Chennai|Pophams Broadway]], submitted a plan to Macartney for the establishment of a regular police force for Madras and for the building of direct and cross drains in every street. Popham also advocated measures for the naming and lighting of streets, for the regular registration of births and deaths and for the licensing of liquor, [[arrack]] and [[toddy shop]]s. A Board of Police assisted by a Kotwal was subsequently formed. The Kotwal was to be the officer of the markets under the Superintendent of Police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaicorporation.com/aboutcoc/che_history13.htm|title=Reforms of George MaCartney|website=Corporation of Chennai|access-date=19 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008222741/http://www.chennaicorporation.com/aboutcoc/che_history13.htm|archive-date=8 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He negotiated the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] which brought an end to the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1784.<ref>Turnbull p. 180.</ref> Macartney declined the governor-generalship of India—then the British territories administered by the [[British East India Company]]—and returned to Britain in 1786.

== Ambassador to China ==
[[File:George Earl Macartney.jpg|thumb|upright|Lord Macartney]]
After being created Earl Macartney in the Irish peerage in 1792, he was appointed the first envoy of Britain to [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]], after the failure of a number of previous embassies, including Cathcart's. He led the [[Macartney Embassy]] to Beijing in 1792, with a large British delegation on board a 64-gun man-of-war, {{HMS|Lion|1777|6}} under the command of Captain Sir [[Erasmus Gower]]. The embassy was ultimately not successful in its primary aim to open trade with China, although numerous secondary purposes were attained, including a first-hand assessment of the strength of the Chinese empire.

The failure to obtain trade concessions was not due to Macartney's refusal to [[kowtow]] in the presence of the [[Qianlong Emperor]], as is commonly believed. It is more likely that the Chinese hegemony of east Asian states meant that China was used to having other states come and offer [[vassalage]]. In comparison, the European states were used to the order that came out of the [[Peace of Westphalia]]. Under that order, all states were formally treated as equals. For this reason, Macartney was negotiating as an equal in the European style, while the [[Qianlong Emperor]] was used to conducting diplomacy under Chinese hegemony.<ref>{{YouTube|id=MIVfczgRuYY&t=997s|title="#36 – David C. Kang on international relations in historic East Asia"|time=15:10}}</ref>

After the conclusion of the embassy, the Qianlong Emperor sent a letter to [[King George III]], explaining in greater depth the reasons for his refusal to grant the requests of the embassy.<ref>[http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/2c/texts/1792QianlongLetterGeorgeIII.htm Ch'ien Lung, (Qianlong) Letter to George III]</ref>{{full short|date=December 2019}} The Macartney Embassy is historically significant because it marked a missed opportunity by the Chinese to move toward some kind of accommodation with the West. This failure would continue to plague China as it encountered increasing foreign pressures and internal unrest during the 19th century.

The policies of the [[Thirteen Factories]] remained. The embassy returned to Britain in 1794 without obtaining any concession from China. However, the mission could be construed as a success because it brought back detailed observations. Sir [[George Leonard Staunton|George Staunton]] was charged with producing the official account of the expedition after their return. This multi-volume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Macartney and from the papers of Sir [[Erasmus Gower]], who was Commander of the expedition. Gower also left a more personal record through his private letters to Admiral [[John Elliot (Royal Navy officer)|John Elliot]] and Captain [[Sir Henry Martin, 1st Baronet]] (Comptroller of the Navy).<ref>{{cite book|last = Bates|first = I. M.|title = Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742–1814)|publisher = Sage Old Books |date = 2017|isbn =9780958702126|pages = 171–206}}</ref> [[Joseph Banks]], the [[President of the Royal Society]], was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.<ref>Banks, Joseph. State Library of New South Wales, Papers of Sir Joseph Banks; Section 12: Lord Macartney's embassy to China; [http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_62/62_view.cfm Series 62: Papers concerning publication of the account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, ca 1797.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619104055/https://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_62/62_view.cfm |date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

Macartney was expected to lead an embassy to Japan after he completed his mission to China, but his hopes of being able to proceed to Japan were ended by the confirmation when he returned to Canton of news of the outbreak of war with France and consequently of the vulnerability of his ships to attack by French cruisers operating from Batavia.<ref>Robert J. King, "'A regular and reciprocal System of Commerce' — Botany Bay, Nootka Sound, and the isles of Japan", ''The Great Circle'', vol.19, no.1, 1997, pp.1–29; and "'The long wish'd for object' – Opening the trade to Japan, 1785–1795", ''The Northern Mariner,'' vol.XX, no.1, January 2010, pp. 1–35, [http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol20/tnm_20_1-34.pdf]</ref> On 23 December, Macartney recorded in his journal: "I have given up my projected visit to Japan, which (though now less alluring in prospect) has always been with me a favourite adventure as a possible opening of a new mine for the exercise of our industry and the purchase of our manufactures".<ref>Cranmer-Byng, "Russian and British Interests in the Far East, 1791–1793", ''Canadian Slavonic Papers'', vol. X, 1968, pp. 206, 357–375.</ref>

==Later life==
On his return from a confidential mission to Italy in 1795, he was raised to the British peerage as Baron Macartney, of Parkhurst in the County of Surrey and Auchinleck in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13897|page=527|date=31 May 1796}}</ref> and at the end of 1796 was appointed governor of the newly acquired territory of the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]],<ref>{{cite news |title=At the Court at St. James's, Dec 28. 1796 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/368/page/221 |access-date=21 August 2021 |work=Edinburgh Gazette |issue=368 |date=3 January 1797 |page=221}}</ref> where he remained until ill health compelled him to resign in November 1798.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In early 1797, he was requested to assist with the proposed plan to send an attacking force from the Cape under Major-General J. H. Craig to the South West coast of Spanish America by way of the British colony in New South Wales.<ref>Dundas to Macartney, 21 January 1797, "Correspondence of George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, whilst Governor of the Cape of Good Hope", Bodleian Library, GB 0162 MSS.Afr.t.2–4*. See also Robert J. King, "An Australian Perspective on the English Invasions of the Rio de la Plata in 1806 and 1807", ''International Journal of Naval History,'' vol. 8 no.1, April 2009, [http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Article-King.pdf]</ref>

He died at [[Chiswick]], [[Middlesex]], on 31 May 1806, the title becoming extinct. After the death of his widow (Lady Jane Stuart, daughter of the [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|3rd Earl of Bute]]; they were married in 1768), his property passed to his niece, whose son took the name.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Coat of arms==
{{Emblem table
|image = {{center|[[File:Coronet of a British Earl.svg|150px]] [[File:Arms of Macartney.svg|180px]]}}
|image size =
|notes =
|coronet = A [[coronet]] of an [[Earl]]
|crest = A hand holding a slip of a rose tree with three roses thereon all proper.
|escutcheon = Or, a stag trippant gules attired argent a border of the second.
|supporters =
|motto = Mens conscia recti.<ref>{{cite book |last= Burke |first= Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |title= The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time |date=1884|publisher=Harrison & sons|location=London |pages=634|url=https://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk/page/634/mode/2up?q=macartney&view=theater}}</ref>}}

==See also==
{{wikiquote|George Macartney}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh]], the ambassador who represented the Netherlands and [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] to greet [[Qianlong Emperor]]
* [[William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]]
* [[Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest]]
* [[Halliday Macartney]] – a descendant of the Macartney family who served in China under [[Charles George Gordon|Charles Gordon]] during the [[Taiping Rebellion]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

==References and further reading==
* [[John Barrow (English statesman)|Barrow]], John. (1807). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hc00JEmKC10C&q=An+account+of+Macartney's+embassy+to+China ''Some Account of the Public Life, and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings, of the Earl of Macartney,''] 2 vols. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies.
* Cranmer-Byng, J. L. "Lord Macartney’s Embassy to Peking in 1793." ''Journal of Oriental Studies.'' Vol. 4, Nos. 1,2 (1957–58): 117–187.
* Esherick, Joseph W. "Cherishing Sources from Afar." ''Modern China'' Vol. 24, No. 2 (1998): 135–61.
* Hevia, James Louis. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj6d9_4F0EIC&q=An+account+of+Macartney's+embassy+to+China ''Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793.''] Durham: [[Duke University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-1637-4}}
* Hibbert, Christopher. ''The Dragon Wakes. China and the West, 1793–1911'' (1970) [https://archive.org/details/dragonwakeschina0000hibb/page/n1 online free to borrow]
* Jacques, Martin. (2009). ''When China Rules the World: the End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order.'' New York: Penguin Press. {{ISBN|9781594201851}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/423217571 OCLC 423217571]
* Peyrefitte, Alain. (1992). [https://archive.org/details/immobileempire00peyr  ''The Immobile Empire''] (Jon Rotschild, translator). New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]]/[[Random House]]. {{ISBN|978-0-394-58654-0}}
** Peyrefitte, Alain. (1990). ''Images de l'Empire immobile ou le choc des mondes. Récit historique.'' Paris: [[Fayard]]. {{ISBN|978-2-213-02383-0}}
* Reddaway, W. F. "Macartney in Russia, 1765–67." ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' 3#3 (1931), pp. 260–294. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020743 online]
* Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). [http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B36599578/ ''Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and Documents.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006125004/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B36599578/ |date=6 October 2018 }} London : John Murray. Digitized by [[University of Hong Kong]] [[University of Hong Kong#Libraries and museums|Libraries]], [http://lib.hku.hk/database/ Digital Initiatives], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070425165629/http://www.spurgeons.ac.uk/site/pages/ui_college_history.aspx "China Through Western Eyes."]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=XSI5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA375 review in ''The Athenaeum'']
* Rockhill, William Woodville. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1833980 "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question I,"] ''The American Historical Review,'' Vol. 2, No. 3 (Apr. 1897), pp. 427–442.
* Rockhill, William Woodville. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1833980 "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question II,"] ''The American Historical Review,'' Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul. 1897), pp. 627–643.
* [[George Leonard Staunton|Staunton]], George Leonard. (1797). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qdIAAAAMAAJ&q=An+account+of+Macartney's+embassy+to+China ''An Authentic Account of and Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China,''] 3 vols. London: G. Nichol.
* Turnbull, Patrick. ''Warren Hastings''. New English Library, 1975.

== External links ==
{{commons category|George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney}}
*[http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl624 George Macartney papers], Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Macartney, George Macartney, Earl|volume=17|page=193}}

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{{succession box | title=[[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] | before=[[Lord Frederick Campbell|The Lord Frederick Campbell]] | after=[[John Blaquiere, 1st Baron de Blaquiere|Sir John Blaquiere]] | years=1769–1772}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Sir William Young, 1st Baronet|William Young]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Grenada]] | years=1776–1779}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean-François, comte de Durat]] | as=[[List of colonial heads of Grenada|Governor-General of Grenada]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of the Cape Colony]]|years=1797–1798}}
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{{s-bef| before = [[Robert Cuninghame, 1st Baron Rossmore|Robert Cuninghame]] [[Barry Maxwell, 1st Earl of Farnham|Hon. Barry Maxwell]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = Member of Parliament for [[Armagh Borough (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Armagh Borough]]
| with = [[Philip Tisdall]] 1768–1769
| with2 = [[Charles O'Hara (1715–1776)|Charles O'Hara]] 1769–1776
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{{s-aft| after = [[Philip Tisdall]] [[Henry Meredyth (died 1789)|Henry Meredyth]] }}

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{{succession box
| title=Member of Parliament for [[Cockermouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Cockermouth]]
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| with = [[Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool|Charles Jenkinson]] (1768) [[George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)|George Johnstone]] (1768–1769)
| before=[[John Mordaunt (British Army officer)|Sir John Mordaunt]] [[John Elliot (Royal Navy officer)|John Elliot]]
| after= [[George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)|George Johnstone]] [[James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale|Sir James Lowther]]
}}
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| title=Member of Parliament for [[Ayr Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Ayr Burghs]]
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| after= [[Frederick Stuart (British politician)|Frederick Stuart]]
}}
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| title=Member of Parliament for [[Bere Alston (UK Parliament constituency)|Bere Alston]]
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| with = [[Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley|Lord Algernon Percy]] (1780) [[William Robert Feilding, Viscount Feilding|Viscount Feilding]] (1781)
| before=[[Sir Francis Henry Drake, 5th Baronet|Sir Francis Henry Drake]] [[George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire|Hon. George Hobart]]
| after= [[William Robert Feilding, Viscount Feilding|Viscount Feilding]] [[Laurence Cox]]
}}

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{{succession box | before=[[John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire|The Earl of Buckinghamshire]] | title=[[Ambassador from the United Kingdom to Russia|Ambassador from Great Britain to Russia]] | after=[[Hans Stanley]] | years=1764–1766}}
{{succession box | before=[[Hans Stanley]] | title=[[Ambassador from the United Kingdom to Russia|Ambassador from Great Britain to Russia]] | after=[[Charles Schaw Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart|The Lord Cathcart]] | years=1767–1768}}
{{succession box | before= | title=[[List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China|Ambassador from Great Britain to China]] | after=[[George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)|George Elliot]] | years=1792–1794}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macartney, George Macartney, 1st Earl}}
[[Category:1737 births]]
[[Category:1806 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the Kingdom of Great Britain to China]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the Kingdom of Great Britain to Russia]]
[[Category:Governors of the Cape Colony]]
[[Category:Diplomatic peers]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of Ireland]]
[[Category:Peers of Ireland created by George III]]
[[Category:Peers of Great Britain created by George III]]
[[Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Armagh constituencies]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Politicians from County Antrim]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Bere Alston]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies]]
[[Category:Hereditary peers elected to the House of Commons]]
[[Category:British MPs 1768–1774]]
[[Category:British MPs 1774–1780]]
[[Category:British MPs 1780–1784]]
[[Category:Irish MPs 1769–1776]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland]]
[[Category:Chief secretaries for Ireland]]
[[Category:Governors of British Grenada]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:People from Loughguile]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

Ancient Indian architecture

2026-03-21T13:00:27Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{Short description|Architecture of India from the Bronze Age to the 9th century CE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizon
| header=Ancient Indian architecture
| image1 = Karla caves Chaitya.jpg
| caption1 = The Great [[Chaitya]] in the Buddhist [[Karla Caves]], [[Maharashtra, India]], c. 120 CE
| image2 = Ellora_Cave_16_si0308.jpg
| caption2 = Kailasa Temple a Famous Rock-cut [[UNESCO World Heritage site]] [[Hindu temple]] in Verul<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/|title=Ellora Caves|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
}}
Ancient [[Indian architecture]] ranges from the [[Indian Bronze Age]] to around 800 CE. By this endpoint, [[Buddhism in India]] had greatly declined, and [[Hinduism]] was predominant, and religious and secular building styles had taken on forms, with great regional variation, which they largely retain even after some forceful changes brought about by the arrival of first Islam, and then Europeans.

Much early Indian architecture was in wood, which has almost always decayed or burnt, or brick, which has often been taken away for re-use. The large amount of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]], essentially beginning around 250 BCE, is therefore especially important, as much of it clearly adapts forms from contemporary constructed buildings of which no examples remain. There are also a number of important sites where the floor-plan has survived to be excavated, but the upper parts of structures have vanished.

In the [[Bronze Age]], the first cities emerged in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]. The urbanization in the Gangetic plains began as early as 1200 BC with the emergence of fortified cities and appearance of [[Northern Black Polished Ware]].<ref name="Science">{{cite journal|date=6 June 2008|title=Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture?|journal=Science Magazine|volume=320|pages=1282–1283}}</ref>{{refn|Most sites of the [[Painted Grey Ware]] culture in the Ghaggar-Hakra and Upper Ganges Plain were small farming villages. However, "several dozen" PGW sites eventually emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns, the largest of which were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades, albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborately fortified large cities which grew after 600  BCE in the more fully urban [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture.<ref>James Heitzman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RdcnAgh_StUC ''The City in South Asia''] (Routledge, 2008), pp. 12–13</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="Spodek">{{cite book|title=Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times|last=Shaffer|first=Jim|year=1993|editor=[[Howard Spodek|Spodek, Howard]]|chapter=Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond|editor2=Srinivasan, Doris M.|language=en}}</ref> The Mahajanapada period was characterized by Indian coins and use of stone in the Indian architecture. The [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]] is considered as the beginning of the classical period of Indian architecture. Nagara and Dravidian architectural styles developed in the early medieval period with the rise of Hindu revivalism and predominant role of [[Hindu temple architecture]] in the Indian Subcontinent.

== Prehistoric ==

=== Baghor Paleolithic shrine ===
{{main|Baghor stone}}

A strongly probable shrine from Upper Paleolithic period dated (9000–8000 BCE) dedicated to worshipping of Goddess ([[Shaktism|Shakti]]) made of stone has been discovered at Baghor in the [[Sidhi district]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenoyer|first1=J.M|last2=Clark|first2=J.D|last3=Pal|first3=J.N|last4=Sharma|first4=G.R|date=1983|title=An upper Paleolithic shrine in India?|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1983_An%20Upper%20Palaeolithic%20Shrine%20in%20India.pdf|journal=Antiquity|volume=LVII|issue=220 |pages=88–94|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00055253 |s2cid=163969200 }}</ref>

== Bronze Age period ==
{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Dholavira Layout.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Layout of [[Dholavira]]
| image2 = Kalibangan.jpg
| caption2 = Fortification of [[Kalibangan]] with square bastions and fort walls surrounding the city
| header = Planning of Indus Valley civilization cities
}}

=== Period (5th–2nd Millennium BCE) ===

====Early Harappan phase====
Although the urban phase of [[Harappa]] has been dated back to 2600 BCE, excavation at [[Kalibangan]] from the early or proto-Harappan period already shows an urban development with fortification, grid layout of the city and drain system. The settlement consisted of a fortified city mostly made of mud-brick architecture but characterized by an appearance of fired bricks around 3000 BCE which was used to line the drains of the city. Planned settlements from an early Harappan era with structures parallel to the streets which run perpendicular to each other with public drainage system has been uncovered at the site of Rakhigarhi, one of the biggest urbanized areas of the Indus Valley Civilization dating back to 4000–3200 BCE. Even earlier phase dated 4400–4200 BCE has marked the appearance of wedge-shaped mud bricks with rectangular houses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nath|first=Amarendra|url=https://www.academia.edu/24830219|title=Excavation at Rakhigarhi [1997-98], [1999-2000]|publisher=Archaeological survey of India|pages=129|language=en}}</ref>

====English Bond and building material====
While in contemporary [[Bronze Age]] cultures outside India sun-dried mud bricks were the dominant building material, the Indus Valley Civilization preferred to use fired "terracotta" brick instead. A prominent feature of Harappan architecture was also the first use anywhere in the world of [[English Bond|English bond]] in building with bricks. This type of bonding utilized alternate headers and stretchers which is a stronger method of construction. Clay was usually used as cementing material but where better strength was needed, such as for the drains, lime and [[gypsum]] mortar was preferred instead. In architecture such as the [[Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro|Great Bath]], [[bitumen]] was used for waterproofing. The bricks were produced in a standardized ratio of 4:2:1, found throughout the Indus Valley civilization.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMGDmdE9FkC&q=english+bond+indus+valley+civilization&pg=PA139|title=Prehistory and Harappan Civilization|last=Pruthi|first=Raj|date=2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176485814|language=en}}</ref>

====Larger buildings====
The excavation at [[Banawali]] in present-day Haryana has also yielded an Apsidal plan which has been interpreted as a temple.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Danino|first=Michel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yc7-OirxKEC&q=banawali+temple&pg=PA196|title=The Lost River: On the Trail of the Sarasvatī|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306864-8|language=en}}</ref>

At Dholavira, possible funerary architecture was found surrounding a dried up lake and consists of [[tumulus|tumuli]], sometimes resembling hemispherical domes, constructed using mud bricks or stone slabs.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">

File:DHOLAVIRA SITE (36).jpg|Dholavira ruins
File:DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg|Stepped reservoir
File:Dholavira-1.jpg|North Gate
File:The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG|Drainage system from [[Lothal]]
File:Dock at lothal.JPG|The dock, with a canal opening to allow water to flow into the river, thereby maintaining a stable water level, [[Lothal]]
File:Lothal - bathroom structure.jpg|Bathroom structure from Lothal
File:Lothal - Gujarat, India (5933608331).jpg|Archaeological feature, Lothal
</gallery>

==== Domestic architecture ====
The domestic houses were made of bricks and usually flat roofed, the wooden doors were provided with hangings and a lock at the bottom. The houses were single or double storied. The windows were provided with lattice shutters for airflow and privacy and ledge to stop rainwater from entering the house. The houses were usually provided with bathing platform which were connected to the public drain through in house drain. Latrines were generally simple commode had a small drain leading outside to a second sump pot. The latrines and bathing platforms were located in a room attached to the outer wall. Kitchen were open air situated in a courtyard as well as closed rooms, hearths oval, circular and rectangular in shape were also used in the house, keyhole ovens with central pillars were used for roasting meat or baking breads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=7 Kenoyer 2015 Indus civilization.pdf: ANTHRO100: General Anthropology (002)|url=https://canvas.wisc.edu/courses/48978/files/2427913?module_item_id=697603|access-date=2020-08-22|website=canvas.wisc.edu}}</ref>

===Late Harappan period===
After the collapse of the mature Harappan urban period, some cities still remained urban and inhabited.

=== Non-Harappan architecture ===
[[Balathal]] defense architecture, stone and mud brick residential structures of [[Ahar–Banas culture|Ahar Banas]],<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2003|editor-last=Menon|editor-first=Kasturi Gupta|title=Excavation at Balathal|journal=Indian Archaeology: A Review|pages=145–153}}</ref> defensive wall is characterised by mud based core having stone revetments with rectangular bastion dated c. 2400–1800 BCE, [[Sanghol]] and [[Rupnagar|Rupar]] of [[Bara culture]] are some of the non Harappan chalcolithic urban developments that took place in India as well.

==Second Urbanization period (1025 BCE – 320 BCE)==
With the appearance of towns in the middle Gangetic basin in the sixth century BCE, a second urbanization began in India.

Archaeological excavations at [[Kosambi|Kausambi]] have revealed fortifications from the end of second millennium BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study|last=Schlingloff|first=Dieter|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1783083497|language=en|pages=67 According to GR Sharma's monograph, rampart was built and provided with brick revetment between 1025 and 955 BC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian archaeology a review: 1957-58|last=Sharma|first=G. R|publisher=Archaeological survey of India|pages=47-48 In the Earliest Period, I, the defenses consisted of a mud wall with a burnt brick revetment on the exterior, the latter being available to a height of 42 ft. 5 in. and comprising one hundred and fifty-four courses of bricks (pl. LX). The first thirty courses from the bottom showed a batter of about 15 deg from the vertical and the upper courses 40 deg, the bricks being laid throughout in the English bond. Up to the first thirty courses, the revetment was also covered by a 2- to 1/2-in. thick mud plaster. At a height of about 6 ft. from the bottom, there were a number of holes, perhaps weep-holes, situated 6 ft. apart from each other. On the bases of the associated pottery, coins and terracottas the beginnings of the different periods of the defenses maybe dated as follows; Period I, 700 B.C, Period II, 500 B.C; Period III, 300 B.C, Period IV, 50 B.C; and Period V, A. D. 150}}</ref>

A stone palace predating the [[Mauryan]] period has been discovered from the ruins of Kausambi. The dressed stones of the palace were set in fine lime and coated with a thick layer of plaster, the entire architecture resembled a fortress with its own walls and towers. The palace had few rooms, each room was provided with three shelves and a central hall with steps leading to the tower. The architecture was constructed in three phases and is dated from 8th century BCE to 2nd century BCE. Discovery of this stone palace discredits the theory of foreign influence behind the rise of Indian stone architecture during [[Ashoka]]n or [[Maurya Empire|mauryan]] period.

A technique of architecture applied here was using dressed stones as facing for a wall made of rubble core, this represents the apogee of Indian architecture in this ancient period.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Archaeology: A Review 1960-61|last=A.|first=Ghosh|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=1961|location=New Delhi|pages=33–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JU2sCQAAQBAJ&q=kausambi+stone+palace&pg=PA21|title=Cities in South Asia|last1=Bates|first1=Crispin|last2=Mio|first2=Minoru|date=2015-05-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317565130|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Archaeology: A Review 1961-62|last=A.|first=Ghosh|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=1964|location=New Delhi|pages=50–52|language=en}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Kausambi palace architecture technique applied in later periods">

File:General View of Shingardar Stupa - From Eastern Side.JPG|Dressed stone masonry on rubble wall technique applied to Shingardar Stupa, [[Swat District|Swat]], [[Gandhara]], 1st-2nd century CE
File:Alai Minar, Qutb complex.jpg|Unfinished Alai Minar's rubble core; the unfinished tower lacks sandstone facing.
File:Qutub Minar danibaba4.jpg|Stone facing of Qutub Minar on its rubble core
</gallery>

===Ghositarama monastery===
[[File:Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi dating back to 6th-century BCE]]
Ghoshitaram monastery in [[Kosambi]] dating back to 6th-century BCE. Buddhist scripture attributes this very old monastic site to the time of the Buddha which has been backed by archaeology, founded by a banker named Ghosita.

===Mahajanapadas===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Conjectural_reconstruction_of_the_main_gate_of_Kusinagara_circa_500_BCE_adapted_from_a_relief_at_Sanchi.jpg
| width1 = 200
| caption1 = Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of [[Kushinagar]] c. 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi
| image2 = City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate.jpg
| width2 = 210
| caption2 = City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st-century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate
| caption_align = center
}}
From the time of the [[Mahajanapadas]] (600 BCE–320 BCE), walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which consistently used arched windows and doors and made intense use of wooden architecture, are important features of the architecture during this period.<ref name="Chandra2">Chandra (2008)</ref> The reliefs of [[Sanchi]], dated to the 1st centuries BCE–CE, show cities such as [[Kushinagar]] or [[Rajagriha]] as splendid walled cities during the time of the [[Buddha]] (6th century BCE). Archaeologically, this period corresponds in part to the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture.<ref>J.M. Kenoyer (2006), "Cultures and Societies of the Indus Tradition. In Historical Roots" in ''the Making of ‘the Aryan’'', R. Thapar (ed.), pp. 21–49. New Delhi, National Book Trust.</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">

Rajgir_-_002_Old_City_Walls_(9242554013).jpg|[[Rajgir]], old city walls 6th century BCE
Jetavana_of_Sravasti_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg|[[Jetavana]] of [[Sravasti]], [[Sanchi]] Stupa 1, Northern Gateway
</gallery>
Various types of individual housing of the time of the [[Buddha]] (c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), resembling huts with [[chaitya]]-decorated doors, are also described in the reliefs of [[Sanchi]]. Although the reliefs of Sanchi are dated to the 1st centuries BCE–CE, portraying scene taking place during the time of the Buddha, four centuries before, they are considered an important indication of building traditions in these early times.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756#page/n21/mode/2up/search/sanchi|title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist And Hindu)|last1=Brown|first1=Percy|date=1959|pages=3–5}}</ref>

====Religious architecture====
{{further|Buddhist architecture}}

====Buddhist caves====
During the time of the [[Buddha]] (c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), Buddhist monks were also in the habit of using natural caves, such as the [[Saptaparni Cave]], southwest from [[Rajgir]], [[Bihar]].<ref name="Gwynne2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sU8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction|author=Paul Gwynne|date=30 May 2017|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-97228-1|pages=51–52|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174994|title=The Buddha and His Religion|author=Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire|publisher=Trübner|year=1914|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174994/page/n367 376]–377}}</ref> Many believe it to be the site in which Buddha spent some time before his death,<ref>[http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha2/16-mahaparinibbana-e2.html Digha Nikaya 16], Maha-Parinibbana Sutta, Last Days of the Buddha, Buddhist Publication Society</ref> and where the [[first Buddhist council]] was held after the [[Buddha]] died ([[paranirvana]]).<ref name="Gwynne2017" /><ref name="Jain1991p66">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC&pg=PA66|title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times|author=Kailash Chand Jain|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1991|isbn=978-81-208-0805-8|page=66|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chakrabartia|first=Dilip K|date=1976|title=Rājagriha: An early historic site in East India|journal=World Archaeology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=261–268|doi=10.1080/00438243.1976.9979639}}</ref> The Buddha himself had also used the [[Indrasala Cave]] for meditation, starting a tradition of using caves, natural or man-made, as religious retreats, that would last for over a millennium.<ref name="BA972">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. 97–99</ref>

====Monasteries====
[[File:Jivakarama_oblong_communal_hall.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jivakarama vihara]] monastery. Oblong communal hall (remains), 6th century BCE]]
The first monasteries, such as the [[Jivakarama vihara]] and [[Ghositarama]] monastery in [[Rajgir]] and [[Kosambi|Kausambi]] respectively, were built from the time of the Buddha, in the 6th or 5th centuries BCE.<ref name="BA48">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA48|title=Buddhist Architecture|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|pages=48–49|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PM178">"The rubble-built building complex of Jivakamravana at Rajgir probably represents one of the earliest monasteries of India dating from the Buddha's time." in {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nN1tAAAAMAAJ|title=Researches in Indian archaeology, art, architecture, culture and religion: Vijayakanta Mishra commemoration volume|last1=Mishra|first1=Phanikanta|last2=Mishra|first2=Vijayakanta|date=1995|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=9788185067803|page=178|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTbbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|title=The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven|last1=Tadgell|first1=Christopher|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136753831|page=498|language=en}}</ref> The initial Jivakarama monastery was formed of two long parallel and oblong halls, large dormitories where the monks could eat and sleep, in conformity with the original regulations of the [[samgha]], without any private cells.<ref name="BA48" /> Other halls were then constructed, mostly long, oblong building as well, which remind of the construction of several of the [[Barabar caves]].<ref name="BA48" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Cqgb9pL3L4C&pg=PA162|title=Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Upto 8th Century A.D.|last1=Handa|first1=O. C.|last2=Hāṇḍā|first2=Omacanda|date=1994|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788185182995|page=162|language=en}}</ref>

====Stupas====
[[File:Kapilavastu Stupas-Original-00020.jpg|right|thumb|Stupas at [[Piprahwa]] are some of the earliest surviving stupas.]]
Religious buildings in the form of the Buddhist [[stupa]], a dome-shaped monument, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha.<ref name="Ency2">Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Pagoda''.</ref>

==Classical period (320 BCE – 550 CE)==

===Monumental stone architecture===
{{further|Pataliputra|Pillars of Ashoka|Mauryan polish}}
[[File:Pataliputra_capital,_Bihar_Museum,_Patna,_3rd_century_BCE.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|The [[Pataliputra capital]], discovered at the [[Bulandi Bagh]] site of Pataliputra, c. 4th–3rd BCE]]
The next wave of building, appears with the start of the [[Classical India|Classical period]] (320 BCE–550 CE) and the rise of the [[Mauryan Empire]]. The capital city of [[Pataliputra]] was an urban marvel described by the Greek ambassador [[Megasthenes]]. Remains of monumental stone architecture can be seen through numerous artifacts recovered from Pataliputra, such as the [[Pataliputra capital]]. This cross-fertilization between different art streams converging on the subcontinent produced new forms that, while retaining the essence of the past, succeeded in integrating selected elements of the new influences.

[[File:Ashoka_pillar_at_Vaishali,_Bihar,_India.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|[[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashoka pillar]] at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], 250 BCE]]
The Indian emperor [[Ashoka]] (rule: 273–232 BCE) established the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas. According to Buddhist tradition, Ashoka recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the [[Ramagrama stupa]]), and erected 84.000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as [[Sanchi]] or [[Kesaria stupa|Kesariya]], where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly [[Bharhut]], [[Amaravathi Mahachaitya|Amaravati]] or [[Dharmarajika Stupa|Dharmarajika]] in [[Gandhara]].<ref name="BAStupa2">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. 140–174</ref>

Ashoka also built the initial [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] around the [[Bodhi tree]], including masterpieces such as the [[Diamond throne]] ("Vajrasana"). He is also said to have established a chain of hospitals throughout the Mauryan Empire by 230 BCE.<ref name="P&S">Piercey & Scarborough (2008)</ref> One of the [[edicts of Ashoka]] reads: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Ashoka) erected two kinds of hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted."<ref name="finger12">See Stanley Finger (2001), ''Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function'', Oxford University Press, p. 12, {{ISBN|0-19-514694-8}}.</ref> Indian art and culture has absorbed extraneous impacts by varying degrees and is much richer for this exposure.

Fortified cities with stūpas, ''[[vihara]]s'', and temples were constructed during the [[Maurya Empire]] (c. 321–185 BCE).<ref name="Chandra2">Chandra (2008)</ref> Architectural creations of the Mauryan period, such as the city of Pataliputra, the Pillars of Ashoka, are outstanding in their achievements, and often compare favourably with the rest of the world at that time. Commenting on Mauryan sculpture, [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] once wrote about the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA165 The Early History of India by Vincent A. Smith]</ref><ref>Annual report 1906–07 [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.55105/55105#page/n147/mode/2up] p. 89</ref>
<gallery widths="180" heights="200" class="center">
File:Mauryan Hall pillar.jpg|Mauryan polished stone pillar from [[Pataliputra]]
File:Sarnath capital.jpg|[[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] from [[Sarnath]], 250 BCE.
File:Plinth of Nandan garh Stupa Champaran.jpg|alt=Cruciform star-shaped stupa Lauriya Nandangarh – 4th-3rd century BC stage 1 cruciform, 1 BC stage 3 colossal stupa|Cruciform star-shaped stupa [[Lauria Nandangarh|Lauriya Nandangarh]] – 4th–3rd century BC stage 1 cruciform, 1 BC stage 3 colossal stupa<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Joyanto|title=THE COLOSSAL STŪPA AT NANDANGARH, ITS RECONSTRUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE|url=https://www.academia.edu/24506699|language=en}}</ref>
File:Kumhrar Maurya level ASIEC 1912-1913.jpg|Plan of the 80-columns pillared hall
File:Soghaura inscription.jpg| Soghaura copper plate 3rd century BCE
</gallery>
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lomas_Rishi_entrance.jpg
| width1 = 199
| caption1 = The famous carved door of [[Lomas Rishi cave|Lomas Rishi]], one of the [[Barabar Caves]], dated to approximately 250 BCE, displaying the first known [[Maurya]] [[relief]]s
| image2 = Sudama cave mirror-polished walls.jpg
| width2 = 190
| caption2 = The quasi-perfect walls of the [[Barabar Caves]] were dug into the hard rock and polished to a mirror effect c. 250 BCE, date of the inscriptions of [[Ashoka]].<ref name = "NL">Ashoka in Ancient India by Nayanjot Lahiri [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 {{p.|231}}]</ref>
| caption_align = center
}}
{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width =
| image1 = IA Sita Marhi cave.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Gothic vault plan of [[Sitamarhi Cave]] 3rd century BCE
| image2 = Lomas Rishi cave.jpg
| caption2 = Barrel apsidal vault plan of [[Lomas Rishi Cave]], 3rd century BCE
}}

===Rock-cut caves===
{{Main|Indian rock-cut architecture}}
Around the same time [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut architecture]] began to develop, starting with the already highly sophisticated and state-sponsored [[Barabar caves]] in [[Bihar]], personally dedicated by [[Ashoka]] c. 250 BCE.<ref name="Chandra2" /> These artificial caves exhibit an amazing level of technical proficiency, the extremely hard [[granite]] rock being cut in geometrical fashion and polished to a mirror-like finish.<ref name="BA972"/>

Probably owing to the 2nd century BCE fall of the [[Mauryan Empire]] and the subsequent persecutions of Buddhism under [[Pushyamitra Sunga]], it is thought that many Buddhists relocated to the [[Deccan]] under the protection of the [[Andhra dynasty]], thus shifting the cave-building effort to western India: an enormous effort at creating religious caves (usually Buddhist or Jain) continued there until the 2nd century CE, culminating with the [[Karla Caves]] or the [[Pandavleni Caves]].<ref name="BA972" />

<gallery widths="180" heights="200" class="center">
File:Siddhachal - Rishabhanatha.jpg|{{convert|58.4|ft}} [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments|Gopachal rock cut monuments]]
File:Udaygiri Stone Caves.JPG|[[Jain]] cave monastery in [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] (2nd century BCE)
File:Chitharal jain temple1.jpg|[[Chitharal Jain Monuments]], 1st century BCE
File:010 Cave 3, Exterior (33156264563).jpg|Gautamiputra vihara at [[Pandavleni Caves]], built in the 2nd century CE by the [[Satavahana dynasty]]
File:Cave 26, Ajanta.jpg|The [[Ajanta Caves]] are 30 [[Rock cut architecture|rock-cut]] Buddhist cave monument built under the Vakatakas, c. 5th century CE.
</gallery>

===Decorated stupas===
{{further|Stupa}}
Stupas were soon to be richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, following the first attempts at [[Sanchi Stupa No.2]] (125 BCE). Full-fledged sculptural decorations and scenes of the life of the Buddha would soon follow at [[Bharhut]] (115 BCE), [[Bodh Gaya]] (60 BCE), [[Mathura]] (125–60 BCE), again at [[Sanchi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/524/|title=Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref> for the elevation of the [[torana]]s (1st century BCE/CE) and then [[Amaravathi Mahachaitya|Amaravati]] (1st–2nd century CE).<ref name="BA149">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. 149- –150</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
File:Sanchi Stupa number 2 KSP 3660.jpg|[[Sanchi Stupa No.2]], the earliest known stupa with important displays of decorative reliefs, c. 125 BCE<ref name="Bell 15">Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 [https://books.google.com/books?id=77hHrXX4COgC&pg=PA15 p. 15ff]</ref>
File:East Gateway and Railings Bharhut Stupa.jpg|East Gateway and Railings of [[Bharhut]] [[Stupa]]. Sculptured railings: 115 BCE, [[torana]]s: 75 BCE.<ref name="BA149" />
File:Sanchi1 N-MP-220.jpg|The Great Stupa at [[Sanchi]].<ref name="Alī Jāvīd p.50">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York [https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA50]</ref> Decorated [[torana]]s built from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE.<ref name="BA149" />
File:Amaravati Stupa relief at Museum.jpg|Slab of [[Amaravati Marbles]], depicting of the Great [[Amaravati Stupa]], with a Buddha statue at the entrance, [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravathi]], [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]
File:Dhamekh Stupa close-up, Sarnath.jpg|Geometrical decorations, Dhamekh Stupa, 500 CE
</gallery>

===Stand-alone temples===
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| caption1 = Domed temple from Sannati, 1st–2nd century CE
| image2 = A Vihara of Buddhism in Swat KPK Pakistan.jpg
| caption2 = Gumbatona Vihara, Gandhara, 1st-2nd century CE
| header = Domed Buddhist temple, 1st-2nd century CE
}}

Temples—built on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were initially constructed using brick and timber.<ref name="Chandra2" /> Some temples of timber with [[wattle-and-daub]] may have preceded them, but none remain to this day.<ref name="BA233">Le Huu Phuoc, 2009, pp. 233–237</ref>

====Circular dome temples====
Some of the earliest free-standing temples may have been of a circular type, as the [[Bairat Temple]] in [[Bairat]], [[Rajasthan]], formed of a central [[stupa]] surrounded by a circular colonnade and an enclosing wall.<ref name="BA233" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nakamura |first1=Yuuka |title=DEVELOPMENT TYPES OF BUDDHIST TEMPLES: CENTRAL ASIA AND XINJIANG UIGHUR |journal=Archi-Cultural Interactions Through the Silk Road |date=2016 |url=https://www.mukogawa-u.ac.jp/~iasu2016/pdf/iaSU2016_proceedings_107.pdf}}</ref> It was built during the time of Ashoka, and near it were found two of Ashoka's [[Minor Rock Edicts]].<ref name="BA233" /> [[Ashoka]] also built the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] c. 250 BCE, also a circular structure, in order to protect the [[Bodhi Tree]] under which the [[Buddha]] had found enlightenment.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Remnants of Stupa.jpg|Remains of the circular [[Bairat Temple]], c. 250 BCE. A stupa was located in the center.
File:Bharhut circular Temple.jpg|Relief of a circular temple, [[Bharhut]], c. 100 BCE
File:Tulja_Lena_Chaitya_cave_plan_and_elevation.jpg|Chaitya Cave plan and elevation, Tulja Lena, 50 BCE
File:Shiva temple with trident standard Audumbara State Punjab 1st century BCE.jpg|[[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] depicted in a coin from the 1st century BCE
File:Andhra pradesh, santuario a più piani, da ghantasala, 90-110 ca..JPG|Relief of a multi-storied temple, 2nd century CE, [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]] Stupa<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hardy|first1=Adam|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|date=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173120|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=PA41|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA238|language=en}}</ref>
File:Karttikeya shrine with anteloppe in a coin of Yaudheyas Punjab 2nd century CE.jpg|Karttikeya Shrine with antelope in a coin of [[Yaudheya]], [[Haryana]], 2nd century CE
</gallery>

====Apsidal temples====
Another early free-standing temple in India, this time [[apsidal]] in shape, appears to be [[c:category:Sanchi Temple 40|Temple 40]] at [[Sanchi]], which is also dated to the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="BA147">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p. 147</ref> It was an [[apsidal]] temple built of timber on top of a high rectangular stone platform, 26.52x14x3.35 metres, with two flights of stairs to the east and the west. A freestanding apsidal temple remains to this day, although in a modified form, in the [[Trivikrama Temple]] in [[Ter, Maharashtra]].<ref name="BA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA237|title=Buddhist Architecture|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|page=237|language=en}}</ref>
<gallery widths="180" heights="200" class="center">

File:IA Temple 40 Sanchi.jpg|Illustration of Temple 40 at [[Sanchi]], dated to the 3rd century BCE<ref name="BA147" />
File:Trivikram Temple Ter 1.jpg|[[Trivikrama Temple]] at [[Ter, Maharashtra|Ter]]: an early Buddhist apsidal temple, in front of which was later added a Hindu square [[mandapa]]
File:Amvar Chejerla Kapoteswara temple in guntur district.jpg|[[Chejerla, Guntur district|Chejarla]] apsidal temple, also later converted to Hinduism
</gallery>

====Truncated pyramidal temples====
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| caption2 = The [[Mahabodhi Temple]]: a stepped pyramid with round stupa on top<ref name=BA238/>
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The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] is one of the earliest examples of Truncated Pyramidal temples with niches containing Buddha images.<ref name="BA238">Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, pp. 238–248</ref> The structure is crowned by the shape of an hemispherical stupa topped by [[finial]]s, forming a logical elongation of the temple.<ref name="BA238" />

This truncated pyramid design also marked the evolution from the [[aniconic]] stupa dedicated to the cult of relics, to the [[icon]]ic temple with multiple images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas.<ref name="BA238" /> This design was very influential in the development of later [[Hindu temple]]s.<ref>Le Huu Phuoc, ''Buddhist Architecture'', p. 234</ref>

====Square prostyle temples====
[[File:Sanchi temple 17.jpg|thumb|A [[Gupta period]] [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] Buddhist temple of [[Classical architecture|Classical]] appearance at [[Sanchi]] (Temple 17) (5th century CE)<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CyLiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT283 2500 Years of Buddhism by P.V. Bapat, p. 283]</ref>]]

The [[Gupta Empire]] later also built Buddhist stand-alone [[temples]] (following the great cave temples of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]), such as Temple 17 at [[Sanchi]], dating to the early Gupta period (5th century CE). It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. From an architectural perspective, this is a [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] temple of [[Classical architecture|Classical]] appearance.<ref name="books.google.com" /> [[Pataini temple]] located near [[Unchehara]], constructed during the reign of Gupta Empire, also features flat roofed square sanctum.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cunningham | first=Alexander | author-link=Alexander Cunningham | title=Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873-74 and 1874-75 | volume=9 | series=Archaeological Survey of India | publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing | year=1879 | url={{Google books|X88OAAAAQAAJ|page=31|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | page=31 }}</ref>

===Palatial architecture===
[[File:Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg|thumb|An Indian palace depiction in Mahabodhi railing, showing vaulted underground chambers called ''suranga'', as described by [[Kautiliya]] in [[Arthashastra]]; Shunga period, 2nd–1st BCE]]
Archaeological excavation conducted by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) at [[Kosambi|Kausambi]] revealed a palace with its foundations going back to 8th century BCE until 2nd century CE; and built-in six phases. The last phase dated to 1st – 2nd century CE, featured an extensive structure which was divided into three blocks and enclosed two galleries. There was a central hall in the central block and presumably used as an audience hall surrounded by rooms which served as a residential place for the ruler. The entire structure was constructed using bricks and stones and two layers of lime were plastered on it. The palace had a vast network of underground chambers also called [[Suranga]] by Kautilya in his Arthashastra,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Age Of The Nandas And Mauryas|last=Shastri|first=K.A|pages=339}}</ref> and the superstructure and the galleries were made on the principle of [[true arch]]. The four-centered pointed arch was used to span narrow passageways and segmental arch for wider areas. The superstructure of the central and eastern block was examined to have formed part of a dome that adorned the building. The entire galleries and superstructure were found collapsed under 5 cm thick layer of ash which indicates destruction of the palace through conflagration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Indian Archaeology: A review 1961-62|last=Gosh|first=A.|publisher=Archaeological survey of India|year=1964|location=New Delhi|pages=50–52}}</ref>

Rulers would often use their palaces to symbolize their majesty and greatness. Aligning with the belief at the time the monarch had the divine right to rule. This idea is captured in the expression "the king becomes not only exempt from punishment but also the lord of the law" <ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient India|last=Majumdar|first=RC.|year=1977|location=New Delhi|pages=75–76–52}}</ref>

A palace architecture has also been uncovered at [[Nagarjunakonda]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gBSWyLTSzkC&q=nagarjunakonda+palace&pg=PA18|title=Nagarjunakonda A Cultural Study|last=Murthy|first=K. Krishna|date=1977|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref>

===Shikhara===
The early evidence of [[Shikhara]] type domical crowing structure has been noted in the palatial architecture of Kausambi dated to 1st-2nd century CE. The central hall was thought to be topped by a dome but analysis of the bricks indicate Shikara type structure was used instead. Evidence also indicates Shikhara was also used in crowing architecture such as [[Bhitargaon|Bhitargaon temple]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.61876|title=Kusana studies|last=Sharma|first=G. R.|date=1977}}</ref>

===Theater and stadium===
[[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] constructed a stadium and a theater at [[Nagarjunakonda]] in the 2nd century AD. The theater has a small quadrangular open area enclosed on all four sides by stepped stands which are made of bricks and cladded with limestone.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=Nagarjunakonda+AMPHITHEATRE&pg=PA237|title=History of Indian Theatre|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170172215|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYuJWxLv-U0C&pg=PA91|title=Ancient Indian And Indo-Greek Theatre|last=Varadpande|first=M. L.|date=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170171478|language=en}}</ref>

An oblong-shaped stadium dating form the same era consisted of an arena which was enclosed on all four sides by flight of steps, with each step measuring two feet wide, and a pavilion which was situated on the west end. At the top of the arena, there was an eleven feet wide platform. The area of arena was 309 X 259 feet and 15 feet deep. The entire construction was done using burnt brick.
{{Multiple image
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| caption2 = Entrance to the Badami Northern Fort
}}

===Fortification===
[[File:Nalraja fort chilapata.jpg|thumb|Nalrajar fortification wall, 5th century CE]]
Nalrajar Garh fortification wall ruins dating back to 5th-century CE. are probably the only standing fortification ruins from [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] which are located in a dense jungle in North Bengal near Indo-Bhutan border. A prominent feature of its fortification walls are two parabolic arches.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian archaeology: A review 1966-67|last=M. N|first=Deshpande|publisher=Archaeological survey of India|year=1975|location=Calcutta|pages=45–46}}</ref> Many fortified cities like Nalrajar Garh, [[Bhitagarh]] had risen in [[Dooars|Northeastern India]] owing to trade activities with southeastern China.

[[Badami]] or Pulakeshi fort from [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] era date back to the 6th century CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/143024/11/11_chapter%204-1.pdf|title=EARLY FORTIFICATION: AIHOLE, BADAMI, PATTADAKAL, MAHAKUTA AND ALAMPUR}}</ref>

===End of the Classical period===
This period ends with the destructive invasions of the [[Alchon Huns]] in the 6th century CE. During the rule of the Hunnic king [[Mihirakula]], over a thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed.<ref name="kurt">{{cite book|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|date=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004135956}}</ref> The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]], writing in 630 CE, explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of [[Buddhism]] and the expulsion of monks.<ref name="Neelis">Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks by Jason Neelis [https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA168 p. 168]</ref> He reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.<ref>The Spread of Buddhism by Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher [https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 p. 60 sq]</ref>

==Early Middle Ages (550–1200 CE)==
{{main|Hindu architecture|Hindu temple architecture}}
[[File:Navghan_Kuvo(well)-1.jpg|thumb|248x248px|[[Navghan Kuvo]], Gujarat, 11th century CE.]]
Hindu temple architecture in the Indian subcontinent continued to develop in North India and South India. Nagara style developed in North India where a Hindu temple incorporated Shikhara as its predominant architectural element whereas in southern India Vimana was used instead. The Hindu temple architecture was characterized by the use of stone as the dominant building material compared to the earlier period in which the burnt bricks were used instead.

Regional styles include [[Architecture of Karnataka]], [[Kalinga architecture]], [[Dravidian architecture]], [[Western Chalukya architecture]], and [[Badami Chalukya Architecture]].

<gallery widths="180" heights="200" class="center">

File:Shore temple, mahabalipuram.jpg|The rock-cut [[Shore Temple]] of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|temples in Mahabalipuram]], 700–728 CE<ref name="Centre">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239/|title=Group of Monuments at Pattadakal|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref>
File:Nalanda University India ruins.jpg|The ruins of [[Nalanda|Nalanda Mahavihara]] at [[Nalanda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1502/|title=Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref>
File:Khajuraho - Kandariya Mahadeo Temple.jpg|The [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at the [[Khajuraho|Khajuraho Temple Complex]] in the [[Sikhara|shikhara]] style architecture, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]
File:Teli ka mandir fort Gwalior - panoramio - Gyanendrasinghchauha… (1).jpg|[[Teli ka Mandir]] is an 8th/9th century Hindu Temple built by the Pratihara emperor [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref name="Bajpai2006">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=History of Gopāchala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1155-2|page=31}}</ref>
File:Galaganatha Temple, Pattadakal, Karnataka.jpg|Galaganatha Temple at [[Pattadakal|Pattadakal complex]] is an example of [[Badami Chalukya architecture]].<ref name="Centre"/>
File:Martand Sun Temple Central shrine (6133772365).jpg|[[Martand Sun Temple]] Central shrine, dedicated to the deity [[Surya]]
File:PURI JAGANATHA TEMPLE, PURI, ORISSA, INDIA, ASIA.jpg|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]], one of [[Char Dham]]: the four main spiritual centers of Hinduism
File:Big Temple-Temple.jpg|The granite [[Gopuram|tower]] of [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]] was completed in 1010 CE by [[Raja Raja Chola I]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|title=Great Living Chola Temples|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>
File:Rani ki vav1.jpg|[[Rani ki vav]] is a [[stepwell]], built by the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], located in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]].
File:Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex.jpg|Wall of [[Jain temple, Deogarh|Jain Temple complex]] at [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]]
File:Moat in Daulatabad Fort.JPG|Devagiri fort, built by [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava dynasty]] in the 12th century; according to [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Batutta]], it was the most impregnable fort he had ever seen.
File:Bairisal Borj (Jaisalmer Fort), Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (2012).jpg|Jaisalmer [[Chhatri]], 12th century CE
File:Oriental memoirs - selected and abridged from a series of familiar letters written during seventeen years residence in India - including observations on parts of Africa and South America, and a (14781483241).jpg|Hira Gate at Dabhoi Fort, 12th century CE
File:Sahasralinga Talav1.jpg|[[Sahastralinga Talav|Sahasralinga Talav]] is a medieval artificial water tank commissioned during [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] (Solanki) rule
</gallery>
[[File:Pattakadal.jpg|thumb|800px|center|View of the main group at [[Pattadakal]], a complex of 7th and 8th century CE, [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] temples in northern [[Karnataka]]]]

===Ancient Indian arches===
Indian architecture has utilized mix of false and true arches in its architecture.

====Corbel arches====
Corbel arches in India date from [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] which used corbel arch to construct drains and have been evidenced at Mohenjo daro, Harappa, and Dholavira.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdeSBQAAQBAJ&q=corbel+arch+mohenjo+daro&pg=PA28|title=Across the Pacific: From Ancient Asia to Precolombian America|last=Lemoy|first=Christian|date=2011|publisher=Christian Lemoy|isbn=9781599425825|language=en}}</ref>

The oldest arches surviving in Indian architecture are the [[gavaksha]] or "[[chaitya]] arches" found in ancient rock-cut architecture, and agreed to be copied from versions in wood which have all perished. These often terminate a whole ceiling with a semi-circular top; wooden roofs made in this way can be seen in carved depictions of cities and palaces. A number of small early constructed temples have such roofs, using [[corbel]]led construction, as well as an [[Apse|apsidal]] plan; the [[Trivikrama Temple]] at [[Ter, Maharashtra]] is an example. The arch shape survived into constructed Indian architecture, not as an opening in a wall but as a [[blind niche]] projection from a wall, that bears only its own weight. In this form, it became a very common and important decorative motif on Hindu temples.<ref>Rowland, 44-45, 64-65, 113, 218-219; Harle, 48, 175</ref>

====Arch====
The 19th-century archaeologist [[Alexander Cunningham]], head of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], at first believed that – due to the total absence of arches in Hindu temples – they were alien to Indian architecture, but several pre-Islamic examples bear testimony to their existence, as explained by him in the following manner:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya|last=Cunningham|first=Alexander|publisher=W. H. Allen|year=1892|location=London|pages=85}}</ref>

Archaeological evidences indicate that wedge-shaped bricks and construction of wells in the Indus valley civilization, and although no true arches have been discovered as of yet, these bricks would have been suitable in the construction of true arches.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzS6CwAAQBAJ&q=indus+valley+civilization+wells+true+arch&pg=PA58|title=The Indus: Lost Civilizations|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|date=2015-11-15|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781780235417|language=en}}</ref> The earliest arch appeared in South Asia as a barrel vault in the Late Harappan [[Cemetery H culture]] dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed the roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by [[Madho Sarup Vats|Vats]] in 1940 during excavation at [[Harappa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tripathi|first=Vibha|date=27 February 2018|title=METALS AND METALLURGY IN THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION|url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_3_2018__Art04.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|pages=279–295}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kenoyer|first1=J.M|title=Summaries of Five Seasons of Research at Harappa (District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan) 1986-1990|last2=Dales|first2=G. F.|publisher=Prehistory Press|pages=185–262|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kenoyer|first1=J.M.|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1999_Metal%20Technologies%20of%20the%20Indus%20Valley%20Tradition.pdf|title=Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India|last2=Miller|first2=Heather M..L.|pages=124}}</ref> True arch in India dates from [[Nanda Empire|pre Mauryan Nanda]] period from 5th century BC. Arch fragment discovered by archaeologist [[K. P. Jayaswal]] from an arch with [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] inscribed on it,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20579|title=Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923)|date=1923|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20579/page/n219 86]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Calcutta Review Vol.10, No.1-3(april-june)1924|year=1924|pages=140}}</ref> or 1st - 2nd century CE when it first appeared in [[Kosambi|Kausambi]] palace architecture from [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dubey|first=Lal Mani|title=Some Observations on the Vesara School of Hindu Architecture|date=1978|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=39|pages=1000–1006|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44139449}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Variety of Arches in Pre Islamic periods">
File:Bilot Fort Temple - Stone work 2.jpg|[[Multifoil arch]], [[Kafir Kot|Kafirkot temple]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]], 7th–9th century CE
File:Kumrahar Mahabodhi plaque.jpg|[[Parabolic arch]], [[Mahabodhi Temple]], 1st–2nd century CE
File:KITLV 88083 - Unknown - Mahabodhi stupa in the temple complex at the Buddhagaya Lilajan River in British India - 1897.tif|[[Ogive|Pointed arch]] [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi temple]], 6th–7th century CE, Late-Gupta period
File:Gupt kalin mandir bhitargaon.jpg|Semicircular arch, [[Bhitargaon temple]], 4th–5th century CE (heavily reconstructed)
File:AMB Temples, three temples inside fort small temple inside.jpg|[[Multifoil arch]] at [[Amb Temples|Amb]], 7th–9th century CE, [[Hindu Shahi]]s
File:Gwalior, Teli-ka-Mandir 1 (1999).jpg|[[Teli ka Mandir]] gate with particular Rajput style arch, 8th century CE
File:Gate of Teki Mandir, Gwalior Fort.jpg|Teli ka Mandir gate with multifoil arch, 8th century CE
</gallery>

===Fortification===
Evidence indicates that the construction of fortification walls at Delhi applied nearly the same principle at [[Red Fort]] and [[Agra Fort]] as was the tradition during pre-Islamic Rajput periods. Excavation of Lal Kot beneath the [[Purana Qila]] revealed ruins which was constructed using similar method as in the post-Islamic and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Periods]].
 
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Fortification of pre-Islamic Lal Kot and Agra Fort of Mughal era">

File:Agra-Fort-10-Mauern-2018-gje.jpg|[[Agra Fort]] used the same technique for fortification walls.
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Architecture of India}}

[[Category:Architecture in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Assam Lokayukta

2026-03-21T12:01:40Z

AlejandroQkj: Adding Some Details W/ Refs

{{Short description|Anti-corruption ombudsman organization in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Assam Lokayukta
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| formed = 1986
| preceding1 =
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| country = India
| federal = No
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| headquarters = Office of The Lokayukta, Assam, Shaktigarh Path, 2nd Bylane, House No. 15, Bhangagarh, [[Guwahati]] 781005
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| chief1name = Hon’ble Mr. Justice Hitesh Kumar Sarma, Upa-[[Lokayukta]], [[Assam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/justice-retd-hitesh-kumar-sarma-appointed-as-upa-lokayukta-of-assam-1465271 | title=Justice (Retd) Hitesh Kumar Sarma appointed as Upa Lokayukta of Assam | date=3 March 2023 }}</ref>
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The '''Assam Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Assam]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=What is a Lokayukta? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/what-is-a-lokayukta-423575 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com}}</ref> It was first formed under the Assam Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayukta Act, and approved by the [[president of India]] on 2011. The [[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta's Act, 2013]] passed by Indian [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] had become law from 16 January 2014, and required each Indian state to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to the Lokayukta and assists in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant prematurely.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]], Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayuka (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Assam Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1986}}

== Journey of the bill ==

Assam Government had designed and introduced the Assam Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1985 to improve the responsibility and accountability services in Public offices by citizens through Investigation of Complaint and [[grievances]] against Public functionaries, ministers, legislators and other public servants in the state and after passing in [[state Legislature]] the bill received the approval of the Hon’ble President on 12 December 1986 and on 20 January 1989 the Rules were framed under this Act.<ref name="Assam Lok4">{{cite web |title=Powers and Functions of Lokayukta/Upa-Lokayukta {{!}} Home & Political {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in/information-services/powers-and-functions-of-lokayuktaupa-lokayukta |website=homeandpolitical.assam.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Assam Lok3">{{cite news |title=Assam Lokayukta post lies vacant |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-lokayukta-post-lies-vacant/cid/345412 |access-date=11 July 2021 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=7 January 2013}}</ref> The [[Lokpal]] and Lokayukta Act 2013, makes it compulsory for each state to appoint [[Lokayukta]] similar to Lokpal at central level for investigation into complaints of corruption against government officers in public offices.<ref>{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 August 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref>

== Appointment and tenure ==

The [[Governor]] has authority for the purpose of conducting investigations to appoint a person as Lokayukta after consultation with the Chief Justice of the [[Gauhati High Court]], the [[Speaker of the House|Speaker]] and the Leader of the Opposition in Assam Legislative Assembly and he will hold office for a term of five years from the date of appointment,<ref name="Assam Lok4" /> and one or more persons as Upa-Lokayukta after consultation with Lokayukta in accordance with the provisions of Act.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Sl. No
!NAME OF LOKAYUKTA AND UPA-LOKAYUKTA
!HOLDING CHARGE FROM
!HOLDING CHARGE TO
|-
|1
|Mr. Justice T.C Das, Lokayukta
|1 Feb 1989
|31 Jan 1994
|-
|2
|Mr. Justice R. K. Manisana Singh, Lokayukta,
|10 Feb 1994
|21 Mar 1995
|-
|3
|Mr. Justice D.N. Baruah, Upa-Lokayukta,
|1 Mar 2001
|28 Feb 2002
|-
|4
|Mr. Justice P. C. Phukan, Upa-Lokayukta,
|3 Mar 2006
|30 Nov 2007
|-
|5
|Mr. Justice D. Biswas, Upa-Lokayukta,
|28 April 2010
|31 Aug 2012
|-
|6
|Mr. Justice H. Barua, Upa-Lokayukta,
|7 May 2014
|31 Oct 2016
|-
|7
|Mr. Justice C.R. Sarma, Upa-Lokayukta,
|31 Oct 2016
|
|-
|}

== Powers ==

The organisation has its authorized cells in each and every [[Divisional commissioner|District Commissioner]]'s office to facilitate people to lodge their complaints locally and avoid visiting its [[headquarters]] in [[Guwahati]].<ref name="Assam Lok1">{{cite news |title=Why Lokayukta fails to check public servants' corruption - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/top-headlines/why-lokayukta-fails-to-check-public-servants-corruption-2/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |publisher=www.sentinelassam.com |date=1 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Currently as per the draft of the Bill, the existing and previous chief ministers, present and previous ministers, and currently and earlier elected MLAs are covered under the Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam lokayukta and upa lokayukta act 1985 {{!}} Latest News on Assam-lokayukta-and-upa-lokayukta-act-1985 {{!}} Breaking Stories and Opinion Articles |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tag/assam-lokayukta-and-upa-lokayukta-act-1985/page/1 |access-date=11 July 2021 |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> In the year 2011, [[Chief Minister]] [[Tarun Gogoi]] announced that the Assam Lokayukta Bill will be amended to include the chief minister.<ref name="Assam Lok2">{{cite news |title=CM to be brought under Lokayukta in Assam: Gogoi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/regional/cm-to-be-brought-under-lokayukta-in-assam-gogoi/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=26 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://assamlokayukta.gov.in/}}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228222155/http://assamlokayukta.gov.in/ |date=2021-12-28 }}.

[[Category:Administration of Assam]]
[[Category:Lokayuktas]]

Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers

2026-03-19T04:07:32Z

AlejandroQkj: further adjusted formatting to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|1947 treaty between Italy and the Allies}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name = Treaty of Paris (Italy)
| long_name =
| image = Litorale 1.png
| image_width = 340px
| caption = Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
{{legend|#ffff00|The [[Austrian Littoral]], later renamed [[Julian March]], which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the [[Treaty of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]]}}
{{legend|#10FF20|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947}}
{{legend|#00fa9a|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the [[Treaty of Osimo]]}}
{{legend|#eee8aa|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty}}
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 10 February 1947
| location_signed = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| signatories = {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]<hr />{{flagicon|France|1830}} [[Fourth French Republic|France]]<ref name="Rajak">{{cite journal |author=Svetozar Rajak |title=No Bargaining Chips, No Spheres of Interest: The Yugoslav Origins of Cold War Non-Alignment |url=https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_a_00434 |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |year=2014 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=146–179 }}</ref> {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] {{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]] {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[SFR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]<ref name="Rajak"/> {{flagicon|Albania|1946}} [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[United States]]<ref name="Rajak"/> {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Rajak"/> {{flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="Rajak"/> {{Collapsible list | title = Other Allied Powers
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]
|{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Second Brazilian Republic|Brazil]]
|{{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[Canada]]
|{{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–49)}} [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]]
|{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]]
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]]
|{{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]]
|{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]
}}
| parties =
| depositor = French Government
| languages = [[French language|French]] (primary), [[English language|English]], [[Italian language|Italian]]
| website =
| wikisource =
}}

The '''[[Treaty of Paris (1947)|Treaty of Paris]] between [[Italian Empire|Italy]] and the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]]''' was signed on 10 February 1947, formally ending [[World War II]] hostilities between the parties. It came into general effect on 15 September 1947.<ref name="criminal law">{{Cite book|title=International Criminal Law Deskbook |editor1=Grant, John P. |editor2=J. Craig Barker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzwrG74gwzUC&q=treaty+of+peace+with+italy+1947&pg=PA130|publisher=Cavendish Publishing|place=Routledge|year=2006|page=130|isbn= 9781859419793}}</ref>

The transfer of several territories in the eastern Adriatic that Italy had obtained following the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] in 1920 and the [[Treaty of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]] in 1924 was penalized, and the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] was established. A few territories were transferred to France. Italy renounced its colonial and overseas possessions, officially recognized Ethiopia and Albania as independent, and was required to pay war reparations. All Italian fascist organisations were to be banned.

==Territorial changes==
[[File:France-Italy Boundary - 1947.jpg|thumb|400px|France-Italy Boundary after the Treaty of Peace]]
* Transfer of the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] islands of [[Cres]], [[Lošinj]], [[Lastovo]] and [[Palagruža]]; of [[Istria]] south of the river [[Mirna (Adriatic Sea)|Mirna]]; of the [[exclave]] territory of [[Zadar]] in [[Dalmatia]]; of the city of [[Rijeka]] and the region known as the [[Julian March]] to the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]];
* Transfer of the [[Dodecanese|Italian Islands of the Aegean]] to the [[Kingdom of Greece]];
* Transfer to [[French Fourth Republic|France]] of [[La Brigue|Briga]] and [[Tende|Tenda]], and minor revisions of the Franco-Italian border including [[Mont Cenis|Mont Cenis plateau]], [[Mont Thabor]], and [[Mont Chaberton]]
* Recognition of the independence of the [[People's Republic of Albania]] and transfer to Albania of the island of [[Sazan Island|Sazan]];
* Renunciation of claims to Ethiopia and restoration of the [[Ethiopian Empire]];
* Renunciation of claims to colonies (including [[Italian Libya|Libya]], [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]] and [[Italian Somaliland|Somaliland]]) and dissolution of the [[Italian Empire]];
* Cancellation of favourable commercial treaties with the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (including cessation of the [[Italian concession of Tianjin|Concession in Tianjin]] held by [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] since 7 September 1901)
* [[Trieste]] and the surrounding area were incorporated into a new independent state called the [[Free Territory of Trieste]]. In 1954, the administration of the Free Territory was handed over to the [[Government of Italy|Italian Government]], while the mandate of the [[Yugoslav People's Army|Yugoslav Army]] was ceded to the Yugoslav Government with the Memorandum of Understanding of London regarding the Free Territory of Trieste.<ref name="see article 2">{{Cite book|title=United Nations Treaty Series 1956; No. 3297}}</ref> This was formalised by the 1975 [[Treaty of Osimo]].
* As provided by Annex XI of the Treaty, upon the recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 390 (V) of 2 December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia on 11 September 1952. Eritrea gained its independence from Ethiopia [[de facto]] on 24 May 1991 and [[de jure]] on 24 May 1993.

Italian Somaliland was under British administration until 1949 when it became a [[United Nations Trust Territory]] under [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Italian administration]]. Italian Somaliland combined with [[British Somaliland]] on 1 July 1960 and together they became the [[Somalia|Somali Republic]].

==Reparations==

Italy was obliged to pay the following [[war reparations]] (article 74):
: US${{Format price|125000000}} to Yugoslavia (equivalent to {{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|125000000|1946}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}
: US${{Format price|105000000}} to Greece (equivalent to {{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|105000000|1946}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}
: US${{Format price|100000000}} to the Soviet Union (equivalent to {{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|100000000|1946}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}
: US${{Format price|25000000}} to Ethiopia (equivalent to {{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|25000000|1946}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}
: US${{Format price|5000000}} to Albania (equivalent to {{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|5000000|1946}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}

The amounts were valued in the US dollar at its gold parity on 1 July 1946 ($35 for one ounce of gold). The reparations were to be paid in goods and services over a seven-year period.

==Military clauses==
Articles 47 and 48 called for the demolition of all permanent fortifications along the Franco-Italian and Yugoslav-Italian frontier. Italy was banned from possessing, building or experimenting with [[atomic weapons]], [[guided missile]]s, [[Cannone da 381/50 Ansaldo M1934|guns with a range of over 30 km]], non-contact naval mines and torpedoes as well as [[manned torpedo]]es (article 51).

The military of Italy was limited in size. Italy was allowed a maximum of 200 [[heavy tank|heavy]] and [[medium tank]]s (article 54). Former officers and [[non-commissioned officer]]s of the [[Blackshirts]] and the [[National Republican Army (Italian Socialist Republic)|National Republican Army]] were barred from becoming officers or non-commissioned officers in the Italian military (except those exonerated by the Italian courts, article 55).

The Italian navy was reduced. Some warships were awarded to the governments of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France (articles 56 and 57). Italy was ordered to scuttle all its submarines (article 58) and was banned from acquiring new battleships, submarines and aircraft carriers (article 59). The navy was limited to a maximum force of 25,000 personnel (article 60). The Italian army was limited to a size of 185,000 personnel plus 65,000 [[Carabinieri]] for a maximum total of 250,000 personnel (article 61). The Italian air force was limited to 200 [[fighter aircraft|fighters]] and reconnaissance aircraft plus 150 transport, air-rescue, training and [[liaison aircraft]] and was banned from owning and operating [[bomber]] aircraft (article 64). The number of air force personnel was limited to 25,000 (article 65). Most of the military restrictions were lifted upon Italy becoming a founding member of [[NATO]] in 1949.

==Political clauses==
Article 17 of the treaty banned [[Fascism|fascist]] organisations ("whether political, military, or semi-military") in Italy.

Italy was obliged to secure all persons under its jurisdiction the enjoyment of human, civil, and religious rights, and was not to prosecute or molest Italians who expressed sympathy to Allied powers. Italian citizens in the territories transferred to other states were to become citizens of those states, unless they exercised the [[right of option]] for Italian citizenship within a year, which may have required them to move to Italy. Similarly, Italian citizens domiciled on Italian territory whose language was [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], or [[Slovene language|Slovene]] were able to acquire Yugoslav nationality and may have been required to emigrate to Yugoslavia within one year.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America: Volume 4 (Multilateral treaties, 1946-1949) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/lltreaties-ustbv004/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202095718/https://www.loc.gov/item/lltreaties-ustbv004/ |archive-date=2025-02-02 |access-date= |work=United States Treaties and Other International Agreements |language=en |via=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

==Annexes==
A [[Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement|subsequent annex]] to the treaty provided for the cultural autonomy of the German minority in [[South Tyrol]].

== Greece–Turkey relations ==
Article 14 of the treaty ceded the Italian islands in the Aegean to Greece and further stipulated that they "shall be and shall remain demilitarized".

Turkey is the intended third-party beneficiary of the demilitarization treaty by law (Vienna Convention of Treaties, art. 36(2)). Turkey had no title in signing any treaty ceding Rhodes to Greece, as the whole Dodecanese had been ceded by Turkey to Italy with the First Treaty of Lausanne (Often referred as "Treaty of Ouchy" to prevent confusion with [[Treaty of Lausanne]]) of 1912, but demanded demilitarization of those islands at the peace talks held in Lausanne in 1923. This was eventually inserted in the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947, to which Turkey is not a signatory party.

==See also==
* [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947]]
* [[Armistice of Cassibile]]
* [[Italian Instrument of Surrender]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200222/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000004-0311.pdf Full text of the treaty (French, English and Russian texts are authentic) - archive link].
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paris, 1947}}
[[Category:1947 in Italy]]
[[Category:February 1947 in Europe]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]
[[Category:World War II treaties]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of France]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of India]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Poland]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1947]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1947]]
[[Category:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Union of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece]]
[[Category:Italy–Yugoslavia relations]]
[[Category:Italy–United States relations]]
[[Category:Italy–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Italy–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:France–Italy relations]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Greece]]
[[Category:Allies of World War II]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:1947 in Paris]]
[[Category:Treaties signed in Paris|1947, Italy]]

Manuel D'Lima

2026-03-14T22:23:10Z

AlejandroQkj: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian playwright and theatre director (1934–2016)}}
{{about|an Indian former playwright|the Portuguese–American designer|Manuel Lima}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manuel D'Lima
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Porvorim, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1934}}
| other_names = {{hlist|Manuel de Lima|M. J. D'Lima}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|theatre director|banker|musician}}
| death_date = October {{death date and age|2016|1934}}
| death_place = [[Santacruz, Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| known_for = Staging [[Christian drama|religious plays]] during [[Lent]]
| notable_works = ''Soddvondar'' (1970s)
| employer = [[Bank of India]]
| years_active = 1970s–2000s
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| origin = Goa, India
| embed = yes
| genre = {{hlist|[[Goan music]]|[[beat music]]}}
| past_member_of = The Syndicate
}}
}}

'''Manuel J. D'Lima'''{{efn|alternatively spelt as '''Manuel de Lima'''}} ({{circa|1934}} – October 2016) was an Indian former playwright, theatre director, musician, and banker known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions and [[radio play]]s. He began his career in his hometown of [[Porvorim, Goa]]. Following his move to [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz, Bombay]], D'Lima began to produce commercial theatre productions. Later, he began to write radio plays and [[Radio comedy|skits]] on [[All India Radio]], [[Bombay]]. A former member of the [[Goan]] [[cover band]] The Syndicate, D'Lima became known mainly for his [[liturgical drama|religious plays]] that he staged during the [[Lent]] season in [[Goa]] or Bombay. He is one of the early writers of religious ''tiatrs'' that were staged in the 1970s.

==Early life==
[[File:A view from Porvorim hill.jpg|thumb|View from a hill in Porvorim, Goa, where D'Lima spent his early years.]]
Manuel J. D'Lima was born in 1934. He hailed from the town of [[Porvorim]], in the colony of [[Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]], during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now located in India). He began his stage career in his home region writing and staging [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatrs]]'', a form of [[musical theatre]] indigenous to Goa. These productions found an audience in Porvorim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |author-link=Wilson Mazarello |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=173, 339 |access-date=2024-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=2024-01-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Introduction to theatre and radio in Bombay, British India ===
D'Lima moved to [[Bombay, British India]] (now Mumbai, India), a [[metropolis]] known for its vibrant [[entertainment industry]]. There he presented his first major ''tiatr'', ''Ek Oklek Don Noure'' (The Bride With Two Bridegrooms), in support of Socorro-Union, a type of [[social club]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Da Silva |first=Fernando Monte |date=18 July 2015 |title=Goa's social clubs facing youthful dis-membering? |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Goa%E2%80%99s-social-clubs-facing-youthful-dismembering/91207 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707061128/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Goa%E2%80%99s-social-clubs-facing-youthful-dismembering/91207 |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Socorro, Goa]] around the mid-20th century. The play debuted in [[Porvorim]], his native town located in the coastal region of [[Goa]]. D'Lima also began work with [[All India Radio]], the [[state-owned]] [[Public broadcasting|public]] radio broadcaster in Bombay, where he secured a position as a regular artist. On this platform, also known as [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]], he wrote approximately 100 small [[playlets]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[radio comedy]] [[Sketch comedy|skit]]s.<ref name=":3" />

===Subsequent move to religious plays during the Lent season===
[[File:J. P. Souzalin's religious tiatr Sam Francis Xavier.jpg|thumb|A religious ''tiatr'' [[handbill]], ''Sam Francis Xavier'' by [[J. P. Souzalin]], in Konkani]]
D'Lima's contributions to [[Goan]] theatre extended beyond [[Secularism|secular]]-themed performances, as he also staged [[Christian]] [[liturgical drama|religious plays]] in the mid-1970s. Although predominantly biblical in nature and tied to the season of [[Lent]], these productions aimed to inspire [[introspection]], [[contemplation]], and [[personal transformation]] among their audiences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2015 |title=Tiatr and the period of prayer, penance and abstinence |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Tiatr-and-the-period-of-prayer-penance-and-abstinence/85969 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |archive-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704154422/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Tiatr-and-the-period-of-prayer-penance-and-abstinence/85969 |url-status=live }}</ref> He, along with [[Konkani language|Konkani dramatists]] such as [[Simon C. Fernandes]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Robin Vaz]], and [[Aleixinho de Candolim]], is credited with upholding the legacy of Souzalin's religious ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Paul |last2=Esteves |first2=Pio |author-link2=Pio Esteves |date=2015-02-19 |title=Religious tiatr traces its roots back to the 1960s |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/religious-tiatr-traces-its-roots-back-to-the-1960s/articleshow/46292164.cms?_gl=1*1xic3hm*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwNTkwMTI0My4xMTQuMC4xNzA1OTAxMjQzLjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.243413957.159991920.1705751399-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704154422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/religious-tiatr-traces-its-roots-back-to-the-1960s/articleshow/46292164.cms?_gl=1%2A1xic3hm%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcwNTkwMTI0My4xMTQuMC4xNzA1OTAxMjQzLjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.243413957.159991920.1705751399-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Collaborations among D'Lima and other performers within the Konkani theatre community included [[Cyriaco Dias]], a Konkani actor and playwright, who played [[Jesus Christ]] in D'Lima's religious ''[[tiatr]] Soddvondar'' (The Deliverer).<ref name=":0" />

The ''Soddvondar'' production featured notable cast such as Xavier Mendes, of the musical trio the Mendes Bros (Felix, Derrick and Xavier Mendes), during the play's staging in Bombay. It was also performed in [[Panjim]], Goa, featuring [[Dioguinho D'Mello]] in his final acting performance.<ref name=":3" /> Collaborating with popular actors from the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], D'Lima began to write a series of up to seven larger-scale ''tiatrs'' productions during the late-20th century.<ref name=":3" /> These include ''Europi Saukar'' (European Banker), ''Shakuntala'', ''Bism Saib'' (The Bishop), ''Milagr'' (The Miracle), ''Khorkhos Ostori'' (Inevitable Woman), ''Soddvondar'' (The Deliverer), and ''Quo Vadis?'' ([[Quo Vadis?|Where are you going?]]).<ref name=":0" /> D'Lima cast drummer Tony King in the latter play.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-07 |title=Fanki Tony King Ontorlo |url=https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/23 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]] |language=gom |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228210354/https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/23 |url-status=live }}</ref> D'Lima's introduction to religious plays was initiated by [[J. P. Souzalin]]'s play ''Saibinicheo Sath Dukhi'' (The Seven Sorrows of Mary), staged during the early 1970s.<ref name=":4" />

===The Syndicate band and ''tiatr'' contracts (1980s–2000s)===
D'Lima was involved in the [[Goan music]] scene as a member of the popular 1980s [[cover band]] known as The Syndicate, formed in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2011 |title=Qatar: Top Band "The Syndicate" To Perform At The 11th Annual May Queen Ball In Qatar |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=97308 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=[[Daijiworld]] |archive-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704154419/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=97308 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Syndicate disbanded around the year 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinto |first=Cecil |date=21 October 2010 |title=Sounding out Goan cover bands Remo's offer to reward originality |work=[[Media in Goa#Newspapers and magazines|Gomantak Times]] |pages=7}}</ref> D'Lima then entered into a partnership with fellow artist Santan Rodricks. They initially accepted ''tiatr'' producing contracts{{efn|''Tiatr'' contractors oversee the logistical and financial components necessary to stage [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]] performances. The primary responsibilities include securing performance venues, managing [[Audio equipment|audio]]/technical equipment, and handling promotional activities for ''tiatr'' shows. In November 1986, ''tiatr'' contractors earned approximately {{INRConvert|17000|year=1986}} per show in a 2,000 seat venue and around {{INRConvert|10000|year=1986}} in a 1,000 seat venue.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kale |first=Pramod |date=1986 |title=Essentialist and Epochalist Elements in Goan Popular Culture: A Case Study of "Tiatr" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4376359 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=21 |issue=47 |pages=2054–2063 |jstor=4376359 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=2024-07-04 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226081602/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4376359 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} under the pseudonym "Lima-San." D'Lima was one of the early ''tiatr'' contractors operating in Bombay from the 1980s to the 2000s, but during this period, D'Lima shifted his focus from writing and directing ''tiatrs'' to banking and managing ''tiatr'' contracts.<ref name=":0" /> D'Lima worked in the banking industry for the majority of his working life.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Da Costa |first1=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |last2=Rose |first2=Joe |author-link2=Joe Rose (Konkani actor) |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=18, 87, 105}}</ref> His work at [[Bank of India]] ultimately led to his decision to discontinue theatre work.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Santacruz Bombay 1952.jpg|thumb|Santacruz railway station in 1952, one of the stations used by the [[Goan Catholic]]s during [[internal migration]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018 |title=Goans and East-Indians: A Negotiated Catholic Presence in Bombay's Urban Space |url=https://journals.library.brocku.ca/index.php/ijpds/article/download/3268/2521/10487 |journal=InterDISCIPLINARY Journal of Portuguese Diaspora Studies |volume=6 |pages=61–62, 64 |via=[[Brock University]] |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-date=2024-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707061124/https://journals.library.brocku.ca/index.php/ijpds/article/download/3268/2521/10487 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
D'Lima resided in [[Santacruz, Mumbai]], with his family.<ref name=":0" /> In October 2016, he died at his home in Santacruz. He was around 81–82 years old.<ref name=":3" />

==Selected stage works==
===''Tiatrs''===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|''Ek Oklek Don Noure''
|Writer
|Professional debut
|rowspan="6"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Europi Saukar''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Shakuntala''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Bism Saib''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Milagr''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Khorkhos Ostori''
|Writer
|
|-
|1970s
|''Soddvondar''
|Writer
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|
|''Quo Vadis?''
|Writer
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:DLima, Manuel}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

2022 Delhi fire

2026-03-09T00:03:53Z

AlejandroQkj: Adding First Stub W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Fatal structure fire in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox event
|title = 2022 Delhi fire
|date = {{start date|2022|5|13|df=y}}
|location = [[Mundka]], [[Delhi]], India
|cause = [[Short circuit]] (likely)
|reported deaths = 27
|reported injuries = 40
|missing = 0
}}
On 13 May 2022, a fire began on the first floor of four-storey office and commercial building in the [[Mundka]] area of [[Delhi]], India. It killed 27 people and injured 40 others, and at least 50 people were rescued. The fire is believed to have been started by a [[short circuit]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-14 |title=Delhi office fire: Dozens killed as fire sweeps through building |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61445600 |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref><ref name="I">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=Police arrest 2 after building fire kills 27 in New Delhi |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/police-ap-new-delhi-indian-narendra-modi-b2078929.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

The building did not have clearance from the fire department and was not equipped with [[fire extinguisher]]s. The Delhi police registered the fire as [[culpable homicide]] and a [[criminal conspiracy]].<ref name="I" /> They arrested two brothers who owned Cofe Impex Pvt Ltd, a company that manufactures [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras, in whose office the fire is believed to have started.<ref name="I" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=Delhi Mundka Fire Live Updates: Eight bodies identified; DFS chief says building did not have MCD clearance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-mundka-fire-news-live-updates-death-toll-injured-7916562/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

While the firefighters allegedly reached the site late, a crane driver saved over 50 people by rescuing them from the blaze. According to the crane driver, the fire service took over an hour and a half to arrive at the scene.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-15 |title=With His Crane, This Man Saved Over 50 People Trapped In Delhi's Mundka Fire |language=en-GB |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/mundka-fire-with-his-crane-this-man-saved-over-50-people-trapped-in-delhis-mundka-fire-2977181 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Disasters in India in 2022}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi fire, 2022}}
[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2022 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi|2022 fire]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in Delhi]]
[[Category:May 2022 in India]]

{{Fire-stub}}
{{India-hist-stub}}

Nair Saab

2026-03-03T21:06:14Z

AlejandroQkj: quick adjust citations per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nair Saab
| image = Nair Saab.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Joshi (director)|Joshiy]]
| producer = Liberty Productions
| writer = [[Dennis Joseph]] [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]] [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] [[Sumalatha]] [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]] [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio =
| distributor = Liberty Productions
| released = {{Film date|1989|09|08|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nair Saab''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] language [[action thriller film]] written by [[Dennis Joseph]], directed by [[Joshiy]], and produced by Liberty Productions. It stars [[Mammootty]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]. The film was released on the occasion of [[Onam]]. This movie depicts the training of new recruits at a fictional army training center, which takes a turn for the absurd when two of them are hired by a drug cartel to import drugs from a neighboring country, which is implied to be [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/nair-saab/story.html#synopsis | title=Nair Saab: Story, Preview, First Day Box Office Collection - FilmiBeat }}</ref>

== Plot ==
A new batch of trainees arrives at the army training center (SAT) situated near the border in Kashmir. Their trainer is Major Nair ([[Mammootty]]), who is a man known for his hard-and-fast training strategies. The movie is treated with humour arising from the intense training of the guys. But, things take a U-turn when the underworld led by Kumar ([[Devan (actor)|Devan]]) buys out two guys from the batch and uses them for importing drugs from the neighboring country, which is hinted as [[Pakistan]] (though never mentioned in the movie).

In the turn of events, one trainee, Antony ([[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]) is killed by the hands of underworld, while the blame falls on the trainer, Nair. Everybody turns against Nair and he has to flee, only to come back later. The plot thickens as well with the arrival of a smuggler and partner of Kumar, James ([[Lalu Alex]]) as the new trainer, Major Nambiar for SAT with the intention to sell the ammunition stored there, which is worth millions, to the enemy state. Nair intervenes at the right time and with the help of his students, spoils all the evil plans of the traitors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-synopsis/5812/nair-saab.html |title=Nair Saab Synopsis | Malayalam Movie | Nair Saab Story | Movie Plot | Preview | Oneindia.in |access-date=25 June 2010 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407115525/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-synopsis/5812/nair-saab.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Mammootty]] as Major Ravindran Nair / Nair Saab
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Cadet Gopakumar
*[[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]] as Cadet Antony
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Savitri/Radha
*[[Sumalatha]] as Prabha
*[[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]] as Parvathi
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Cadet Rishi
*[[Mohan Jose]] as Cadet Jose
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Cadet Ganeshan
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Cadet Siddique
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Cadet Chandran Pillai
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Cadet Mohan
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Kumar
*[[Lalu Alex]] as James/A. K. K. Nambiar
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Brigadier Varma
*[[Azeez (actor)|K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as Devayya
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Chef Koya

== Release ==
The film was released on 8 September 1989.

=== Box office ===
The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=Iconic Malayalam scriptwriter Dennis Joseph passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/May/10/iconic-malayalam-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-2300914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210302/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/may/10/iconic-malayalam-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-2300914.amp |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Malayalam film scriptwriter Dennis Joseph passes away; Mammootty, Mohanlal tweet condolences |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malayalam-film-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-mammootty-mohanlal-tweet-condolences-9610261.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205857/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malayalam-film-scriptwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-mammootty-mohanlal-tweet-condolences-9610261.html/amp |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2018 |title=Director Joshiy teams up with Mammootty after a decade |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-joshiy-teams-mammootty-after-decade-94168 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Mammootty and Manju Warrier to Pair Up in Joshiy Movie? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammootty-manju-warrier-pair-joshiy-movie-614414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183727/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammootty-manju-warrier-pair-joshiy-movie-614414 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film had a successful soundtrack composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] with lyrics by [[Shibu Chakravarthy]].

#"Hey Giridharane" – [[Vani Jairam]]
#"Pazhayoru Paattile" – [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
#"Punchavayalu" – M. G. Sreekumar

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0271663|Nair Saab}}

{{Joshiy}}
{{Dennis Joseph}}

[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films about arms trafficking]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films set in military academies]]
[[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Geethanjali (1989 film)

2026-03-03T19:06:31Z

AlejandroQkj: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|1989 Indian Telugu film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Geethanjali 1989 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| producer = Chittamuru Praveen Kumar Reddy
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Mani Ratnam '''Dialogues''': [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Girija Shettar|Girija]]|}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Bhagyalakshmi Enterprises
| distributor = Bhagyalakshmi Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|5|12}}
| runtime = 135 minutes {{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹1.2 [[crore]]
}}

'''''Geethanjali''''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|iː|θ|ɑː|n|dʒ|əl|i}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. The film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Girija Shettar|Girija]], with music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The story revolves around two terminally ill individuals who fall in love, despite knowing they have limited time to live.

''Geethanjali'' was released on 12 May 1989. It became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres and receiving praise for its direction, cinematography, music, and performances. The film won several awards, including the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|National Film Award for Best Popular Film]] and six state [[Nandi Awards]] including [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]].

The film marked a turning point in Nagarjuna's career, making him a heartthrob among Telugu audiences and attracting a significant female following. Ratnam also gained considerable recognition in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] due to this film. It was later unofficially remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Yaad Rakhegi Duniya]]'' (1992).

== Plot ==
At his graduation party, Prakash, a carefree and mischievous student, celebrates the occasion with his friends. During the celebration, he is involved in a minor road accident. However, routine medical tests following the accident reveal that Prakash has [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|chronic myeloid leukaemia]], with only a few months left to live. Overwhelmed by his mother's constant grief, Prakash decides to spend his remaining days in peace and seclusion at his family's vacation home in [[Ooty]].

In Ooty, Prakash encounters Geethanjali, a lively young woman known for her playful pranks. One of her favourite pastimes is to scare people with elaborate tricks. In one such instance, she convinces a young man to meet her near a church after sundown, supposedly to elope with her. When the man arrives, Geethanjali and her friends, disguised as ghosts, frighten him away. Geethanjali attempts to pull a similar prank on Prakash, unaware that he has already heard of her antics. However, her plan backfires when Prakash turns the tables on her by dressing as a vampire and executing a series of aerial wire stunts, scaring her instead.

Frustrated by her failure to intimidate Prakash, Geethanjali devises another scheme. She falsely accuses Prakash of asking her to elope, reporting this to her grandmother. Outraged, Geethanjali's grandmother publicly confronts and humiliates Prakash, despite his attempts to explain the truth. Angered by the false accusation, Prakash retaliates by driving Geethanjali to a remote hillside and leaving her there. Later that night, Geethanjali's youngest sister informs Prakash that Geethanjali has not returned home, and the family is worried. Prakash, realising the seriousness of his actions, searches for Geethanjali and finds her shivering in the cold. He brings her back to her family, where Geethanjali's grandmother scolds him, revealing that Geethanjali has a terminal illness. Geethanjal's father is a Cardiologist and it is revealed that Geethanjali has [[tetralogy of fallot]]. Surprised by this revelation, Prakash is intrigued by how Geethanjali remains so cheerful and full of life despite her condition.

Geethanjali explains to Prakash that she is not afraid of death, as she believes everyone will die eventually. She chooses to live in the moment, enjoying life rather than worrying about the future. Inspired by her outlook, Prakash begins to embrace his own mortality and decides to live his remaining days to the fullest.

As time passes, Prakash falls in love with Geethanjali and begins to pursue her romantically. Initially, Geethanjali dismisses his advances, thinking they are just another of his pranks. However, she eventually reciprocates his feelings. Their relationship deepens until Prakash's mother visits him and inadvertently reveals his terminal illness to Geethanjali, who had been unaware of his condition. Heartbroken, Geethanjali urges Prakash to leave her, unable to bear the thought of losing him. Prakash tries to comfort her, reminding her that death is inevitable for everyone, but Geethanjali insists that his life is more important to her than her own. She pleads with him to leave, as she cannot bear to witness his death.

That night, Geethanjali's health takes a turn for the worse, and she is rushed to the hospital. Prakash attempts to visit her, but her father, who is also a doctor, asks him to leave, respecting Geethanjali's wishes. Devastated, Prakash decides to leave town. Meanwhile, Geethanjali undergoes a critical heart operation. After the surgery, she regains consciousness and immediately asks to see Prakash. Her family, realising that Prakash is about to leave, rushes to the railway station.

At the station, Prakash is preparing to depart when he sees Geethanjali approaching. Overcome with emotion, he runs back to her, and the two are reunited. The film concludes with Prakash and Geethanjali sharing a kiss, having found solace and love in each other's company despite their tragic circumstances.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as A. Prakash<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=22 June 2021 |title=Finding The Roots Of Mani Ratnam's Geethanjali |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-features/geethanjali-movie-telugu-mani-ratnam-nagarjuna-ilayaraaja-finding-the-roots-of-mani-ratnams-geethanjali/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709194024/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-features/geethanjali-movie-telugu-mani-ratnam-nagarjuna-ilayaraaja-finding-the-roots-of-mani-ratnams-geethanjali/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
* [[Girija Shettar|Girija]] as Geethanjali<ref name="filmcompanion" /> (Voice Dubbed by [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]])
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Geethanjali's father{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Vijayachander]] as Prakash's father{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Suthi Velu|Velu]] as Velu, Ooty house caretaker{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Inspector
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Prakash's mother{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* Radhabai as Geethanjali's grandmother{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Dubbing Janaki|Janaki]] as Lakshmi, Ooty house care taker
* [[Silk Smitha]] (special appearance in the song "Jagada Jagada")
* [[Disco Shanti]] as Usha
* Padma as Geethanjali's younger sister
* Priya as Geethanjali's younger sister
* [[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] as Geethanjali's younger sister
}}
;Special appearances:
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as University Chancellor{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]] as Usha's husband
* [[Mucherla Aruna]] as Prakash's doctor{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=290}}
* [[Mugur Sundar|Sundaram Master]] (uncredited appearance in the song "Jallanta Kavvinta")<ref name="tcinema" />

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], fascinated by [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986), was eager to collaborate with the director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2016 |title=Interview with Nagarjuna about Soggade Chinni Nayana |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nagarjuna-scn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117160414/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nagarjuna-scn.html |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=1 February 2016 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Recognising his own cinematic sensibilities through Ratnam's work, he persistently waited outside Ratnam's house each morning, hoping to engage in conversations during the director's daily walks. After a month of persistence, Nagarjuna persuaded Ratnam to direct a Telugu film with him in the lead.<ref name=":0" /> Despite initial reluctance, Ratnam agreed, leading to the creation of ''Geethanjali''—his only Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=10 April 2014 |title=Nagarjuna, Mahesh Babu to star in Mani Ratnam's next |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nagarjuna-mahesh-babu-to-star-in-mani-ratnams-next/20140410.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132401/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nagarjuna-mahesh-babu-to-star-in-mani-ratnams-next/20140410.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The title ''Geethanjali'' was inspired by a Delhi-based 11-year-old girl suffering from cancer, whose emotional diary entries were published at the time, deeply moving Ratnam, who decided to name both the film and its heroine after her. The film as produced on a budget of around {{Indian Rupee}}1.2 [[crore]]. Nagarjuna was paid {{Indian Rupee}}7.5 [[lakh]] while Mani Ratnam's remuneration was {{Indian Rupee}}10 lakh.<ref name="tcinema">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=6 August 2008 |title=Movie Retrospect : Geetanjali (1989) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retrospect_geetanjali_1989_printer.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418221743/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retrospect_geetanjali_1989_printer.php |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

=== Cast and crew ===
[[Girija Shettar|Girija]] was cast as the lead actress in ''Geethanjali'' after Mani Ratnam noticed her at his wedding to [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], where she accompanied the sister of cricketer [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]]. She trained under a senior associate director for two months before filming.<ref name="tcinema" /> During post-production, her voice was dubbed by [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=11 August 2011 |title=Back in action |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/back-in-action/article2346718.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202062049/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/back-in-action/article2346718.ece |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Mani Ratnam, impressed with [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]'s work on Telugu dubs of his Tamil films, asked him to write for his first straight Telugu film. Rajasri agreed, and Mani Ratnam ensured that every dialogue was translated into Tamil and made adjustments as necessary. The film featured fewer dialogues compared to a typical love story.<ref name="tcinema" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 12 October 1988 and was completed in sixty working days. Suhasini, newly-wedded to Mani Ratnam, clapped the first shot. The filming started early at dawn, around 5 AM, and wrapped up by about 11 AM, with the cast and crew arriving on location an hour before filming. Most of the scenes were shot in the misty valleys of [[Ooty]], chosen by Ratnam for its soft, poetic atmosphere to capture a dreamy, romantic feel. The hero's house scenes were filmed at a hotel in Ooty where Nagarjuna stayed, and the heroine's house was a guesthouse in Ooty. Additional scenes set in Madras were filmed at the Vasan House, owned by [[S. S. Vasan]] of [[Gemini Studios]]. An ice machine was brought from Madras to enhance the mist when needed.<ref name="tcinema" />

The film's songs were shot across various scenic locations. "Jallanta Kavvinta" and "Aamani Paadave" were filmed in Ooty. "O Priyaa, Priyaa" was shot in [[Jaisalmer]] with around 100 camels and completed in one week. The film featured innovative techniques, such as using ice for mist effects and employing a round trolley for a single-take song. [[P. C. Sreeram]]'s cinematography was praised for its natural, poetic style capturing the serenity of Ooty with wide-angle lenses and presenting the lead actors with soft lenses to create a dreamlike appearance.<ref name="tcinema" />

In the film's climax, a dialogue was added that reads, "Enni rojulu bratukutaaro teliyadu kaanii bratikinannaallu santoshamgaa untaaru" ({{translation|No one knows how many days they will live, but they will live those remaining days happily}}). This change was influenced by the President of Nagarjuna's Fan Association, who expressed dissatisfaction with the initially tragic ending. He suggested that the conclusion should reflect a more positive outcome, since both hero and heroine dying would not make the audiences happy. Consequently, that line was added to align with this feedback.<ref name="tcinema" />

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack, composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], was a major hit even before the film's release. Lyrics for the songs were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geetanjali (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/geetanjali-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/928959764 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216160945/https://music.apple.com/in/album/geetanjali-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/928959764 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Geethanjali (1989) Telugu Super Hit Movie LP Vinyl Record by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/geethanjali-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909113657/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/geethanjali-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Disco Music Center}}</ref> Mani Ratnam had the lyrics translated into English to understand their meaning, and he was so impressed that Veturi became the permanent lyricist for all his future films. Both the soundtrack and background music played a key role in the film's success and remained popular with audiences.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=82}} The song "O Priya Priya" was later unofficially adapted into the Hindi film ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' (1990) by [[Anand–Milind|Anand-Milind]].<ref name="tcinema" />{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| total_length = 32:40
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = O Priya Priya!
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:44
| title2 = Jagada Jagada
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Aamani Paadave
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Nandikonda Vaagullona
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:02
| title5 = Om Namaha
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = O Papa Lali!
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 4:27
| title7 = Jallanta Kavvinta
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 4:08
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil
| all_lyrics = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| title1 = Oh Priya Priya!
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Vidiya Vidiya Nadanam
| extra2 = Mano
| title3 = Kaviyam Padava Thendrale
| extra3 = Mano
| title4 = Kattukulle Paatu Sollum
| extra4 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| title5 = Om Namaha
| extra5 = Mano, [[S. Janaki]]
| title6 = Oh Papa Laali
| extra6 = Mano
| title7 = Aththadi Ammadi
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
}}

== Release ==
Due to distributor scepticism, producer Praveen Kumar Reddy distributed the film himself in select places like [[Visakhapatnam]]. ''Geethanjali'' was released on 12 May 1989 and was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Idhayate Thirudaade'' ({{Translation|Don't steal my heart}}) and was released on 5 July 1989, and was also successful. It was also dubbed into Malayalam and was unofficially remade in Hindi as ''[[Yaad Rakhegi Duniya]]'' (1992).<ref name="tcinema" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Award
!Awardee
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[37th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|''Geethanjali''
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=37th National Film Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=11 August 2012 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=19}}</ref>
|-
|[[37th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 1990 |title=Double honour for Kamal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900614&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film – Gold]]
|P. R. Prasad, C. Praveen Kumar Reddy
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]
|Mani Ratnam
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]]
|[[Suthi Velu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreography]]
|[[Mugur Sundar|Sundaram Master]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[P. C. Sreeram]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Direction]]
|[[Thota Tharani]]
|}

== Legacy ==
''Geethanjali'' made Nagarjuna a heartthrob among Telugu audiences, attracting a significant female following and marking a turning point in his career. Released five months before another major hit, ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'', both films solidified Nagarjuna's appeal to both class and mass audiences, paving the way for future blockbusters. Girija's costumes from the film became popular among the younger generation, while Nagarjuna's hairstyle set a trend. Mani Ratnam also gained considerable recognition in Andhra Pradesh due to this film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Villain'' press meet |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/villain-press-meet-imagegallery-tollywood-kgosy6giiehsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109225740/http://www.sify.com/movies/villain-press-meet-imagegallery-tollywood-kgosy6giiehsi.html |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The Tamil version of the song "O Papa Laali" is played by Pazham ([[Dhanush]]) in ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thiruchitrabalam|date=August 18, 2022 |last= Jawahar (Director) |first=Mithran R.|type=Motion picture |time=17:16-17:35}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}

[[Category:1989 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Thulasi (1987 film)

2026-03-03T05:13:20Z

AlejandroQkj: creating...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thulasi
| director = [[Ameerjan]]
| screenplay = Ameerjaan
| story = [[K. Rajeshwar|K. Somasundareswar]]
| producer = P. S. V. Hariharan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]}}
| cinematography = C. S. Ravibabu
| editing = S. S. Nazir
| music = Sampath Selvam
| studio = Veeralakshmi Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|11|27}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thulasi''''' ({{Translation|Basil}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Ameerjan]]. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]. It was released on 27 November 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=thulasi ( 1987 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thulasi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519003405/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thulasi |archive-date=19 May 2006 |access-date=2013-01-18 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=August 2023}}
Thirunavukarasu is considered a god by his villagers. Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an [[Atheism|atheist]] and he doesn't believe in his father's power. Sammadham and Ponni, a low caste girl, fall in love with each other. Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the [[Master of Arts]] degree successfully. Thirunavukarasu's daughter Thulasi then develops a soft corner for Siva.

Thirunavukarasu cannot accept his son Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to a caste difference. Sammadham then challenges him to marry her. Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni is found dead the next day in the water. In the meantime, Siva also falls in love with Thulasi. The rest of the story is what happens to Siva and Thulasi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Sivalingam "Siva"
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Thulasi
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Sammadham
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Thirunavukarasu
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Charle]] as Khan
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Thara]] as Ponni
*Mohanapriya as Sarasu
*Vathiyar Raman
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Kaliyappan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Sampath Selvam, with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thulasi (1987) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thulasi-songs-T0004664 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230409044813/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thulasi-songs-T0004664 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thulasi Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Sampath Selvam |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thulasi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-sampath-selvam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828130709/https://mossymart.com/product/thulasi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-sampath-selvam/ |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Anbe Idhu Kadhal" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.P. Sailaja]] || 4:37
|-
| "Kathavu Thoranthu" || K. S. Chithra || 4:08
|-
| "Ooraiellam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:45
|-
| "Vaa Vaa Pudhu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:12
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a negative review calling it "thwarted love".<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 1987 |title=Thwarted love |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870703&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, humour, cinematography and direction but found music to be average.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-11-77|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=17 July 2025|last=பாலுமணி |title=துளசி |page=4|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|date=5 July 1987}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Ameerjan}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ameerjan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

{{Improve categories|date=August 2024}}

Anila Sunder

2026-03-02T21:08:50Z

AlejandroQkj: Adding The Pg Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anila Sunder
| image = AnilaSunder3.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_name = Anila Makhijani
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| occupation = Kathak and Odisi dancer
| yearsactive =
| known for = Sindhi Ballets
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Anila Sunder''' is an Indian classical dancer - [[Kathak]] and [[Odissi]] exponent<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathak dancer Anila Sunder to perform at a cultural event organised by Suhini Sindhi Sanstha in Mumbai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/anila-sunder-to-dance-in-mumbai/articleshow/28682265.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=The Times of India|date=17 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref> - belonging to the [[Sindhis in India|Sindhi]] community.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=July 1985|title=Meet Anila Sunder a Danseuse of grace and charm|work=Bharat Ratna|url=http://anilasunder.com/images/media/m32.jpg}}</ref> She has experimented with various themes and has incorporated few aspects of the Indian folk dance to give shape to the Sindhi dance drama.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Ujjayini|date=November 2003|title=Bridge Across Forever|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://anilasunder.com/images/media/m23.jpg}}</ref> Some of her ballets include ''Sindhu'' that depicted the lost civilization of Mohenjodaro, ''Sikka Sajan Jee'' – love legends of Sindh, ''Theeu Na Juda Jani Munkhaan'' – questioning of love versus wealth, and ''Sindh Munhinjee Amma'' - narrated stories of the trials and tribulations of Sindhis from the India partition days.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srivastava|first=Abha|date=February 2002|title=Cuff Parade's Dancing Queen|work=Downtown Plus|url=http://anilasunder.com/zoom.php?dir=media&image=m26.jpg}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anila Sunder was born on 11 November 1951 in [[Ulhasnagar]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=August 2002|title=सिंधी लोकनृत्य में पगी एक कत्थक शैली|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|url=http://anilasunder.com/images/media/m19.jpg}}</ref> to medical practitioners Dr.Nanki and Dr.Gobind Makhijani. She obtained a Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology at Mumbai University and was a lecturer at [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai. She graduated the Kathak Examination from Prayag Sangeet Samiti, Allahabad at the age of 11.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Anila Sunder {{!}} Sindhi Sangat|url=https://www.sindhisangat.com/anila.php|access-date=2021-09-19|website=www.sindhisangat.com}}</ref> She trained under the gurus Hazarilal<ref name=":3" /> and Damayanti Joshi, and later under Vijay Kumar Shreshtha.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
She made her debut in the inter-collegiate classical dance competition at a Youth Festival organised by the University of Bombay in 1968.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sindhi Artist, Sindhi Kalakar Anila Sunder Details|url=https://sindhyat.com/artist/Anila%20Sunder|access-date=2021-09-19|website=sindhyat.com|language=en}}</ref> In 1971, she visited Japan as a Youth Exchange programme student sponsored by Lions Club of Bombay.<ref name=":4" /> Anila later learned Odissi from the gurus Natbar Maharana and Shankar Behra.<ref name=":0" /> She performed in 1999 at the ''Sixth International Sindhi Sammelan (Convention)'' in Orlando and with Long Island Sindhi Association in New York. In 1998 and 2000, she performed in [[Leh]] at ''Sindhu Darshan Mahotsav''.<ref name=":2" /> Apart from India and USA, Anila has performed in various countries like Japan, West Africa, UAE, Scandinavian countries, and United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=A. Staff|title=Sindhi community to usher in new year in style|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/sindhi-community-to-usher-in-new-year-in-style|access-date=2021-09-19|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Dance ballets ==

=== Sindhiyat Jee Surhan ===
Sindhiyat Jee Surhan translates to ‘''Fragrance of the Sindhi Way of Life’''. Anila based it on popular Sindhi festivals like ''Thadri'' that occurs on the eve of ''Janmashtami'', ''Teejri'', another festival which is an equivalent of [[Karva Chauth]] among Punjabis of India, [[Uttaran]], a festival that coincides with [[Makar Sankranti]], and also Cheti Chand which is the [[New Year's Day|New Year's day]] for Sindhis and the birth day of the deity Jhulelal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Jotswani|first=Motilal|date=March 1986|title=Anila Sunder - a gifted Kathak Dancer|work=The Evening News|url=http://www.anilasunder.com/zoom.php?dir=media&image=m2.jpg}}</ref>

=== Sindhi Munhinjee Amma ===
Sindhi Munhinjee Amma brings to light the India-Pakistan partition and the impact of it on the Sindhi community, that went through the tragedy and trauma of being uprooted, to be settled in India. Anila plays a woman who was born in Sindh and goes through the turmoil of the partition.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 1999|title=Lahore Declaration rekindles Anila's hope to realise her dream: a performance in Sindh|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://www.anilasunder.com/images/media/m5.jpg}}</ref>

=== Sikka Sajan Jee ===
Sikka Sajan Jee translates to ‘''Longing for the Loved One''’. This dance ballet is based on the stories of the six heroines of the immortal Sindhi Sufi poet [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai|Shah Abdul Latif]]. Anila depicts the yearning of ''Moomal'', the agony of ''Sasui'', the chastity of ''Maruee'', the ecstasy of ''Noori'', the repentance of ''Leelan'', and the courage of ''Suhini''.<ref name=":4" />

=== Theeu Na Juda Jani Munkhaan ===
This dance ballet takes its inspiration from ‘Sur Saamoondi’, written by the Sindhi poet Shah Abdul Latif.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 1986|title=विद जी पायल छमकैन्दी|work=Navbharat Times|url=http://www.anilasunder.com/zoom.php?dir=media&image=m20.jpg}}</ref> Nai Duniya reported the presentation to be impressive and enchanting during one of the performances.<ref>{{Cite news|title=सिंधी नृत्य नाटिका की मोहक प्रस्तुति|work=Nai Duniya|url=http://www.anilasunder.com/zoom.php?dir=media&image=m21.jpg}}</ref>

=== Geet Govind ===
She also performed a Hindi version of [[Gita Govinda|Geet Govind]] that was translated by professor Setpal. The ballet narrated the stories and emotions between Radha and Krishna.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Involved Portrayal|work=[[Times of India]]|url=http://www.anilasunder.com/zoom.php?dir=media&image=m66.jpg}}</ref>

=== Zaal . . . Kadenh Zer, Kadenh Zabar! ===
This dance ballet depicts the various forms and stages from the life of a woman, i.e. of a child, a beloved, a wife and a mother. Issues of assault, oppression and infanticide are highlighted. "The beauty of Anila Sunder's expressions was worth seeing. Through the presentation, the artists displayed that a woman is not weak. Rather she has the power of goddesses like Saraswati, Durga and Kali." a journalist wrote from Weekend Plus.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बैले में किया नारी जीवन का चित्रण |work=Weekend Plus Metro |url=http://www.anilasunder.com/images/media/17.png}}</ref>

=== Sindhu Dhaara ===
This historical dance drama depicts the culture, heritage and era of an ancient civilization that flourished on the banks of the river Indus. "Anila Sunder showcased glimpses of the history of Sindh and the tragedy of partition through her dance. Amidst the unmatched synergy of sound and light, the audience was immersed in glimpses of the culture, that is Sindh." reported a journalist from [[Hari Bhoomi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parampara va Sanskriti Ke Dikhe Rang |url=http://www.anilasunder.com/images/media/m46.jpg |website=[[Hari Bhoomi]]}}</ref>

== Charitable performances ==
Anila Sunder also actively performed for social causes. In 1975, Anila performed in Nigeria for a fund raiser organized by Indian Women Residents in Lagos for the National Women Society of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|title=N 2000 Collected|work=[[Independent Nigeria]]|url=http://anilasunder.com/images/media/m56.jpg}}</ref> In India, she performed for the cancer hospital in Jabalpur in 2001<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dancer Anila Sunder to perform for Cancer Hospital|work=[[The Hitavada]]|url=http://anilasunder.com/images/media/m54.jpg}}</ref> and also for raising funds for ''Kanyadan'' of poor girls in Bombay.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bombay Sindhi Dance Ballet|work=[[Femina (India)]]|url=http://anilasunder.com/images/media/m57.jpg}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunder, Anila}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ulhasnagar]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

P. A. Arun Prasad

2026-02-26T04:37:03Z

AlejandroQkj: started a article!

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. A. Arun Prasad
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Alaparthi Sivanagaprasad Chowdary
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|18|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| othername =
| alma_mater =
| years_active =1999-present
| television =
| title =
| spouse = Sijimol Alaparthi
| children = Tanvi Alaparthi Vishal Alaparthi
| parents = Alaparthi Subbaramaiah Alaparthi Anasuyamma
| relatives =[[Anil Ravipudi]] (nephew)
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]] [[script writer]]
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Alaparthi Sivanagaprasad Chowdary''', known professionally as '''P. A. Arun Prasad''', is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], and [[Tamil cinema]]. He has received a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] and a state [[Nandi Award]].
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/arun-prasad-p-a/filmography.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624012124/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/arun-prasad-p-a/filmography.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2013|title=Check out lists of Movies by #ArunPrasadPA #Filmography}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms|title = 51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare Award winners|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Nandi Awards]]
**[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] (Bronze) - ''[[Gowtam SSC]]'' (2005)
*[[Filmfare Awards South]]
**[[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada]] - ''[[Kiccha]]'' (2003)

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:enter;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|| 1999 || ''[[Thammudu]]'' || Telugu || Debut
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001 || ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Tamil || Debut in [[Tamil cinema]]
|-
| ''[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]'' || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Sandadi]]''
|
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Chandu (2002 film)|Chandu]]'' || rowspan="2" | Kannada || Debut in [[Kannada cinema]]
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Kiccha]]'' ||
|-
|| 2004 || ''Sathruvu'' || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 || ''[[Sye (kannada film)|Sye]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Gowtam SSC]]'' || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Maa Nanna Chiranjeevi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]]'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Chattam]]'' ||
|-
|2018
|''Man of the Match''
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0695269}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, P. A. Arun}}
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Hyderabad, India]]

Hridayi Vasant Phulatana

2026-02-18T13:30:07Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{Short description|1988 Indian Marathi-language song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Hridayi Vasant Phulatana
| cover = Hridayi Vasant Phulatana.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = song
| artist = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], Aparna Mayekar
| album = [[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|1988}}
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = {{Duration|m=7|s=06}}
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes|Ishtar Music]]
| writer = Shantaram Nandgaonkar
| composer = [[Arun Paudwal]]
| tracks = # "Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi"
# "Manuja Jaag Jara"
# "Shirshak Geet"
# "'''Hridayi Vasant Phulatana'''"
# "Kunitari Yenar"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|iazsz_EuS2s|Hridayi Vasant Phulatana}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Hridayi Vasant Phulatana'''" ({{Translation|When the spring blooms in the heart}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language song from the soundtrack of the 1988 film ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''. It was composed by [[Arun Paudwal]], with lyrics penned by Shantaram Nandgaonkar and vocals provided by [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], and Aparna Mayekar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=हृदयी वसंत फुलताना... |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/others/like-share-readers-own-page/song-in-my-heart/hridayi-vasant-fultana/articleshow/45179583.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312164542/https://marathi.indiatimes.com/others/like-share-readers-own-page/song-in-my-heart/hridayi-vasant-fultana/articleshow/45179583.cms |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> The video song features [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Ashwini Bhave]], [[Laxmikant Berde]], [[Priya Berde]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]], [[Siddharth Ray]], [[Nivedita Saraf|Nivedita Joshi Saraf]].

== Picturisation ==
The dance depicted in the song was filmed across various locations. Actor [[Siddharth Ray]] is taller than [[Nivedita Joshi Saraf]], which required her to look up and him to look down throughout the entire dance. Choreographer Sachin Pilgaonkar mentioned that showcasing the love relationships of the other three couples in the story posed no issues in choreography, but he noted the challenges faced while staging the dance for Ray and Joshi Saraf. The portion of song involving [[Laxmikant Berde]] and [[Priya Berde|Priya Arun Berde]] was rehearsed in [[Mumbai]] and filmed in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=Ashi hi Banva Banvi: तालीम मुंबईत तर शूटिंग पुण्यात चार वेगळ्या ठिकाणी शूट झालेलं गाणं |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/nivedita-saraf-shares-experiance-of-shooting-song-in-ashi-hi-banva-banvi-marathi-info/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624180551/https://marathi.itsmajja.com/nivedita-saraf-shares-experiance-of-shooting-song-in-ashi-hi-banva-banvi-marathi-info/ |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=ittsmajja.com |language=mr}}</ref>

The song was picturised on the four pairs of [[Ashok Saraf]]–[[Ashwini Bhave]], Laxmikant Berde–Priya Arun Berde, [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]–[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]], Siddharth Ray–Nivedita Joshi Saraf.<ref name=":0" />

== Credits ==

* Album – [[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi#Soundtrack|Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]
* Singers – [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], Aparna Mayekar
* Lyricist – Shantaram Nandgaonkar
* Music – [[Arun Paudwal]]

== Reception ==
Ganesh Ghanekar of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' wrote "The compilation of this song is so amazing that every pair has got proper scope." He gave credit to Sachin's experience and hard work in Hindi and Marathi films.<ref name=":0" />

==Adaptations==
===''Takatak 2'' (2022)===
The song was remade as an [[item number]] with the [[Hridayi Vasant Phultana (2022 song)|same title]] for the 2022 film ''[[Takatak 2]]'', with lyricist Jai Atre providing new lyrics, Shruti Rane lending her vocals, and Varun Saket handling composition. Choreographer Rahul Sanjeer oversaw the dance sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=अशी ही बनवाबनवी'मधील 'हृदयी वसंत फुलताना...' गाणं नव्या रुपात!, पाहा टकाटक गाणं! |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/ashi-hi-banavabanavi-hrudayi-vasant-fultana-song-release-takatak-2-movie-au138-784232.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312164541/https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/ashi-hi-banavabanavi-hrudayi-vasant-fultana-song-release-takatak-2-movie-au138-784232.html |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> The song featured Iranian-German model [[Elnaaz Norouzi]] alongside [[Prathamesh Parab]], Pranali Bhalerao, Komal Bodkhe, Ajinkya Raut, and Akshay Kelkar. It was officially released on YouTube by [[Venus Records & Tapes|Ishtar Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-16 |title='Takatak 2' new song: Elnaaz channels her inner 'Marathi mulgi' in the evergreen chartbuster 'Hridayi Vasant Phultana'- Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-new-song-elnaaz-channels-her-inner-marathi-mulgi-in-the-evergreen-chartbuster-hridayi-vasant-phultana-watch/articleshow/93577652.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312165625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-new-song-elnaaz-channels-her-inner-marathi-mulgi-in-the-evergreen-chartbuster-hridayi-vasant-phultana-watch/articleshow/93577652.cms |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Takatak 2 : 'अशी ही बनवाबनवी'मधील 'हृदयी वसंत फुलताना...' गाण्याला मॉर्डन टच; टकाटक-2 मधून येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/takatak-2-song-hridayi-vasant-phultana-release-1090393 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312171926/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/takatak-2-song-hridayi-vasant-phultana-release-1090393 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fx0jRxu3G8I |title=हृदयी वसंत फुलताना-Hridayi Vasant Phultana Full Song{{!}} Elnaaz Norouzi, Takatak 2, Prathmesh P, Milind K |date=2022-08-16 |last=[[Ishtar Music|Ishtar Regional]] |access-date=2024-10-14 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* In 2019, the Marathi TV series ''[[Chhatriwali]]'' featured a recreation of the song, during which actors Namrata Pradhan and [[Sanket Pathak]] were seen portraying Sachin and [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]'s iconic characters with their attire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-03 |title=Chhatriwali: Vikram and Madhura groove to the evergreen song 'Hridayi Vasant Fultana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/chhatriwali-vikram-and-madhura-groove-to-the-evergreen-song-hridayi-vasant-fultana/articleshow/68701028.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312170546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/chhatriwali-vikram-and-madhura-groove-to-the-evergreen-song-hridayi-vasant-fultana/articleshow/68701028.cms |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/hridayi-vasant-phulatana/RCBfaBhHbXc JioSaavn]
*[https://music.apple.com/in/album/hridayi-vasant-phulatana-and-other-marathi-love-songs/1123993461 iTunes]
*[https://gaana.com/song/hridayi-vasant-phulatana-1 Gaana]
*[https://wynk.in/music/song/hridayi-vasant-phulatana/ve_1205332 Wynk Music]
*[https://www.smule.com/song/%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%A8-hridayi-vasant-phulatana-karaoke-lyrics/4853840_4853840/arrangement Smule]
*[https://www.shazam.com/track/46095920/hridayi-vasant-phulatana-from-ashi-hi-banavabanavi Shazam]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phulatana, Hridayi Vasant}}
[[Category:1988 songs]]
[[Category:1980s music videos]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi|H ]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films|H]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Arun Paudwal]]
[[Category:Suresh Wadkar songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

Belsand Assembly constituency

2026-02-12T20:45:19Z

AlejandroQkj: minor update content after review further and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Belsand
|type= SLA
| map_image = 30-Belsand constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1957
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
|mla = [[Amit Ranu]]
|party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| electors = 261,773
}}
'''Belsand''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 30. Belsand Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Belsand]] and Parsauni [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]] in Sitamarhi district and Tariani Chowk CD Block in [[Sheohar district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Belsand Assembly constituency is part of 4. [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Belsand Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/belsand.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramanand Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Chandreshwar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ramanand Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Surat Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Digvijay Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|1996^
|[[Brishin Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Ram Swarth Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Sunita Singh Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (RJD politician)|Sanjay Kumar Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunita Singh Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (RJD politician)|Sanjay Kumar Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Amit Ranu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Belsand<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Belsand">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Belsand |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0430.htm |access-date=27 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227184829/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0430.htm |archive-date=27 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amit Ranu]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:82076}}
|percentage = 44.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (RJD politician)|Sanjay Kumar Gupta]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes={{formatnum:59391}}|percentage=32.44|change={{decrease}}3.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arpna Singh|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes={{formatnum:19025}}|percentage=10.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rana Randhir Singh Chouhan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:7600}}|percentage=4.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party|candidate=Ambika Sah|votes={{formatnum:2559}}|percentage=1.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janshakti Janta Dal|candidate=Vikash Kumar|votes={{formatnum:2284}}|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shamim Alam|party=Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|votes={{formatnum:1706}}|percentage=0.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:6110}}|percentage=3.34|change={{increase}}0.32}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:22685}}|percentage=12.39|change={{increase}}2.41}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:183072}}|percentage=69.94|change={{increase}}17.46}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Belsad<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (RJD politician)|Sanjay Kumar Gupta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:50001}}
|percentage = 35.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sunita Singh Chauhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:36070}}
|percentage = 25.84
|change = {{decrease}}1.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Thakur Dharmendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:19034}}
|percentage = 13.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Nasir Ahmad (politician)|Nasir Ahmad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:10699}}
|percentage = 7.67
|change = {{decrease}}15.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahant Narendra Das Mahatyagi
|votes = {{formatnum:3268}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalbabu Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:3150}}
|percentage = 2.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Subodh Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2488}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Balram Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2205}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vandana Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2095}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:1504}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4222}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change = {{increase}}1.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13931}}
|percentage = 9.98
|change = {{increase}}5.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:139580}}
|percentage = 52.48
|change = {{increase}}0.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Belsand<ref name="Belsand Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Belsand Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/belsand |access-date=27 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227184831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/belsand |archive-date=27 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Sunita Singh Chauhan
|votes = {{formatnum:33785}}
|percentage = 27.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Md. Nasir Ahamad
|votes = {{formatnum:28210}}
|percentage = 23.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baidyanath Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:11366}}
|percentage = 9.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Angesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:10614}}
|percentage = 8.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6976}}
|percentage = 5.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5480}}
|percentage = 4.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shatrughan Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:5063}}
|percentage = 4.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Ram Sakal Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:3343}}
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bindeshwar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2571}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2481}}
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Khushanandan Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2120}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2005}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Party (Democratic)
|candidate = Chandeshwar Das Chanakya
|votes = {{formatnum:1425}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Usha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1391}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Nirman Party
|candidate = Ramgyan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1176}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vanchitsamaj Insaaf Party
|candidate = Md Noor Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:1140}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1647}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5575}}
|percentage = 4.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:122466}}
|percentage = 52.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|27|N|85|24|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Jodhaiya Bai Baiga

2026-02-07T23:05:27Z

AlejandroQkj: pg

{{Short description|Indian artist (1938 – 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jodhaiya Bai Baiga
| image = Jodhaiya Bai Baiga in 2023.jpg
| caption = Baiga in 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2024|12|15|86}}
| death_place = Lorha, [[Umaria district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = Tribal Art/Paintings
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = Artist
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jodhaiya Bai Baiga''' (1938 – 15 December 2024) was an Indian fine artist. She was [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]] and lived in Lorha village, in [[Umaria district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Paintings of 80-year-old Madhya Pradesh woman on exhibit in Italy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/paintings-of-80-year-old-madhya-pradesh-woman-on-exhibit-in-italy/story-ujxCAOZoSuQiLhR9rlowUJ.html |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Asian News International |date=6 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515124242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/paintings-of-80-year-old-madhya-pradesh-woman-on-exhibit-in-italy/story-ujxCAOZoSuQiLhR9rlowUJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She has two sons and a daughter.<ref name="ML" /> She used to earn money by selling compost, firewood, and nuts from the forest.<ref name="NT">{{cite news |title=ఏడు ప‌దుల వ‌య‌సులో పెయింటింగ్ నేర్చుకుని అవార్డులు అందుకుంటున్న బామ్మ‌ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/zindagi/madhya-pradesh-woman-jodhaiya-bai-baiga-this-80-years-old-woman-have-exiting-new-talent-in-painting-571048 |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=Namasthe Telangana |date=6 May 2022 |language=te |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506093016/https://www.ntnews.com/zindagi/madhya-pradesh-woman-jodhaiya-bai-baiga-this-80-years-old-woman-have-exiting-new-talent-in-painting-571048 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ML">{{cite news |last1=Bhuyan |first1=Avantika |title=What makes Jodhaiya Bai such an exciting new talent at 82 |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/what-makes-jodhaiya-bai-such-an-exciting-new-talent-at-82-111651461575282.html |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=Mintlounge |date=2 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502070150/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/what-makes-jodhaiya-bai-such-an-exciting-new-talent-at-82-111651461575282.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

When she was in her forties, her husband died and she started to paint.<ref name="HT" /> Her artistic style has been compared to that of [[Jangarh Singh Shyam]], who was [[Gondi people|Gond]].<ref name="ML" /> After painting on canvas and paper, she also used other media such as clay, metal, and wood; her grandson made masks which she painted. She was inspired by local Baiga motifs such as the [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]] tree.<ref name="ML" /><ref name="IAF">{{cite news |last1=Crites |first1=Mitch |title=From the heart of India |url=https://indiaartfair.in/from-the-heart-of-india-jodhaiya-bai-baiga |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=India Art Fair |date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518094043/https://indiaartfair.in/from-the-heart-of-india-jodhaiya-bai-baiga |url-status=live }}</ref> Her paintings have been exhibited in Bhopal, [[Delhi]], Milan, and Paris.<ref name="Tatsat">{{cite news |last1=Kainthola |first1=Deepanshu |title=President Presents Nari Shakti Puraskar for the Years 2020, 2021 |url=https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=Tatsat Chronicle Magazine |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309001953/https://tatsatchronicle.com/president-presents-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-the-years-2020-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HT" /><ref name="ML" /> In 2022, she received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in recognition of her achievements.<ref name="Tatsat" /> Subsequently, she was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in Arts by the [[Government of India]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893797 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

Baiga died following a prolonged illness in Lorha, [[Umaria district]], on 15 December 2024, at the age of 86.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/padma-awardee-artist-jodhaiyabai-dies-at-86-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/116345782.cms Padma awardee artist Jodhaiyabai dies at 86 after prolonged illness]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baiga, Jodhaiya Bai}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

{{india-artist-stub}}

Malang (song)

2026-02-04T21:12:01Z

AlejandroQkj: added a page

{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Malang
| cover = Malang (Dhoom 3 Single) - Cover.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Pritam]] feat. [[Siddharth Mahadevan]] and [[Shilpa Rao]]
| album = [[Dhoom 3]]
| language = {{flatlist|
* [[Hindi (language)|Hindi]]
* [[Punjabi (language)|Punjabi]]
* English
* [[Urdu]]
}}
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|12|2}}
| recorded = 2012–2013
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Filmi]]
*[[Single (music)|Soundtrack single]]
*[[Sufi music|Sufi]]
}}
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=33}}
| label = [[YRF Music]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| composer = [[Pritam]]
| lyricist = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer Anjaan]]
| producer = {{flatlist|
* [[Pritam]]
* [[Aditya Chopra]]
* [[YRF Music]]
}}
| misc = {{External music video|1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxoTAvwCr4A "Malang"] on YouTube}}
}}

"'''''Malang'''''" ({{translation|Vagrant or Wanderer}}){{efn|[[Nastaliq]]: {{lang|ur|{{nq|ملنگ}}}}, {{Transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''Malaṉg''}} {{IPA|ur|mələ̃ŋɡ|IPA}}; The word 'malang' has several meanings in different regions, which are sometimes contradictory. Though it is considered to originate from Persia, in Afghanistan it can be used to refer to magicians, beggars, sorcerers and holy men. Author Jonathan L. Lees book, The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901 describes malang as "a religious mystic, often with heterodox or extreme sufi tendencies; a shrine attendant".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C&q=Malang | title=The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901 | publisher=BRILL | author=Jonathan L. Lee | date=1 January 1996 | pages=606| isbn=9004103996 }}</ref> The word's usage in the song is associated with the love of a nomadic nature, and thus "vagrant" has been used here.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollymeaning.com/2012/01/malang-meaning.html | title=Malang meaning | publisher=Bollymeaning.com | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref>}} is the second single released from the 2013 Hindi film ''[[Dhoom 3]]'', which starred [[Aamir Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], and [[Uday Chopra]] and was directed by [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]. The song was composed by [[Pritam]], [[Pritam]] composed for the previous two films of the [[Dhoom (film series)|film series]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2624/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104140134/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2624/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2013 | title=Pritam chooses Dhoom 3 over Ek Tha Tiger | work=Bollywood Hungama News Network | date=15 September 2013 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/170211-Aamir-Khan-Dhoom-3-Dhoom-3-music.htm | title=Aamir Khan to sing in Dhoom 3 | work=Subhash K. Jha | publisher=[[Mid-Day]] | date=17 February 2011 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> with lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer Anjaan]]. It was sung by [[Siddharth Mahadevan]] and [[Shilpa Rao]] and performed on film by Khan and Kaif. The song's performance is represented as part of a stage show. ''Malang'' was released on the [[Music download|digital music]] platform [[iTunes]] on 2 December 2013.<ref name="iTunes release and track listing">{{cite web |title=Malang (From "Dhoom:3") - Single|work=Siddharth Mahadevan, Shilpa Rao, Aditi Singh Sharma & [[Pritam]] |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |date= 2 December 2013|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/malang-from-dhoom-3-single/id768636846|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131216100843/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/malang-from-dhoom-3-single/id768636846|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref> Lyricist Sameer Anjaan has described the song as a "beautiful, pure and sublime [[Sufi music|Sufi love song]]".<ref name="Legal notice, FIR"/>

==Production==
The production for the song reportedly cost {{INR|50 million}} ({{US$|{{To USD|50000000|IND|year=2013|round=yes}}|long=no}})<ref name="mid-air dance and 5 crore"/><ref name="200 acrobats, 5 crore, location of shoot."/><ref name="5 crore">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-after-doing-acrobatic-dance-moves-in-malang-with-katrina-kaif-aamir-khan-tap-dances-solo-for-dhoom-3-1929971 | title=After doing acrobatic dance moves in 'Malang' with Katrina Kaif, Aamir Khan tap dances solo for 'Dhoom:3' | work=DNA Web desk | date=5 December 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="5 crore, 200 dancers, height from ground and nausea of Khan"/><ref name="5 crore, 200 acrobats for 20 days and 2 month set"/><ref name="HT 5c, 200_20 2mnth"/><ref name="5 Cr">{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/malang-song-from-dhoom-3-watch-the-spectacular-first-song-promo_146989.html | title='Malang' song from 'Dhoom 3': Watch the spectacular first song promo | work=Resham Sengar | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=28 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="5 cr, 2month, 200 artists"/><ref name="5 cr, 200, 2 month"/> making it the second [[List of most expensive music videos|most expensive Indian music video]] of all time.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Of The Most Expensive Songs Ever Made In Bollywood |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/movies/hindi/10-expensive-songs-ever-made-bollywood |work=BookMyShow |date=7 February 2018}}</ref> It involved the work of 200 professional acrobats<ref name="mid-air dance and 5 crore"/><ref name="200 acrobats, 5 crore, location of shoot."/><ref name="5 crore, 200 dancers, height from ground and nausea of Khan"/><ref name="5 crore, 200 acrobats for 20 days and 2 month set"/><ref name="HT 5c, 200_20 2mnth"/><ref name="5 cr, 2month, 200 artists"/><ref name="5 cr, 200, 2 month"/> who were flown in from the United States for the song.<ref name="200 acrobats, 5 crore, location of shoot."/><ref name="HT 5c, 200_20 2mnth"/> The shoot, which took twenty days,<ref name="200 acrobats, 5 crore, location of shoot."/><ref name="5 crore, 200 acrobats for 20 days and 2 month set"/><ref name="HT 5c, 200_20 2mnth"/> used a set in Reliance Studios which took 2 months to construct.<ref name="mid-air dance and 5 crore">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dhoom-3-teaser-of-rs5-crore-song-malang-causes-a-buzz-on-youtube-as-katrina-kaif-aamir-khan-up-the-heat-1926343 | title='Dhoom:3': Teaser of Rs5 crore song 'Malang' causes a buzz on YouTube as Katrina Kaif-Aamir Khan up the heat | work=DNA Webdesk | date=28 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="200 acrobats, 5 crore, location of shoot.">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-first-look-of-dhoom-3-song-malang-katrina-kaif-aamir-khan-in-bollywood-s-most-expensive-track-1925768 | title=First look of Dhoom 3 song Malang: Katrina Kaif, Aamir Khan in Bollywood's most expensive track | work=DNA Web Team | date=27 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/dhoom-3-watch-aamir-katrinas-stunning-aerial-act-in-malang-promo_147012.html | title='Dhoom 3': Watch Aamir, Katrina's stunning aerial act in 'Malang' promo | work=Gayatri Sankar | publisher=Zee News | date=29 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="5 crore, 200 acrobats for 20 days and 2 month set">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/malang-song-teaser-from-dhoom-3-starring-aamir-khan-katrina-kaiff-218998-2013-11-27 | title=Teaser: Experience Malang with Aamir Khan and Katrina Kaif in Dhoom 3 | work=India Today | date=28 November 2013 | access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="HT 5c, 200_20 2mnth">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/watch-teaser-aamir-katrina-in-malang-from-dhoom-3/article1-1156653.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129113137/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/watch-teaser-aamir-katrina-in-malang-from-dhoom-3/article1-1156653.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 November 2013 | title=Watch teaser: Aamir, Katrina in Malang from Dhoom:3 | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=28 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="5 cr, 2month, 200 artists">{{cite web | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/aamir-khan-katrina-kaifs-dhoom-3-to-feature-rs.-5-crore-song-malang/1200125 | title=Aamir Khan, Katrina Kaif in Bollywood's most expensive song 'Malang' | work=Sunitra Pacheco | publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] | date=27 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="5 cr, 200, 2 month">{{cite web | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/watch-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif-go-malang-in-dhoom-3/1200717 | title='Dhoom 3': Watch teaser of Aamir Khan, Katrina Kaif in 'Malang' | work=Sarika Sharma | publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] | date=29 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref> [[Cirque du Soleil]] performers were hired to train the two actors in acrobatic performance for a few weeks prior to the shoot, which was done without the use of safety nets or harness.<ref name="Training">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/behind-the-scenes-aamir-katrina-sweat-it-out-for-malang/article1-1158978.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204122338/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/behind-the-scenes-aamir-katrina-sweat-it-out-for-malang/article1-1158978.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 December 2013 | title=Behind the scenes: Aamir-Katrina sweat it out for Malang | work=Hindustan Times | date=4 December 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sneak-peek-malang-from-dhoom-3-news-bollywood-nl2pSwdgadb.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128162758/http://www.sify.com/movies/sneak-peek-malang-from-dhoom-3-news-bollywood-nl2pSwdgadb.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 November 2013 | title=Sneak peek: 'Malang' from Dhoom 3 | website=[[Sify]] | date=28 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref>

The film's choreography required performer Aamir Khan to spin about 60 times in a minute<ref name="5 crore, 200 dancers, height from ground and nausea of Khan"/><ref name="Vertigo"/> at an elevation of 80 feet.<ref name="5 crore, 200 dancers, height from ground and nausea of Khan"/><ref name="Vertigo"/> As a result, Khan suffered from nausea during the filming and had to be put on medication to combat the sensation.<ref name="5 crore, 200 dancers, height from ground and nausea of Khan">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-was-put-on-medication-for-malang/article1-1157034.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130110746/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-was-put-on-medication-for-malang/article1-1157034.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 November 2013 | title=Aamir Khan was put on medication for Malang | work=Shalvi Mangaokar, Hindustan Times | date=29 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Vertigo">{{cite web | url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/dhoom-3s-malang-song-was-shot-despite-aamirs-vertigo/ | title=Dhoom 3's Malang Song Was Shot Despite Aamir's Vertigo | work=Koimoi.com Team | publisher=Koimoi.com | date=29 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5925 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221130429/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5925 | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 December 2013 | title="I was given motion sickness meds during 'Malang'" - Aamir Khan | work=Soumya Anantharaman | publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=20 December 2013 | accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> Los Angeles based airbrush artist Adam Tenenbaum applied Khan's intricate, tattoo-like body paint for the shoot.<ref name="body art wala bath">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-gets-body-art-for-dhoom-3-song-malang-220416-2013-12-10 | title=Aamir Khan gets body art for Dhoom 3 song 'Malang' | work=India Today | date=11 December 2013 | access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=8393&boxid=2367578 | title=Aamir's tattoo is in reality Air-brush body-art. | work=Deblina Ghosh Mukherjee | publisher=Eisamay | date=21 December 2013 | accessdate=22 December 2013 }}</ref> Katrina Kaif's part was choreographed by Shampa Gopikrishna; her sequences took 11 days to shoot.<ref name="Dance moves">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131202/entertainment-bollywood/article/dhoom-3-dance-moves-cost-bomb | title="Dhoom 3": Dance moves that cost a bomb! | work=Priyanka Praveen | date=2 December 2013 | access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

==Music video==
The song was shot in [[Mumbai]]'s Film City.<ref name="Shooting locale">{{cite web | url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/dhoom-3-song-malangs-first-look-revealed-feat-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif/ | title=Dhoom 3 Song Malang's First Look Revealed feat. Aamir Khan, Katrina Kaif | work=Koimoi.com Team | publisher=Koimoi.com | date=25 November 2013 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref>

The music video starts with a picture of Aamir Khan and Katrina Kaif. The shot then moves to center around the logo of the song in front of a platform in the shape of [[Star of David]] or Star of Goloka<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gosai.com/writings/satkona-star-of-david-or-star-of-goloka | title=Satkona - Star of David or Star of Goloka? | work=Swami B.G. Narasingha | publisher=Gosai.com | date=6 February 2009 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> decorated with lights. Credits then display the names of the singers, Siddharth Mahadevan and Shilpa, that of the composer, [[Pritam]], and lastly those of the contributing lyricist [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer Anjaan]].

The performance stage is lighted with small green, yellow and crimson coloured spotlights dotting the black background both horizontally and above the platform. The front of the stage is occupied by a water-body,{{clarify|date=January 2014}} semi-circular structures on two sides flanking the star shaped one in the middle, which holds the performers. An acrobat and a gymnast are at the front of the stage, along with others who are sitting on both sides of the water-body.{{clarify|date=January 2014}} While Sahir (portrayed by [[Aamir Khan]] in the [[Dhoom 3|film]] and music video) is shirtless and in black, Aliya (portrayed on screen by actress [[Katrina Kaif]]) wears a white outfit. Sahir enters the stage performing a [[Somersault|front somersault]] while the stage lights up with [[pyrotechnics]]. Taking hold of an [[aerial silk]], he glides once over the top of the audience whilst holding a torch with his free hand. Aliya enters the stage from above sitting on an [[aerial hoop]] while Sahir dances below, followed by both of them dancing together as well as performing aerobatic stunts in mid air with the support of [[aerial hoop]]s and aerial silk [[Aerial rigging|rigged]] above. The rest of the video consists of pictures of Sahir and Aliya with the lyrics below, interspersed with a few scenes from the film. The video ends with Sahir throwing his [[bowler hat]] towards the screen, which leads to the logo of the film along with the film's release date.{{efn|The synopsis here is for the 4:46-long YouTube video<ref name="Full song with lyrics">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2MSS3gWj0U | title=Malang - Full Song with Lyrics - DHOOM:3 | publisher=YRF YouTube channel | date=5 December 2013 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> released by [[Yash Raj Films]], featuring mostly lyrics. The makers of the film have decided against releasing the full video online, instead releasing only a 30-second promo with the promise that the full song is available only in theatres.<ref name="PS 2">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Dhoom-3-to-only-release-song-teasers-of-30-seconds/movie-review/26420257.cms | title=Dhoom 3 to only release song teasers of 30 seconds | work=TNN | date=26 November 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="promotional strategy">{{cite web | url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/dhoom-3-will-only-reveal-song-teasers-full-songs-reserved-till-release/ | title=Dhoom 3 Will Only Reveal Song Teasers Full Songs Reserved Till Release | work=Koimoi.com Team | publisher=Koimoi.com | date=28 November 2013 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref> Due to similar footage the part-lyrical video has been used.<ref name="30 sec promo">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srMFb6zpx2Y&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PLCB05E03DA939D484 | title=Malang - Song Promo - DHOOM:3 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=28 November 2013 | accessdate=16 December 2013}}</ref>}}

==Critical reception==
Both the film's soundtrack and the ''Malang'' single received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Critic Rajiv Vijayakar, reviewing the single for [[Bollywood Hungama]], praised the song's [[Sufi]] influences and the "full-throated" singing.<ref name="BH Review">{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/542148 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215040843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/542148 | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 December 2013 | title=Dhoom 3: Critic review | work=Rajiv Vijayakar | publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=12 December 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja, reviewing for [[Rediff.com]], described the song as a "love track with a good rhythm" but criticised it for having an uncanny resemblance to another track, titled ''Jhoom Barabar Jhoom'', from a 2007 film of the same name that was also produced by [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref name="Rediff review">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dhoom-3s-soundtrack-is-engaging/20131214.htm | title=Review: Dhoom 3's soundtrack is engaging | work=Joginder Tuteja | publisher=[[Rediff.com]] | date=14 December 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref> Mohar Basu, reviewing for Koimoi.com, stated "this one is a Thumbs up!" acknowledging Rao's vocals, the grandeur of the music video, the lyrics, and the "sprinkling of Pre-modern Balkan music" that he detected in it.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/dhoom-3-music-review/ | title=Dhoom 3 Music Review | work=Mohar Basu | publisher=Koimoi.com | date=11 December 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref>

==FIR filing==
A [[First Information Report]] (FIR) has been filed against Yash Raj Films by the [[Madariyya|Madariyya Sufi]] community on grounds of "hurting their religious sentiments and defaming their tradition."<ref name="Legal notice, FIR">{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2013/dhoom-3-malang-song-trouble-sameer-aamir-katrina-yash-raj-films-127131.html | title=Katrina, Aamir, YRF, Sameer Sent Legal Notice For Dhoom's Malang Song! | work=Smitha | publisher=One India | date=13 December 2013 | access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.koimoi.com/videos/fir-against-dhoom-3s-song-malang/ | title=FIR Against Dhoom 3's Song 'Malang' | work=Koimoi.com Team | publisher=Koimoi.com | date=12 December 2013 | accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref>

==Track listing==
*'''Digital Download'''<ref name="iTunes release and track listing"/>

===Hindi Version===
#"Malang" – 4:36

===Tamil Version===
#"Mayanga" – 4:33<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayanga (From "Dhoom:3 - Tamil") - Single|work= Abhishek Nailwal, Mahalakshmi Iyer & Aditi Singh Sharma & [[Pritam]] |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |date= 2 December 2013|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mayanga-from-dhoom-3-tamil/id776635396|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131216100949/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/mayanga-from-dhoom-3-tamil/id776635396|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>

===Telugu Version===
#"Tarang" – 4:33<ref>{{cite web |title=Tarang (From "Dhoom:3 - Telugu") - Single|work=Abhishek Nailwal, Shilpa Rao, Aditi Singh Sharma & [[Pritam]] |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |date= 2 December 2013|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tarang-from-dhoom-3-telugu/id777447130|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131216101114/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tarang-from-dhoom-3-telugu/id777447130|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{Dhoom series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malang}}
[[Category:Dhoom (franchise)]]
[[Category:2013 songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:2013 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Pritam Chakraborty]]
[[Category:Shilpa Rao songs]]
[[Category:Sufi songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Sameer Anjaan]]

2008 Karnataka-Tamil Nadu alcohol poisonings

2026-02-04T20:41:57Z

AlejandroQkj: slightly fix structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|2008 poisoning incident in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
The '''2008 Karnataka-Tamil Nadu alcohol poisonings''' was an incident in the southern Indian states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in May 2008 in which 180 people reportedly died after consuming illicit liquor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-20/bangalore/27752022_1_spurious-liquor-hooch-tragedy-tamil-nadu-s-krishnagiri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-20/bangalore/27752022_1_spurious-liquor-hooch-tragedy-tamil-nadu-s-krishnagiri |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2013 |title=K'taka, TN hooch toll mounts to 64 |date=20 May 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="india1">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/states/karnataka-hooch-tragedy-toll-mounts-to-156_444250.html |title=Karnataka hooch tragedy toll mounts to 156 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> This incident is considered to be the worst [[List of methanol poisoning incidents|methanol poisoning]] in the country since at least 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/scores-of-hooch-deaths-every-year-in-india/a-5211956 |title=Scores of Hooch Deaths Every Year in India |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=14 July 2009 |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/hooch-tragedies-in-india-148938-2011-12-15 | title=Hooch tragedies in India | work=India Today | date=16 December 2011 | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

== Incident ==
On 18 May 2008, some people from the [[Bangalore Urban]], [[Bangalore Rural]] and [[Kolar district]] in the state of Karnataka and neighbouring [[Krishnagiri district]] in the state of Tamil Nadu, consumed [[moonshine]] (illicit liquor) made with [[camphor]] and tobacco. This drink contained toxic [[methyl alcohol]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/asia/21india.html?_r=0 | title=Poison Moonshine Kills 110 of India's Poor | work=The New York Times | date=21 May 2008 | access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> which initially caused the death of 156 people. Of these, 56 were in urban Bangalore, 27 were in rural Bangalore, 32 were in Kolar, and 41 were in Krishnagiri.<ref name="india1"/> Several people were hospitalised complaining of stomach pain and vomiting. A small number lost their eyesight. The death toll later rose to 180 as hospitalised victims died.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/23/hooch-death-rises-180-karnataka-1211524200.html | title=Hooch death toll rises to 180 in Karnataka | publisher=One India | date=23 May 2008 | access-date=21 October 2013 | archive-date=21 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021131609/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/05/23/hooch-death-rises-180-karnataka-1211524200.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Poor people prefer illicit liquor as it is cheaper than [[Indian Made Foreign Liquor]], which was the main reason for the incident.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/from-slow-poison-to-instant-killer/article1261429.ece | title=From slow poison to instant killer | work=The Hindu | date=20 May 2008 | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta2011">{{cite book|author=Amitava Dasgupta|title=The Science of Drinking: How Alcohol Affects Your Body and Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3qc7aqWt9oC&pg=PA215|date=16 April 2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-0411-9|pages=215–}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Police arrested 52 people for producing and supplying the poisonous liquor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/25/stories/2008052561210300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915043230/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/25/stories/2008052561210300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2011 |title=Karnataka / Bangalore News : Hooch tragedy: eight more arrested |date=25 May 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> After the tragedy, the governments of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu started an awareness campaign to encourage people not to consume illicit liquor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hooch-toll-crosses-40-govt-starts-awareness-campaign/311766/ | title=Hooch toll crosses 40, Govt starts awareness campaign | work=The Indian Express | date=20 May 2008 | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> In Karnataka, the opposition party blamed the then-ruling coalition for the tragedy and stated that decision to ban [[arrack]] was the reason for the incident.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/20/stories/2008052061400400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118170549/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/20/stories/2008052061400400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 November 2008 | title=Hooch tragedy triggers political blame game | date=20 May 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, some political parties demanded reintroduction of [[Prohibition in Tamil Nadu|prohibition]] in the state.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/24/stories/2008052452690400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526075530/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/24/stories/2008052452690400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 May 2008 | title=Hooch tragedy exposes hollowness of prohibition policy | date=24 May 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu government suspended 21 policemen for the incident.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-24/chennai/27746847_1_hooch-tragedy-police-personnel-krishnagiri-district | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021143549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-24/chennai/27746847_1_hooch-tragedy-police-personnel-krishnagiri-district | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 October 2013 | title=TN hooch tragedy: 21 cops suspended | date=24 June 2008 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Bangalore police arrested a kingpin of the illicit liquor network, but the prime supplier committed suicide.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-23/bangalore/27754555_1_illicit-liquor-sounder-hooch | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021143551/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-23/bangalore/27754555_1_illicit-liquor-sounder-hooch | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 October 2013 | title=City police nab hooch lord Sounder in TN | date=23 May 2008 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of alcohol poisonings in India]]
*[[List of methanol poisoning incidents]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:Methanol poisoning incidents]]
[[Category:Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Alcohol in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:May 2008 in India|Karnataka-Tamil Nadu alcohol poisonings]]
[[Category:2008 crimes in India|Karnataka-Tamil Nadu alcohol poisonings]]
[[Category:2000s in Karnataka|Karnataka-Tamil Nadu alcohol poisonings]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu|Karnataka-Tamil Nadu alcohol poisonings]]
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]

Sriranjani Jr.

2026-01-23T12:29:06Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1927–1974)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|02|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Murikipudi, [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|04|27|1927|02|22|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1944{{endash}}1974
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Gunasundari Katha]]'' (1949), ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952)
}}
'''Sriranjani''' (22 February 1927 – 27 April 1974) was an Indian actress active in Telugu and Tamil films. She was the younger sister of [[Sriranjani (Telugu actress)|Sriranjani]].<ref name="I">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/kalasevak/sriranjani.html |title=Sri Ranjani Sisters in Kalasevakulu at Idlebrain.com. |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218191608/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/kalasevak/sriranjani.html |archive-date=18 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is known mainly for her tragedy roles particularly her frequent portrayal of the long-suffering wife.<ref name="I"/>

==Life==
Sriranjani was born in Murikipudi village of [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Her elder sister, Senior Sriranjani was also an actress and is the first Sita of the Telugu screen. Her birth name is Mahalakshmi. She had grown up with her elder sister and developed interest in movies and acting. [[Chitrapu Narayana Murthy]] encouraged her and gave her chance to act in the film ''[[Bhishma]]'' in 1944. She subsequently acted in ''Gollabhama'', ''Brahmachari'', ''Gitanjali'', ''Madalasa'', ''Laila Majnu'' etc., Her life turned brighter as a heroine character in [[Gunasundari Katha]] in 1949, directed by famous [[K. V. Reddy]]. In this film her Gunasundari character established her in the industry. She acted as heroine in the magnum opus ''[[Chandraharam]]''. Though she acted in many films like ''Mantradandam'', ''Sankranthi'', ''Prema'', ''Bratuku Teruvu'', ''Svayamprabha'', ''Ramanjaneya Yuddham'' her best portrayal was the all-time hit of Gunasundari Katha.

In her Tamil film [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] (1952), Sriranjani portrayed the male ideal of virtuous [[Hindu]] womanhood. In the same year, she also starred with MGR in the movie ''Kumari''. Another serious role of Sriranjani was as Chandra (the wife of the hero, a lothario who suffers from leprosy) in ''Ratha Kanneer'', a 1954 Tamil movie. Sriranjani played Rajee in the Tamil film [[Rajee En Kanmani]] (1954).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013250/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/07/24/stories/2009072450411600.htm Rajee En Kanmani 1954 review in the Hindu.]</ref> The film is based on the [[City Lights]] (1931) of [[Charlie Chaplin]].<ref name="I"/>

She retired from films in 1960, but returned for a few guest roles. She died in 1974.

==Partial filmography==
===Telugu===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Bhishma (1944 film)|Bhishma]]'' (1944)
* ''Gruhapravesam'' (1946)
* ''[[Brahma Ratham]]'' (1947)
* ''[[Gollabhama (1947 film)|Gollabhama]]'' (1947)
* ''[[Madalasa (film)|Madalasa]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Gitanjali (1948 film)|Gitanjali]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Gunasundari Katha]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (1949)
* ''Vali Sugriva'' (1950)
* ''[[Mantra Dandam]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Sankranti (1952 film)|Sankranti]]'' (1952)
* ''Rajeswari'' (1952)
* ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]'' (1952)
* ''Manavati'' (1952)
* ''[[Bratuku Teruvu]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|Peddamanushulu]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Amarasandesam]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Chandraharam]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1955 film)|Sri Krishna Tulabharam]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Santhanam (film)|Santhanam]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Uma Sundari]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Penki Pellam]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Preme Daivam]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Vaddante Pelli]]'' (1957) as Gowri
* ''[[Krishna Leelalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Leelalu (1959) |url=https://indiancine.ma/JDP |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1959) as [[Devaki]]
* ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Nenante Nene]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Aggi Meeda Guggilam]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Bhale Thammudu (1969 film)|Bhale Tammudu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Ukku Pidugu]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Ukku Pidugu Telugu Length Movie {{!}} Kaantha Rao {{!}} RajaShree {{!}} Raajanala {{!}} TVNXT Telugu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxqRiyGx-Xw |access-date=13 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> (1969) as Maharani Shanthimathi Devi of Kalinga
* ''[[Raja Simha (1969 film)|Raja Simha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Simha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NOX |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969) as Ratanavali
* ''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1972) as [[Sumitra]]
* ''[[Bhakta Tukaram]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]'' (1973)
* ''Galipatalu'' (1974)
* ''Inti Kodalu'' (1974)
{{colend}}

===Tamil===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumari]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Kaadhal]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Manavathi]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Chandraharam]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Rajee En Kanmani]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Anbe Deivam]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Orey Vazhi]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Thilakam (1960 film)|Thilakam]]'' (1960)
{{colend}}

===Kannada===
* ''[[Premada Putri]]'' (1957)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Luminaries of 20th Century, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, 2005.

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0820270}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]

Cognisable offence

2026-01-22T01:24:18Z

AlejandroQkj: made a data.

{{Short description|Classifications of crime}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

'''Cognisable offence''' and '''non-cognisable offence''' are classifications of crime used in the legal system of [[India]],<ref name="Indian police">{{cite book|author=James Vadackumchery|title=Indian Police and Miscarriage of Justice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sdPHoeMikYC&pg=PA12|accessdate=9 April 2014|date=1 January 1997|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-792-0|page=12}}</ref> [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="intprop bangladesh">{{cite book|author=Sayeed Raas Maswod|title=Intellectual Property Law of Bangladesh in a Nutshell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwOeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|accessdate=9 April 2014|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-64210-6|page=117}}</ref> and [[Pakistan]]. Non-cognisable offences includes misbehaviour, public annoyance etc., while cognisable offences are more serious crimes.

== Definition ==
Generally, cognisable offence means an offence in which a police officer has the authority to make an arrest without a warrant and to start an investigation with or without the permission of a court. By contrast, in the case of a non-cognisable offence, a police officer does not have the authority to make an arrest without a warrant and an investigation cannot be initiated without a court order. The police can file a [[first information report]] (FIR) only for cognisable offences. In cognisable cases police can make an investigation without prior permission of a magistrate. Cognisable cases are more serious than non-cognisable cases.<ref name=fir.pdf>{{cite web|title=What is an FIR?|url=http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/fir.pdf|publisher=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative|accessdate=5 May 2014}}</ref> Normally, serious offences are defined as cognisable and usually carry a sentence of 3 years or more.<ref name="courts police">{{cite book|author=Sunil Goel|title=Courts, Police Authorities & Common Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9z8bslBJv4C&pg=PA117|accessdate=9 April 2014|year=2005|publisher=Sunil Goel|isbn=978-81-907218-0-6|page=117}}</ref>

For a non-cognisable offence, a [[community service register]] is registered instead of a first information report.

== In India ==
In India, crimes like rape and murder are considered cognisable unlike crimes like public nuisance, hurt and mischief.<ref name=fir2.pdf>{{cite web|title=First Information Report (F.I.R)|url=http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/first_information_report.pdf|publisher=[[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]]|accessdate=5 May 2014|author=Doel Mukerjee|author2=Maja}}</ref> In general non-cognisable offences are bailable and placed under the First Schedule of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC).
On 12 November 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] said it was mandatory for the police to register a First Information Report for all complaints in which a cognisable offence has been discovered.<ref name=sc_dis>{{cite news|title=Police can't dodge FIR if cognisable offence is disclosed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/police-cant-dodge-fir-if-cognizable-offence-is-disclosed/article5342930.ece|accessdate=5 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Procedure ===
The Section 154 in the [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]], of India states:
{{blockquote|

# Every information relating to the commission of a cognisable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction, and be read over to the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid, shall be signed by the person giving it, and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf.
# A copy of the information as recorded under sub-section (1) shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant.
# Any person aggrieved by a refusal on the part of an officer in charge of a police station to record the information referred to in sub-section (1) may send the substance of such information, in writing and by post, to the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] concerned who, if satisfied that such information discloses the commission of a cognisable offence, shall either investigate the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by any police officer subordinate to him, in the manner provided by this Code, and such officer shall have all the powers of an officer in charge of the police station in relation to that offence.<ref name="PrakashInstitute2007">{{cite book|author1=Abhinav Prakash|author2=American Law Institute|title=Code of Criminal Procedure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeF2I_nHHNMC&pg=PA88|access-date=5 May 2014|year=2007|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|pages=88–89|id=GGKEY:YAA8ZAH3645}}</ref>}}

== See also ==
* [[Community service register]]
* [[First information report]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Law}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cognizable Offense}}
[[Category:Law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh]]

{{Law-enforcement-stub}}

1964 East Pakistan riots

2025-12-14T07:11:51Z

AlejandroQkj: content fix

{{Short description|Ethnic cleansing of Hindus in East Pakistan (modern-day Bangladesh)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1964 East Pakistan Ethnic Cleansing
| image = Rioters attacking the Dhakeshwari temple - 1964.jpg
| caption = Rioters attacking the [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] in [[Dhaka]]
| location = [[East Pakistan]]
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]], [[Garo people|Garos]]
| date = 2 January 1964 – 28 March 1964
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Massacre]], [[Forced conversion]], [[Plunder]], Arson, [[Kidnapping|Abduction]] and Rape
| perps = [[Bangladesh Ansar|Ansars]], [[East Pakistan Rifles|East-Pakistan Rifles]], [[Muslim]] rioters
| motive = Retaliation for [[1963 Hazratbal Shrine theft]]
| fatalities = 1,000+ (Pakistani government estimate)<ref name="hindu23011964"/>
}}

The '''1964 East Pakistan riots''' refer to the massacre and [[ethnic cleansing]] of [[Bengali Hindu]]s from [[East Pakistan]] in the wake of an alleged theft of what was believed to be the [[Mohammad|Prophet]]'s hair from the [[Hazratbal Shrine, Srinagar|Hazratbal shrine]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in India. The salient feature of the [[pogrom]]s was its urban nature and selective targeting of Bengali Hindu owned industries and merchant establishments in the capital city of [[Dhaka]]. This resulted in unending waves of Bengali Hindu refugees in neighbouring [[West Bengal]]. The refugee rehabilitation became a national problem in India, and hundreds of refugees were resettled in [[Dandakaranya]] region of [[Odisha]] & [[Madhya Pradesh]] (now in [[Chhattisgarh]]).

== Background ==
{{further|1963 Hazratbal Shrine theft}}
On 27 December 1963, the hair of [[Muhammad|the Prophet Muhammad]] reportedly went missing from the [[Hazratbal Shrine]] in [[Srinagar]] in [[Kashmir]]. There were mass protests in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] over the disappearance of the relic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kanth |first1=Idrees |title=The Social and Political Life of a Relic: The Episode of the ''Moi-e- Muqaddas'' Theft in Kashmir, 1963-1964 |journal=Himalaya |date=2018 |volume=38 |issue=2 |page=66 |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss2/10https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss2/10}}</ref> While returning to Islamabad, the President of Pakistan [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]] made a statement at the [[Dhaka]] airport that he won't be responsible for any reaction in [[Pakistan]] in response to the [[Theft of the Holy Relic from the Hazratbal Shrine|Hazratbal incident]].<ref name="baidya84">{{cite book |title=Bangalir Muktiyuddhe Antaraler Sheikh Mujib |last=Baidya |first=Kalidas |year=2005 |publisher=Shankar Karmakar |location=Kolkata |page=84}}</ref> The Pakistan Convention Muslim League declared 'Kashmir Day' on 3 January 1964.<ref name="rt">{{cite journal|last1=Trivedi|first1=Rabindranath|date=23 July 2007|title=The Legacy of the plight of Hindus in Bangladesh – Part-VII: Bengali Muslims Fight Communalism in 1964|journal=Asian Tribune|volume=12|issue=492|publisher=World Institute for Asian Studies|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/6656|access-date=27 August 2013|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331214327/http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node%2F6656|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 4 January 1964, the relic was discovered and the miscreants were arrested.<ref name="kpm48">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=48}}</ref> However, the next day Pakistan Radio described the discovered relic as fake.<ref name="kpm48"/>

== Killings ==
=== Khulna ===
[[Abdus Sabur Khan]], the Communications Minister of Pakistan, had forcibly occupied 30 [[bigha]]s of land from one Rupchand Biswas, a Hindu landowner from Matikhali in 1960 and erected a three-storeyed building in it. Rupchand Biswas instituted a case against Khan which the latter lost. The court decreed Abdus Sabur Khan to pay 135,000 rupees. He approached Biswas for an out of the court settlement which he refused.<ref name="kpm53">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=53}}</ref> In the meanwhile, Majid Mian, the nominee of Abdus Sabur Khan lost in the district council elections.<ref name="kpm52">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=52}}</ref> After the loss, Khan and his party members including the Chairman of Chamkuri Union Board held the Hindus responsible for the defeat and began to threaten them with dire consequences. During this time the Hazratbal incident took place. Khan used the opportunity to teach the Hindus a lesson.

On 2 January 1964, the Hindus were not allowed to wear shoes, use umbrellas or ride a rickshaw as a mark of mourning for the loss of relic.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In the afternoon, processions in [[Khulna]] mourning the loss of relic, went around the town shouting "Kill the Hindus".<ref name="kpm56">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=56}}</ref> At around 4 pm, attacks on Hindus started.<ref name="kpm58">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=58}}</ref> After 4 hours of mayhem, curfew was imposed in Khulna at 8 pm.<ref name="kpm58"/> 3 January was declared as "Kashmir Day" by the Pakistan Convention Muslim League. A general strike was declared in Khulna. Abdus Sabur Khan addressed a huge gathering at Daulatpur industrial area in the outskirts of Khulna. Thousands of Muslims, mostly Biharis, armed with deadly weapons assembled at Daulatpur to listen to Khan. Khan delivered a rabidly anti-Hindu and anti-India speech, where he described the Hazratbal incident as a Hindu conspiracy. Immediately after the meeting, a 20,000 strong Muslim crowd spread out in the neighbouring localities of Senhati, Maheshwarpasha, Pabla, Chandani Mal and Daulatpur and began to loot Hindu properties and set them on fire. Many Hindus were killed or brutally assaulted. A section of the mob marched towards Khulna, disrupting rail and road traffic reaching the town at sunset. For the next four days an orgy of loot, arson, murder, rape and abduction continued in Khulna. The violence against the Hindus were led by the Muslim workers of Khulna Shipyard, Dada Co., [[M. M. Ispahani Limited|Ispahani Co.]], and Kata Co. Soleman, the Chairman of Loppur Union supplied the attackers with firearms. About 200–300 [[Bengali Hindu]]s were massacred at the Khulna Launch Ghat by [[Muslim]] marauders.<ref name="sgd">{{cite book |title=Empire's Last Casualty: Indian Subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other Minorities |last=Ghosh Dastidar |first=Sachi |year=2008 |publisher=Firma KLM |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-7102-151-2 |page=170}}</ref> All the villages along the road from Khulna to Chalna were destroyed.<ref name="skb95">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=95}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=The book is highly partisan, not at all objective. It gets basic facts like the month and year of the theft of the relic wrong.|date=June 2024}} On 4 January, the violence spread to Mongla.<ref name="kpm56"/> An estimated 300 Hindus were either killed or injured at [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]] port.<ref name="skb95" />

Abdus Sabur Khan addressed three more meetings at [[Rampal Upazila|Rampal]]. Leaflets were distributed, warning of terrible riots in Pakistan and annihilation of the Hindus. The Hindus were warned to leave Pakistan immediately.<ref name="kpm54">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=54}}</ref> At Loppur Bazar, he addressed another gathering, where he said that he would make shoes out of Hindu skin, torn from their back. Once the violence escalated, Khan became occupied with the marriage of his niece and refused every plea to intervene to end the violence. The marriage was attended by [[Abdul Monem Khan]] (the Governor of East Pakistan) and [[Kazi Abdul Kader]] (member of the National Assembly and East Pakistani Minister of Food and Agriculture).<ref>{{cite news|title=none|date=6 January 1964|work=The Morning News}}</ref><ref name="kpm57">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=57}}</ref>

=== Dhaka ===
On 13 January, a meeting was held at the [[Bangabandhu National Stadium|Dhaka stadium]] regarding the Hazratbal incident.<ref name="kpm66">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=66}}</ref> On 14 and 15 January, Hindu passengers in the mail trains arriving at Dhaka from [[Chittagong]] and [[Sirajganj]] was asked to get down at [[Tongi]] and [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]]. Those who refused to get down were slaughtered.<ref name="skb102"/><ref name="kpm50">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=50}}</ref> On 15 January, a Muslim mob arrived at 20 [[Nawabpur Road]], entered the house and struck off the head of the priest and desecrated the images of [[Radha Krishna]]. Four male members of the house were killed.<ref name="skb101"/> The Das Studio on Nawabpur Road was looted and burnt to ashes.<ref name="skb105">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=105}}</ref>

On the night of 15 January, Hindu homes in Nagarkhanpur were attacked and looted.<ref name="kpm61"/> On 15 January, the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] at Tikatuli was burnt. Three buildings, seven huts, one temple, one charitable hospital, one library and one students' hostel were completely destroyed.<ref name="skb96"/> Two Hindus were stabbed to death.<ref name="kpm68">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=68}}</ref> After the Hazratbal incident, the Hindu students hostel of [[Buet|East Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology]] were pelted with stones every night.<ref name="troy">{{cite book |title=My People, Uprooted: A Saga of the Hindus of Eastern Bengal |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |author-link=Tathagata Roy |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |pages=220–221}}</ref> The Muslim students owing allegiance to the Jamaat-e-Islami began to call the Hindu students Indian spies.<ref name="troy"/>

On 16 January, Krishna De (of Central Bank), Pran Kumar De (of United Industrial Bank), and another Hindu employee of Baroda Bank were fleeing in a car after hiding in the bank premises for two days. Their car was stopped and they were murdered.<ref name="skb101"/> The F.M.E School, public library, Vivekananda Physical Club and the Hiralal Lohia Charitable Hospital at Hiralal Sewagram were burnt.<ref name="kpm62"/> Truckloads of dead bodies were brought to the hospitals from where they were sent to the burial grounds. Hundreds of Hindus were buried with military escorts. Even the identified bodies were not returned to their relatives.<ref name="skb103"/> In [[Rayer Bazaar|Rayerbazar]], the Kumbhakars were attacked by the Bihari Muslims from [[Mohammadpur Thana|Mohammadpur.]]<ref name="kk30102010">{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/print_edition/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=30-10-2010&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=327&cat_id=3&menu_id=82&news_type_id=1&index=7 |script-title=bn:রায়েরবাজারের পালপাড়া এখন শুধু নামেই |last=Das |first=Swapan Kumar |date=30 October 2010 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=29 August 2013 |location=Dhaka |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125752/http://www.kalerkantho.com/print_edition/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=30-10-2010&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=327&cat_id=3&menu_id=82&news_type_id=1&index=7 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Each and every house were set on fire. 96 [[Bengali Hindus]] were killed in the massacre.<ref name="kk30102010"/> Many women were raped and many young girls were abducted.<ref name="kk30102010"/> The locality was ethnically cleansed of Bengali Hindus and renamed to Zafrabad.<ref name="pa16112012">{{cite news |url=http://us.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2013-03-22/news/305819 |script-title=bn:প্রতিমা ভাঙেনি, ভেঙেছে আস্থা ও বিশ্বাস |last=Ahmed |first=Mahiuddin |date=16 November 2012 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=29 August 2013 |location=Dhaka |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829191326/http://us.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2013-03-22/news/305819 |archive-date=29 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bani Bhaban, a Hindu boy's hostel at Ishwar Das Lane, was broken into and completely looted. The boys escaped and took shelter in a relief camp.<ref name="kpm68"/> Nari Shiksha Mandir was attacked, where Abani Guha Roy, the head clerk was killed and Jagajiban Bose, a senior teacher was stabbed.<ref name="kpm68"/> In localities like Tikatuli and Wari, the walls were painted with slogans like ''Kill Hindus'', ''Hindu Marwari Maro'', etc.<ref name="kpm70">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=70}}</ref> On 18 January, the 24-hour curfew was imposed, with troops patrolling the streets. The curfew was later extended till 8 am on 19 January.<ref name="st19011964">{{cite news |url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Issue/straitstimes19640119-1.aspx |title=Dacca: Troops Bring Peace |date=19 January 1964 |work=The Straits Times |access-date=29 August 2013 |location=Singapore}}</ref>

Hundreds of villages all around Dhaka city were burnt to ashes.<ref name="skb101"/> On 18 January, ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' reported that 95% of the ruined houses belong to the Hindus in old Dhaka and about 100,000 Hindus were rendered homeless in Dhaka city.<ref>{{cite news |title=none |location=Dhaka |newspaper=The Daily Ittefaq |date=18 January 1964}}</ref> On 23 January, ''[[The Hindu]]'', quoting the Pakistan authorities, reported that around 1,000 persons were killed in communal violence in Dhaka over the previous week.<ref name="hindu23011964">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/this-day-that-age-dated-january-23-1964/article5607686.ece |title=1,000 Killed in Riots |date=23 January 1964 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 August 2014 |location=Madras |archive-date=29 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129172412/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/this-day-that-age-dated-january-23-1964/article5607686.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> However, an American Peace Corps nurse stated that on 21 January there were 600 dead in [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]] alone.<ref name="hindu23011964"/>

=== Narayanganj ===
Karim, the General Manager of the [[Adamjee Group]] declared a holiday in the Adamjee Jute Mills on 13 and 14 January and spread a rumour that his brother had been killed in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="kpm62">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=62}}</ref> On the night of 13 January, the workers of the Adamjee Jute Mills attacked the Hindu quarters, mostly inhabited by the workers of Dhakeshwari Cotton Mills No. 2 and set the Hindu houses on fire. Satyen Roy, the Manager of Dhakeshwari Cotton Mill No. 2 called Sunil Bose, the managing director at 3 am and reported that the mill was on fire and asked for police and military.<ref name="kpm60">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=60}}</ref> Early in the morning at about 5 AM, 20,000 workers of Adamjee Jute Mills broke into the compound of Dhakeshwari Cotton Mills No. 2 and resorted to indiscriminate looting, arson and murder. More than 700 Hindus, men, women and children were massacred. Several women were abducted.<ref name="kpm64">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=64}}</ref> At about 7 AM about 2,000 to 3,000 Hindu men, women and children rushed to the compound of Lakshminarayan Cotton Mills for safety. The mill was stopped and the workers rushed outside and closed the gates. Thousands of Hindus had assembled outside the gates, seeking shelter and the gates had to be opened to let them in. By 9 AM around 10,000 Hindus had taken shelter in the compound. Soon after a 2,000 strong Muslim mob armed with lathis and iron rods broke in and launched a severe assault on the hapless people in which three persons died and about a dozen were injured.<ref name="kpm60"/>

The house of Kshetranath Ghosh was attacked and looted. His family took shelter inside the mills.<ref name="kpm61"/> The police arrived at 4 PM and provided a protection of 20 policemen. Within half an hour there was another attack in the outer compound in which one worker was killed.<ref name="kpm60"/> By the evening about 25,000 Hindus taken shelter in the compound of Lakshminarayan Cotton Mills.<ref name="kpm61">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=61}}</ref> The Hindus who took refuge in the mill premises were without food for four days till 20 January.<ref name="kpm62"/> Professor Richard Novak of [[Notre Dame College (Dhaka)|Notre Dame College]] went to Narayanganj to take photographs of mass violence. He was stabbed to death at Lakhadgola, near the Adarsha Cotton Mills.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Day My Brother Was Murdered |last=Novak |first=Michael |url=http://spectator.org/archives/2008/12/24/the-day-my-brother-was-murdere |newspaper=The American Spectator |date=December 2008 – January 2009 |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210143051/http://spectator.org/archives/2008/12/24/the-day-my-brother-was-murdere |archive-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 14 January, Gosthabihari Saha, a well known businessman of [[Narayanganj]] was killed and his printing press Satyasadhana was looted and set on fire.<ref name="skb101">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=101}}</ref> In the village of Panchasar, the miscreants killed Renubala Pain along with her two children and Shobharani Basu along with her two daughters.<ref name="skb101"/> In the village of Narasinghi, 350 Hindu houses were burnt down. One Bimala Sundari Pal was ruthlessly killed.<ref name="skb99">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=99}}</ref> Sixteen members of the family of Barada Prasad Ray, the Union Board President of Maiman village were killed.<ref name="skb103"/> All the houses in the Hindu village of Murapara and burnt. Seventeen women were burnt to death.<ref name="skb99"/> In the village of Bhulta about 250 Hindus were mercilessly killed and seventeen burnt alive.<ref name="skb100">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=100}}</ref>

On 17 February, 623 Hindus were killed in Golakandail Union Council in Rupganj in the Narayanganj sub-division. Some Muslim hooligans attacked Haran Ghosh's house at Ghoshpara, Narsingdi and set fire to it. Thereafter they looted and set fire to all the houses at Ghoshpara, Mudakpara(Kuripara), Baulpara, Paittalpara. Hooligans could not cross C & B road to enter other densely populated Hindu areas surrounding Narsingdi bazar as Muslims, mainly from Tekpara, resisted hooligans. People from disturbed villages took shelter at Narsingdi College building and some privately arranged houses under the care of some influential Muslims. In the Narayanganj sub-division alone about 3,500 Hindus were killed, 300 Hindu women were abducted, 31,000 Hindu dwellings were destroyed as a result of which 80,000 Hindus from 151 villages were rendered homeless.<ref name="skb96">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=96}}</ref>

=== Rajshahi ===
All the Hindu villagers in the village of Mainam near Nagaon in Rajshahi district, except two little girls were massacred.<ref name="troy"/> Anti-Hindu violence took place in Durusha, where the Santhals were targeted. In Darsa village under Paba police station 5,000 people were killed. Thousands non-Muslims are taken shelter in a school but brutally it was burnt. And they have buried by digging like pond with banana trees. The riot occurred while DC of Rajshahi was PN Aziz and all Hindus are killed with burnt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofbangladesh.org/index.php/congregations/deaneries/rajshahi|title=Rajshahi Deanery|publisher=Church of Bangladesh|access-date=27 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719181009/http://www.churchofbangladesh.org/index.php/congregations/deaneries/rajshahi|archive-date=19 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Sylhet ===
In Sylhet, the Hindus were forced to close their shops during [[Ramadan]] and [[kirtan]] was prohibited for 24 hours.<ref name="skb95"/> In the 35 odd [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]]s of Sylhet, the Hindu workers were pressed to convert to [[Islam]]. They were asked to take beef in lieu of mutton. On the day of [[Eid ul-Fitr]], Basudev Sharma, who was considered a [[guru]] by thousands of Hindu workers, was forced to take beef.<ref name="skb103">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=103}}</ref>

=== Mymensingh ===
Lands belonging to [[Garo people|Garo]] and [[Hajong people|Hajong]] people were grabbed in [[Nalitabari Upazila|Nalitabari]], [[Kalmakanda Upazila|Kalmakanda]], [[Durgapur Upazila, Netrokona|Durgapur]], [[Haluaghat Upazila|Haluaghat]] and [[Sreebardi Upazila|Sreebardi]] areas of the then [[Mymensingh]] district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commercialpressuresonland.org/press/bangladesh-indigenous-leaders-demand-land-commission-restoration-their-dispossessed-lands|title=Bangladesh: Indigenous Leaders Demand Land Commission For Restoration of Their Dispossessed Lands in Greater Mymensigh Area|work=Commercial Pressures on Land|publisher=International Land Coalition|access-date=1 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901134217/http://www.commercialpressuresonland.org/press/bangladesh-indigenous-leaders-demand-land-commission-restoration-their-dispossessed-lands|archive-date=1 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Repressive measures ==
On 12 January 1964, the East Pakistan government promulgated the East Pakistan Disturbed Persons (Rehabilitation) Ordinance (I of 1964), that prohibited the sale of immovable property by any Hindu. When the exodus started, the Hindus had no other option but to leave their properties and flee to India. Their assets were subsequently misappropriated by vested quarters of the Muslim leadership. The ordinance was challenged at the Dhaka High Court by Chittaranjan Sutar, where the government of East Pakistan lost the case.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Debojyoti|title=Keno Udbastu Hote Holo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fNltwAACAAJ|edition=Revised 2nd|year=2005|publisher=Vivekananda Sahitya Kendra|location=Kolkata|language=bn|page=60|access-date=10 September 2021|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207171256/https://books.google.com/books?id=1fNltwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Manoranjan Dhar]], an advocate of Dhaka High Court, former Finance Minister of East Pakistan and General Secretary of Pakistan National Congress was arrested from his residence in Mymensingh. [[Pulin De]], a professor, former member of East Pakistan legislative assembly and Secretary of [[Pakistan Socialist Party]] was arrested from Dhalghat in Chittagong.

=== Press censorship ===
The press reports were heavily censored in Pakistan. Photography was prohibited.<ref name="skb91">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=91}}</ref> The Pakistan government imposed censorship on ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' and ''Pakistan Observer'' for their unbiased reporting. In protest five dailies of East Pakistan stopped publication.<ref name="skb101"/> When [[Reuters]] reported that over 1,000 people had been killed in Dhaka alone, Pakistan government lodged an immediate protest.<ref name="skb102">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=102}}</ref>

== Exodus ==
[[File:1964 Hindu refugees.jpg|thumb|200px|Hindu refugees from East Pakistan on their way to [[Kolkata]].]]
[[File:Hindu Refugees at Sealdah 1964.jpg|thumb|Hindu Refugees reaching Kolkata after 1964 Khulna riots]]
Thousands of Hindus arrived in India as refugees. Everyday about 5,000 to 6,000 Hindus queued up in front of the Indian embassy in Dhaka to emigrate to India. But only 300 to 400 used to get the permit.<ref name="baidya91">{{cite book |title=Bangalir Muktiyuddhe Antaraler Sheikh Mujib |last=Baidya |first=Kalidas |year=2005 |publisher=Shankar Karmakar |location=Kolkata |page=91}}</ref> As a result of this migration, [[Khulna]], the only Hindu-majority district in East Pakistan became a Muslim-majority district.<ref name="sgd"/>
Large scale influx of Hindu refugees occurred in [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] as a result of the oppression on the Indian chitmahals within East Pakistan by the [[East Pakistan Rifles]].<ref name="skb95"/> On 2 March, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' reported that thousands of Hindus eager to emigrate to India are stranded in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |title=none |location=Toronto |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=2 March 1964 }}</ref> According to Indian authorities, an estimated 135,000 Bengali Hindu refugees had arrived in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="nyt05041964">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/05/moslemhindu-violence-flares-again.html|title=Moslem-Hindu Violence Flares Again|last=Brady|first=Thomas F.|date=5 April 1964|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 August 2014|location=New York|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091106/http://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/05/moslemhindu-violence-flares-again.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, many of the remaining Hindu residents of Panamnagar left for India.<ref name="ahmed2006">{{cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Iftekhar|year=2006|title=A Participatory Approach to Conservation: Working With Community To Save The Cultural Heritage of Panamnagar|journal=BRAC University Journal|location=Dhaka|volume=3|issue=2|page=26|url=http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/bitstream/handle/10361/568/vol%203%20No.%202.4.pdf?sequence=1|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085334/http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/bitstream/handle/10361/568/vol%203%20No.%202.4.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Eviction of tribals ===
[[File:Garo refugees.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[Garo people|Garo]] refugees from [[East Pakistan]] in [[Garo Hills]], Assam, India.]]
More than 75,000 refugees, of which about 35,000 were Christians, from East Pakistan arrived into [[Assam]] within one and half months since the genocide began. The refugees, mostly [[Garo people|Garos]], [[Hajong people|Hajongs]] and Dalus from Mymensingh took refuge in [[Garo Hills]] in Assam, now in [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="skb108">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=108}}</ref> [[The Observer]] reported that 12 provisional camps have been set up at [[Tura, India|Tura]] in the Garo Hills for the 50,000 refugees.<ref name="skb108"/> Lakshmi Menon, the Deputy Foreign Minister of India stated at the [[Lok Sabha]] that a column of 1,000 refugees from Mymensingh had been fired at by the East Pakistan Rifles, while they were crossing over to India.<ref name="skb114">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=114}}</ref> By 28 March, around 78,000 tribal refugees had migrated from Mymensingh District in East Pakistan to present day Meghalaya in India.<ref name="nyt05041964"/>

The forced migration of the tribal people, especially Christian tribal created a lot of stir in the international community.<ref name="nyt05041964"/> Realizing the consequences, the Pakistan government made an effort to woo the tribal people back home. The district administration of Mymensingh appealed to the refugees to return. The Archbishop of Dhaka met President Ayub Khan and wrote a letter appealing to the tribal refugees to come back home.<ref name="nyt05041964"/> The Indian authorities announced the appeal of the Pakistan government and the Archbishop of Dhaka to the refugees in the camps and offered them free transportation to the border. The tribal refugees rejected the appeal and declined to go back to Pakistan.<ref name="nyt05041964"/>

=== Relief and rehabilitation in India ===
In India, the refugees were provided relief in temporary relief camps in Assam, West Bengal and Tripura. Later they were provided rehabilitation in different parts of India. 6,000 Chakmas were provided shelter at a relief camp in [[Silchar]].<ref name="kpm50"/> 12 provisional camps were set up at Tura in Garo Hills to provide relief to around 50,000 Garos and other tribals from East Pakistan.<ref name="skb109">{{cite book |title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh |last=Bhattacharyya |first=S.K. |year=1987 |publisher=A. Ghosh |location=Houston |isbn=0-9611614-3-4 |page=109}}</ref>

== Relief measures in Pakistan ==
In the afternoon of 15 January 1964, around 300 Bengali Hindus of neighbouring area, including women and children took refuge in the house of Swadesh Nag at Hemendra Das Road in Sutrapur, Dhaka. Nag arranged for a meal of rice and lentils for the refugees. Next day, the Government of East Pakistan began shifting the Hindu minorities from the disturbed areas of Dhaka in government trucks into the compound of Dhaka Court. Soon, the court premises were packed to capacity. On 17 January, the government shift many refugees to Jagannath College, where a relief camp had been opened. At the Jagannath College, there were around 7,000 to 10,000 refugees. However, there were no arrangement for latrines. As a result, the condition of the camp soon became unhygienic.<ref name="kpm47">{{cite book|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Kali Prasad|title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India|year=2007|publisher=Reference Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8405-034-9|page=47}}</ref> The Bengali Hindus of Tantibazar and Shankharibazar fed the refugees at the camp for two days with khichuri.<ref name="kpm47"/> All together 25 relief camps were opened in Dhaka,<ref name="skb106">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=S.K.|title=Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh|year=1987|publisher=A. Ghosh|location=Houston|isbn=0-9611614-3-4|page=106}}</ref> out of which only one was run by the Government and the rest by private Hindu organizations. A relief camp was opened at [[Jagannath Hall]] of Dhaka University where 800 people including three legislators of the East Pakistan assembly took shelter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jagannathhallaa.co.uk/services/|title=Jagannath Hall – Background|last=Halder|first=Dhirendra Nath|publisher=Jagannath Hall Alumni Association UK|access-date=1 September 2013|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103230330/http://jagannathhallaa.co.uk/services/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to local newspapers there were around 50,000 to 80,000 Hindus in the 20 relief camps by last week of January.<ref name="nyt24011964">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/24/riots-arouse-moslem-shame.html?_r=0|title=Riots Arouse Moslem Shame|last=Nevard|first=Jacques|date=24 January 1964|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 August 2014|location=New York|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819092829/http://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/24/riots-arouse-moslem-shame.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> By 28 March the situation had calmed.

The violence against the minority Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan put a section of the educated Muslims to shame.<ref name="nyt24011964"/> During this time, some Muslim leaders of East Pakistan like Ataur Rahaman Khan, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], Mamud Ali, Zalur Hossain and Tofazzal Hossain visited the refugee camps.<ref name="kpm47"/>

== Depiction in culture ==
[[Amitav Ghosh]]'s 1988 English novel, [[The Shadow Lines]], has the riots as the underlying theme. Across Borders by Shuvashree Ghosh also has the riots as the underlying theme. ''Chhimchhangar Duta Par'', a 1965 [[Assamese language|Assamese]] novel by Umakanta Sharma has the persecution and subsequent exodus of Garos from East Pakistan during the riots as the central theme.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} ''[[Chitra Nodir Pare|Chitra Nadir Pare]]'', a 1999 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film by Bangladeshi filmmaker [[Tanvir Mokammel]], has the riots in the backdrop.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Srideep |date=June 2022 |title=Mangled Homes, Tangled Homeland: Religion and Gender in Tanvir Mokammel's Chitra Nadir Pare |journal=BioScope |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1177/09749276221100280|s2cid=249631876 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Persecution of Hindus#Bangladesh|Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh]]
* [[Freedom of religion in Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Religious persecution}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East-Pakistan riots, 1964}}
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on Hindu temples in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pogroms]]
[[Category:Religious riots in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1964 in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:1964 riots]]
[[Category:January 1964 in Asia]]
[[Category:February 1964 in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1964]]
[[Category:Looting in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on hospitals in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on libraries]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1964]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1964 fires]]
[[Category:1960s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Hospital arson attacks]]
[[Category:Arson in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Murder in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in Dhaka]]
[[Category:School arson fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Commercial building fires in Asia]]

Eroticism

2025-12-08T18:09:24Z

AlejandroQkj: small refined page per standard format and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Quality that causes sexual feelings}}
[[File:2_Erotic_Kama_statues_of_Khajuraho_Hindu_Temple_de_Lakshmana_Khajurâho_India_2013.jpg|thumb|Erotic ''[[Kama]]'' statues at the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho Temple]], India; the image portrays in the centre a female and male entwined in [[maithuna]], whilst at each side a gazing male and female [[masturbate]].]]'''Eroticism''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἔρως}}'' ([[eros (concept)|{{grc-transl|ἔρως}}]])|love, desire||[[-ism]]}}) is a quality that causes [[human sexuality|sexual]] feelings,<ref name=merriam>{{cite Merriam-Webster|eroticism |access-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> as well as a philosophical contemplation concerning the [[aesthetic]]s of [[sexual desire]], sensuality, and [[romantic love]]. That quality may be found in any form of [[Erotic art|artwork]], including [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[Erotic photography|photography]], [[drama]], [[erotic film|film]], [[music]], or [[erotic literature|literature]]. It may also be found in [[Sex in advertising|advertising]]. The term may also refer to a state of [[sexual arousal]]<ref name=merriam /> or anticipation of such – an insistent sexual [[impulse (psychology)|impulse]], [[libido|desire]], or pattern of thoughts.

As French novelist [[Honoré de Balzac]] stated, eroticism is dependent not just upon an individual's [[Sexual ethics|sexual morality]], but also the culture and time in which an individual resides.<ref>Balzac, "The Physiology of Marriage" (1826), trans. Sharon Marcus (1997), Aphorism XXVI, 65</ref><ref>Grande, L., "Laws and Attitudes towards Homosexuality from Antiquity to the Modern Era", Ponte 43:4-5 (1987), pp. 122-129</ref><ref>Gauthier, Albert, "La sodomie dans le droit canonique medieval" in L'Erotisme au Moyen Age: Etudes presentees au IIe Colloque de l'Institut d'Etudes Medievales, 3-4 Avril 1976, ed. Roy, Bruno (Montreal: Ed. Aurore, 1977), pp. 109-122</ref>

==Definitions==
Because the nature of what is erotic is fluid,<ref>Evans, David T., Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1993)</ref> early definitions of the term attempted to conceive eroticism as some form of sensual or romantic love or as the human sex drive ([[libido]]); for example, the ''Encyclopédie'' of 1755 states that the erotic "is an epithet which is applied to everything with a connection to the love of the sexes; one employs it particularly to characterize...a dissoluteness, an excess".<ref>''Encyclopédie'' (1755), quoted in Lynn Hunt ed., ''Eroticism and the Body Politic'' (London 1991) p. 90</ref> Libertine literature such as those by [[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester]] evoked eroticism to the readers.{{How|date=November 2024}}<ref name="Mudge 2017 p. 8">{{cite book | last=Mudge | first=B.K. | title=The Cambridge Companion to Erotic Literature | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Companions to Literature | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-107-18407-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB4xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 | access-date=2023-05-11 | page=8}}</ref>

Because eroticism is wholly dependent on the viewer's culture and personal tastes pertaining to what, exactly, defines the erotic,<ref>Foster. Jeannette H., Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative Survey 2nd ed., (New York: Vantage Press, 1956) (repr. Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975)</ref><ref>Weinberg, M., & A. Bell, Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography, (New York: 1972)</ref> critics have often{{how often|date=June 2018}} confused eroticism with [[pornography]], with [[anti-pornography]] activist [[Andrea Dworkin]] saying, "Erotica is simply high-class pornography; better produced, better conceived, better executed, better packaged, designed for a better class of consumer."<ref>{{cite book |title=Pornography: Men Possessing Women |last=Dworkin |first=Andrea |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-399-12619-2 |pages=39|publisher=Putnam }}</ref> This confusion, as [[Lynn Hunt]] writes, "demonstrate[s] the difficulty of drawing... a clear generic demarcation between the erotic and the pornographic": "the history of the separation of pornography from eroticism... remains to be written".<ref>Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., ''Eroticism'' p. 4</ref>

[[Audre Lorde]] recognises eroticism and pornography as “two diametrically opposed uses of the sexual”, defining the erotic as “a measure between the beginnings of our sense of self and the chaos of our strongest feelings.”<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lorde |first=Audre |title=Your silence will not protect you |date=2017 |publisher=Silver Press |isbn=978-0-9957162-2-3 |location=UK |pages=22–25 |oclc=1006460992}}</ref> In her 1978 essay, ''Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power'', Lorde identifies the erotic as a source of creative power that is deeply rooted in a spiritual plane of unrecognised or unexpressed feeling and sensation.

==Psychoanalytical approach==
[[File:Psyche et LAmour.jpg|thumb|''Psyche and Love'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]] (1889)]]
Influenced by [[Sigmund Freud]],<ref>Dollimore, Jonathan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0tPsXaDicusC&pg=PA105 Sexual Dissidence: Augusutine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault] (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), 105-8. Clarendon Press, 1991. {{ISBN|9780198112693}}</ref> [[Psychoanalysis|psychotherapists]] have turned to Greek philosophy for an understanding of eros' heightened [[aesthetic]].<ref>Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 13</ref> For [[Plato]], [[Eros (mythology)|Eros]] takes an almost [[transcendent (philosophy)|transcendent]] manifestation when the subject seeks to go beyond itself and form a communion with the object/other: "the true order of going...to the things of love, is to use the beauties of earth as steps...to all fair forms, and from fair forms to fair actions, and from fair actions to fair notions, until from fair notions he arrives at the notion of absolute beauty".<ref>''The Symposium'', in Benjamin Jowett trans., ''The Essential Plato'' (1871/1999), 746. However, Jowett's Victorian-era translation has asserted a reading of Plato that tends toward the physical-sex-less (e.g. the current sense of a ''platonic'' relationship), compared to later scholars from Walter Pater through Michel Foucault, to the present. See Adam Lee, ''The Platonism of Walter Pater: Embodied Equity'' (Oxford University Press, 2020). {{ISBN|9780192588135}}; and, again, Dollimore (1991).</ref>

==French philosophy==
Modern French conceptions of eroticism can be traced to the [[Age of Enlightenment]],<ref>Coward, D.A., "Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of European Studies 10, pp. 236 ff. {{doi|10.1177/004724418001004001}}</ref> when "in the eighteenth century, dictionaries defined the erotic as that which concerned love...eroticism was the intrusion into the public sphere of something that was at base private".<ref>Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., ''Eroticism'' p. 3 and p. 5</ref> This theme of intrusion or transgression was taken up in the twentieth century by the French philosopher [[Georges Bataille]], who argued that eroticism performs a function of dissolving boundaries between human subjectivity and humanity, a transgression that dissolves the rational world but is always temporary,<ref>L'érotisme, by Georges Bataille, Paris (1957: UK publication 1962) {{ISBN|978-2-7073-0253-3}}</ref> as well as that, "Desire in eroticism is the desire that triumphs over the taboo. It presupposes man in conflict with himself".<ref>George Bataille, ''Eroticism'' (Penguin 2001) p. 256</ref> For Bataille, as well as many French theorists, "Eroticism, unlike simple sexual activity, is a psychological quest...eroticism is assenting to life even in death".<ref>Bataille, ''Eroticism'' p. 11</ref>

==Non-heterosexual==
{{Globalize section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Gustave_Courbet_-_Le_Sommeil_(1866),_Paris,_Petit_Palais.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|{{Lang|fr|[[Le Sommeil]]}} (''The Sleepers'') by [[Gustave Courbet]] (1866)]]
[[Queer theory]] and [[LGBTQ studies]] consider the concept from a [[non-heterosexual]] perspective, viewing psychoanalytical and modernist views of eroticism as both archaic<ref>Morton, Donald, ed., The Material Queer: A LesBiGay Cultural Studies Reader, (Boulder CO: Westview, 1996)</ref> and [[Heterosexism|heterosexist]],<ref>Cohen, Ed, Talk on the Wilde Side: Towards a Genealogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1999)</ref> written primarily by and for a "handful of elite, heterosexual, bourgeois men"<ref>Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. {{"'}}Black Gay Male' Discourse: Reading Race and Sexuality Between the Lines". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:3 (1993): 468-90.</ref> who "mistook their own repressed sexual proclivities"<ref>Aries, Philippe & Andre Bejin, eds., Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985; orig. pub. as Sexualities Occidentales, Paris: Editions du Seuil/Communications, 1982)</ref> as the norm.<ref>Bullough, Vern L., "Homosexuality and the Medical Model", Journal of Homosexuality 1:6 (1975), pp. 99-110 {{doi|10.1300/J082v01n01_08}}</ref>

Theorists like [[Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick]],<ref>from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=PaNdHqo-9wIC&pg=PA45 The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader], (New York: Routledge: 1993) Eve Kosofsky Sedgewick: Epistemology of the closet, 45</ref> [[Gayle S. Rubin]]<ref>from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=PaNdHqo-9wIC&pg=PA3 The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader], (New York: Routledge: 1993) Gayle S. Rubin: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality, 3</ref> and [[Marilyn Frye]]<ref>from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=PaNdHqo-9wIC&pg=PA91 The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader], (New York: Routledge: 1993) Marilyn Frye: Some reflections on separatism and power, 91</ref> all write extensively about eroticism from a heterosexual, [[lesbian]] and [[separatist]] point of view, respectively, seeing eroticism as both a political force<ref>Marshall, John, "Pansies, Perverts and Macho Men: Changing Conceptions of Male Homosexuality", in Kenneth Plummer, ed., The Making of the Modern Homosexual, (London: Hutchinson, 1981), 133-54</ref> and cultural critique<ref>Fone, Byrne R.S., "Some Notes Toward a History of Gay People", The Advocate no. 259 (Jan 25, 1979), pp. 17-19 & no. 260 (Feb 28, 1979), pp. 11-13</ref> for marginalized groups, or as [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] summarized: "Eroticism has its own moral justification because it says that pleasure is enough for me; it is a statement of the individual's sovereignty".<ref>Mangan, J. A. "Men, Masculinity, and Sexuality: Some Recent Literature". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:2 (1992): 303-13</ref>

[[Audre Lorde]], a lesbian Caribbean-American writer and outspoken [[Feminism|feminist]], called [[The Erotic|the erotic]] a source of power specifically identified with the female, often corrupted or distorted by oppression, since it poses the challenge of change. "For women, this has meant a suppression of the erotic as a considered source of power and information within our lives".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorde |first1=Audre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OixDJLFjycsC&pg=PA53 |title=Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches |last2=Clarke |first2=Cheryl |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58091-186-3 |location=New York |pages=53 |orig-date=1984}}</ref> In "The Uses of the Erotic" within ''[[Sister Outsider]]'', she discusses how the erotic comes from the sharing of joy, "whether physical, emotional, psychic, or intellectual" and provides the basis on which understanding provides a foundation for acknowledging difference.<ref name=":0" /> Lorde suggests that if we suppress the erotic rather than recognize its presence, it takes on a different form. Rather than enjoying and sharing with one another, it becomes objectifying, which she says translates into abuse as we attempt to hide and suppress our experiences.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sister Outsider|last = Lorde|first = Audre|publisher = Ten Speed Press|year = 2007|location = NY|pages = 53–58|chapter = Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic As Power (1984)}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Beauty]]
* [[Erogenous zone]]
* [[Eros (love)|Eros]]
* [[Erotic art]]
* [[Erotica]]
* [[History of erotic depictions]]
* [[History of nude art]]
* [[Homoeroticism]]
* [[Limit-experience]]
* [[Nudity]]
* [[Pin-up girl]]
* [[Pornography]]
* [[Romantic love|Romance]]
* [[Sexual intercourse]]
* [[Sex-positive movement]]
{{div col end}}
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aesthetics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Human sexuality]]
[[Category:Concepts in aesthetics]]
[[Category:Pornography]]
[[Category:Video]]

Lambhua Assembly constituency

2025-11-20T17:29:25Z

AlejandroQkj: added article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lambhua
| map_image = 190-Lambhua.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 190
| established = 2012
| mla = [[Sitaram Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 3,69,085
}}
'''Lambhua''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] comprising [[Lambhua tehsil]], in [[Sultanpur district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Lambhua is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur bidhan Sabha constituency]]. Since 2003, this assembly constituency is numbered 190 amongst 403 constituencies. It had its first election in 2012 and its current representative is [[Sitaram Verma]] of the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Santosh Pandey (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Devmani Dwivedi]]<ref name=results2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Sitaram Verma]]<ref name=results2022/>
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lambhua<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sitaram Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:82999}}
|percentage = 39.37
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Santosh Pandey (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Santosh Pandey]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73466}}
|percentage = 34.85
|change = {{increase}}11.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Avansh Kumar Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:42119}}
|percentage = 19.98
|change = {{decrease}}12.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Islam
|votes = {{formatnum:2548}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vinay Vikram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1930}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1686}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = {{decrease}}0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9533}}
|percentage = 4.52
|change = {{decrease}}1.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210835}}
|percentage = 57.12
|change = {{decrease}}0.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Devmani Dwivedi won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Vinod Singh by a margin of 12,903 votes.<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Lambhu<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deomani Dwivedi
|votes = {{formatnum:78627}}
|percentage = 38.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:65724}}
|percentage = 32.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Santosh Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:47633}}
|percentage = 23.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1785}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12903}}
|percentage = 6.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201692}}
|percentage = 57.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.14|82.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sultanpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

National Highway 48 (India)

2025-11-20T06:32:17Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{short description|National highway in India}}
{{redirect|NH-48|the old NH-48 (Now renumbered NH 75)|National Highway 75 (India)}}
{{For|the old National Highway 40|National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)}}
{{maplink|display=title|text=Route map|type=line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 48
| length_km = 2807
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|43}}{{Jct|country=IND|AH|45}}{{Jct|country=IND|AH|47}}
| image = NH 48 between Hubli and Belgaum..jpg
| image_notes = A stretch of NH 48 in 2016
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=2
|id=Q28178832|title=National Highway 48|zoom = 4|frame-lat=20.2|frame-long=76.38
|text= Map of NH48 in red}}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Delhi]]
| terminus_b = [[Chennai]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 47
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]]
| next_route = 49
| states = [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 48''' (NH 48) is a major [[National highways of India|National Highway]] of [[India]] that starts at [[Delhi]] and terminates at [[Chennai]], traversing through seven [[States and union territories of India|states of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://roadnow.in/e/national-highway-48-NH48|title=National Highway 48 (NH48) Travel Guide - Roadnow|last=Roadnow|website=roadnow.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-17|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817202424/http://roadnow.in/e/national-highway-48-NH48|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a total length of 2807 km (1744 miles).<ref name=":0" /> NH 48 passes through the states of [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0" /> The stretch between Pune and Bengaluru was known as P.B. Road in olden days.

Its stretch from Delhi to [[Mumbai]] was earlier designated as '''[[National Highway 8 (India, old numbering)|NH 8]],''' and the stretch between Mumbai and Chennai was designated, '''[[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH 4]]''' before all the national highways were [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|renumbered]] in the year 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-highway-numbers-to-change-stretches-to-be-longer/articleshow/5585374.cms|title=National highway numbers to change, stretches to be longer - Times of India|date=2010-02-18|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219094949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-highway-numbers-to-change-stretches-to-be-longer/articleshow/5585374.cms|archive-date=2010-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:shaamanur.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Signboard on National Highway 48, showing directions for [[Shamanur]] and [[Davangere]] City]]
The NH 48 passes through these important cities and towns that are given below:
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Gurugram]]
* [[Rewari]]
* [[Behror]]
* [[Kotputli]]
* [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]]
* [[Jaipur]]
* [[Ajmer]]
* [[Bhilwara]]
* [[Udaipur]]
* [[Himatnagar]]
*[[Gandhinagar]]
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Kheda]]
* [[Nadiad]]
* [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
* [[Vadodara]]
* [[Bharuch]]
*[[Ankleshwar]]
* [[Surat]]
* [[Navsari]]
* [[Valsad]]
* [[Pardi]]
*[[Vapi]]
*[[Palghar]]
* [[Vasai-Virar]]
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[Thane]]
*[[Navi Mumbai]]
*[[Lonavala]]
*[[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad]]
* [[Pune]]
* [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
*[[Karad]]
*[[Uran Islampur]]
* [[Kolhapur]]
* [[Kagal]]
*[[Nipani]]
*[[Sankeshwar, Karnataka|Sankeshwar]]
* [[Belgaum]]
*[[Kittur]]
*[[Dharwad]]
* [[Hubli]]
* [[Haveri]]
*[[Ranebennuru]]
* [[Davanagere]]
* [[Chitradurga]]
*[[Hiriyur]]
*[[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]
* [[Tumkur]]
*[[Dobbaspet]]
*[[Nelamangala]]
* [[Bangalore]]
*[[Electronic City]]
*[[Attibele]]
* [[Hosur]]
* [[Krishnagiri]]
*[[Vaniyambadi]]
* [[Ambur]]
* [[Pallikonda]]
* [[Vellore]]
*[[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]]
* [[Ranipet]]
*[[Walajapet]]
* [[Kanchipuram]]
* [[Sriperumbudur]]
* [[Chennai]]

==Junction list==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
;Delhi
: Terminal at Delhi with Rao Tula Marg.

;Haryana
: [[National Highway 148A (India)|NH-148A]] at IFFCO Chowk, Gurugram
: {{jct|NH|248A|country=IND}} near [[Gurgaon]]
: [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] - [[Cloverleaf interchange]] near [[Manesar]]
: {{jct|NH|919|country=IND}} - [[Interchange (road)|Interchange]] near [[Dharuhera]]
: {{jct|NH|352|country=IND}} Interchange near Malhawas, Rewari

;Rajasthan
[[File:Jaipur-Ajmer Road.JPG|thumb|NH 48 in Rajasthan]]
: {{jct|NH|148B|country=IND}} near Kotputli at [[Behror]]
: {{jct|NH|248A|country=IND}} near Sahpura
: {{jct|NH|148|country=IND}} near Manoharpur
: {{jct|NH|248|country=IND}} near [[Chandwaji]]
: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} near Jaipur bypass
: {{jct|NH|21|country=IND}} near Hirapura
: {{jct|NH|248|country=IND}} near Hirapura
: {{jct|NH|448|country=IND}} interchange near [[Kishangarh]]
: {{jct|NH|448|country=IND}} interchange near [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]]
: {{jct|NH|148D|country=IND}} near [[Gulabpura]]
: {{jct|NH|158|country=IND}} near Mandal
: {{jct|NH|758|country=IND}} near [[Bhilwara]]
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} interchange near [[Chittorgarh]]
: {{jct|NH|162|country=IND}} near Bhatewar
: {{jct|NH|58|country=IND}} near [[Udaipur]]
: {{jct|NH|927A|country=IND}} near [[Kherwara Chhaoni]]

;Gujarat
[[File:Cable bridge of Bharuch.jpg|thumb|Cable bridge on NH48 across [[Narmada River]] near Bharuch]]
: {{jct|NH|58|country=IND}} near [[Himatnagar]] (58EXT)
: {{jct|NH|68|country=IND}} near [[Prantij]] (68EXT)
: {{jct|NH|147|country=IND}} [[Roundabout]] near [[Chiloda (Naroda)|Chiloda]]
: [[Sardar Patel Ring Road]] at Ranasan Circle, [[Naroda]], Ahmedabad
: {{jct|NH|47|country=IND}} near [[Kheda]]
: {{jct|NH|47|country=IND}} near [[Nadiad]]
: {{jct|NH|47|country=IND}} near Ahmedabad
: {{jct|NE|1|country=IND}} Interchange near Ahmedabad
: {{jct|NH|64|country=IND}} near [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
: {{jct|NE|1|country=IND}} Interchange near [[Vadodara]]
: {{jct|NH|148M|country=IND}} near Vadodara
: {{jct|NH|53|country=IND}} near Palsana, [[Surat]]
: {{jct|NH|360|country=IND}} near Chikli
: {{jct|NH|848|country=IND}} near [[Pardi]]
: {{jct|NH|56|country=IND}} near [[Vapi]]
: {{jct|NH|848A|country=IND}} near Bhilad

;Maharashtra
[[File:New katraj tunnel (3).JPG|thumb|[[New Katraj Tunnel]] on NH48 near Pune]]
: {{jct|NH|160|country=IND}} near [[Thane]]
: {{jct|NH|848A|country=IND}} near [[Talasari]]
: {{jct|NH|160A|country=IND}} near Manor
: {{jct|NH|848|country=IND}} near Thane 
: [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]] near [[Kalamboli]]
: {{jct|NH|548|country=IND}} near Kalamboli
: {{jct|NH|348|country=IND}} near Palspe
: {{jct|NH|66|country=IND}} near [[Panvel]]
: Mumbai–Pune Expressway Interchange near Arivali village
: {{jct|NH|548A|country=IND}} near Chowk Gaon
: Mumbai–Pune Expressway Interchange near Kusgaon
: {{jct|NH|548D|country=IND}} near [[Talegaon Dabhade]]
: {{jct|NH|65|country=IND}} near [[Dehu Road]], Pune
: Mumbai–Pune Expressway Dehu Road Interchange (Terminal point of MPE)
: {{jct|NH|753F|country=IND}} near Pune
: {{jct|NH|548DD|country=IND}} near Pune
: {{jct|NH|60|country=IND}} near [[New Katraj Tunnel]], Pune
: {{jct|NH|965DD|country=IND}} near [[Shirwal]]
: {{jct|NH|965D|country=IND}} near Wade Phata, [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
: {{jct|NH|548C|country=IND}} near Satara
: {{jct|NH|166E|country=IND}} near [[Karad]]
: {{jct|NH|166H|country=IND}} near [[Peth Islampur]]
: {{jct|NH|166|country=IND}} near [[Kolhapur]]
: {{jct|NH|166G|country=IND}} near Kolhapur

;Karnataka
[[File:NH 4 National Highway Karnataka India.jpg|thumb|NH 48 in Karnataka]]
[[File:NBTPL-Variable-Board.jpg|thumb|Variable message board at [[Nelamangala]]]]
: {{jct|NH|548H|country=IND}} near [[Sankeshwar, Karnataka|Sankeshwar]]
: {{jct|NH|160|country=IND}} near Sankeshwar - Gotur
: {{jct|NH|748|country=IND}} near [[Belgaum]]
: {{jct|NH|67|country=IND}} near [[Dharwad]]
: {{jct|NH|67|country=IND}} Interchange near [[Hubli]]
: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} Interchange near Hubli
: {{jct|NH|766E|country=IND}} near [[Haveri]]
: {{jct|NH|766C|country=IND}} near [[Ranebennuru|Ranibennuru]]
: {{jct|NH|369|country=IND}} near [[Chitradurga]]
: {{jct|NH|50|country=IND}} near Chitradurga
: {{jct|NH|150A|country=IND}} near [[Hiriyur]]
: {{jct|NH|69|country=IND}} near [[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]
: {{jct|NH|544E|country=IND}} near Sira
: {{jct|NH|73|country=IND}} near [[Tumkur]]
: {{jct|NH|648|country=IND}} near [[Dobbaspet]]
: {{jct|NH|75|country=IND}} near [[Nelamangala]]
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near [[Bangalore]]
: {{jct|NH|948|country=IND}} near Bangalore
: [[Bangalore–Mysore Infrastructure Corridor|NICE Road]] Interchange near [[Electronic City]]

;Tamil Nadu
[[File:NH4 at Sriperumbudur.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of NH48 at [[Sriperumbudur]]]]
[[File:NH48 in dusk.jpg|thumb|Section of NH 48 near [[Kanchipuram]] during dusk]]
: {{jct|NH|844|country=IND}} near [[Hosur]]
: {{jct|NH|77|country=IND}} near [[Krishnagiri]]
: {{jct|NH|179A|country=IND}} near [[Vaniyambadi]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} near [[Pallikonda]]
: {{jct|NH|75|country=IND}} near [[Vellore]]
: {{jct|NH|40|country=IND}} near [[Ranipet]]
: {{jct|NH|132B|country=IND}} near Kanchipuram
: {{jct|NH|16|country=IND}} Terminal near Chennai

==Map with spur routes==
{{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=500|frame-height=500|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=2
|id=Q28178832|title=National Highway 48|zoom = 5|frame-lat=20.3|frame-long=76.38
|text= Map of NH48 in '''red''', [[spur route]]s in '''blue'''
|type2=line|id2=Q6973143|stroke-width2=2|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2= NH148
|type3=line|id3=Q47256677|stroke-width3=2|stroke-colour3=#0000ff|title3= NH148B
|type4=line|id4=Q55473618|stroke-width4=2|stroke-colour4=#0000ff|title4= NH148D
|type5=line|id5=Q25212375|stroke-width5=2|stroke-colour5=#0000ff|title5= NH248
|type6=line|id6=Q55473642|stroke-width6=2|stroke-colour6=#0000ff|title6= NH248A
|type7=line|id7=Q25212376|stroke-width7=2|stroke-colour7=#0000ff|title7= NH348
|type8=line|id8=Q55497244|stroke-width8=2|stroke-colour8=#0000ff|title8= NH348A
|type9=line|id9=Q25212374|stroke-width9=2|stroke-colour9=#0000ff|title9= NH448
|type10=line|id10=Q25212373|stroke-width10=2|stroke-colour10=#0000ff|title10= NH548
|type11=line|id11=Q56242192|stroke-width11=2|stroke-colour11=#0000ff|title11= NH548A
|type12=line|id12=Q56242178|stroke-width12=2|stroke-colour12=#0000ff|title12= NH548B
|type13=line|id13=Q56242171|stroke-width13=2|stroke-colour13=#0000ff|title13= NH548C
|type14=line|id14=Q56257070|stroke-width14=2|stroke-colour14=#0000ff|title14= NH548CC
|type15=line|id15=Q56242196|stroke-width15=2|stroke-colour15=#0000ff|title15= NH548D
|type16=line|id16=Q56242203|stroke-width16=2|stroke-colour16=#0000ff|title16= NH548E
|type17=line|id17=Q25212372|stroke-width17=2|stroke-colour17=#0000ff|title17= NH648
|type18=line|id18=Q25207400|stroke-width18=2|stroke-colour18=#0000ff|title18= NH748
|type19=line|id19=Q55966358|stroke-width19=2|stroke-colour19=#0000ff|title19= NH848
|type20=line|id20=Q55406430|stroke-width20=2|stroke-colour20=#0000ff|title20= NH848A
|type21=line|id21=Q55473661|stroke-width21=2|stroke-colour21=#0000ff|title21= NH848B
|type22=line|id22=Q25203940|stroke-width22=2|stroke-colour22=#0000ff|title22= NH948
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[National Highway 169 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 66 (India)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11564460 NH 48 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}
{{AHN}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Highway 48}}
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Delhi]]
[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National highways in Gujarat]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]
[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]

Annaamalai (soundtrack)

2025-10-23T15:37:06Z

AlejandroQkj:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Short description|1992 soundtrack album to Annaamalai by Deva}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Annaamalai
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cover = Annaamalai soundtrack.jpg
| caption = Cassette cover
| released = {{start date|1992|5|8|df=y}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=28|s=43}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| prev_title = [[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]
| prev_year = 1991
| next_title = [[Surieyan]]
| next_year = 1992
}}

'''''Annaamalai''''' is the [[soundtrack album]], composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]], for the [[Annaamalai|1992 Tamil film of the same name]], starring [[Rajinikanth]] and directed by [[Suresh Krissna]]. It marks the beginning of a collaboration between Rajinikanth and Deva, replacing [[Ilaiyaraaja]], who was the norm composer for Rajinikanth's films. The soundtrack was released on 8 May 1992,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p_9ipxmqq4 |title=Legendary K.Balachander's speech at Annamalai's Audio Launch |date=15 September 2018 |last=Kavithalayaa |author-link=Kavithalayaa Productions |time=2:12 |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027235209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p_9ipxmqq4 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> under [[Lahari Music]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annamalai (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001968 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117024856/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001968 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=8 March 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annamalai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/annamalai/1sm6jY5EXz8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716035202/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/annamalai/1sm6jY5EXz8_ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

== Development ==
''Annaamalai'' marked Deva's first collaboration with Rajinikanth. [[K. Balachander]], the film's producer, chose Deva as the composer, due to a misunderstanding with his usual composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Rajinikanth and Krissna were initially worried with the choice of Deva.{{Sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|pp=29–30}} When Krissna met Deva, he had already composed the title song "Annaamalai Annaamalai" when [[Vasanth]] was the director.{{Sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|page=30}} The song, which is a duet number, sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[K. S. Chithra]], is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Mohanam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 July 2017 |title=Composer Deva: the monarch of Gaana music |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-deva-talks-about-tweaking-ragas-and-understanding-film-music-in-his-journey-from-composer-to-singer/article19316698.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181030035929/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-deva-talks-about-tweaking-ragas-and-understanding-film-music-in-his-journey-from-composer-to-singer/article19316698.ece |archive-date=30 October 2018}}</ref>

"Vanthenda Paalkaaran" was inspired by "Neenaarigadayo Ele Manava", a [[Kannada]] poem by G. V. Iyer which Rajinikanth had suggested; the poem talked about cows as deities, useful to humans in many ways. Vairamuthu grasped the core of the poem and embellished it further, adding an element of contrast between the ever-giving cow and selfish humans who only take from other beings. He also inserted a few ingenious words to boost Rajinikanth's image as a "mass hero" of the Tamils, such as "Ennai Vaazha Vaithadhu Tamizh Paalu" (It is the milk of love from you Tamils that has given me life).{{Sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|pp=31–32}} The song's tune is based on the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] folk song "[[Mi Dolkara Daryacha Raja]]" released in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=20 November 2018 |title=The Kannada And Marathi Roots Of Rajinikanth's First Hero Introduction Song |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/the-kannada-and-marathi-roots-of-rajinikanths-first-hero-introduction-song |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120104341/https://www.filmcompanion.in/the-kannada-and-marathi-roots-of-rajinikanths-first-hero-introduction-song/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

"Kondayil Thazham Poo" was written as a "peppy piece" to differentiate from the "soft and more melodic" title song. Krissna was irked by the lines "Koodaiyil Enna Poo? Khushbu" (What is the name of the flower in your basket? Khushbu) and "Veerathil Mannan Nee, Vetriyil Kannan Nee, Endrumae Raja Nee, Rajini" (You are always a brave and victorious king, oh, Rajini) because of the obvious references to the actors who were not playing themselves, but the rest of the crew liked them, so they were retained.{{sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|pp=42–43}} Vairamuthu revealed that Rajinikanth wanted his name included in the lyrics after hearing Khushbu's name being uttered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2025 |title=குஷ்பூ பேரு வருதே... என் பேரு வருமா? வைரமுத்துவிடம் விளையாட்டாக கேட்ட ரஜினிகாந்த்: இந்த ஹிட் பாட்டு அவருக்குதான்! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vairamuthu-on-annamalai-movie-kondayil-thaazham-poo-song-writing-tamil-news-9502931 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/5ggHX |archive-date=2025-10-23 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref>

After Deva composed the tune for "Oru Pennpura" and recited it to the crew, beginning with a "sober strain" and following it with a "mellifluous faster pace", Vairamuthu hesitated to write the lyrics, despite liking the tune. He said, "It's lovely, but the latter part of the [[Pallavi]] takes off rapidly. I can't spoil the beauty of the tune by filling it up with flippant phrases, and I'll end up doing exactly that if the tune has such short notes". After Krissna and Deva were unsuccessful in convincing Vairamuthu to write the song, Rajinikanth succeeded, and Krissna was impressed with the lyrics Vairamuthu wrote.{{sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|pp=44–45}} According to Krissna, the story of ''Annaamalai'' is not about how the title character becomes wealthy, but what happens afterwards. To depict how he becomes wealthy, the nearly five-minute song "Vetri Nichayam", which is a montage showing Annaamalai's rise to power over the course of several years, was conceived.{{Sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|p=|pp=53–54}}<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha">{{Cite news |last1=Krissna |first1=Suresh |author-link=Suresh Krissna |last2=Suganth |first2=M. |date=27 June 2017 |title=Without Annamalai, there wouldn't be Baashha |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/without-annamalai-there-wouldnt-be-baashha/articleshow/59322761.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/without-annamalai-there-wouldnt-be-baashha/articleshow/59322761.cms |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>

The film did not originally call for a duet number picturised on Annaamalai and Subbu in their old age. Balachander felt the film was becoming too grim and that a duet number would bring levity to the situation. Though Rajinikanth objected when Krissna suggested this, Balachander convinced Krissna that audiences would not see it as an intrusion; this resulted in the song "Rekkai Katti Parakudhu" being conceived.{{sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|pp=38–40}} Balachander wanted to compose the song within a day so that shooting of the film being completed. With an orchestra of 40 musicians with 25 violins, Deva composed that song in 20 minutes and finished the recording that afternoon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாண்டியராஜன் |first=மா. |date=23 October 2019 |title='' 'வாங்க உட்காருங்க' லாஜிக் சொன்னேன்; 'ரா ரா ராமையா' பாட்டு உருவாச்சு!'' - இசையமைப்பாளர் தேவா |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-music-director-deva |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201830/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-music-director-deva |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The theme song, which does not appear on the soundtrack and plays during the Super Star graphic title card,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=24 June 2018 |title=How Tamil composer Deva rolled out the hits: 'A film song should immediately register with people' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/883765/how-tamil-composer-deva-churned-out-the-hits-a-film-song-should-immediately-register-with-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190906054743/https://scroll.in/reel/883765/how-tamil-composer-deva-churned-out-the-hits-a-film-song-should-immediately-register-with-people |archive-date=6 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> was inspired by the [[James Bond Theme]].{{Sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|p=89}}

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| length3 = 4:41
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title6 = Rekkai Katti Parakudhu
| length5 = 5:13
| extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title5 = Oru Pen Pura
| length4 = 4:14
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title4 = Vetri Nichayam
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title3 = Kondayil Thaazham Poo
| length2 = 4:58
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Annaamalai Annaamalai
| length1 = 5:06
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title1 = Vanthenda Paalkaran
| total_length =
| length6 = 4:23
}}

== Reception ==
Lalitha Dileep of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Lyricist Vairamuthu and music director Deva share the honours in elevating the musical score of the film, with S. P. Balasubramaniam and Chitra adding their mite".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dileep |first=Lalitha |date=3 July 1992 |title=Soul-mates forever |url=https://news.google.co.in/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920703&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' criticised three of the songs for slowing the film's pace, but appreciated the background score.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=11 July 1992 |title=Revenge storyline getting too stale |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PqRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2717%2C247623 |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=13 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Deva adapted the song "Oru Penpura" as "Sangathiye" for Kannada film ''[[Kadamba (2004 film)|Kadamba]]'' (2004) also directed by Suresh Krishna. This version was rendered by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title="அஜித்தைப் பாட வைக்க முயற்சி செய்தேன்!" |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/exclusive-interview-with-music-director-deva |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210807073910/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/exclusive-interview-with-music-director-deva |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Krissna |first1=Suresh |title=My Days with Baasha: The Rajnikanth Phenomenon |last2=Rangarajan |first2=Malathi |publisher=Westland |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-8162-629-0 |author-link=Suresh Krissna}}

[[Category:1992 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Soundtracks by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Pandav Falls

2025-08-14T23:38:36Z

AlejandroQkj: general reworked formatting and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Waterfall in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Pandav Falls
| photo = Pandav Falls.jpg
| photo_caption = Natural running water falls at Panna District, Madhya Pradesh.
| location = [[Panna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|24.731|80.067|display=title,inline}}
| elevation =
| type =
| height = {{convert|30|m}}
| height_longest =
| average_width =
| number_drops =
| average_flow =
| watercourse =
}}

The '''Pandav Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] in the [[Panna district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=panna>{{cite web|url =http://panna.nic.in/# | title =Panna – a city of diamonds | work=Tourism - Falls & Views | first= | last= |publisher =Panna district administration | accessdate = 2010-07-02 }}</ref>

About {{convert|30|m}} high,<ref name=panna/> it is located on a tributary of the [[Ken River]], as it plunges over the falls to join it.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.vacationsindia.com/madhya-pradesh/khajuraho.html | title =Khajuraho | work= | first= | last= |publisher = Vacations India | accessdate = 2010-07-15 }}</ref> Pandav Falls is located {{convert|12|km}} from [[Panna, India|Panna]]<ref name="panna" /> and {{convert|35|km}} from [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aravindgj.blogspot.com/2009/12/mp-trip-raneh-and-pandav-falls.html|title=MP trip: Raneh and Pandav falls|last=|first=|work=|publisher=Treks and travels|accessdate=2010-07-02}}</ref> close to [[Raneh Falls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamike.com/india/madhya-pradesh-f36/raneh-falls-ken-ghariyal-park-or-pandava-falla-panna-national-park-t98711/|title=Raneh falls/Ken Ghariyal Park or Pandava falla/Panna national Park|last=|first=|work=|publisher=indiamike.com|accessdate=2010-07-15}}</ref>

The falls are named after the legendary [[Pandava]] brothers of the epic poem [[Mahabharata]], who supposedly visited this area. Remains of caves and shrines that commemorate this legend can be seen around the pool below.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.mustseeindia.com/Panna-Pandav-Caves-and-Falls/attraction/11790 | title = Pandav Caves and Falls, Panna | work= | first= | last= |publisher =must see India | accessdate = 2010-07-02 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panna district]]

Catherine Falls

2025-05-21T11:35:23Z

AlejandroQkj: small add references per standard format further and added references

{{short description|Waterfall in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Coord|11.384636|76.854765|region:IN-TN_type:waterbody|display=title}}
[[File:Catherine Falls view from Dolphin's Nose.jpg|thumb|right|Catherine's Falls from Dolphin's Nose|300px]]
'''Catherine Falls''' is a double-cascaded [[waterfall]] located in [[Kotagiri]], [[The Nilgiris District]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a major tourist spot, located on the Mettupalayam road branching off at [[Aravenu]]. The upper fall drops to the floor, and is the second-highest in the [[Nilgiri Mountains]]. The waters from the upper stream of the [[Kallar River]] are crossed by the Mettupalayam-Ooty road beyond the mountains in the southwest. The combined height of both falls is about {{convert|250|ft|m|order=flip}}.

It has been generally claimed that Catherine Falls is named after the wife of [[M.D. Cockburn]], who is said to have introduced [[coffee]] plantations to Kotagiri, however the name St. Catherine's Falls was in use even in 1852 while Catherine Jane Cockburn née Lascelles died in 1879.<ref>{{cite book| url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47993514|page=7 | title=
Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis :or figures of Indian plants. Volume 5| year=1852| author=Wight, Robert }}</ref> The native name of Catherine Falls is Geddhehaada Halla, meaning "Foothills Dale River". The entire waterfall can clearly be seen from the top of [[Dolphin's Nose, Coonoor|Dolphin's Nose]]. It is also possible to take a road to the top of the falls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitindia.org.in/tamil%20nadu/kotagiri.html|title=Kotagiri|publisher=visitindia.org.in|accessdate=Sep 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/Kotagiri.htm|title=Kotagiri|publisher=www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in|accessdate=Sep 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092559/http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/Kotagiri.htm|archivedate=2011-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadu-tourism.com/tamilnadu-hill-stations/kotagiri.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203103046/http://www.tamilnadu-tourism.com/tamilnadu-hill-stations/kotagiri.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Discover the enchanting hills|publisher=tamilnadu-tourism.com|accessdate=Sep 27, 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]
* [[Kotagiri]]
* [[Kodanad View Point]]
* [[Rangaswamy Peak and Pillar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Catherine Falls}}

{{Tourism in The Nilgiris}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district]]

{{Nilgiris-geo-stub}}
{{Waterfall-stub}}

Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni

2025-05-12T11:22:20Z

AlejandroQkj: slightly enhance references based on references and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian research scientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni
| nationality =
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (2020)
| fields = [[Chemical Engineering]]
| workplaces = [[National Chemical Laboratory]]
}}
'''Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni''' (born 1976)<ref name="d">{{cite journal |last1=Noël |first1=Timothy |title=Meet The Flow Chemist – Dr. Amol A. Kulkarni |journal=Journal of Flow Chemistry |publisher=Springer Nature |pages=471–474 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s41981-020-00110-9 |date=1 September 2020|volume=10 |issue=3 |s2cid=221510973 |doi-access=free }}</ref> is an Indian research scientist at [[National Chemical Laboratory]], [[Pune]].<ref name="a">{{cite web |title=CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Faculty |url=http://academic.ncl.res.in/aa.kulkarni |website=academic.ncl.res.in |publisher=[[National Chemical Laboratory]] |accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref> He earned his PhD from the [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[Mumbai]] in [[chemical engineering]].<ref name="b">{{cite web |title=Amol A. Kulkarni |url=https://www.aiche.org/community/bio/amol-kulkarni |website=www.aiche.org |publisher=[[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]] |accessdate=22 October 2020 |language=en |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> His research expertise includes design and development of [[microreactors]].<ref name="a"/>

He helped with the establishment of the first-of-its-kind microreactor laboratory in India. He has also successfully developed the first-ever scalable continuous process for silver nanowires.<ref name="c">{{cite news |title=Pune: NCL's Dr Amol Kulkarni Selected For Bhatnagar Prize in Engineering Sciences and AV Rama Rao Chair Professor |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-ncls-dr-amol-kulkarni-selected-for-bhatnagar-prize-in-engineering-sciences-and-av-rama-rao-chair-professor/ |work=Punekar News |date=26 September 2020}}</ref>

He has been awarded the prestigious [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url=http://www.ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=574 |website=www.ssbprize.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NCL scientist gets twin recognitions {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ncl-scientist-gets-twin-recognitions/articleshow/78340492.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize 2020: 12 researchers receive India's highest science award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize-2020-12-researchers-receive-india-s-highest-science-award/story-mpguVPsNq7U60SY8fnXo4K.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He has also been a research fellow at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), USA in 2010.<ref name="b"/> He is also been young associate of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2011–14).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shinde |first1=Swati |title=Two National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) scientists, Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni and Dattatraya H Dethe, have been selected as young associates of the Indian Academy of Sciences for 2011-14. - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Two-National-Chemical-Laboratory-NCL-scientists-Amol-Arvindrao-Kulkarni-and-Dattatraya-H-Dethe-have-been-selected-as-young-associates-of-the-Indian-Academy-of-Sciences-for-2011-14-/articleshow/9385199.cms |accessdate=22 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'' (2021)
* [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK award]] for ‘Chemical Sciences & Technology’ (2016)<ref name="d"/>
* [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award (2011)<ref name="d"/>
* AV Rama Rao Chair Professor<ref name="c"/>
* [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Award (2009)<ref name="d"/>
* [[Humboldt Fellow]] (2004)<ref name="b"/>

==Selected bibliography==
===Articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Brijesh M. |last2=Atapalkar |first2=Ranjit S. |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Amol A. |title=Continuous flow solvent free organic synthesis involving solids (reactants/products) using a screw reactor |journal=Green Chemistry |date=2019 |volume=21 |issue=20 |pages=5639–5646 |doi=10.1039/C9GC02447F|s2cid=202871091 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Mrityunjay K. |last2=Potdar |first2=Shital B. |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Amol A. |title=Pinched tube flow reactor: Hydrodynamics and suitability for exothermic multiphase reactions |journal=AIChE Journal |date=January 2017 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=358–365 |doi=10.1002/aic.15498}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sebastian Cabeza |first1=Victor |last2=Kuhn |first2=Simon |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Amol A. |last4=Jensen |first4=Klavs F. |title=Size-Controlled Flow Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using a Segmented Flow Microfluidic Platform |journal=Langmuir |date=May 2012 |volume=28 |issue=17 |pages=7007–7013 |doi=10.1021/la205131e|pmid=22475028 |hdl=10261/369816 |hdl-access=free }}

===Patents===
* Continuous Flow Process For The Preparation Of Sulphoxide Compounds (2012)<ref>{{cite web |title=Continuous Flow Process For The Preparation Of Sulphoxide Compounds |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120203003A1/en |website=patents.google.com |publisher=US Patent office |language=en |date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|diUpl1oAAAAJ}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Amol Arvindrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Humboldt Research Award recipients]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

MG Road metro station, Bangalore

2024-12-03T00:32:56Z

AlejandroQkj: done

#REDIRECT [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bengaluru)]]

Benti, Uttar Pradesh

2024-10-15T18:45:42Z

AlejandroQkj: Adding First Pg First Draft!

{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement


|name = Benti
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type =
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
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|pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Benti in Uttar Pradesh

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[Gram Sabha]]
|leader_title = Village Chief
|leader_name = Manorama Devi
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|unit_pref = 
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|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
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|coordinates = {{coord|25.91609|81.86073|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =110

|postal_code_type = Postal Code
|postal_code =230204
|blank3_name =[[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle Registration]]
|blank3_info =UP 72
|blank_name =Telephone Code
|blank_info =05341
|website =
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}}

'''Benti''' is a village in [[Kunda, India|Kunda]] [[tehsil]] of [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Census1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=182939 |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref> The village is located on the bank of river [[Ganges]] and near by village [[Bhadri]].

== Geography ==
Benti's evaluation is about {{convert|110|m|ft}} above sea level. It is situated on the bank of the [[Ganges River]], with [[Bihar]] towards the east, [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]] tehsil towards the west, and [[Babaganj]] towards the north.

The district headquarters at [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] lie {{convert|54|km|mi}} to the west, while the state capital at [[Lucknow]] is {{convert|160|km|mi}} distant.

== Baba Bhimrao Ambedkar Sanctuary ==
Baba Bhimrao Ambedkar Sanctuary, or Benti Lake, is located in Benti. The lake, which covers more than {{convert|1000|acre|ha}}, was designated as a [[bird sanctuary]] by the [[Kumari Mayawati]] government in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Benti pond out of bounds for Raja Bhaiya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Benti-pond-out-of-bounds-for-Raja-Bhaiya/articleshow/177570.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131221094701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-11/india/27207729_1_raja-bhaiya-benti-pond-raghuraj-pratap-singh|url-status=live|archive-date=December 21, 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=Sep 11, 2003}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Per the 2011 Census of India, Benti has a total population of 10146; 5268 of whom are male and 4878 female.<ref name="Census1"/>

== Transport ==
Kunda Harnamgnj railway station and [[Bhadri]] railway station are the very nearby railway stations to Benti. However, [[Allahabad Junction]] is a major railway station {{convert|48|km|mi}} from Benti.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pratapgarh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

2005–06 Irani Cup

2024-01-28T22:59:37Z

AlejandroQkj: Adding Some Pg W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Indian cricket series edition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
The '''2005–06 [[Irani Trophy]]''' match was played 1–4 October 2005 at the [[Karnail Singh Stadium]] in [[Delhi]]. The reigning [[Ranji Trophy]] champions, [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], defeated the [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] by 9 wickets. Rest of India captain [[Gautam Gambhir]] won the toss and decided to bat first. They were dismissed for 223 and Railways responded with 311 all out. In their second innings, the Rest scored only 137 to leave Railways with a target of 50 to win. They lost only one wicket and the match, scheduled for five days, ended before lunch on the fourth day.<ref name=IT05>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83768.html Railways v Rest of India, Irani Trophy, 1–4 October 2005]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 November 2023. {{subscription}}</ref> Top scorer in the match was [[Murali Kartik]] of Railways with a first innings of 96. The best bowling figures were by [[Ramesh Powar]] of the Rest who took 7/116 in the same innings.<ref name=IT05/>

There was a controversial incident in the Railways first innings when umpire [[Ravi Subramanian (umpire)|Ravi Subramanian]] suspended bowler [[Shanthakumaran Sreesanth]] for repeatedly running on the Protected Area of the pitch. He had bowled the first two balls of his current over and the remainder were bowled by [[Ranadeb Bose]].<ref name=IT05/>

== Scorecard ==
{{Two-innings cricket match|date=1-4 October 2005|team1=[[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]|team2=(H) [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]|score-team1-inns1=223 (82 overs)|runs-team1-inns1=[[Dheeraj Jadhav]] 53 (140)|wickets-team1-inns1=Kulamani Parida 4/61 (20 overs)|score-team2-inns1=311 (125.5 overs)|runs-team2-inns1=[[Murali Kartik]] 96 (163)|wickets-team2-inns1=[[Ramesh Powar]] 7/116 (42.5 overs)|score-team1-inns2=137 (57.3 overs)|runs-team1-inns2=Dheeraj Jadhav 42 (108)|wickets-team1-inns2=Murali Kartik 3/28 (13.3 overs)|score-team2-inns2=50/1 (15.2 overs)|runs-team2-inns2=Amit Pagnis 33 (43)|venue=[[Karnail Singh Stadium]], [[Delhi]]|toss=Rest of India won the toss and elected to bat.|umpires=Francis Gomes and [[Ravi Subramanian (umpire)|Ravi Subramanian]]|motm=|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-2005-06-264684/railways-vs-rest-of-india-220619/full-scorecard Scorecard]|result=Railways won by 9 wickets}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Irani Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 2005-06}}
[[Category:2005 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2005–06]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Raipura, Firozabad

2023-12-07T18:34:38Z

AlejandroQkj: started new details!

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raipura
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Raipura.png
| map_caption = Map showing Raipura in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.17819|N|78.41628|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.185
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4419
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raipura''' ({{IAST|Raipurā}}) is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 4,419, in 735 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Raipura had a population of 4,419, in 735 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|109}} This population was 53.2% male (2,350) and 46.8% female (2,069). The 0-6 age group numbered 738 (393 male and 345 female), making up 16.7% of the total population. 1,656 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 37.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|104-5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Raipura as having a population of 1,707 people (921 male and 786 female), in 313 households and 310 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Raipura as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 1,171 people (637 male and 534 female), in 217 households and 171 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 548 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Raipura had 3 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|109-14}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]