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Bharatiya Janata Party – Himachal Pradesh

2026-05-07T16:10:15Z

Alejandra13P: created new details w/ sources!

{{Short description|Political party in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}| party_name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Himachal Pradesh
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border

| party_logo = [[File:898-8987765 bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-symbol-1.png|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| president = [[Rajeev Bindal]]
| general_secretary = Pavan Rana
| headquarters = Deep Kamal, Kamna Nagar, Shimla-5 Himachal Pradesh
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|4|4|hex=#FF9900}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#FF9900}}
| state_seats_name = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|28|68|hex=#FF9933}}
| state2_seats_name =
| state2_seats =
| website = {{URL|https://hp.bjp.org/}}
| leader = [[Jai Ram Thakur]] (Leader of the Opposition)
| eci = National Party
}}

'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Himachal Pradesh''', or simply, '''BJP Himachal Pradesh''' is the affiliate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Its head office is situated at the Deep Kamal Chakkar, [[Shimla]].

== [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|Electoral history]] ==

=== Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: x-big; width="
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Party leader
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
! colspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shanta Kumar]]
|{{Composition bar|7|60|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 7
|13.87%
|{{increase}} 13.87
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Composition bar|5|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|7.75%
|{{decrease}} 6.12%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Shanta Kumar]]
|{{Composition bar|29|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 29
|35.16%
|{{Increase}} 35.16%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|7|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 22
|30.61%
|{{decrease}} 4.55%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Composition bar|46|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 39
|41.78%
|{{increase}} 11.17
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Composition bar|8|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 38
|36.14%
|{{decrease}} 5.64%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|{{Composition bar|31|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 23
|39.02%
|{{increase}} 2.88%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|{{Composition bar|16|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 15
|35.38%
|{{decrease}} 3.64%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Composition bar|41|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 25
|43.78%
|{{increase}} 8.4%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|{{Composition bar|26|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 15
|38.47%
|{{decrease}} 5.31%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|{{Composition bar|44|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|48.79%
|{{increase}} 10.32%
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|25|68|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 19
|43%
|{{decrease}} 5.79%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|}

=== Lok Sabha seats ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Year
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Legislature
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"|Party leader
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Seats won
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Change in seats
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[8th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|{{Composition bar|0|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[9th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=2| [[Lal Krishna Advani]]
|{{Composition bar|3|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{partial|[[Confidence and supply|Outside support]] for [[National Front (India)|NF]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[10th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|2|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[11th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=4|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|{{Composition bar|0|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{partial|Government, later opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[12th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|3|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|3|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[14th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|1|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
|{{Composition bar|3|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[16th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan=3|[[Narendra Modi]]
|{{Composition bar|4|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| {{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|4|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|4|4|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| {{steady}}
| {{yes2|Government}}
|}

== List of Current Members ==

=== In Himachal Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
<section begin="MLA Header" />
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-

| rowspan="3" |[[Chamba district|Chamba]]
<section begin="Chamba district" />
|1
|[[Churah Assembly constituency|Churah]] (SC)
|[[Hans Raj (politician)|Hans Raj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|

|-
|2
|[[Bharmour Assembly constituency|Bharmour]] (ST)
|[[Janak Raj (politician)|Janak Raj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|

|-
|4
|[[Dalhousie Assembly constituency|Dalhousie]]
|D S Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|

|-

| rowspan="5" |[[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|6
|[[Nurpur Assembly constituency|Nurpur]]
|Ranveer Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|11
|[[Jaswan-Pragpur Assembly constituency|Jaswan-Pragpur]]
|[[Bikram Singh (politician)|Bikram Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|14
|[[Sullah Assembly constituency|Sullah]]
|[[Vipin Singh Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|16
|[[Kangra Assembly constituency|Kangra]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Kajal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|18
|[[Dharamshala Assembly constituency|Dharamshala]]
|[[Sudhir Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in 2024 by-election
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kullu district|Kullu]]
|24
|[[Banjar Assembly constituency|Banjar]]
|Surender Shourie
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|25
|[[Anni Assembly constituency|Anni]] (SC)
|Lokendra Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|

|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|26
|[[Karsog Assembly constituency|Karsog]] (SC)
|Deepraj Kapoor
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|27
|[[Sundernagar Assembly constituency|Sundernagar]]
|Rakesh Jamwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|28
|[[Nachan Assembly constituency|Nachan]] (SC)
|Vinod Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|29
|[[Seraj Assembly constituency|Seraj]]
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Leader of Opposition
|-
|30
|[[Darang Assembly constituency|Darang]]
|Puranchand Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|31
|[[Jogindernagar Assembly constituency|Jogindernagar]]
|Prakash Rana
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|33
|[[Mandi Assembly constituency|Mandi]]
|[[Anil Sharma (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|34
|[[Balh Assembly constituency|Balh]] (SC)
|Indra Singh Gandhi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|35
|[[Sarkaghat Assembly constituency|Sarkaghat]]
|Daleep Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|38
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hamirpur]]
| [[Ashish Sharma (politician)|Ashish Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in 2024 by-election
|-
|39
|[[Barsar Assembly constituency|Barsar]]
|[[Inder Dutt Lakhanpal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in 2024 by-election
|-
|[[Una district|Una]]
|44
|[[Una (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Una]]
|[[Satpal Singh Satti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|46
|[[Jhanduta Assembly constituency|Jhanduta]] (SC)
|[[Jeet Ram Katwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Bilaspur]]
|Trilok Jamwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|49
|[[Sri Naina Deviji Assembly constituency|Sri Naina Deviji]]
|Randhir Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
|55
|[[Pachhad Assembly constituency|Pachhad]] (SC)
|[[Reena Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|58
|[[Paonta Sahib Assembly constituency|Paonta Sahib]]
|Sukh Ram Chaudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|60
|[[Chopal Assembly constituency|Chopal]]
|[[Balbir Singh Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|}
=== In Rajya Sabha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
! style="width:200px" |Name<ref name="members2">{{cite web |title=Statewise List |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx |accessdate=12 June 2016 |website=164.100.47.5}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
!Date of Appointment
!Date of Retirement
|-
!1
|[[Harsh Mahajan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3 April 2024
|2 April 2030
|-
!2
|[[Indu Goswami]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10 April 2020
|9 April 2026
|-
!3
|[[Sikander Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3 April 2022
|2 April 2028
|}
=== In Lok Sabha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
|[[Rajeev Bhardwaj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|[[Anurag Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla (SC)]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: x-big; width="
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Tenure
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|[[File:Shanta Kumar.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Shanta Kumar]]
|[[Palampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palampur]]
|5 March 1990
|15 December 1992
|{{Ayd|5 March 1990|15 December 1992}}
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|7th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Prem Kumar Dhumal.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bamsan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bamsan]]
|24 March 1998
|5 March 2003
| rowspan="2" |9 years, 342 days
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|30 December 2007
|25 December 2012
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[File:JRThakur.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|[[Seraj (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Seraj]]
|27 December 2017
|11 December 2022
|4 years, 349 days
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
|}

=== President ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: x-big; width="
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|
|Gangaram Thakur
|1980
|1984
|4 years
|-
|2
|
|Nageen Chand Pal
|1984
|1986
|2 years
|-
|3
|[[File:Shanta Kumar.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Shanta Kumar]]
|1986
|1990
|4 years
|-
|4
|
|[[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|1990
|1993
|3 years
|-
|5
|[[File:Prem Kumar Dhumal.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
|1993
|1998
|5 years
|-
|6
|[[File:Suresh Chandel.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Suresh Chandel]]
|1998
|2000
|2 years
|-
|7
|
|[[Jai Krishan Sharma]]
|2000
|2003
|3 years
|-
|8
|[[File:Suresh Bhardwaj cropped.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]]
|2003
|2007
|4 years
|-
|9
|[[File:JRThakur.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jai Ram Thakur]]
|2007
|2009
|2 years
|-
|10
|[[File:Khimi Ram.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Khimi Ram]]
|2009
|2010
|1 year
|-
|11
|
|[[Satpal Singh Satti]]
|2010
|2020
|10 years
|-
|12<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 January 2020 |title=Rajiv Bindal unanimously elected Himachal BJP president |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/rajiv-bindal-unanimously-elected-himachal-bjp-president-28119 |access-date= |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language= |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406160233/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/rajiv-bindal-unanimously-elected-himachal-bjp-president-28119 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|[[Rajeev Bindal]]
|18 January 2020
|22 July 2020
|{{Ayd|18 January 2020|22 July 2020}}
|-
|13<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Lok Sabha MP Suresh Kumar Kashyap elected as Himachal Pradesh BJP president |url=https://theprint.in/politics/lok-sabha-mp-suresh-kumar-kashyap-elected-as-himachal-pradesh-bjp-president/466114/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
|22 July 2020
|23 April 2023
|{{Ayd|22 July 2020|23 April 2023}}
|-
|(12)<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-appoints-rajeev-bindal-as-partys-himachal-pradesh-chief-3973608</ref>
|
|[[Rajeev Bindal]]
|23 April 2023
|Present
|{{Ayd|23 April 2023}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Himachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Political parties in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Himachal Pradesh]]

{{India-party-stub}}
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

Badla Jatti Da

2026-05-07T15:14:04Z

Alejandra13P: created initial pg v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Badla Jatti Da
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Ravinder Ravi]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
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| released = {{Film date|1991|01|04|df=yes}}
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| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
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'''''Badla Jatti Da''''' is a 1991 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film It is considered among the greatest hits and is classic cult movie in the history of [[Punjabi cinema]]. The film stars [[Gugu Gill]] and [[Yograj Singh]]. The antagonist role played by Yograj Singh is considered one of his best.<ref>{{cite news |last1=kaur |first1=Prabhjot |title=ਅੱਜ ਹੈ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਇੰਡਸਟਰੀ ਦੇ ਮਸ਼ਹੂਰ ਅਦਾਕਾਰ ਗੁੱਗੂ ਗਿੱਲ ਦਾ ਜਨਮਦਿਨ , ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਅਦਾਕਾਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਜਿੱਤਿਆ ਲੱਖਾਂ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ |url=https://dailypost.in/news/latest-news/today-guggu-gills-birthday/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Daily Post Punjabi |date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two Punjabi cine-legends, back after 16 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Two-Punjabi-cine-legends-back-after-16-years/article14545910.ece |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=2016-08-01 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Experts |first1=Arihant |title=Know Your State Punjab |date=2019-06-04 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-6766-2 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Know_Your_State_Punjab/MhrzDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=BADLA+JATTI+DA&pg=PA167&printsec=frontcover |access-date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Renu |title=History of Indian Cinema |date=2014-03-04 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-651-4 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Indian_Cinema/XAT4AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=BADLA+JATTI+DA&pg=PT185&printsec=frontcover |access-date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aabhas |title=Jatt di film |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/jatt-di-film-113062101038_1.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Business Standard India |agency=Business Standard |date=2013-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=YOGRAJ SINGH TO BE HONOURED WITH 'LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT' AWARD AT PUNJABI FILM AWARDS 2019 |url=https://britasia.tv/yograj-singh-to-be-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-at-punjabi-film-awards-2019/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=BritAsia TV |date=2019-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Bhaag Milkha...emotional experience for me: Yograj Singh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bhaag-milkha-emotional-experience-for-me-yograj-singh-113061600460_1.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=2013-06-16}}</ref>[[Sunita Dhir (actress)|Sunita Dhir]] played the protagonist in the 1991 woman-centric blockbuster ‘Badla Jatti Da’, a rare feat in [[Punjabi cinema|Pollywood]] in that decade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabi cinema's unfair side |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjabi-cinema-s-unfair-side/story-4rJCBURjzVhdMnmXB2WROL.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2015-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘ਚੰਨ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸੀ’ ਤੇ ‘ਬਦਲਾ ਜੱਟੀ ਦਾ’ ਫਿਲਮ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਸੁਨੀਤਾ ਧੀਰ ਨੇ ਮਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਐਕਟਿੰਗ ਲਈ ਮਨਾਇਆ |url=https://www.bbc.com/punjabi/articles/c51jny0624yo |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=BBC News ਪੰਜਾਬੀ |date=6 April 2024 |language=pa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ ਗੱਗੂ ਗਿੱਲ ਦੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫ਼ਿਲਮਾਂ ’ਚ ਐਂਟਰੀ, ‘ਪੀਟੀਸੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ ਅਵਾਰਡ 2020’ ਦਿਵਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਕਰੋ ਵੋਟ |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020-best-supporting-actor |work=PTC Punjabi |date=26 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> This films stars [[Gugu Gill]] and [[Yograj Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narula |first1=Anu |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸੁਪਰ ਸਟਾਰ ਗੁਗੂ ਗਿੱਲ ਨੂੰ ਚੰਨੀ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਮਿਲਿਆ 'ਲਿਵਿੰਗ ਲੀਜੈਂਡ ਲਾਈਫਟਾਈਮ' ਐਵਾਰਡ |url=https://dailypost.in/latest-punjabi-news/punjabi-superstar-gugu-gill/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=Daily Post Punjabi |date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two Punjabi cine-legends, back after 16 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Two-Punjabi-cine-legends-back-after-16-years/article14545910.ece |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=2016-08-01 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Experts |first1=Arihant |title=Know Your State Punjab |date=2019-06-04 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-6766-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=BADLA+JATTI+DA&pg=PA167 |access-date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aabhas |title=Jatt di film |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/jatt-di-film-113062101038_1.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Business Standard India |agency=Business Standard |date=2013-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=YOGRAJ SINGH TO BE HONOURED WITH 'LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT' AWARD AT PUNJABI FILM AWARDS 2019 |url=https://britasia.tv/yograj-singh-to-be-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-at-punjabi-film-awards-2019/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=BritAsia TV |date=2019-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Bhaag Milkha...emotional experience for me: Yograj Singh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bhaag-milkha-emotional-experience-for-me-yograj-singh-113061600460_1.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=2013-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabi cinema's unfair side |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjabi-cinema-s-unfair-side/story-4rJCBURjzVhdMnmXB2WROL.html |access-date=20 May 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2015-03-20 |language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Pregnant Gulabo (Sunita Dheer) is devastated when her entire family is slaughtered by Jaildar Jung Singh (Yograj Singh) and his goons, when the latter finds out that her brother-in-law, Jasbinder (Palvinder Dhami), had dared to woo his sister, Bebo. Gulabo swears to avenge this humiliation by forcing a marriage between her son and Jung's daughter.

She spends the rest of her life training her son Jagga (Gugu Gill) to overcome Jung and his goons. She soon realizes that her son will have to face-off Jung Singh, his goons, his three sons and gun-toting daughter Laali (Upasana Singh) (who would rather kill Jagga than wed him), as well as Choudhary Joravar Singh and his son, Shamsher, who wants to wed Laali at any cost.

==Cast==

*[[Gugu Gill]] - Jagga
*[[Yograj Singh]] - Jaildaar Jung Singh
*[[Upasna Singh]] - Laali Kaur
*[[Sunita Dhir (actress)|Sunita Dhir]] - Gulabo Kaur
*[[Upasana Singh]] - Laali
*[[Surinder Shinda]] - Shinda
*[[Amar Noorie]] - Noorie
*[[Kulbir Baderson]] - Tejo Kaur
*[[Palvinder Dhami]] - Jasbinder
*[[Surendra Sharma]] - Tunda
*[[Yash Sharma]] - Choudhary Joravar Singh
*[[Surjit Bindrakhia]] - live performance
*[[Sharan Deep]] - Shamsher

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]

Miss Grand International 2026

2026-05-06T22:14:59Z

Alejandra13P: added new entry

{{Short description|14th Miss Grand International competition, beauty pageant edition}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
|date = October 2026
|venue = India
|returns = {{Hlist|Cook Islands|Honduras|South Sudan|Ukraine}}
|before = [[Miss Grand International 2025|2025]]
}}


'''Miss Grand International 2026''' will be the 14th edition of the [[Miss Grand International]] pageant, to be held in October 2026 in India.

[[Emma Tiglao]] of the Philippines will crown her successor at the end of the event.

== Background ==
=== Location and date ===
On October 18, 2025, during the finale of the [[Miss Grand International 2025]] pageant, India was officially announced as the host country for the 2026 edition, with the grand final scheduled for October 2026,<ref name=mgi26host>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/redes-sociales/india-sera-sede-del-miss-grand-international-2026-que-se-celebrara-en-octubre-nota/|title=India será sede del Miss Grand International 2026, que se celebrará en octubre|trans-title=India will host Miss Grand International 2026 in October|date=18 October 2025|language=es|publisher=El Universo|archivedate=18 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018150621/https://www.eluniverso.com/entretenimiento/redes-sociales/india-sera-sede-del-miss-grand-international-2026-que-se-celebrara-en-octubre-nota/}}</ref><ref name=h26>{{cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/634219/emma-tiglao-gives-ph-its-back-to-back-win-at-miss-grand-international-2025|title=Emma Tiglao gives PH a back-to-back win at Miss Grand International 2025|author=Armin P. Adina|date=18 October 2025|accessdate=19 October 2025|website=entertainment.inquirer.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205071546/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/634219/emma-tiglao-gives-ph-its-back-to-back-win-at-miss-grand-international-2025|archive-date=2026-02-05}}</ref> with the pageant's activities will be held across three cities: [[Jaipur]], [[Agra]], and [[New Delhi]].<ref name=3cities>{{cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/india-bakal-jadi-tuan-rumah-miss-grand-international-2026-perdana-c1c2-01-l8vsm-c9kdmk|work=[[IDN Times]]|language=id|title=India Bakal Jadi Tuan Rumah Miss Grand International 2026, Perdana!|date=25 October 2025|accessdate=20 November 2025|author=Berkat Prima|trans-title=India Will Host Miss Grand International 2026 For The First Time!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205071546/https://www.idntimes.com/men/ladies/india-bakal-jadi-tuan-rumah-miss-grand-international-2026-perdana-c1c2-01-l8vsm-c9kdmk|archive-date=2026-02-05}}</ref>

=== Selection of participants ===
{{As of|May 2026}}, fifteen delegates have been confirmed: seven  were crowned in their respective national pageants for the 2026 edition; three  received the title as a supplemental award in multi-title national pageants; and five  were appointed.

==== Returns ====
This edition will feature the return of South Sudan, which last competed in [[Miss Grand International 2017|2017]]; the Cook Islands in [[Miss Grand International 2018|2018]]; Ukraine in [[Miss Grand International 2023|2023]]; and Honduras in [[Miss Grand International 2024|2024]].

== Contestants ==
The following contestants have been confirmed.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Country/Territory !! Contestant !! Age{{efn|Ages at the time of the pageant|name=A}} !! Hometown
|-
| {{flagdeco|ALB}} [[Miss Grand Albania|Albania]] || {{sortname|Sara|Shehu|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgalb26>{{cite web|url=https://shqiperiapost.com/sara-shehu-fituese-e-miss-grand-albania-2026/|title=Sara Shehu, fituese e Miss Grand Albania 2026|trans-title=Sara Shehu, winner of Miss Grand Albania 2026|date=9 February 2026|language=sq|publisher=Shqipëria Post|archivedate=11 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311201318/https://shqiperiapost.com/sara-shehu-fituese-e-miss-grand-albania-2026/}}</ref> || 22 || [[Tirana]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|COK}} [[Miss Cook Islands|Cook Islands]] || {{sortname|Matangaro|Tarabay|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgcok26>{{cite web|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/national/local/culture/entertainment-national/spectacular-finale-for-miss-cook-islands-2025-high-value-prizes-for-the-top-three-winners/|title=Spectacular finale for Miss Cook Islands 2025: High-value prizes for the top three winners|date=3 November 2025|author=Melina Etches|work=Cook Islands News|archive-date=5 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205071546/https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/national/local/culture/entertainment-national/spectacular-finale-for-miss-cook-islands-2025-high-value-prizes-for-the-top-three-winners/}}</ref> || 19 || [[Rarotonga]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Miss Grand Cuba|Cuba]] || {{sortname|Alyanni|Gomez|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgcub26>{{cite web|url=https://www.magcloud.com/browse/issue/3282364|title=Alyanni T Gomez - The new face of Miss Grand Cuba 2026|publisher=GMARO Magazine|archivedate=22 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322113447/https://www.magcloud.com/browse/issue/3282364}}</ref> || 25 || [[Guanajay]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|GHA}} [[Miss Grand Ghana|Ghana]] || {{sortname|Rebecca|Attiogbe|nolink=1}}<ref name=mggha26>{{cite web|url=https://actulome.com/rebecca-attiogbe-la-togolaise-miss-grand-ghana-2026/|title=Rebecca Attiogbe, la Togolaise sacrée Miss Grand Ghana 2026|trans-title=Rebecca Attiogbe, the Togolese crowned Miss Grand Ghana 2026|language=fr|date=21 August 2025|accessdate=30 August 2025|author=Nancy Panassa|website=actulome.com|archive-date=20 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020090524/https://actulome.com/rebecca-attiogbe-la-togolaise-miss-grand-ghana-2026/}}</ref> || 24 || [[Lomé]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|HND}} [[Miss Grand Honduras|Honduras]] || {{sortname|Emely|Alemán|nolink=1}}<ref name=mghnd26>{{cite web|url=https://hondunewshnn.com/farandula/emely-aleman-vuelve-a-brillar-y-esta-vez-lo-hace-con-la-corona-de-miss-grand-honduras-2026/|title=Emely Alemán vuelve a brillar y esta vez lo hace con la corona de Miss Grand Honduras 2026|trans-title=Emely Alemán shines again, this time with the Miss Grand Honduras 2026 crown|date=11 January 2026|language=es|publisher=HonduNews|archivedate=11 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311202056/https://hondunewshnn.com/farandula/emely-aleman-vuelve-a-brillar-y-esta-vez-lo-hace-con-la-corona-de-miss-grand-honduras-2026/}}</ref> || 27 || [[Catacamas]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|HKG}} [[Miss Grand Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] || {{sortname|Xuebing|Liu|nolink=1}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} || 27 || [[Kowloon]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|KAZ}} [[Miss Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] || {{sortname|Anel|Emel|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgkaz26>{{cite web|url=https://www.inform.kz/ru/22-letnyaya-devushka-iz-shimkenta-stala-miss-qazaqstan-2025-d37599|title=22-летняя девушка из Шымкента стала Miss Qazaqstan 2025|trans-title=A 22-year-old girl from Shymkent became Miss Kazakhstan 2025|date=5 December 2025|language=ru|publisher=inform.kz|archivedate=21 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121090358/https://www.inform.kz/ru/22-letnyaya-devushka-iz-shimkenta-stala-miss-qazaqstan-2025-d37599|author=Альберт Ахметов}}</ref> || 21 || [[Almaty]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|KGZ}} [[Miss Grand Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]] || {{sortname|Rufina|Gasanova|nolink=1}}{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} || 22 || [[Kara-Balta]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|MAC}} [[Miss Grand Macau|Macau]] || {{sortname|Minshi|Lin|nolink=1}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} || 23 || [[Shenzhen]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|MLT}} [[Miss Grand Malta|Malta]] || {{sortname|Natalia|Galea|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgmlt26>{{cite web|url=https://one.com.mt/natalia-galea-tirbah-miss-grand-malta-2026-biex-issa-tirraprezenta-lil-pajjizna-fl-indja/|title=Natalia Galea tirbaħ Miss Grand Malta 2026 biex issa tirrapreżenta lil pajjiżna fl-Indja|trans-title=Natalia Galea wins Miss Grand Malta 2026 to now represent our country in India|date=6 April 2026|language=mt|publisher=One News}}</ref> || 27 || [[Birkirkara]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|PAR}} [[Miss Grand Paraguay|Paraguay]] || {{sortname|Micaela|Viveros|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgpar26>{{cite web|url=https://www.cronica.com.py/2026/05/04/coronaron-a-la-nueva-miss-grand/|title=Coronaron a la nueva Miss Grand [Paraguay]|trans-title=The new Miss Grand [Paraguay] was crowned|date=4 May 2026|language=es|publisher=Cronica|archivedate=4 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504211344/https://www.cronica.com.py/2026/05/04/coronaron-a-la-nueva-miss-grand/}}</ref> || 21 || [[Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay|Pedro Juan Caballero]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|SSD}} [[Miss Grand South Sudan|South Sudan]] || {{sortname|Akoi|Arok|nolink=1}}{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} || 29 || [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|THA}} [[Miss Grand Thailand|Thailand]] || {{sortname|Patthama|Jitsawat|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgtha26>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaosod.co.th/entertainment/news_10189583|title=ไม่พลิกโผ! 'หนิง ปัทมา' นักร้องลูกทุ่งสาว ฝ่าดราม่า คว้ามงมิสแกรนด์ไทยแลนด์ 2026|trans-title=No surprise! 'Ning Patthama', the Thai country singer, overcame the drama to win the Miss Grand Thailand 2026 crown|date=28 March 2026|language=th|publisher=Khaosod online|archivedate=28 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328232429/https://www.khaosod.co.th/entertainment/news_10189583}}</ref> || 33 || [[Surin province|Surin]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Miss Grand Ukraine|Ukraine]] || {{sortname|Maria|Kolotilo|nolink=1}}<ref name=ukraine26>{{cite web|url=https://www.obozrevatel.com/novosti-obschestvo/detskij-vrach-iz-ohmatdet-pobedila-v-konkurse-koroleva-ukrainyi-2025.htm|title=Детский врач из «Охматдета» победила в конкурсе «Королева Украины 2025»|date=3 October 2025|trans-title=Pediatrician from "Okhmatdet" won the "Queen of Ukraine 2025" contest|website=Oboz.ua|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311202254/https://www.obozrevatel.com/novosti-obschestvo/detskij-vrach-iz-ohmatdet-pobedila-v-konkurse-koroleva-ukrainyi-2025.htm|archivedate=11 March 2026}}</ref> || 24 || [[Kyiv]]
|-
| {{flagdeco|VEN}} [[Miss Grand Venezuela|Venezuela]] || {{sortname|Lady Di|Mosquera|nolink=1}}<ref name=mgven26>{{cite web|url=https://diarioversionfinal.com/magazine/sin-batacazos-lady-di-mosquera-gana-el-miss-grand-venezuela-2026/|title=¡Sin batacazos! Lady Di Mosquera gana el Miss Grand Venezuela 2026|trans-title=No surprises! Lady Di Mosquera wins Miss Grand Venezuela 2026|date=30 April 2026|language=es|publisher=Versión Final}}</ref> || 26 || [[Carora]]
|}

== Upcoming national pageants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Country/Territory !! Date
|-
| {{flagdeco|IND}} [[Miss Grand India|India]]
| 12 May 2026<ref name=mgind26>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/assams-mrigashree-baruah-to-shine-on-national-stage-at-miss-grand-india-2026-14003981.html|title=Assam's Mrigashree Baruah to shine on national stage at Miss Grand India 2026|date=24 April 2026|publisher=Firstpost|archivedate=2 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502152746/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/assams-mrigashree-baruah-to-shine-on-national-stage-at-miss-grand-india-2026-14003981.html}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|GBR}} [[Miss Grand United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| 17 May 2026<ref name=mguk26>{{cite web|url=https://www.fatsoma.com/e/n7x7pzsd/miss-grand-uk-2026-grand-final|title=Miss Grand UK 2026 Grand Final|publisher=Fatsoma|accessdate=10 March 2026|archivedate=10 March 2026|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/XYF3h}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|CZE}} [[Miss Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
| 23 May 2026<ref name=mgcze26>{{cite web|url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/tatana-makarenko-miss-czech-republic-the-next-level-modelky.A251106_190153_missamodelky_potu|title=Dáme dívkám prostor mluvit, říká Makarenko o novém ročníku Miss Czech Republic|trans-title=We will give girls space to speak, says Makarenko about the new edition of Miss Czech Republic|date=7 November 2025|language=cs|publisher=iDNES.cz|archivedate=15 November 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20251115202830/https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/revue/modelky/tatana-makarenko-miss-czech-republic-the-next-level-modelky.A251106_190153_missamodelky_potu}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mexicana Universal|Mexico]]
| May / June 2026<ref name=mgmex26>{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiariodechihuahua.mx/espectaculos/2025/dec/02/lupita-jones-defiende-mexicana-universal-ante-polemicas-753602.html|title=Lupita Jones defiende Mexicana Universal ante polémicas|trans-title=Lupita Jones defends Mexicana Universal amid controversies|date=2 December 2025|language=es|publisher=El Diario de Chihuahua|archivedate=3 December 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20251203232024/https://www.eldiariodechihuahua.mx/espectaculos/2025/dec/02/lupita-jones-defiende-mexicana-universal-ante-polemicas-753602.html|author=Jacqueline Ponce León}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|SPA}} [[Miss Grand Spain 2026|Spain]]
| 7 June 2026<ref name=mgspa26>{{cite web|url=https://ayto-bailen.com/el-alcalde-de-bailen-recibe-a-aisha-tejada-tras-proclamarse-miss-grand-jaen/|title=El alcalde de Bailén recibe a Aisha Tejada tras proclamarse Miss Grand Jaén|trans-title=The mayor of Bailén welcomes Aisha Tejada after she is crowned Miss Grand Jaén|date=20 March 2026|language=es|publisher=Ayuntamiento de Bailén|archivedate=2 May 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502153719/https://ayto-bailen.com/el-alcalde-de-bailen-recibe-a-aisha-tejada-tras-proclamarse-miss-grand-jaen/}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Miss Grand South Africa|South Africa]]
| 20 June 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itickets.co.za/events/485580|title=Miss Grand South Africa 2026 Grand Final|accessdate=9 March 2026|website=itickets.co.za}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Miss Grand Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
| 4 July 2026<ref name=mgdom26>{{cite web|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/farandula/2026/03/11/presentan-a-virginia-salas-como-miss-grand-punta-cana/3465642|title=Miss Grand Punta Cana presenta a su candidata al certamen nacional|trans-title=Miss Grand Punta Cana presents its candidate for the national pageant|date=11 March 2026|language=es|publisher=Diario Libre|archivedate=11 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311200759/https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/farandula/2026/03/11/presentan-a-virginia-salas-como-miss-grand-punta-cana/3465642}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Miss Grand Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| 2026<ref name=mgidn26>{{cite web|url=https://duta.co/finalis-miss-grand-jawa-timur-2026-semarakkan-gala-iftar-ramadan-2026|title=Finalis Miss Grand Jawa Timur 2026 Semarakkan Gala Iftar Ramadan 2026|trans-title=Miss Grand East Java 2026 finalists enliven the 2026 Ramadan Iftar Gala|date=13 March 2026|language=id|publisher=Duta.co|archivedate=13 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260313190726/https://duta.co/finalis-miss-grand-jawa-timur-2026-semarakkan-gala-iftar-ramadan-2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Miss Grand Italy|Italy]]
| 2026<ref name=mgita26>{{cite web|url=https://www.nordest24.it/miss-grand-international-fvg-2026-villa-malbuton-mortegliano|title=Miss Grand International Italy FVG 2026: moda, spettacolo e solidarietà a Villa Malbuton di Mortegliano|trans-title=Miss Grand International Italy FVG 2026: fashion, entertainment, and solidarity at Villa Malbuton in Mortegliano|date=12 November 2025|language=it|publisher=Nordest24|archivedate=28 November 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20251128010528/https://www.nordest24.it/miss-grand-international-fvg-2026-villa-malbuton-mortegliano|author=Samuele Meton}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|JAP}} [[Miss Grand Japan|Japan]]
| 2026<ref name=mgjap26>{{cite web|url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000024.000088844.html|title=【結果速報】ミス・グランド・ジャパン石橋恵莉加、世界大会でTOP22入賞＆特別賞受賞！|trans-title=[Breaking Results] Miss Grand Japan Erika Ishibashi places in the Top 22 and wins a special prize at the world competition!|date=22 October 2025|language=ja|publisher=PR Times|archivedate=3 November 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20251103233151/https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000024.000088844.html}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|MYS}} [[Miss Grand Malaysia|Malaysia]]
| 2026<ref name=mgmys26>{{cite web|url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2026/01/27/pertandingan-ratu-cantik-miss-grand-kuching-2026-kini-dibuka|title=Pertandingan ratu cantik Miss Grand Kuching 2026 kini dibuka|trans-title=Miss Grand Kuching 2026 beauty pageant now open|date=27 January 2026|language=ms|publisher=Utusan Borneo Online|archivedate=22 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322153035/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2026/01/27/pertandingan-ratu-cantik-miss-grand-kuching-2026-kini-dibuka}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|MYA}} [[Miss Grand Myanmar|Myanmar]]
| 2026<ref name=mgmya26>{{cite web|url=https://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2026/01/miss-grand-mandalay-2026.html|title=Miss Grand Mandalay 2026 ပြိုင်ပွဲဝင် အလှမယ်များအား မိတ်ဆက်ခြင်း အခမ်းအနား|trans-title=Miss Grand Mandalay 2026 contestants introduction ceremony|date=21 January 2026|language=my|publisher=Myanmar Celebrity|archivedate=15 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315120413/https://www.myanmarcelebrity.com/2026/01/miss-grand-mandalay-2026.html}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|PRI}} [[Miss Grand Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]
| 2026<ref name=mgpri26>{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2025/10/28/nuestra-belleza-puerto-rico-celebra-decimo-aniversario-abriendo-inscripciones-para-la-edicion-2026/|title=Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico celebra décimo aniversario abriendo inscripciones para la edición 2026|trans-title=Nuestra Belleza Puerto Rico celebrates its tenth anniversary by opening registration for the 2026 edition|date=28 October 2025|language=es|publisher=Metro|archivedate=28 October 2025|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20251028224621/https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2025/10/28/nuestra-belleza-puerto-rico-celebra-decimo-aniversario-abriendo-inscripciones-para-la-edicion-2026/}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|TZA}} [[Miss Grand Tanzania|Tanzania]]
| 2026<ref name=mgtza26>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/tanzania-pageant-season-peaks-as-miss-world-tanzania-miss-grand-auditions-set-for-april-5418852|title=Tanzania pageant season peaks as Miss World Tanzania, Miss Grand auditions set for April|date=10 April 2026|publisher=The Citizen|archivedate=11 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411012213/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/tanzania-pageant-season-peaks-as-miss-world-tanzania-miss-grand-auditions-set-for-april-5418852|author=Beatrice Materu}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|USA}} [[Miss Grand United States|United States]]
| 2026<ref name=mgusa26>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtvr.com/on-air/virginia-this-morning/miss-grand-dmv-debuts-at-rva-fashion-week|title=Miss Grand DMV Debuts at RVA Fashion Week|date=18 March 2026|publisher=6 News Richmond|archivedate=19 March 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319214546/https://www.wtvr.com/on-air/virginia-this-morning/miss-grand-dmv-debuts-at-rva-fashion-week}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagdeco|VNM}} [[Miss Grand Vietnam|Vietnam]]
| 2026<ref name=mgvnm26>{{cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/miss-grand-vietnam-2026-khoi-dong-ai-se-dai-dien-viet-nam-thi-quoc-te-20260419160542871.htm|title=Miss Grand Vietnam 2026 khởi động, ai sẽ đại diện Việt Nam thi quốc tế?|trans-title=Miss Grand Vietnam 2026 is underway; who will represent Vietnam internationally?|date=19 April 2026|language=vi|publisher=Tuo Tre Online|archivedate=19 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419123704/https://tuoitre.vn/miss-grand-vietnam-2026-khoi-dong-ai-se-dai-dien-viet-nam-thi-quoc-te-20260419160542871.htm|author=HOÀI PHƯƠNG}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://missgrandinternational.com Miss Grand International official website]

{{Miss Grand International titleholders}}
{{Navboxes|
| title = [[Miss Grand International]] participating countries and territories
| list =
{{Miss Grand national pageants in Africa}}
{{Miss Grand national pageants in Asia and Oceania}}
{{Miss Grand national pageants in Europe}}
{{Miss Grand national pageants in North America}}
{{Miss Grand national pageants in South America}}
}}

[[Category:Miss Grand International by year]]
[[Category:2026 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Organised events in India]]

Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T19:21:03Z

Alejandra13P: new new entry

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{For|the 2019 Tamil film|RK Nagar (film)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency

| name = Radhakrishnan Nagar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 11
| map_image = Constitution-Radhakrishnan Nagar.svg
| mla = [[J. John Ebenezer]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| established = 1977
| electors = 199,359
}}

'''Radhakrishnan Nagar''' (Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar) or R. K. Nagar, is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 11. It is part of [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== By election 2017 ==
Following the death of [[J. Jayalalithaa]] on 5 December 2016, a by-election to the Radhakrishnan Nagar (R.K. Nagar) constituency was scheduled for April 2017. On 10 April 2017, the [[Election Commission of India]] cancelled the poll citing evidence of large-scale bribery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devesh K. |date=2017-04-10 |title=EC cancels RK Nagar bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ec-cancels-rk-nagar-bypoll/article17899231.ece |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Commission also referred to the alleged involvement of then Tamil Nadu Health Minister C. Vijaya Baskar.<ref name=":0" /> The by-election was subsequently held on 21 December 2017, in which T. T. V. Dhinakaran, contesting as an independent candidate, was elected.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-24 |title=R K Nagar goes to polls on December 21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/r-k-nagar-goes-to-polls-on-december-21/articleshow/61777379.cms |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Assembly
! Duration
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977–80
| [[Isari Velan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980–84
| [[V. Rajasekaran]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984–89
| [[S. Venugopal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989–91
| [[S. P. Sarkunam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991–96
| [[E. Madhusudhnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996-01
| [[S. P. Sarkunam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001–06
| rowspan=2|[[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006–11
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| 2011–15
| [[P. Vetrivel]]
|-
| 2015–16^
| rowspan=2|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=11}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth]]
| 2016-16
|-
| 2017–21^
| [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rk-nagar-byelection-dhinakaran-wins-rk-nagar-bypoll-creates-history-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62231256.cms|title=RK Nagar election result: TTV Dinakaran wins RK Nagar election, creates history in Tamil Nadu | Chennai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| 2021–present
| [[J. John Ebenezer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|
|2026
|[[N. Marie Wilson]]
|
|[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#2017 by-election|2017 by-election]]|{{party color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#2015 by-election|2015 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|88.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.57}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: R. K. Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. John Ebenezer]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Rajesh|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vennila Thayumanavan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Marie Wilson]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =199359 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[J. John Ebenezer]]|votes=95,763|percentage=51.20|change=+37.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=R. S. Raajesh|votes=53,284|percentage=28.49|change=+1.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=K. Gowrishankar|votes=20,437|percentage=10.93|change=+8.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|candidate=Fazil. A|votes=11,198|percentage=5.99|change=+5.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|candidate=Dr. P. Kalidas|votes=1,852|percentage=0.99|change=-49.33}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42,479 |percentage=22.92% |change=0.20% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=185,323|percentage=70.47%|change=2.11%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=291|percentage=0.16%}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,980 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam |swing= -4.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2017 by-election===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016–2017 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2017 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly By-election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/11RKNagarByeElection-2017/FORM21E.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128085043/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/11RKNagarByeElection-2017/FORM21E.pdf|archive-date=28 Jan 2018|access-date=24 Dec 2017|title=Form 21E (Return of Election)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-announces-by-polls-to-jayalalithaas-rk-nagar-constituency-4561583/|title=EC announces by-election to Jayalalithaa's RK Nagar constituency, voting on April 12|date=9 March 2017|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/live-update-rk-nagar-bypoll-results/article22270082.ece |title= R.K. Nagar bypoll {{!}} Live updates: Dhinakaran wins R.K. Nagar bypoll |date= 24 Dec 2017 |work= The Hindu }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]|votes=89,013|percentage=50.32|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[E. Madhusudhnan]]|votes=48,306|percentage=27.31|change=-28.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=N. Marudhu Ganesh|votes=24,651|percentage=13.94|change=-19.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=Kalaikottuthayam|votes=3,802|percentage=2.15|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the Above|candidate=NOTA|votes=2,373|percentage=1.34|change=-0.31}}

{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 40,707
|percentage = 23.01
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,76,890|percentage=77.68|change=+9.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chennai|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|votes=97,218|percentage=55.87|change=-32.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Shimla Muthuchozhan|votes=57,673|percentage=33.14|change=+33.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|candidate=[[V. Vasanthi Devi]]|votes=4,195|percentage=2.41|change=+2.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|candidate=F. Agnes|votes=3,011|percentage=1.73|change=+1.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. N. Raja|votes=2,928|percentage=1.68|change=+1.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,873|percentage=1.65|change=+0.35}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 39,545
|percentage = 22.73
|change = -60.36
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,74,015|percentage=68.36|change=-6.22}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = -32.57
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2015 by-election===

{{Election box begin | title=2015 By-election: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|votes=1,60,432|percentage=88.43|change=+29.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[C. Mahendran (CPI)|C. Mahendran]]|votes=9,710|percentage=5.35|change=+5.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Traffic Ramaswamy|K. R. Ramaswamy]]|votes=4,590|percentage=2.53|change=+2.53}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Peoples Party of India (Secular)|PPI(S)]]
|candidate = R. Rajamohan Abraham
|votes = 746
|percentage = 0.41
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P. Ponraj|votes=537|percentage=0.29|change=+0.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,376|percentage=1.30|change=+1.30}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,50,722
|percentage = 83.08
|change = +61.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,81,420|percentage=74.58|change=-2.10}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +29.41
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Vetrivel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,777 |percentage=59.04% |change=+8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Sekar Babu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,522 |percentage=37.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Vinayagam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,300 |percentage=0.92% |change=-0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,255 |percentage=22.03% |change= 11.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=141,904 |percentage=72.70% |change= 2.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,179 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Sekar Babu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,462 |percentage=50.36% |change=-8.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manohar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,399 |percentage=39.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mohamed Jan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,716 |percentage=6.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Prem Ananth |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,858 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,030 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,063 |percentage=10.77% |change= -10.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=167,730 |percentage=70.08% |change= 23.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,326 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Sekar Babu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,888 |percentage=58.43% |change=+31.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,556 |percentage=37.10% |change=-25.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Manogaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,621 |percentage=2.83% |change=-5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manikandan |party=Independent politician |votes=669 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,332 |percentage=21.32% |change= -14.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=128,175 |percentage=47.01% |change= -9.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 272,666 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,125 |percentage=62.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. D. Raveendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,044 |percentage=26.50% |change=-33.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Siva |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,788 |percentage=8.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Panneerselvam |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,369 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. A. G. Parthiban |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,149 |percentage=0.95% |change=+0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,081 |percentage=35.63% |change= 13.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=120,928 |percentage=56.45% |change= -0.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,586 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Madhusudhanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,710 |percentage=60.30% |change=+35.26 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajasekaran |party=Janata Dal |votes=41,758 |percentage=37.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Gulam Huseien |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=941 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Jaganathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=636 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,952 |percentage=22.55% |change= 2.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,639 |percentage=56.86% |change= -10.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,052 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,216 |percentage=45.31% |change=-1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Madhusudhanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,960 |percentage=25.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=20,731 |percentage=17.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venugopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,863 |percentage=10.75% |change=-39.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,256 |percentage=20.27% |change= 16.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,660 |percentage=67.59% |change= 0.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,625 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Venugopal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,334 |percentage=50.71% |change=+2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,483 |percentage=47.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,851 |percentage=3.59% |change= -4.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=107,147 |percentage=67.01% |change= 4.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,902 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Rajasekaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,076 |percentage=48.62% |change=+36.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Isari Velan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,888 |percentage=40.69% |change=+5.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=8,685 |percentage=9.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,188 |percentage=7.93% |change= 6.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,648 |percentage=62.36% |change= 17.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,769 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Isari Velan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,416 |percentage=35.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. D. Seethapathy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,928 |percentage=33.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugaswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=14,449 |percentage=18.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Anandanayaki |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,876 |percentage=12.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,488 |percentage=1.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,881 |percentage=45.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,751 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010 |publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.99|80.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Banaganapalle revenue division

2026-05-03T14:32:53Z

Alejandra13P: created new post initial version!

{{Short description|Revenue division in Nandyal district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{One source|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Banaganapalle revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Nandyal district]]
| image_map =
| map_caption = Banaganapalle revenue division in Nandyal district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 31 December 2025
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Banaganapalle]]
}}

'''Banaganapalle revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Nandyal district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|four revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises five [[mandals]]. The division was formed on 31 December 2025 as part of the district consolidation and administrative reorganisation undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh during the 2025 restructuring of districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-31 |title=Two new districts come into existence in Andhra Pradesh |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Dec/31/two-new-districts-come-into-existence-in-andhra-pradesh
|access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>

This revenue division contains 5 mandals under its administration which include:
# [[Banaganapalli mandal|Banaganapalli]]
# [[Kolimigundla mandal|Kolimigundla]]
# [[Koilkuntla mandal|Koilkuntla]]
# [[Owk mandal|Owk]]
# [[Sanjamala mandal|Sanjamala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nandyal district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Nandyal district]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Koppillil Radhakrishnan

2026-05-02T05:51:39Z

Alejandra13P: starting some article needs work

{{Short description|Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation}}
{{other people|Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan (name)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Radhakrishnan
| image = K-Radhakrishnan-2014.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Radhakrishnan in 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|08|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Travancore–Cochin|United State of Travancore and Cochin]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = 7th [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman of ISRO]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2009|10|30|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|2014|12|31|df=yes}}
| prime_minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor = [[G. Madhavan Nair]]
| successor = [[Shailesh Nayak]]
| module = {{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| field = [[Electrical Engineering]] [[Space research]]
| work_institution = {{ubl|[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]|[[National Remote Sensing Agency]]|[[Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services]]|[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|[[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]] ([[B.E.|BE]])|[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIM Bangalore]] ([[MBA]])|[[IIT Kharagpur]] ([[PhD]])}}
| known_for = ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'', ''[[Mars Orbiter Mission|Mangalyaan]]''
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2014)<ref name="hindu20140125">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article5617946.ece |title=List of Padma awardees |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}
}}

'''Koppillil Radhakrishnan'''<ref name="toi_jan_14">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Isro-IISc-men-get-top-national-honour/articleshow/29375165.cms |title=Isro, IISc men get top national honour |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> (born 29 August 1949) is an Indian space scientist who [[Chairperson of ISRO|headed]] [[ISRO]] as Chairman of [[Space Commission]], Secretary of the [[Department of Space]], [[Government of India]].<ref name="deccan20091025">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/32322/isro-gets-chairman.html |title=ISRO gets a new chairman |date=25 October 2009 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="ptinews20091024">{{cite news |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/346110_Dr-K-Radhakrishnan-made-ISRO-chief |title=Dr K Radhakrishnan made ISRO chief |date=24 October 2009 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027014449/http://www.ptinews.com/news/346110_Dr-K-Radhakrishnan-made-ISRO-chief |archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="hindustan20141231">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-chairman-radhakrishnan-retires-mom-tweets-farewell/article1-1302090.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231173009/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-chairman-radhakrishnan-retires-mom-tweets-farewell/article1-1302090.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2014 |title=ISRO chairman K Radhakrishnan retires |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-k-radhakrishnan-2009-2014 |title=Dr. K. Radhakrishnan (2009-2014) |publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] |access-date=2018-06-05 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143222/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-k-radhakrishnan-2009-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Under his leadership, [[India]] became the [[Mars Orbiter Mission|first country to reach Mars in its first attempt.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Citation Needed |date= |url= |work=Retcon Game |access-date= |publisher=University Press of Mississippi}}</ref>

==Education and personal life==
Koppillil Radhakrishnan hails from [[Irinjalakuda]] in [[Thrissur district]], Kerala from a [[Malayali]] [[Nair]] family. After his schooling at the National High School, [[Irinjalakuda]], he did two-year Pre-degree studies (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry) at [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]. He studied Electrical Engineering at the [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]] and acquired [[Bachelor of Engineering|BSc (Engg.)]] degree in First Class with Honours from [[University of Kerala|Kerala University]] in 1970. He did post-graduate studies in management at [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] in 1974–76. He obtained doctorate from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]], in 2000, for the thesis: 'Some Strategies for the Management of Indian Earth Observation System'.<ref name=":0" />

Radhakrishnan married Padmini Kizhakke Valappil from Irinjalakuda in 1983. Padmini worked with [[State Bank of Travancore]] from 1980 to 2010.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |url=https://penguin.co.in/book/non-fiction/my-odyssey/ |title=My Odyssey |work=Penguin India |access-date=2018-06-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141040/https://penguin.co.in/book/non-fiction/my-odyssey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Indian Space Research Organisation==
Radhakrishnan joined ISRO in May 1971 at the Space Science & Technology Centre at Thiruvananthapuram (the present [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]) as a design and development engineer of electro-mechanical devices. Later he worked on system planning and technology management for avionics systems of [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle|ASLV]] and [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxtwDQAAQBAJ|title=My Odyssey: Memoirs of the Man behind the Mangalyaan Mission|last=Radhakrishnan|first=K.|date=2016-11-23|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789385990380|language=en}}</ref> During 1981–97, at the ISRO Headquarters, he oversaw the preparation and review of annual budgets of ISRO, formulation of decade profile and Five Year Plans for Indian Space programme and the related techno-economic analysis.<ref name=":4" />

=== Remote Sensing Applications. ===
As Project Director, he set up a chain of regional remote sensing service centres (RRSSC) at Bangalore, Nagpur, Kharagpur, Jodhpur and Dehradun for capacity building in central and state government agencies.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} While he was the director, RRSSCs came to prominence in the national remote sensing application missions including the Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) aimed at generation of spatial database of natural resources and action plans for sustainable development of land and water resources.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Later, Radhakrishnan succeeded as the mission director of IMSD and moved to National Remote Sensing Agency in Hyderabad. IMSD was considered as largest remote sensing application experiment ever done in the world using a meticulous participatory approach.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crida.in/DRM2-Winter%20School/VVR.pdf|title=RS&GIS Applications in Planning and Conservation of Resources in Rainfed Watersheds}}</ref> As the director of [[National Remote Sensing Agency]], he scripted India's modern multi-mission ground station for Earth Observation Satellites.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

=== Space Transportation System and Chandrayaan-1 Mission ===
While at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] as its director, he oversaw five successful launches of [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] including development of its high-end version [[PSLV-XL|PSLV –XL]] that lofted [[Chandrayaan-1]] in October 2008 as well as formulation of [[Indian human spaceflight programme|Indian Human Spaceflight programme]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Chief of India's Space Programme ===
As India's space chief from November 2009 to December 2014, Radhakrishnan led ISRO to achieve 37 space missions including several historic feats including Mars Orbiter Mission; flying Indian Cryogenic Engine on GSLV; the first experimental flight of the [[GSLV Mk III]];<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/indias-space-odyssey-isro-creates-history-in-2014/|title=India's space odyssey: ISRO creates history in 2014|date=2014-12-27|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref> a re-entry experiment of an uncrewed crew module;<ref name=":3" /> and new space capabilities through [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS]] ([[IRNSS-1A|1A]], [[IRNSS-1B|1B]], [[IRNSS-1C|1C]]) for navigation; [[GSAT-7]] for strategic communication; and [[RISAT-1]] for microwave radar imaging.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today|title=ISRO's Timeline from 1960s to Today |publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|access-date=2018-06-05|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927082200/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isros-timeline-1960s-to-today|url-status=dead}}</ref> ISRO completed two joint satellite missions ([[Megha-Tropiques|Megha Tropiques]] and [[SARAL]]) with the [[CNES|French National Space Agency]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://presse.cnes.fr/en/france-india-space-cooperation-four-more-years-emblematic-megha-tropiques-climate-space-mission|title=France-India space cooperation - Four more years for emblematic Megha-Tropiques climate space mission|website=presse.cnes.fr|date=7 October 2016|language=en|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref> and inked another agreement with [[NASA]] to jointly build an advanced Radar Imaging Satellite.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29439256|title=US and India sign space agreement|date=2014-10-01|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref> India's standing in the global space market was enhanced as PSLV launched 18 commercial satellites for 11 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antrix.co.in/business/international-customer-satellites-launched|title=International Customer Satellites Launched|publisher=Antrix Corporation|access-date=2018-06-05}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Through an inclusive organisational process, Radhakrishnan charted out clear programmatic directions and nurtured younger generation of leaders for carrying forward the legacy of ISRO.<ref name=":0" /> Re-defining the ''[[Chandrayaan-2]]'' mission with Indigenous lander and rover<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/k-radhakrishnan-interview-success-due-to-tireless-efforts-of-isro/story-Uz4BU6xpPeU8kHmTUamBlO.html|title=K Radhakrishnan interview: Success due to tireless efforts of Isro|date=2014-09-24|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref> and extending the application of space technologies and tools to all central ministries are highlights of his leadership regime at ISRO.<ref name=":0" /> He worked to enhance the partnership with the Indian space industry for the production of operational launchers and satellites.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-gives-farewell-to-its-man-of-steel-k-radhakrishnan-114123100705_1.html|title=Isro gives farewell to its 'Man of Steel' K Radhakrishnan|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2014-12-31|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

During his leadership, ISRO received the 2014 [[Gandhi Peace Prize]]; the 2014 [[Indira Gandhi Prize]] for Peace, Disarmament and Development; the 2014 Knowledge Economy Network KEN Award; the 2014 CNN-IBN Indian of the Year-Lifetime Achievement Award; the 2014 Global Game Changer Award by the Marico Innovation Foundation; and the 2013 CNBC-18 India Business Leader Award-BRAND INDIA.<ref name=":0" />

==== Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) ====
[[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (MOM; aka ''Mangalyaan'') was conceived, planned and executed, within four years (2010–2014), establishing India as the first country to have successful mission to Mars in its maiden attempt,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/technology-science-and-trends/article/india%E2%80%99s-low-cost-mars-mission-successful-first-attempt |title=India becomes first country in world to place spacecraft in Mars' orbit in first attempt |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2014-09-24 |access-date=2018-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> and at significantly low cost (INR 4.5 billion).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29341850 |title=Why India's Mars mission is so cheap - and thrilling |work=BBC News |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |date=2014-09-24 |access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

==== [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] and Indian Cryogenic Stage ====
GSLV had a checkered history in its initial flights of 2001-2007 and they were powered by cryogenic upper stage of Russia. After failure of the Indian Cryogenic upper stage on GSLV in April 2010 (GSLV-D3) and recurrence one more failure of GSLV with Russian Cryogeinc upper stage (GSLV-F06) in December 2010, Radhakrishnan steered ISRO towards the landmark success in January 2014 GSLV-D5. This marked the beginning of the successful series of GSLV with Indian Cryogenic Upper Stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gslv-rocket-billed-naughty-boy-by-scientists-is-now-adorable-1456610|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211150611/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gslv-rocket-billed-naughty-boy-by-scientists-is-now-adorable-1456610|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-02-11|title=GSLV Rocket, Billed 'Naughty Boy' By Scientists, Is Now 'Adorable'|date=2018-02-11|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref>

== Ocean Observation and Information Services ==
Radhakrishnan had a stint of five years the Ministry of Earth Sciences to set up, [[Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services]] (INCOIS). In the aftermath of the [[Indian Ocean Tsunami]] disaster of December 2004, he emerged as the Project Director to set up the [[Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System|Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning]] Centre.<ref name=":4" />

== Kathakali and Carnatic Music ==
[[File:K. Radhakrishnan (1987) Enacting the role of King Daksha.jpg|alt=|thumb|K. Radhakrishnan (1987) Enacting the role of King Daksha, who is annoyed at Siva for taking away his daughter Sati in marriage.]]
[[File:-Radhakrishnan singing at Guruvayoor Chembai Sangetholsavam 2018.jpg|alt=Radhakrishnan singing at Guruvayoor Chembai Sangetholsavam 2018|thumb|Radhakrishnan singing at Guruvayoor Chembai Sangetholsavam 2018]]
Radhakrishnan is a [[Carnatic music]] and [[Kathakali]] enthusiast and performer.<ref name="indiatoday20091025">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/new-isro-chief-a-noted-kathakali-dancer-59234-2009-10-24|title=New ISRO chief a noted Kathakali dancer|last=Radhakrishnan|first=M. G.|date=25 October 2009|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="newindia20110902">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article357301.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008115409/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article357301.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2014|title=ISRO chief sings a different note|date=2 September 2011|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> Radhakrishnan was drawn into the world of performing arts from childhood. After formal training in [[Kerala Natanam]], under Professor Thrippunithura Vijayabhanu, he had training in [[Kathakali]] dance under Guru Pallippuram Gopalan Nair, Kalanilayam Raghavan and Shri T.V.A Varier. Also, he was trained in [[Carnatic music]] by eminent musicians like Prof. Vechoor Harihara Subramania Iyer, Dr. [[R. K. Srikantan|R.K. Srikantan]], Dr. [[Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana]]; currently he is student of Vidwan R.S. Ramakanth. Dr. Radhakrishnan has performed at Bengaluru Sangeethotsav, Sankranthi Music Festival of RK Srikantan Trust, Swaralaya, Bangalore Centre for Kathakali and Arts, JSS Sangeetha Sabha, Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar Music Festival at Chennai. He has been singing at the Guruvayoor Chembai Sangeetholsavam every year since 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/scientist-as-an-artist/article6954702.ece|title=Scientist as an artist|work=Frontline|access-date=2018-11-13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/space-scientist-regales-connoisseurs-of-music/article7947774.ece|title=Space scientist regales connoisseurs of music|last=Kumar|first=R. Krishna|date=2015-12-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Major Awards and honours==
*2003: K.R. Ramanathan Memorial Gold Medal of Indian Geophysical Union
*2005: VASVIK Industrial Research Award
*2006: Silver Jubilee Honour by Ministry of Earth Sciences
*2008: BHASKARA Award of Indian Society of Remote Sensing
*2008: Dr. Y. Nayudamma Memorial Award of the A.P Academy of Sciences
*2009: Social Sciences Award of the International Academy of Astronautics
*2010: Vikram Sarabhai Memorial Award of Indian Science Congress
*2010: Distinguished Alumnus Award of IIT, Kharagpur
*2010: Distinguished Alumnus Award of IIM, Bangalore
*2014: ISRO's Lifetime Achievement Award
*2014: The Allan D. Emil Award of International Astronautical Federation
*2014: Ernst & Young Lifetime Achievement Award
*2014: Technovation-Sarabhai Award of Indian Electronics & Semiconductor Association
*2014: Radhakrishnan received the [[Padma Bhushan]] Award for contribution to Science and Engineering, especially in the field of Space Science and Technology.<ref name=toi_jan_14 />
*2014: Named one of [[Nature (journal)|''Nature''{{'s}}]] ten "people who mattered" of 2014 on 18 December 2014, along with [[Radhika Nagpal]], and others.<ref name="nature20141218">{{cite journal |title=365 days: Nature's 10 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Gibney |first2=Heidi |last2=Ledford |first3=Corie |last3=Lok |first4=Erika Check |last4=Hayden |first5=Ron |last5=Cowen |first6=Erica |last6=Klarreich |first7=Sara |last7=Reardon |first8=T. V. |last8=Padma |first9=David |last9=Cyranoski |first10=Ewen |last10=Callaway |display-authors=1 |volume=516 |issue=7531 |pages=311–319 |date=18 December 2014 |doi=10.1038/516311a |pmid=25519114 |bibcode=2014Natur.516..311.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*2015: Lifetime Achievent Award of Union Bank of India
*2015: Lifetime Outstanding Innovation Award Indore Management Association
*2015: Bharat Asmita Vigyan Tantragyaan Shreshta
*2015: P.C. Chandra Purashkar for Lifetime Achievement
*2016: [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]''
*2016: Lifetime Achievement Award, Engineers' Forum, Nagpur
*2017: Global Indian (Science) Award of Times Network
*2018: Qimpro Platinum Standard 2018 (Business)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qimpro.org/awards|title=Qimpro Foundation – Qimpro Awards|website=www.qimpro.org|language=en|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>

He has been conferred a doctorate by IIT Kharagpur<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Radhakrishnan Koppillil |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/radhakrishnan-koppillil-892985b8/ |work=LinkedIn}}</ref> and honorary doctorates by 12 Indian universities {{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|K. Radhakrishnan}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[G. Madhavan Nair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation]]|years=2009–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shailesh Nayak]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[B. N. Suresh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]|years=2007–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[P. S. Veeraraghavan]]}}
{{end}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, K.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Irinjalakuda]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Government Engineering College, Thrissur, alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Engineers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]

Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan

2026-04-26T08:43:03Z

Alejandra13P: created initial post v1!

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Santosh Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan
| image = Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Santosh Singh
| producer = Mansi Bagla Varun Bagla 
| writer = Mansi Bagla<ref>{{cite news |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan teaser: Shanaya Kapoor, Vikrant Massey promise a tender romance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-teaser-shanaya-kapoor-vikrant-massey-promise-a-tender-romance-10049755/ |access-date=7 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| based_on = {{based on|''The Eyes Have It''|[[Ruskin Bond]]}}
| starring = [[Vikrant Massey]] Shanaya Kapoor
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] '''Score:''' Joel Joe Crasto
| cinematography = Tanveer Mir
| editing = Unnikrishnan P.P.
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Mini Films Open Window Films
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|2025|7|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=''Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxmdcx |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹2.35 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan/box-office/ |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref>
}}

'''''Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan''''' ({{translation|literal=yes|Eyes' Impudence}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[romantic drama film]] written by Mansi Bagla<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-06-13 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Producer and writer Mansi Bagla on conceiving the story of Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan: “I've tried to merge vintage romance with the spirit and complexities of Gen Z relationships” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-producer-writer-mansi-bagla-conceiving-story-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-ive-tried-merge-vintage-romance-spirit-complexities-gen-z-relationsh/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan Writer Mansi Bagla Reveals How Karan Johar & YRF Inspired Her {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-writer-mansi-bagla-reveals-how-karan-johar-yrf-inspired-her-74391.html |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> and directed by Santosh Singh. It is produced by Mansi Bagla and Varun Bagla under [[Zee Studios]] and Mini Films. Adapted from [[Ruskin Bond]]'s short story ''The Eyes Have It'', the film stars [[Vikrant Massey]] as a visually impaired musician and marks the acting debut of Shanaya Kapoor as a theater artist. Principal photography concluded in early 2025 after filming in [[Mussoorie]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Europe]]<ref name=":0" /> and the film was released on 11 July 2025 in theatres.<ref name="UNI2025">{{cite news |title=Vikrant Massey and Shanaya Kapoor's 'Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan' to hit cinemas July 11 |url=https://uniindia.com/vikrant-massey-and-shanaya-kapoor-s-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-to-hit-cinemas-july-11/entertainment/news/3452988.html |publisher=UNI |date=1 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="BH2024">{{cite web |title=Vikrant Massey to play blind musician in Ruskin Bond adaptation |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikrant-massey-play-blind-musician-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-movie-adaptation-ruskin-bonds-short-story-report/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 April 2024 |access-date=17 May 2025 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409072503/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikrant-massey-play-blind-musician-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-movie-adaptation-ruskin-bonds-short-story-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
A visually impaired musician and a theater artist meet during a train journey through [[the Himalayas]]. As they converse without revealing their visual impairments, they form an emotional bond through voice and touch. The story explores their evolving relationship and personal transformations as they navigate societal perceptions, with their connection deepening despite physical limitations.

== Cast ==
* [[Vikrant Massey]] as Jahaan Bakshi, a visually impaired musician
* [[Shanaya Kapoor]] as Saba Shergill, a theater artist<ref name="HT2025">{{cite web |title=Shanaya Kapoor's debut confirmed opposite Vikrant Massey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-shanaya-kapoors-debut-with-vikrant-massey-to-release-on-this-date-101746024301649.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |archive-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502055336/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-shanaya-kapoors-debut-with-vikrant-massey-to-release-on-this-date-101746024301649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Zain Khan Durrani]] as Abhinav Grover <ref>{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Zain Durrani recalls sending “audition via YouTube” to get Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan role: “I didn't hear back immediately” : Bollywood News | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=2025-07-02 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zain-durrani-recalls-sending-audition-via-youtube-get-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-role-didnt-hear-back-immediately/ | access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>
* [[Saanand Verma]] as Saukhilal
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Saba's father
* [[Vikram Kochhar]] as Prashant
* [[Bharti Sharma]] as Noor
* Rehmatt Rattan as Tanya
* Shubham Joshi as Receptionist

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Producer Mansi Bagla conceived the project as an adaptation of Ruskin Bond's short story, with Vikrant Massey attached after his performance in ''[[12th Fail]]'' (2023).<ref name="ETVBharat">{{cite web |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan Teaser: Shanaya Kapoor's Bollywood debut is a visually poetic romance with Vikrant Massey |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan-teaser-shanaya-kapoors-bollywood-debut-is-a-visually-poetic-romance-with-vikrant-massey-enn25060503700 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=5 June 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> The film's {{INR}}35 crore budget was financed through significant personal sacrifices by the producers, including selling jewelry and property.<ref name="PatrikaSacrifice">{{cite web |title=For Shanaya Kapoor's debut film, the producer sacrificed his house and jewelry |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/for-shanaya-kapoors-debut-film-the-producer-sacrificed-his-house-and-jewelry-know-what-is-the-matter-19749063 |publisher=Patrika |date=5 July 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="AajTakSacrifice">{{cite news |title=Producer Mansi Bagla sold home and jewellery for Shanaya Kapoor's debut film |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyaan-producer-mansi-bagla-sold-home-jewelry-for-film-do-not-want-kids-delaying-motherhood-for-career-tmovb-dskc-2279719-2025-07-05 |access-date=7 July 2025 |work=Aaj Tak |date=5 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

Shanaya Kapoor was cast after an extensive audition process where initial choices [[Tara Sutaria]] and [[Pratibha Ranta]] faced scheduling conflicts.<ref name="News18Casting">{{cite web |title=Did You Know Shanaya Kapoor Wasn't The First Choice For Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dyk-shanaya-kapoor-wasnt-the-first-choice-for-aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan-aa-9331779.html |publisher=News18 |date=18 June 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> Kapoor underwent four months of workshops and trained with an acting coach to prepare for her role, including performing scenes blindfolded.<ref name="MayapuriBlindfold">{{cite web |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan Actress Shanaya Kapoor Said: 'It Was Not Easy To Perform Blindfolded' |url=https://mayapuri.com/interviews/aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan-actress-shanaya-kapoor-said-it-was-not-easy-to-perform-blindfolded-9473763 |website=Mayapuri |date=25 June 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography took place in [[Mussoorie]] (honoring Bond's original Himalayan setting), [[Mumbai]] and [[Europe]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=It's a wrap! Vikrant Massey and Shanaya Kapoor conclude 'Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan' shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/its-a-wrap-vikrant-massey-and-shanaya-kapoor-conclude-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-shoot/articleshow/118856928.cms |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 March 2025}}</ref> between late 2024 and early 2025.<ref name="JagrukTimes">{{cite web |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan will be released in theaters on 11 July 2025 |url=https://jagruktimes.co.in/entertainment/vikrant-massey-and-shanaya-kapoor-starrer-aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan-will-be-released-in-theaters-on-11-july-2025/ |website=Jagruk Times |date=3 May 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> Cinematographer Tanveer Mir employed close-focus techniques to translate sensory experiences visually, while Kapoor performed key scenes blindfolded to authentically portray blindness.<ref name="MayapuriBlindfold"/><ref name="BhaskarInterview">{{cite web |title=विक्रांत मैसी-शनाया कपूर की 'आंखों की गुस्ताखियां' की प्रोड्यूसर मानसी बागला ने खोले कई राज |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/vikrant-massey-shanaya-kapoor-aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan-producer-mansi-bagla-interview-135377525.html |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> Vikrant Massey researched with visually impaired individuals to prepare for his role.<ref name="ABPVikrant">{{cite web |title=Why Vikrant Massey works in less projects |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan-fame-vikrant-massey-says-why-he-works-in-less-projects-2971311 |publisher=ABP News |date=3 July 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| released = 17 July 2025
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=21|s=44}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|nB381k3OrAM|Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] with lyrics by Mishra and Kaushal Kishore. The first single "Nazara" released on 11 June 2025,<ref name="AajTakNazara">{{cite news |title=Nazara Song: विक्रांत मैसी और शनाया कपूर की इनोसेंट लव केमिस्ट्री देख फैंस हुए दीवाने |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-song-nazara-released-vikrant-massey-shanaya-kapoor-chemistry-innocent-love-tmovp-dskc-2261571-2025-06-11 |access-date=7 July 2025 |work=Aaj Tak |date=11 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> followed by the title track "Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan" performed by [[Jubin Nautiyal]] on 21 June.<ref name="PunjabKesari">{{cite web |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan Title Track Released |url=https://m.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/vikrant-massey-shanaya-kapoor-s--aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan--title-track-released-2169949 |publisher=Punjab Kesari |date=21 June 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> The final single "Alvida" released on 5 July.<ref name="TimesNowTitle">{{cite web |title=Title Track Out: विक्रांत मैसी-शनाया कपूर के डांस वीडियो ने मचाई धूम |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/videos/entertainment-videos/aankho-ki-gustaakhiyan-title-track-out-now-vikrant-massey-shanaya-kapoor-dance-video-152123814 |publisher=Times Now Hindi |date=21 June 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> The soundtrack emphasizes tactile and auditory experiences to align with the film's themes.<ref name="AajTakTitleVideo">{{cite web |title=Bollywood Movie Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan Title Track Released |url=https://www.aajtak.in/programmes/movie-masala/video/bollywood-movie-aankhon-ki-gustakhiyan-title-track-released-featuring-vikrant-massey-shanaya-kapoor-2271023-2025-06-24 |publisher=Aaj Tak |date=24 June 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:44
| title1 = Alvida
| extra1 = Vishal Mishra
| lyrics1 = Vishal Mishra
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = Nazara
| extra2 = Vishal Mishra
| lyrics2 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| length2 = 4:11
| title3 = Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan
| note3 = Title Track
| extra3 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| lyrics3 = Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
| length3 = 3:54
| title4 = Yuhi Safar
| length4 = 3:42
| lyrics4 = Vishal Mishra
| extra4 = Jubin Nautiyal
| title5 = Kya Karun
| length5 = 3:38
| lyrics5 = Vishal Mishra
| extra5 = Vishal Mishra
| title6 = Alvida
| note6 = Asees Version
| length6 = 2:01
| lyrics6 = Vishal Mishra
| extra6 = [[Asees Kaur]]
}}

==Release==
The film was announced on 30 April 2025 with a motion poster confirming its 11 July release date.<ref name="CinemaExpress">{{cite web |title=Vikrant Massey and Shanaya Kapoor's film gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Apr/30/vikrant-massey-and-shanaya-kapoors-aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-gets-release-date-44987.html |publisher=Cinema Express |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> The film premiered at a special industry screening attended by [[Sanjay Kapoor]] and other celebrities.<ref name="NavodayaTimes">{{cite web |title=Sanjay Kapoor at Trailer Launch Event |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/filmi-duniya/sanjay-kapoor-arrived-at-the-trailer-launch-event-of-aankhon-ki-gustakhiyaan-/269203/ |publisher=Navodaya Times |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film concluded its run with a worldwide gross estimated to be ₹2.35 crore.<ref name="bo"/>

=== Critical response ===
The film received mostly negative reviews. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|27|4.7|11|consensus=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aankhon_ki_gustaakhiyan |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated it 2/5 and called it a half-baked love story that fails to sustain its promising premise, and while praising it for its pleasant music and scenic locations, he criticized the movie for its lack of depth, emotional resonance, and dramatic tension, with Vikrant Massey's portrayal of a visually-challenged singer being described as decent but underwhelming.<ref>{{cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=11 July 2025 |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan review: Shanaya Kapoor's debut with Vikrant Massey is love story that can't see beyond its flaws |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-review-shanaya-kapoors-debut-film-with-vikrant-massey-is-a-love-story-that-cant-see-beyond-it-101752221907947.html |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media}}</ref> Anurag Singh Bohra of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2.5/5 and criticized the film's clichéd storytelling, predictable plot, and lack of emotional depth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bohra |first=Anurag Singh |date=11 July 2025 |title=Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan review: Shanaya makes promising debut in predictable plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyanreview-shanaya-kapoor-promising-debut-predictable-plot-vikrant-massey-film-2754371-2025-07-11 |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=India Today |publisher=Living Media}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticized its over-reliance on sight-related metaphors, melodramatic second half, and stretched narrative while he also noted that the film's modest charm was weighed down by clichéd writing, heavy-handed symbolism, and lack of emotional subtlety, making it fall short of its potential.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=11 July 2025 |title='Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan' movie review: The eyes don't have it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aankhon-ki-gustaakhiyan-movie-review-the-eyes-dont-have-it/article69799723.ece |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=The Hindu |publisher=Kasturi & Sons}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28812582}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films about blind people]]

Udayon

2026-04-25T08:09:12Z

Alejandra13P: put up a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udayon
| image = Udayon poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]
| producer = Maha Subair
| writer = [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] [[Salim Ghouse]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = Varnachithra Big Screen
| distributor = Varnachithra Release
| released = {{Film date|2005|07|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}'''''Udayon''''' ({{Translation|Owner/Overlord}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action-comedy]] film written and directed by [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]] and produced by Maha Subair. It stars [[Mohanlal]] in dual roles: 75-year-old farmer Suranadu Kunju and his happy-go-lucky son Papoyi, [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] plays the female lead role and also features [[Salim Ghouse]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] in substantial roles. The film features original soundtrack composed by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-17 |title=Udayon |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/udayon-review-malayalam-pclvKNgcihgfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325082043/https://www.sify.com/movies/udayon-review-malayalam-pclvKNgcihgfi.html |archive-date=2022-03-25 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story revolves around a 75-year-old father Shooranadu Kunju and his son Papoyi. Kunju thinks that the heartbeat of the earth is in soil (Agriculture) and not in any other vocation. His beliefs on land and agrarianism are good, but his value system that farmers and farming are more important and better than anything else is preposterous. He denies his sons the opportunity to pursue their interests and wants them to be successful in agriculture, which leads to frequent sarcastic quarrels between Kunju and his three sons. Also, when he decides to marry off his daughter to an odd looking but farming enthusiast instead of an educated, handsome doctor makes them feel that the father is destroying and spoiling their lives with his ideals, stubbornness and high handedness.

Kunju had swindled a large portion of land (5 Acres) - which should have been inherited by his sister Eechamma by discreetly altering his Father's Will with the assistance of the family lawyer. The deceit is revealed to Eechamma years later by a severely ailing and remorseful Mullassery Sreedharan, the family lawyer. Eechamma decides to get back her rightful share through a proper legal channel as she is in a tight financial situation compared to Kunju. Eighteen years ago, Eecha's husband (A toddy shop owner) had committed suicide due to a dire financial crisis, after beseechingly requesting Kunju for help, which the latter denied owing to his miserly behaviour.

Mathan, Eecha's second son - known as JCB for owning and operating a bulldozer for his livelihood and brother-in-law Mundaparitha Perumal, a local Tamil village chieftain and an arbitrator, adds a twist as he interferes in the family property dispute. However, Eecha doesn't wish harm upon her brother, and her younger son Pottan Pathru, a speech impaired, also shares her sentiments. Papoyi tries to resolve things but his attempts are unsuccessful. Ultimately, Kunju's youngest son Ponnan is used as bait to coerce the transfer of property. Amidst the chaos, Ponnan is killed and in revenge Kunju kills Perumal and gives the family property keys to Eecha and the patriarch stick to Papoyi after being arrested and taken to the prison. While leaving his house with the Police, Kunju, who is now an impassive individual wails loudly, repenting his misdeeds.

== Cast ==
* [[Mohanlal]] in a dual role as:
** Shooranadu Kunju alias Kunji Pappan (Father)
** Shooranadu Papoyi (Second Son)
* [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] as Maya, Papoyi's classmate and love interest
* [[Salim Ghouse]] as Mundaparitha Perumal
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Mathan, Ichamma's second son
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Pottan Pathru, Ichamma's youngest son
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Shooranadu Rarichan, Kunju's first son
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Unni Vaidyan, Kunju's best friend and Maya's uncle
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Ichamma
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Nangeli
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Susiemol, Kunju's only daughter and Pappoi's younger sister
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Leelamma, Rarichan's wife
* Adarsh as Ponnan, Kunju's youngest son (voice dubbed by [[Kalidas Jayaram]])
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Shavappetty Thoma, Ichamma's first son
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Mammali, Papoyi's best friend
* [[Cuckoo Parameswaran]] as Malli
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Itti
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Illikadan
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Manthodi Joppan
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Mathai, Papoyi's friend
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Bullet Kuttiyamma
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Chetti
* [[M. R. Gopakumar]] as Chackochi, Ichamma's husband
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Shooranadu Itti, Kunju's third son
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Advocate Sreedharan
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Kangaroo, Bus conductor
* [[Vinayakan]] as Thoma's helper
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Karthyayani Amma
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Kunjuamma
* [[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]] as Priest
* Baby Akshai as Kuku Paremeswaran's son
* Vinod Therattil as Person helping Papoyi during the bus accident
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Koothattukulam Mathai a Tipper Lorry Driver

==Production==
[[Jyothika]] was offered to act as lead actress with [[Mohanlal]]. But she could not do it due to her busy schedules in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jo-is-the-new-chandramukhi-news-tamil-kkfvEijbgfg.html?scategory=tamil |title=Jo is the new 'Chandramukhi' |website=[[Sify]] |date=2004-11-18 |access-date=2011-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925135947/http://www.sify.com/movies/jo-is-the-new-chandramukhi-news-tamil-kkfvEijbgfg.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=25 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She was later replaced by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] actress [[Laya (actress)|Laya]].<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Bechu |date=2021-05-21 |title=Mohanlal birthday: Eight millennial Malayalam movies that show why he is 'The Complete Actor' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2020/May/20/mohanlal-birthday-eight-millennial-malayalam-movies-that-show-why-he-is-the-complete-actor-102873.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film features original soundtrack composed by [[Ouseppachan]].

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =

| title1 = Angethala
| lyrics1 = [[Kaithapram]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Mohanlal, [[Kalidas Jayaram]]
| length1 = 4:59

| title2 = Chiri Chirichal
| lyrics2 = [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
| extra2 = Anwar Sadath, Gang
| length2 = 4:36

| title3 = Pathinettam Patta
| lyrics3 = Arumughan Vengat
| extra3 = Ouseppachan
| length3 = 1:24

| title4 = Poondankila
| lyrics4 = Arumughan Vengat
| extra4 = Pushpa Anand, Alex
| length4 = 3:24

| title5 = Puthumannu
| lyrics5 = [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| extra5 = Ouseppachan
| length5 = 2:03

| title6 = Thiruvarangil
| lyrics6 = [[Kaithapram]]
| extra6 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length6 = 6:02

| title7 = Thiruvarangil
| lyrics7 = [[Kaithapram]]
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 6:02
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 15 July 2005, and became an average in the box office, also getting mixed reviews from the critics. Most of them criticized the complicated plot but Mohanlal's performance as the crafty, tough bordering on villain, Shooranad Kunju was well praised.<ref name='tnie' /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Mohanlal Movies That Were Disappointments But Had The Actor In Full-form |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mohanlal-movies-that-were-disppointments-but-had-the-actor-in-full-form/articlecontent-pf189861-248331.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref> [[The Times of India]] mentioned Mohanlal's appearance as the old but toughened Soornadu Kunju perfectly suits his character. The actor's makeover as a grumpy old farmer is convincing. Mohanlal is spotted with a white moustache and a fake tooth stained with tobacco which is apt for his role of that of an old-fashioned conservative farmer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-27 |title=Magical makeovers of Mohanlal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/magical-makeovers-of-mohanlal/photostory/66825905.cms?picid=66825915 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''WebIndia123'' called the film "a must see for Mohanlal fans".<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/udayon/index.htm | title=Udayon Movie Review | access-date=2024-02-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0460592|title=Udayon}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhadran]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Basirhat Dakshina Kali Temple

2026-04-23T11:53:48Z

Alejandra13P: created new bio and citations

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Basirhat, West Bengal}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Basirhat Dakshina Kali Temple
| native_name = বসিরহাট দক্ষিণা কালী মন্দির
| image =
| caption =
| location = Sangrampur, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.666374|N|88.870495|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| deity = Goddess Kali (Dakshina Kali)
| architecture = Traditional Bengali temple architecture
| website = [Official website URL]
}}

'''Basirhat Dakshina Kali Temple''', locally known as '''Sangrampur Kalibari''', is a historic Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess Kali, situated in Sangrampur, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. It is one of the prominent Shakti Peethas in the region, known for its spiritual significance and cultural heritage.

== History ==
The temple traces its origins over 300 years ago. According to local legend, [[Krishna Chandra Roy|Raja Krishna Chandra Roy]], a zamindar of the region, received a divine vision instructing him to build a shrine for Goddess Kali in Sangrampur. He donated land and constructed the temple with the assistance of the local community. Over centuries, the temple evolved from a modest straw-thatched structure to the present-day edifice, reflecting traditional Bengali temple architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=এক মাইলের মধ্যে অন্য কোনও কালীর পুজো হলে ক্ষুব্ধ হন সংগ্রামপুরের দক্ষিণা কালী |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/north-bengal/history-of-basirat-sangrampur-dakshina-kali/tid/88487 |website=The Wall |date=2022-10-22 |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The temple showcases classic Bengali architectural elements, including a high platform, curved roofs, and decorative terracotta panels. The sanctum sanctorum houses the idol of Goddess Kali in her Dakshina Kali form.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit the Dakshina Kali Temple in Sangrampur, Basirhat Subdistrict |url=https://truthofbengal.com/travel/visit-the-dakshina-kali-temple-in-sangrampur-basirhat-subdistrict/ |website=Truth of Bengal |date=2024-11-17 |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
The temple is considered a powerful spiritual center. Rituals at the temple follow traditional practices, including offerings, chanting of mantras, and community feasts.
Here, the traditional offering includes white rice served with moong dal, colocasia (kachu) stems, and a distinctive preparation of jackfruit (echor) and shrimp (chingri). This unique combination is a hallmark of the temple's rituals, reflecting its deep-rooted cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=বসিরহাট: এঁচোড়-চিংড়ি দিয়ে ভোগ হয় সংগ্রামপুরের দক্ষিণা কালী পুজোয়
|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/basirhat-sangrampur-dakshina-kali-puja-with-echor-chingri/articleshow/105067259.cms |website=Ei Samay |date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=সংগ্রামপুরের প্রাচীন কালী মন্দিরে সঙ্গে জড়িয়ে আছে বহু ইতিহাস |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/historical-kali-temple-of-sangrampur-is-associated-with-lot-of-history-l18-1583513.html |website=News18 বাংলা |date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
The temple is about 1 km from Basirhat city. It is accessible by bus, auto, e-rickshaw and private vehicles. The nearest railway station is [[Basirhat railway station]], well-connected to Kolkata and other major cities in West Bengal.

== See also ==
* [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]
* [[Kalighat Kali Temple]]
* [[Kali Puja]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kali temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]

Raj Kumar Chabbewal

2026-04-20T09:10:19Z

Alejandra13P: new a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr.Raj Kumar Chabbewal
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website = {{Facebook|rajkumarchabbewal05}}
| profession = Doctor
| mother = Smt Simro Devi
| father = Late Shri Darshan Singh
| children = 2
| term_start2 = 11 Mar 2017
| term_end2 = 15 March 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|5|8|df=y}}
| successor2 = [[Ishank Kumar Chabbewal]]
| office1 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition of]] [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| leader1 = [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
| predecessor1 = [[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
| successor1 = [[Aruna Chaudhary]]
| term_start1 = 10 April 2022
| term_end1 = 15 March 2024
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| predecessor = [[Som Prakash]]
| constituency2 = [[Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Chabbewal]]
| office2 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor2 = Dr. Raj Kumar
| office3 = Chairperson, Congress’s Scheduled Caste (SC) Department, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start3 = 2015
| term_end3 = 2024
| image =
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| spouse = Dr. Harbans Kaur
}}

'''Raj Kumar Chabbewal''' (born 8 May 1969) is an Indian politician from Punjab. He became a member of the Parliament from [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency]] winning the [[2024 Indian general election in Punjab]] representing [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/152 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chabbewal, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Chabbewal में INC ने AAP को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/chabbewal-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-punjab-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425363-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Chabbewal joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2009. He was first elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Chabbewal]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-11 |title=Punjab elections result 2017: Full list of constituencies and their winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-assembly-elections-2017/punjab-election-results-full-list-of-constituencies-and-candidates-winner-list-4562447/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-21 |title=Preferred over bigwigs, Congress bets big on this doctor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/preferred-over-bigwigs-congress-bets-big-on-this-doctor/story-rr9v0osZrVDhn8MRyHOXWN.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, he was re-elected from the same constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Chabbewal Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dr. Rajkumar of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/chabbewal-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4853288.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Constituency watch: Chabbewal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/constituency-watch-chabbewal-367248 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> On 10 April 2022 he was made the deputy CLP leader of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Apr 10, 2022 |title=Sonia Gandhi names Rahul loyalist Warring Punjab Congress chief {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sonia-gandhi-names-rahul-loyalist-warring-punjab-congress-chief/articleshow/90754701.cms |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Chabbewal was appointed the Chairperson of Congress's Scheduled Caste (SC) Department, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in 2015. He was also a member of [[All India Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=All Rahul's men: The new-look Punjab Congress leadership |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/punjab-congress-leadership-rahuls-gandhi-amrinder-singh-raja-warring-7862929/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==MLA==
He was elected as MLA in 2022. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Hoshiarpur]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Raj Kumar Chabbewal
|votes = 3,03,859
|percentage = 32.04
|change = {{increase}}27.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yamini Gomar
|votes = 2,59,748
|percentage = 27.39
|change = {{decrease}}10.24
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anita Som Parkash
|votes = 1,99,994
|percentage = 21.09
|change = {{decrease}}21.43
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sohan Singh Thandal]]
|votes = 91,789
|percentage = 9.68
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar
|votes = 48,214
|percentage = 5.08
|change = {{decrease}}7.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Jaswant Singh Fouji
|votes = 20,923
|percentage = 2.21
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,552
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{decrease}}0.71
}}
{{Election box majority |
|votes = 44,111
|percentage = 4.65
|change = {{decrease}}0.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,48,485
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =16,01,826 |ref = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}27.51
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{transcluded section|source=Chabbewal Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|rajkumarchabbewal05}}
{{18th LS members from Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabbewal, Raj Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Jarmundi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:39Z

Alejandra13P: starting a post more to come - done

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jarmundi
| type = SLA
| state = Jharkhand
| established = 2000
| abolished =
| electors = 2,27,038
| mla = [[Devendra Kunwar (Jharkhand politician)|Devendra Kunwar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 12
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
| reservation = None
| map_image = Jarmundi constituency map.svg
}}
'''Jarmundi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Overview==
Jarmundi Assembly constituency covers: Jarmundi Police Station in Dumka district and Sarawan Police Station in Deoghar district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

Jarmundi Assembly constituency is part of [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Poreyahat cum Jarmundi constituency''}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-62: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Srikant Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||S. Raut || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Srikant Jha|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Dip Nath Rai || {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Jawahar Prasad Singh
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Abhay Kant Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||Jawahar Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan=2|[[Devendra Kunwar (Jharkhand politician)|Devendra Kunwar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || rowspan=2 | Hari Narayan Ray || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Badal Patralekh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Devendra Kunwar (Jharkhand politician)|Devendra Kunwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jarmundi<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Devendra Kunwar (Jharkhand politician)|Devendra Kunwar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=94,892 |percentage=48.73% |change={{increase}}18.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Patralekh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,346 |percentage=39.72% |change={{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murari Kapri |party=Independent politician |votes=4,635 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=3,210 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeev Kumar |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=2,453 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalmohan Ray |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,838 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hanif Mian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,701 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,472 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,546 |percentage=9.01% |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,94,742 |percentage=71.68% |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,71,664 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jarmundi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Patralekh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,507 |percentage=32.22% |change={{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Kunwar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,408 |percentage=30.32% |change={{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fulkumari Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=17,313 |percentage=10.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=9,242 |percentage=5.67% |change={{decrease}}3.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram Pathak |party=Independent politician |votes=3,989 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarni Prasad Kamat |party=Independent politician |votes=3,491 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishwanath Ray |party=Independent politician |votes=3,480 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,449 |percentage=0.89% |change={{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,099 |percentage=1.90% |change= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,951 |percentage=71.77% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,27,038 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jarmundi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Patralekh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,981 |percentage=28.82% |change={{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Narayan Ray |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=41,273 |percentage=27.05% |change={{increase}}7.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Kant Prasad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,965 |percentage=19.64% |change={{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Kunwar |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=14,189 |percentage=9.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damodar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,948 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varun Kumar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,797 |percentage=1.83% |change={{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmanand Ravidas |party=Independent politician |votes=2,480 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,847 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,708 |percentage=1.77% |change= {{decrease}}7.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,52,592 |percentage=73.74% |change= {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,06,926 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jarmundi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Narayan Ray |party=Independent politician |votes=33,512 |percentage=28.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Kunwar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=23,025 |percentage=19.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Badal Patralekh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,955 |percentage=15.47% |change={{increase}}8.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barun Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,197 |percentage=9.65% |change={{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhat Kumar Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,018 |percentage=3.46% |change={{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaydeo Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,749 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Roy |party=Loktantrik Samata Dal |votes=2,505 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,487 |percentage=9.03% |change= {{increase}}3.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,091 |percentage=64.89% |change= {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,901 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jarmundi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Narayan Ray |party=Independent politician |votes=28,480 |percentage=25.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Kunwar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,171 |percentage=20.12% |change={{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chakradhar Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=8,884 |percentage=8.06% |change={{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alamgir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,768 |percentage=7.05% |change={{decrease}}11.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,524 |percentage=6.83% |change={{decrease}}7.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Shankar Patralekh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,212 |percentage=5.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jully Yadav |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=3,773 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,309 |percentage=5.72% |change= {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,221 |percentage=61.38% |change= {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,564 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jarmundi<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dvendra Kuwar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,082 |percentage=23.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Narayan Ray |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=19,009 |percentage=18.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varun Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=15,344 |percentage=14.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,920 |percentage=14.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Shekhar Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=13,537 |percentage=13.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawahar Prasad Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=12,903 |percentage=12.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramjiwan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,067 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,073 |percentage=4.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,731 |percentage=67.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,880 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Jarmundi]]
*[[Sarwan, Deoghar|Sarwan]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dumka district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Kelkang Revival

2026-04-19T16:38:22Z

Alejandra13P: starting basic post from scratch - done

{{short description|1937 Christian Revival in Mizoram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}

The '''Kelkang Revival''' also known as the '''Mizo Revival of 1937''' was a [[Christian Revivalism]] movement in the Lushai Hills ([[Mizoram]]) among the [[Mizo people]]. The revival became infamous and Superintendent [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]] intervened to curb its influence.

==Background==
[[Kelkang]] was established in 1932 after several clans and tribal chiefdoms were merged by the British. The first Christian woman in Kelkang, Vari, converted her husband Khara into Christianity.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=385}} Kelkang became the largest Zahau chiefdom on the west of the Tiau River with a few hundred Christians.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=386}}

==Revival==
The topic of the Kelkang Revival has not been systematically analysed, and thus there are differing views and confusion on the course of events in the revival. [[A.G. McCall]]'s report on the movement is stated to have a negative bias, whilst authors such as Chhawntluanga tend to be defensive.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=385}} McCall argues that the Kelkang Incident shows the administration of the Lushai Hills needed to hold missions accountable for their teachings and actions.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=219}}

Thanghnuaia, a preacher, was a [[Ralte people|Ralte]] man of 36 years old who visited Kelkang for family matters. He was meant to collect the bride price of his sister, but the [[gayal|mithun]] died before he could take it. Thangnghuaia began to [[Speaking in Tongues|speak in tongues]].{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=386}} The term {{lang|lus|vanzai}} ({{translation|heavenly singing}}) or {{lang|lus|vantawng}} ({{translation|heavenly talk}}) was used for Thanghnuaia. Thanghnuaia, who was illiterate, would get individuals to read out a verse pointed to, claiming the Holy Spirit had selected it as the verse of the day.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=387}}

Thanghnuaia started to make performance while staying at an {{lang|lus|upas}} house in Kelkang. More and more people began to witness Thanghnuaia's actions and he continued to preach about focussing on family worship, constant prayer, humility and holiness in life. His ministry increased [[Church attendance]] and solved disagreements in the village. Thanghnuaia shared his influence with three other men, Thanzinga and Pasina according to Chief Liannawla who claimed that these three men had been converting Christians into a majority. The Church was awakened anew according to Liannawla.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=387}} As Thangnhnuaia was an illiterate, Pasina a popular school teacher and Church Committee member presided over the meetings and handled discussions on the Bible.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=388}} McCall states that the three men succeeded in wielding considerable spiritual influence over the people.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=220}} When Thanghnuaia pointed out verses people would follow them. Such as if a verse mentioned sacrifice, individuals would begin to sacrifice their animals. Another passage stated the raining of manna in the skies which made Kelkang inhabitants stop cultivating food as they believed rice would rain from the skies and the world was ending. Children stopped attending school and the movement according to McCall went out of control of the Church leaders and missionaries.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=221}}

In June, Thanzinga claimed a holy vision. He had laid on his back near the master bed with his mouth open and shook his head before stating that all people should gather and ready themselves for God's blessing. The message spread and the people of Kelkang swarmed Thanzinga's house. [[The Revivalists|The revivalists]] began to sing and dance and individuals stopped working on their [[jhum]] cultivation plots to participate. Due to the crowd, Thanzinga was moved to {{lang|lus|upa}} Taibawnga's house. Thanzinga's brother, Lianbawnga took the position of crucifixion and screamed in the lively gathering.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=388}} By July, many people had abandoned jhumming to hold regular sacrifices of animals for God.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=388}} Between 24 July-10 September 1937, 13 pigs, 5 oxen, 3 mithun and three goats were killed to feed the ceremony.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=389}}

McCall describes the revival as inhibiting the spirit of the Holy Ghost in their hearts. Song and prayers would be introduced with individuals answering the call to stand up in the Chapel and making words for the congregation. McCall stated that the gaiety of the performances of dance would end in hysteria and described a woman who stood naked in Church after going insane. He noted while the missions didn't license the action they failed to discipline such breaches of worship etiquette during the revival.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=220}} Vanlalchhuanawma lists the revivalists believing in [[clairvoyance]] to discern the spiritual nature of individuals. The Christians at Champhia afraid of the Kelkang revival demarcated a vague spiritual boundary to protect themselves known as {{lang|lus|thlarau daitheu}}. The dances were unique to other revivals with one legged hopping, push and pull dancing with shouldering and pulling. {{lang|lus|Tai Nei Lam}} was a sneering dance at non-revivalists who didn't participate fully or spiritually.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=390}}

Most predictions were made by Pasena. A few did come true, such as the arrests of the ringleaders and the fining of the chief. The raining of rice was fulfilled in 1959 during the [[mautam]] famine when the Assam Government air dropped rice. The prophecies of the Kelkang Revival were as follows:{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=391}}
{{bulleted list|God is going to supply clean rice by making it rain down on Mizoram|The site for the Church was surveyed and measured|Three individuals will be arrested|The Mizos will taste of [[Burma]]'s prosperity|The British shall be defeated|Revival shall remain in Mizoram|The Chief shall be fined {{currency|60|INR}}|The village grouping will happen|False accusations|Kelkang will become a city of the Spirit and its deliverance|The day of Gentiles will be ended and the armageddon war is near, the allied powers of Italy and nine other nations will defeat Britain|There will be an earthquake when prisoners from Sylhet will be released}}

The pastor of Kelkang, P.D. Sena met with Thanghnuaia and was annoyed at his method of interpretation pointing to verses. Sena shut the book and threw it at Thanghnuaia stating him that he was manipulating people. Thanghnuaia later in a statement issued that he requested Sena to teach him the correct way but that Sena had left him after declining.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=392}} The Chief made an expulsion order three times but Thanghnuaia refused to leave. Thanghnuaia had left for other villages but always returned to stir up the revival once more.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=393}}

The chief of Kelkang sent his {{lang|lus|upa}} Lianhranga to McCall, citing that the movement was to spread on a wide scale to neighbouring villages.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=390}}{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=221}} McCall sent the young Mizomen to gather intelligence for two weeks and gathered reports. The reports outlined the vast number of conversions.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=396}} McCall left with an escort of Gurkha riflemen of the First Battalion of the [[Assam Rifles]] on 4 September for Kelkang.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=396}}{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=221}} McCall and the forces reached a camp 11 miles away from Kelkang. Once the ringleaders were made aware, they threatened that if McCall intervened, the Holy Spirit's words stated that he would be killed.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=221}} When McCall was to arrive at Kelkang amidst the celebrations, the revivalists planned slap him on the face and jump on him to trample over him. McCall argued that this plane was concocted so no one person could be named a killer in his death. Pasina had forged the plan to perform a raid on the superintendent. He was the one to annoy him to make him say "damn" and signal the ambush.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=396}}{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=222}} The plot to ambush McCall was provided by independent individuals outside the revival movement.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=396}} On Pasina being questioned during the trial he denied it.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=397}} McCall made a march unexpectedly and surprised the village with his visit. He surrounded the houses of Thanghnuaia, Thangzinga and Pasena and ordered two guards not to allow the chapel to be used as a stronghold by restricting entry into it. The ringleader was absent, having been told he was praying in the wilderness, before a search party was sent and had them arrested.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=222}}

The ringleader, unnamed by McCall (Pasina according to Vanlalchhuanawma{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=403}}), was taken with him to the camp and described as continuing to speak in tongues with dazed, unseeing eyes. He was told by McCall that he could either persist in his nature of worship without food or that he behave normally and his family would be permitted to visit and feed him. McCall held a trial and brought forward many witnesses for ten days.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=220}} Allegations against Thanghnuaia included disruption of jhumming as people had stopped cultivating food after announcing the end of the world to occur on 13 January 1938.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=393}} The accused were also stated to have used threats and harassment of individuals who did not surrender their animals for the feasts and sacrifices. McCall also charged them with false witness or prophecy. Young men were defamed for sexual relations without proof. The revivalists were further charged with challenging the authorities. Pasina had invoked the spirit to not fear the chief, superintendent, mission etc. Vanlalchhuanawma argues this issue sparked [[McCall's]] intervention.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=394}} The ringleader chose to abandon the method of worship and declared it to his followers rather than going to jail. The mission transferred the pastor to another area, and the Chief was punished for the disorder of the revival.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=224}} McCall sentenced the three men, Thanghnuaia, Pasina and Thangzinga to three years in Sylhet. The Governor of Assam awarded clemency on the condition they refrain from public worship and preaching of religion for one year after the imprisonment was complete. All other villagers of Kelkang were made to pay heavy fines and dues with manual labour or money. The guns were confiscated by the administration, the house tax was doubled and the coolie quota was raised to six days unpaid labour.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=399}} The drums of the church were seized and kept in the C.I's officers at Champhai. The people used a bison's horn instead as a substitute.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=400}}

Another incident saw a chief report to McCall that a Church elder, Liana, was going with a married woman, Chawmi, on an evangelism tour.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=224}} However, Liana's wife at home was seriously ill and they refused to postpone or cancel the trip. The chief accused them of adultery. McCall contacted the mission who stated the tour was not sanctioned. McCall gave an ultimatum to agree to stay in their village for one year or submit to jail. McCall also reports in his book an incident of a revivalist using a knife to attack a relative.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=224}} When asked why, the man claimed that the revival excited him to the point of being lightheaded. McCall sent the man to prison for six months.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=225}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Vanlalchhuanawma |date=2007 |title=Christianity and Subaltern Culture: Revival Movement as a Cultural Response to Westernisation in Mizoram|location=Delhi |publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-81-7214-901-7}}
*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}{{source-attribution}}

[[Category:Christian revivals in Lushai Hills district]]
[[Category:1937 in British India]]
[[Category:1937 in Christianity]]

Daroga Saroj

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Alejandra13P: Made - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Daroga Prasad Saroj
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term = June 2024
| predecessor = [[Sangeeta Azad]]
| successor =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Gorakhpur University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=4583|title = DAROGA PRASAD SAROJ(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- Lalganj(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060621180648/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3916
}}

'''Daroga Prasad Saroj''' (born 1 January 1956) [[Azamgarh]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) is an [[List of political parties in India|Indian politician]] for the [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj (Lok Sabha Constituency)]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

'''Daroga Prasad Saroj''' from
[[Azamgarh]] is a 3 time current M.P. from [[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj Lok Sabha Constituency]] [[Azamgarh]] .
Stepped into politics with his first election winning from [[Mehnagar Assembly constituency|Mehnagar Assembly Constituency]] as Samajwadi Party candidate in 1993 . He also went to contest Lok Sabha elections thereby winning his seat in 1998, 2004 and 2024 General Elections.

1998 -Elected to 12th Lok Sabha

1998-99
-Member, Committee on Food, Civil Supplies and Public Distribution and its Sub-Committee - C on Department of Consumer Affairs

-Member, Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment

-Member, Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme

-Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

2004 - Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (2nd term)

2007 - Member, Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution

2024 -Elected to 18th Lok Sabha from Lalganj Parliamentary Constituency (68) Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Lalganj">{{cite news|title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Lalganj|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2468.htm|access-date=23 June 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623163511/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2468.htm|archive-date=23 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Lalganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news|title=Lalganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/lalganj|access-date=23 June 2025|work=|publisher=The Times of India|date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623163515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/lalganj|archive-date=23 June 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060621180648/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=3916 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saroj, Daroga Prasad}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Women in Malayalam literature

2026-04-18T07:23:13Z

Alejandra13P: put up data

{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}{{essay-like|date=March 2018}}
}}

Women's writing in [[Malayalam]] is a category of [[Malayalam literature]] that runs counter to the dominant public sphere in [[Kerala]]. It comprises women's fiction, poetry, and short stories and has a long tradition in Malayalam literature. The ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4418838?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents pennezhuthu]'' category is its most decisive and controversial form, changing the historiography of women's writing in India and the images of certain writers and writing trends.<ref name="Devika">{{Cite book |last=Devika |first=J. |title=Womanwriting=Manreading? |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=Penguin |location=UK}}</ref> Malayalam literature's most significant female authors are [[K. Saraswathi Amma]], [[Rajalakshmi]], [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]] and [[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]] (Kamala Das), best known for their narrating of "woman's space". Women's literary writing in Malayala is part of a tradition of resistance and contributes to the women's cause through the merging of the public and the private spheres. Women's writing emerged in India as a new subject of research and critical studies in the 1980s as a result of the feminist movement and as a consequence of growing interest in feminist historiography.

Two terms are used in relation to the subject: women-writing and women's writing. Women's writing refers simply to writings by women. Women-writing usually denotes the phenomenon of women's writing and its emergence as a new discipline within women's studies.

Women from [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] communities, who had access to education, started writing by the second half of the 19th century. They wrote in magazines from the early 20th century. Susie Tharu and Lalitha identify the period as "a high point of women's journalism and in almost every region, women edited journals for women and many hundreds of women wrote in them."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tharu |first=Susie |url=https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar |title=Women writing in India : 600 B.C. to the present |last2=Lalita |first2=K. |date=1991 |publisher=New York : Feminist Press at the City University of New York : Distributed by Talman Co |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-55861-027-9}}</ref> There were several magazines including ''[[Keraliya Suguna Bodhini]]'' (1886), ''[[Sharada (Malayalam women's magazine)|Sharada]]'' (1904), ''Lakshmibai'' (1905), ''Mahilaratnam'' (1916), ''Mahila'' (1921), ''Sahodari'' (1925), ''Mahilamandiram'' (1927), ''Malayalamasika'' (1931), and ''Stree'' (1933) during this period, and journals for women from various communities.<ref name="keralamuseum">{{Cite web |title=Reading Colonial Malayalam Women's Magazine |url=https://keralamuseum.org/article/final-_-reading-colonial-malayalam-womens-magazine/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Kerala Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> The journals carried articles written by women on issues such as health, education, child rearing, family, etc. Notable figures from this era, such as K. Chinnamma (1882–1930), [[B. Kalyani Amma]] (1884–1959), [[Mary Poonen Lukose]] (1886–1976), Muthukulam Parvathi Amma (1904–1971), [[Anna Chandy]] (1905–1996), [[M. Haleema Beevi]] (1918–2000), B. Bhagirathy Amma, B. Anandavalli Amma, [[Tharavath Ammalu Amma]], and K. Kalyanikutty Amma (1920–1996) were writers and activists, simultaneously holding various jobs.<ref name="keralamuseum"/> The main aim of the magazines were to educate Malayali women in the hegemonic notions of womanhood that was being constructed throughout India in that period. The writers were also negotiating modernity and the woman's question through their writings.<ref name="Devika"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philip |first=Dr Roopa |date=2022-01-31 |title=The Woman's Question: Negotiating Modernity in Early Twentieth-Century Women's Magazines in Malayalam |url=https://samyuktajournal.in/journal/index.php/sgc/article/view/39/54 |journal=Samyukta: A Journal of Gender and Culture |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.53007/SJGC.2022.V7.I1.39 |issn=2583-4347|doi-access=free }}</ref> The image that was being constructed across communities and identities consisted largely of an ideal middle-class woman who was educated, homely and suitable for a modern educated man. There were also women who wrote about a radical womanhood that was different from the existing ideals of womanhood.<ref name="keralamuseum"/> The period saw the emergence of a few magazines edited and run by lower-caste women - ''Araya Stree Jana Masika'', ''Sahodari'', ''Sanghamitra'', ''Sevini'', and so on.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antony |first=T. |date=January 2022 |title=An Introduction to the Early Malayalam Women's Magazines |url=https://samyuktajournal.in/journal/index.php/sgc/article/download/37/52/43 |journal=Samyukta: A Journal of Gender and Culture |volume=7 |issue=1}}</ref>

Jancy James notes that the shift from verse to prose in women's expression is related to women's education. Women writers such as Lalithambika Antharjanam (1909−1985) and K. Saraswathi Amma (1919−1975) used prose efficiently and frequently, although there were writers such as [[Mary John Thottam]] or Sister Mary Benigna (1901−1985), Koothattukulam Mary John (1905−?), Kadathanattu Madhavi Amma (1909−1999), and Balamani Amma (1909−2004) who wrote in verse. For most of these women writers, education functioned more as an indirect means of access to the public sphere than as a means merely to read and write. Unlike earlier women-writers who wrote in Sanskrit, women who had access to modern education expressed their own experiences in their own languages.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]
[[Category:Women in India]]

Angetyongpang Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:06Z

Alejandra13P: created a post basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Angetyongpang Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Angetyongpang
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 24
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| mla = [[Tongpang Ozüküm]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:17946}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Angetyongpang''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mokokchung district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=3 | Sentichuba || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Akumbenba || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || S. Lima || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tongpang Ozüküm]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Jonshilemba || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Tongpang Ozüküm]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || S. Chuba Longkumer || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tongpang Ozüküm]]<ref name=election2023a></ref>
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang<ref name=election2023a>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=8,046 |percentage=51.14% |change=21.90%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. K. Wati |party=Independent politician |votes=5,826 |percentage=37.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Maongkaba Ozukum |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,842 |percentage=11.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=20 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,220 |percentage=14.11% |change=6.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,734 |percentage=87.67% |change= 7.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,946 |change =15.29% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 14.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,607 |percentage=36.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alemtemshi Jamir |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=3,657 |percentage=29.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chuba Longkumer |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,353 |percentage=26.81% |change=-10.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sashimar |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=617 |percentage=4.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Supongwati |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=223 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=49 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=950 |percentage=7.60% |change=4.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,506 |percentage=80.34% |change= -11.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,566 |change =4.76% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -3.29% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chuba Longkumer |party=Independent politician |votes=5,480 |percentage=40.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sashimar |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,068 |percentage=37.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jongshilemba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,396 |percentage=17.55% |change=-36.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meren Pongener |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=5.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=412 |percentage=3.02% |change=-5.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,656 |percentage=91.90% |change= 7.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,859 |change =-18.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.81% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,304 |percentage=53.94% |change=34.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jongshilemba |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,069 |percentage=45.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Supongwati |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=160 |percentage=1.04% |change=-2.84% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,235 |percentage=8.02% |change=-14.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,396 |percentage=84.70% |change= -3.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,338 |change =48.99% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 11.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jonshilemba |party=Independent politician |votes=4,535 |percentage=42.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,094 |percentage=19.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aosanen |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,858 |percentage=17.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lima |party=Samata Party |votes=1,425 |percentage=13.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onenchuba |party=Naga People's Front |votes=427 |percentage=3.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Imtizulu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=417 |percentage=3.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,441 |percentage=22.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,756 |percentage=87.44% |change= -11.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,308 |change =10.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.88% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Indian National Congress }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,124 |change =-5.41% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,433 |percentage=38.28% |change=18.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Limatemjen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,037 |percentage=34.86% |change=-14.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsukjemwati |party=Independent politician |votes=2,575 |percentage=22.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Temjen |party=Independent politician |votes=535 |percentage=4.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=396 |percentage=3.42% |change=-15.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,580 |percentage=99.01% |change= 5.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,760 |change =39.68% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.94% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lima |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,837 |percentage=49.22% |change=22.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Temsu Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,324 |percentage=29.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,538 |percentage=19.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lanutoshi |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,513 |percentage=19.41% |change=17.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,796 |percentage=93.05% |change= 0.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,419 |change =1.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= 20.19% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Akumbenba |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,227 |percentage=29.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lima |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,068 |percentage=26.96% |change=10.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tongpang Ozüküm]] |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,890 |percentage=24.64% |change=-19.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jongshilemba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,456 |percentage=18.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lunutoshi |party=Independent politician |votes=31 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=159 |percentage=2.07% |change=-3.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,672 |percentage=92.53% |change= 22.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,329 |change =-12.78% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= -15.31% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sentichuba |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,957 |percentage=44.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akumbenba |party=Independent politician |votes=2,568 |percentage=38.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meyichizung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,118 |percentage=16.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Limameren |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=389 |percentage=5.83% |change=-10.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,670 |percentage=70.34% |change= -17.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,549 |change =71.87% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -13.65% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sentichuba |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,783 |percentage=57.98% |change=13.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Limasangwa |party=Independent politician |votes=2,017 |percentage=42.02% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=766 |percentage=15.96% |change=2.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,800 |percentage=87.71% |change= 12.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,556 |change =-17.91% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 13.89% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Angetyongpang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sentichuba |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,213 |percentage=44.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Limasangwa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,562 |percentage=31.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imkongsungit |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,244 |percentage=24.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=651 |percentage=12.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,019 |percentage=75.61% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,768 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mokokchung district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.4|94.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Chembur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:18Z

Alejandra13P: Made - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chembur
| constituency_no = 173
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 173-Chembur.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate|Tukaram Kate]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors = 259,002
}}
'''Chembur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}</ref>

==Overview==
Chembur (constituency number 173) is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/> Number of electorates in 2009 was 252,142 (male 137,636, female 114,506) there are 43,871 minority voters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011 |df= }}</ref>

Chembur is part of the [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]] in Mumbai Suburban district and [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]], [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]], [[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]] and [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]] in the [[Mumbai City district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Vadilal Gandhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Hashu Advani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vishwanath Tambe
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hashu Advani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Parvati Parihar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hashu Advani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Pramod Shirwalkar
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandrakant Handore]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prakash Phaterpekar]]
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate|Tukaram Kate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chembur">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chembur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13173.htm |access-date=29 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229071920/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13173.htm |archive-date=29 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Chembur Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Chembur Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chembur |access-date=29 December 2024 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229074003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/chembur |archive-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 63,194 |percentage = 44.81% |change={{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Phaterpekar|Prakash Vaikunth Phaterpekar]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 52,483 |percentage = 37.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Bhimrao Jadhav |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,854 |percentage = 6.28% |change={{decrease}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mauli Thorave |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,820 |percentage = 5.55% |change={{decrease}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepakbhau Nikalje |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 7,440 |percentage = 5.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,018 |percentage = 1.43% |change={{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anita Kiran Patole |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,222 |percentage = 0.87% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,711 |percentage = 7.60% |change= {{decrease}}7.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,031 |percentage = 55.22% |change= {{increase}}3.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,013}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,002|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Phaterpekar|Prakash Vaikunth Phaterpekar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 53,264 |percentage = 41.27% |change={{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,246 |percentage = 26.53% |change={{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Jagannath Mahulkar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 23,178 |percentage = 17.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karna (Bala) Dunbale |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 14,404 |percentage = 11.16% |change={{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,578 |percentage = 2.77% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhu Rama More |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 910 |percentage = 0.71% |change={{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,018 |percentage = 14.73% |change= {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,681 |percentage = 52.26% |change= {{increase}}2.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,076}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,901|ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Phaterpekar|Prakash Vaikunth Phaterpekar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,410 |percentage = 34.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,383 |percentage = 27.57% |change={{decrease}}10.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipak Sadashiv Nikalje |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 36,615 |percentage = 27.00% |change={{increase}}10.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarika Manoj Sawant Thadani |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,832 |percentage = 4.30% |change={{decrease}}19.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Pawar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,933 |percentage = 2.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,894 |percentage = 2.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Kacharu Sontakke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,394 |percentage = 1.77% |change={{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,027 |percentage = 7.40% |change= {{decrease}}7.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,490 |percentage = 49.89% |change= {{decrease}}0.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,591}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 279,585|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,431 |percentage = 38.42% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Bachubhai Chauhan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 29,465 |percentage = 23.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Gajanan Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,751 |percentage = 17.62% |change={{decrease}}19.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Sadashiv Nikalje |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 20,467 |percentage = 16.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Shantaram Waghmare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,207 |percentage = 0.98% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhunath Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes = 803 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,966 |percentage = 14.55% |change= {{increase}}12.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,465 |percentage = 48.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,461}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 252,142|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,196 |percentage = 39.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Shirwalkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,746 |percentage = 37.33% |change={{decrease}}13.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhikkhu Viral Bhadant |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 1.35% |change={{decrease}}8.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harishchandra Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes = 962 |percentage = 0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kairo Ajmernsing |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 803 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,450 |percentage = 2.09% |change= {{decrease}}33.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,173 |percentage = 50.33% |change= {{increase}}6.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,173}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,822|ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Shirwalkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,118 |percentage = 51.20% |change={{increase}}12.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,727 |percentage = 15.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun Dangle |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 17,614 |percentage = 15.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahluwalia Inderjit Satwant |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,637 |percentage = 9.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Sadashiv Ahire |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,780 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uma Datta Gharat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,742 |percentage = 1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. Krishnadas |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 1,559 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,391 |percentage = 35.58% |change= {{increase}}25.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,979 |percentage = 43.82% |change= {{decrease}}2.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,521}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,133|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1996===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - 1996 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Shirwalkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,328 |percentage = 38.68% |change={{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun Dangle |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 33,874 |percentage = 28.91% |change={{increase}}28.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parvati Parihar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,683 |percentage = 28.74% |change={{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jai Sankar Shetty |party=Janata Party |votes = 998 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,454 |percentage = 9.77% |change= {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,159 |percentage = 47.33% |change= {{decrease}}11.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,190}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,890|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hashu Advani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,790 |percentage = 42.10% |change={{decrease}}5.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kunnure Annasaheb Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,172 |percentage = 31.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 19,426 |percentage = 14.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babasaheb Dnyanu Bansode |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 9,691 |percentage = 7.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. Chinna Pandian |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,667 |percentage = 1.94% |change={{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,618 |percentage = 10.65% |change= {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,594 |percentage = 58.28% |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,279}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,534|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hashu Advani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,739 |percentage = 47.76% |change={{increase}}13.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 49,071 |percentage = 47.12% |change={{increase}}45.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharpawar Thukaram Mahadev |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,867 |percentage = 3.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. T. Sengupta |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 761 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 668 |percentage = 0.64% |change= {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,376 |percentage = 55.20% |change= {{increase}}3.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,134}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,898|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Parihar Parvati Laxmnarain |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,115 |percentage = 43.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hashu Advani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,529 |percentage = 34.24% |change={{decrease}}10.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Handore]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,432 |percentage = 15.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramakant P. Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,185 |percentage = 2.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam B. S. |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 908 |percentage = 1.13% |change={{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jatolia Ruparam Shivramji |party=Independent politician |votes = 869 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,586 |percentage = 9.44% |change= {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,300 |percentage = 51.33% |change= {{increase}}11.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,392}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,373|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hashu Advani]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,810 |percentage = 45.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vicki Kapoor |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 21,288 |percentage = 38.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dayanand Jagannath Mhaske |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 8,222 |percentage = 14.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadav Suryabali Chhangu |party=Independent politician |votes = 359 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,522 |percentage = 6.41% |change= {{decrease}}24.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,576 |percentage = 40.00% |change= {{decrease}}22.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,925}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,941|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hashu Advani]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 43,028 |percentage = 56.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rupavate Premchand Damodar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,297 |percentage = 25.26% |change={{decrease}}31.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dayanand Jagannath Mhaske |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,003 |percentage = 7.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambre Gopinath Sakharam |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 5,996 |percentage = 7.85% |change={{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwanji Mayaram Davariya |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,766 |percentage = 2.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,731 |percentage = 31.06% |change= {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,854 |percentage = 62.75% |change= {{decrease}}1.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,404}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,078|ref = |change= {{decrease}}26.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Krishna Tembe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,690 |percentage = 57.17% |change={{increase}}31.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hashu Parasaram Advani |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 24,453 |percentage = 23.03% |change={{decrease}}5.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Genuji Kharat |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 10,590 |percentage = 9.98% |change={{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant S. Tendulkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,556 |percentage = 9.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnath S. Prabhakar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 537 |percentage = 0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Keshao Mayekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 332 |percentage = 0.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,237 |percentage = 34.13% |change= {{increase}}31.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,728 |percentage = 64.40% |change= {{decrease}}5.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,158}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,840|ref = |change= {{increase}}50.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}28.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hashu Advani]] |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 21,841 |percentage = 28.43% |change={{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. G. Acharya |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,561 |percentage = 25.47% |change={{decrease}}30.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. B. Morwe |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 11,589 |percentage = 15.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. Khanolkar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,775 |percentage = 12.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,977 |percentage = 7.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=J. Jadav |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,182 |percentage = 5.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Mirza |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 3,612 |percentage = 4.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,280 |percentage = 2.97% |change= {{decrease}}34.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,446 |percentage = 71.55% |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,814}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,438|ref = |change= {{decrease}}33.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}27.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chembur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vadilal Chatrabhuj Gandhi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,446 |percentage = 56.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath Janardan Dhupkar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 19,319 |percentage = 18.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sardarilal Moolchand Gupta |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 16,568 |percentage = 15.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Premratan Fakirchand Vohra |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,292 |percentage = 5.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. V. Giri |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,430 |percentage = 2.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu Narhar Sane |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,044 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Sadashiv Bapat |party=Independent politician |votes = 703 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,127 |percentage = 37.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,753 |percentage = 65.18% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,802}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,390|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chembur]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.05|72.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Shivdas Daga

2026-04-12T12:03:07Z

Alejandra13P: put up a post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shivdas Daga
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1885|11|22}}
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1952|06|10|1885|11|22}}
| death_place = [[Raipur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Freedom fighter Social reformer Politician
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1957
| office2 = Member of [[Central Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = Chhotibai Daga
| parents = Bisesar Das (father) Gomati Devi (mother)
}}
'''Seth Shivdas Daga''' (alternative spelling, '''Sheodas Daga'''; 1885–1952) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician from [[Raipur]], in present-day [[Chhattisgarh]]. He was involved in India's independence movement, including the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] and [[Civil disobedience movement]], and was imprisoned for his involvement independence activities.<ref name=Patrika>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Bhemendra |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के 6 वीर सपूत, जिन्होंने आजादी के यज्ञ में दी आहुति |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/6-brave-sons-of-chhattisgarh-who-sacrificed-in-the-sacrifice-freedom-6131261 |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=May 24, 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=Nicin>{{cite web |title=Shivdas Daga |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?4345 |website=Amrit Mahotsav |date=October 2024}}</ref>

Daga was elected as the [[member of parliament]] in the 1952 general election from the [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=1952 के प्रथम आम चुनाव में रायपुर के स्व.शिवदास डागा जीते थे |url=https://dailychhattisgarh.com/chhattisgarh-article-details.php?article=206528&path_article=19 |publisher=Daily Chhattisgarh |date=February 8, 2024 |language=hi}}</ref> Before independence, he had served as a Member of [[Central Legislative Assembly]] of [[British India]] from Raipur.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) |author1-link=Sarat Chandra Roy |title=Man in India |date=1947 |publisher=A. K. Bose |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iNHSX_5wdQC&q=Sheodas+Daga+MLA}}</ref> He died on 10 June 1952.<ref name=Nicin/>

== Early life ==
Shivdas Daga was born 22 November 1885 in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], to Bisesar Das and Gomati Devi. He later moved to [[Arang]], near Raipur, where he completed his early education. He became a farmer and businessman in Raipur.<ref name=Patrika/><ref name=Nicin/>

== Freedom movement ==
In 1919, Daga was appointed as an [[Magistrate|Honorary Magistrate]]. He became involved in the Indian independence movement following [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s arrival in 1920. Daga resigned from his government position to participate in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] and was involved in establishing the Rashtriya Vidyalaya in Raipur.<ref name=Nicin/>

Daga also took part in the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] in 1930, organizing local protests and activities in Raipur. He was imprisoned for his involvement in the movement, from June 1930 to March 1931, and released following the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]]. He continued his political work in the region, including participating in the 1939 [[Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee|Tripuri Congress]] session and serving as president of the [[Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee|Raipur Congress Committee]] for several years.<ref name=Nicin/> In 1940, Daga was arrested during [[Satyagraha]] movement. He was again detained in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement]] after attending the Congress session in [[Bombay]].<ref name=Nicin/>

== Politics ==
He was elected as a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (Lok Sabha) from the [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952 General election]] as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]], securing 110,886 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIg5j%2FHYFqSqJgJGr0bST3IUhAF9SfDN8Uuc8gj%2BDh4kAfDOTuR4Nkt0ekULalb4eUwj3FEb6QN6V5bMrpRuFg7z8ZJWF%2F1POgiq%2ByICySNyC |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> Daga also served as a Member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] during British India.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.M. Zaidi |author2=S. Chand |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian National Congress, Volume 12 |date=1976 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1raKAAAAMAAJ&q=Sheodas+Daga++Legislative+Assembly}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Shivdas Daga supported various social causes, including contributing to the [[Harijan]] Hostel founded by Pandit [[Sundarlal Sharma]]. He also donated land and ₹20,000 for the construction of the Congress Bhavan in Raipur.<ref name=Nicin/> To promote education for girls, Daga established a school in Arang, named after his wife, Chhotibai Daga.<ref name=Patrika/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daga, Shivdas}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]

2024 Reasi attack

2026-04-12T02:17:38Z

Alejandra13P: created some entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2024 Reasi attack
| image = {{Multiple image
| image1 =
| image2 =
| image3 =
}}
| caption =
| location = [[Reasi district|Reasi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| date = 9 June 2024
| target = [[Hindu pilgrimage|Hindu pilgrims]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zargar |first1=Arshad R. |title=Militants attack bus in India-controlled Kashmir, kill 9 Hindu pilgrims, police say - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-terror-attack-bus-kashmir-reasi-hindu-pilgrims-killed/ |website=www.cbsnews.com |access-date=10 June 2024 |date=10 June 2024}}</ref>
| type = [[Mass shooting]]
| motive = [[Kashmir Conflict|Kashmiri Separatism]]
| weapons = [[M4 carbine]]s
| fatalities = 9
| injuries = 41
| perps = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (Claimed by [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]) [[The Resistance Front]] (Initial claim)
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

The '''2024 Reasi attack''' was a terrorist attack that occurred on 9 June 2024 in the [[Reasi district]] of the [[Jammu division]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Several unidentified Islamist terrorists [[Mass shooting|opened fire]] on a passenger bus transporting [[Hindu pilgrimage|Hindu pilgrims]] from the [[Shiv Khori]] cave to [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], causing it to lose control and plummet into a deep gorge,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajuria |first=Ravi Krishnan |title=9 killed, 33 injured as terrorists ambush bus carrying pilgrims in J&K's Reasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/9-pilgrims-killed-33-injured-as-terrorists-ambush-bus-in-jammu-kashmir-s-reasi-101717949840975.html }}</ref> followed by further firing at the crashed bus by the gunmen.<ref name=ET>{{cite web |title=Reasi Terror Attack: Survivors' chilling accounts of playing dead to survive |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/reasi-terror-attack-survivors-chilling-accounts-of-playing-dead-to-survive/articleshow/110871256.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=10 June 2024}}</ref> Nine people were killed in the attack, and an additional 41 were injured.<ref name=":BT"/>

[[The Resistance Front]] (TRF) initially claimed responsibility for the ambush<ref name=IT>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Pak-backed Lashkar front claims responsibility for J&K bus terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/reasi-bus-attack-terrorist-open-fire-pilgrims-fall-gorge-jammu-and-kashmir-nia-probe-search-operation-2551146-2024-06-10 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> but later denied involvement,<ref name=DH>{{Cite news |title=Reasi terror attack: Terror groups claim responsibility, backtrack later |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/reasi-terror-attack-terror-groups-claim-responsibility-backtrack-later-3060770 |date=2024-06-10 |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=2024-06-12 |publisher=The Deccan Herald }}</ref> while the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] believes that the ambush was carried out by the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], of which the TRF is considered an offshoot.<ref name=":BT">{{Cite news |title=Reasi bus attack: J&K Police release sketch of terrorist, announce Rs 20 lakh for information |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/reasi-bus-attack-jk-police-release-sketch-of-terrorist-announce-rs-20-lakh-for-information-432984-2024-06-12060770 |date=2024-06-12 |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=Business Today }}</ref>

== Background ==
The Jammu and Kashmir region, which both India and Pakistan [[Kashmir dispute|claim]] fully but only exert partial administration, has been the pinpoint of a decades-long [[Kashmir conflict|conflict]] between the two states. They have fought [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|two wars]] over the territory since 1947. Since 1989, the conflict has devolved into an [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|armed resistance]] against Indian control. India has claimed Pakistan of backing and harbouring the terrorists, which it denies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir: 10 Hindu pilgrims killed in bus attack in Reasi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ggm5j0lzzo |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Eight civilians were killed in the territory in the first five months of 2024. Terrorist attacks in the [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] districts of [[Jammu division]] have risen over the past four years, with mainly security forces being targeted.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Reasi attack marks a shift in terrorist activities' |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/reasi-attack-marks-a-shift-in-terrorist-activities/articleshow/110853714.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Attack ==
At approximately 6:15 p.m. on 9 June 2024, terrorists armed with firearms ambushed a 53-seater Yatri passenger bus carrying Hindu pilgrims in Teryath village, firing between 25 and 30 gunshots indiscriminately. The driver was struck by gunfire, causing them to lose control and plunge into a [[gorge]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=9 killed, 33 injured as terrorists open fire at bus carrying pilgrims in J&K's Reasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bus-carrying-pilgrims-attacked-by-terrorists-in-j-ks-reasi-casualties-feared-101717941789612-amp.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Even after the bus crashed into the gorge, the firing continued.<ref name=ET/> Nine people, including a two-year-old and a 14-year-old, were killed and 41 were injured. The victims were from Jammu and Kashmir, [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":BT"/> At least ten victims had gunshot wounds,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2024-06-10 |title=Non-local LeT ultras behind Reasi bus attack, say official sources |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/non-local-let-ultras-behind-reasi-bus-attack-say-official-sources/article68274318.ece |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and empty cartridges were recovered at the scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=9 Hindu pilgrims dead after militant attack in India's Kashmir, police say |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3265981/9-hindu-pilgrims-dead-after-militant-attack-indias-kashmir-police-say |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2024-06-09 |title=Reasi bus accident: Nine pilgrims killed as their bus comes under fire in Jammu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gunmen-attack-bus-in-reasi-district/article68270529.ece |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ambush happened about an hour before [[Narendra Modi]] took the oath as [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=How terror struck a pilgrim bus in Reasi an hour before PM Modi's oath ceremony |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/reasi-terror-attack-jammu-and-kashmir-pm-modis-oath-kashmirs-gorge-terror-strikes-pilgrim-bus-in-reasi/articleshow/110861671.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Responsibility==
Three foreign militants and one suspected local, who acted as a lookout, partook in the ambush.<ref name=":3" /> The gunmen reportedly used American-made [[M4 carbine]] assault rifles,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=3 Foreign Terrorists, US-Made M4 Rifles In Reasi Terror Attack: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/j-k-terror-attack-news-reasi-bus-terror-attack-3-foreign-terrorists-us-made-m4-rifles-in-reasi-terror-attack-sources-5859051 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=NDTV}}</ref> similar to the weapons leftover after the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|American withdrawal from Afghanistan.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-17 |title=US weapons left in Afghanistan sold to militant groups, sources tell BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr78nkg548lo |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[The Resistance Front]] (TRF), an offshoot of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], initially claimed responsibility for the ambush but later denied involvement.<ref name=IT/> [[People's Anti-Fascist Front]] and Revival of Resistance, both offshoots of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|JeM]], also denied involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title="Heinous act": Kashmiri militant groups distance themselves from Reasi terror attack |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/heinous-act-kashmiri-militant-groups-distance-themselves-from-reasi-terror-attack/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] stated that it believed the Lashkar-e-Taiba was responsible.<ref name=":BT"/> The actual perpetrators are yet to be determined by the Indian investigators. Fifty people were detained in relation to the ambush by the Reasi district police.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title='Significant Leads' Found In Reasi Terror Attack, 50 People Detained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/police-detain-50-people-in-connection-to-reasi-terror-attack-ssp/articleshow/110969516.cms |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A local of [[Rajouri district]] was arrested on 19 June over allegations of sheltering the militants and acting as their guide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title='Sheltered militants, acted as guide': First arrest in Reasi attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/first-breakthrough-police-arrest-man-aided-reasi-terrorists-9402231/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Indian Express |first=Arun |last=Sharma }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
A search and rescue operation was conducted following the ambush, during which security personnel and a military helicopter were dispatched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-09 |title=Terrorists open fire on bus carrying pilgrims in Jammu-Kashmir; 10 dead, 33 injured |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/three-dead-in-jammu-kashmir-as-terrorists-open-fire-on-bus-carrying-pilgrims-730254 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=10 killed, over 30 injured after terrorists open fire at bus carrying pilgrims in J&K |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bus-with-pilgrims-plunges-into-jk-gorge-after-suspected-terror-attack-officials/articleshow/110846530.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Survivors were treated at nearby hospitals. Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir [[Manoj Sinha]] announced a compensation of one million (10 Lakhs) Indian rupees for the dead and 50,000 rupees for the injured.<ref name=":1" />

The Jammu and Kashmir Police, [[Indian Army]], and [[Central Reserve Police Force]] launched a manhunt for the militants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=Nine Hindu pilgrims dead in India's Jammu after militant attack, police say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/10-hindu-pilgrims-feared-dead-after-militant-attack-indias-jammu-official-says-2024-06-09/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The search was concentrated around the Teryath-Poni-Shiv Khori area, and included [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAVs), [[detection dog]]s, and village defence committees.<ref name=":3" /> At least two of the militants are reportedly hiding in the upper region of Reasi, which is forested and could hamper search attempts.<ref name=":2" /> The investigation of the ambush was transferred to the [[National Investigation Agency]] by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] on 17 June.<ref>{{cite news |author=Devesh K. Pandey |title=Union Home Ministry hands over Reasi terror attack case to NIA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/jk-reasi-terror-attack-case-mha-hands-over-probe-to-nia/article68299409.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

===Further attacks and incidents===
A series of fresh militant attacks has been taking place since December 2023, when militants killed four Indian soldiers.<ref name=":5" /> Several armed encounters happened in the [[Jammu Division]] within days of the attack in Reasi. On 11 June, one civilian was shot at by a terrorist in [[Kathua]]'s Hira Nagar area, and a second encounter took place in Doda's [[Chattergala Pass|Chattergala]] area, in which seven security forces' personnel were wounded.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 Terrorists Killed In Encounter In Jammu And Kashmir's Kathua |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/terrorists-attack-army-post-in-j-ks-doda-3rd-terror-incident-in-3-days-5871011 |work=NDTV |date=12 June 2024}}</ref> A search operation was launched by security forces in Kathua, during which a gunfight broke out between them and militants, resulting in the deaths of a CRPF soldier and both of the militants. Several Pakistan-made items were found in the possession of the two militants, including ₹500 notes worth ₹1 lakh. They also possessed Pakistan-made chocolates, dry channa, stale chapatis, medicines, painkiller injections, two packs of A4 battery cells, and one handset with an antenna and two wires hanging from it. According to the police in Kathua, the militants had one M4 carbine and one AK-47 rifle.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |last1=Ashiq |first1=Peerzada |title=CRPF jawan and two militants killed, seven security personnel injured in three Jammu encounters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-kashmir-doda-gunfight-kathua-terrorist-search-operation/article68280002.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 June 2024 |language=en-IN |date=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kathua terror attack: Pakistan-made items found from terrorists' bodies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kathua-terror-attack-pakistan-made-items-found-from-terrorists-bodies-101718198126969.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2023-06-13}}</ref> Another encounter ensued on 12 June in Doda's [[Gandoh]] area, in which one policeman was injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Fresh encounter underway in Doda, fourth terror clash in 3 days |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attacks-another-encounter-begins-in-dodas-gandoh-11718207666902.html |work=[[Livemint]] |date=12 June 2024}}</ref>

On 6 July, six militants were killed by security forces in twin gunfights in [[Kulgam district]]. Two soldiers lost their lives during the separate encounters.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=Captain, 3 other Army personnel killed in gunfight with terrorists in J&K's Doda |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/doda-gunfight-security-forces-terrorists-injured-jammu-and-kashmir-attacks-police-2567310-2024-07-16 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 July, five Indian Army personnel, including a junior commissioned officer were shot dead, and as many were injured when militants ambushed an Army convoy on a rugged mountainous road in [[Kathua district]].<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

The [[Indian Army]] foiled an infiltration bid on July 14 along the [[Line of Control|Line of Control (LoC)]] in [[Kupwara district]] and killed three militants.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

On 15 June 2024, a gunfight broke during a search and cordon operation wherein four Army personnel including a cop (Captain Brijesh Thapa, Naik D Rajesh, Sepoy Bijendra and Sepoy Ajay Naruka) were gunned down in action in the Doda district, about 55 km away from the Doda town. The attack was claimed by 'Kashmir Tigers', a shadow group of Pakistan-backed militant group JeM. According to the Army's 16 Corps, also known as [[XVI Corps (India)|White Knight Corps]], contact with militants was established at about 9 pm when a heavy gunfight occurred.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

== Reactions ==

=== Local ===
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] reviewed the situation after the attack, while Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir [[Manoj Sinha]] stated that Modi has told him to monitor the situation. President [[Droupadi Murmu]] said that she was anguished by the attack, and Union Minister [[Amit Shah]] vowed that the perpetrators would face "the wrath of the law".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Nine killed, 33 injured as bus falls into gorge in J&K after terrorists open fire; PM Modi, Amit Shah review situation |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nine-killed-33-injured-as-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jampk-after-terrorists-open-fire-pm-modi-amit-shah-review-situation/3519743/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment [[Ramdas Athawale]] vowed to go to war with Pakistan if such attacks persisted.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2024 |title='Have to start war with Pak if...': Union minister says Reasi terror attack was 'deliberate' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/have-to-start-war-with-pak-if-union-minister-says-reasi-terror-attack-was-deliberate-101718011186647-amp.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] called the attack cowardly and said that he was deeply saddened by it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reasi Terror Attack: What happened? Deaths, terrorist group, police action, survivor's account - JK: Terrorists open fire at pilgrims |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/reasi-terror-attack-what-happened-deaths-terrorist-group-police-action-survivors-account/narendra-modi-amit-shah-others-comment/slideshow/110874121.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Opposition leader [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] condemned it, and said that "[Modi's] chest-thumping propaganda of bringing peace and normalcy ... rings hollow".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=At least nine killed after attack on bus in Indian-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/9/at-least-nine-killed-after-attack-on-bus-in-indian-administered-kashmir |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Several political organizations condemned the attack, including [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-10 |title=Reasi terror attack exposes BJP's claim of peace in Kashmir: Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/reasi-terror-attack-exposes-bjps-claim-of-peace-in-kashmir-congress/article68274617.ece |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir terror attack: Reasi terror attack: Hurriyat condemns attack |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/reasi-terror-attack-hurriyat-condemns-terror-attack-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/110865962.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> A number of Muslim parties also joined in condemning it. The [[Indian Youth Congress]] held a candle march for the victims, while several [[Anti-Pakistan sentiment|anti-Pakistan]] protests broke out across the [[Jammu division]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Media ===
Several [[Cinema of India|Indian]] celebrities condemned or voiced condolences over the attack, including [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Raai Laxmi]], [[Esha Gupta]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], [[Varun Tej]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], [[Urfi Javed]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Soni Razdan]], [[Kapil Sharma]], [[Hina Khan]], and [[Aly Goni]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaishno Devi attack: All Eyes On Reasi trends on social media as outrage grows over terrorist attack on Vaishno Devi pilgrims |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/all-eyes-on-reasi-trends-on-social-media-as-outrage-grows-over-terrorist-attack-on-vaishno-devi-pilgrims/articleshow/110868396.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Reasi terrorist attack: Kapil Sharma, Hina Khan, Aly Goni and other celebs condemn the attack on pilgrims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/reasi-terrorist-attack-kapil-sharma-hina-khan-ay-goni-and-other-celebs-condemn-the-attack-on-pilgrims/articleshow/110880216.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Pakistani reaction ===

Pakistani cricketer [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]] and his wife Samiya condemned the militant ambush, by posting a story on [[Instagram]] with an [[Artificial intelligence art|AI-generated image]], with added text saying "All Eyes on Vaishno Devi Attack".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Aakash |date=June 12, 2024 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/all-eyes-on-vaishno-devi-pakistans-hassan-ali-condemns-terrorist-attack-on-hindu-pilgrims-in-jks-reasi |url-status=live |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612152941/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/all-eyes-on-vaishno-devi-pakistans-hassan-ali-condemns-terrorist-attack-on-hindu-pilgrims-in-jks-reasi |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |title='All Eyes On Vaishno Devi': Pakistan's Hassan Ali Condemns Terrorist Attack On Hindu Pilgrims In J&K's Reasi |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> The post went viral<ref>{{cite news |date=June 12, 2024 |last=Banerjee |first=Ankit |url=https://www.india.com/sports/hasan-alis-all-eyes-on-vaishno-devi-instagram-post-goes-viral-amid-reasi-terror-attack-7011317/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613021825/https://www.india.com/sports/hasan-alis-all-eyes-on-vaishno-devi-instagram-post-goes-viral-amid-reasi-terror-attack-7011317/ |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |title=Hasan Ali's 'All Eyes On Vaishno Devi' Instagram Post Goes VIRAL Amid Reasi Terror Attack |publisher=India.com |language=en-IN }}</ref> and social media reactions to Ali's post were mixed, winning loads of [[praise]]s from Indians<ref>{{cite news |date=June 13, 2024 |last=Jha |first=Anuja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistani-pacer-hassan-ali-condemns-reasi-terror-attack-2552446-2024-06-12 |url-status=live |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612205556/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistani-pacer-hassan-ali-condemns-reasi-terror-attack-2552446-2024-06-12 |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |title=Pak cricketer's Insta story on Reasi terror attack wins praises from Indians |publisher=[[India Today]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> and receiving negative reactions from Pakistanis.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 13, 2024 |last=Rai |first=Prakash |url=https://www.mensxp.com/buzz-on-web/latest/163837-hassan-ali-receives-death-threats-for-criticising-vaishno-devi-attack.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240616085202/https://www.mensxp.com/buzz-on-web/latest/163837-hassan-ali-receives-death-threats-for-criticising-vaishno-devi-attack.html |archive-date=June 16, 2024 |title=Pakistanis bombard Hassan Ali with death threats for criticising Vaishno Devi terror attack |publisher=MensXP |language=en-IN }}</ref> Ali responded to the reactions by posting a second story on his Instagram, maintaining his stance,<ref name = 'DawnImages'>{{cite news |date=June 13, 2024 |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192514 |url-status=live |access-date=June 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613130143/https://images.dawn.com/news/1192514 |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |title='Every human life matters': Hassan Ali speaks out after criticism over condemnation of Reasi attack |publisher=[[Dawn Media Group|Dawn Images]] |language=en-PK }}</ref> and stating that he always stands for [[peace]].<ref name = 'DawnImages' />

=== International ===
{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Geert Wilders]], [[Party for Freedom|Leader of the largest party]] in the [[Netherlands]], slammed Pakistan for sheltering terrorists and stated, "Don’t allow Pakistani terrorists in the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|Kashmir Valley killing Hindus]]. Protect your people India!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title='Don't allow Pakistani terrorists...': Firebrand Dutch leader Geert Wilders on Reasi terror attack in J-K |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/firebrand-dutch-leader-geert-wilders-responds-to-reasi-terror-attack-in-j-k-pakistani-terrorists-anti-islam-updates-2024-06-10-936244 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{Flagicon|France}} [[France–India relations|French Ambassador to India]], Thierry Mathou expressed deepest condolences to the families of the victims and wished the injured a speedy recovery, stating, "We stand in full solidarity with India."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-06-10 |title="We stand in full solidarity": French envoy expresses condolences on Reasi terror attack |url=https://theprint.in/world/we-stand-in-full-solidarity-french-envoy-expresses-condolences-on-reasi-terror-attack/2124914/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Subsequent developments ==
On March 16, 2025, Abu Qatal, a senior Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) operative and mastermind behind the Reasi attack, was shot dead by unidentified assailants in Pakistan's [[Jhelum District|Jhelum district]]. Qatal had a long history of orchestrating terror attacks in Jammu and Kashmir. Notably, he was implicated in the January 2023 Dhangri village attack in Rajouri, which resulted in seven civilian deaths, including two children. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) had charge-sheeted him for his involvement in this incident. Beyond direct attacks, Qatal played a pivotal role in establishing proxy terror outfits like the People's Anti-Fascist Force (PAFF) and The Resistance Force (TRF). These groups served to obscure the activities of established organizations such as LeT and Jaish-e-Mohammed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2025 |first1=Raj Shekhar |last1=Jha |title=Hafiz Saeed's aid, key Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorist Abu Qatal killed in Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/key-lashkar-e-taiba-terrorist-abu-qatal-killed-in-pakistan/articleshow/119065076.cms |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2025 |first1=Mahender Singh |last1=Manral |first2=Arun |last2=Sharma |title=Abu Qatal, Lashkar man who oversaw terror attacks in J-K, killed by unknown men in Pakistan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/abu-qatal-lashkar-terror-attacks-rajouri-jammu-and-kashmir-shot-dead-9889517/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316172956/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/abu-qatal-lashkar-terror-attacks-rajouri-jammu-and-kashmir-shot-dead-9889517/ |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2017 Amarnath Yatra attack]]
* [[2023 Rajouri attacks]]
* [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Crime|India}}
{{Road incidents in 2024}}
{{Islamic terror attacks in India (since 1947)}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reasi attack, 2024}}
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]
[[Category:June 2024 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2024 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents on buses in India]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:2024 mass murders]]
[[Category:2024 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2024]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2024]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Mass murders in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Ambushes of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Reasi district]]

Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-05T12:32:48Z

Alejandra13P:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gadchiroli – Chimur {{Small|MH-12}}
| type = LS
| map_image = File:12 Gadchiroli–Chimur - गडचिरोली-चिमुर.png
| map_caption = '''Area of Constituency'''
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 2008
| assembly_cons = [[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]] [[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]] [[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]] [[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]] [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]] [[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Namdeo Kirsan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors =16,17,207 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
| preceded_by = [[Ashok Nete]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]]
}}
'''Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency came into existence on 19 February 2008 as a part of the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted on 12 July 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|date=20 February 2008}}</ref> This seat is reserved for [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Marotrao Kowase]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].

==Assembly segments==
As of 2014, Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Downloads/Notification%20_English.pdf|page=23|title=Delimitation Commission of India Notification|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|66
|[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]] (ST)
|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|[[Sanjay Hanmantrao Puram]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|67
|[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|[[Ramdas Maluji Masram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|68
|[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]] (ST)
|[[Milind Ramji Narote]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|69
|[[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]] (ST)
|[[Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao Aatram]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|73
|[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|74
|[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]
|[[Bunty Bhangdiya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

Armori and Chimur assembly segments were earlier in part of the former [[Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Chimur]] constituency, while Gadchiroli assembly segment was earlier in the former [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]] constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/30/stories/2004033001241200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201061818/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/30/stories/2004033001241200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 February 2008|title=Police draw up blueprint to tackle naxal threat|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 March 2004|author=Bhatt, Arunkumar|access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref>

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2009 :See [[Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Chimur]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Marotrao Kowase]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ashok Nete]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Namdeo Kirsan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Gadchiroli]]-[[Chimur]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Gadchiroli - Chimur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Gadchiroli - Chimur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1312.htm |access-date=9 November 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109175312/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1312.htm |archive-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Namdeo Kirsan]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 6,17,792
|percentage= 52.97
|change={{increase}}14.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Ashok Nete]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 4,76,096
|percentage= 40.82
|change={{decrease}}4.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Gonnade Yogesh Namdeorao
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 19,055
|percentage= 1.63
|change={{decrease}}0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 16,577
|percentage = 1.42
|change = {{decrease}}0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Hitesh Madavi
|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|votes= 15,922
|percentage= 1.37
|change={{decrease}}8.38
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,41,696
|percentage =12.15
|change ={{up}}5.37
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =11,66,360
|percentage =72.12
|change = {{decrease}}0.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Gadchiroli]]-[[Chimur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Nete]]
|votes=5,19,968
|percentage=45.50
|change={{decrease}}6.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. Namdeo Dalluji Usendi
|votes=4,42,442
|percentage=38.72
|change={{increase}}9.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|candidate=Rameshkumar Baburaoji Gajbe |votes=1,11,468|percentage=9.75|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Harichandra Nagoji Mangam|votes=28,104|percentage=2.46|change={{decrease}}4.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=24,599|percentage=2.15|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 77,526
|percentage = 6.78
|change = {{decrease}}16.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,42,698
|percentage = 72.33
|change = {{increase}}2.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gadchiroli]]-[[Chimur]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1312.htm?ac=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133239/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1312.htm?ac=12|archive-date=28 June 2014|title=Maharashtra – Gadchiroli–Chimur|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Nete]]
|votes = 5,35,982
|percentage = 52.18
|change = {{increase}}17.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Namdeo Dalluji Usendi
|votes = 2,99,112
|percentage = 29.12
|change = {{decrease}}9.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramrao Govinda Nannaware
|votes = 66,906
|percentage = 6.51
|change = {{decrease}}9.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Rameshkumar Baburaoji Gajbe
|votes = 45,458
|percentage = 4.43
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Namdeo Anandrao Kannake
|votes = 22,512
|percentage = 2.19
|change = {{increase}}0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Satish Gokuldas Pendam
|votes = 8,156
|percentage = 0.79
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Deorao Monba Nannaware
|votes = 6,606
|percentage = 0.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dandekar Baburao Laxman
|votes = 6,470
|percentage = 0.63
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vinod Ankush Nannaware
|votes = 4,287
|percentage = 0.42
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Diwakar Pendam
|votes = 3,730
|percentage = 0.36
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = Prabhakar Mahaguji Dadmal
|votes = 3,422
|percentage = 0.33
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 24,488
|percentage = 2.38
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,36,870
|percentage = 23.06
|change = {{increase}}19.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,28,462
|percentage = 70.04
|change ={{increase}}4.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Gadchiroli]]-[[Chimur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=86|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Marotrao Kowase]]
|votes = 3,21,756
|percentage = 38.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Nete]]
|votes = 2,93,176
|percentage = 35.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raje Satyavanrao Raje Vishveshvarrao Atram
|votes = 1,35,756
|percentage = 16.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dinesh Tukaram Madavi
|votes = 25,857
|percentage = 3.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Namdeo Anandrao Kannake
|votes = 23,001
|percentage = 2.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jambhule Narayan Dinabhaji
|votes = 8,916
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Vijay Surajsing Madavi
|votes = 7,953
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha
|candidate = Pendam Diwakar Gulab
|votes = 7,240
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 28,580
|percentage = 3.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,37,247
|percentage = 65.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chimur Lok Sabha constituency]] ( 1967 to 2004 elections for 4th to 14th Lok Sabha )
* [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Gadchiroli district]]
* [[Chandrapur district]]
* [[Gondia district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

==External links==
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/gadchiroli_chimur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Gadchiroli Chimur lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{coords|20.3|79.7|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra created in 2008]]
[[Category:Gadchiroli district]]
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Gondia district]]

Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal

2026-04-03T18:43:40Z

Alejandra13P: created new stub basic info!

{{Short description|2024 arrest of Chief Minister of Delhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail (AI enhanced).jpg|thumb|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]]]
{{Arvind Kejriwal series}}
[[Arvind Kejriwal]], the then-[[Chief Minister of Delhi]], was arrested on 21 March 2024 around 09:00 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] after not responding to nine summons from the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) in connection with the [[Delhi liquor scam]], becoming the first sitting chief minister in Indian history to be arrested.<ref name="Arvind Kejriwal arrested by Enforcement Directorate in Delhi Excise policy case">{{cite news |last1= |date=21 March 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal arrested by Enforcement Directorate in Delhi Excise policy case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-in-delhi-excise-policy-case/article67976688.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321170521/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-in-delhi-excise-policy-case/article67976688.ece |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehran |first=Sohil |date=21 March 2024 |title=Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal arrested by ED in excise policy case |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-in-excise-policy-case-12504621.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal Arrest Highlights: Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal sent to ED custody till March 28 in liquor policy case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/excise-policy-case-ed-officials-at-kejriwals-residence/liveblog/108683922.cms |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was given interim bail by the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 10 May 2024 to 1 June 2024 to campaign for [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Kejriwal Interim Bail Hearing LIVE Updates: Arvind Kejriwal Gets Interim Bail Till June 1 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-bail-hearing-live-breaking-news-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-aap-chief-likely-today-in-delhi-liquor-policy-scam-case-5630603 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=SC grants interim bail to Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal till June 1 in excise policy case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/supreme-court-delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-bail-excise-policy-case-9319850/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Kejriwal surrendered at the [[Tihar Jail]] on 2 June 2024 after the expiration of this bail.<ref name=":1" /> A Delhi trial court granted bail to Kejriwal on 20 June, which was stayed by the Delhi High Court on 21 June before he could be released.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Big Setback For Arvind Kejriwal, Delhi High Court Pauses Bail Order |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/big-setback-for-arvind-kejriwal-delhi-high-court-pauses-release-order-5936662 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Kejriwal was questioned for three days and arrested on 26 June 2024 by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) from Tihar Jail and subsequently was sent to judicial custody till 12 July.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal arrested by CBI from Tihar jail - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/delhi-chief-minister-arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-cbi-from-tihar-jail-19433670.htm |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-29 |title=Excise policy case: Arvind Kejriwal sent to 14-day judicial custody of CBI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/excise-policy-case-arvind-kejriwal-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-of-cbi/articleshow/111363827.cms |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Supreme Court granted interim bail to Kejriwal in money laundering case related to the alleged excise policy scam on 12 July 2024, but he remained in Tihar Jail as he was also arrested by CBI in corruption case related to the alleged liquor policy scam.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=SC grants interim bail to Arvind Kejriwal, refers plea challenging ED arrest to larger Bench |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-supreme-court-verdict-live-updates-july-12-2024/article68395555.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=12 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal Supreme Court Verdict Live Updates: SC grants interim bail, but Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal to remain in Tihar jail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-supreme-court-verdict-live-updates-delhi-cm-excise-policy-case-ed-arrest-liquor-policy-case/liveblog/111676775.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref> The Supreme Court granted bail to Kejriwal on 13 September 2024 in the CBI corruption case after serving more than five months in prison.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Arvind Kejriwal: Bail for Delhi chief minister after five months in jail |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8dpnj3en99o |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.bbc.com |date=13 September 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Kejriwal: Bail for Delhi chief minister after five months in jail |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8dpnj3en99o |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.bbc.com |date=13 September 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{further|Delhi liquor scam}}
In June 2022, a batch of complaints alleging a “multi-crore scam” in the now-scrapped Delhi excise policy were filed, one of which was filed with the Delhi Police by former [[Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee|Delhi Congress]] president Anil Kumar Chaudhary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-arvind-kejriwal-arrest-aap-9230586/ | title=Congress's Kejriwal dilemma deepens as it balances ties with AAP – friends in Delhi, foes in Punjab | date=23 March 2024 }}</ref>
Kejriwal and his allies had been accused by political rivals, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), of selling liquor licences and receiving kickbacks from private vendors. The ED had alleged that it had evidence of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) receiving millions of dollars from a liquor group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shih |first=Gerry |date=21 March 2024 |title=India arrests Delhi chief minister as crackdown on opposition spreads |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/21/india-arrests-delhi-chief-minister-crackdown-opposition-spreads/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 March 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Several high-ranking members of the AAP had previously been arrested in connection with the scam, including the then Former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Manish Sisodia]] in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=9 March 2023 |title=Delhi excise policy case {{!}} ED arrests Manish Sisodia on money laundering charges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-excise-policy-case-ed-arrests-manish-sisodia-on-money-laundering-charges/article66598454.ece |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Arrest ==
Kejriwal received nine summons from the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) for the investigation into the Delhi excise policy case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kakkar |first1=Shruti |date=20 March 2024 |title="Why don't you appear on receiving ED summons": Delhi HC asks Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/why-don-t-you-appear-on-receiving-ed-summons-delhi-hc-asks-arvind-kejriwal-101710918644418.html |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Kejriwal skipped all of the summons. After he skipped the eight summon, on 7 March the ED filed a second complaint against him in a Delhi magistrate court, for repeatedly skipping its summons, which directed him to appear physically on 16 March.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2024-03-06 |title=ED files fresh plaint against Kejriwal in court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ed-files-fresh-plaint-against-kejriwal-in-court/article67922230.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-07 |title=Delhi court directs CM Arvind Kejriwal to physically appear on March 16 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-court-directs-cm-kejriwal-to-physically-appear-on-march-16/article67923404.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kejriwal moved a sessions court challenging the magistrate courts' order and the two ED complaints, but the sessions court did not grant exemption from physical appearance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-03-14 |title=Delhi excise scam case {{!}} Arvind Kejriwal moves sessions court challenging summons issued to him on ED complaint |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-excise-scam-case-kejriwal-moves-sessions-court-challenging-summons-issued-to-him-on-ed-complaint/article67949562.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2024-03-15 |title=Court rejects Arvind Kejriwal's plea seeking exemption to skip ED summons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/court-rejects-arvind-kejriwals-plea-seeking-exemption-to-skip-ed-summons/article67955665.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kejriwal then appeared physically on 16 March in the magistrate court where he was granted bail for not complying with the eight ED summons.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-16 |title=Arvind Kejriwal granted bail in ED cases against him for skipping agency summons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/arvind-kejriwal-granted-bail-in-ed-cases-against-him-for-skipping-agency-summons/article67957257.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following the ninth summon, Kejriwal filed a plea in the [[Delhi High Court]] challenging this summon and seeking protection from coercive action, which the High Court rejected on March 21.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-19 |title=Arvind Kejriwal moves Delhi High Court challenging ED summons in money-laundering case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/arvind-kejriwal-moves-delhi-high-court-challenging-ed-summons-in-money-laundering-case/article67969624.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2024 |title=Delhi high court refuses to grant CM Arvind Kejriwal protection from coercive action in liquor policy case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-refuses-to-grant-kejriwal-protection-from-coercive-action-in-liquor-policy-case-101711017815956.html |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Kejriwal was arrested on 21 March 2024 at 9 pm IST following a raid on his home by the ED. As he was being taken away, supporters and [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) workers were protesting outside his residence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=21 March 2024 |title=Delhi chief arrested as opposition party alleges 'huge conspiracy' ahead of Indian election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/21/india/india-arvind-kejriwal-arrest-corruption-allegations-intl/index.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi chief minister Kejriwal arrested in liquor graft case |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/delhi-chief-minister-kejriwal-arrested-liquor-graft-case-ndtv-reports-2024-03-21/}}</ref> AAP leaders alleged that [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] collected protection money of worth {{INRConvert|60|c|lk=on|year=2024}} in the form of [[Electoral Bond|electoral bonds]] from the alleged liquor scam kingpin Sarath Chandra Reddy's [[Aurobindo Pharma Limited]] per a report who later became an [[approver]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= AAP asks BJP why did it take ₹60-crore bribe from 'Delhi liquor scam kingpin' |date=24 March 2024 |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/arvind-kejriwal-arrested-aap-asks-bjp-take-60-crore-bribe-delhi-excise-scam-kingpin-aurobindo-pharm-sarath-chandra-11711273206653.html}}</ref> Kejriwal was remanded until 28 March 2024, and remained in the custody of the ED.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |last1=Mahajan |first1=Satvika |last2=Tewari |first2=Samridhi |title=High drama in Delhi as AAP, BJP hold protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-calls-to-gherao-pm-modis-residence-against-kejriwals-arrest-delhi-police-beefs-up-security/article67993077.ece |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> The Delhi High Court dismissed Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal's petition against his arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |date=1 April 2024 |title=CM Arvind Kejriwal will not resign, to run government from jail: AAP |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-tihar-jail-atishi-saurabh-bharadwaj-excise-policy-case-court-delhi-government-aap-enforcement-directorate-ed-vijay-nair-latest-updates-2024-04-01-924141 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2024 |title=Can Arvind Kejriwal run govt from jail? Experts have different opinions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/can-kejriwal-run-govt-from-jail-experts-have-different-opinions/articleshow/108831018.cms |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Aishvarya |date=9 April 2024 |title="Judges Not Bound By Politics": High Court Dismisses Arvind Kejriwal's Petition |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/judges-not-bound-by-politics-delhi-high-court-dismisses-arvind-kejriwal-petition-against-arrest-in-delhi-liquor-policy-case-5406028 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="Anand 2024 k739">{{cite web | last=Anand | first=Akriti | title='Arvind Kejriwal's arrest in liquor case valid': Delhi HC rejects CM's plea | website=mint | date=9 April 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-hc-pronounce-verdict-arvind-kejriwals-plea-against-ed-arrest-and-remand-11712656449317.html | access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ojha 2024 y826">{{cite web | last=Ojha | first=Srishti | title=Arvind Kejriwal's plea against arrest dismissed, court says he 'conspired' | website=India Today | date=9 April 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/arvind-kejriwal-delhi-high-court-liquor-policy-arrest-plea-conspired-ed-probe-agency-2525138-2024-04-09 | access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

On 10 May, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] granted him interim bail on the case till 1 June 2024 in view of campaigning for [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-10 |title=Arvind Kejriwal gets interim bail till June 1 for election campaigning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/arvind-kejriwal-gets-interim-bail-till-june-1-for-election-campaigning/articleshow/110005875.cms |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Arvind Kejriwal bail {{!}} Grant of interim bail is based on individual facts of each case, Supreme Court notes">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Arvind Kejriwal bail {{!}} Grant of interim bail is based on individual facts of each case, Supreme Court notes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/grant-of-interim-bail-is-based-on-the-individual-facts-of-each-case-sc-notes/article68161716.ece |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510185113/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/grant-of-interim-bail-is-based-on-the-individual-facts-of-each-case-sc-notes/article68161716.ece |archive-date=10 May 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Kejriwal surrendered at the Tihar Jail on 2 June 2024 after the expiration of this bail.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal surrenders at Tihar jail after interim bail ends, says don't know when will I return |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/arvind-kejriwal-surrender-live-updates-delhi-cm-rajghat-supreme-court-tihar-jail-excise-policy-case-11717322097569.html}}</ref> A Delhi trial court granted bail to Kejriwal on 20 June but the bail was stayed by the Delhi High Court on 21 June before he could be released.<ref name=":2" /> Kejriwal was questioned for 3 days and arrested on 26 June 2024 by [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]] from Tihar Jail and subsequently was sent to judicial custody till 12 July.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The Supreme Court granted interim bail to Kejriwal in money laundering case related to the alleged excise policy scam on 12 July 2024, however, he remained in Tihar Jail as he was also arrested by CBI in corruption case related to the alleged liquor policy scam.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" />

A two-judge Supreme Court bench granted him bail in the CBI corruption case on 13 September 2024.<ref name=":6" /> The bench held that continued incarceration would violate his right to liberty.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-09-13 |title=Arvind Kejriwal bail: Supreme Court grants bail to Kejriwal in Delhi excise policy case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-grants-bail-to-arvind-kejriwal-in-delhi-excise-policy-corruption-case/article68637347.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Debby |date=2024-09-13 |title=Supreme Court Grants Bail To Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal In CBI Case |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-delhi-liquor-policy-case-arvind-kejriwal-plea-challenging-cbi-arrest-seeking-bail-269478 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> However he served in prison for more than 5 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Kejriwal: Bail for Delhi chief minister after five months in jail |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8dpnj3en99o |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.bbc.com |date=13 September 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Reaction==
=== Domestic ===
The arrest caused numerous protests in Delhi on 26 March 2024, with AAP supporters marching to the Prime Minister's residence at [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]] while [[BJP]] supporters demanding Kejriwal's resignation marched to the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi]].<ref name="hindu"/>

Prominent opposition leaders have voiced strong opposition to Kejriwal's arrest, framing it as part of a broader authoritarian trend under the current government. [[Rahul Gandhi]], for instance, described the [[Government of India|central government's]] actions as those of a "scared dictator" aiming to create a "dead democracy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=Arvind Kejriwal Arrest Highlights: Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal sent to ED custody till March 28 in liquor policy case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/excise-policy-case-ed-officials-at-kejriwals-residence/liveblog/108683922.cms |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paranjape |first=Makarand R. |date=2024-04-15 |title=With Kejriwal in jail, Aam Aadmi Party's future is uncertain |url=https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/with-kejriwal-in-jail-aam-aadmi-partys-future-is-uncertain-1.102169302 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Raaj Kumar Anand]] resigned as minister of social welfare from the Delhi cabinet and also tendered his resignation from the AAP. He said that did not want his name to be associated with “corruption” after Delhi High Court's rejection of Kejriwal's bail.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2024 |title=Delhi Minister Raaj Kumar Anand turns on Kejriwal as he quits AAP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/delhi-minister-raaj-kumar-anand-resigns-from-cabinet-quits-aap/article68050372.ece |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI}}</ref>

=== International ===
* {{Flag|UN|name=United Nations}}:
**[[United Nations|UN]] [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres|Antonio Guterres's]] spokesperson [[Stéphane Dujarric|Stephane Dujarric]] said, "We very much hope that in India, as in any country that is having elections, that everyone's rights are protected, including political and civil rights, and everyone is able to vote in an atmosphere that is free and fair."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbas |first=Ajmal |date=29 March 2024 |title=UN reacts to Arvind Kejriwal's arrest, hopes 'everyone's rights are protected' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hope-everyones-rights-are-protected-un-united-nations-on-arvind-kejriwals-arrest-2520604-2024-03-29 |website=India Today}}</ref>
* {{Flag|US|name=United States}}:
** [[United States Department of State]] spokesperson [[Matthew Miller (spokesperson)|Matthew Miller]] said, "We continue to follow these actions closely, including the arrest of Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal. We are also aware of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party's allegations that tax authorities have frozen some of their bank accounts in a manner that will make it challenging to effectively campaign in the upcoming elections." A spokesperson for the United States Department of State said that the US was closely following reports of Kejriwal's arrest and that they "encourage a fair, transparent, and timely legal process for Chief Minister Kejriwal".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2024 |title=US encourages 'fair, transparent' process for arrested Indian opposition figure |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/us-encourages-fair-transparent-process-arrested-indian-opposition-figure-2024-03-25/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
*** In response, Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) said that India's legal processes were "based on an independent judiciary" and that they were "committed to objective and timely outcomes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=India rejects remarks by US, Germany on opposition leader Kejriwal's arrest |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/india-rejects-remarks-by-us-germany-on-opposition-leader-kejriwals-arrest |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Germany}}:
**A spokesperson for the [[Federal Foreign Office|German Federal Foreign Office]] said Germany "takes note" of Kejriwal's arrest and expected that the "standards relating to independence of judiciary and basic democratic principles" will also apply to this case.
***In response, the MEA said that the remarks were seen as "interfering in our judicial process" and "undermining the independence of our judiciary".<ref name=":0" />
* [[Amnesty International]], an international human rights group said that the arrest of Kejriwal and the "freezing of Indian National Congress’ bank accounts", a few weeks before [[2024 Indian general election|India's general elections]] showed "the authorities’ blatant failure to uphold the country’s international human rights obligations".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=28 March 2024 |title=India summons US State Department official over call for fair legal treatment of arrested opposition leader |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/india/india-state-department-kejriwal-objection-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=India: Crackdown on opposition reaches a crisis point ahead of national elections |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/india-crackdown-on-opposition-reaches-a-crisis-point-ahead-of-national-elections/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Delhi liquor scam]]
* [[List of scandals in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portalbar|India}}

[[Category:2024 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Arvind Kejriwal]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]
[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
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G. Vijayaraghavan

2026-03-27T08:33:51Z

Alejandra13P: Made

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Govindan Vijayaraghavan
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = ജി. വിജയരാഘവൻ
| native_name_lang = ml
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|09|18}}
| birth_place = [[Perumpuzha]], [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central Division]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], India)
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Cardiologist, teacher, writer
| alma_mater = [[Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 1982–present
| employer =
| known_for =
| boards = KIMS (Vice-Chairman) Aswini Specialty Hospital (Chairman)
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| website = {{URL|gvr.co.in}}
}}

'''Govindan Vijayaraghavan''' is an Indian cardiologist. He has established two-dimensional echocardiography laboratory in India. He is the founder and vice-chairman of KIMS Healthcare, Thiruvananthapuram, and serves as president of the Society for Continuing Medical Education and Research, Kerala. In 2009, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions to medical sciences.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |df=dmy}}</ref>

He has received Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Indian Academy of Echocardiography, Indian College of Cardiology, and Cardiological Society of India.

==Early life==
Vijayaraghavan was born at [[Perumpuzha]], Kollam, Kerala on 18 September 1942 as the son of ''Sahithya Siromany'' M. K. Govindan, a Sanskrit scholar. He did his early schooling in Trivandrum Model School and graduated in Medicine from [[Trivandrum Medical College]] in 1964 and passed MD in General Medicine in 1969. He continued his studies at [[Christian Medical College]], Vellore, obtained his Doctorate in Cardiology (DM) in 1973 and started his career there as associate professor.<ref name="sehat">{{cite web|url=http://www.sehat.com/doctors-in-thiruvananthapuram/drg-vijayaraghavan/162874/1/|title=Dr.G. Vijayaraghavan, Cardiologist in Thiruvananthapuram | Dr.G. Vijayaraghavan Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS) | sehat|publisher=sehat.com|access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> He moved back to Thiruvananthapuram Medical College in 1976 and continued his research on ''Endomyocardial Fibrosis'', a variety of heart disease found common in Kerala, in association with Post-graduate Medical School and [[Brompton Hospital]], London.

==Career==
Vijayaraghavan's research findings on endomyocardial fibrosis are widely considered to be path breaking. His research on ''Cerebra Odollum'' poisoning (a suicidal plant poison used by poor people of South India) helped to introduce innovative treatment modalities, which is reported to be still in use. In 1983 he was invited to work at the University of California, Los Angeles, and became one of the pioneer research workers in Doppler echocardiography and co-authored the first book on this subject from USA (1985).

Vijayaraghavan is a well-known teacher in cardiology in India and abroad. His effort in the 1980s in conducting continuing medical education programme all over India resulted in establishment of 2-D echocardiography as the most popular cardiology investigation in this country. As Professor and Head of Cardiology, Vijayaraghavan established one of the most modern cardiology departments in this country at the Trivandrum Medical College. With help from the World Health Organization and Government of India he demonstrated that heart attacks and its risk factors are very highly prevalent among the poor people of Kerala. He was the current editor-in-chief of the ''Indian Journal of Clinical Cardiology'' (IJCC)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.onlineijc.org/index.php/iaccjournal | title=Indian Journal of Clinical Cardiology | access-date=13 February 2016 | archive-date=17 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817115145/http://www.onlineijc.org/index.php/iaccjournal | url-status=dead }}</ref>

He received honorary fellowships from the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]], the [[Royal College of Physicians of London]] (FRCP London), from the [[American College of Cardiology]], the ''Premier Golden Heart Fellowship'' the [[American Heart Association]], the Indian College of Cardiology, Indian Academy of Echocardiography, International Medical Sciences Academy and the Cardiological Society of India. He was elected as the chief patron of [[Indian Association of Clinical Cardiologists]] during the annual scientific session IACCCON 2010 at Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gvr.co.in/ | title=Distinguished teacher award - 2012 | publisher=gvr.co.in | access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.accindia.org/ | title=Publications | access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

He is a member of the editorial board of the Indian editions of ''Circulation'' and ''Hypertension'' and is the Chairman of the Echocardiology Council of the Cardiological Society of India. He is also a University Guide for PhD in Cardiology, Kerala University from 1984.<ref name="gvr">{{cite web|url=http://www.gvr.co.in/about_me.php|title=Dr. Govindan Vijayaraghavan|publisher=gvr.co.in|access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref>

==Publications==
Vijayaraghavan has published papers, articles and journals in India and abroad and has review articles and abstracts to his credit.<ref name="gvr2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gvr.co.in/publications.php|title=Dr. Govindan Vijayaraghavan|publisher=gvr.co.in|access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Publisher !! Year
|-
| Doppler Echocardiography; A Practical Manual || John Wiley & Sons || 1985
|-
| Doppler Echocardiography; A Practical Manual (Chinese) || Suan J. P. || 1987
|-
| ''Hridayam Hridrogam'' (The Heart and Heart Diseases) || Language Institute of Kerala || 1987
|-
| Cardiovascular Disease Prevention || Medical College, Trivandrum || 1996
|-
| Intensive Coronary Care, the Trivandrum Protocol || Medical College, Trivandrum || 1997
|-
| ''Hridrogam Keraleeyaril'' (Heart Diseases in Keralites) || Sankeerthanam Paublications, Kerala || 2003
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831802 Paper in U.S. National Library of Medicine]
* [https://archive.today/20140503072622/http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/09/06/eurheartj.ehs219.full in European Heart Journal]
* {{cite book
| title = Doppler Echocardiography: A Practical Manual
|author1=Govindan Vijayaraghavan |author2=K. T. Singham |author3=Pravin M. Shah | year = 1985
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| isbn = 0471809144
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140503121006/http://poshan.nic.in/jspui/handle/DL/731 on Govt of India web site]

{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayaraghavan, G.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]

Vidya Academy of Science and Technology Technical Campus

2026-03-26T19:02:51Z

Alejandra13P: put up new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Vidya Academy of Science and Technology Technical Campus
|image_name=
|image_size= 275px
|caption=
|motto = Progress through education
|principal='''Dr. T.Mathavaraj Ravikumar'''
|type = Self-financing engineering college
|established = 2013<ref name="vidyatcklmr.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.vidyatcklmr.ac.in/about_us.php |title=About Us |publisher=vidyatcklmr.ac.in/ |date= |accessdate=17 February 2018}}</ref>
|city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|country = [[India]]
|coordinates = {{coord|8|48|47|N|76|51|19|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|faculty =
|campus =
| affiliation =[[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University|APJAKTU]], [[AICTE]]
|website = http://www.vidyatcklmr.ac.in }}

'''Vidya Academy of Science and Technology Technical Campus (VAST TC)''', is a privately financed [[engineering college]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram District]] in [[Kerala]] situated at Kilimanoor.The college offers a degree in Bachelor of Technology and courses in four branches of engineering - [[Civil Engineering|Civil]], [[Computer Science and Engineering|Computer Science]], [[Electronic engineering|Electronics and Communication]], [[Mechanical Engineering|Mechanical]].
The college was established and is administered by [http://www.vidyaict.com/public/index.php Vidya International Charitable Trust (VICT)], a body formed by more than a thousand [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Keralites]] mostly based in the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf]].

Vidya Academy of Science and Technology Technical Campus is accredited by '''NAAC with "B++" Grade''' in 2022.

== See also ==

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://vidyatcklmr.ac.in Vidya Academy Kilimanoor], Official Website
* [http://vidyaict.com/ Vidya International Charitable Trust], Official Website

{{commons category}}

[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Private engineering colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Vidya Academy of Science and Technology]]

Raigarh

2026-03-15T11:28:29Z

Alejandra13P: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raigarh
| settlement_type = City
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Raigarh map
| pushpin_map_caption = Raigarh ([[Chhattisgarh]])
| coordinates = {{coord|21|53|50.6|N|83|23|42.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigarh District|Raigarh]]
| established_title = 
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Raigarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = [[Om Prakash Choudhary|Om Prakash Choudhary]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 243.7
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 496001 (Raigarh)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Chhattisgarh/Raigarh/ Raigarh]</ref>
| area_code = +917762
| registration_plate = CG-13
| blank_name_sec1 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank_info_sec1 = IN RIG
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/985 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|https://raigarh.gov.in/en/}}
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|India 285th]], [[list of cities in Chhattisgarh by population|Chhattisgarh 6th]]
| official_name = Raigarh
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Raigarh Railway Station.jpg
| photo2a = Hemu kalani chowk raigarh - panoramio.jpg
| photo2b = Kelo-River.jpg
| photo3a = Kelo river.jpg
| photo3b = TV-Tower.jpg
| photo4a = Sunrise-in-Raigarh.JPG
| photo4b =
| photo5a =
| photo5b =
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = black
| size = 230
| foot_montage = ''From top, left to right: Raigarh Railway Station, Hemu kalani chowk raigarh, Kelo-River, River flows through Raigarh city, TV tower, Sunrise in Raigarh.''
}}
| image_caption =
| population_total = 135,363
| population_metro = 150,019<ref>{{cite web |title = Raigarh Population | url = https://www.indiacensus.net/city/raigarh}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
}}

'''Raigarh''' is a city in northern [[Chhattisgarh]] known as the 'Cultural capital of Chhattisgarh'; Raigarh is famous for its dance form “SUWA” (as Raigarh Gharana) and classical music; Raigarh is also known as Sanskritidhani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Raigarh District, Government of Chhattisgarh, India {{!}} India |url=https://raigarh.gov.in/en/about-district/history/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is also known for its coal reserves and power generation for the state and the country. With a population of just about 150,019 (2011) it is a rapidly growing industrial city. Raigarh is one of the major rice-producing districts in India.

Rich in culture and tradition, Raigarh City is the administrative headquarters of Raigarh district. Apart from its cultural heritage, the city of Raigarh is also known for its Kosa (a fine silk) and rich deposits of coal.

Raigarh is home to one of the oldest jute mills in India and is major producer of steel, iron ore and electricity in the country. The most spoken language of the people living here are Odia, Chattisgarhi and Hindi. It is rapidly emerging as an industrial city on the map of Chhattisgarh and India.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Raigarh Guide | url =https://www.raigarhonline.in/city-guide/about-raigarh}}</ref>

==Transportation==

===Railways===
[[File:Raigarh Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Raigarh Railway Station]]
[[Raigarh railway station]] is a station on the [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] the broad gauge line. All express and some superfast trains stop here, while Gondwana express and Janshatabdi express originate at Raigarh. It is well connected with many major cities. While for other destinations, it has to depend upon [[Bilaspur railway station]], which is a regional rail hub connected to every part of the country and 132 km from Raigarh district headquarter.
Kirodimal Nagar railway station is another suburb small station of Raigarh city.
Raigarh railway station serving to the people of the nearby area lie Surguja, Dharamjaigarh, Lailunga, Sarangarh.
The Raigarh railway station has a good vehicle parking facility including overnight parking.

<big>Road-Bus Transport</big>

Raigarh has the Kevda Badi Bus Stand, which is connected to Sarangarh, Jharsuguda, Raipur, Bilaspur etc.

Raigarh is also connected to NH 49 and NH 200 which connect it to Kolkata and Odisha.

===Airport===
The nearest airport is [[Veer Surendra Sai Airport]] (Jharsuguda Airport,Odisha), just 95 km from Raigarh City.

[[Raigarh Airport]], a private airport owned by the [[Jindal Steel and Power Limited]] is located {{convert|10|km}} north-west of the city.

==History==
{{main|Raigarh State}}
The tradition preserved by the ruling family of the erstwhile state of Raigarh maintains that the Raj Gond family migrated to this region from Bairagarh/Wariagarh of Chanda district of Maharashtra state about the beginning of the eighteenth century and first stayed at Phuljhar in Raipur district. From there Madan Singh, head of the family, migrated to Banda of the present-day Raigarh. The successor kings of Raigarh state after Maharaja Madan Singh were Maharaja Takhat Singh, Maharaha Beth Singh, Maharaja Dilip Singh, Maharaja Jujhar Singh, Maharaja Devnath Singh, Maharaja Ghansyam Singh, Maharaja Bhupdev Singh, Maharaja Natwar Singh, and Maharaja Chakradhar Singh. Truly speaking music, dance, and literature got fillip during the reign of Maharaja Bhupdev Singh and developed further during the rule of Maharaja Chakradhar Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Poyam|first=Akash|date=2015-12-18|title=Story of Gond Raja Chakradhar Singh: Scholar, Musician, Dancer|url=http://www.adivasiresurgence.com/story-of-gond-raja-chakradhar-singh-porte-scholar-musician-dancer/|access-date=2020-08-26|website=Adivasi Resurgence|language=en-US}}</ref> Prior to Indian Independence, Raigarh was capital of [[Princely State of Raigarh]].<ref name=imp>{{cite web | title =Raigarh State|publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Volume 21|pages= 45–47|year=1909| url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_051.gif |access-date = 2014-02-19 }}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Raigarh is located at {{coord|21.9|N|83.4|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/37/Raigarh.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Raigarh]</ref> It has an average elevation of 215 [[metre]]s (705 [[foot (length)|feet]]). The Kelo river flows through the city, which is one of its main water sources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Raigarh,+Chhattisgarh+496001/@21.8949896,83.3600567,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a27253cf3eb615d:0x29629b8b0a92e6e!8m2!3d21.8974003!4d83.3949632|title = Raigarh · Chhattisgarh 496001, India}}</ref>

The minimum-maximum temperature range is 29.5 - 49 °C in summer, and 8 - 25 °C in winter.

{{Weather box
| location = Raigarh (1981–2010, extremes 1951–2008)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.4
| Feb record high C = 39.4
| Mar record high C = 43.0
| Apr record high C = 46.0
| May record high C = 48.3
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 41.8
| Aug record high C = 39.0
| Sep record high C = 38.0
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 36.6
| Dec record high C = 34.4
| year record high C = 48.3
| Jan high C = 27.9
| Feb high C = 30.8
| Mar high C = 35.5
| Apr high C = 39.8
| May high C = 41.4
| Jun high C = 37.4
| Jul high C = 32.2
| Aug high C = 31.2
| Sep high C = 32.2
| Oct high C = 32.4
| Nov high C = 30.3
| Dec high C = 28.2
| year high C = 33.3
| Jan low C = 13.3
| Feb low C = 16.2
| Mar low C = 20.5
| Apr low C = 24.8
| May low C = 27.5
| Jun low C = 26.8
| Jul low C = 25.1
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 22.2
| Nov low C = 17.5
| Dec low C = 13.1
| year low C = 21.4
| Jan record low C = 6.8
| Feb record low C = 7.8
| Mar record low C = 12.2
| Apr record low C = 14.4
| May record low C = 18.7
| Jun record low C = 19.5
| Jul record low C = 18.6
| Aug record low C = 18.4
| Sep record low C = 20.2
| Oct record low C = 13.4
| Nov record low C = 9.3
| Dec record low C = 6.4
| year record low C = 6.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 16.7
| Feb rain mm = 16.0
| Mar rain mm = 14.3
| Apr rain mm = 14.7
| May rain mm = 34.5
| Jun rain mm = 202.0
| Jul rain mm = 403.5
| Aug rain mm = 401.9
| Sep rain mm = 230.7
| Oct rain mm = 46.6
| Nov rain mm = 11.3
| Dec rain mm = 2.4
| year rain mm = 1394.7
| Jan rain days = 1.3
| Feb rain days = 1.2
| Mar rain days = 1.3
| Apr rain days = 1.3
| May rain days = 2.1
| Jun rain days = 8.5
| Jul rain days = 15.8
| Aug rain days = 16.2
| Sep rain days = 11.0
| Oct rain days = 2.8
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 62.4
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 49
| Feb humidity = 40
| Mar humidity = 31
| Apr humidity = 26
| May humidity = 30
| Jun humidity = 53
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 53
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 52
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Raigarh Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 641–642
| access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M43
| access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Language and demographics==
{{See also|List of cities in Chhattisgarh}}
Languages spoken are [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Hindi]], and [[Odia language|Odia]]. The demographics of the city consist mainly of people from Chhattisgarh, [[Odisha, India|Odisha]], [[Haryana]] and [[Bihar]]. A sizeable community of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking people also live here.

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raigarh Population (2022/2023), District Tehsils List, Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Chhattisgarh/Raigarh_District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418230746/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Chhattisgarh/Raigarh_District |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 April 2014 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref> Raigarh district had a population of 1,493,984, and the city of Raigarh a population of 137,126. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Raigarh has an average literacy rate of 87.02%, male literacy is 93.18%, and female literacy is 80.60%.

'''Religion in Raigarh (2011)'''

{{Pie chart
|caption = Religions in Raigarh (2011)
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 90.20 |color1 = darkorange
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 5.50 |color2=green
|label3 = [[Christianity]] |value3 = 2.99 |color3 = dodgerblue
|label4 = [[Sikhism]] |value4 = 0.85 |color4 = darkkhaki
|label5 = [[Jainism]] |value5 = 0.19 |color5 = Maroon
|label6 = [[Buddhism]] |value6 = 0.19 |color6 = Yellow
|label7 = Others |value7 = 0.02|color7 = Grey
}}
[[Hinduism]] is Raigarh predominant religious faith, with 90.20% of Raigarh population, followed by [[Islam]] (5.50%), [[Christianity]] (2.99%),[[Sikhism]] (0.85%), [[Jainism]] (0.19%) and [[Buddhism]] (0.19%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raigarh City Population 2023 - Sex Ratio, Population Density, Literacy |url=https://www.indiacensus.net/city/raigarh |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.indiacensus.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==
Average literacy rate in Raigarh district as per census 2011 is 85.22% of which males and females are 92.01% and 78.09% literates respectively. As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Raigarh had 55 primary schools, 37 middle schools, 9 secondary schools and 16 senior-secondary school, [[Shaheed Nandkumar Patel University]], along with 2 arts and commerce colleges (including [[Kirodimal Govt. Arts and Science College]] ), 1 law college, 1 Medical College([[Government Medical College, Raigarh|Late Shri Lakhiram Agrawal Medical College]] ), 1 polytechnic college.<ref name=census2011TownAmenities>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Town_Release_2200.xlsx |title=Chhattisgarh Census 2011 - Town Amenities |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> [[O.P. Jindal University]] and [[Kirodimal Institute of Technology]] are newer institutions in the city.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Notable people==
* [[Raja Chakradhar Singh]]
* [[Sulakshana Pandit]]
* [[Surendra Kumar Singh (politician)|Surendra Kumar Singh]]
* [[Lalitkumar Singh]]
* [[Gomati Sai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://raigarh.gov.in/ Official government website]
{{Raigarh district}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raigarh district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Nicobar Islands

2026-03-14T18:37:29Z

Alejandra13P:

{{Short description|Island group in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Nicobar Islands
| native_name = 
| sobriquet = 
| image_name = Nicobar Islands.PNG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Location of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean.
| image_alt =
| map_image = Nicobar Islands.jpg
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|7|05|N|93|48|E|region:IN_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| total_islands = 22
| major_islands = [[Car Nicobar]], [[Great Nicobar]], [[Little Nicobar]]
| area_km2 = 1,841
| area_footnotes =
| rank =
| length_km = 
| length_footnotes =
| width_km = 
| width_footnotes =
| coastline_km = 
| coastline_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 642
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount = [[Mount Thullier]]
| country = {{IND}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = Union territory
| country_admin_divisions = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 =
| country_admin_divisions_1 =
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =
| country_admin_divisions_2 =
| country_capital = [[Port Blair]] (on [[South Andaman Island]])
| country_largest_city = [[Malacca, Car Nicobar]]
| country_largest_city_population = 1,637
| country_leader_name =
| demonym =
| population = [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_ani.html 36,842]
| population_as_of = 2011
| density_km2 = 20
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]] [[Shompen]] [[Indian people|Mainland Indians]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST = {{nowrap|not observed}}
| utc_offset1_DST = +5:30
| website = https://andaman.nic.in/
| additional_info =
}}The '''Nicobar Islands''' {{IPAc-en|'|n|I|k|@|b|ɑːr}} are an [[archipelago|archipelagic]] island chain in the eastern [[Indian Ocean]]. They are located in [[Southeast Asia]], {{convert|150|km}} northwest of [[Aceh]] on [[Sumatra]], and separated from [[Thailand]] to the east by the [[Andaman Sea]]. Located {{convert|1,300|km}} southeast of the [[Indian subcontinent]], across the [[Bay of Bengal]], they are part of India, as the [[Nicobar district]] within the union territory of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Together with the [[Andaman Islands]] to their north, the Nicobar Islands serve as a [[maritime boundary]] between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east.

In 2013, [[UNESCO]] added the [[Great Nicobar Island]] to its [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]], a list of internationally designated protected areas.<ref name="Unesco">[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/multimedia/photos/mab-2013/], The International Coordinating Council of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), added the following new sites to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/multimedia/photos/mab-2013/india/.</ref>

==History==
=== Etymology ===
The earliest extant references to the name "Nicobar" is in the [[Sri Lanka]]n [[Pali]] [[Buddhist]] chronicles, the ''[[Dipavamsa]]'' (c. 3rd or 4th century CE) and the ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' (c. 4th or 5th century), which state that the children of the followers of the legendary founder of the Sri Lankan Kingdom, Vijaya, landed on ''Naggadipa'' (the island of the children, from the Pali '''nagga''' meaning 'naked').<ref>{{Cite book| title=The Mahavamsa or The Great Chronicle of Ceylon| author=Wilhelm Geiger (Tr)| year=1912| access-date=8 July 2013| publisher=Pali Text Society| url=http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf| quote=''P54 "The island where the children landed was called Naggadipa..." N: "l That is,'Island of children', from nagga 'naked'..." ''| isbn=978-81-206-0218-2| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512133050/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf| archive-date=12 May 2012| url-status=dead}} {{Cite web |url=http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 July 2013 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512133050/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the ninth century, the Persian explorer [[Abu Zayd al-Sirafi|Abū Zayd al-Sīrāfī]] referred to the Nicobar Islands as Lanjabālūs.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Accounts of China and India| author=Abū Zayd al-Sīrāfī| year=2017| publisher=New York University Press}}</ref>
The modern name is likely derived from the [[Chola dynasty]] name for the islands, '''''Nakkavaram''''' (may be referring to open/naked land or naked man's land in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), which is inscribed on the [[Thanjavur]] (Tanjore) inscription of 1050 CE.<ref>{{Cite book | title=Ancient Jaffna| author=C Rasanayagam| year=1926 | publisher=Asian Educational Society (reprint)| quote= ''P53 "Naggadipa, where the children are alleged to have landed, is certainly Nicobars, the Nakkavaram of the Tamils, ...''| isbn= 978-81-206-0210-6}}</ref><ref name="keay2001">{{Cite book | title=India: A History | author=John Keay | year=2001 | publisher=Grove Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibLUu6RlvqwC | quote=''... and 'Nakkavaram' certainly represents the Nicobar islands ...'' | isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5}}</ref><ref name="britannica1998">{{Cite book | title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica | year=1998 | access-date = 16 November 2008 | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abRYAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... The name Nicobar probably is derived from Nakkavaram ("Land of the Naked") ...'' | isbn=978-0-85229-633-2}}</ref> [[Marco Polo]] (12th-13th century) also referred to this island as 'Necuverann'.

In the 15th century, Great Nicobar Island was recorded as "Cui Lan island" (翠蘭嶼) during the [[voyages of Zheng He]] in the [[Mao Kun map]] of the [[Wu Bei Zhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wu Bei Zhi Map 17 |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7821rm.gct00058/?sp=17 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>

=== Prehistory ===
[[File:Natives of Nicobar Islands.jpg|thumb|[[Nicobarese people]], {{c.|1870}}]]
The Nicobar Islands are believed to have been inhabited for several thousands of years. Six indigenous Nicobarese languages are spoken on the islands, which are part of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]], which include [[Mon language|the Mon]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] languages of [[Southeast Asia]], as well as the [[Munda languages]] of India. An indigenous tribe living at the southern tip of Great Nicobar, known as the Shompen, may be of [[Mesolithic]] Southeast Asian origin.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Rajni Trivedi| title = Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago
| journal = Journal of Human Genetics | issue = 3 | volume = 51 | date = March 2006
| doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2 | pages = 217–226
| pmid = 16453062
|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}</ref>

=== Colonial period ===
Organized European [[colonization]] on the islands began with the [[Danish East India Company]] in 1754/56. During this time, they were administered from [[Tranquebar]] (in continental [[Danish India]]) under the name of '''Frederiksøerne'''. Missionaries from the [[Moravian Church]] Brethren's settlement in Tranquebar attempted a settlement on [[Nancowry Island|Nancowry]] and died in great numbers from disease. The islands were repeatedly abandoned due to outbreaks of [[malaria]]: 1784–1807/09, 1830–1834, and finally from 1848, gradually for good. Between 1778 and 1783, [[William Bolts]] attempted to establish an [[Austrian colonization of the Nicobar Islands|Austrian colony on the islands]] on the mistaken assumption that [[Denmark–Norway]] had abandoned its claims to the islands.<ref name="ColVoy">{{cite web
|url = http://www.colonialvoyage.com/DanishP.html
|title = Chronoly of Danish Colonial Settlements
|first = Marco
|last = Ramerini
|publisher = ColonialVoyage.com
|access-date = 3 January 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050404001731/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/DanishP.html
|archive-date = 4 April 2005
}}</ref>

[[Italy]] attempted to buy the Nicobar Islands from Denmark between 1864 and 1865. The Italian Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, [[Luigi Torelli]], started a negotiation that looked promising but failed due to the unexpected end of his office and the [[second La Marmora Cabinet]]. The negotiations were interrupted and never brought up again.<ref>Ministero della Guerra, Ufficio Storico, Storia Militare della Colonia Eritrea, Vol. I, Roma 1935, pp. 15-16</ref>

[[Denmark]]'s presence in the islands ended formally on 16 October 1868 when it sold the rights to the Nicobar Islands to the United Kingdom,<ref name="ColVoy" /> which, in 1869, made them part of [[British India]].

===Second World War===
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the islands were [[Invasion and occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II|invaded and occupied by Japan between 1942 and 1945]]. In May 1945, {{HMS|Ceylon|30|6}} shelled Japanese positions on the islands. The British regained possession of the islands after the [[surrender of Japan]], announced on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945. After the war, Pakistani politician [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]] proposed that the Nicobars (which he called the "Balus Islands") would have a sizeable Muslim population and thus would be integrated to the Dominion of [[Pakistan]]. However, this never materialised.

===Indian union territory===
Together with the [[Andaman Islands]], it became part of India in 1950 and was declared as a [[union territory]] of the nation in 1956.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Planning Commission of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7188-652-4|edition=illustrated|series=State Development Report series|access-date=12 March 2011}}</ref>

===26 December 2004 tsunami===
On 26 December 2004, the coast of the Nicobar Islands was devastated by a {{convert|10|to|15|m||adj=mid|-high}} [[tsunami]] following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. At least 6,000 people were killed on the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] with reports putting the death toll on [[Katchal Island]] alone at 4,600{{Citation needed|reason=This contradicts the number 1549 mentioned here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katchal_Island (also with no reference attached)|date=January 2023}}.

Several islands were heavily damaged with initial reports of islands broken in two or three pieces and coral reefs moved above water. Teressa Island was said to have been split into two pieces and Trinkat Island into three pieces. Some estimates said that the islands were moved as much as {{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip}} by the earthquake and tilted.

[[Indira Point]] subsided {{convert|4.25|m}} and the lighthouse there was damaged.

==Geography==
The Nicobar Islands cover a land area of {{convert|1,841|km2}}<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Nicobar-Islands Nicobar Islands]. Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> and a population of 36,844 inhabitants, according to the [[2011 census of India]]. They comprise three distinct groups:

'''[[Car Nicobar Subdivision|Northern Group]]''':
* [[Car Nicobar]] (Pū)
* [[Battimalv Island|Battimalv]] (Kuono)

'''[[Nancowry Subdivision|Central Group]]''':
* [[Chowra Island|Chowra]], Chaura, or Sanenyo
* [[Teressa Island|Teressa]] or Luroo
* [[Bompuka Island|Bompuka]] or Poahat
* [[Katchal Island|Katchal]] (Tihanyu or Tehnu)
* [[Kamorta Island|Kamorta]]
* [[Trinket Island|Trinket]] (Laful)
* [[Nancowry Island|Nancowry]] (Nancowrie)
* [[Tillangchong]]
* [[Man Island (Nicobar Islands)|Laouk]] or "Isle of Man"

'''[[Great Nicobar Subdivision|Southern Group]]''' (Sambelong in the [[Southern Nicobarese language]]):
* [[Great Nicobar]] (Lo'ong) ({{cvt|922|km2||disp=or}}, largest island of the Nicobars)
* [[Kondul Island]] (Lamongshe), located between [[Great Nicobar]] and [[Little Nicobar]]
* Kabra Island, located between [[Great Nicobar]] and [[Little Nicobar]]
* [[Little Nicobar]] (Ong)
* [[Pulo Milo]] or Pillomilo (Milo Island)
* Menchal Island (Pingaeyak)
* Treis (Albatei) Island
* Trak (Mafuya) Island
* [[Meroe Island|Meroe]] (Piruii)
* Pigeon Island
* Megapod Island

Indira Point ({{coord|6.756378|93.827765}}) is the southernmost point of Great Nicobar Island and also of India itself, lying about {{convert|150|km}} north of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].

===Geology===
The Nicobar Islands are part of a great [[island arc]] created by the collision of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]] with [[Eurasia]]. The collision lifted the [[Himalayas]] and most of the Indonesian islands, and created a long arc of highlands and islands, which includes the [[Arakan Yoma]] range of [[Burma]], the Andaman and Nicobar islands, and the islands off the west coast of [[Sumatra]], including the [[Banyak Islands]] and the [[Mentawai Islands]].<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests|id=im0133}}</ref>

===Climate===
The climate is warm and tropical, with temperatures ranging from {{cvt|22|to|30|°C}}. Rainfall is heavy due to annual monsoons and measures around {{cvt|3000|to|3800|mm}} each year.<ref name = wwf/>

===Ecology===
[[File:Caloenas nicobarica1.jpg|thumb|A [[Nicobar pigeon]]. While named after the Nicobar Islands, it is also found widely in the [[Malay Archipelago]]]]

The Nicobar Islands are recognized as a distinct [[terrestrial ecoregion]], the [[Nicobar Islands rain forests|Nicobar Islands rainforests]], which host many [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] species.<ref name = wwf/>

The vegetation of the Nicobars is typically divided into the coastal [[mangrove]] forests and the interior evergreen and deciduous [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]. Additionally, several islands contain extensive inland [[grassland]]s, though these are thought to have resulted from human intervention.<ref name = wwf/>

As a result of lower sea levels during the [[ice age]]s, the Andaman Islands were linked to the Southeast Asian mainland, but it is not believed that the Nicobar Islands ever had a land bridge to the continent. Lower sea levels linked the islands to one another: Great Nicobar and Little Nicobar were linked to each other, and Nancowry, Chaura, Katchall, Trinka, Camorta, and the nearby smaller islands were linked to one another as well.

{{See also|Endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}

====Protected areas====
Protected areas include [[Campbell Bay National Park]] and [[Galathea National Park]] on Great Nicobar.

A [[World Biosphere Reserve]] was declared on Grand Nicobar by [[UNESCO]] on 31 May 31 2013.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=''Nicobar Islands declared as world biosphere reserve''|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2013|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Nicobar-Islands-declared-as-world-biosphere-reserve/articleshow/20358478.cms|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]] consists of an area of {{convert|103,870|ha}}. The core area, which measures {{convert|53,623|ha}}, comprises Campbell Bay and Galathea National Parks. A buffer area of {{convert|34,877|ha}} includes lands adjacent to and between the two parks. There is also a transitional area of {{convert|10,070|ha}}, including {{convert|5,300|ha||adj=pre|marine}}.<ref>"Great Nicobar". Man and Biosphere Programme, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Accessed 1 August 2021. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/great-nicobar</ref><ref name = wwf/>

==Population==
{{Further|Nicobar district#Demographics}}
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,511|13=1911|14=8,818|15=1921|16=9,272|17=1931|18=10,240|19=1941|20=12,452|21=1951|22=12,009|23=1961|24=14,563|25=1971|26=21,665|27=1981|28=30,454|29=1991|30=39,208|31=2001|32=42,068|33=2011|34=36,842|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}
The islands had a population of 36,842 in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Demography {{!}} District Nicobar, Government of Andaman and Nicobar {{!}} India | url = https://nicobars.andaman.nic.in/demography/| access-date = 7 November 2022}}</ref> The indigenous ethnic groups are the [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]] and the [[Shompen people|Shompen]]. Local languages include [[Shompen language|Shompen]] and the languages of the tin [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese group]].

==Transportation==
* Airport: [[Car Nicobar]] has an airstrip on [[Car Nicobar Air Force Base]] of {{convert|2717|by|43|m}} on the South East coast near Malacca but does not offer commercial service. [[Great Nicobar]] has a small airstrip of approximately {{convert|1000|m}} at Campbell Bay/Tenlaa on its East Coast.
* Seaport: At least one small shipping dock is located in Campbell Bay on the East coast of Great Nicobar. Car Nicobar has a small dock at its Northern tip near Keating Point and Mus.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Nicobarese people]]
* [[Nicobarese languages]]
* [[Shompen people]]
* [[Austrian colonization of the Nicobar Islands]]
* [[1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake]]
* [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Great Nicobar]]
* [[Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370]]
* [[Indian Ocean]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.andaman.org/NICOBAR/text.htm
|title = Nicobarese and Shompen
|publisher = The Andaman Association
|access-date = 1 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082928/http://www.andaman.org/NICOBAR/text.htm
|archive-date = 9 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082928/http://www.andaman.org/NICOBAR/text.htm |date=9 July 2011 }}
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Andaman%20and%20Nicobar WorldStatesmen- India]

{{Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{Danish overseas empire|nocat=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Nicobar]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Danish India]]
[[Category:1750s in Danish India]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Maritime Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1950]]
[[Category:Pleistocene volcanoes]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of India]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of India]]
[[Category:1754 establishments in the Danish colonial empire]]
[[Category:1868 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Nicobar Islands| ]]

Famine in India

2026-03-11T15:22:32Z

Alejandra13P: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Phenomenon of famines in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[File:India-famine-family-crop-420.jpg|thumb|Victims of the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] in India, pictured in 1877]]
[[Famine]] has been a recurrent feature of life in the [[Indian subcontinent]] countries of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], most commonly cited as a feature of [[British rule]]. [[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule|Famines in India]] resulted in millions of deaths over the course of the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Famines in [[British India]] were severe enough to have a substantial impact on the long-term population growth of the country in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

[[agriculture in India|Indian agriculture]] is heavily dependent on [[climate of India|climate]]: a favorable southwest summer [[monsoon]] is critical in securing water for irrigating crops.{{sfn |Swain|Patel|Nandi|2017}} Droughts, combined with policy failures, have periodically led to major Indian famines, including the [[Bengal famine of 1770]], the [[Chalisa famine]], the [[Doji bara famine]], the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878]], and the [[Bengal famine of 1943]].{{sfn|Nash|2003|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Collier|Webb|2002|p=67}} Some commentators have identified British government inaction as a contributing factor to the severity of famines during the time India was under [[British Raj|British rule]].{{sfn|Davis|2001}}{{page needed |date=September 2022}} Famine largely ended by the start of the 20th century with the 1943 Bengal famine being an exception related to complications during [[World War II]]. In India, traditionally, agricultural laborers and rural artisans have been the primary victims of famines. In the worst famines, cultivators have also been susceptible.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=17}}

Railroads built for the commercial goal of exporting food grains and other agricultural commodities only served to exacerbate economic conditions in times of famine.{{sfn|Sourabh|Myllyntaus|2015}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2015 |title=Infrastructure and railroads | work = Environment & society |url= http://www.environmentandsociety.org/exhibitions/famines-india/infrastructure-and-railroads|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610100523/http://www.environmentandsociety.org/exhibitions/famines-india/infrastructure-and-railroads|archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> However, by the 20th century, the extension of the railroad by the British helped put an end to the massive famines in times of peace. They allowed the British to expedite faster sharing of food out to the most vulnerable.{{sfn|Burgess|Donaldson|2012|p= 4}}

The last major famine to affect areas within the modern Republic of India was the [[Bengal famine of 1943]]. While the areas formerly part of British India, the [[Bangladesh famine of 1974]] was the last major famine.{{sfn|Alamgir|1980|p=xviii}}

==Ancient, medieval and pre-colonial India==
[[File:Kalinga.GIF|thumb|Kalinga in 265 BCE – [[Ashoka]]n inscriptions record hundreds of thousands dying from famine and disease after the [[Kalinga War]] in 269 BCE.]]

One of the earliest treatises on famine relief goes back more than 2,000 years. This treatise is commonly attributed to [[Kautilya]] who was also known as Vishnugupta (Chanakya), who recommended that a good king should build new forts and water-works and share his provisions with the people, or entrust the country to another king.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=19}} Historically, Indian rulers have employed several methods of famine relief. Some of these were direct, such as initiating free distribution of food grains and throwing open grain stores and kitchens to the people. Other measures were monetary policies such as remission of revenue, remission of taxes, an increase of pay to soldiers, and payment of advances. Yet other measures included the construction of public works, canals, and embankments, and sinking wells. Migration was encouraged.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=19}} Kautilya advocated raiding the provisions of the rich in times of famine to "thin them by exacting excess revenue."{{sfn |Drèze|1991|p=17}} Information on famines from ancient India up to colonial times is found in five primary sources:{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|pp=71–74}}
# Legendary accounts passed down in oral tradition that keep alive the memory of famines
# Ancient Indian sacred literature such as the [[Vedas]], [[Jataka]] stories, and the [[Arthashastra]]
# Stone and metal inscriptions provide information on several famines before the 16th century
# Writings of Indian historians in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] India
# Writings of foreigners temporarily resident in India (e.g. [[Ibn Battuta]], [[Francis Xavier]])

The ancient [[Ashoka]]n edicts of the Mauryan age around 269 BCE record emperor Asoka's conquest of [[Kalinga War|Kalinga]], roughly the modern state of [[Odisha]]. The [[Rock Edicts|major rock]] and pillar edicts mention the massive human toll of about 100,000 due to the war. The edicts record that an even larger number later perished, presumably from wounds and famine.{{sfn|Keay|2001|p=91}} From Indian literature, there is the 7th-century famine due to failure of rains in Thanjavur district mentioned in the [[Periya Puranam]]. According to the Purana, Lord Shiva helped the Tamil saints Sambandar and Appar to provide relief from the famine.{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=72}} Another famine in the same district is recorded on an inscription with details such as "times becoming bad", a village being ruined, and cultivation of food being disrupted in Landing in 1054.
{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=73}}

Famines preserved only in oral tradition are the ''Dvadasavarsha Panjam'' (Twelve-year Famine) of south India and the Durga Devi Famine of the Deccan from 1396 to 1407.The [[Vanjari caste| Vanjari]] story of the great Durgadevi famine, which lasted from 1396 to 1407, is that it was named from Durga a [[Vanjari caste| Lad Vanjari]] woman, who had amassed great wealth and owned a million pack bullocks, which she used in bringing grain from Nepal, Burmah, and China. She distributed the grain among the starving people and gained the honourable title of ' Mother of the World, Jagachi Mata..{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=72}}{{sfn|Bombay (India : State)|1883|p=105}} The primary sources for famines in this period are incomplete and locationally based.{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=72}}
[[File:Emaciated Horse and Groom.png|thumb|Drawing by [[Basawan]], c. 1595]]
The [[Tughlaq Dynasty]] under [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] held power during the famine centered on Delhi in 1335–1342 (which is reported to have killed thousands). Busy and faced with a difficult situation, the Tughluq couldn't properly address the famine.{{sfn|Walsh|2006|pp=71, 292}} Pre-colonial famines in the Deccan included the Damajipant famine of 1460 and the famines starting in 1520 and 1629. The [[Damaji]]pant famine is said to have caused ruin both in the northern and southern parts of the Deccan.{{sfn|Bombay (India : State)|1883|p=105}} [[Abd al-Qadir Badayuni]] claims to have witnessed cannibalism in Hindustan in a famine in 1555.<ref>{{cite book| last =Eraly | first = Abraham|title=The Mughal World|date=1997|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn= 978-0-297-85209-4 |page=168}}</ref>

The [[Deccan Famine of 1630–1632|1629–32 famine in the Deccan and Gujarat]] was one of the worst in India's history.{{sfn|Attwood|2005|p=2070}} In the first 10 months of 1631 an estimated 3 million perished in Gujarat and one million in the Deccan. Eventually, the famine killed not only the poor but the rich as well.{{sfn |Attwood|2005|p=2070}} More famines hit the Deccan in 1655, 1682 and 1884. In Vikrami Samwat 1720/1663 AD, again, there was a failure of rain in the whole of Rajasthan. This year numerous people died in Marwar and the prices of the grain rose very high. The price of grain is recorded but it is not comparable with other years. Rathora-ri-khyat, no. 5, part I. The Jain traveller notes that not only prices went up but the grain was just not to be had. Cattle perished in great numbers. In 1664 the rains were normal in Rajasthan but there was a local famine in Sojhat. Not only large numbers migrated, but many were sold away as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famines in India, 1500 to 1767 |url=https://www.vinlandmap.info/india-famine/m1663.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413142332/http://www.vinlandmap.info/india-famine/m1663.htm |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.vinlandmap.info |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Garib Das|Saint Gairbdas Ji]] has also described about this great famine in his Amar Granth Sahib that even Princes of Delhi had to struggle for food.

According to Mushtaq A. Kaw, "Many Famines were recorded in Kashmir from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The Mughals and Afghan rulers in Kashmir took Measures to fight them, but as the paper intends to show, their measures were too weak and in certain aspects were even worse than those of their predecessors. Contemporary sources point to a noticeable variation in the occurrence of famines over different years. They show that these famines took place on a great scale. We are told that great damage was caused to the standing crop when there was an unprecedented flood. For instance, the great flood of 1640–42 alone wiped out 438 villages in the region of Kashmir.<ref>{{Citation | title = Famines in Kashmir, 1586–1819: The policy of the Mughal and Afghan rulers | first = Mushtaq A. | last = Kaw}}{{Page needed |date=June 2023}}.</ref>

Some historians argue that Moguls took a patrimonial attitude towards the peasantry that mitigated the effects of famine. [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], for example, claims that Akbar, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb relied on tax relief, the distribution of free food without demanding labor in return, food export embargos and price controls.{{Sfn | Davis | 2001 |p = 302}} [[Abraham Eraly]], on the other hand, describes these as "token and random measures, at best palliatives." In the 1630–32 famine, for example, the emperor dispersed 100,000 rupees for famine relief, a tenth of the annual "pin-money" granted his empress [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. Imperial revenue officials and local [[jagir]] amirs each granted around 7 million rupees in tax relief.<ref>{{cite book| last =Eraly | first = Abraham |title= The Mughal World|date=1997|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn= 978-0-297-85209-4|pages =168–70}}</ref>

==British rule==
{{See also|Timeline of major famines in India during British rule}}
{{category see also|Famines in British India}}
[[File: Famine in India Natives Waiting for Relief in Bangalore.jpg|thumb|People waiting for famine relief in [[Bangalore]]. From the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'', 20 October 1877.]]
The late 18th and 19th centuries saw an increase in the incidence of severe famine.{{#tag:ref|"Although all of India suffered to some extent in the early eighteenth century, without question the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were that country's time of famines."{{sfn|Murton|2000|p=1412}}|group=fn}} Approximately 15 million died from 1850 to 1899 in 24 major famines; more than in any other 50-year period.{{sfn|Sourabh|Myllyntaus|2015}} These famines in British India were severe enough to have a measurable impact on the long term population growth of the country, especially in the half-century between 1871 and 1921.{{sfn|Singh|2002|p=112}} The first, the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]], is estimated to have taken the lives of between 1 and 10 million people.{{sfn|Datta|2000|pp=262, 266}}{{sfn|Visaria|Visaria|1983|p=477}}{{sfn|Ó Gráda|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=M2yYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 99]}}{{Sfn |Sen|1983|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BzU_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 39] | ps =: "Starvation is a normal feature in many parts of the world, but this phenomenon of 'regular' starvation has to be distinguished from violent outbursts of famines. It isn't just regular starvation that one sees… in 1770 in India, when the best estimates point to ten million deaths."}}

The impact of the famine caused [[East India Company]] revenues from Bengal to decline to £174,300 in 1770–71. The stock price of the East India Company fell sharply as a result. The company was forced to obtain a loan of £1 million from the [[Bank of England]] to fund the annual military budget of between £60,000–1 million.{{sfn|James|2000|pp=49–52}} Attempts were later made to show that net revenue was unaffected by the famine, but this was possible only because the collection had been "violently kept up to its former standard".{{sfn|Bowen|2002|p=104}}{{#tag:ref|The Company was widely regarded as a pack of bloodsuckers; the [[Whig (British political party)|Whig]] leader Lord Rockingham, called them guilty of "rapine and oppression" in Bengal.{{sfn|James|2000|pp=51}}|group=fn}} The 1901 Famine Commission found that twelve famines and four "severe scarcities" took place between 1765 and 1858.{{sfn|Desai|Raychaudhuri|Kumar|1983|p=477}}

=== Indian famine ===
{{main|Indian famine of 1899–1900}}
In the later nineteenth century there was a series of disastrous crop failures in India leading not only to starvation but to epidemics. Most were regional, but the death toll could be huge. A major [[Indian famine of 1899–1900|famine]] coincided with [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon's]] time as viceroy which affected large parts of India and killed at least 1 million people.{{sfn|Fagan|2009|p=13}}{{sfn|Fieldhouse|1996|p=132}}{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=158}} {{blockquote|Some worst British Indian Famines: 800,000 died in the North West Provinces, Punjab, and Rajasthan in 1837–1838; perhaps 2 million in the same region in 1860–1861; nearly 1 million in different areas in 1866–67; 4.3 million in widely spread areas in 1876–1878, an additional 1.2 million in the North West Provinces and Kashmir in 1877–1878; and, worst of all, over 5 million in a famine that affected a large population of India in 1896–1897. In 1899–1900 more than 1 million were thought to have died.}}

Researcher Brian Murton states that the famines recorded after the arrival of the English, but before the establishment of the [[Indian Famine Codes]] of the 1880s, bear a cultural bias regarding the stated causes of the famine because they "reflect the view of a handful of Englishmen."{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=75}} These sources, however, contain accurate recordings of weather and crop conditions. [[Florence Nightingale]] made efforts to educate British subjects about India's famines through a series of publications in the 1870s and beyond.{{sfn|Gourlay|2003|p=276}}

Florence Nightingale pointed out that the famines in British India were not caused by the lack of food in a particular geographical area. They were instead caused by inadequate transportation of food, which in turn was caused due to the absence of a political and social structure.{{sfn|Nightingale|McDonald|Vallée|2006|p=707}}

Nightingale identified two types of famine: a grain famine and a "money famine". Money was drained from the peasant to the landlord, making it impossible for the peasant to procure food. Money that should have been made available to the producers of food via public works projects and jobs was instead diverted to other uses.{{sfn|Nightingale|McDonald|Vallée|2006|p=707}} Nightingale pointed out that money needed to combat famine was being diverted towards activities like paying for the British military effort in [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan in 1878–80]].{{sfn|Nightingale|McDonald|Vallée|2006|p=707}}

Evidence suggests that there may have been large famines in south India every forty years in pre-colonial India and that the frequency might have been higher after the 12th century. These famines still did not appear to approach the incidence of famines of the 18th and 19th centuries under British rule.{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=75}}

===Scholarly opinions===

Economy Nobel Prize winner [[Amartya Sen]] found that the famines in the British era were not due to a lack of food but due to the inequalities in the distribution of food. He links the inequality to the undemocratic nature of the British Empire.{{#tag:ref|Famines are easy to prevent if there is a serious effort to prevent them, and a government of a democratic country-facing election, criticisms from opposition parties and independent newspapers-cannot but make a serious effort to prevent famines. Not surprisingly, while India continued to have famines under British rule right up to independence (the last famine was in 1943, four years before independence, which I witnessed as a child), they disappeared suddenly, after independence, with the establishment of a multi-part democracy with a free press.{{sfn|Iqbal|You|2001|pp=12–14}}|group=fn}}

[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]] regards the famines of the 1870s and 1890s as '[[Late Victorian Holocausts]]' in which the effects of widespread weather-induced crop failures were greatly aggravated by the negligent response of the British administration. This negative image of British rule is common in India.{{sfn|Ferguson|2004|p=22}} Davis argues that "Millions died, not outside the 'modern world system', but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures. They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism; indeed, many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith, Bentham and Mill." However, Davis argues that since the [[British Raj]] was [[authoritarian]] and undemocratic, these famines only occurred under a system of economic liberalism, not social liberalism.{{sfn|Mantena|2010}}

[[Tirthankar Roy]] suggests that the famines were due to environmental factors and inherent in India's ecology.{{#tag:ref|'For centuries, agriculture in the region had been characterized by dependence on monsoon rainfall, archaic techniques, and crude tillage, low intensity of inputs, subsistence farming, proneness to famines, and the low productivity of the land.'{{sfn|Roy|2007|p=240}}|group=fn}}{{#tag:ref|'the prospect of a devastating famine every few years was inherent in India's ecology'{{sfn|Fergusson|2003|p=23}}|group=fn}} Roy argues that massive investments in agriculture were required to break India's stagnation, however, these were not forthcoming owing to the scarcity of water, poor quality of soil and livestock and a poorly developed input market which guaranteed that investments in agriculture were extremely risky.{{sfn|Roy|2007|pp=243–4}} After 1947, India focused on institutional reforms to agriculture. However, even this failed to break the pattern of stagnation. It wasn't until the 1970s when there was massive public investment in agriculture that India became free of famine,{{sfn|Roy|2007|p=248}} although Roy is of the opinion that improvements in the market efficiency did contribute to the alleviation of weather-induced famines after 1900, an exception to which is the Bengal famine of 1943.{{sfn|Roy|2006|p=36}}

Michelle Burge McAlpin has argued that economic changes in India during the 19th century contributed towards the end of the famine. The overwhelming subsistence agriculture economy of 19th century India gave way to a more diversified economy in the 20th century, which, by offering other forms of employment, created less agricultural disruption (and, consequently, less mortality) during times of scarcity.{{sfn|McAlpin|1979|p=157}} The construction of Indian railways between 1860 and 1920, and the opportunities thereby offered for greater profit in other markets, allowed farmers to accumulate assets that could then be drawn upon during times of scarcity. By the early 20th century, many farmers in the Bombay presidency were growing a portion of their crop for export. The railways also brought in food, whenever expected scarcities began to drive up [[food prices]].{{sfn|McAlpin|1979|pp=153–155}} Similarly, Donald Attwood writes that by the end of the 19th century 'local food scarcities in any given district and season were increasingly smoothed out by the invisible hand of the market{{sfn|Attwood|2005|p=2071}} and that 'By 1920, large-scale institutions integrated this region into an industrial and globalizing world-ending famine and causing a rapid decline in mortality rates, hence a rise in human welfare'.{{sfn|Attwood|2005}}

[[Cormac Ó Gráda]] writes that colonialism did not prevent famines in India, but that those famines (and others in Ireland) were "less the product of empire per se than the failure of the authorities of the day to act appropriately." He points out that the subcontinent was free of famine between the 1900s and 1943, partly due to the railway and other improved communications, "although the shift in ideology away from hard-line Malthusianism towards a focus on saving lives also mattered." He points out that, in India as elsewhere, records of famine become much more inconsistent the further one goes back in time.{{sfn|Ó Gráda|2009|p=20}}

===Causes===
[[File: Famine in India; five emaciated children; a girl sitting and Wellcome L0002224.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Victims of the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878]]]]
Many have argued that the famines were a product both of uneven rainfall and British economic and [[Public administration|administrative]] policies.{{sfn|Srivastava|1968|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}}{{sfn|Sen|1982|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}}{{sfn|Bhatia|1985|p={{page needed|date=September 2022}}}} Colonial policies implicated include [[rack-rent]]ing, levies for war, free trade policies, the expansion of export agriculture, and neglect of agricultural investment.{{sfn|Mander|2009|p=1}}{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=299}} Indian exports of [[opium]], [[millet]]s, rice, wheat, [[indigo]], [[jute]], and cotton were a key component of the economy of the British empire, generating vital foreign currency, primarily from China, and stabilising low prices in the British [[grain trade|grain market]].{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=299–300}}{{sfn|Wong|1998}} According to Mike Davis, export crops displaced millions of acres that could have been used for domestic subsistence and increased the vulnerability of Indians to food crises.{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=299–300}} [[Martin Ravallion]] disputes that exports were a major cause of the famine, pointing out that trade did have a stabilizing influence on India's food consumption, albeit a small one.{{sfn|Ravallion|1987}}

The [[Odisha]] famine of 1866–1867, which later spread through the [[Madras Presidency]] to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Mysore]], was one such famine.{{sfn|Walsh|2006|p=145}} The famine of 1866 was a severe and terrible event in the history of Odisha in which about a third of the population died.{{sfn|Samal|1990|p=6}} The famine left an estimated 1,553 orphans whose guardians were to receive an amount of 3 [[Indian Rupee|rupee]]s per month until the age of 17 for boys and 16 for girls.{{sfn|Samal|1990|p=23}} Similar famines followed in the western [[Ganges]] region, [[Rajasthan]], central India (1868–1870), Bengal and eastern India (1873–1874), Deccan (1876–78), and again in the Ganges region, Madras, Hyderabad, Mysore, and Bombay (1876–1878).{{sfn|Walsh|2006|p=145}} The famine of 1876–1878, also known as the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878]], caused a large migration of agricultural laborers and artisans from southern India to British tropical colonies, where they worked as [[Indentured servant|indentured labourers]] on plantations.{{sfn|Roy|2006|p=362}}{{sfn|Roy|1999|p=18}} The large death toll—between 5.6 and 10.3 million—offset the usual population growth in the Bombay and Madras Presidencies between the first and second censuses of British India in 1871 and 1881 respectively.<ref name="Dyson2018">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}}: "Estimating the number of people who died as a result of a famine is not straightforward. Assumptions are required, and often they are not specified in detail and can be influenced by political considerations. However, for the 1876‒78 famine, towards the low end of the range Visaria and Visaria mention official estimates for British administered provinces which suggest that there were about 5.6 million ‘excess’ deaths."</ref>{{sfn|Roy|2006|p=363}}

The large-scale loss of life due to the series of famines between 1860 and 1877 was the cause of political controversy and discussion which led to the formation of the Indian Famine Commission. This commission would later come up with a draft version of the Indian Famine Code.{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=91}} It was the Great Famine of 1876–1878, however, that was the direct cause of investigations and the beginning of a process that led to the establishment of the Indian Famine code.{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=92}} The next major famine was the Indian famine of 1896–1897. Although this famine was preceded by a drought in the Madras Presidency, it was made more acute by the government's policy of ''[[laissez faire]]'' in the trade of grain.{{sfn|Ghose|1982|p=380}} For example, two of the worst famine-afflicted areas in the Madras Presidency, the districts of [[Ganjam]] and [[Vizagapatam]], continued to export grains throughout the famine.{{sfn|Ghose|1982|p=380}} These famines were typically followed by various infectious diseases such as [[bubonic plague]] and [[influenza]], which attacked and killed a population already weakened by starvation.{{sfn|Walsh|2006|p=144-145}}

===British response===
[[File:Madras famine 1877.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15| A contemporary print of the Madras famine of 1877 showing the distribution of relief in [[Bellary]], [[Madras Presidency]]. From the [[Illustrated London News]], (1877)]]
The first major famine that took place under East India Company's rule was the Bengal Famine of 1770. About a quarter to a third of the population of Bengal starved to death in about a ten-month period. East India Company's raising of taxes disastrously coincided with this famine{{sfn|Ferguson|2004|}} and exacerbated it, even if the famine was not caused by the British colonial government.{{sfn|Schama|2003|p=}} Following this famine, "Successive British governments were anxious not to add to the burden of taxation."{{sfn|Johnson|2003|p=30}} The rains failed again in Bengal and [[Odisha]] in 1866. Policies of ''laissez faire'' were employed, which resulted in partial alleviation of the famine in Bengal. However, the southwest Monsoon made the harbor in Odisha inaccessible. As a result, food could not be imported into Odisha as easily as Bengal.{{sfn|Fiske|1869|p=}} In 1865–66, a severe drought struck Odisha and was met by British official inaction. The British Secretary of State for India, [[Lord Salisbury]], did nothing for two months, by which time a million people had died, which he later regretted.{{#tag:ref|"I did nothing for two months. Before that time the monsoon had closed the ports of Orissa-help was impossible—and—it is said—a million people died. The Governments of India and Bengal had taken in effect no precautions whatever… I never could feel that I was free from all blame for the result." —The British Secretary of State for India, Lord Salisbury.{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=32}}|group=fn}}

Some prominent British citizens such as [[William Digby (writer)|William Digby]] agitated for policy reforms and famine relief, but [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], the governing British [[viceroy]] in India, opposed such changes in the belief that they would stimulate shirking by Indian workers. Reacting against calls for relief during the 1877–79 famine, Lytton replied, "Let the British public foot the bill for its 'cheap sentiment,' if it wished to save life at a cost that would bankrupt India," substantively ordering "there is to be no interference of any kind on the part of Government with the object of reducing the price of food," and instructing district officers to "discourage relief works in every possible way… Mere distress is not a sufficient reason for opening a relief work."{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=31, 52}} The Lt.-Governor of Bengal, [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], successfully intervened in the Bihar famine of 1874 with little to no mortality; this is the only known example of adequate measures meeting a food crisis by the British.{{sfn|Ertem|2015}} Temple was criticized by many British officials for spending too much on famine relief.

Then in 1876, a large-scale famine broke out in Madras. Lord Lytton's administration believed that 'market forces alone would suffice to feed the starving Indians.'{{sfn|Ferguson|2004|}}{{#tag:ref|In the despatch addressed to the Duke of Buckingham, in which the Viceroy announced his intention of visiting the famine districts of Madras and Mysore, the general principles for the management of famine affairs were once more laid down. After stating that the Government of India, with approval of Her Majesty's Government, were resolved to avert death by starvation by the employment of all means available, the Viceroy first expressed his conviction that 'absolute non-interference with the operations of the private commercial enterprise must be the foundation of their present famine policy.' This was based on the belief that 'free and abundant trade cannot co-exist with Government importation' and that more food will reach the famine-stricken districts if private enterprise is left to itself (beyond receiving every possible facility and information from the government) than if it were paralyzed by Government competition.{{sfn|Balfour|1899|p=204}}|group=fn}} The Great Famine of 1876–1878 killed at least 5.6 million people,{{sfn|Keay|2001|p=454}} so this policy was abandoned. Lord Lytton established the Famine Insurance Grant, a system in which, in times of financial surplus, INR 1,500,000 would be applied to famine relief works. The result was that the British prematurely assumed that the problem of famine had been solved forever and future British viceroys became complacent. During the [[Indian famine of 1896–1897]], between 1.25 and 10 million people died. About 4.5 million people were on famine relief at the peak of the famine.{{sfn |Davis|2001|p=173}}{{sfn|Nash|2003}}

[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Curzon]] has been criticised by Mike Davis for his response to the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]].{{sfn|Davis|2001|p={{page needed|date=November 2020}}}}{{#tag:ref|David Gilmour's ''Curzon'' and ''Ruling Caste''. In ''Curzon'' he writes that 3.5 million were on famine relief,{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} in ''Ruling Caste'' he writes it was over five million.{{sfn|Gilmour|2007}}{{page needed|date=September 2022}} |group=fn}} Davis points to Curzon having stated that "any government which imperilled the financial position of India in the interests of prodigal philanthropy would be open to serious criticism; but any government which by indiscriminate alms-giving weakened the fibre and demoralized the self-reliance of the population, would be guilty of a public crime."{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=162}} Davis also writes that Curzon cut back rations characterized by Curzon as "dangerously high" and stiffened relief eligibility by reinstating the Temple tests.{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=164}}

After famine of 1899–1900, Lord Curzon appointed a commission under the leadership of Anthony McDonnel, which suggested that:
* By acknowledging moral responsibility, the government should launch relief measures,
* The code on famine should be revised,
* There should be no delay in providing food grains and other assistance,
* A Commissioner for famine should be appointed,
* Irrigation facilities should be developed,
* an agriculture bank should be set up to provide people with assistance.{{sfn|Atul|2021}}

===Policy influences===
British famine policy in India was influenced by the arguments of [[Adam Smith]], as seen by the non-interference of the government with the grain market even in times of famines.{{sfn|Ghose|1982|p=380}}{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=92}} Keeping the famine relief as cheap as possible, with minimum cost to the colonial exchequer, was another important factor in determining famine policy.{{sfn|Mander|2009|p=1}}{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=92}} According to Brian Murton, a professor of geography at the University of Hawaii, another possible impact on British policy on famine in India was the influence of the [[English Poor Laws]] of 1834,{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=92}} with the difference being that the English were willing to "maintain" the poor in England in normal times, whereas Indians would receive subsistence only when entire populations were endangered.{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=93}} Similarities between the Irish famine of 1846–49 and the later Indian famines of the last part of the 19th century were seen. In both countries, there were no impediments to the export of food during times of famines.{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=93}} Lessons learnt from the Irish famine were not seen in the correspondence on policy-making during the 1870s in India.{{sfn|Donnelly|2005|p=1}}{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=93}}

===Famine Codes===
{{See also|Indian Famine Codes}}
[[File:TheGraphicFamineReliefDeoriPanagar1897 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Victims of the [[Indian famine of 1896–1897]] in [[Jabalpur]]]]
The Famine Commission of 1880 observed that each province in [[British India]], including [[Burma]], had a surplus of food grains and that the annual surplus amounted to 5.16 million metric tons.{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=6}} The product of the Famine Commission was a series of government guidelines and regulations on how to respond to famines and food shortages called the Famine Code. These had to wait until the exit of [[Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton|Lord Lytton]] as viceroy and were finally passed in 1883 under a subsequent more liberal-minded viceroy, [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]]. They presented an early warning system to detect and respond to food shortages.{{sfn|Walsh|2006|pp=144–145}} Despite the codes, mortality from famine was highest in the last 25 years of the 19th century.{{sfn|Thakur|Sinha|Prasad|Pratap|2005|p=585}}{{sfn|Desai|Raychaudhuri|Kumar|1983|p=504}} At that time, annual exports of rice and other grains from India was approximately one million metric tons. [[Development economist]] [[Jean Drèze]] evaluated the conditions before and after Famine Commission policy changes: "A contrast between the earlier period of frequently recurring catastrophes, and the latter period when long stretches of tranquility were disturbed by a few large scale famines" in 1896–97, 1899–1900, and 1943–44.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|pp=32–33}} Drèze explains these "intermittent failures" by four factors—failure to declare a famine (particularly in 1943), the "excessively punitive character" of famine restrictions such as wages for public works, the "policy of strict non-interference with private trade," and the natural severity of the food crises.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|pp=32–33}}

There was still a threat of famine, but after 1902 there was no major famine in India until the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] during World War II. This famine killed between 2.5 and 3 million people.{{sfn|Portillo|2008}} In India as a whole, the food supply was rarely inadequate, even in times of droughts. The Famine Commission of 1880 identified that the loss of wages from lack of employment of agricultural laborers and artisans was the cause of famines. The Famine Code applied a strategy of generating employment for these sections of the population and relied on open-ended public works to do so.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=98}} The Indian Famine Code was used in India until more lessons were learned from the [[Bihar famine of 1966–1967]].{{sfn|Currey|Hugo|1984|p=91}} The Famine Code has been updated in independent India and it has been renamed "Scarcity Manuals". In some parts of the country, the Famine Code is no longer used, primarily because the rules embodied in them have become routine procedures in famine relief strategy.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=26}}

===Impact of rail transport===
{{See also|Rail transport in India#History}}
[[File:IndianRailways1871b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Railroad network on the eve of the worst famines in Indian history in 1870s]]
The failure to provide food to the millions who were hungry during the famines of the 1870s has been blamed both on the absence of adequate [[Railway|rail]] infrastructure and the incorporation of grain into the world market through rail and [[telegraph]]. Davis{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=26–27}} notes that, "The newly constructed railroads, lauded as institutional safeguards against famine, were instead used by merchants to ship grain inventories from outlying drought-stricken districts to central depots for hoarding (as well as protection from rioters)" and that telegraphs served to coordinate a rise in prices so that "food prices soared out of the reach of [[Shudras|outcaste]] laborers, displaced weavers, sharecroppers, and poor peasants." Members of the British administrative apparatus were also concerned that the larger market created by railway transport encouraged poor peasants to sell off their reserve stocks of grain.{{sfn|McAlpin|1979|p=148}}

Rail transport, however, also played an essential role in supplying grain from food-surplus regions to famine-stricken ones. The 1880 Famine Codes urged a restructuring and massive expansion of railways, with an emphasis on intra-Indian lines as opposed to the existing port-centered system. These new lines extended the existing network to allow food to flow to famine-afflicted regions.{{sfn|McAlpin|1979|pp=149–50}} Jean Drèze (1991) also finds that the necessary economic conditions were present for a national market in food to reduce scarcity by the end of the 19th century, but that export of food continued to result from that market even during times of relative scarcity. The effectiveness of this system, however, relied on government provision of famine relief: "Railroads could perform the crucial task of moving grain from one part of India to another, but they could not assure that hungry people would have the money to buy that grain".{{sfn|McAlpin|1979|p=150}}

A famine weakens body resistance and leads to increases in infectious diseases, especially cholera, dysentery, malaria, and smallpox. Human response to famine could spread the disease as people migrated in search of food and work.{{sfn|Arnold|1993}} On the other hand, railways also had a separate impact on reducing famine mortality by taking people to areas where food was available, or even out of India. By generating broader areas of labor migration and facilitating the massive emigration of Indians during the late 19th century, they provided famine-afflicted people the option to leave for other parts of the country and the world. By the 1912–13 scarcity crisis, migration and relief supply were able to absorb the impact of a medium-scale shortage of food.{{sfn|McAlpin|1979|pp=155–57}} Drèze concludes, "In sum, and with a major reservation applying to international trade, it is plausible that the improvement in communication towards the end of the nineteenth century did make a major contribution to the alleviation of distress during famines. However, it is also easy to see that this factor alone could hardly account for the very sharp reduction in the incidence of famines in the twentieth century".{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=25}}

===Bengal famine of 1943===
{{main|Bengal famine of 1943}}
[[File: Bengal famine 1943 photo.jpg|thumb|Child who starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943]]
The Bengal famine of 1943 reached its peak between July and November of that year, and the worst of the famine was over by early 1945.{{sfn|James|2000|p=581}} Famine fatality statistics were unreliable, and it is estimated up to two million died.{{sfn|Nafziger|2012|p= 226}} Although one of the causes of the famine was the cutting off of the supply of rice to Bengal during the fall of [[Rangoon]] to the Japanese, this was only a fraction of the food needed for the region.{{sfn|Ó Gráda|2007|pp=26}} According to the Irish economist and professor Cormac Ó Gráda, priority was given to military considerations, and the poor of Bengal were left unprovided for.{{sfn |Ó Gráda|2007|p=12}} However, it should be emphasized that food was the responsibility of the elected Government of Bengal and that it was the Army which helped break the Famine. Attempts were made by the Government of India to direct food from surplus regions such as Punjab to famine areas in Bengal but the provincial governments obstructed the movement of grain.{{sfn|Famine Inquiry Commission|1945|pp=198–99}} The Famine Commission of 1944–45 admitted that the poor harvest had reduced supply of food till the end of 1943. Economist [[Amartya Sen]] found that there was enough rice in Bengal to feed all of Bengal for most of 1943 but his figures have been questioned. Sen claimed the famine was caused by inflation, with those benefiting from inflation eating more and leaving less for the rest of the population. The Famine Commission Report does not make this claim. It says that indigents and those in service occupations in villages starved because producers preferred to keep or sell rice at a high price.{{sfn|Ó Gráda|2007|p=23}} These studies, however, did not account for possible inaccuracies in estimates or the impact of fungal disease on the rice.{{sfn|Ó Gráda|2007|p=23}} De Waal states that the British government – which was in fact constituted by elected Bengali politicians – did not enforce the Famine Codes during the Bengal famine of 1943 because they failed to detect a food shortage.{{sfn |Waal|1997|p=14}} The Bengal famine of 1943 was the last catastrophic famine in India, and it holds a special place in the historiography of famine due to Sen's classic work of 1981 titled ''Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation'' whose accuracy and analysis has however been hotly contested by experts in the field.{{sfn|Ó Gráda|2007|pp=20, 37}}

This famine led to the development of the [[The Relief of Belsen|Bengal Famine Mixture]] (based on rice with sugar). This would later save tens of thousands of lives at liberated concentration camps such as [[Belsen]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Relief of Belsen |website= Channel 4 Television|date=15 October 2007 |url= http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-relief-of-belsen/4od|access-date=23 September 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100718132219/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-relief-of-belsen/4od |archive-date=2010-07-18|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Republic of India==
Since the Bengal famine of 1943, there has been a declining number of famines that have had limited effects and have been of short durations. Sen attributes this trend of decline or disappearance of famines after independence to a democratic system of governance and a free press—not to increased food production.{{sfn|Iqbal|You|2001|p=13}} Later famine threats of 1984, 1988, and 1998 were successfully contained by the Indian government and there has been no major famine in India since 1943.{{sfn|Devereux|2007|p=5}} Indian Independence in 1947 did not stop damage to crops nor lack of rain. As such, the threat of famines did not go away. India faced a number of threats of severe famines in 1967, 1973, 1979, and 1987 in Bihar, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Gujarat respectively. However, these did not materialize into famines due to government intervention.{{sfn|Drèze|Sen|1991|p=9}} The loss of life did not meet the scale of the 1943 Bengal or earlier famines but continued to be a problem. Jean Drèze finds that the post-Independence Indian government "largely remedied" the causes of the three major failures of 1880–1948 British famine policy, "an event which must count as marking the second great turning point in the history of famine relief in India over the past two centuries".{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=35}}

A dought occurred in the state of [[Bihar]] in December 1966 on a much smaller scale and in which "Happily, aid was at hand and there were relatively fewer deaths".{{sfn|Lancaster|1990|p=233}}{{sfn|Mehta|2001|p=43}} The drought of [[Maharashtra]] in 1970–73 is often cited as an example in which successful famine prevention processes were employed.{{#tag:ref |"India's great 'success story' of famine prevention is more justly dated in 1972–73, when another very severe drought hit large parts of the country. The worst affected state was that of Maharashtra…"{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=46}}|group=fn}}

Outside of Republic of India, there have been major famines in areas formerly part of British India. The [[Bangladesh famine of 1974]], lasting from March to December, killed up to 1.5 million people, including post-famine mortality from disease.{{sfn|Alamgir|1980|p=xviii}}

In 2016–18, 194 million of 810 million undernourished people globally{{sfn |FAO|IFAD|UNICEF|WFP|2019|pp =135, 140}} lived in India, making the country a key focus for tackling hunger on a global scale. In the last two decades, per capita income more than tripled, yet the minimum dietary intake fell.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www1.wfp.org/countries/india |title=India |date=31 March 2023 |publisher=World Food Programme}}</ref>

===Infrastructure development===
Deaths from starvation were reduced by improvements to famine relief mechanisms after the British left. In independent India, policy changes aimed to make people self-reliant to earn their livelihood and by providing food through the [[Public Distribution System|public distribution system]] at discounted rates.{{sfn|Thakur|Sinha|Prasad|Pratap|2005|p=585}} Between 1947 and 1964 the initial agricultural infrastructure was laid by the founding of organizations such as [[Central Rice Research Institute|the Central Rice Institute]] in Cuttack, the Central Potato Research Institute in Shimla, and universities such as the [[Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology|Pant Nagar University]]. The population of India was growing at 3% per year, and food imports were required despite the improvements from the new infrastructure. At its peak, 10 million tonnes of food were imported from the United States.{{sfn|Swaminathan|2007}}

In the twenty-year period between 1965 and 1985 gaps in infrastructure were bridged by the establishment of [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development|The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD). During times of famines, droughts, and other natural calamities, NABARD provides loan rescheduling and loan conversion facilitates to eligible institutions such as State Cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks for periods up to seven years.{{sfn|Somashekher|2004|p=222}}{{sfn|Singla|Khanna|Grover|Jain|2004|p=376}} In the same period, high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice were introduced. Steps taken in this phase resulted in the Green Revolution which led to a mood of self-confidence in India's agricultural capability.{{sfn|Swaminathan|2007}} The [[Green Revolution in India]] was initially hailed as a success, but has recently been 'downgraded' to a 'qualified success'—not because of a lack of increased food production, but because the increase in food production has slowed down and has not been able to keep pace with population growth.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Between 1985 and 2000, the emphasis was laid on the production of millets, pulses, and oilseed, as well as vegetables, fruits, and milk. A wasteland development board was set up, and rain-fed areas were given more attention. Public investment in irrigation and infrastructure, however, declined. The period also saw a gradual collapse of the cooperative credit system.{{sfn|Swaminathan|2007}} In 1998–99, NABARD introduced a credit scheme to allow banks to issue short-term and timely credit to farmers in need via the [[Kisan Credit Card]] scheme. The scheme has become popular among issuing bankers and the recipient farmers with a total credit of {{INRConvert|339.94|b}} made available via the issuing of 23,200,000 credit cards {{As of|2002|11|alt=as of November 2002}}.{{sfn|Singla|Khanna|Grover|Jain|2004|p=379}} Between 2000 and {{As of|2010|11|alt=present day}}, [[land use for food or fuel]] has become a competing issue due to a demand for [[Biofuel|ethanol]].

===Local beliefs===
[[File: Rattus norvegicus 1.jpg|thumb|upright|The rodent genera ''Rattus'' and ''Mus'' are a part of the mechanism that causes a decline in food availability in northeastern India{{sfn|John|Nadgauda|2002|pp=261-262}}]] Since the time of [[Mahabharata]], people in several regions of India have associated spikes in rat populations and famine with bamboo flowering.{{sfn|John|Nadgauda|2002|p=261}} The northeastern state of [[Mizoram]] has [[bamboo]] as a dominant species over much of the state which experiences a cyclical phenomenon of bamboo flowering followed by bamboo death.{{sfn|BBC|2004}} The bamboo plants are known to undergo gregarious flowering once in their life cycle which can happen anywhere in a range of 7 to 120 years.{{sfn|Maitreyi|2010|p=1}} A common local belief and observation is that bamboo flowering is followed by an increase in rats, famine, and unrest amongst the people. This is called [[mautam]].{{sfn|Maitreyi|2010|p=1}} The first such event in the Republic of India was reported in 1958 when the local Mizo District Council cautioned the Assam government of an impending famine which the government rejected on the grounds that it was not scientific.{{sfn|John|Nadgauda|2002|p=261}} A famine did occur in the region in 1961.{{sfn|John|Nadgauda|2002|p=261}}

In 2001 the Government of India began working on an emergency plan to address regional food shortages after reports that bamboo flowering and bamboo death would occur again in the near future.{{sfn|Bagla|2001|p=1}} According to Forest Department Special Secretary K.D.R. Jayakumar, the relationship between famine and bamboo flowering, while widely believed to be true by the tribal locals, has not been scientifically proven.{{sfn|Maitreyi|2010|p=1}} John and Nadgauda, however, strongly feel that such a scientific connection exists and that it may not simply be a local myth.{{sfn|John|Nadgauda|2002|p=262}} They describe a detailed mechanism demonstrating the relationship between the flowering and the famine. According to them, the flowering is followed by a large number of bamboo seeds on the forest floor which causes a spike in the population of the rodent genera ''[[Rattus]]'' and ''[[Mice|Mus]]'' who feed on these seeds. With the changing weather and onset of rains, the seeds germinate and force the mice to migrate to land farms in search of food. On the land farms, the mice feed on crops and grains stored in granaries which causes a decline in food availability.{{sfn|John|Nadgauda|2002|pp=261-262}} In 2001, the local administration tried to prevent the impending famine by offering local villagers the equivalent of $2.50 for every 100 rats killed.{{sfn|Bagla|2001|p=2}} The botanist H. Y. Mohan Ram of the [[University of Delhi]], who is one of the country's foremost authorities on bamboo, considered these techniques outlandish. He suggested that a better way of solving the problem was to teach the local farmers to switch to cultivating different varieties of crops such as [[ginger]] and [[turmeric]] during periods of bamboo flowering since these crops are not consumed by the rats.{{sfn|Bagla|2001|p=1-2}}

Similar beliefs have been observed in south India in the people of [[Cherthala]] in the [[Alappuzha]] district of [[Kerala]] who associate flowering bamboo with an impending explosion in the rat population.{{sfn|John|Nadgauda|2002|p=261}}

===Bihar drought===
The Bihar drought of 1966–1967 was a minor drought with relatively very few deaths from starvation as compared to earlier famines.{{sfn|Lancaster|1990|p=233}} The drought demonstrated the ability of the Indian government to deal with the worst of drought-related circumstances.{{sfn|Mehta|2001|p=43}} The official death toll from starvation in the Bihar drought was 2353, roughly half of which occurred in the state of Bihar.{{sfn|Drèze|Sen|1991|p=59}} No significant increase in the number of infant deaths from famine was found in the Bihar drought.{{sfn|Singh|2002|p=112}}

The annual production of food grains had dropped in Bihar from 7.5 million tonnes in 1965–1966 to 7.2 million tonnes in 1966–1967 during the Bihar drought. There was an even sharper drop in 1966–67 to 4.3 million tonnes. The national grain production dropped from 89.4 million tonnes in 1964–1965 to 72.3 in 1965–1966 — a 19% drop. The rise in prices of food grains caused migration and starvation, but the public distribution system, relief measures by the government, and voluntary organizations limited the impact.{{sfn|American Association for the Advancement of Science|Indian National Science Academy|International Rice Research Institute|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1989|pp=378–9}} On a number of occasions, the Indian-government sought food and grain from the United States to provide replacement for damaged crops, however [[Food for Peace|US food aid]] was limited by [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in retaliation for Indian criticism on the US's role in the [[Vietnam War]].{{sfn|Brass|1986}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/pl-480|access-date=2020-11-27|website=history.state.gov}}</ref> The government set up more than 20,000 fair-price stores to provide food at regulated prices for the poor or those with limited incomes.{{sfn|Cuny|Hill|1999|p=54}} A large-scale famine in Bihar was averted due to this import, although livestock and crops were destroyed. Other reasons for successfully averting a large-scale drought were employing various drought prevention measures such as improving communication abilities, issuing drought bulletins over the radio, and offering employment to those affected by drought in government public works projects.{{sfn|Gupta|Stern|Hussain|1995|p=61}}

The Bihar drought of 1966–1967 gave impetus to further changes in agricultural policy and this resulted in the Green Revolution.{{sfn|Thakur|Sinha|Prasad|Pratap|2005|p=585}}

===1972 Maharashtra drought===
[[File:Starved child.jpg|thumb|upright|A child suffering extreme starvation in India in 1972]]
After several years of good monsoons and a good crop in the early 1970s, India considered exporting food and being self-sufficient. Earlier in 1963, the government of the state of Maharashtra asserted that the agricultural situation in the state was constantly being watched and relief measures were taken as soon as any scarcity was detected. On the basis of this, and asserting that the word famine had now become obsolete in this context, the government passed "The Maharashtra Deletion of the Term 'Famine' Act, 1963".{{sfn|Sainath|2010|p=1}} They were unable to foresee the drought in 1972 when 25 million people needed help. The relief measures undertaken by the Government of Maharashtra included employment, programs aimed at creating productive assets such as tree plantation, conservation of soil, excavation of canals, and building [[Man-made lentic water bodies of Maharashtra|artificial lentic water bodies]]. The public distribution system distributed food through fair-price shops. No deaths from starvation were reported.{{sfn|American Association for the Advancement of Science|Indian National Science Academy|International Rice Research Institute|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1989|pp=379}}

Large-scale employment to the deprived sections of the Maharashtrian society attracted considerable amounts of food to Maharashtra.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|p=89}} The implementation of the Scarcity Manuals in the Bihar and Maharashtra famines prevented the mortality arising from severe food shortages. While the relief program in Bihar was poor, Drèze calls the one in Maharashtra a model program. The relief works initiated by the government helped employ over 5 million people at the height of the drought in Maharashtra leading to effective famine prevention.{{sfn|Waal|1997|p=15}} The effectiveness of Maharashtra was also attributable to the direct pressure on the government of Maharashtra by the public who perceived that employment via the relief works program was their right. The public protested by marching, picketing, and even rioting.{{sfn|Drèze|1991|pp=92–93}} Drèze reports a laborer saying "they would let us die if they thought we would not make a noise about it."{{sfn|Drèze|1991|pp=93}}

The Maharashtra drought in which there were zero deaths and one which is known for the successful employment of famine prevention policies.{{Dubious|date=August 2022|reason=In the [[Theories of famines]] entry there is a paragraph stating "the Maharashtra famine involved some 130,000 deaths", referencing Olivier Rubin in 2009 ("The Merits of Democracy in Famine Protection - Fact or Fallacy?" — a response to Amartya Sen). It seems that this may refer to subsequent excess mortality and figures seem to be disputed. Clarification is needed. It seems likely that infant mortality would be affected (infants are most sensitive to famine) and also death from malnourishment occur even if not immediately and directly from starvation. If the claim of zero deaths overall is made, maybe it should be stated as a claim (and attributed), not as fact. Further, this seems to be a question of political legacy, thus subject to bias.}}{{sfn|American Association for the Advancement of Science|Indian National Science Academy|International Rice Research Institute|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1989|pp=379}}

===West Bengal drought===
The drought of 1979–1980 in West Bengal was the next major drought and caused a 17% decline in food production with a shortfall of 13.5 million tonnes of food grain. Stored food stocks were leveraged by the government, and there was no net import of food grains. The drought was relatively unknown outside of India.{{sfn|American Association for the Advancement of Science|Indian National Science Academy|International Rice Research Institute|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1989|pp=380}} The lessons learned from the Maharashtra and West Bengal droughts led to the Desert Development Programme and the Drought Prone Area Programme. The intent of these programs was to reduce the negative effects of droughts by applying eco-friendly land-use practices and conserving water. Major schemes in improving rural infrastructure, extending irrigation to additional areas, and diversifying agriculture were also launched. The lessons from the 1987 drought brought to light the need for employment generation, watershed planning, and ecologically integrated development.{{sfn|Thakur|Sinha|Prasad|Pratap|2005|p=585}}

=== 1987 Gujarat drought ===
The failure of monsoons in year 1987 had catastrophic consequences for India state of Gujarat. 16 out of the state's 19 districts were affected by severe drought. There was a severe economic crisis in the Saurashtra region, with groundnut mills closing and agriculture being deeply impacted.

===2013 Maharashtra drought===
{{main|2013 drought in Maharashtra}}
In March 2013, according to [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Union Agriculture Ministry]], over 11,801 villages in Maharashtra were declared [[2013 drought in Maharashtra|drought affected]].{{sfn|Mehta|2013}} The drought was considered the second worst to date, exceeded only by the drought in Maharashtra in 1972.{{sfn|Marpakwar|2013}}

===Other issues===
{{Main|Malnutrition in India}}
Deaths from malnutrition on a large scale have continued across India into modern times. In [[Maharashtra]] alone, for example, there were around 45,000 childhood deaths due to mild or severe malnutrition in 2009, according to the ''Times of India''.{{sfn|TNN|2010|p=1}} Another ''Times of India'' report in 2010 has stated that 50% of childhood deaths in India are attributable to malnutrition.{{sfn|Dhawan|2010|p=1}}

Growing export prices, the melting of the Himalayan glaciers due to global warming, changes in rainfall, and temperatures are issues affecting India. If agricultural production does not remain above the population growth rate, there are indications that a return to the pre-independence famine days is a likelihood. People from various walks of life, such as social activist [[Vandana Shiva]] and researcher [[Dan Banik]], agree that famines and the resulting large-scale loss of life from starvation have been eliminated after Indian independence in 1947.{{#tag:ref|There has not been a large-scale loss of life since 1947.{{sfn|Massing|2003|p=1}}|group=fn}} However, Shiva warned in 2002 that famines are making a comeback and government inaction would mean they would reach the scale seen in the [[Horn of Africa]] in three or four years.{{sfn|Massing|2003|p=1}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Bellary Zilla,Great Famine of 1876–78..jpg|Great Famine of 1876–78 in Bellary.
Famine-victims 0.jpg|Famine victims in India
Dead or dying children on a Calcutta street (the Statesman 22 August 1943).jpg|Dying children on a Calcutta street (the Statesman 22 August 1943)
Victims of the Madras Famine by WW Hooper, 1877.png|Victims of the Madras Famine, 1877
1876 1877 1878 1879 Famine Genocide in India Madras under British colonial rule 3.jpg|1876 1877 1878 1879 Famine Genocide in India Madras under British colonial rule
Famine in Mysore, India; six emaciated women, five sitting a Wellcome V0029720.jpg|Famine in Mysore, India; six emaciated women, five sitting a Wellcome
Famine in India; a group of emaciated young men wearing loin Wellcome L0002225.jpg|Famine in India; a group of emaciated young men wearing loin Wellcome
Relief work during the great famine in South India (1876-78).jpg|Relief work during the great famine in South India (1876-78)
V.M. Doroshevich-East and War-British India. Corpses of Famine Victims enhaced.jpg|Corpses of Famine Victims enhaced
Cremation of people who died from famine in India.jpg|Cremation of people who died from famine in India
People died from famine in India.jpg|People died from famine in India
People died from famine in India, f62.jpg|People died from famine in India
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Drought in India]]
* [[Great Famine (Ireland)]]
* [[List of famines]]
* [[Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765]]
* [[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|group=fn}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

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{{Refend}}

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* Brewis, Georgina. "'Fill Full the Mouth of Famine': Voluntary Action in Famine Relief in India 1896–1901," ''Modern Asian Studies,'' (July 2010) 44#4 pp 887–918
* {{Citation
| title = By bread alone
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| first1 = Lester Russell
| last1 = Brown
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| first2 = Erik P
| last2 = Eckholm
| publisher = [[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]
| year = 1974
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* {{Citation
|title=The world's worst natural disasters
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|date=30 August 2010
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* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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*{{cite journal |last= Mishra|first=Vimal|display-authors=etal. |date= 2019|title=Drought and Famine in India, 1870–2016|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=2075–2083|doi=10.1029/2018GL081477|bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.2075M|s2cid=133752333}}
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* {{Citation
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* Sami, Leela. "Starvation, Disease and Death: Explaining Famine Mortality in Madras 1876–1878," ''Social History of Medicine,'' (December 2011) 24#3 pp 700–719
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== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.vinlandmap.info/india-famine/index.htm Chronological compilation of historical source material on Indian famines 1500 to 1767]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160103135203/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-wheat-food-malnutrition-crops-idINDEE86101620120702 As crops rot, millions go hungry in India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121031051218/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Rotting-grain-has-deprived-food-to-80-mn-people/Article1-935807.aspx Rotting grain has deprived food to 80 mn people]

{{India topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Asia in topic|Famine in |RU=Russian famine (disambiguation)}}
{{Famine in India}}
{{Bengal famine of 1943}}
{{Population}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Famine in India}}
[[Category:Famines in India| ]]
[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Famines in Asia]]

Balaji

2026-03-09T04:02:05Z

Alejandra13P: created initial entry from scratch!

{{wikt|Balaji}}
'''Balaji''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

== Religion ==
* [[Venkateswara]], one of the incarnations of Vishnu
** [[Balaji Mandir (disambiguation)]], a list of temples

== Organisations ==
* [[Balaji Wafers]], a FMCG group based in Rajkot, Gujarat
* [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], a film production house in Mumbai, India
* [[Balaji Telefilms]], a film production house in Mumbai, India

== People ==
=== Given name ===
* Balaji, an Indian name (for persons with the name see {{intitle|Balaji}})
* Balaji Huddar, the nickname of [[Gopal Mukund Huddar]] (1902–1981), Indian anti-colonial activist and soldier
* [[Balaji K. Kumar]], American/Indian film director
* [[Balaji Srinivasan]], American entrepreneur, investor, and futurist

=== Surname ===
* [[K. Balaji]] (1934–2009), South Indian producer and actor
* [[PB Balaji]], Indian business executive, CEO of Jaguar Land Rover
* [[Suchir Balaji]] (1998–2024), artificial intelligence researcher and whistleblower

== Other uses ==
* [[Balaji (leopard)]], a leopard in the Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park
* [[Balaji, Iran]], a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran

{{disambiguation|geo|surname}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Tamil-language surnames]]
[[Category:Tamil masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Patronymic surnames]]

Repalle revenue division

2026-03-07T00:51:36Z

Alejandra13P: new a post

{{Short description|Revenue division in Bapatla district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Repalle revenue division
| settlement_type = [[Revenue division]] in [[Bapatla district]]
| image_map = Bapatla mandals.jpg
| map_caption = Repalle Revenue Division in Bapatla district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Repalle revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Bapatla district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises nine [[mandals]]. It was formed on 4 April 2022 along with the newly formed Bapatla district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2022 |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |access-date=31 May 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The revenue division comprises nine mandals which include [[Amruthalur mandal]] ,[[Bhattiprolu mandal]],[[Cherukupalle mandal]],[[Kollur mandal]],[[Nagaram mandal]],[[Nizampatnam mandal]],[[Repalle mandal]],[[Tsunduru mandal]],[[Vemuru mandal]].
<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=జగన్ సర్కార్ కీలక నిర్ణయం.. మరో కొత్త రెవెన్యూ డివిజన్ ఏర్పాటు, నెరవేరిన కల! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur/ap-government-released-final-gazette-notification-for-repalle-revenue-division/articleshow/93381603.cms |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=ఏపీలో మరో కొత్త రెవెన్యూ డివిజన్ ఏర్పాటు.. మొత్తానికి వారి కల నెరవేరింది |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur/ap-government-released-final-gazette-notification-for-repalle-revenue-division/articleshow/93381603.cms | access-date=6 Aug 2022 | website=Samayam Telugu | language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bapatla district}}
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Bapatla district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Sumanyu Satpathy

2026-03-06T19:32:22Z

Alejandra13P: put up article

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{notability|1=Academics|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Sumanyu Satpathy.jpg|thumb|Sumanyu Satpathy at a Sahitya Akademi event, 2024.]]

'''Sumanyu Satpathy''' ({{Langx|or|ସୁମନ୍ୟୁ ଶତପଥୀ}}) is an Indian academic, who has taught at the [[Delhi University|Delhi University, New Delhi]] and [[North-Eastern Hill University|North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong]]. Before taking up his current affiliation at KR Mangalam University as Professor of Eminence, Satpathy was Professor and chair at the Department of English, University of Delhi; Fellow at the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study|Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Rashtrapati Nivas]], Shimla; and Distinguished Fellow at the Michael J Osborne Institute of Advanced Studies, [[La Trobe University]]. As a visiting professor, he has taught at the University of Granada, Spain; [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Frankfurt University]], Germany; [[University of Exeter|Exeter University]], England and La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia among several others. His notable works include ''Modernity, Print and Sahitya: The Making of a New Literary Culture, 1866-1919, Reading Literary Culture: Perspectives from Orissa'' and ''Will to Argue: Studies in Late Colonial and Post-colonial Controversies.''

== Articles ==
Satpathy has contributed many articles to several Indian and International journals and edited volumes. He is a contributor to the highly acclaimed ''Same-sex Love in India''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-137-05480-7 |title=Same-Sex Love in India |date=2000 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-137-05480-7 |isbn=978-0-312-29324-6 |editor-last1=Vanita |editor-last2=Kidwai |editor-first1=Ruth |editor-first2=Saleem }}</ref> (eds [[Ruth Vanita]] and [[Saleem Kidwai]], [[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]] 2002);<ref>{{Citation |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |title=Kishori Charan Das: "Sarama's Romance" (Oriya) |date=2000 |work=Same-Sex Love in India |pages=298–300 |editor-last=Vanita |editor-first=Ruth |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-62183-5_44 |access-date=2024-04-23 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-62183-5_44 |isbn=978-1-349-62185-9 |editor2-last=Kidwai |editor2-first=Saleem|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |title=Jagannath Das (Oriya) |date=2000 |work=Same-Sex Love in India |pages=103–105 |editor-last=Vanita |editor-first=Ruth |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-62183-5_13 |access-date=2024-04-23 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-62183-5_13 |isbn=978-1-349-62185-9 |editor2-last=Kidwai |editor2-first=Saleem|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ''Children’s Literature and the Fin-de-siecle'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Congress |first1=International Research Society for Children's Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=399oU9SJupsC |title=Children's Literature and the Fin de Siècle |last2=Literature |first2=International Research Society for Children's |last3=Association (U.S.) |first3=Children's Literature |date=2003-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-32120-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ed Roderick McGillis. He is the lead writer of the Indian chapter of the multi-volume<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindseth |first=Jon A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE2DvwEACAAJ |title=Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll's Masterpiece. Essays |date=2015 |publisher=Oak Knoll Press |language=en}}</ref> [[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]] publication as part of the 150-year celebration of Alice translations curated and edited by [https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/author/L/J/au183751303.html Jon Lindseth] of the [https://www.lewiscarroll.org/ Lewis Carroll Society of North America].

== Books and Anthologies ==
Satpathy has co-edited ''Natabar Samantaray: A Reader'' ([[Sahitya Akademi]], 2017);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sāmantarāẏa |first=Naṭabara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1DPtAEACAAJ |title=Natabara Samantaray: A Reader |date=2017 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-5340-7 |language=en}}</ref> ''The Tenth Rasa: An Anthology of Indian Nonsense''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heyman |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcur6s36gnEC |title=The Tenth Rasa: An Anthology of Indian Nonsense |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310086-7 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Penguin Books|Penguin]], 2007), and ''Signifying the Self: Women and Literature'' (Macmillan, 2 nd Edn. 2019).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Malashri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PFjAAAAMAAJ |title=Signifying the Self: Women and Literature |last2=Panja |first2=Shormishtha |last3=Satpathy |first3=Sumanyu |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-1-4039-2405-6 |language=en}}</ref> In 2007, he edited ''Voyage Out: An Anthology of Oriya Women’s Short Stories'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vmg8PwAACAAJ |title=The Voyage Out: Contemporary Oriya Short Stories by Women |date=2007 |publisher=Rupantar |isbn=978-81-904197-0-3 |language=en}}</ref> (Rupantar, 2007). He co-edited ''Signifying the Self: Women and Literature''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Malashri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PFjAAAAMAAJ |title=Signifying the Self: Women and Literature |last2=Panja |first2=Shormishtha |last3=Satpathy |first3=Sumanyu |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-1-4039-2405-6 |language=en}}</ref> (Macmillan, 2004), a collection of essays "that explores the multifarious expressions of feminism in India",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Signifying the Self: Women and Literature, Malashri Lal, Sumanyu Satpathy, Shormishtha Panja, Macmillan Publishers India Ltd., 1403924058 |url=https://www.bagchee.com/books/BB50204/signifying-the-self-women-and-literature |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.bagchee.com}}</ref> along with Malashri Lal and Shormishtha Panja.

He is also the author of ''Re-viewing Reviewing: The Reception of Modernist Poetry in the Times Literary Supplement'' ''(1912-1932)''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Re-viewing Reviewing: Reception of Modernist Poetry in the "Times Literary Supplement (1912-32) - An Anthology |date=1995-06-01 |publisher=TR Publications |isbn=978-81-85427-61-4 |editor-last=Satpathy |editor-first=Sumanyu |location=Madras |language=English}}</ref> A prolific translator, Satpathy translates from Indian languages, especially from [[Odia language|Odia]], into English.

=== Modernity, Print and ''Sahitya'': The Making of a New Literary Culture, 1866-1919 ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003431220 |title=Modernity, Print and Sahitya: The Making of a New Literary Culture, 1866-1919 |date=2023-09-08 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-1-003-43122-0 |edition=1 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003431220}}</ref>

Satpathy's recent publication ''Modernity, Print and Sahitya: The Making of a New Literary Culture, 1866-1919'' ([[Routledge]], 2024) examines how Odia print culture evolved over time, exploring themes such as colonial modernity, linguistic identity, the history of books, canon formation, and emerging aesthetic forms. The book also explores the evolution of Odia literature within the diverse linguistic and territorial landscapes of Eastern India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modernity, Print and Sahitya: The Making of a New Literary Culture, 1866-1919 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Modernity-Print-and-Sahitya-The-Making-of-a-New-Literary-Culture-1866-1919/Satpathy/p/book/9781032346564 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> [[Regenia Gagnier]] commented "Satpathy meticulously traces how ''adhunik'' Odia ''sahitya'' arises from famines and linguistic domination, modern machines and institutions, traditional aesthetic theory and practice, urban and especially rural contexts. Transcultural, decolonizing work at its finest."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003431220 |title=Modernity, Print and Sahitya: The Making of a New Literary Culture, 1866-1919 |date=2023-09-08 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-1-003-43122-0 |edition=1 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003431220}}</ref>

=== Reading Literary Culture: Perspectives from Orissa ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTmAVrVcJU0C |title=Reading Literary Culture: Perspectives from Orissa |date=2009 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-316-0222-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Published in 2009, ''Reading Literary Culture: Perspectives from Orissa''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTmAVrVcJU0C |title=Reading Literary Culture: Perspectives from Orissa |date=2009 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-316-0222-5 |language=en}}</ref> offers a diverse collection of surveys, introductions, essays, reviews, and interviews, providing insight into key cultural figures, historical moments, and issues in the intriguing Indian region of [[Odisha]]. The book showcases how both traditional and contemporary [[Odia literature]] have been enriched by remarkable voices. It sheds light on the works of influential figures such as [[Sarala Dasa|Sarala Das]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannath Das]], [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]], and others, demonstrating their significant cultural impact beyond just Odia or [[Indian literature]], but on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rawat Books |url=https://www.rawatbooks.com/cultural-studies/reading-literary-culture-perspectives-from-orissa |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.rawatbooks.com}}</ref>

=== Southern Postcolonialisms ===
Satpathy edited ''Southern Postcolonialisms: The Global South and the 'New' Literary Representations'' ([[Routledge]], 2018), a collection of critical essays on "new literary representations from the Global South that seeks to re-invent/reorient the ideological, disciplinary, aesthetic, and pedagogical thrust of Postcolonial Studies in accordance with the new and shifting politico-economic realities/transactions between the North and the South, as well as within the Global South, in an era of globalization."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Postcolonialisms: The Global South and the 'New' Literary Representations |url=https://www.routledge.com/Southern-Postcolonialisms-The-Global-South-and-the-New-Literary-Representations/Satpathy/p/book/9781138380301 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref>

=== Will to Argue: Studies in Late Colonial and Post-colonial Controversies ===
''Will to Argue''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5H6DswEACAAJ |title=Will to Argue: Studies in Late Colonial and Postcolonial Controversies |date=2017 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-86552-28-0 |language=en}}</ref> (Primus, 2017) explores the role of controversies in shaping culture, asking whether controversies can be considered a genre and if they offer valuable tools for understanding nationalism and identity formation. The author examines various controversies, ranging from language and khadi to sexuality and authorship, and discusses their impact on both local and national levels during colonial and post-colonial times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will to Argue |url=https://primusbooks.com/will-to-argue/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=PrimusBooks |language=en-US}}</ref> By analyzing figures like [[Sarala Dasa|Sarala Das]], [[Radhanath Ray]], [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]], [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], and [[Premchand]], the book provides insights into how controversies influence cultural imagination and identity construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will to Argue |url=https://primusbooks.com/will-to-argue/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=PrimusBooks |language=en-US}}</ref>

His studies in Odia include, ''Tini Manjika: Eka Odia Nonsense Sankalana'' (Siksha Sandhan,2012); ''Priya JP: Jagannath Prasad Dasanku Chithi'' (Siksha Sandhan, 2012i; ''Bahudha: JP Dasanka Sankhipta Jiban.'' He has translated [[Jagannath Prasad Das|J P Das]]'s collection of nonsense verse into English, ''Nanasense'' (National Book Trust, India, 2014).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{improve categories|date=September 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satpathy, Sumanyu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Arjun Pandit (1976 film)

2026-03-03T23:36:19Z

Alejandra13P: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{For|the 1999 film of the same name|Arjun Pandit (1999 film)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Arjun Pandit
| image = Arjun Pandit 1976 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| producer =
| writer = Balaichand Mukherjee
| starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Ashok Kumar]] 
[[Vinod Mehra]] [[Srividya (actor)|Srividya]] [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|04|16|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Arjun Pandit''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1976|1976]] [[Hindi]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Hindi Movies {{!}} List of New Hindi Films Releases 2020 {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-new-movies/hindi-movies|access-date=2020-09-22|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Pandit (1976) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/arjun-pandit-4581|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202220913/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/arjun-pandit-4581|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2020|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> This film was based on a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel of [[Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]]. The film's music is by [[Sachin Dev Burman]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Pandit (1976)|url=https://indiancine.ma/RIL|access-date=2020-09-22|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Arjun Sardar aka Arjun Pandit
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Dr. Shukla
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Vinod Shukla
* [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] as Young Vinod Shukla
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Mrs. Dr. Shukla
* [[Deven Verma]] as Narendra
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Medical Examiner
* Sushil Bhatnagar
* Rajan Haksar as Zameendar Triloknath
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Rukmini

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Arjun Pandit
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. D. Burman]]
| released = {{Start date|1976|04|16}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| producer = [[S. D. Burman]]
| prev_title = [[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]
| prev_year = 1976
| next_title = [[Deewaangee]]
| next_year = 1976
| chronology = [[S. D. Burman]]
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dil Mera Uda Jaaye"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 2
| "Bolo Pritam Kya Boli Thi Main"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 3
| "Badalo Me Vadiyo Me"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|}

==Awards==

; [[24th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]]

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] – [[Deven Verma]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|149708|Arjun Pandit}}

{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}

[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Koshi Province

2026-03-01T14:54:37Z

Alejandra13P:

{{short description|Province of Nepal}}
{{for|the former province of Japan|Koshi Province (Japan)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koshi Province
| native_name = कोशी प्रदेश
| native_name_lang = ne
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Nepal|Province]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| total_width = 290
| border = infobox
| image1 = Mount Everest as seen from Drukair2 PLW edit.jpg
| image2 = Mount kanchanjunga.jpg
| image3 = Gokyo lake 2019.jpg
| image4 = kanyam ilam.jpg
| image5 =Local falls near by todke falls.jpg
| image6 = Halesi Mahadev Temple.jpg
| image7 = Pathivera temple.jpg
}}
| image_caption = From top left to right: [[Mount Everest]], [[Kanchenjunga]], [[Gokyo Lakes]], [[Kanyam]], [[Todke waterfall]], [[Halesi Mahadev Temple]], [[Pathibhara Devi Temple]]
| image_seal = Seal of Koshi Pradesh (alternative).svg
| image_map = Nepal Province 1.svg
| image_map1 = <div class="center">{{Koshi Pradesh districts labelled map}}</div>
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Koshi Province in Nepal
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_caption1 = Koshi Province
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|27|15|N|87|16|47|E|type:adm1st_source:itwiki_region:NP|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = [[Biratnagar]]
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Nepal}}
| established_title = Formation
| established_date = 20 September 2015
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Biratnagar]]<ref name=capital/>
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Biratnagar]]
| parts_type = [[List of districts of Nepal|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Administration in Koshi Pradesh#Districts|14]]
| government_type = [[Autonomy|Self-governing Province]]
| governing_body = [[Government of Koshi Province]]
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Minister of Koshi province|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = [[Hikmat Kumar Karki]]<ref>{{cite news |work=Online Khabar |date=2023 |title=मध्यावधि रोक्न सांसदहरूले मलाई समर्थन गर्नुभयो : मुख्यमन्त्री कार्की |trans-title=MPs supported me to block mid-terms: CM Karki |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/10/1380929?fbclid=IwAR3aTBL9E2c-y3C-1wJmnYXc9317Ajo6lRiY_ByhYSeIgoHfVZFLoCJ4VWo}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Governor of Koshi Province|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Parshuram Khapung | Parshuram Khapung Limbu]]
| leader_title3 = [[Koshi Provincial Assembly]]
| leader_name3 = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] (93 seats)
| leader_title2 = High Court
| leader_name2 = [[Biratnagar High Court]]
| leader_title4 = [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name4 = 28
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_urban_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 25905
| area_rank = [[Provinces of Nepal#List of provinces of Nepal|2nd]]
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = [[Demographics]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nepalmap.org/profiles/province-1-province-no-1/ |title=NepalMap profile: Province No. 1 |work=NepalMap |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125173257/https://nepalmap.org/profiles/province-1-province-no-1/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Religions
| demographics1_info1 = {{ublist|[[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]] 66.63%|[[Kiratism]] 17.14%|[[Buddhism in Nepal|Buddhism]] 9.20%|[[Islam in Nepal|Islam]] 3.59%|[[Prakriti]] 1.33%}}
| demographics1_title2 = Ethnic groups
| demographics1_info2 = {{tree list}}
*14.9% [[Chhetri]]
*11.5% [[Bahun]]
*10.2% [[Rai people|Rai]]
*8.2% [[Limbu people|Limbu]]
*4.5% [[Tamang people|Tamang]]
*4.2% [[Tharu people|Tharu]]
*4.1% [[Nepalese Muslims|Muslims]]
*4.0% [[Magar people|Magar]]
*3.6% [[Newar people|Newar]]
{{tree list/end}}
| demographics1_title3 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info3 = 91.48 [[♂]] /100 [[♀]] (2011)
| demographics_type2 = Development Parameters
| demographics2_title5 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| demographics2_info5 = 0.553{{increase}} ({{color|#fc0|medium}})
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepalindata.com/overview/province/|title=NID {{!}} Overview|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026104221/https://www.nepalindata.com/overview/province/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Poverty rate
| demographics2_info2 = 0.127<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nepalindata.com/insight/province-wise-multidimensional-poverty-index/|title=Province Wise Multidimensional Poverty Index|access-date=7 February 2021|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920023221/https://nepalindata.com/insight/province-wise-multidimensional-poverty-index/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title3 = Literacy
| demographics2_info3 = 79.7%{{increase}}
| demographics2_title4 = Life expectancy
| demographics2_info4 = 69
| elevation_max_m = 8848.86
| elevation_min_m = 58
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2021>{{cite web |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021 |year=2023 |work=Government of Nepal, National Statistics Office |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/population?province=1}}</ref>
| population_total = 4,961,412
| population_rank = [[List of Nepalese provinces by Population|4th]]
| population_density_km2 = 192
| population_density_rank = [[List of Nepalese provinces by Population|4th]]
| population_blank1_title = Households
| population_blank1 = 1,191,556
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Nepal|Other Official Languages]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1. [[Limbu language|Limbu]], 2. [[Maithali language|Maithali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2025/16/491206/|title=Calls grow to include Bantawa and Chamling as official languages in Koshi Province}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Nepal Time|NST]]
| utc_offset = +5:45
| postal_code = 57208
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:NP|NP-P1]]
| geocode = NP-ON
| website = {{URL|http://Koshi.gov.np/}}
| leader_party = [[CPN UML]]
| registration_plate = KOSHI XX AB XXXX
| population_demonym = Purbeli, Kosheli, Koshyali
| elevation_min_point = [[Kechana Kawal]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Everest]]
| established_title1 = Named as Koshi
| established_date1 = 1 March 2023
| named_for = [[Koshi River]]
| anthem =
| etymology = Derived from Sanskrit word ''kauśika''
| motto =
}}
'''Koshi Province''' ({{langx|ne|कोशी प्रदेश|Kōśī pradēśa}}) is an autonomous [[Provinces of Nepal|province of Nepal]] adopted by the [[Constitution of Nepal]] on 20 September 2015. It covers an area of {{cvt|25905|km2}}, which is about 17.5% of the country's total area. With the industrial city of [[Biratnagar]] as its capital, the province includes the major towns of [[Birtamod]], [[Sundar Haraincha]], [[Damak]], [[Dharan]], [[Itahari]], [[Triyuga Municipality]], and [[Mechinagar]]. It further hosts a number of Himalayan peaks including [[Mount Everest]], [[Kangchenjunga]] (the third highest peak on Earth), [[Lhotse]] (the fourth highest peak), [[Makalu]] (the fifth highest peak), [[Cho Oyu]] (the sixth highest peak), and [[Ama Dablam]].

The river [[Koshi River|Koshi]], the largest river of the nation, and the [[Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve|Koshi Tappu wildlife reserve]] form the province's western boundary. The province is bordered by the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]] to the north, the [[India]]n states of [[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]] to the east and [[Bihar]] to the south, and [[Bagmati Province]] and [[Madhesh Province]] to the west.<ref>{{cite news |date=2018 |title=Biratnagar celebrates its status of provincial capital |work=The Himalayan Times |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/biratnagar-celebrates-status-provincial-capital/ |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120001104/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/biratnagar-celebrates-status-provincial-capital/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-18/dhankuta-protests-intensify-following-govt-decision-to-name-biratnagar-as-province-capital.html |title=Locals intensify protest in Dhankuta after Biratnagar named as provincial HQ |date=2018 |work=Kathmandu Post Ekantipur |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118131800/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-18/dhankuta-protests-intensify-following-govt-decision-to-name-biratnagar-as-province-capital.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2018 |title=Nepal government announces Provincial Capitals and Chiefs |url=http://ddinews.gov.in/international/nepal-government-announces-provincial-capitals-and-chiefs |work=DDI News |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119044628/http://ddinews.gov.in/international/nepal-government-announces-provincial-capitals-and-chiefs |url-status=live}}</ref> The province also hosts the [[Koshi Highway|Koshi highway]], which is one of the three crucial Nepalese north-south corridors that are designed to connect India and China via land.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2025 |title=Crucial North-South corridors making slow but steady progress |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/63935 |url-status=live |work=[[The Rising Nepal]]}}</ref>

Under the [[First-past-the-post voting]] system issued by the [[Constituency Delimitation Commission, Nepal]], the province hosts 28 parliamentary seats and 56 provincial assembly seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/editorial-important-step/|title=Editorial: Important step|date=2017|work=The Himalayan Times |access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905231713/https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/editorial-important-step/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[2021 Nepal census]], there are around five million people in the province, with a [[population density]] of 190 per square kilometre.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |work=Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal |url=https://cbs.gov.np/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a3%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be-%e0%a5%a8%e0%a5%a6%e0%a5%ad%e0%a5%ae-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d/ |title=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८ प्रारम्भिक नतिजा |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=ne |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126154240/https://cbs.gov.np/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a3%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be-%e0%a5%a8%e0%a5%a6%e0%a5%ad%e0%a5%ae-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Per the earlier [[2011 Nepal census]], the province had approximately 4.5 million people.<ref name="Kantipur Publications Pvt. Ltd">{{Cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2015-08-12/province-1-call-for-opportunities-in-land-of-great-promise.html |title= Province 1: Call for opportunities in the land of great promise |date=2015 |work=Kantipur Publications Pvt. Ltd. |access-date= 5 September 2017 |archive-date= 6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906034756/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2015-08-12/province-1-call-for-opportunities-in-land-of-great-promise.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Main|Kosi River#Cultural significance}}

The province is named ''Koshi'' after the [[Koshi River]], which is the largest river in the country. On 1 March 2023 the former temporary name of the province, '''Province No. 1''', was changed to Koshi Province.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cast.asiapacific.ca/map/event/2418 |title=Nepal's 'Province 1' renamed 'Koshi' after country's largest river |date=2023 |website= |publisher=Canada Asia Sustainability Tracker |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419034217/https://cast.asiapacific.ca/map/event/2418 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Kosi River is significantly and culturally an important river of Nepal. The Koshi River is called ''Kausika'' in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' and ''Kausiki'' in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.The Kosi is associated with many ancient spiritual stories. It is mentioned in the Bal Kand section of [[Valmiki|Valmiki's]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' as the Kausiki who is the form assumed by Satyavati after her death. In the [[Markandeya Purana]], the Kosi is described as the primal force. Due to the violent nature of the Kosi in [[monsoon season]], legend says that [[Parvati]], the wife of [[Shiva]], after defeating the demon [[Durg]], became known as the warrior goddess Durga who transformed into Kaushiki. In Ramayana, the river Ganges is depicted as her elder sister.<ref name="Valmiki">{{Cite book |last=Valmiki |first=Maharishi |title=Ramayana |publisher=Various |edition=1st |location=India}}</ref> According to [[Mahabharata]] epic, the God of death took the form of a woman and resides on the banks of the river to limit population growth. Kosi resonates with the folklore of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. The most important depictions of Kosi folklore are [[Kosi River|Kosi]] as a virgin absolutely carefree and full of energy, and as a frustrated wife of old hermit Richeek wandering in the [[Himalayas]]. Koshi river is also invoked as the mother: 'Kosi Ma'.<ref name="Valmiki"/>

==History==
{{further|History of Nepal}}
[[File:Cropped image of An actual survey, of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar &c. (1794) By Major James Rennell.jpg|thumb|Map of Kingdom of Morung between Kamala river{{clarify|date=July 2025}} in the beginning of the 7th century]]

When King Mung Mawrong Hang came to prominence in the Terai lands of [[Limbuwan]], he cleared much of the forest area in present-day Rangeli, east of [[Biratnagar]], and built a town there. He named his Kingdom Morang after his name and rose to power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रदेश नं. १ सरकारको आधिकारिक पोर्टल |url=https://www.p1.gov.np/ |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=p1.gov.np |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211132111/https://www.p1.gov.np/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=April 2023}}
Meanwhile, King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] was on a campaign to conquer all the hill kingdoms into his Empire (the [[Kingdom of Nepal]]). He attacked Limbuwan on two fronts. After the Limbuwan–Gorkha War from 1771 to 1774 AD, the Limbu ministers of Morang, and Limbu rulers of the ten principalities came to an agreement with the King of Gorkha. With the Limbuwan Gorkha treaty of 1774, Limbuwan was annexed to the Kingdom of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swatantra |first=G. |title=Nepal KO itshaas |publisher=Kriti publishers |year=2018 |edition=1st |location=[[Kathmandu]] |pages=1–567}}</ref>

[[File:Eastern Nepal.png|thumb|Eastern districts of Nepal in 1942]]

The term ''district'' has been used in various ways throughout the modern history of Nepal.
At the end of the [[Rana regime]], Nepal was divided into 32 districts. Eastern Nepal was composed of the following districts:

*[[Morang District]]
*[[Udayapur District]]
*[[Ilam District]]
*[[Dhankuta District]]
*[[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur District]]
*[[Okhaldhunga District]]
In 1956, the eastern districts of Nepal were grouped together into a region called the ''Aruṇ Kshetra'' or Arun Region, after the [[Arun River (China–Nepal)|Arun River]] which flows through it. Arun Kshetra was made by combining the then five districts; it had total area of {{cvt|7000|sqmi|order=flip}} and a total population of 1.1 million people.<ref>{{cite book |title=नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट, २०१३ |url=http://saruwa.moga.gov.np/mogawebsite/images/pdf/pratibedan/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F,%20%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9.pdf |location=Nepal |publisher=Nepal Govt |pages=31, 32, 33 |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124143423/http://saruwa.moga.gov.np/mogawebsite/images/pdf/pratibedan/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F,%20%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
The five districts were:<ref>{{cite book|title=Land and social change in east Nepal|author=Caplan, L. |year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=History and Culture of the Kirat People: Part I-II}}</ref>

* Biratnagar District: including Sunsari District and Morang District
* Dhankuta District: including Dhankuta District and [[Sankhuwasabha District|Sankhuwasabha]]
* Taplejung District: including [[Taplejung District|Taplejung]] and [[Panchthar District|Panchtharl]]
* Mechi District: including Ilam District and Jhapa District
* Bhojpur District: including Bhojpur District and [[Khotang District]]

In 1962, the administrative system once again was changed, abolishing the ''kshetra'' system. The country was restructured into 75 development districts and those districts were grouped together into zones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reviewnepal.com/articles/memorial-step-of-king-mahendra-in-1st-poush-2017-bs.html| title = Memorial Step of King Mahendra in 1st Poush 2017 BS|date=2017| website=Review Nepal| access-date=6 February 2018| archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005325/http://reviewnepal.com/articles/memorial-step-of-king-mahendra-in-1st-poush-2017-bs.html| url-status=live}}</ref> In 1972, what is now called Koshi Province was called the [[Eastern Development Region, Nepal|Eastern Development Region]] that was composed of 16 districts which were grouped into three zones: Koshi, Mechi and Sagarmatha. {{Anchor|Province No. 1}}

In 2015, the Constitution was adopted which made 14 districts into an autonomous province which was temporarily named Province No. 1. At the cabinet meeting held on 17 January 2018, the city of Biratnagar was declared the interim capital of Province No. 1. On 6 May 2019, it was declared the permanent capital by a vote of two-thirds of the provincial [[Member of legislative assembly]].<ref name=capital>{{cite web|url=http://annapurnapost.com/news/126771|title=प्रदेश १ राजधानी: विराटनगरको पक्षमा दुईतिहाई, नाम टुंगो लागेन |date=2019 |work=Annapurna Post |language=ne |trans-title=Province No. 1 Capital: Two-thirds of MLAs vote in favour of Biratnagar|access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507011842/http://annapurnapost.com/news/126771|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 1, 2023, the province was named Koshi Province on passage of the bill in Parliament. Later, some protested the name "Koshi".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protest against naming of Koshi Province intensifies |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-1/2023/03/29/protest-against-naming-of-koshi-province-intensifies |access-date=2023-04-24 |work=Kathmandu Post}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Koshi Province}}

[[File:Nepal Province No 1 rel location map.svg|thumb|right|Topography of Koshi Pradesh]]
Koshi Province covers an area of 25,905 km2.<ref name="Kantipur Publications Pvt. Ltd" /> The province has three-fold geographical division: [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] in the north, Hilly in the middle and [[Terai]] in the southern part of Nepal, varying between an altitude of 70 m and 8,848 m. Terai, extended from east to west, is made up of [[Alluvium|alluvial soil]]. To the west of [[Koshi River]], in between [[Mahabharat Range]] and [[Churia Range]], there elongates a valley called [[Inner Terai]]. [[Churia Range|Churai Range]], [[Mahabharat Range]] and other hills of various heights, basins, tars, and valleys form the hilly region. Some parts of this region are favorable for agriculture but some other parts are not. The Himalayan region, in the north, consists of many mountains ranges. [[Mahalangur Himal|Mahalangur]], [[Kumbhakarna]], Umvek, Lumba Sumba and Janak being some of them. The highest mountain in the world, [[Mount Everest]] (8848.86 m); and the third highest mountain, [[Kangchenjunga]] (8598 m) also lie in this province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography of Nepal |url=https://jp.nepalembassy.gov.np/geography-of-nepal/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Embassy of Nepal - Tokyo, Japan |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nepal's lowest point, [[Kechana Kawal]] at 70 m, is located in [[Jhapa District]] of this province. There are many river basins and gentle slopes as well. [[Shiwalik|Chure]], [[Mahabharat Range|Mahabharat]], many basins, tars, and valleys form the Terai region. Between the Churia and Mahabharat, a low land of inner Terai exists. The [[Koshi River]] flows through the region with its seven tributaries; [[Indrawati]], [[Likhu, Bagmati|Likhu]], [[Tamur]], [[Dudh Kosi]], [[Arun River, China–Nepal|Arun]], [[Tamakoshi (rural municipality)|Tamakoshi]] and [[Bhote Koshi|Bhote Koshi (Sunkoshi)]]. Tundra vegetables, coniferous forests, deciduous monsoon forests, and sub-tropical evergreen woods are vegetations found here. Sub-tropical, temperate, sub-temperate, and alpine and tundra types of climates are found here.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Republica |title=Welcome to Federal Nepal, Koshi! |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/137160/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>

Koshi Pradesh also includes the snow fall capped peaks including [[Mount Everest]], [[Kangchenjunga]], [[Makalu]] with [[Solukhumbu]], [[Sankhuwasabha]], and [[Taplejung]] districts towards the north, the jungle clad hill tracts of [[Okhaldhunga]], [[Khotang district|Khotang]], [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]], [[Tehrathum]], [[Ilam district|Ilam]] and [[Panchthar]] in the middle and the [[Alluvium|alluvial]] fertile plains of [[Udayapur district|Udayapur]], [[Sunsari]], [[Morang]] and [[Jhapa]]. Province No. 1 includes places like [[Halesi Mahadev Temple|Haleshi Mahadev Temple]], [[Pathibhara Devi Temple|Pathivara Temple]] and [[Barahachhetra]], which are the famous religious shrines for Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Board |first=Nepal Tourism |title=Geography |url=https://ntb.gov.np/plan-your-trip/about-nepal/geography |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=ntb.gov.np |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Climatic conditions of [[Nepal]] vary from one place to another in accordance with their geographical features. Koshi Pradesh has three geographical folds: the lowland of Terai, the hilly region, and the Himalayas' highlands. The low land altitude is 59 m, whereas the highest point is 8848 m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koshi's weather forecast for today |url=https://justweather.org/Nepal/Province-1/Sunsari/Koshi/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=justweather.org |language=en}}</ref>

In the north, summers are cool and winters severe, while in the south, summers are tropical and winters are mild. Climatically, the southern belt of the province, the Terai, experiences a warm and humid climate. Eastern Nepal receives approximately 2,500 millimeters of rain annually. Koshi Pradesh has five seasons: [[Spring (season)|spring]], [[summer]], [[monsoon]], [[autumn]] and [[winter]].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto"
|+Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in Province No. 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=NP&name=Nepal|title=Nepal Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930103444/https://weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=NP&name=Nepal|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Location
!August (°F)
!August (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
!Annual precipitation (mm/in)
|-
|[[Damak]]
|94 / 82
|34 / 28
|74 / 47
|23 / 8
|2618 /103.07
|-
|[[Dharan, Nepal|Dharan]]
|85.1/72.3
|29.5/22.4
|68.4/44.4
|20.2/6.9
|1416/55.7
|-
|[[Biratnagar]]
|83.1
|28.4
|60.8
|16
|1549.8/61
|-
|[[Bhadrapur, Mechi|Bhadrapur]]
|82.2
|27.9
|61.2
|16.2
|2351.9/92.6
|-
|[[Dhankuta]]
|76.5
|24.7
|54.5
|12.5
|1809.5/71.2
|-
|[[Khandbari]]
|74.8
|23.8
|52
|11.1
|2040.7/80.3
|-
|[[Ilam, Nepal|Ilam]]
|71.8
|22.1
|50.9
|10.5
|2551.5/100.5
|-

|[[Itahari]]
|82
|27.8
|59.5
|15.3
|1414.8/55.7
|-
|[[Bhojpur, Nepal|Bhojpur]]
|69.1
|20.6
|46.8
|8.2
|2290.4/90.2
|-
|[[Khumbu Pasanglhamu|Khumbu Pasang Lhamu]]
|56.1/38.3
|13.4/3.5
|33.8/-0.8
|1/-18.2
|645/25.4
|}

=== Mountains ===
{{Wide image|Everest-Panorama.jpg|800}}
The northern part of Koshi Pradesh has the highest mountain in the world. Here is a list of mountains in Koshi Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Province1 |url=https://walkthroughhimalayas.com/explore-detail/1 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=walkthroughhimalayas.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:3em"
! align="left" |Mountain/peak
! metres
! feet
! Section
! Notes
|-
{{Mountain list row| [[Mount Everest]] |8848.86|[[Khumbu]] [[Mahalangur Himal|Mahalangur]]|Earth's highest peak from sea level}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Kanchenjunga]] |8586|Northern Kangchenjunga|3rd highest on Earth}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Lhotse]] |8516|Everest Group|4th highest}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Makalu]] |8463|Makalu Mahalangur|5th highest}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Cho Oyu]] |8201|Khumbu Mahalangur|6th highest}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Gyachung Kang]] |7952|Khumbu Mahalangur|Between Everest and Cho Oyu}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Nuptse]] |7861|Everest Group|319 metres prominence from Lhotse}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Jannu]] |7711|Kumbhakarna Kangchenjunga|}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Kabru]] |7412|Singalila Kangchenjunga|}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Kirat Chuli]] |7365|Kangchenjunga|}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Nangpai Gosum]] |7350|Khumbu Mahalangur|}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Chamlang]] |7321|Barun Mahalangur|#79 in the world}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Pumori]] |7161|Khumbu Mahalangur|First ascent 1962}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Baruntse]] |7129|Barun Mahalangur|First ascent 1954}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Ama Dablam]] |6812|Barun Mahalangur|"Mother and her necklace"}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Kangtega]] |6782|Barun Mahalangur|First ascent 1963}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Cho Polu]] |6735|Barun Mahalangur|First ascent 1999}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Lingtren]] |6714|Khumbu Mahalangur|First ascent 1935}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Num Ri]] |6677|Barun Mahalangur|First ascent 2002}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Khumbutse]] |6640|Khumbu Mahalangur|First mountain west of Everest}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Thamserku]] |6623|Barun Mahalangur|First ascent 1964}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Pangboche]] |6620|Kutang Himal|}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Taboche]] |6542|Khumbu Mahalangur|First ascent 1974}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Mera Peak]] |6476|Himalayas|Trekking peak}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Cholatse]] |6440|Khumbu Mahalangur|Connected to Taboche}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Kusum Kangguru]] |6367|Barun Mahalangur|Trekking peak (difficult)}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Ombigaichan]] |6340|Barun Mahalangur|}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Kongde Ri]] |6187|Barun Mahalangur|Trekking peak (difficult)}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Imja Tse]] |6160|Khumbu Mahalangur|Also known as Island Peak. Popular trekking peak.}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Lobuche]] |6145|Khumbu Mahalangur|Trekking peak}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Nirekha]] |6069|Khumbu Mahalangur|Trekking peak (difficult)}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Pokalde]] |5806|Khumbu Mahalangur|Trekking peak (moderate)}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Mount Khumbila]] |5761|Mahalangur|Unclimbed}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Kala Patthar]] |5545|Khumbu Mah|Popular hiking peak below Pumori}}
{{Mountain list row| [[Gokyo Ri]] |5357|Himalayas|Popular hiking peak}}
|}

===Rivers===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Koshi barrage golden hour.jpg
| caption1 = Koshi Barrage over Koshi River
}}

There are many rivers in the region that flow south from the [[Himalayas]] which are tributaries of other large rivers that join [[Ganga River]] (in India). [[Sapta Koshi]] or the [[Koshi River|Koshi]] is the main river of the region. Seven tributaries join the [[Koshi River|Koshi]] so it is called Saptkoshi.

The major rivers in the province are:
*[[Mechi River]]
*[[Kankai River]]
*[[Koshi River]] (SaptaKoshi) {{small|Below given names are tributaries}}:
**[[Tamor Nadi|Tamor]]
**[[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]]
**[[Sun Koshi]]
**[[Dudh Koshi]]
**[[Likhu Khola]]
**[[Tama Koshi]]
**[[Indravati River, Nepal|Indrawati River]]

===Protected areas===
* [[Sagarmatha National Park]] – {{cvt|1148|km2}}
* [[Makalu Barun National Park]] – {{cvt|1500|km2}}
* [[Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve]] – {{cvt|175|km2}}
* [[Kanchenjunga Conservation Area]] – {{cvt|2035|km2}}

==Subdivisions==
There are 137 local administrative units in this province, including one metropolitan city, 2 sub-metropolitan cities, 46 municipalities and 88 rural municipalities.

=== Districts ===
The province is made up of the 14 following districts:
{{colbegin|colwidth=13em}}
* [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur District]]
* [[Dhankuta District]]
* [[Ilam District]]
* [[Jhapa District]]
* [[Khotang District]]
* [[Morang District]]
* [[Okhaldhunga District]]
* [[Panchthar District]]
* [[Sankhuwasabha District]]
* [[Solukhumbu District]]
* [[Sunsari District]]
* [[Taplejung District]]
* [[Tehrathum District]]
* [[Udayapur District]]
{{colend}}

=== Municipality ===
Cities and villages are governed by municipalities in [[Nepal]]. A district may have one or more municipalities. Koshi Province has two types of municipalities.

* Urban municipality ''{{small|(Urban municipality has three levels):}}''
** Metropolitan city
** Sub-metropolitan city and
** Municipality
* Rural municipality ([[Gaunpalika]])

The government of Nepal has set out minimum criteria to meet city and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure, and revenues.
{{Largest cities
| kind = cities
| country=Koshi Province
| stat_ref = 2021 census
| div_link=List of districts of Nepal#Koshi Province{{!}}District
| city_1 = Biratnagar
| div_1 = Morang District
| pop_1 = 244,750

| city_2 = Itahari
| div_2 = Sunsari District
| pop_2 = 198,098

| city_3 = Dharan
| div_3 = Sunsari District
| pop_3 = 173,093

| city_4 = Mechinagar Municipality{{!}}Mechinagar
| div_4 = Jhapa District
| pop_4 = 131,520

| city_5 = Sundar Haraicha Municipality{{!}}Sundar Haraicha
| div_5 = Morang District
| pop_5 = 121,305
| city_6 = Birtamod Municipality{{!}}Birtamod
| div_6 = Jhapa District
| pop_6 = 117,355
| city_7 = Damak Municipality{{!}}Damak
| div_7 = Jhapa District
| pop_7 = 107,410
| city_8 = Triyuga Municipality{{!}}Triyuga
| div_8 = Udayapur District
| pop_8 = 104,375
| city_9 = Barahakshetra
| div_9 = Sunsari District
| pop_9 = 91,891
| city_10 = Arjundhara Municipality{{!}}Arjundhara
| div_10 = Jhapa District
| pop_10 = 84,429
}}

== Administration ==
{{Further|Ministry of Internal Affairs And Law (Koshi Province)|label1=Ministry of Internal Affairs And Law|Ministry of Tourism, Forests and Environment (Koshi Province)|label2=Ministry of Tourism, Forests and Environment}}

The province is governed by Unicameral parliamentary system of representative Democracy. The house consists of 93 seats where 56 candidates are elected by [[FPTP]] and 37 by proportional basis.

The legislative assembly comprises a chief minister who is executive head, deputy chief minister who assists the chief minister, a speaker who hosts the assembly, a deputy speaker who assists the speaker, and various ministries which look over respective departments.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The first [[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]] in Nepal were held on 26 November and 7 December 2017. According to the results of this election in Koshi province, the biggest party is [[CPN (UML)]] winning 51 seats; the second biggest party is [[Nepali Congress]] which won 21 seats; the third biggest party is [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist Center)]] which won 15 seats .<ref>{{cite web|url= https://election.ekantipur.com/province-level-results/pradesh-1?lng=eng|title= Province No. 1|website=kathmandupost.ekantipur.com |access-date= 12 December 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044132/https://election.ekantipur.com/province-level-results/pradesh-1?lng=eng|url-status= live}}</ref>

In a meeting on 17 January 2018, the government of Nepal finalized the temporary capital of Province No. 1, which was renamed as Koshi Province in Falgun 17 2079 and appointed [[Govinda Subba]] as the [[Governor of Province No. 1|governor]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://nepalekhabar.com/2018/01/79987|title= Government finalises provinces' governors and temporary headquarters|date= 17 January 2018|website= nepalekhabar.com|access-date= 19 January 2018|archive-date= 15 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201115144640/http://nepalekhabar.com/2018/01/79987|url-status= live}}</ref>
[[Sher Dhan Rai]] was elected as first [[chief minister]] of Koshi Province on 14 February 2018.<ref name="CM of Province 1">{{cite news |url= http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-14/sherdhan-rai-elected-cm-of-province-1.html |title= Sherdhan Rai elected CM of Province 1 |date= 14 February 2018 |publisher= kathmandupost.ekantipur.com |access-date= 15 February 2018 |archive-date= 14 February 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180214223831/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-14/sherdhan-rai-elected-cm-of-province-1.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Currently [[Hikmat Kumar Karki]] is serving as chief minister, the executive head of the Koshi government.<ref name="CM of Province 1" />

For convenience and decentralisation, the province is divided into 14 districts, making it the province with the most districts in Nepal. CDO is the administrative head of each District. District inturn is further divided into Metropolitan city or/and Sub Metropolitan city or/and Municipality or/and Rural Municipality which has its own Local Government.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Infrastructure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}

=== Entrepreneurship, Investment, and Emerging Industries ===
Koshi Province has emerged as one of Nepal's most active subnational governments in promoting private sector-led economic growth. The provincial government has pursued a strategy combining policy reform, public–private partnerships, and dedicated investment facilitation to attract domestic and foreign capital across sectors including tourism, agriculture, agro-processing, hydropower, infrastructure, and information technology. The [https://www.fncci.org/ Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry] (FNCCI) maintains a provincial chapter in Koshi,<ref>{{cite web |title=FNCCI Koshi Province |url=https://koshi.fncci.org/ |access-date=2026}}</ref> and the Confederation of Nepalese Industries Young Entrepreneurs' Forum (CNIYEF) operates a Koshi Chapter working to develop the next generation of business leaders in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=CNIYEF Koshi Chapter |url=https://www.cniyefkoshi.org/ |access-date=2026}}</ref>

The first '''Koshi Province Investment Summit''' was held in [[Biratnagar]] on 1–2 May 2025 (Baisakh 18–19, 2082 BS), marking a landmark event in Nepal's federal economic governance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Koshi Province Investment Summit 2025 |url=https://invest.koshi.gov.np/upcoming/event/2 |access-date=2025 |publisher=Koshi Province Investment Authority}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=Rs 2.56 billion invested in startups in Koshi Province |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/73697 |work=[[The Rising Nepal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=06 January 2026 |title=Rs 2.56 billion invested in startups in Koshi Province: NRB |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/rs-256-billion-invested-in-startups-in-koshi-province-nrb |work=[[The Himalayan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=06 January 2026 |title=Most startups in Koshi Province profitable despite funding and market challenges: NRB study |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2026/06/514738/ |work=[[Khabarhub]]}}</ref> The summit was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister [[KP Sharma Oli]] and hosted under the leadership of Chief Minister [[Hikmat Kumar Karki]], with coordination handled by the Provincial Investment Authority (PIA), led by Executive Director Dr. Saroj Koirala.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Koshi Province Investment Summit: PM calls for investing confidently |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/61251 |publisher=The Rising Nepal}}</ref> A total of 71 projects across eight sectors — tourism, agriculture, industry, infrastructure, energy, information technology, services, and waste management — were presented to investors, with a combined estimated value of NPR 173.49 billion.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Preparations over for Koshi Province Investment Summit |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/61194 |publisher=The Rising Nepal}}</ref> Ahead of the event, the provincial government amended eight laws through executive ordinances — including the Provincial Industrial Enterprises Act, the Public Private Partnership and Investment Authority Act, and the Provincial Tourism Act — to remove bureaucratic barriers and create a more investment-friendly legal environment.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=First-ever investment summit in Koshi |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/story/53982/ |publisher=The Annapurna Express}}</ref> Investors from China, Russia, the United States, South Korea, India, and the non-resident Nepali diaspora participated alongside major domestic industrialists. By the conclusion of the two-day event, Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) had been signed for 46 projects worth NPR 152.16 billion, covering agriculture, industry, tourism, infrastructure, energy, information technology, and waste management.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Koshi Province Investment Summit: MoUs signed for investments worth 152 billion |url=https://english.makalukhabar.com/2025/05/252207/ |publisher=Makalu Khabar English}}</ref> An additional five MoUs were concluded in the weeks following the summit, bringing the total to 51 committed projects. Writing in ''[[The Kathmandu Post]]'' in February 2026, analysts described the summit as a "concrete step toward operationalising federalism through economic governance," arguing it could help transform the province into a production-oriented growth centre contributing to national capital formation and employment generation, in contrast to Nepal's historically import- and consumption-driven fiscal structure. <ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2026 |title=Investing in federalism |url=https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2026/02/17/investing-in-federalism |publisher=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref>

To sustain the momentum generated by the Investment Summit, the provincial government launched the '''Udaya''' project in 2025 with financial and technical support from the [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation]] (SDC).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=Koshi Province launches 'Udaya' project to create 3,000 jobs |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2025/29/493303/ |publisher=Khabarhub English}}</ref> Designed to run for ten years — with an initial four-year implementation phase — Udaya targets [[small and medium enterprises]] (SMEs) across all 14 districts of Koshi Province with the aim of creating 3,000 jobs in its first phase. The project provides collateral-free loans ranging from NPR 3 million to NPR 30 million through a credit guarantee fund of NPR 600 million, designed to mobilise approximately NPR 8 billion in total bank lending. A Challenge Fund of NPR 280 million will additionally support the promotional and competitive capacity of emerging businesses.

In the information technology sector, the CNIYEF Koshi Chapter organised the '''[https://www.cniyefkoshi.org/ 1st Koshi IT Summit 2025]''' in Biratnagar on 3 May 2025, bringing together industry leaders, policymakers, entrepreneurs, IT professionals, and investors to explore opportunities for leveraging technology as a catalyst for economic growth and innovation in the region. The summit aimed to develop a roadmap for a sustainable IT ecosystem in Koshi Province, foster public–private–academic partnerships, and attract investment into IT-driven startups.<ref>{{cite web |title=1st Koshi IT Summit 2025 |url=https://www.cniyefkoshi.org/ |access-date=2025 |publisher=CNIYEF Koshi Chapter}}</ref> Complementing these initiatives, the [https://www.swisscontact.org/en/projects/step-up-improving-labour-market-access-for-unemployed Step Up project] — co-financed by the Happel Foundation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation — has been active in Koshi Province, promoting youth entrepreneurship and self-employment as a means of reducing outmigration, particularly among young people in rural hill and Terai communities.

Entrepreneurial activity has expanded in Koshi Province in recent years, supported by targeted policies, investment promotion events and a growing startup ecosystem. A special study by Nepal Rastra Bank reported that 160 startup enterprises in the province attracted a combined investment of around Rs 2.56 billion, with approximately 61 percent contributed as equity and 39 percent as loans. The study found that most startups operate in agriculture and forestry, followed by manufacturing, services, tourism and information technology, indicating a gradual diversification of the provincial economy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rs 2.56 billion invested in startups in Koshi Province |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/rs-256-billion-invested-in-startups-in-koshi-province-19-29.html |url-status=live |work=[[The Rising Nepal]]}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
{{see also|Ministry of Health (Koshi Province)}}
Koshi province stretches from Himalayan region to the Terai belt due to which health facilities are more viable in Terai than other parts.

Koshi Province has 791 public health facilities including four large hospitals ([[B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences|BPKIHS]], [[Koshi Hospital]], [https://www.nobelmedicalcollege.com.np/ Nobel Medical College], [https://biratmedicalcollege.edu.np/ Birat Medical College]). Altogether, there are 18 public hospitals, one regional medical store, 41 primary health centres, 648 health posts, 34 urban health care centres, and 41 community health units.

=== Energy ===
There are various power stations in Koshi province:

*[[Mai Hydropower Station]] is one of station located in Illam and was established in 2014 producing 22 MW energy.
*[[Puwa Khola Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam with capacity of 6.2 MW energy and was established in 1999.
*[[Chatara Hydropower Station]] is located in Sunsari District with production capacity of 3.2 MW energy. It was established in 1996.
*[[Iwa Khola Hydropower Project]] was established in 2018–19.
*[[Upper Mai Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam with a capacity of 12 MW.
*[[Pikhuwa Khola Hydropower Station]] is located in Bhojpur with a capacity of 5 MW.
*[[Hewa Khola-A Hydroelectric Project]] is located in Pachthar with a capacity of 14.9 MW.
*[[Jogmai Khola Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam with a capacity of 7.6 MW.
*[[Upper Puwa-1 Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam with a capacity of 3 MW.
*[[Upper Mai-C Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam and was established with a capacity of 6.1 MW.
*[[Kabeli B1 Hydropower Station]] is located in Pachthar and was established in 2019 with a capacity of 25 MW.
*[[Lower Hewa Hydropower Station]] is located in Pachthar and was established in 2017 with a capacity of 21.6 MW.
*[[Mai Cascade Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam and was established in 2014 with a capacity of 8 MW.
*[[Puwa Khola-1 Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam and was established in 2014 with a capacity of 4 MW.
*[[Solu Hydropower Station]] is located in Solukhumbu and was established in 2016 with a capacity of 23.5 MW.
*[[Molun Khola Small Hydropower Station]] is located in Okhaldhunga and was established in 2019 with a capacity of 7 MW.
*[[Upper Khorunga Hydropower Station]] is located in Tehrathum and was established in 2018 with a capacity of 7.5 MW.
*[[Super Mai Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam and was established in 2020 with a capacity of 7.8 MW.
*[[Super Mai-A Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam and was established in 2020 with a capacity of 9.6 MW.
*[[Super Mai Khola Cascade Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam and was established in 2020 with a capacity of 3.8 MW.
*[[Mai Khola Small Hydropower Station]] is located in Illam and was established in 2008 with a capacity of 4.5 MW.

== Provincial Assembly ==
{{Further|Koshi Provincial Assembly}}
The first meeting of the provincial assembly was held on 5 February 2018 in [[Biratnagar]] and was chaired by Om Prakash Sarbagi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-05/first-province-assembly-meeting-of-province-1-today.html|title=First Province Assembly meeting of Province 1 today|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075034/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-05/first-province-assembly-meeting-of-province-1-today.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pradeep Kumar Bhandari was elected unopposed as the Speaker of the Provincial Assembly on 11 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-11/pradeep-bhandari-named-province-1-speaker.html|title=Pradeep Bhandari named Province 1 speaker|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101809/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-11/pradeep-bhandari-named-province-1-speaker.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Saraswoti Pokharel was also elected unopposed to the post of Deputy Speaker on 15 February 2018.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
| colspan="5" |[[File:Province_1_Assembly_2018.svg|center|frameless]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
!{{Abbr|FPTP|First-past-the-post}}
!{{Abbr|PR|Proportional Representation}}
!Total
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|CPN (UML)]]
| align="center" |25
| align="center" |15
| align="center" |40
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" |
| align="left" |[[Nepali Congress]]
| align="center" |17
| align="center" |12
| align="center" |29
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)}}"|
|align="left" |[[CPN (Maoist Centre)]]
|align="center" |9
|align="center" |4
|align="center" |13
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)}}" |
|align="left" |[[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)|CPN (Unified Socialist)]]
|align="center" |3
|align="center" |1
|align="center" |4
|-
| bgcolor="#ffc0cb" |
| align="left" |[[Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal]]
| align="center" |-
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |1
|-
| bgcolor="#ffd700" |
| align="left" |[[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |4
| align="center" |6
|-

! colspan="2" align="left" |'''Total'''
!56
!37
!93
|-
! colspan="5" align="left" |Source: [http://result.election.gov.np/ElectionResultStatePR.aspx Election Commission of Nepal]
|}

== Transportation ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
Only three districts out of Koshi's fourteen fall in Terai and one district falls in inner Terai. Elevation from the lowest point of Nepal, [[Kechana]] (70 m above sea level) to the highest point of world, [[Everest]] (8848 m above sea level) lies in this province, so maintaining a consistent road network is challenging, but all districts are connected by road networks. Air services are available. Rail services are under construction.

===Roadways===
{{main|List of national highways in Nepal by province}}

[[File:Road and Highway map of Koshi Province, Nepal.jpg|thumb|Road and highway map of Koshi Province]]
[[File:Koshi Highway, Tarahara Eastern Nepal.jpg|thumbnail|NH08 Koshi Highway at Tarhara]]
[[File:Hillside capture.jpg|thumb|NH2 Mechi Highway near Buddhashanti rural municipality]]
[[File:Hilepani Bus booking counter and junction of road between Okhaldunga and Haleshi.jpg|thumb|Hilepani Junction at an elevation of {{cvt|1822|m}}]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Highways in Koshi Province
|-
! S# !! Highway number!! Length !! Terminus !! Note
|-
| 1 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|01}} || 135 || [[Kakarbhitta]], [[Koshi Barrage]] ||Interprovincial NH
|-
| 2 ||{{jct|country=NPL|NH|02}} || 352 || [[Kechana]], Gharila Pass || Provincial NH
|-
| 3 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|03}} || 525 || [[Chiyo Bhanjyang]], Bahadura Khola || Interprovincial NH
|-
| 4 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|04}} || 15 || [[Birtamod]], [[Chandragadhi]]|| Provincial NH
|-
| 5 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|05}} || 124 || Mechipul, [[Laukahi, Nepal|Laukahi]] || Interprovincial NH
|-
| 6 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|06}} || 135 || Chatara, Ganeshchowk || Provincial NH
|-
| 7 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|07}} || 48 || Chatara, Koshi new bridge || Interprovincial NH
|-
| 8 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|08}} || 320 || [[Biratnagar]], [[Kimathanka]] || Provincial NH
|-
| 9 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|09}} || 250 || Bahundangi, Baireni || Interprovincial NH
|-
| 10 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|10}} || 92 || Basantapur, Bohoratar||Provincial NH
|-
| 11 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|11}} || 19 || [[Phikkal Bazar]], Chhabbise|| Provincial NH
|-
| 12 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|12}} || 163 || Ghurmi, Barkhadanda || Provincial NH
|-
| 13 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|14}} || 40 || Basaha, Phattehpur || Interprovincial NH
|-
| 14 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|16}} || 111 || Siswari bridge, Mohure || Interprovincial NH
|-
| 15 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|20}} || 161 || Jyamire, [[Salleri, Solukhumbu|Salleri]]||Interprovincial NH
|-
| 16 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|23}} || 108 || [[Diktel]], Pekarnas ||Interprovincial NH
|-
| 17 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|73}} || 25 || Surunga, Lasunganj || Provincial NH
|-
| 18 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|74}} || 50 || Biplate, Sandakpur || Provincial NH
|-
| 19 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|75}} || 135 || Ghorepani, Basa || Provincial NH
|-
| 20 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|76}} || 44 || Chisapani, Rabi || Provincial NH
|-
| 21 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|78}} || 100 || Damak ringroad|| Provincial NH
|-
| 22 || {{jct|country=NPL|NH|80}} || 12.29 || Cancer Hospital, Belsot || Interprovincial NH
|}

===Airways===
[[File:Lukla Airport April 2010.JPG|right|210px|thumb|[[Tenzing-Hillary Airport]] at [[Lukla]]]]
Many domestic airports and air services are available in the region including one of the most geographically challenging airports, [[Lukla Airport]].

Airports in Koshi:
* [[Bhojpur Airport]] ([[Bhojpur, Nepal|Bhojpur]])
* [[Biratnagar Airport]] ([[Biratnagar]])
* Kangel Danda Airport (Kangel, [[Solukhumbu District|Solukhumbu]])
* [[Man Maya Airport]] (Khanidanda, Khotang)
* [[Thamkharka Airport]] ([[Khotang Bazar]])
* [[Lamidanda Airport]] ([[Lamidanda, Khotang]])
* [[Tenzing-Hillary Airport]] ([[Lukla]], Solukhumbu)
* [[Phaplu Airport]] ([[Phaplu]], Solukhumbu)
* [[Rumjatar Airport]] ([[Rumjatar]], Okhladhunga)
* [[Syangboche Airport]] (Syangboche, [[Solukhumbu District|Solukhumbu]])
* [[Taplejung Airport]] ([[Taplejung District|Taplejung]])
* [[Tumlingtar Airport]] ([[Tumlingtar]], Sankhuwasabha)
* [[Bhadrapur Airport]] ([[Bhadrapur, Mechi|Bhadrapur]], Jhapa)
<ref>{{cite web |url= https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/feasibility-report-of-larger-dharan-airport-ready/ |title= Feasibility report of larger Dharan Airport ready |date= 1 July 2017 |publisher= Nagrik News |access-date= 24 January 2019 |archive-date= 24 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203806/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/feasibility-report-of-larger-dharan-airport-ready/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Railways===
{{routemap
|title = Bathnaha–Katahari
|collapsible = 1
|width = 180px
|map =
\\CONTg
\\BHF~~0 km~~Bathnaha
\KRW+l\KRWgr
[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|x10px|link=India]] custom yard~~4.2 km ! !\STR!~lZOLL\KBHFe~~7 km~~[[Jogbani railway station|Jogbani]]
Border {{BSsplit| [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|x10px|link=India]]|[[File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg|x10px|link=Nepal]]|line=-}}~~5.3 km! !STR+GRZq
[[File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg|x10px|link=Nepal]] custom yard~~6.3 km ! !STR!~lZOLL~~
STR
Katahari~~18 km! !BHF
exCONTf
}}

There is a 13 km railway track which has been laid in Nepal by [[Indian Railways]] is connected to Bathnaha railway station. Bathnaha is a village situated at [[Araria district]] of [[Bihar]] state of [[India]]. A custom yard station has been built both side of the border on Bathnaha–Katahari railway section. Katahari is at distance of 18 km from Bathnaha Railway Station.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/11/04/indian-locomotive-arrives-in-biratnagar-for-test-run |title=Indian locomotive arrives in Biratnagar for test run |date=4 November 2018 |publisher=[[Kantipur media group|KMG]] |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224071259/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/11/04/indian-locomotive-arrives-in-biratnagar-for-test-run |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=news&nid=859&url=railway-transit-jogbani-biratnagar&enews=55 |title=Railway Transit for Cargo Bound for Biratnagar, Nepal via Jogbani, India |date=25 April 2018 |publisher=[[South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation]] |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420233646/https://www.sasec.asia/index.php?page=news&nid=859&url=railway-transit-jogbani-biratnagar&enews=55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Itahari will be further connected with Katahari, which is 20 km from Biratnagar (Katahari).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/environment-impact-assessment-of-proposed-electric-railway-in-province-1-ready |title=EIA of proposed electric railway in Province 1 ready |date=18 December 2019 |website= |publisher=The Himalayan |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513133804/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/environment-impact-assessment-of-proposed-electric-railway-in-province-1-ready |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
Koshi has the second largest economy in Nepal, and contributes 15% to the national GDP. Koshi's [[GDP]] growth rate was estimated to be 6.5% in fiscal year 2018/19.

The population in absolute poverty in Koshi was 12.4%, and the multidimensional poverty rate was 19.7%.

===Agriculture===
Agriculture accounts for 38% of Koshi's GDP and is the main source of livelihood for 75% of the population.

The province has 714 registered businesses, with agriculture and forestry industry having the highest number registered businesses 114 (15.96%). Koshi contributes 22% of the total paddy production of Nepal and 29.3% of the national maize production.

== Sports ==
[[File:Sushil Kandel of Biratnagar Kings celebrates after taking a wicket during a match against Rupendhi Challengers.jpg|thumb|Biratnagar Match]]

===Cricket===
Koshi province has a wide audience in the province. It has been a pioneer in organising night matches. Inaruwa, Sunsari organised the first night cricket in Nepal.<ref name="kathmandu_post">{{Cite web |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-11-27/mm-one-day-national-cricket-starts-on-jan-5.html |title=MM One day national cricket starts on Jan 5 |website=kathmandupost.ekantipur.com |language=en |access-date=2019-01-22 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119012840/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-11-27/mm-one-day-national-cricket-starts-on-jan-5.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first night football was organised in Duhabi, Sunsari on 31 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RSS |title=Province 1 sees growing night-time sporting sensation |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/88037/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=My Republica |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309105059/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/88037/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The provincial teams take part in various games inside and outside Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Province Number 1 squad - Prov-1-Nepal Squad - PM Cup (T20), 2022 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pm-cup-t20-2021-22-1296131/province-number-1-squad-1296205/series-squads |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309105057/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pm-cup-t20-2021-22-1296131/province-number-1-squad-1296205/series-squads |url-status=live }}</ref> The team includes men as well as women. The overall sports in the province are administered by the Province 1 Sports Department.

There are numerous stadiums in Koshi:
*[[Domalal Rajbanshi Stadium]], [[Birtamod Municipality|Birtamode]], [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]]
*[[Inaruwa Stadium]], [[Inaruwa Municipality|Inaruwa]], [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]]
*[[Itahari Regional Stadium]], [[Itahari]], [[Sunsari 3 (constituency)|Sunsari]]
*[[Sahid Rangasala]], [[Biratnagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morang: Dug-out Construction Begins At Sahid Maidan, Biratnagar |url=http://goalnepal.com/news/detail/4770 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=GoalNepal}}</ref>
*[[Tharuhat Stadium]], [[Gaighat, Nepal|Gaighat]]

Major football cups include:
*[[Birat Gold Cup]] [[Biratnagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biggest Cities Nepal |url=http://www.geonames.org/NP/largest-cities-in-nepal.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref>
*[[Jhapa Gold Cup]], [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]]
*[[Budha Subba Gold Cup]], [[Dharan]]
*[[Manmohan Duhabi Gold Cup]], [[Duhabi Municipality|Duhabi]]
*[[Madan Bhandari Invitational Itahari Gold Cup]], [[Itahari]]
*[[Udayapur Gold Cup]], [[Udayapur District|Udayapur]]

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|align=center
|percentages=pagr
|1981 |2,954,510
|1991 |3,520,335
|2001 |4,201,795
|2011 |4,534,943
|2021 |4,961,412
|footnote= Sources:<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal: Provinces and Districts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/nepal/admin/ |website=citypopulation.de |language=en |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226173016/http://www.citypopulation.de/en/nepal/admin/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The total population of the province according to the [[2021 Nepal census]] was 4,961,412, of whom 2,544,084 were women (51.3%). 95 male per 100 female was the sex ratio. There were 1,191,556 households. 79.7% of the total population were literate. 86.1% of the total population of the male were educated, while 73.6% of the total of the female population were literate.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/population?province=1 |title=Population size and distribution of Koshi Province |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405134058/https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/population?province=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religions of Koshi Province (2021)
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]] |value1 = 67 |color1 = darkorange
|label2 = [[Buddhism in Nepal|Buddhism]] |value2 = 9 |color3 = yellow
|label3 = [[Kirat Mundhum|Kirat]] |value3 = 17 |color2 = red
|label4 = [[Islam in Nepal|Islam]] |value4 = 4 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Christianity in Nepal|Christianity]] |value5 = 2.32 |color5 = dodgerblue
|label6 = Prakriti |value6 = 0.45 |color6 = limegreen
|label7 = Other |value7 = 0.08 |color7 = black
}}

Hinduism is the major religion of the province. [[Kirat Mundhum]] is the second major religion of the province. 67% of the total population are Hindus, 17% are Kirantis, 9% are Buddhists, 4% are Muslims, 2% are Christians and others make up 1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Province No. 1 |url=https://nepaltraveller.com/travel/provinces-of-nepal/province-no-1 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=nepaltraveller.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Ethnic groups===
The province is very ethnically diverse. In 2011, the largest group was [[Chhetri]], making up 14.58% of the population. This is followed by [[Madheshi]] with (14.26%). Next is [[Bahun|Hill Brahmin]] (11.98%). Other Khas Arya groups are the [[Kami (caste)|Kami]] (3.27%) and [[Damai]] (1.78%). The Janajati groups are the [[Rai people|Rai]] (10.21%), [[Limbu people|Limbu]] (8.01%), [[Tamang people|Tamang]] (4.62%), [[Magars|Magar]] (4.13%), [[Newar people|Newar]] (3.68%) and [[Gurung people|Gurung]] (1.36%). Some Terai groups include [[Tharu people|Tharu]] (4.10%), [[Nepalese Muslims|Musalman]] (3.55%), [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbanshi]] (2.47%), [[Musahar]] (1.35%), [[Yadav]] (1.30%) and [[Santal people|Santal]] (1.11%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Province 1 |url=https://nepaloutlook.com/province-1/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Nepal Outlook {{!}} Believe in Data}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Data Portal-Nepal|url=http://nationaldata.gov.np/Province/Index/1|access-date=27 May 2021 |website=nationaldata.gov.np|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527044413/http://nationaldata.gov.np/Province/Index/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2021, [[Chhetri]]s were the largest ethnic group with 11.0% of the population. Rai 10.2%,Bahun constituted 8.3% of the population, Limbu 7.8%,10.2%, Sherpa 7.3%, Tamang 4.6%, Tharu 4.2%, Muslims 4.1%, Magar 4.0% and Newar 3.6%.<ref name=census2021/>
The various Madheshi non-Dalit communities were 8.68% of the population, of which the Yadav (1.42%) and [[Teli]] (0.98%) were the largest and second-largest non-Dalit communities. Madheshi Dalits were 3.40%, of which Musahar were 1.51%.<ref name=":1" />

===Language===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Koshi Pradesh (2021)<ref name=":0" />
| label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value1 = 45.27
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| value2 = 11.68
| color2 = pink
| label3 = [[Limbu language|Yakthung/Limbu]]
| value3 = 7.70
| color3 = blue
| label4 = [[Sherpa language|Shepa/Bhote]]
| value4 = 7.30
| color4 = Golden blue
| label5 = [[Tharu languages|Tharu]]
| value5 = 4.40
| color5 = maroon
| label6 = [[Tamang language|Tamang]]
| value6 = 3.54
| color6 = turquoise
| label7 = [[Magar language|Magar Dhut]]
| value7 = 2.88
| color7 = orchid
| label8 = [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]]
| value8 = 2.70
| color8 = cornflowerblue
| label9 = [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]]
| value9 = 2.58
| color9 = saddlebrown
| labe110 = [[Urdu]]
| value10 = 2.32
| color10 = green
| label11 = Others
| value11 = 17.93
| color11 = grey
}}
Nepali language is [[lingua franca]] of the province and is the mother tongue of 45.27% of the population. [[Maithili language|Maithili]] is the second-largest language, spoken by 11.68%. 7.70% of the population spoke [[Limbu language|Sherpa]],7.30% of the population spoke [[Sherpa language|Limbu]], 4.40% [[Kochila Tharu|Tharu]], 3.54% [[Tamang language|Tamang]], 2.88% [[Magar language|Magar Dhut]], 2.70% [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]], 2.58% [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]], 2.32% [[Urdu]], 1.85% [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], 1.67% [[Chamling language|Chamling]], 1.32% [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], 1.26% [[Newar language|Nepal Bhasha]] and 1.08% [[Santali language|Santali]].<ref name=":0" />

The [[Language Commission (Nepal)|Language Commission of Nepal]] has recommended [[Limbu language|Limbu]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] as official language in the province. The commission has also recommended [[Tharu language|Tharu]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]], [[Magar language|Magar]], [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]], [[Urdu]], [[Rajbanshi language|Rajbanshi]], [[Nepal Bhasa]], [[Chamling language|Chamling]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Santhali language|Santhali]] to be additional official languages, for specific regions and purposes in the province.<ref name="langcomreport">{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=Language Commission |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Education ==
Koshi is renowned for its educational facilities; 71.22% of the population of the province can read and write.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://moe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/Education_in_Figures_2017.pdf |title=Province-Wise Literacy Rate of 5 Years and Above Population in 2011 AD |date=2018 |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211215228/https://moe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/Education_in_Figures_2017.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Education up to the level of master's degree is provided by [[Purbanchal University]], which offers courses like [[Bachelor of Science in Agriculture]] and [[Bachelor of Science in Nursing]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Insand titutions like [[BPKIHS]], Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, B&C Medical College Teaching Hospital offer MBBS and BDS courses along with paramedic courses.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Notable people ==
*[[Girija Prasad Koirala]], former prime minister
*[[KP Sharma Oli]], former prime minister
*[[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], former president of Nepal
*[[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]], chairman of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]
*[[Pramod Kharel]], singer
*[[Rachana Rimal]], singer
*[[Nawayug Shrestha]], national football player
*[[Lalit Rajbanshi]], national cricket player
*[[Malvika Subba]], Miss Nepal 2002
*[[Malina Joshi]], Miss Nepal 2011
*[[Manita Devkota]], Miss Nepal Universe 2018
*[[Harka Raj Rai]], independent mayor of [[Dharan]]
*[[Sabin Rai]], singer
*[[Siddhicharan Shrestha]], writer
*[[Kiran Chemjong]], football player, captain of [[Nepal national football team]]
*[[Dayahang Rai]], actor
*[[Sanduk Ruit]], ophthalmologist, referred to as the "God of Sight"
*Mahaguru [[Phalgunanda]], leader of the Kirat religion for the Kirat people
*[[Lhakpa Sherpa]], mountaineer
*[[Pasang Lhamu Sherpa]], mountaineer
*[[Mira Rai]], Nepalese trail runner and sky runner
*[[Sushila Karki]], the first female (interim) prime minister, the former (and the first female) chief justice of the Supreme Court of Nepal
*[[Phupu Lhamu Khatri]], judoka and Olympian
*[[Swarup Singh Karki]], Dewan (prime minister)
*[[Nikita Chandak]], Miss Nepal 2017
*[[Sugam Pokharel]], singer
*[[Girish Khatiwada]], rapper, radio, television personality, and vlogger.
*[[Bipin Karki]], actor
*[[Sunil Pokharel]], actor

==See also==
*[[Provinces of Nepal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Koshi Province, {{flag|Nepal}}
|North = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}
|Northeast = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}
|East = [[Sikkim]], {{flag|India}}
|Southeast = [[West Bengal]], {{flag|India}}
|South = [[Bihar]], {{flag|India}}
|Southwest = [[Madhesh Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}
|West = [[Bagmati Province]], {{flag|Nepal}}
|Northwest = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{flag|China}}
}}
{{Municipalities of Koshi Province}}
{{Koshi Province topics}}
{{Provinces of Nepal}}
{{Districts of Nepal}}
{{Nepal topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Koshi Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of Nepal|1]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2015]]

Gangadhar Nehru

2026-02-28T04:43:14Z

Alejandra13P: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Kotwal and Motilal Nehru's father (1827 – 1861)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{infobox person
| name = Gangadhar Nehru
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1827}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1861|02|10|1827|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], British India
| nationality =
| occupation =
}}

'''Gangadhar Nehru''' (1827 – 10 February 1861) was the [[kotwal]] (chief police officer) of [[Delhi]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Indian rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Meena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btJADQAAQBAJ&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PT7 |title=Indira Gandhi |date=2016-10-14 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-008-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=M.K.Singh |first=Ravi Ranjan & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIdCEAAAQBAJ&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PA23 |title=Indira Gandhi |date=2021-09-11 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Motilal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MY5HAAAAMAAJ&q=gangadhar+nehru |title=Selected Works of Motilal Nehru: 1899-1918 |date=1982 |publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-0-7069-1885-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-25 |title=पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू के दादा थे दिल्ली के आखिरी कोतवाल, पढ़ें रोचक तथ्‍य... |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/jawaharlal-nehru-gangadhar-nehru-grandfather-was-last-kotwal-of-delhi-read-interesting-facts-3431468.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> He was the father of [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Motilal Nehru]] and the grandfather of the first [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NoVNSyopVcC&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PA124 |title=Remembering Our Leaders |date=1989 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=978-81-7011-842-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clifton |first=Ana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9BHzQEACAAJ |title=100 Greatest Leaders |date=2019-07-20 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-93-5333-549-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=S. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IJwBgAAQBAJ&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PP2 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Jawaharlal Nehru: S.K. Agrawal's Comprehensive Portrait of India's First Prime Minister |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5186-352-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Anil Kumar / Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rKaDAAAQBAJ&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PA49 |title=Bharat Ratnas: Bharat Ratnas: Celebrating India's Greatest Achievers and Legends |date=2021-01-19 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8430-406-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=M. J. |date=2016-05-27 |title=Remembering Nehru: From the Mughal Court to Jawaharlal |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/remembering-nehru-from-the-mughal-court-to-jawaharlal |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in 1827,<ref>{{Cite web |last=وششٹھ |first=اندر |date=2019-02-16 |title=دہلی پولس کا یوم تاسیس: دہلی کا پہلا کوتوال فخرالدین ایمانداری کی مثال...خصوصی پیشکش |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/first-kotwal-of-delhi-fakhruddin-was-very-honest |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Qaumi Awaz |language=ur}}</ref> was appointed the [[kotwal]] of [[Delhi]] sometime before 1857. He was the last Kotwal of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parvez |first=At̤har |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdMGAQAAIAAJ&q=%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88 |title=Anmol ratan |date=1967 |publisher=Urdū Ghar |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg9uAAAAMAAJ&q=gangadhar+nehru |title=Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-510073-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=RAJ |first1=RISHI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qaAEAAAQBAJ&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PT70 |title=Histories of The Indian Freedom Struggle: Bestseller Book by RISHI RAJ; RAM KUMAR; RAM CHANDRA PRADHAN: Histories of the Indian Freedom Struggle |last2=KUMAR |first2=RAM |last3=PRADHAN |first3=RAM CHANDRA |date=2022-08-10 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-2-02-208100-7 |language=en}}</ref> After the revolt of 1857,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Manmohini Zutshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8QYDQAAQBAJ&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PT26 |title=An Indian Freedom Fighter Recalls Her Life |last2=Forbes |first2=Geraldine Hancock |last3=Nehru |first3=B. K. |date=2016-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-48403-7 |language=en}}</ref> when the British police took over the city of Delhi and started the massacre,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rau |first=M. Chalapathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmKzgMfl5vEC&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PA7 |title=Nehru for Children |date=1967 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=978-81-7011-035-4 |language=en}}</ref> he moved to Agra with his wife Jiorani Devi and their three children.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_aakAAAACAAJ |title=Letters from a Father to His Daughter |date=2004 |publisher=Puffin Books |isbn=978-0-670-05816-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Hari Pada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xky_EAAAQBAJ&dq=gangadhar+nehru&pg=PT98 |title=The Dark Side of Gandhi: 2nd Edition |date=2023-05-25 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88975-588-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Truth about Nehru: Why conspiracy theorists are wrong about him |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/truth-about-nehru-why-conspiracy-theorists-are-wrong-about-him/story-0fcHGicBnzGwu72Juw0dEO.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-08 |title=نہرو خاندان حیران کن انکشافات |url=http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/mazamine/08-Feb-2012/108812 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Nawaiwaqt |language=ur}}</ref>

== Sons ==
He had three sons. The eldest, Banshidhar Nehru, started working in the Justice Department after the establishment of Victoria's rule in India and was continuously appointed to various places across the country, which kept him away from the family. The second son, Nandlal Nehru, served as the Diwan of Khetri,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGtIAgAAQBAJ&dq=%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88&pg=PT473 |title=Letters by Abu al Kalam Azad: Urdu |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref> a princely state in Rajasthan, for about ten years.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeIHAAAAIAAJ&q=%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88 |title=Dayā Narāʼin Nigam ke risālah Zamānah Kānpūr, 1903-1942 se intik̲h̲āb |date=1993 |publisher=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī |language=ur}}</ref> Later, he returned to Agra,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muṣt̤afá |first=G̲h̲ulām Muḥammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOIsAAAAIAAJ&q=%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88 |title=Musalmānān-i Sahāranpūr aur taḥrīk-i Dārulʻulūm Devband ba-maʻ dīgar ʻilmī taḥārīk ...: taḥqīqī jāʼizah |date=1990 |publisher=Sāʼūth Eshiyan Prinṭarz ainḍ Pablisharz |language=ur}}</ref> obtained his legal education, and began practicing law there, becoming one of Agra's successful lawyers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=حسىنى |first=شاهد، |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLo5AQAAIAAJ&q=%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88 |title=امر جىون |date=1964 |publisher=Anjuman Taraqqī Urdū Āndhrā Pardesh |language=ur}}</ref> Due to the formation of the [[Allahabad High Court]], he had to spend most of his time in Allahabad for work, so he moved his family there permanently and practiced law in both [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] and Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dheer |first=Kewal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HckGAQAAIAAJ&q=%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88 |title=Javāhir Lāl Nahrū |date=1968 |language=ur}}</ref>

The third son was [[Motilal Nehru]], who was deeply influenced by his elder brother, Nandlal Nehru. Since Nandlal was considered one of the best lawyers in Kanpur, Motilal started his practice there as his assistant. Motilal later became a famous lawyer in his own right. His son (Gangadhar's grandson), Jawaharlal Nehru, became the first Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-06 |title=Remembering Motilal Nehru, founder of the Nehru-Gandhi family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/motilal-nehru-959215-2017-02-06 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ḥaidarī |first=Karam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkoaAAAAMAAJ&q=%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1+%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88 |title=ملّت کا پاسبان |date=1981 |publisher=Qāʾid-i Aʻẓam Akādmī |language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1827 births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Gangadhar}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Gangadhar}}

Umayalpuram Mali

2026-02-28T02:55:28Z

Alejandra13P: put up biography

{{short description|Indian mridangam player}}
{{notability|Music|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Umayalpuram Mali''' is an Indian [[mridangam]] player.

== Early life ==
His parents are Kalyani and Jayaraman. He learned the mridangam from Kumbakonam Rajappa Iyer<ref name="Rajappa Iyer">{{cite news|title=Kumbakonam Rajappa Iyer|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/06/stories/2006010602940500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223701/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/06/stories/2006010602940500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|accessdate=23 October 2013|date=6 January 2006|first=S. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last=SIVAKUMAR}}</ref> and Umayalpuram Sivaraman.<ref>{{cite web|first=Guru-Shishya |last=Tree|title=Guru-Shisha Tree|url=http://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/guru-sishya-mridangists.html|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref> Kumbakonam Rajappa Iyer taught many mridangam players. The village Umayalpuram ([[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]) lies on the banks of the sacred [[Kaveri|Cauvery river]], in between the holy towns [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Thiruvayaru]]. It has produced many musicians of repute. Krishna Baghavathar and Sundara Bagavathar who lived during the 19th century were the direct disciples of Saint Thyagaraja. Several ''laya vidwans'' were popular, followed by Sri Umayalpuram Sivaraman.

== Career ==
Umayalpuram Mali has accompanied various musicians during his career, including [[T. Muktha]],<ref>{{cite news|first=T. |last=Mukta|title=T. Mukta|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003021401120400.htm&date=2003/02/14/&prd=fr&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131121230233/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003021401120400.htm&date=2003/02/14/&prd=fr&|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2013|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[T. Viswanathan]], Veena [[S. Balachander]],<ref name="S. Balachander">{{cite web|first=S. |last=Balachander|title=S. Balachander|url=http://www.imsom.org/events/19990409.html|publisher=Indian Music Society of Minnesota|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref> [[S. Kalyanaraman]], Veena [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]] and Veena [[Ranganayaki Rajagopalan]].<ref name="S. Balachander" /> Mali has provided mridangam accompaniment to composer Thanjavur Sankara Iyer on numerous occasions. He provided accompaniment to ''vidwans'' violin [[T.N. Krishnan]], [[Trichur Ramachandran]], Violin [[M. Chandrasekaran]], [[T.N.Seshagopalan]], [[T. V. Sankaranarayanan]], [[O.S.Thyagarajan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale University|url=http://artscalendar.yale.edu/month/2012-04-01?event=CAL-2c9cb3cd-362b7eb1-0136-a388d1a9-00001721bedework%40yale.edu_&tag_id=19|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref> [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]], [[Sudha Ragunathan]], [[Vijay Siva]], [[T.M. Krishna]] and others.

Mali participated in the programme "Rhythm Spectrum" conceived by his guru Sivaraman at the Music Academy, Chennai. The other participants were [[Mannargudi Easwaran]], K.V. Prasad and [[Erode Nagaraj]]. He participated in the "Laya Vinyasam" programme in Manamadurai along with mridangam ''vidwans'' [[T. K. Murthy]], [[Ramnad Raghavan]] and Tanjavur Ramadass.

Umayalpuram Mali toured widely and has performed in countries around the world and also on University assignments.

Mali was invited by [[Amherst College]] (Massachusetts, USA) to be a Scholar in Residence (2003). Mali was awarded the Copeland Fellowship (2006). Mali, in coordination with David Reck, conducted workshops and taught mridangam. He researched the topic of ‘The Role of Mridangam as an accompaniment in Carnatic Concerts'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amherst College|url=https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/news/news_releases/2006/05_2006/node/8811|publisher=Amherst College Music Department|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kutcheri Buzz - Amherst College|url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/kb-special/kb-features/347-umayalpuram-mali-with-american-students|publisher=kutcheri buzz website|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hindu Coverage|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/20/stories/2006012000230300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030228/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/20/stories/2006012000230300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|accessdate=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 Jan 2006}}</ref>

Harvard University invited him to be "Artiste in Residence" in 2010. Mali was awarded a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Fellowship]] in 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=United States - India Educational Foundation|url=http://www.usief.org.in/alumni-news/Mahalingam-Umayalpuram.html|publisher=United States - India Educational Foundation|accessdate=23 October 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051143/http://www.usief.org.in/alumni-news/Mahalingam-Umayalpuram.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fulbright Fellows list|url=http://www.cies.org/vs_scholars/2011-2012/alpha-list.htm#M)|publisher=Council for International Exchange of Scholars|accessdate=23 October 2013|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222547/http://www.cies.org/vs_scholars/2011-2012/alpha-list.htm#M)|url-status=dead}}</ref> and invited to Harvard. With Prof Richard Wolf,<ref>{{cite web|title=Concert with Prof. Wolf|url=http://www.music.fas.harvard.edu/performance.html|publisher=Harvard Music Department|accessdate=23 October 2013|archive-date=6 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006023544/http://www.music.fas.harvard.edu/performance.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mail researched 'The art of Improvisation'. Mali taught Harvard students the art of the mridangam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harvard Gazette|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/04/getting-students-to-perform/|publisher=Harvard Gazette|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref>

Mali released a CD titled ''Jack Wood'' that features Mali on mridangam and H. Subramaniam on Gethu Vadhyam. David Reck provided the lead music on the ''Veena''.

Mali has trained several students, many of whom are in the concert scene.

== Recognition ==
Umayalpuram Mali<ref>{{cite book|title=Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples, Shorter Version / Edition 3|date=January 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0495570103|page=192|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWsHAAAAQBAJ&dq=umayalpuram+mali&pg=PA192|author1=Jeff Todd Titon |author2=Timothy J. Cooley |author3=David Locke |author4=David P. McAllester |author5=Anne K. Rasmussen |accessdate=23 October 2013|chapter=South India Music}}</ref> won prizes and awards (‘Nadha Vallabha', ‘Kala Acharya Sironmani', ‘Kalaai Isai Sudaroli’ etc.) around the world. The Carnatic Association of Canberra, Australia bestowed upon him the title Kalaimani - Mridangam.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mali, Umayalpuram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kapoor family

2026-02-27T21:02:49Z

Alejandra13P: add formatting per standard format as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian film family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Kapoor Family
| image = The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting with Kapoor family at his residence, in New Delhi on December 11, 2024.jpg
| image_caption = Some members of the Kapoor family with the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in 2024
| origin = {{ubl
| [[Samundri]], British India
}}
| region = [[Mumbai]], India
| traditions = [[Punjabi Hindu]]s<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |author=Nirpal Dhaliwal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/feb/10/bollywood-bit-part-nirpal-dhaliwal |title=Nirpal Dhaliwal: My Bollywood bit part | Film |work=The Guardian |date=10 February 2011 |access-date=2014-07-13}}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC&pg=PA124 |title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation' |first=Sharmistha |last=Gooptu |date=29 October 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203843345 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmjv-IJymZsC&pg=PA181|title=Fashion Cultures: Theories, Explorations, and Analysis edited by Stella Bruzzi, Pamela Church}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2010/sep/09/remembering-an-icon-prithviraj-kapoor-185155.html|title=Remembering an icon: Prithviraj Kapoor|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>
| members = 
| distinctions =
| heirlooms = {{ubl|[[R. K. Films|R. K. Studio]]|[[Prithvi Theatre]]}}
| estate = {{Collapsible list|
* Krishna Raj Bungalow [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], India
* Rajbaug Farms, [[Loni Kalbhor]], India (formerly)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/raj-kapoors-home-to-house-a-museum/articleshow/11375675.cms |title=Raj Kapoor's home to house a museum – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 May 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Kapoor Haveli]], [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan (formerly)
}}
| meaning =
| footnotes = Active since 1929; Prithviraj Kapoor acted in ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931), the first talkie film of India
| otherfamilies = {{Collapsible list|
| [[List of Hindi film clans#Kapoor family (of Surinder Kapoor)|Surinder Kapoor family]]<ref name="Dawn">{{cite video |title=Talk Back: Eye On India (Interview with Anil Kapoor) Ep33 Pt1. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBKP-rpQmGw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/TBKP-rpQmGw |archive-date=2021-11-17 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |access-date=2012-08-23 |quote=I'm a Pathan's son... my father, my grandfather they were all Pathans from Peshawar...}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| [[Bachchan family]]<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/people/take-a-peek-at-the-business-political-landscape-of-marriages/nikhil-nanda-shweta-bachchan/slideshow/19118743.cms |title=Nikhil Nanda & Shweta Bachchan – Take a peek at the business & political landscape of marriages | The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2013-03-22 |access-date=2014-07-13 |archive-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110233547/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/people/take-a-peek-at-the-business-political-landscape-of-marriages/nikhil-nanda-shweta-bachchan/slideshow/19118743.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[List of Hindi film clans#Malhotra family|Malhotra family]]<ref name=scr>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020208/fcover2.html |title=Bina Rai: The good old days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227030830/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020208/fcover2.html |archive-date=2009-12-27 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=2002-02-08}}</ref>
| [[Pataudi family]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/what-sharmila-couldnt-do-in-her-time-kareena-manages-easily_5725.html |title=What Sharmila couldn't do in her time, Kareena manages easily |access-date=15 August 2013 |author=Sen, Shomini |date=13 October 2012 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
| [[List of Hindi film families#Agha family|Agha family]]
| [[List of Hindi film families#Sippy family|Sippy family]]
| [[Bhatt family]]
| [[List of Hindi film families#Behl family|Behl family]]
| [[Gohil dynasty]]
| Nanda family
| Shivdasani family
| Kendall family
| Sial family
}}
}}

The '''Kapoor family'''<ref name="cameo10" /><ref name="cameo21">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/movies/rishi-kapoor-dead.html |title=Rishi Kapoor, Leading Man From a Bollywood Dynasty, Dies at 67 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 April 2020}}</ref> is a prominent Indian show business family with at least four generations of the family over {{age|1929|range=no}} years being active in the [[Hindi film industry]].<ref name="cameo10" /> Numerous members of the family, both (biological) and those who have married into the family, have had prolific careers as actors, film directors and producers.<ref name="cameo10" /><ref name="cameo2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/flashback-at-90-a-kapoor-daughter-recalls-family-s-filmy-journey-from-peshawar-to-the-pinnacle/story-7Nxt7k4U9le8VfAZWNIm9L.html |title=Flashback at 90: A Kapoor daughter recalls family's filmy journey from Peshawar to the pinnacle |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 April 2018}}</ref> "The Pioneer" founder of the dynasty was "The Patriarch", [[Prithviraj Kapoor]],<ref name="cameo1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prithviraj-kapoor-birth-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-film-and-theatre-pioneer-2372101.html |title=Prithviraj Kapoor Birth Anniversary: Lesser Known Facts About the Film and Theatre |publisher=Daily Pioneer |date=3 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=cameo2/><ref name="cameo4">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/prithviraj-kapoor-birthday-349871-2016-11-03 |title=Remembering Prithviraj Kapoor: 10 facts you must know about the Father of Bollywood |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 November 2016}}</ref> who was the first member of family to begin acting in movies with his 1929 debut film ''Be Dhari Talwar''.<ref name="cameo6">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rishi-kapoor-shabana-azmi-remember-a-compassionate-human-on-113th-birth-anniversary-of-prithviraj-kapoor-the-man-who-started-it-all/story-8NHrWty6np6eJxKnA6KBFI.html |title=Rishi Kapoor, Shabana Azmi remember a compassionate human on 113th birth anniversary of Prithviraj Kapoor: 'The man who started it all' |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=3 November 2019}}</ref> He was a pioneer of [[Prithvi Theatres|Indian theatre]] and the founding member of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA).<ref name=cameo21/><ref name="cameo20">{{cite web |url=http://www.coolage.in/2013/04/14/pran-receives-dadasaheb-phalke-award |title=Pran receives Dadasaheb Phalke Award |publisher=Coolage.in |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212736/http://www.coolage.in/2013/04/14/pran-receives-dadasaheb-phalke-award |archive-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His son [[Raj Kapoor]] was the most influential actor and director in Hindi cinema.<ref name=cameo10/><ref name=cameo21/> The [[wikt:genesis|genesis generation]] or the earliest linear generation of the Kapoor [[family tree]] to ever act in the films was Prithviraj Kapoor's father, Basheshwarnath Kapoor, who debuted as actor in 1951 film ''[[Awaara]]'', which was produced, directed and starred in lead role by his grandson Raj Kapoor.<ref name=cameo1/><ref name=cameo2/><ref name="cameo3">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/want-to-go-to-pakistan-once-before-i-die/ |title='Want to go to Pakistan once before I die' |newspaper=The Dispatch |date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118192041/https://www.thedispatch.in/want-to-go-to-pakistan-once-before-i-die/ |archive-date=2021-01-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Due to their decades old participation in the Hindi film industry, the family is often called "The First Family of [[Bollywood]]".<ref name=cameo10/><ref name=cameo2/> Prominent personalities related to the Kapoor family through marriage include [[Kumari Naaz]], [[Jennifer Kendal]], [[Geeta Bali]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Babita]], [[Valmik Thapar]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]] and [[Alia Bhatt]].<ref name="indiamarks.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamarks.com/prithviraj-kapoor-to-kareena-kapoor-and-ranbir-kapoor/ |title=Prithviraj Kapoor to Kareena Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor |date=4 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805085551/http://www.indiamarks.com/prithviraj-kapoor-to-kareena-kapoor-and-ranbir-kapoor|archive-date=5 August 2017|access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Britannica.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/311774/Prithviraj-Kapoor |title=Prithviraj Kapoor (Indian actor) – Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/441304/showman-raj-kapoors-house-to-be-converted-into-museum |title=Showman Raj Kapoor's house to be converted into museum |date=23 September 2012 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

==Kapoor family tree==
{{Tree list}}
* Dewan Murli Mal Kapoor<ref name="cameo10">Madhu Jain, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l3heZ8I-k9AC&q=%22prithviraj+kapoor%22+and+%22surinder+kapoor%22 The Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema], [[Penguin Books]].</ref>
** Dewan Keshav mal Kapoor, m. Radha Kapoor (first wife) and Prem Kapoor (second wife)
*** Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, m. Vaishno Devi (first wife) and Channa Kapoor (second wife)
**** [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], m. Ramsarni Mehra
***** [[Raj Kapoor]], m. Krishna Malhotra
****** [[Randhir Kapoor]], m. [[Babita Kapoor]]
******* [[Karisma Kapoor]], m. [[Sunjay Kapur]] (divorced)
******** Samaira Kapur
******** Kiaan Raj Kapur
******* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], m. [[Saif Ali Khan]]
******** Taimur Ali Khan
******** Jeh Ali Khan
****** Ritu Kapoor Nanda, m. Rajan Nanda
******* [[Nikhil Nanda]] m. [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]]
******** Navya Naveli Nanda
******** Agastya Nanda
******* Nitasha Nanda
****** [[Rishi Kapoor]], m. [[Neetu Kapoor]]
******* [[Ranbir Kapoor]], m. [[Alia Bhatt]]
******** Raha Kapoor
******* Riddhima Kapoor Sahni, m. Bharat Sahni
******** Samara Sahni
****** Rima Kapoor Jain, m. Manoj Jain
******* Armaan Jain, m. Anissa Malhotra Jain.
******** Rana Jain
******* Aadar Jain, m. Alekha Advani Jain
****** [[Rajiv Kapoor]], m. Aarti Sabharwal (divorced)
***** [[Shammi Kapoor]], m. [[Geeta Bali]] (first wife) and Neila Devi (second wife)
****** [[Aditya Raj Kapoor]], m. Priti Kapoor
******* Tulsi Kapoor
******* Vishwapratap Kapoor, m. Saili Kapoor
****** Kanchan Desai, m. Ketan Desai
******* Raj Rajeshwari Desai
******* Pooja Desai
***** [[Shashi Kapoor]], m. [[Jennifer Kendal]]
****** [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1959)|Kunal Kapoor]], m. Sheena Sippy (divorced)
******* [[Zahan Kapoor]]
******* Shaira Laura Kapoor
****** [[Karan Kapoor]], m. Lorna Kapoor
******* Aliya Kapoor
******* Zach Kapoor
****** Sanjana Kapoor, m. Valmik Thapar
******* Hamir Thapar
***** Urmila Kapoor Sial, m. Charanjit Sial
****** Jatin Sial, m. Kavita Sharma Sial
******* Myra Sial
******* Ammeya Sial
****** Anuradha Kheta, m. Prakash Kheta
******* Priyanka Kheta
******* Nushka Kheta
****** Namita Kapur, m. Vicky Kapur
******* Vibha Kapur
******* Anisha Kapur
****** Priti Grover, m. Sandeep Grover
******* Nainika Grover
******* Sukriti Grover
****** Mandhir Siyal
***** Devinder Kapoor (died during infancy)
***** Ravinder Kapoor (died during infancy)
***** Shanta Kapoor Dhawan, m. Chander P. Dhawan
**** [[Trilok Kapoor]]
***** [[Vijay Kapoor]], m. Veena Kapoor
****** Sanjay Kapoor, m. Anju Kapoor
****** Ajay Kapoor, m. Neelam Kapoor
****** Anuradha Kapoor
***** Vicky Kapoor
**** Kailash Kapoor, m. C. Kakkar
***** [[Subbiraj|Subbiraj Kakkar]], m. Kumari Naaz (Anuradha)
****** Girish Kakkar
****** Gauri Kakkar
**** Prem Mehra, m. Prithvi Chand Mehra
***** Naval Mehra, m. Anne-Marie Mehra
****** Neville Andrew Mehra
****** Christina Minner
***** Vijay K. Mehra, m. Ruth Mehra
***** Sabita Khanna
***** Kiran Seth, m. Vipin Seth
****** Vikram Seth
****** Mrinal Seth
**** Amarnath Kapoor
**** Vishwanath (Vishi) Kapoor
**** Lt. Col. Ramesh Kapoor
*** Diwan Shambhu Nath Kapoor
**** [[Surinder Kapoor]], m. Nirmal Kapoor
***** [[Boney Kapoor]], m. [[Mona Shourie Kapoor|Mona Shourie]] (first wife) and [[Sridevi]] (second wife)
****** [[Arjun Kapoor]]
****** Anshula Kapoor
****** [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
****** [[Khushi Kapoor]]
***** [[Anil Kapoor]], m. Sunita Bhavnani
****** [[Sonam Kapoor Ahuja]], m. Anand Ahuja
******* Vayu Ahuja
****** [[Rhea Kapoor]], m. [[Karan Boolani]]
****** [[Harshvardhan Kapoor]]
***** [[Sanjay Kapoor]], m. Maheep Sandhu
****** Shanaya Kapoor
****** Jahaan Kapoor
***** Reena Kapoor Marwah, m. Sandeep Marwah
****** Mohit Marwah, m. Antara Motiwala Marwah
******* Thea Marwah
******* a son (name undisclosed)
****** Akshay Marwah, m. Ashita Relan
*** Ram Pyari Khanna
**** Dharambir Khanna
***** Ashok Khanna, m. Baby Khanna
****** Kirran Ashok Khanna, m. Monga Khanna
***** Banshi Khanna
***** Mohan Khanna
*** Ram Rakhi Mehra
*** Kaushaliya Khanna
{{Tree list/end}}

==Photos of the notable members of the family==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:Prithviraj Kapoor in the film Ek Raat.jpg|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
File:Trilok Kapoor.jpg|[[Trilok Kapoor]]
File:Raj Kapoor 1950.jpg|[[Raj Kapoor]]
File:Shashi Kapoor during a media interaction at 36th IFFI, 2005.jpg|[[Shashi Kapoor]]
File:Shammi Kapoor at the launch of Shammi Kapoor Unplugged (cropped).jpg|[[Shammi Kapoor]]
File:Signed photo of movie actor Randhir Kapoor (1).jpg|[[Randhir Kapoor]]
File:Rishi Kapoor.jpg|[[Rishi Kapoor]]
File:Rajeev Kapoor at Green Carpet of IIFA Rocks 2016 (cropped).jpg|[[Rajiv Kapoor]]
File:Neetu Singh.jpg|[[Neetu Kapoor]]
File:Kapoor Women (cropped).jpg|[[Babita Kapoor]]
File:Kunal Kapoor, 2020.jpg|[[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1959)|Kunal Kapoor]]
File:Karan Kapoor in January 2020.jpg|[[Karan Kapoor]]
File:Sanjana-Kapoor.jpg|[[Sanjana Kapoor]]
File:Valmik thapar 200.jpg|[[Valmik Thapar]]
File:Shweta Bachchan Nanda at Timekeepers Chopard event.jpg|[[Shweta Bachchan]]
File:KarismaKapoor02.jpg|[[Karisma Kapoor]]
File:Kareena Kapoor in 2018.jpg|[[Kareena Kapoor]]
File:Saif Ali Khan attends the opening of the Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre (cropped).jpg|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
File:Ranbir Kapoor at the trailer launch of Shamshera.jpg|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]
File:Alia Bhatt 2016.jpg|[[Alia Bhatt]]
File:Zahan Kapoor in February 2020.jpg|[[Zahan Kapoor]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[Kapoor Haveli]]
* [[List of Indian film families]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news |title=Indian cinema@100: 35 fun facts about the Kapoors of Bollywood |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-35-fun-facts-about-the-kapoors-of-bollywood-360233 |publisher=NDTV |date=29 April 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503025840/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-35-fun-facts-about-the-kapoors-of-bollywood-360233 |url-status=dead |ref=none}}
* [https://www.junglee.org.in/ The Kapoor Family Site by - Shammi Kapoor] (by [[Shammi Kapoor]])
{{Kapoor family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor Family}}
[[Category:Kapoor family| ]]
[[Category:Hindi film families]]
[[Category:People from Faisalabad District]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Punjabi families]]

Vishaya

2026-02-13T13:43:00Z

Alejandra13P:

{{Short description|Historical administrative unit of India}}
{{not to be confused|Visayas}}
A '''vishaya''' ([[IAST]]: '''Viṣaya''') was a historical administrative unit of India, generally equivalent to a modern [[district]].<ref name="ASAltekar_1949">{{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |title=State and Government in Ancient India |orig-year=1949 |year=2002 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120810099 |page=215 }}</ref>

Several other terms for units equivalent to a modern district appear in historical inscriptions, including ''āhāra'', ''rashtra'' (''rāṣṭra''), ''maṇḍala'', and ''deśa''. The exact meaning of these terms varies by the period, the ruling dynasty, and the region. For example:<ref name="DCSircar_1965">{{cite book |author=D.C. Sircar |title=Indian Epigraphy |orig-year=1965 |year=2017 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120841031 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceDuDwAAQBAJ |pages=378–382 }}</ref>

* In the early medieval inscriptions of [[Bengal]] region:
** Paranayi-''vishaya'' is mentioned as a part of the [[Samatata]]-''mandala''
** Gokalika-''mandala'' is mentioned as a part of the Kotivarsha-''vishaya''
** Khadi-''vishaya'' is another name for Khadi-''mandala''
* Some inscriptions mention units with multiple designations, such as ''[[Gopa Rashtra|Gopa-rashtra]]-vishaya'' and ''[[Kheda|Khetak-ahara]]-vishaya'' (presumably, the territory called "Gopa" was formerly designated as a ''rashtra'' and then re-designated as a ''vishaya'').
* Sometimes, a ''vishaya'' referred to a subdivision larger than a district.

The governor of a ''vishaya'' was called a ''vishaya-[[Pati (title)|pati]]'' or a ''vishayadhyaksha''.<ref name="ASAltekar_1949"/> A ''vishaya'' was often included in a larger subdivisions such as a ''bhukti'' ([[province]]). It was often divided into smaller units such as a ''bhoga''.<ref name="DCSircar_1965"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladesh-hist-stub}}
{{India-hist-stub}}

[[Category:Types of administrative division]]

Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial

2026-02-12T10:06:57Z

Alejandra13P: reworked section for consistency and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|1917 U.S. federal trial of Indian nationalist conspirators}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}

The '''Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial''' commenced in the [[United States district court|U.S. District Court]] in [[San Francisco]] on November 12, 1917, following [[Annie Larsen affair|the uncovering]] of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]] (also known as the Indo-German plot) for initiating a revolt in [[British Raj|British India]]. It was part of a wave of such incidents which took place in the United States after [[American entry into World War I|its entrance]] into [[World War I]]. The trials came after pressure from the United Kingdom to suppress the [[Indian independence movement]] abroad.

In May 1917, a group of [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalists]] of the [[Ghadar Party]] were indicted by a federal [[grand jury]] on charges of conspiring to form a military enterprise against the United Kingdom from the United States, and violating US neutrality laws. The trial lasted from November 20, 1917, to April 24, 1918, and resulted in the convictions of 29 people, including 14 Indian nationalists. The British authorities hoped the conviction of the Indians would result in their deportation back to India.

Had the nationalists been deported to India, they would have faced much harsher sentences, including execution. The [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]] in British India, which sparked the trials in the United States, resulted in the convictions of 291 Indian nationalists, of which 42 were executed and 114 received life terms. In contrast, the Indian nationalists convicted in the San Francisco trial received prison terms ranged from 30 days to 22 months.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1918-05-01 |title=Article clipped from The San Francisco Examiner |pages=13 |work=The San Francisco Examiner |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner/128452942/ |access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref>

Ultimately, strong public sympathy in favor of the Indians resulted in the [[US Department of Justice]] choosing not to deport them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dignan |first=Don K. |date=1971 |title=The Hindu Conspiracy in Anglo-American Relations during World War I |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637829 |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=65 |doi=10.2307/3637829 |issn=0030-8684|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Hindu–German Conspiracy|Annie Larsen affair}}

From 1915 to 1917, the British government repeatedly requested that the United States government suppress the activities of [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar Party]] in the US. However, these requests were turned down, as nothing in US law prevented the Indians from seeking to overthrow the British government. The British ambassador, [[Cecil Spring Rice]], was reluctant to press the matter diplomatically, fearing the political fallout at a time when Britain was working to end US neutrality and bring it into the war on the side of the Allies. Shortly before the outbreak of [[World War I]], the Ghadar intellectual, [[Lala Hardayal]], was arrested for anarchist activities and left the US before he could be deported. With other Indian Nationalists in Europe, he enlisted the aid of Germany, who believed supporting a revolt in India would weaken the United Kingdom. In 1915, Germany offered the Indian nationalists financial aid for transporting arms and Indians back to India via the United States.

The British government claimed that the United States was violating its neutrality with Britain by allowing Germany to conspire with the Indians on American soil. The first of several arrests of the Indian nationalists were made in the spring of 1917 with one hundred and five people of various nationalities being arrested. Eventually, thirty-five were tried for conspiracy, including nine Germans, nine Americans, and seventeen Indians.

During the war, [[Nativism (politics)|nativists]] in the United States were expressing hostility toward certain minority groups (especially [[Far left|radicals]] and recent [[immigrants]]), viewing anything un-American with suspicion. By 1917, Germans were the object of much American nativist fervor. Fear of German subversion and conspiracies ran rampant throughout the US after the [[Black Tom explosion]] and the [[Kingsland explosion]], both suspected to have been caused by German agents. Thus by being linked to Germany in a conspiracy, the Indian Nationalists should have been the recipients of the same hostility. Although calls for their deportation were made by government officials after the Hindu-German conspiracy trial, none of the Indian Nationalists were deported.

===The arrests===
[[File:Ernst Sekunna %26 Chandra Charkraberty LOC 16116290023.jpg|thumb|Ernst Sekunna and Chandra Chakraverty]]The arrests started in March 1917, with Chandra Kanta Chakraverty "a thin-faced, falsetto-voiced Hindu, a native of Bengal, and a speaker of many languages", and the German, Ernst Sekunna, being arrested on charges of conspiracy. Most of the others were arrested on April 8, including Franz Bopp, the German Consul General for San Francisco, E. H. von Schack, Deus Dekker and [[Wilhelm von Brincken]]. The Indian Nationalists were accused of taking "advantage of American neutrality to plot on American soil against the allies" at "the expense of the laws and hospitality of the United States". The two men had also taken out trade names to do business as ''The Oriental Society'', ''The Oriental Kitchen'', and the ''Oriental Review'', and purchased {{convert|200|acre|km2}} of land in an isolated part of New York State.

==The trial==
[[File:Bhagwan Singh Gyanee in 1916.jpg|thumb|Bhai Bhagwan Singh around the time of his arrest in San Francisco in connection with the Hindu-German Conspiracy of 1917]]

The Hindu German conspiracy trial started in San Francisco on November 20, 1917. Despite attempts to focus on the machinations of the German agents, the Indians presented their position in terms of the ideals of the [[American Revolution]]. As the trial started, Jodh Singh, an Indian "whose testimony sent nine men, including his brothers to their death and condemned a score to life imprisonment in the Far East," pleaded with the court for an American square deal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chakraberty|first=Chandra|title=New India, Its Growth and Problems|year=1950|publisher=Vijoyakrishna Bros.|location=Calcutta|oclc=2236849|page=47}}</ref> The British had brought Singh to the United States to testify against his fellow Indian Nationalists. He pleaded guilty to the conspiracy charges and was to be a government witness in this trial. But when he took the witness stand, he suddenly refused to testify. He asked to change his plea to stand trial with his "brothers" in an American court. The judge refused his request.

The ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' described the courtroom during the testimony of one of the government witnesses:

{{Blockquote|The tense scene found its climax when four or five of the Hindoo defendants rose to their feet shouting, "That is not right—it is wrong," when Interpreter Gould translated one of the witness' answers. "Sit down—keep your seats," ordered Judge Van Fleet, "the Court will protect your rights—" "Have justice—this is a farce—give us justice," cried the Hindoos as deputy marshals started toward them. Your counsel will protect your rights," said Judge Van Fleet ... "But your honor," replied [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee|Bhagwan Singh]], one of the alleged chief defendants, "our counsel cannot understand our language."<ref>''San Francisco Chronicle'', 6 December 1917</ref>}}

The Indians were placed into custody for the remainder of the trial following claims that they had been harassing witnesses by following them and attempting to bribe them. When Dr. Chakraverty's extensive confession was delivered, "the diminutive Hindoo was the target for dark glances from this fellow defendants, the subject of excited whisperings and the recipient of several notes from the Hindoos." One of the defendants even stuffed a wad of paper down Chakraverty's neck. To these notes and "to the dark scowls of his countrymen, Chakraverty responded with a broad grin." Chakraverty was followed by several of the Hindu defendants when he left court.

A woman who gave evidence in the trial described how she had met two of the Ghadar activists, [[Taraknath Das]] and [[Lala Hardayal]], when all three were at [[Stanford University]]. One wanted to "transform her into a modern [[Joan of Arc]], leading the Indians in intrigue against the British." The other wished to "inspire her to be an idealist and a teacher in India." Evidence was also produced of money paid to two American women by HarDayal in an attempt to "lure women to Europe to assist the revolutionists." The prosecution also suggested that Taraknath Das had used Camille de Berri, to store a bomb manual in her safety deposit box. When she was finally located she was revealed to be the [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] divorcee of a wealthy mining expert and who had recently remarried. Her new husband had been suspended from the [[University of California]], upon graduating, for petty pilfering from gymnasium lockers. De Berri had come to his rescue by heading a special investigating committee to look into the affair and then by testifying as an alibi witness for him.

The defense attorney attempted to argue the accused's beliefs placed them squarely within American ideals. The opening address to the jury denounced the British Government's rule in India, declaring that the whole case was being tried at the initiation of Britain. Copies of Ram Chandra's Ghadar Party paper were produced quoting liberty appeals by [[Patrick Henry]], [[George Washington]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], and President [[Woodrow Wilson]].
[[File:The Hindoo-German Conspiracy Trial.png|left|thumb|News report on the trial in San Francisco Chronicle; April 24, 1918]]
The trial ended with a sensational climax when [[Ram Chandra Bharadwaj]], one of the main accused, was shot to death in the courtroom by fellow defendant, Ram Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 1918 |title=WHERE MURDER CAPPED CLIMAX OF HINDOO ROMANCE |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/san-francisco-chronicle/30280062/ |access-date=January 26, 2025 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |pages=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the incident, which occurred just after the court announced a recess:

[[File:Enemy Activities - Arrests of Alien Enemies - Arrest of Alien Enemies in U.S.A. - J.B. Holohan who killed Ram Singh, slayer of Rah Chandra, in the San Francisco court room in Hindu conspiracy trial - NARA - 31477807.jpg|thumb|US Marshal James H. Holohan]]

{{Blockquote|Ram Chandra arose and started across the room. Ram Singh also arose. He raised his revolver and began firing. Ram Chandra staggered forward and fell dead before the witness chair, with a bullet in his heart and two others in his body!

While Singh still pressed the trigger of his automatic pistol, he, too, was shot and killed by [[United States Marshal]] James H. Holohan, who fired across the room over the heads of attorneys.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 1918 |title=TWO HINDUS SLAIN IN FEDERAL COURT; Ram Singh Shoots Ram Chandra and Marshal Holohan Instantly Shoots Singh. OFFICIAL'S AIM REMARKABLE Twenty-nine of the Defendants in India Revolution Case Are Found Guilty. Marshal's Shot Remarkable. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1918/04/24/archives/two-hindus-slain-in-federal-court-ram-singh-shoots-ram-chandra-and.html |access-date=January 26, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>}}

Chandra had been murdered because it was believed he had been diverting nationalists' funds to his own use. A week later, the judge found the defendants guilty of violating the neutrality of the United States. The Indians, "students and revolutionists, several of them highly educated" were sentenced to prison terms ranging from 30 days to twenty-two months.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[George Rodiek]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Resources===
* Gower, Karla K., [http://list.msu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A3=ind9709d&L=AEJMC&E=7BIT&P=3267393&B=--&T=TEXT%2FPLAIN;%20charset=US-ASCII "The Hindu-German Conspiracy: An Examination of the Framing of Indian Nationalists in Newspapers from 1915-1918"]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XOIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanics+September+1932+airplanes&pg=PA409 "Secrets Of The Master Spy"], September 1932, ''Popular Mechanics''
* "[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014086/1918-04-24/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=04%2F10%2F1918&index=1&date2=04%2F29%2F1918&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=HINDUS+TRIAL&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=trial+of+hindu+&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 Tragic Climax in Trial of Hindus]", ''Norwich Bulletin''. (Norwich, Conn.), 24 April 1918. ''Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers''. Library of Congress.
* "[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1918-04-24/ed-1/seq-10/#date1=04%2F10%2F1918&index=5&date2=04%2F29%2F1918&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Hindu+Hindus+trial+Trial+trials&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=trial++hindu+&dateFilterType=range&page=1 Jury Convicts 29 Tried for Plotting]", ''Evening Star''. (Washington, D.C.), 24 April 1918. ''Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers''. Library of Congress.
* [http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1918-04-28/ed-1/seq-30/ "Hindu Pawns Lost in Kaiser's Game of Empire]", ''New-York Tribune''. (New York [N.Y.]), 28 April 1918. ''Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers''. Library of Congress.

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial}}
[[Category:1917 in California]]
[[Category:1917 in United States case law]]
[[Category:November 1917 in the United States]]
[[Category:1910s trials]]
[[Category:1910s in San Francisco]]
[[Category:20th-century American trials]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy|Trial]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:United States in World War I]]
[[Category:Trials in California]]
[[Category:United States District Court for the Northern District of California cases]]

Shipsy Rana

2026-02-11T07:24:18Z

Alejandra13P: put up a data

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shipsy Rana
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| known for = ''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]''
| years_active = 2018–present
}}

'''Shipsy Rana''' is an Indian [[Television in India|television]] actress. She is known for her playing Rukhsar Sheikh in ''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lucknow-is-amazing-say-tv-actresses-gunn-kansara-and-shipsy-rana/articleshow/66303686.cms |title=Lucknow is amazing, say TV actresses Gunn Kansara and Shipsy Rana |date=22 October 2018 |website=Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow-live/20181009/281543701877670 |title=TV stars in Lucknow |date=9 October 2018 |via=[[PressReader]]|work=Hindustan Times }}</ref> She won [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]] for her role in Ishq Subhan Allah in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018: Complete list of winners|date=2018-12-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|title=ITA Awards 2018 winners list: Surbhi Chandna, Divyanka Tripathi, Harshad Chopda win big|date=2018-12-12|website=Indian Today}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role!! Notes
|-
|2018–2020 || ''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]'' || Rukhsar Sheikh || Debut, Antagonist
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2018
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actor In Negative Role (Female)]]
|[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|12329713}}
*{{Instagram|shipsyrana06}}

{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Huhtamaki PPL

2026-02-10T10:35:34Z

Alejandra13P: starting some article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian multinational company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
'''Huhtamaki PPL''' Limited or HPPL (formerly: The Paper Products Limited) is an Indian multinational company specializing in flexible [[packaging industry|packaging]] and packaging solutions,{{Buzzword inline|date=June 2020}} founded in 1935 in [[Lahore]]. In 1999, the company became part of [[Huhtamäki]] Oyj, Finland.<ref name="profit.ndtv.com">{{Cite web |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/huhtamaki-ppl-ltd_paperprod/reports |title=Huhtamaki PPL: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Huhtamaki PPL |publisher=NDTVProfit.com |access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref> It has been involved in the field of packaging for over 80 years.

The company has its registered office in [[Mumbai]], India; and as of 2016, has 14 manufacturing locations across India and sales offices in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/IN/Huhtamaki_PPL_Ltd_en_1627491.html |title=Huhtamaki PPL Ltd. Company Profile |publisher=EMIS |access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

The company manufactures flexible laminates, films, specialized pouches, cartons, tube laminates, labels, shrink sleeves, rotogravure cylinders, packaging machinery etc. It caters to customers across sectors ranging from food and beverages, personal care to pharmaceuticals, industrial products etc.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pplpack.com/about-us.html |title=About Us |publisher=Huhtamaki PPL Ltd. |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was founded in 1935 as ‘The Paper Products Limited’ by Mr. Sardarilal Talwar. The company's first assignment was converting paper into paper products for the British Army Dairy, thus starting flexible packaging.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In the 1960s, the company moved from manufacturing packaging products using paper to using [[cellophane]]-based products for bread and biscuit packs, along with twist wraps.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In the 1980s, it started polymer-based packaging and created material for commercial use in the form of flexible packaging.<ref name="about"/>

== Huhtamaki-PPL Timeline ==
* 1935 - Established in Lahore as The Paper Products Ltd (PPL)<ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/huhtamakippl/history/PP#PP|title=Huhtamaki PPL > Company History > Packaging > Company History of Huhtamaki PPL - BSE: 509820, NSE: PAPERPROD|website=www.moneycontrol.com|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>
* 1950 - PPL goes public and is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange.<ref name="profit.ndtv.com"/>
* 1960 - Flexible laminate Plant – I commissioned at Thane
* 1996 - Flexible laminate Plant – II commissioned at Silvassa
* 1998 - Flexible laminates & carton manufacturing Plant – III with takeover & extensive refurbishing of A&R Packaging at Hyderabad
* 1999 - PPL becomes a member of Huhtamaki Packaging Worldwide
* 2006 - Flexible laminate Plant – IV commissioned at Rudrapur
* 2007 - High-end pouching solutions{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}} commence at Silvassa
* 2010 - New Thane plant
* 2012 - Acquisition of majority stake in Webtech, niche player in premium labels
* 2014 - Capability and capacity expansion at Silvassa plant
* 2014 - The Paper Products Ltd is renamed as Huhtamaki PPL Limited (HPPL)<ref name="moneycontrol.com"/>
* 2015 - Positive Packaging Industries Limited becomes part of HPPL
* <ref name="about" /> Huhtamaki PPL sold its Thane Majiwada Based Plant land to Phoenix Mall for 429 Crores.

== Products ==
The company offers solutions{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}} such as Flexible Packaging, Specialised Pouches, Thermoforms, Shrink Sleeve Solutions{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}}, Decorative Packaging, Value added cartons and Security Solutions{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}} and Promotions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/IN/Huhtamaki_PPL_Ltd_en_1627491.html|title=EMIS|last=|first=|date=|website=www.emis.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>

== Awards ==
HPPL has received several awards (as The Paper Products Ltd); recent ones being:
* Kelkar Memorial Award 1994 for Technical Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/company/huhtamaki-ppl-ltd/summary/1106|title=Latest Huhtamaki ppl ltd information at www.indiainfoline.com|website=www.indiainfoline.com|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>
* Worldstar 2013 for Pure Magic Canister<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstar.org/sites/default/files/2013%20Winners%20list%20by%20country.pdf|title=worldstar.org|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Worldstar 2014 for Horlicks Shrink Sleeves<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstar.org/sites/default/files/2014%20Beverage%20Winners.pdf|title=worldstar.org|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Parent company ==
[[Huhtamaki]], headquartered in [[Espoo]], Finland is a global packaging manufacturer and supplier for various applications. Its primary outputs include [[carton]]s and [[food container|containers for foods]] and other consumer goods, [[disposable tableware]] and films and laminates for uses such as adhesives, plasters and labels.

It has 71 manufacturing units in 34 countries and a support staff of 15,800 globally.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.huhtamaki.com/-/huhtamaki-expands-the-joint-venture-relationship-in-arabian-paper-products-company |title=Huhtamaki expands the joint venture relationship in Arabian Paper Products Company - Huhtamaki - News |publisher=Huhtamaki Group |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref> Its net sales in 2015 were approximately €2.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.huhtamaki.com/-/huhtamaki-enters-the-folding-carton-packaging-business-in-europe |title=Huhtamaki enters the folding carton packaging business in Europe |publisher=Huhtamaki Group |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Packaging companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1935]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1935]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1950s initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Finland–India relations]]

Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh

2026-02-06T13:54:43Z

Alejandra13P: put up stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarangpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.57|N|76.47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 410
| population_total = 37,435
Muslim-49%
Hindu-50%
Others-1%
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 465697
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP-39]]-MP
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Sarangpur''' is a city and [[tehsil]] in [[Rajgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is situated at the bank of the river [[Kali Sindh]].

Sarangpur is a town in Sarangpur Tehsil in Rajgarh District of Madhya Pradesh, India. It belongs to Bhopal Division. It is located 65 km south of the District Headquarters Rajgarh. It is a tehsil headquarters. Sarangpur's [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] is 465697 and postal head office is Sarangpur.
Taleni (4 km), Taraganj (5 km), Tarlakhedi (5 km), Kachhikhedi (5 km), Balodi (6 km) are the nearby villages to Sarangpur. Sarangpur is surrounded by Sarangpur Tehsil to the north, Shajapur Tehsil to the south, Nalkheda Tehsil to the west, and Shujalpur Tehsil to the south. Sarangpur, Pachore, Shajapur, and Shujalpur are the nearby cities to Sarangpur. It is on the border of the Rajgarh District and [[Shajapur district|Shajapur District]]. Shajapur District Moman Badodia is west of this city .Sarangpur is represented by [[Sarangpur Assembly constituency]] (no. 164) in madhya pradesh vidhan sabha.

==Geography==
Sarangpur is located at {{Coord|23.57|N|76.47|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Sarangpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sarangpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 410 metres (1345 feet).

==History==
Sarangpur is counted on the list of oldest historical places. [[Baz Bahadur]] and Rani Rupmati ruled the city; they were the rulers of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandwa]], Madhya Pradesh. The war between Baz Bahadur and Akbar the Great also occurred in Sarangpur. In that war, Akbar defeated Baz Bahadur and ruled the city. There was also a battle held at Sarangpur in which Rajput king Rana Kumbha of Mewar attacked Malwa sultan [[Mahmud Khalji]] who was joined by Ahmed Shah, the sultan of Gujarat, leading to Rajput victory over the [[Malwa Sultanate]].
[[Mahmud Khalji|Sultan Mahmud Khilji]] was taken prisoner after this battle<ref>Har Bilas Sarda "Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar pg 27"</ref>

==Demographics==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sarangpur had a population of 37,435. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Sarangpur has an average literacy rate of 74.54%, higher than the national average of 69.32%: male literacy is 81.79%, and female literacy is 66.87%. In Sarangpur, 14.67% of the population is under six years of age.

==Known for==
* Baz Bahadur and Rani Rupmati's Tomb: the symbol of their love is a famous tourist place in this town.
* Jama Masjid of Sarangpur is one of the largest and oldest mosque in India.
.{{Need Citation|date=July 2021}}
* Kapileshwar Mandir is an ancient temple situated in the middle of [[Kali Sindh River]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kapileshwar Mahadev Temple-Sarangpur {{!}} District Rajgarh, Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://rajgarh.nic.in/en/tourist-place/kapileshwar-mahadev-temple-sarangpur/|access-date=2021-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Shah Manjhan]], medieval Islamic scholar
*Tomb of Pir Mithhe Shah Wali located near Eidgah is also a prominent religious place.

==Transport==
Bus service is available in Sarangpur. Sarangpur is serveced by Agra Mumbai National Highway ( formerly NH3) now renamed as NH 52. It is 126 km from [[Indore]], the business capital of Madhya Pradesh. It is 160 km from [[Bhopal]], the capital. [[Sarangpur railway station]] is situated on [[Indore–Gwalior line]] under the [[Bhopal railway division]] of [[West Central Railway zone]].

==References==
<references/>

{{Bhopal Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajgarh district]]
[[Category:Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Star World (India)

2026-02-01T15:11:59Z

Alejandra13P:

{{short description|Defunct Indian entertainment channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star World India
| logo = STAR World.svg
| logo_size = 180px
| logo_caption = Logo used from 2008 to 2023.
| launch_date = {{Launch date and age|df=y|1991|12|15}}
 {{Start date and age|df=yes|2011|4|15}} (HD)
| closed_date = {{End date and age|df=y|2023|03|15}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| network = [[Disney Star]]
| owner = [[The Walt Disney Company India]]
| country = India, Pakistan
| area = Indian subcontinent
| language = English
| headquarters = Mumbai
| sister_channels = [[Disney Star#Owned channels|Disney Star Channels]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-world|Star World}} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
'''Star World''' (stylized in all capital letters) was an Indian [[pay television]] [[Television channel|channel]] owned by [[The Walt Disney Company India]], a company wholly owned by [[The Walt Disney Company]]. During its tenure it had mainly telecast shows from multiple Disney-owned studios such as [[FX Productions]], [[ABC Signature]], and [[20th Television]]. Its programming was content that would appeal to the 14 to 35-year-old urban population, with 24-year-old working professionals being its primary target demographic.

==History==
'''Star World''' was first launched in India on 15 December 1991 as a flagship feed of [[Star World|Star World Asia]]. Then known as '''StarPlus''', it was the product of a partnership between [[Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific|Star TV]] and [[Essel Group|Zee Telefilms]]. In order to avoid competition within, the contract between the two conglomerates clearly encased the territories of operation for both networks: StarPlus exclusively aired English programming, with [[Zee TV]] being its [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] counterpart. However, on facing severe losses and very little market growth, Star violated the terms of the contract by slowly incorporating more and more Hindi programming into its schedule. Zee took Star to court over violation of the non-competing clause and shortly after that Star's partnership with Zee was dissolved on 30 June 2000.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Consequently, Star TV split Star Plus' beam into two, in effect, providing two separate services for different regional audiences within Star TV's footprint. [[Disney Star|Star India]] took over the reins of the network in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Middle East]], which enabled the channel to provide appropriate programming at accessible viewing time for audience across different regions of Asia. Subsequently, [[StarPlus]] was transformed into a Hindi-language general entertainment channel, with Star World becoming the network's English-language GEC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equitymaster.com/detail.asp?date=10/01/1999&story=7&title=Zee-Life-after-Star-and-vice-versa|title=Zee: Life after Star, and vice-versa|website=Equity Master|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711061120/https://www.equitymaster.com/detail.asp?date=10/01/1999&story=7&title=Zee-Life-after-Star-and-vice-versa|archive-date=11 July 2020|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

Initially, the channel followed a scheduling format similar to [[List of United States over-the-air television networks|American networks]], with new episodes of shows being aired on a weekly basis, a few days after their US telecast. This was altered in early-2010 to shows being aired on a daily basis Weekdays (Monday-Friday), to consolidate the channel's core viewership and appeal to the population of India. Thereafter, programming was classified into weekdays, weekends and late night slots, with new shows being brought in on a monthly basis throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joshi|first=Mitra|title=STAR World alters programming schedule to suit Indian taste|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/25761_star-world-alters-programming-schedule-to-suit-indian-taste|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711094322/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/25761_star-world-alters-programming-schedule-to-suit-indian-taste#bypass-sw|archive-date=July 11, 2020|work=Afaqs}}</ref>

The channel's high-definition feed was launched on 15 April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Nyay|title=Star TV India Launches Five HD Channels|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-tv-india-launches-five-179068|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307042424/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-tv-india-launches-five-179068|archive-date=7 March 2014|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Close down ===
On 16 October 2021, Disney announced that it would close down Star World and [[Star World Premiere HD]], following similar decisions taken worldwide to close down English general entertainment channels.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 16, 2021|title=Breaking News: Disney Star India exits English general entertainment; Star World, Star World HD and Star World Premiere HD to go off air by November 30|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/10/disney-star-india-exits-english-general-entertainment-star-world-star-world-hd-and-star-world-premiere-hd-to-go-off-air-by-november-30/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> This will leave its youth channel [[Disney International HD]], which consists of live action Disney Channel programming the only English entertainment channel from the broadcaster. The shutdown was delayed several times and Star World resorted into showing ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'' most of the day in order to pass time till its shutdown, while Star World Premiere HD would air the show 24/7.

The channels were eventually closed on 15 March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Disney Star brings curtains down on English GECs; launches 9 new channels: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2023/03/disney-star-brings-curtains-down-on-english-gecs-launches-9-new-channels |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=www.bestmediainfo.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of programmes broadcast by Star World}}
Star World primarily airs popular shows from the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.

Star also holds exclusive broadcast, as well as streaming rights to all of [[List of HBO original programming|HBO's original programming]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Nyay|title=Fox's Star India Strikes Exclusive Deal for HBO Originals|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/foxs-star-india-hbo-content-845061|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802090156/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/foxs-star-india-hbo-content-845061|archive-date=2 August 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

===Programming blocks===
'''Star World Weekend Binge'''

On 25 April 2015, Star World launched its weekend special programming block known as the ''Star World Weekend Binge''. The block's main features included the latest episodes critically acclaimed shows, airing throughout the day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/star-world-to-launch-new-property-star-world-weekend-binge/|title=Star World to launch new property 'Star World Weekend Binge'|date=1 April 2015|work=Television Post|accessdate=5 April 2016|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416192101/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/star-world-to-launch-new-property-star-world-weekend-binge/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="1.01">{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/star-world-unveils-line-up-for-weekend-binge/|title=Star World unveils line-up for 'Weekend Binge'|date=17 April 2015|work=Television Post|accessdate=5 April 2016|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416164120/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/star-world-unveils-line-up-for-weekend-binge/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/ar-world-unleashes-marketing-blitzkrieg-for-weekend-binge-150422|title=Star World unleashes marketing blitzkrieg for 'Weekend Binge'|date=22 April 2015|work=Indian Television|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>

'''Star World Now Trending'''

On 21 September 2016, Star World introduced a new programming block called ''Star World Now Trending'' where the latest seasons of the most popular American shows were aired. Highlights included ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]'', ''[[The Blacklist]]'', ''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]'', ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]'', ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]'', ''[[Prison Break]]'', ''[[Awkward (TV series)|Awkward]]'' and ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bestmediainfo.com/2016/08/star-world-now-trending-has-over-eight-new-primetime-shows/|title='Star World Now Trending' has over eight new primetime shows|date=31 August 2016|work=Best Media Info|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref>

'''Star World 10 Tickles'''

Star World introduced a weeknight one-hour comedy block called ''Star World 10 Tickles'' on 4 October 2016.<ref name="comedy">{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/star-world-india-to-launch-two-new-comedies-in-october-2016|title=Star World India to launch two new comedies in October|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=12 September 2016|work=Biz Asia|accessdate=6 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009070005/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/star-world-india-to-launch-two-new-comedies-in-october-2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Black-ish]]'' and ''[[New Girl]]'' were the first shows to be aired on this block. Later, the block was extended to weekends in November 2016 where the latest seasons of shows like ''[[2 Broke Girls]]'', ''[[Speechless (TV series)|Speechless]]'', ''[[Modern Family]]'' and ''[[Son of Zorn]]'' were aired.

'''Shows That Are Gonna Explode (STAGE)'''

''STAGE'' was launched in June 2019, to air underrated shows with potential on weeknights at 10 pm, within a fortnight of their US broadcast. The initial catalog of shows for this block included ''[[Warrior (TV series)|Warrior]]'', ''[[True Detective]]'', ''[[The Passage (TV series)|The Passage]]'', ''[[Pose (TV series)|Pose]]'', ''[[Succession (TV series)|Succession]]'' and ''[[Fosse/Verdon]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/industry-briefing-news/star-world-brings-stage-a-programming-slot-for-tv-shows-from-across-world-97472.html|title=Star World brings S.T.A.G.E, a programming slot for TV shows from across world|date=3 June 2019|work=Exchange4Media|accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/star-world-looks-to-boost-10-pm-slot-with-drama/|title=Star World looks to boost 10 pm slot with drama|date=2 June 2019|work=Televisionpost|accessdate=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729082208/https://www.televisionpost.com/star-world-looks-to-boost-10-pm-slot-with-drama/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|http://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-world}}

{{STAR}}

[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1991]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2023]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

List of ambassadors of the United States to India

2026-01-25T08:06:00Z

Alejandra13P:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Ambassador
| body = the United States of America to the Republic of India
| insignia = Seal of the United States Department of State.svg
| insigniasize = 120
| insigniacaption = Seal of the [[United States Department of State]]
| department = Department of State
| image = Sergio Gor, official portrait (2025).jpg
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Sergio Gor]]
| incumbentsince = January 14, 2026
| style =
| residence =
| appointer = [[President of the United States|The president]]
| appointer_qualified = {{nowrap|{{small|with the [[advice and consent]] of the [[United States Senate|Senate]]}}}}
| termlength =
| inaugural = George R. Merrell (as Chargé d'affaires ''ad interim'')
| formation = November 1, 1946
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| deputy =
| website = {{url|in.usembassy.gov}}
| flag = Flag of a United States ambassador.svg
| flagcaption = Flag of a United States ambassador
}}

The '''United States of America ambassador to the Republic of India''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[United States]] in [[India]]. The U.S. ambassador's office is situated at the [[Embassy of the United States, New Delhi|U.S. Embassy in New Delhi]].

On October 7, 2025, [[Sergio Gor]] was confirmed as ambassador by the Senate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carney |first=Jordain |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/10/07/congress/more-noms-confirmed-00597290 |title=Senate confirms largest bloc yet of Trump nominees |date=October 7, 2025 |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=October 12, 2025}}</ref>

==Chiefs of mission to India==
===U.S. ambassadors to the Dominion of India (1947–1950)===
President [[George Washington]], on November 19, 1792, nominated Benjamin Joy of Newbury Port as the first American Consul to [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata) and later commissioned Joy to that office on November 21, 1792.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kolkata.usconsulate.gov/about_the_consulate.html |title=U.S. Consulate General Kolkata |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025091257/http://kolkata.usconsulate.gov/about_the_consulate.html |archive-date=2015-10-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Status
! Title
! Appointment
! Credentials presented
! Termination of mission
! Notes
|-
| [[Henry F. Grady]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| April 10, 1947
| July 1, 1947
| Left post, June 22, 1948
| Accredited also to [[Nepal]]; resident at New Delhi.
|-
| [[Loy W. Henderson]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| July 14, 1948
| November 19, 1948
| Re-accredited when India became a republic; presented new credentials February 24, 1950
| Commissioned during a recess of the Senate; recommissioned after confirmation on March 2, 1949. Also accredited to Nepal; resident at New Delhi.
|-
|}

===U.S. ambassadors to the Republic of India (1950–present)===
[[File:The US Ambassador to India, Mr. Richard Verma meeting the Union Minister for Women and Child Development, Smt. Maneka Sanjay Gandhi, in New Delhi on February 20, 2015.jpg|thumb|Ambassador [[Richard Verma]] meeting with [[Maneka Gandhi]] in 2015]]
[[File:President Trump and the First Lady in India (49609323811).jpg|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] and First Lady [[Melania Trump]] with Ambassador [[Kenneth Juster]] at the [[Embassy of the United States, New Delhi|U.S. Embassy in New Delhi]] in 2018]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Status
! Title
! Appointment
! Credentials presented
! Termination of mission
! Notes
|-
| [[Loy W. Henderson]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
|
| February 24, 1950
| September 21, 1951
| Reaccredited when India became a republic; presented new credentials Feb 24, 1950; left post Sep 21, 1951; commissioned during a recess of the Senate; recommissioned after confirmation on Mar 2, 1949. Also accredited to Nepal; resident at New Delhi.
|-
| [[Chester Bowles]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| October 10, 1951
| November 1, 1951
| Left post, Mar 23, 1953
| Also accredited to Nepal; resident at New Delhi.
|-
| [[George V. Allen]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| March 11, 1953
| May 4, 1953
| Left post, November 30, 1954
| Also accredited to Nepal; resident at New Delhi.
|-
| [[John Sherman Cooper]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| February 4, 1955
| April 9, 1955
| Left post, April 23, 1956
| Also accredited to Nepal; resident at New Delhi.
|-
| [[Ellsworth Bunker]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| November 28, 1956
| March 4, 1957
| Left India, March 23, 1961
| Also accredited to Nepal; resident at New Delhi. Commissioned during a recess of the Senate; recommissioned after confirmation on January 25, 1957.
|-
| [[John Kenneth Galbraith]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| March 29, 1961
| April 18, 1961
| Left post, Jul 12, 1963
|
|-
| [[Chester Bowles]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| May 3, 1963
| July 19, 1963
| Left post, April 21, 1969
|
|-
| [[Kenneth B. Keating]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| May 1, 1969
| July 2, 1969
| Left post, July 26, 1972
|
|-
| [[Daniel P. Moynihan]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| February 8, 1973
| February 28, 1973
| Left post, January 7, 1975
|
|-
| [[William B. Saxbe]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| February 3, 1975
| March 8, 1975
| Left post, November 20, 1976
|
|-
| [[Robert F. Goheen]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| April 26, 1977
| May 26, 1977
| Left post, December 10, 1980
|
|-
| [[Harry G. Barnes Jr.]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| October 1, 1981
| November 17, 1981
| Left post, June 27, 1985
|
|-
| [[John Gunther Dean]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| August 2, 1985
| September 6, 1985
| Left post November 7, 1988
|
|-
| [[John R. Hubbard]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| November 22, 1988
| December 27, 1988
| Left post November 15, 1989
| Commissioned during a recess of the Senate.
|-
| [[William Clark Jr. (diplomat)|William Clark Jr.]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| October 10, 1989
| December 22, 1989
| Left post, July 2, 1992
|
|-
| [[Thomas R. Pickering]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| April 6, 1992
| August 14, 1992
| Left post, March 23, 1993
| [[Kenneth Brill]] served as Chargé d'affaires ''ad interim'', March 1993 – August 1994.
|-
| [[Frank G. Wisner]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| June 9, 1994
| August 2, 1994
| Left post, July 12, 1997
|
|-
| [[Richard Frank Celeste]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| November 10, 1997
| November 28, 1997
| Left post April 25, 2001
|
|-
| [[Robert Blackwill]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| July 12, 2001
| September 14, 2001
| Left post July 31, 2003
|
|-
| [[David Campbell Mulford]]
| Non-career officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| December 12, 2003
| February 23, 2004
| Left post January 15, 2009<ref>{{cite web | url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/mulford-david-campbell | title=David Campbell Mulford - People - Department History - Office of the Historian }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Peter Burleigh]]
| Foreign Service officer<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/burleigh-albert-peter|title=Albert Peter Burleigh - People - Department History - Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref>
| Chargé d'affaires
| January 15, 2009
|
| August 11, 2009
|
|-
| [[Tim Roemer]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| July 23, 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2009/05/obama_names_amb.html|title=Obama names ambassador nominees|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref>
| August 11, 2009
| Left post June 30, 2011
|
|-
| [[Peter Burleigh]]
| Foreign Service officer<ref name="auto"/>
| Chargé d'affaires
| July 1, 2011
|
| April 19, 2012
|
|-
| [[Nancy Jo Powell]]
| Foreign Service officer
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| February 7, 2012
| April 19, 2012
| May 21, 2014
|
|-
|[[Kathleen Stephens]]
| Foreign Service officer (interim)
| Chargé d'affaires
| May 22, 2014
| June 6, 2014<ref >{{cite web | title=United States Chargé d'Affaires, Ambassador Kathleen Stephens, Arrives in New Delhi | website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India | date=6 June 2014 | url=https://in.usembassy.gov/united-states-charge-daffaires-ambassador-kathleen-stephens-arrives-in-new-delhi-2/ | access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>
|January 16, 2015
|Assumed position after resignation of [[Nancy Jo Powell]].
|-
| [[Richard Verma]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| December 12, 2014
| January 16, 2015
| January 20, 2017
| First U.S. Ambassador to India of [[Indian American|Indian origin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rich-verma-confirmed-as-us-ambassador-to-india/article1-1294981.aspx|title=Rich Verma confirmed as US ambassador to India - Hindustan Times|date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210045223/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rich-verma-confirmed-as-us-ambassador-to-india/article1-1294981.aspx |accessdate=20 May 2023|archive-date=10 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[MaryKay Carlson]]
| Foreign Service officer (interim)
| Chargé d'affaires
| January 20, 2017
|
| November 15, 2017
| Assumed office after Ambassador Richard Verma demitted office following President Trump's inauguration on January 20.
|-
| [[Kenneth Juster]]
| Non-career appointee
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
| November 3, 2017
| November 23, 2017
| January 20, 2021
|
|-
| [[Donald Heflin]]
| Foreign Service officer (interim)
| Chargé d'affaires
| January 20, 2021
|
| April 30, 2021
|Minister-Counselor for Consular Affairs.{{efn|Deputy chief of mission [[Edgard Kagan]] was appointed Senior Director for East Asia and Oceania at the U.S. National Seucity Council in January 2021.}}
|-
|[[Daniel Bennett Smith]]
|Foreign Service officer (interim)
|Chargé d'affaires
|April 30, 2021
|
|June 29, 2021
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appointment of Ambassador Daniel Smith as Chargé d'Affaires at Embassy New Delhi|url=https://www.state.gov/appointment-of-ambassador-daniel-smith-as-charge-daffaires-at-embassy-new-delhi/|access-date=August 12, 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Appointment of Ambassador Atul Keshap as Chargé d'Affaires at Embassy New Delhi|url=https://www.state.gov/appointment-of-ambassador-atul-keshap-as-charge-daffaires-at-embassy-new-delhi/|access-date=August 12, 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Atul Keshap]]
| Foreign Service officer (interim)
| Chargé d'affaires
| June 29, 2021
|
| September 9, 2021
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakshman |first1=Sriram |last2=Haidar |first2=Suhasini |title=Seasoned South Asia diplomat Atul Keshap appointed next U.S. Chargé D'affaires in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/seasoned-south-asia-diplomat-atul-keshap-appointed-next-charg-daffaires-at-us-embassy-in-new-delhi/article35039452.ece |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=29 June 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[Patricia A. Lacina]]

| Foreign Service officer (interim)
| Chargé d'affaires
| September 9, 2021
|
| October 24, 2022
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Patricia Lacina assumes office as Chargé d'Affaires at US Embassy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/patricia-lacina-assumes-office-as-charg%C3%A9-daffaires-at-us-embassy/2157607 |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[A. Elizabeth Jones]]
| Foreign Service officer (interim)
| Chargé d'affaires
| October 24, 2022
|
| April 11, 2023
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/appointment-of-ambassador-elizabeth-jones-as-charge-daffaires-ad-interim-at-embassy-new-delhi/ | title=Appointment of Ambassador Elizabeth Jones as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim at Embassy New Delhi }}</ref>
|-
|[[Eric Garcetti]]
|Non-career appointee
|Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
|March 15, 2023
|May 11, 2023
|January 20, 2025
|In July 2021, [[Joe Biden]] nominated Garcetti. When the nomination expired in 2023, Biden once again nominated Garcetti.
|-
|Jorgan K. Andrews
|Foreign Service officer (interim)
|Chargé d'affaires
|January 20, 2025
|
|October 11, 2025
|
|-
|[[Sergio Gor]]
|Non-career appointee
|Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
|October 7, 2025
|January 14, 2026
|''Incumbent''
|
|}

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm United States Department of State: Background notes on India]
*{{StateDept}}

==Sources==
*Brands, H. W. ''Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire 1918-1961 (1991)'' pp 196–230; Loy Henderson was US Ambassador, 1948–51

===Primary sources===
*{{cite book|author=Bowles, Chester|title=A View from New Delhi: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1963-1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSSEly5x7rIC|year=1969|publisher=Yale U.P.|isbn=0300105460}}, US ambassador 1951-53 and 1963–69
* Galbraith, John K. ''Ambassador's journal: a personal account of the Kennedy years'' (1969) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMVAAAAAIAA online], he was US ambassador to India 1961-63
*U.S. Department of State. '' Foreign Relations of the United States'' (''FRUS''), many volumes of primary sources; the complete texts of these large books are all online. See [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments Guide to FRUS]. For example, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971'' was published in 2005 and [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v11 is online here]. The most recent volumes are ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972'' (2005) [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07 online here] and ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–8, Documents on South Asia, 1973–1976'' (2007) [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve08 online here]. Included are the most important cables sent by the ambassador to Washington.

==See also==
*[[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.]]
*[[India–United States relations]]
*[[List of ambassadors of India to the United States]]
*[[Foreign relations of India]]
*[[Ambassadors of the United States]]

==External links==
{{commons category|Ambassadors of the United States to India}}
*{{official website|https://in.usembassy.gov/}}

{{US Ambassadors to India}}
{{Ambassadors and High Commissioners to India}}
{{Ambassadors of the United States}}

[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of the United States|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|United States]]

Mime Madhu

2026-01-13T11:27:07Z

Alejandra13P:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1977)}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date= December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mime Madhu
| image = Mime Madhu.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Arusam Madhusudhan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|10|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hanamkonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India (now in [[Telangana]], India)
| occupation = Actor, Mime Trainer
| alma_mater = University of Hyderabad
| years_active =
| parents = Odelu, Vinodha
| spouse = {{marriage|Sabrina Anastasio|2016}}
| children = Lalitha Rose
| website = {{url|www.indianmimeacademy.com}}
}}
'''Arusam Madhusudan''', popularly known as '''Mime Madhu''', is an actor known for his work in Telugu films and mime trainer. He won Ustad Bismillah Khan Sangeeth Nataka Academy Award in 2007, Nandi Award for Best Actor in theater in 2002.<ref name="Art is eternal, says Arusam Madhusudhan aka ‘Mime Madhu’">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |first1= |title=Art is eternal, says Arusam Madhusudhan aka 'Mime Madhu' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/art-is-eternal-says-arusam-madhusudhan-aka-mime-madhu/article28550593.ece |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924183525/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/art-is-eternal-says-arusam-madhusudhan-aka-mime-madhu/article28550593.ece |archive-date=24 September 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="The art of speaking without words">{{cite news |work=The Pynr |first1= |title=The art of speaking without words |url=https://pynr.in/article/the-art-of-speaking-without-words |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209073446/https://pynr.in/article/the-art-of-speaking-without-words |archive-date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Madhu was born on 6 October 1977 in [[Hanamkonda]], India to Odelu and his wife Vinodha. He done M.P.A (Master of Performing Arts) at the Sarojini Naidu School of Performing Arts, [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Mime in the time of memes">{{cite news |work=Telangana Today |title=Mime in the time of memes |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mimicry-in-the-time-of-memes |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209071918/https://telanganatoday.com/mimicry-in-the-time-of-memes |archive-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> Madhu is married to Sabrina Anastasio, classical dancer-turned-puppeteerin 2016 and They have a daughter Lalitha Rose.<ref name="This Warangal artiste vows to turn Telangana into the hub of mime art {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=This Warangal artiste vows to turn Telangana into the hub of mime art {{!}} Hyderabad News |work= Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/this-warangal-artiste-vows-to-turn-telangana-into-the-hub-of-mime-art/articleshow/59097329.cms |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209072256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/this-warangal-artiste-vows-to-turn-telangana-into-the-hub-of-mime-art/articleshow/59097329.cms |archive-date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="All in good mime">{{cite news |work=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=All in good mime |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/190218/all-in-good-mime.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209072548/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/190218/all-in-good-mime.html |archive-date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|- style="background:#ffc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Aakashavaani]]''
| Rangadu
|-
|''[[Gaali Sampath]]''
| Mahankali
|-
|2022
|''[[Chor Bazaar (film)|Chor Bazaar]]''
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Balagam (2023 film)|Balagam]]''
|Mogilayya
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona]]''
|
|-
|''[[Nindha]]''<ref name="Varun Sandesh starrer Nindha to have its OTT release on this date">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Varun Sandesh starrer Nindha to have its OTT release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/04/varun-sandesh-starrer-nindha-to-have-its-ott-release-on-this-date |access-date=14 January 2025 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=4 September 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>
|Krishna Kanth
|-
|''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''
|Villager
|-
|''[[Keshava Chandra Ramavath]]''
|Bheemla Nayak
|-
|2025
|''[[Eesha (film)|Eesha]]''
|Punyavathi
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network
|-
|2006
|''[[Chakravakam (TV serial)|Chakravakam]]''
|Ganesh
| rowspan="3" |[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2008
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|Shiva Ram
|-
|2013
|''[[Sravana Sameeralu]]''
| Vishal
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|12983069}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian mimes]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]

Vibha Dadheech

2026-01-12T04:21:23Z

Alejandra13P: put up new data

{{short description|Indian classical dancer (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox dancer
| honorific_prefix = Dr
| name = Vibha Dadheech
| image = Dr._Vibha_Dadheech.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Vibha Dadheech performing ‘Khandita Nayak’ at Jaipur Kathak Kendra, Kathak Mahotsav 2014
| full_name =
| birth_name = Vibha Rani Gupta
| birth_date = 12 March 1954
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Kathak Dancer, Kathak Scholar, Author, Educationist
| years_active = since 1963
| current_group =
| former_groups =
| dances = [[Kathak]]
| website =
}}

'''Vibha Dadheech''' (born 12 March 1954) is an Indian classical dancer in the [[Kathak]] dance form. She began learning Kathak from Raigarh Court dancer Pt. Firtu Maharaj, and later in Guru Shishya Parampara from Pt. [[Shambhu Maharaj]] as a ganda bandh shagird, living and learning at her guru’s home.<ref name=DB>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/indore/news/life-time-achievement-award-for-artist-dr-vishwa-dadhich-030205-3492335.html|title=कलाकार डॉ. विभा दाधीच को लाइफ टाइम अचीवमेंट अवॉर्ड|date=24 December 2018|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> She is also the senior-most disciple and wife of [[Puru Dadheech]]. Together they founded the Natavari Kathak Nritya Academy, Indore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/celebrating-a-guru-1502782187.html|title=Celebrating a Guru|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=26 July 2019}}</ref> Currently, Vibha Dadheech is serving as Professor Emeritus at world’s first dedicated Kathak Research centre at the [[Sri Sri University]], The Sri Sri Centre for Advanced Research in [[Kathak]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.patrika.com/indore-news/kathak-dancer-padmashree-dr-puru-dadhich-5699953/|title= गुरु ने कहा था, कथक के शास्त्र की खोज करो, उसी में जुटा हुआ हूं : डॉ. दाधीच | Kathak Dancer Padmashree Dr. Puru Dadhich|date= 28 January 2020}}</ref>

Vibha graduated in 1988 with a doctorate PhD in Kathak from [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]] Khairagarh. Her topic for research was Dance Hand Gestures - Bharatiya Nritya ki Varnamala: Hast Mudrayen. Which include more than 1100 hand gestures with their definitions from approximately 23 shastra granthas. The research is also a published book by the same title.<ref name="Sangeet Galaxy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in/detail.php?unid=17|title=Sangeet Galaxy|website=www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113195845/http://www.sangeetgalaxy.co.in/detail.php?unid=17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dadheech has been felicitated with India’s highest award to a performing artist, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and Madhya Pradesh's highest Civilian Award The Shikhar Samman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/shikhar-samman-for-swayam-prakash-rahat-indori-lata-munshi-24-others/articleshow/72116760.cms|title=Shikhar Samman for Swayam Prakash, Rahat Indori, Lata Munshi & 24 others|date=19 November 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref>

She was awarded the Senior Fellowship from the Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India in Kathak for the year 2011–12.<ref name=Min>{{cite web| url=http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Schemes/fellowship%202011-12.pdf | title=List of Selected Candidates for the Award of Junior and Senior Fellowships for 2011-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423124859/http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Schemes/fellowship%202011-12.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-23}}</ref>

She is an author and published her research book Bharatiya Nritya ki Varnamala: Hast Mudrayen (ABC of Indian Dance Gestures) in Hindi language. Hardcover - 2003 {{ISBN|978-8190105712}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Buy BHARTIYA NRITYA KI VARNMAALA HAST MUDRAYEN (The ABC of Indian Dance Hand Gestures) in Hindi Book Online at Low Prices in India | BHARTIYA NRITYA KI VARNMAALA HAST MUDRAYEN (The ABC of Indian Dance Hand Gestures) in Hindi Reviews & Ratings - Amazon.in|id={{ASIN|819010571X|country=in}}}}</ref> Her book has also been prescribed as reference book for the Bachelor level of Dance syllabus at Devi Ahilya University, Indore.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/public/frontassets/syllabus/UGPGAnnualSyllabus/DanceBhratnatayam.pdf | language=hi | title=Dance Bhratnatayam}}</ref>

Vibha has received the Life-time Achievement Award 2015 at the 25th Gopi Krishna Mahotsav, Mumbai for serving Kathak for over 50 years.<ref name=DB/> She collaborated with 40 other artists to create Kala Arpan that was launched by Sri Ravi Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title='Kala Arpan' an offering by 40 maestros of Indian classical art at launch of WFAC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/kala-arpan-an-offering-by-40-maestros-of-indian-classical-art-at-launch-of-wfac/story-xivmJ3tMz2KmXe6itdVIuO.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Family==

Vibha was born to noted Gandhian freedom fighter Shri Bhramarji Gupta and Purna Gupta at [[Bilaspur, Madhya Pradesh|Bilaspur]] (then [[Madhya Pradesh]]). She is the youngest of four siblings and is married to the Kathak dancer and educationist [[Puru Dadheech]]. She has two sons and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गुरु ने कहा था, कथक के शास्त्र की खोज करो, उसी में जुटा हुआ हूं : डॉ. दाधीच |date=28 January 2020 |url=https://www.patrika.com/indore-news/kathak-dancer-padmashree-dr-puru-dadhich-5699953/ |language=hi}}</ref>

==Education==
* Doctorate in Kathak 1988 from [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]] Khairagarh <ref name="Sangeet Galaxy"/>
* Kathak under Guru Shishya Parampara from Pt. Firtu Maharaj and Pt. [[Shambhu Maharaj]]

==Awards==

* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] Akademi Puraskar for 2021 (SNA)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/annoucement/1669376114_Akademi%20Main%20Awards%20for%20the%20year%202019,%202020%20&%202021.pdf | title=Announcement of Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna) | access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref>
* Shikhar Samman 2018 - Madhya Pradesh's highest civilian award (for excellence in Kathak dance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.classicalclaps.com/shikhar-samman-to-classical-dancers-shuchitra-harmalkar-vibha-dadheech-and-lata-munshi/|title=Shikhar Samman to Classical Dancers Shuchitra Harmalkar, Vibha Dadheech and Lata Munshi|date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
* Senior Fellowship 2011 by Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India<ref name=Min/>
* Lifetime Achievement Award 2015 for serving Kathak for over 50 years, at 25th Gopi Krishna Mahotsav<ref name=DB/>

==Books==

* BHARTIYA NRITYA KI VARNMAALA HAST MUDRAYEN (The ABC of Indian Dance Hand Gestures) {{ISBN|978-8190105712}}
* NRITYA NIBANDH, Bindu Prakashan 2009 {{ISBN|81-901057-6-0}}
* GAT NIKAS - KATHAK NRITYA KA APARIHARYA ANG, Bindu Prakashan. Researched under Senior Fellowship by [[Ministry of Culture (India)]], 2019.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadheech, Vibha}}
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Atomic Forest

2025-12-31T15:35:26Z

Alejandra13P: created basic stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian rock band}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Atomic Forest
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| alias =
| origin = [[Bombay]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[Hard rock|heavy Rock]]
| years_active = 1971–1981
| label = [[Music India]], [[Now-Again Records]]
| website = 
| current_members =
| past_members = * [[Neel Chattopadhyaya]]
* [[Madhukar C. Dhas|Madhukar Dhas]]
* [[Keith Kanga]]
* [[Valentine Lobo]]
* Jerry DeMoss
* Abraham Mammen
* Glen Gilbanks
* [[Dheena Chandra Dhas]]
* Jimi
* Ritchie
* Cedric
* Bosco Monsorate
* Rajneesh Duggal
* Dhanraj Skau
* Zubin Balaporia
* [[Bunty Duggal]]
* [[Nandu Bhende]]
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Atomic Forest''' was a popular Indian psychedelic and hard rock band from [[Mumbai|Bombay]], active in the 1970s, formed by Neel Chattopadhyaya, with Keith Kanga, Valentine Lobo and [[Madhukar C. Dhas]]. The band's lineup changed over the years, as members left and others took their place. It was thought that they had recorded a single album, ''Obsession '77,'' However, since 2011, two new LPs have been reissued by Now-Again Records, Obsession,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rathbone |first1=Oregano |title=FALLOUT BOYS - Record Collector Magazine |url=https://recordcollectormag.com/articles/fallout-boys |website=Record Collector Magazine |publisher=Record Collector Magazine |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and Disco Roar (a rediscovered first-album).

==Background==
Atomic Forest only recorded one album, which was not released until after the band had dissolved, in 1981.<ref>''[[The Caravan]]'', 1 July 2012 - [https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/flashback-forest-sound Flashback | Forest of Sound An author reflects on hazy days in the Bombay rock scene - Simon Frank]</ref>
''Obsession 77'' was re-released in January 2011 by [[Now-Again Records]], a Los Angeles-based label. It caught the attention of collectors<ref>{{cite web |last1=Egon |title=Unearthing Five Lost Gems From Psychedelic India |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/130588826/unearthing-five-lost-gems-from-psychedelic-india |website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR Music |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> as it was the only psychedelic rock album that was ever produced in India.<ref>''[[The Hindu]]'', 28 December 2012 - [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/atomic-forest/article4248851.ece MUSIC, Atomic Forest - By JANAKI LENIN]</ref>
The group also featured in Abhimanyu Kukreja's rockumentary, ''Evolution of Indian Rock''.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=scroll.in | url=https://scroll.in/reel/934324/rockumentary-film-chronicles-the-highs-and-lows-of-indian-rock-through-eight-decades | title='Rockumentary' film chronicles the highs and lows of Indian rock through eight decades | first=Devarsi | last=Ghosh | date=24 August 2019 | accessdate=2 January 2023}}</ref> The band is also famously known for performing with English rock band [[Led Zeppelin]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=July 2015|first=Rob Hughes 23|title=Led Zeppelin in India: the true story behind the secret Bombay sessions|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/passage-to-india-the-true-story-of-zeppelin-s-secret-bombay-sessions|access-date=2020-08-01|website=loudersound|language=en}}</ref>

==Members==

=== Original Atomic Forest line-up ===

* '''Neel Chattopadhyaya:''' guitars
* '''Madhukar C. Dhas:''' vocals
* '''Keith Kanga:''' bass
* '''Valentine Lobo:''' drums

=== First phase of subsequent members ===

* '''Glen Gilbanks''': vocals
* '''Keith Kanga''': bass
* '''Jerry DeMoss''': drums
* '''Abraham Mammen''': guitars

=== Second phase of subsequent members (around 1976) ===

* '''Dheena Chandra Dhas''': vocals
* '''Abraham Mammen''': guitars
* '''Jerry DeMoss''': drums
* '''Keith Kanga''': bass

=== Third phase of subsequent members (until around 1979–1980) ===

* '''Dheena Chandra Dhas''': vocals
* '''Jimi''': guitars
* '''Ritchie''': bass
* '''Cedric''': drums

This lineup would later change their name around 1980, to become the band "Hope" and they became backing band for the rock opera "Tommy", in which Dheena would also act.

=== Other members ===

* '''Bosco Monsorate''': guitars
* '''Rajneesh Duggal''': Drums.
* '''Dhanraj Skau''': Guitars
* '''Zubin Balaporia''': Keyboards
* '''Bunty Duggal''': Rhythm Guitar & Vocals
* '''Nandu Bhende''': vocals

=== Notes ===

* '''Keith Kanga''': Stopped playing after finger paralysis, continued exclusively as the band's manager.

[[Madhukar C. Dhas|Madhukar Dhas]] joined the band in 1971.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Breznikar|first=Klemen|author-link=Klemen Breznikar |date=10 September 2012|title=Atomic Forest interview with Madhukar Dhas (aka Madooo)|url=https://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2012/09/atomic-forest-interview-with-madhukar.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426113028/http://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2012/09/atomic-forest-interview-with-madhukar.html|archive-date=26 April 2017|access-date=24 December 2020|website=[[It's Psychedelic Baby! Magazine]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Also that year, Jazz musician Joe Alvarez played with the band at Blow-up in the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]].<ref>''[[Mid-Day]]'', 30 Apr 2015 - [https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-jazz-musicians-recall-their-first-performances/16175160 Famous Personalities, Mumbai's Jazz musicians recall their first performances, Joe Alvarez by Suprita Mitter]</ref>

[[Nandu Bhende]], a former member of the group, died of a heart attack on 18 May 2014.<ref name=":0" /><ref>''Mid Day'', 19 May 2014 - [https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-rockstar-a-tribute-to-mumbais-rock-legend-nandu-bhendu/15224095 The Rockstar: A tribute to Mumbai's rock legend Nandu Bhendu]</ref><ref>Indian Bands Hub - [https://indianbandshub.blogspot.com/2018/10/atomic-forest.html Atomic Forest (1)]</ref><ref>DAS FRÖHLICHEWOHNZIMMER - [http://www.dfw.at/1/dinosaurs.htm Dinosaurs: "Sinister Purpose" (1970)(3)]</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Albums
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Title
! scope="col" | Label
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes #
|-
! scope="row" | ''Obsession '77''
| [[Music India]] 2392 580
| 1981
| LP Produced by [[Sharon Prabhakar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Obsession''
| [[Now-Again Records]] NA 5087
| 2011
| 2LP Compilation
|-
! scope="row" | ''Disco Roar''
| Now-Again Records NA 5188LP
| 2019
| LP
|-
|}
<ref>[[Discogs]] - [https://www.discogs.com/artist/1079846-Atomic-Forest Atomic Forest, Discography]</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''[[It's Psychedelic Baby! Magazine]]'', 10 Sep 2012 - [http://www.psychedelicbabymag.com/2012/09/atomic-forest-interview-with-madhukar.html Atomic Forest interview with Madhukar Dhas (aka Madooo) - Interview made by Klemen Breznikar]
* ''Rolling Stone'', ''India'', 21 Apr 2012 - [https://rollingstoneindia.com/seventies-obsession-mumbais-atomic-forest-and-the-original-hipster-era/ Seventies Obsession: Mumbai’s Atomic Forest And The Original Hipster Era by Rahul Verma]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nowagainrecords.com/atomic-forest-disco-roar/ Now-Again Records: Atomic Forest - Disco Roar]
* [https://www.nowagainrecords.com/atomic-forest-obsession/ Now-Again Records: Atomic Forest - Obsession]
* [https://indianbandshub.blogspot.com/2018/10/atomic-forest.html Indian Bands Hub: Atomic Forest]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/1079846-Atomic-Forest Discogs: Atomic Forest]

[[Category:Indian rock music]]
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Indian psychedelic rock music groups]]
[[Category:Indian progressive rock groups]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Now-Again Records artists]]

Gujarat Gramin Bank

2025-12-27T06:17:52Z

Alejandra13P: Made - done

{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in Gujarat, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Gujarat Gramin Bank
| logo = Ggb logo.png
| logo_size = 400
| caption =
| native_name = '''ગુજરાત ગ્રામીણ બેંક'''
| native_name_lang = gu
| image =
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]
| traded_as =
| predecessor = *Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank
*Saurashtra Gramin Bank
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2025|05|01}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| location_city = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Gujarat]]
| key_people = '''Mr. Yogesh Agrawal''' (Chairman)
| industry = [[Financial]] [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
| products = {{ubl|[[Retail banking]]|[[Corporate banking]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s| [[Private banking]]|[[Insurance]] }}
| production =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)
[[Government of Gujarat]] (15%)
[[Bank of Baroda]] (35%)
| num_locations = 744 Branches
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{ubl|{{URL|https://ggb.bank.in/}}|{{URL|https://bggbib.barodarrb.co.in/}}}}
| footnotes =
}}

The ''' Gujarat Gramin Bank'''<ref>{{cite web | author1=DeshGujarat | title=Gujarat Gramin Bank to come up through merger of Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank and Saurashtra Gramin Bank; DeshGujarat | work=DeshGujarat | date=8 April 2025 | url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/04/08/gujarat-gramin-bank-to-come-up-through-merger-of-baroda-gujarat-gramin-bank-and-saurashtra-gramin-bank/}}</ref> ({{langx|gu|ગુજરાત ગ્રામીણ બેંક}}) is an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[Gujarat]] established on 1 May 2025.<ref>Govt of India Notification CG-DL-E-07042025-262329 dated 07 April 2025 issued by the Department of Financial Services</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Govt announces 'One State, One RRB' implementation from May 1, 2025 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/industry/banking/govt-announces-one-state-one-rrb-implementation-from-may-1-2025-125040800039_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of Baroda Gujarat Bank and Saurashtra Gramin Bank under The "One State, One RRB"<ref>{{cite web | author1=Livemint | title='One state-one RRB' to be effective from May 1 after govt approves consolidation of 15 regional rural banks | Mint | work=mint | date=8 April 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/one-state-one-rrb-to-be-effective-from-may-1-after-govt-approves-consolidation-of-15-regional-rural-banks-11744118507326.html }}</ref> policy of government. It currently has 744 branches in rural areas of [[Gujarat]].

It functions under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976 and is sponsored by [[Bank of Baroda]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Regional rural bank]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ggb.bank.in/ Official site]
* [https://bggbib.barodarrb.co.in Internet Banking]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks established in 2025]]
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2025]]
[[Category:Vadodara]]
[[Category:Bank of Baroda]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]

Titagarh Rail Systems

2025-12-01T15:37:58Z

Alejandra13P:

{{Short description|Indian rolling stock manufacturer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Titagarh Rail Systems Limited
| logo = Titagarh Wagons Logo.svg
| logo_size = 130
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption = An aluminium train set manufactured by Titagarh Rail Systems Limited for the Pune Metro.
| trade_name =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532966}} {{NSE|TITAGARH}}
| ISIN = INE615H01020
| industry = [[Railway]]s [[Defence industry|Defence]] [[Shipbuilding]] [[Mining]]
| founded = 1984<ref>{{cite web |title=Titagarh Wagons Ltd.: Company Details |date=28 April 2023 |url=https://finshots.in/markets/riding-the-titagard-bandwagon/}}</ref>
| founder = Jagadish Prasad Chowdhary
| hq_location = Titagarh Towers 756, [[Anandapur, Kolkata|Anandapur]], [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass|E.M. Bypass]]
| hq_location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact |url=https://titagarh.in/contact |website=titagarh.in |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|Jagadish Prasad Chowdhary {{small|(Chairman)}}<ref name=TITAGARHWAGONSLIMITED2022ANNUALREPORT>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/532966/74637532966.pdf|title=TITAGARH WAGONS LIMITED 2022 ANNUAL REPORT |website=bseindia.com|access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>|Prithish Chowdhary {{small|(Non-executive Director)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Board Members |url=https://titagarh.in/board-members |website=titagarh.in |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>|Umesh Chowdhary {{small|(Managing Director)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Board Members |url=https://titagarh.in/board-members |website=titagarh.in |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>}}
| products = {{Bulleted_list|Freight wagons|Locomotives|Rolling stock|Mining equipment|Navalships}}
| production = 8,000 wagons<ref name="Bose" />
| production_year = 2020
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|28.22|b|lk=r}} (2023)<ref name=2023FY>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd Q4 FY2022-23 consolidated net profit jumps to Rs. 48.23 crores |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=332829 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=EquityBulls}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1.3|b|lk=r}} (2023)<ref name=2023FY/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|26.79|b|lk=r|year=2022|mode=historical}} (2022)<ref name=TITAGARHWAGONSLIMITED2022ANNUALREPORT />
| assets_year = 
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|8.42|b|lk=r|year=2022|mode=historical}} (2022)<ref name=TITAGARHWAGONSLIMITED2022ANNUALREPORT />
| equity_year = 
| owners = Chowdhary family (47.05%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholding Pattern |url=https://titagarh.in/storage/report/actual/1650621809_e81OR_twl-shareholding-pattern-31032022pdf.pdf |website=titagarh.in |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| num_employees = 453<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2020-21 |url=https://titagarh.in/storage/report/actual/1630656589_mtwU5_twl-ar-2021pdf.pdf |website=titagarh.in |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 31 March 2021
| divisions =
| subsid = {{Unbulleted_list|Titagarh Firema|Cimmco Limited<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Group Companies {{!}} Titagarh |url=https://titagarh.in/our-group-companies |website=titagarh.in |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>|Titagarh Marine Limited}}
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://titagarh.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Titagarh Rail Systems Limited''' is an Indian [[rolling stock]] manufacturer. Established in 1997 as a rolling stock foundry unit, the company's headquarters are situated in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Rebranding Announcement {{!}} Titagarh Wagons to focus on rail-related solutions, rebrands as Titagarh Rail Systems |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/rebranding-announcement--titagarh-wagons-to-focus-on-rail-related-solutions-rebrands-as-titagarh-rail-systems-16762081.htm |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=cnbctv18.com}}</ref> Titagarh is [[Public company|publicly traded]] on both the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Rs 93 to Rs 498: This railway stock scaled all-time high within a year |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/story/titagarh-rail-systems-shares-rise-multibagger-returns-386354-2023-06-20 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Titagarh Rail Systems up 2095% from March 2020 low but Antique expects another 55% upside; here's why |url=https://mintgenie.livemint.com/news/markets/titagarh-rail-systems-up-2095-from-march-2020-low-but-antique-expects-another-55-upside-here-s-why-151687158215928 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Mintgenie}}</ref>

At first, it used to manufacture railway components. Going forward, it ventured into making entire wagons that would be used for freight. The core operations of the company encompasses providing [[Goods wagon|freight wagons]], [[Higher-speed rail|semi high-speed trains]], [[Rapid transit|metros]], [[Propulsion|transit and propulsion systems]], and [[Passenger railroad car|passenger coaches]] for the [[Indian Railways]], as also for export. In addition to the design, manufacture & supply of 102 metro coaches for the [[Pune Metro]] and an order for 24,177 wagons, the company has been awarded orders by the Indian Railways for the manufacture and maintenance of [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat]] trains and wheels for the same under the [[Atmanirbhar Bharat|Atma Nirbhar]] and Make in India initiatives of the [[Government of India]]; hence, it is a significant enabler for the railway infrastructure of the country. Beyond its substantial engagement in the railway sector, Titagarh holds business interests in shipbuilding, bridges, and defense.<ref name="bscompany">{{cite web | url = https://www.business-standard.com/company/titagarh-wagons-19939.html | title = Titagarh Wagons Limited | publisher = Business Standard | access-date = 19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="forays">{{cite web | url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-wagon-maker-titagarh-forays-into-shipyard-biz-2015126 | title = Wagon maker Titagarh forays into shipyard business | publisher = DNA India | access-date = 19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://titagarh.in/service/engineering/defence | title=Defence | website=titagarh.in}}</ref>

Its major rivals in railway division are Alstom, BEML, CAF, etc.

== Overview ==

=== Context ===
The founder of Titagarh Rail Systems, Jagadish Prasad Chowdhary, commenced his professional journey as an account assistant at a tea estate in [[Darjeeling]], West Bengal. Subsequently, he relocated to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and assumed the role of an accountant at a steel casting company that supplied materials to the Indian Railways. Chowdhary eventually assumed the position of [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer (CEO)]] of the steel castings company.

In the year 1982, Chowdhary as an entrepreneur acquired the defunct foundry division of the government-owned Britannia Engineering then under liquidation, situated in Titagarh, Barrackpore, West Bengal. Renaming the enterprise as Titagarh Steels Limited (TSL), he commenced production of railway casting components, specifically bogies and couplers & crossings and turned around the operations of the Foundry in a record time. In 1994, Chowdhary was invited to present a rehabilitation plan for the two Paper Mills of the then sick Titagarh Paper Mills Company Limited which were vested in TSL by a Scheme of Rehabilitation by the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]] (BIFR). Subsequently, these Paper Mills were spun off into two separate companies through a Scheme of Arrangement sanctioned by the Hon’ble [[Calcutta High Court|High Court, Calcutta]].<ref name="Bose">{{Cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Sajal |title=Titagarh Wagons bets big on mobility |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/titagarh-wagons-bets-big-on-mobility |access-date=2022-05-15|date=2020-11-17 |website=Business India}}</ref>

=== Development ===
Chowdhary founded Titagarh Rail Systems Limited on 3 July 1997 to manufacture railway wagons.<ref name="Bose" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Titagarh Wagons > Company History |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/titagarhwagons/history/TW04 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> The company started out with an annual production capacity of 180 wagons.<ref name="Bose" />

In July 2010, Titagarh Rail Systems purchased the French rail wagon maker [[Arbel Fauvet Rail]] (AFR) for €15 million (first overseas acquisition), which had gone into [[receivership]] in February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-12 |title=Titagarh Wagons buys French company in first overseas buy |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3SmRh9ceuSTKvJ6KrE7FXO/Titagarh-Wagons-buys-French-company-in-first-overseas-buy.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-07-12 |title=Titagarh Wagons buys French co in first overseas buy|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-50051720100712 |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref> Titagarh Rail Systems turned around AFR and with the subsidiary's revenue rising from {{INRConvert|99.5|m|lk=r}} in 2010–11 to {{INRConvert|1.64|b}} in 2011–12, and the employee headcount almost doubling from 85 to 150.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India – Titagarh Wagons' French Success |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/titagarh-wagons-french-success/34343/1 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Forbes India}}</ref> A French commercial court ordered the [[liquidation]] of AFR in July 2019. The next month, Titagarh announced that it would exit from AFR. Vice-chairman and managing director, Umesh Chowdhary, stated that AFR had been making losses of €4–5 million a year for the past three years due to general economic factors, and would have required more capital to reach profitability. Titagarh Rail Systems had invested {{INRConvert|1|b}} in AFR since acquiring the company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2019-08-26 |title=Titagarh Wagons to move out from French arm Arbel Fauvet Rail |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/titagarh-wagons-to-move-out-from-french-arm-arbel-fauvet-rail/article29261301.ece |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai}}</ref>

Titagarh Rail Systems acquired Corporated Shipyard in 2012 and merged it in Titagarh Marines to manufacture ships for the [[Indian Navy]]. Corporated Shipyard won its first defence contract in 2017.<ref name="metro2ship">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Pritam Ranjan |date=2 April 2018 |title=From metro coaches to warships, Titagarh hits the fast track |work=Business Line |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/titagarh-bets-big-on-metro-coaches-defence-supplies-warships/article23416809.ece |access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Ghaswalla |first1=Amrita Nair |date=15 June 2017 |title=Titagarh Wagons switches track to build ships |work=[[Business Line]]|location=Chennai |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/titagarh-wagons-switches-track-to-build-ships/article9727920.ece |access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref>

In 2015, Titagarh Rail Systems acquired the brand name and [[know-how]] of French cast steel bogie manufacturer Sambre et Meuse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Titagarh Freight {{!}} Titagarh |url=https://titagarh.in/service/freight/components |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=titagarh.in}}</ref> On 16 July 2015, Titagarh acquired a 90% stake in Italian rail equipment firm [[:it:Firema Trasporti|Firema Trasporti]] for an estimated {{currency|25|EUR}} million. The remaining 10% stake was held by Italian company Adler Plastics SpA.<ref>{{Cite news |department=B2B Connect |date=2015-07-16 |title=Titagarh Wagons buys Italy-based Firema Trasporti |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/titagarh-wagons-buys-italy-based-firema-trasporti-115071600402_1.html |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Aniek |date=2015-07-16 |title=Titagarh Wagons concludes acquisition of Italy's Firema Trasporti |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/NzfgTISzi05TpeAP8SiWBO/Titagarh-Wagons-acquires-Italys-Firema-Trasporti.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=mint}}</ref> In June 2017, Titagarh announced that it had acquired the 10% stake from Adler Plastics for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Market |first=Capital |date=2017-06-20 |title=Titagarh Wagons acquires 10% stake in Titagarh Firema Adler SpA |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/titagarh-wagons-acquires-10-stake-in-titagarh-firema-adler-spa-117062000630_1.html |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-31 |title=Titagarh Wagons buys out Italian partner in coach-making venture |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/titagarh-wagons-buys-out-italian-partner-in-coach-making-venture/article64269566.ece |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai}}</ref> The company was subsequently renamed as Titagarh Firema SpA. Titagarh Firema designs metro rail coaches and manufactures them at its factories at [[Caserta]], [[Spello]] and [[Tito, Basilicata|Tito]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 August 2018 |title=European ops will take 12–18 months to turn profitable: Umesh Chowdhary, Titagarh Wagons |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/european-ops-will-take-12-18-months-to-turn-profitable-umesh-chowdhary-titagarh-wagons/articleshow/65529436.cms |access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref>

In May 2016, Titagarh Rail Systems formed a 50/50 joint venture with French Matiere SAS to manufacture metallic and modular bridges.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Titagarh wagons with French Matiere in 50:50 venture to make and sell metallic bridges |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/titagarh-wagons-with-french-matiere-in-5050-venture-to-make-and-sell-metallic-bridges/articleshow/52477402.cms |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |department=B2B Connect |date=2016-05-30 |title=Titagarh Wagons forms JV with French firm Matiere |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/titagarh-wagons-forms-jv-with-french-firm-matiere-116053000183_1.html |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref> Titagarh Rail Systems acquired Matiere's stake in July 2020, making it a wholly owned subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Titagarh Wagons acquires 50 pc stake of French JV partner Matiere in MTBPL|newspaper=The Times of India |agency=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/titagarh-wagons-acquires-50-pc-stake-of-french-jv-partner-matiere-in-mtbpl/articleshow/76985347.cms |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2020-07-15 |title=Titagarh Wagons buys 50 per cent stake of French jt venture partner Matiere in MTBPL |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/titagarh-wagons-buys-50-per-cent-stake-of-french-jt-venture-partner-matiere-in-mtbpl/article32094660.ece |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai}}</ref>

In 2019, Titagarh Rail Systems was awarded the contract to supply 102 aluminium bodied metro rail coaches for the [[Pune Metro]] by [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|Maha Metro]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Sameer |last2=Srivastava |first2=Ritesh K |date=15 August 2019 |title=Indian multinational Titagarh Firema wins bid for supply of 102 Aluminium bodied metro rail coaches|work=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-multinational-titagarh-firema-wins-bid-for-supply-of-102-aluminium-bodied-metro-rail-coaches-2227289.html |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> While 3 of the total 34 rakes would be manufactured at the Firema plant in [[Italy]], the remaining 31 trainsets would be manufactured at TRSL's facility in [[Uttarpara]], Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Titagarh Wagons rolls out first Pune Metro train |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/titagarh-wagons-rolls-out-first-pune-metro-train/cid/1824848 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref>

In April 2023, the company secured a {{INRConvert|3.5|b|year=2021}} contract to supply rolling stock for the [[Ahmedabad Metro]].<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2021 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems wins Rs 3.5 bn contract for Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/titagarh-rail-systems-wins-rs-3.5-bn-contract-for-ahmedabad-metro/43950 |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Construction World}}</ref>

In February 2024, the company secured a {{INRConvert|1.7|b}} contract for supplying 250 specialized wagons to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 2024 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems stock surges following receipt of ₹170-crore order from Defence Ministry
|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/titagarh-rail-systems-stock-surges-following-receipt-of-170-crore-order-from-defence-ministry/article67862582.ece|access-date=2024-02-19 |work=Business Line|location=Chennai}}</ref>

In March 2024, the company secured a {{INRConvert|19.09|b}} contract for supplying 4463 BOSM Wagons to the [[Ministry of Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2024 |title=Titagarh Rail bags order worth Rs 1,909 crore|url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/titagarh-rail-bags-order-worth-rs-1-909-crore-124030800411_1.html|access-date=2024-03-08 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

{{asof|May 2025|post=,}} the company was looking for to construct a greenfield shipyard to construct larger ships, both naval and commercial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Mithun |date=2025-05-04 |title=Titagarh Rail eyes new shipyard for big vessels |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/titagarh-rail-eyes-new-shipyard-for-big-vessels/article69537933.ece |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Financials ==
Titagarh Rail Systems Limited reported a total income of {{INRConvert|38.53|b|year=2024}} during the financial year ended 31 March 2024 as compared to {{INRConvert|27.8|b|year=2023}} during the financial year ended 31 March 2023. The company posted a net profit of {{INRConvert|2.97|b|year=2024}} for the financial year ended 31 March 2024 as against a profit of {{INRConvert|1.03|b|year=2023}} for the financial year ended 31 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd Q4 FY2022-23 consolidated net profit jumps to Rs. 48.23 crores |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=332829 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=EquityBulls}}</ref><ref name="TITAGARHWAGONSLIMITED2022ANNUALREPORT" />

==Subsidiaries==
* [[Titagarh Singapore Pte. Ltd.]], [[Singapore]]
* [[Titagarh Firema Engineering Services Private Limited.]]

== Joint ventures ==

* [[Titagarh Rail Systems Limited–]] [[Ramkrishna Forgings]]
* [[Titagarh Rail Systems Limited–]] [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
* [[Shivaliks Mercantile Private Limited]]
* [[Titagarh Mermac Private Limited]]

== Associate Company ==

* [[Titagarh Firema SpA]], [[Italy]]

== Products and services ==
[[File:Titagarh Wagon Pune Metro.jpg|thumb|An aluminium trainset made by Titagarh Rail Systems Limited for the [[Pune Metro]].]]

* '''Freight Rail Systems''': Rolling stock, Components (Bogies, Couplers, Locomotive shells, Gears);
* '''Passenger Rail Systems''': Rolling stock (Electric locomotives, [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] trainsets, [[DEMU]] trainsets, Metros, Light rail transports, Body shells, Bogies, Propulsion & electrical equipment);
* '''Shipbuilding''': Coastal research vessels, Naval vessels, Passenger ships, Tugs, Inland vessels;
* '''Defence''': Bailey bridges, Defence
* '''Safety & Signaling Systems''': Train control, Condition monitoring, Vehicular & train mounted solutions

== See also ==
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Diving support craft (Indian Navy)]]
* [[Bhishm-class tugboat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Titagarh Rail Systems| ]]
[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Coach and wagon manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Shipbuilding companies of India]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Freight wagons manufacturers]]

Norman MacMullen

2025-11-20T09:15:30Z

Alejandra13P: small changes

{{Short description|British officer in the British Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| name =Sir Norman MacMullen
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB|CMG|CIE|DSO}}
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =Cyril Norman MacMullen
| birth_date =13 December 1877
| death_date ={{death date and age|12 November 1944|13 December 1877|df=y}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place =[[Delhi]], Bengal, British India<ref name="1881census">''1881 England Census''</ref><ref name="birth">''India, Select Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947''</ref>
| death_place =[[Dublin]], Ireland
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance ={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch =[[Indian Army]]
| serviceyears =1897–1936
| rank =[[General]]
| unit =
| commands =Bareilly Brigade [[Rawalpindi District]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command, India]]
| battles =
{{plainlist|
*[[British expedition to Tibet|Tibet Expedition]]
*[[World War I]]
*[[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
}}
| awards =
{{plainlist|
*[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
*[[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
*[[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]]
*[[Distinguished Service Order]]
}}
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[General]] '''Sir Cyril Norman MacMullen''', [[Order of the Bath|KCB]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]], [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|CIE]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (13 December 1877 – 12 November 1944) was a British officer in the [[British Indian Army]].

==Early life==
MacMullen was born in Delhi to Colonel Frederic Wood MacMullen and Mary Eleanora Ward.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: General Sir Norman MacMullen |work=[[The Times]] |date=14 November 1944 |page=6 }}</ref>

==Military career==
MacMullen was commissioned a [[second-lieutenant]] on the unattached list of the [[Indian Army]] on 4 August 1897, and served on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]] in 1897. Promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 4 November 1899,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27168|page=1264|date=23 February 1900}}</ref> he was with the [[15th Bengal Infantry]] in 1900, and then with the [[British expedition to Tibet|Tibet Expedition]] in 1903.<ref name=herald>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17339288 Distinguished soldier] The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 February 1936</ref>

He saw action in [[World War I]] as a General Staff Officer Grade 1 with the [[2nd Mounted Division]] during the [[Gallipoli campaign]]<ref>Robbins, p. 107</ref> and then as [[Brigadier-General]] on the General Staff with [[XV Corps (United Kingdom)|XV Corps]] in France.<ref>Robbins, p. 108</ref> He served as a general staff officer, grade 1 in June 1916.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29667|page=6984|date=14 July 1916}}</ref>

MacMullen served in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] and then became Commander of the Bareilly Brigade in November 1919.<ref name=commands>[http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf Army Commands] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211343/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Army%20Commands%201900-2011.pdf |date=2015-07-05 }}</ref> He went on to be Deputy Quartermaster-General in India in 1924, General Officer Commanding [[Rawalpindi District]] and 2nd Indian Division in March 1927 and [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General, India]] in May 1930.<ref name=commands/> He then became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] in April 1932 before retiring in April 1936.<ref>[http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19351111-1.2.63.aspx New Chief of Staff] ''The Straits Times,'' 11 November 1935</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1905, he married Maud MacIver-Campbell, daughter of Colonel Aylmer MacIver-Campbell. They had two daughters, Pamela and Margaret.<ref name="burkewwii">{{cite book |title= [[Burke's Peerage|Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood]]|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Burke, Sir Bernard |editor-link=Bernard Burke |edition= 97th |year=1939 |page= 2846 |ref=Burke }}</ref>

He died in a nursing home in [[Dublin]] in 1944.<ref name="times"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert Cassels|Sir Robert Cassels]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant-General, India]]|years=1930–1932}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Walter Leslie (Indian Army officer)|Sir Walter Leslie]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John Shea (Indian Army officer)|Sir John Shea]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eastern Command (India)|GOC-in-C, Eastern Command, India]]|years=1932–1936}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Douglas Baird (Indian Army officer)|Sir Douglas Baird]]}}
{{s-end}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Robbins|first=Simon|title=British Generalship During the Great War: The Military Career of Sir Henry Horne|publisher=Ashgate|year=2010|asin=B005QV0EG8}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MacMullen, Norman}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Delhi]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Indian Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:19th-century British military personnel]]

Kamalini Mukherji

2025-11-18T00:45:58Z

Alejandra13P: starting the bio w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian vocalist (born 1979)}}
{{For|the Telugu film actress|Kamalinee Mukherjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamalini Mukherji
| image = Kamalini Mukherji.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Rabindra Sangeet]] [[Vocalist]]
| years_active = 2005–present
| website = {{URL|http://kamalinimukherji.com}}
| landscape =
}}

'''Kamalini Mukherji''' (born 17 October 1979) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] vocalist, primarily known for her [[Rabindra Sangeet]] performances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110508/jsp/graphiti/story_13952377.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026194341/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110508/jsp/graphiti/story_13952377.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2011|title=The young minstrels|last=Biswas|first=Sushmita|date=2011-05-08|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/india-matters/india-matters-tagore-reloaded-214795|title=India Matters: Tagore Reloaded|date=2011-10-28|work=NDTV}}</ref>

Mukherji has released 12 music albums with [[Saregama]], one of the leading music labels in India. As of 2018, she has performed concerts in India, the US,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abqjournal.com/185121/singer-mukherji-inspired-by-works-of-india-icon.html|title=Singer Mukherji inspired by works of India icon|last=Steinberg|first=David|date=2013-04-05|work=Albuquerque Journal}}</ref> Canada, and Bangladesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://kamalinimukherji.com/events.htm|title=Events - Kamalini Mukherji|website=kamalinimukherji.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143737/http://kamalinimukherji.com/events.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also performed for film and television. Mukherji currently lives in and works out of [[New York City]], USA and [[Kolkata]], India.

== Early life ==
Born into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family, Mukherji grew up in Kolkata, India where she studied at [[South Point School (India)|South Point School]]. She received her musical training at [[Dakshinee]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/backpage/an-ode-to-tagore/articleshow/5208160.cms|title=An ode to Tagore|last=Sharma|first=Amit|date=2009-11-08|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref> a prominent Rabindra Sangeet academy in Kolkata, and obtained a degree in English literature from [[Jadavpur University]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://kamalinimukherji.com/bio.htm|title=BIO - Kamalini Mukherji|website=kamalinimukherji.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-30|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143742/http://kamalinimukherji.com/bio.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> where she also won a [[Gates Cambridge Scholarship]].<ref name=":1" /> She pursued post graduate studies in English literature from [[St John's College, Cambridge|St. John's College]] in the UK and [[Ghislieri College|Collegio Ghislieri]], at the [[University of Pavia]], Italy.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Mukherji performed her debut solo concert in Kolkata in September, 2009.<ref name=":2" /> She has since performed extensively in India and abroad,<ref>{{Citation|last=tvasiausa|title=In Conversation With Rabindra Sangeet Singer Kamalini Mukherji|date=2012-08-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abXDE1eEZ8M|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref> including at the [[North American Bengali Conference]]s on three occasions – in 2012 ([[Las Vegas]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cabnabc.org:80/2012/events/Overseas-Performances|title=Overseas Performances|website=NABC 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505072638/http://cabnabc.org/2012/events/Overseas-Performances|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref> 2013 ([[Toronto]]),<ref>{{Citation|last=bpcast|title=Kamalini Mukherjee - Interview and Concert Highlights|date=2013-07-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=coJRScPkJ4s|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref> and 2016 ([[New York City]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nabc2016.com:80/overseasartists.html|title=Overseas Artists|website=NABC 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516210957/http://www.nabc2016.com/overseasartists.html|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref>

Mukherji has attempted to introduce innovation to her Rabindra Sangeet performances. In 2011, she performed a concert titled ''Nutan Juger Bhore'' (English:''The Dawning of a New Era''), accompanied by an 11-piece [[orchestra]], which is unusual for the genre.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

In 2012 Mukherji sang for a music album ''Romancing Tagore'', that was a collaborative effort between Indian and Pakistani artists, [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Najam Sheraz]], [[Debojyoti Mishra]], and Indira Varma to present Tagore's songs in [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.saregama.com/album/romancing-tagore_61263|title=Romancing Tagore by Various Artistes|work=Saregama|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] released the album in February 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-225897|title=Love in another language|date=2012-03-12|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-03-29|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2012, Mukherji visited [[Mauritius]] as part of a joint initiative between [[UNESCO]] and the Ministry of Culture of the [[Government of Mauritius]] on the occasion of [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore's]] 150th birth anniversary.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.lematinal.com/magazine/16721-Kamalini-Mukherji-fait-revivre-le-Rabindra-Sangeet.html|title=Kamalini Mukherji : fait revivre le 'Rabindra Sangeet'|last=Ramoo|first=Jenna|date=2012-05-02|work=Le Matinal|access-date=2018-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504042302/http://www.lematinal.com/magazine/16721-Kamalini-Mukherji-fait-revivre-le-Rabindra-Sangeet.html|archive-date=2012-05-04|language=fr}}</ref> The purpose of the trip was to introduce the musical work of Tagore to school children in that country.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

In 2015, Mukherji presented a solo concert for the [[President of India]], to celebrate the 154th Birth Anniversary of Tagore, at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1148164/tagore-to-be-remembered-on-his-154th-birth-anniversary|title=Tagore To Be Remembered On His 154th Birth Anniversary|last=Bhandari|first=Hemani|date=2015-05-03|work=Blouin Artinfo|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706191903/http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1148164/tagore-to-be-remembered-on-his-154th-birth-anniversary|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/president-mukherjee-attends-rabindra-sangeet-recital-115050601269_1.html|title=President Mukherjee attends Rabindra Sangeet recital|last=ANI|date=2015-05-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref>

=== Film and television ===
Mukherji was a regular guest on a weekly music show ''Chirantani'' ({{Lang|bn|চিরন্তনী}}), that aired on [[Tara Muzik]] from 2008 to 2011.<ref name=":5" /> She also hosted her own show ''Café Thé Live'', a live music program and [[talk show]], on the same channel.<ref name=":0" />

She also performed as a [[playback singer]] for the 2005 movie ''[[Nishijapon]]'' ({{Lang|bn|নিশিযাপন}}), directed by [[Sandip Ray]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4867354/|title=Kamalini Mukhopadhyay|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/nishijapon|title=Nishijapon on Moviebuff.com|website=www.moviebuff.com|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{main|Kamalini Mukherji discography}}

Mukherji's first individual Rabindra Sangeet music album, ''Eshechho Prem'' ({{Lang|bn|এসেছ প্রেম}}) was released by Saregama in 2010,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.saregama.com/album/esechho-prem_51935|title=Esechho Prem by Various Artistes|work=Saregama|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en}}</ref> which was followed by 7 more albums with the same label.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.saregama.com/artist/kamalini-mukherji_3313/albums|title=Kamalini Mukherji music albums|work=Saregama|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en}}</ref> In 2016 Saregama released a [[compilation album]] ''Best of Kamalini Mukherjee''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.saregama.com/album/best-of-kamalini-mukherjee_116491|title=Best Of Kamalini Mukherjee by Various Artistes|work=Saregama|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en}}</ref>

== Reviews ==
Mukherji has been critically appreciated both for her rendition of traditional Rabindra Sangeet as well as for her more interpretative work in the genre.

Reviewing one of her earliest concerts, organized by Dakshinee in May 2006, [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|''The Telegraph'']] wrote:<blockquote>Recital of the day came from Kamalini Mukhopadhyay. Here is one young soprano who has lived up to the great expectations of early years. Her ''Ki ragini bajale'' ({{Lang|bn|কী রাগিণী বাজালে}}) came at the end of the Prem segment. Soaked in the ambiguous melancholy of Kanada, she embellished the number with undulating glides alternating with brisk melodic phrases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060519/asp/atleisure/story_6241358.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908142551/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060519/asp/atleisure/story_6241358.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2006|title=Two ways of interpreting Tagore|last=Bhowmick|first=Anshuman|date=2006-05-19|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref></blockquote>In September 2007, ''The Telegraph'' praised her performance at another Dakshinee concert, writing "Yet a musical and humane understanding of the whole life and shape of a song came unmistakably through in the controlled devastation of Kamalini Mukherjee’s ''Tori amar hothat dubey jai'' ({{Lang|bn|তরী আমার হঠাৎ ডুবে যায়}})".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070915/asp/opinion/story_8313348.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211233/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070915/asp/opinion/story_8313348.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2018|title=Beyond Tunefulness|last=Sen|first=Aveek|date=2007-09-15|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref>

Mukherji's 2009 debut solo concert was also positively reviewed. ''The Telegraph'' wrote: <blockquote>[T]he most remarkable element of her ''gayaki'' is the precise and powerful scansion — never an inadvertent splitting of a word, or a breather in the wrong place —- that puts her in the tiny club of cerebral Rabindrasangeet singers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090905/jsp/opinion/story_11450365.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143717/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090905/jsp/opinion/story_11450365.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2018|title=A Mind in Music|last=Dastidar|first=Sreyashi|date=2009-09-05|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref></blockquote>Reviewing the same concert, ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' wrote "Kamalini Mukherji holds in her singing a promise to succeed in popularizing [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore’s]] song among the present generation",<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=19&theme=&usrsess=1&id=270305|title=Tugging at the heartstrings|date=2009-10-03|work=The Statesman}}</ref> while ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' praised her arrangement of Tagore's Devotional Songs and Love Songs, and the way that she was able to draw out diverse moods such as happiness, wonderment, separation, and earnestness.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1091017/17music4.htm|title=বিস্ময় বিরহ|date=2009-10-17|access-date=2018-03-23|language=bn|trans-title=Wonderment, Separation}}</ref>

In November 2010, ''The Telegraph'' reviewed her experimental concert ''Nutan juger bhore'' (নূতন যুগের ভোরে), <blockquote>Thanks to Mukherji’s powerful singing that never allowed a note to waver or an emotional resonance to overstep its suggestion, the music remained as embellishment and never took an iota away from her performance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1101204/jsp/opinion/story_13244286.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208200920/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101204/jsp/opinion/story_13244286.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2010|title=Sung with Feeling|last=Jana|first=Kathakali|date=2010-12-04|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref></blockquote>However, ''The Statesman'' was critical of the "excess of external support", and commented:<blockquote>[T]he passion that went into her singing may have raised questions on whether there was any need to think about external aids to support the musical tastes of the [[Bengali Band|band]] era.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Musical Frills|date=2010-10-03|work=The Statesman}}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://kamalinimukherji.com Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/kamalini.mukherji.3 Facebook Profile]
* [http://kamalinimukherji.com/images/FeminaBanglaVolume4Page_10.jpg Interview with Kamalini Mukherjee in ''Femina Bangla'' magazine (in Bengali)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143532/http://kamalinimukherji.com/images/FeminaBanglaVolume4Page_10.jpg |date=30 March 2018 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherji, Kamalini}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]

List of tehsils of India

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Alejandra13P: adding the details initial version

#REDIRECT [[List of subdistricts in India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from acronym}}
{{R from alternative name}}
}}

Nandi Awards of 2005

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Alejandra13P: added data

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
The [[Nandi Awards]] are presented annually in [[Andhra Pradesh]], for [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu cinema]] by the state government. "Nandi" means "bull", the awards being named after the big granite bull at [[Lepakshi]] — a cultural and historical symbol of Andhra Pradesh. Nandi Awards are presented in four categories: Gold, Silver, Bronze, and Copper.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.greenmangos.net/Awards/nandi_awards.aspx|title= Nandi Awards of year 2005 | publisher= greenmangos.net |accessdate= 8 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html|title=Telugu Cinema Etc - Nandi award winners list 2005|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>

== 2005 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|Potheponi
|Potheponi
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]
|[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[Gowtam SSC]]
|[[Gowtam SSC]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for best home-viewing feature film]]
|[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]
|[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]
|-
|Best Popular Feature film providing Wholesome Entertainment
|Pellam Pichodu
|Pellam Pichodu
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Krishna Vamsi]]
|[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Mahesh Babu]]
|[[Athadu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Srihari]]
|[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Bhanupriya]]
|[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]]
|[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
|[[Athanokkade]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]]
|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
|[[Andhrudu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian|Best Female Comedian]]
|[[Santhoshi]]
|[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|[[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
|[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]]
|Pascha Sunny
|Aasala Pallaki
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]]
|Baby Aswini & Baby Trisha
|Gulabilu
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]]
|[[Surender Reddy]]
|[[Athanokkade]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]]
|[[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]]
|[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]
|T Prabhakar
|Meenakshi
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]]
|[[Trivikram Srinivas]]
|[[Athadu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela]]
|[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|PRK Raju
|[[Radha Gopalam]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|Pellam Pichodu
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Nitya Santoshini
|[[Moguds Pellams]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|[[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
|[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subash Chandra Bose]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|Vivek
|[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|Srinivas
|[[Radha Gopalam]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]]
|Madhusudhan Reddy
|[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|Asha
|[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subash Chandra Bose]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]]
|Raghava RV
|[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|Subash Chandra Bose]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Fight Master|Best Fight Master]]
|Ram Lakshman
|[[Andhrudu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]]
|Jaya Bhaskar
|Vuri
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]
|[[Sunitha (Singer)|Sunitha]]
|Potheponi
|-
|Best Special Effects
|[[Prasad EFX|EFX]]
|[[Athadu]]
|-
|[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|[[Vadde Naveen]]
|Naa Oopiri
|-
|Special Jury Award
|[[Priyadarshini Ram]]
|[[Manodu]]
|-
|Special Jury Award
|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|[[Radha Gopalam]]
|-
|Best film critic on Telugu Cinema
|[[Mohan Goteti]]
|Sitara
|-
|Best book on Telugu cinema
|Cinema Rachana – Konni Moulika Amsalu
|[[K. Viswanath|K Viswanath]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nandi Awards|2005]]
[[Category:2005 Indian film awards]]

West Zone women's cricket team

2025-09-18T15:40:52Z

Alejandra13P: further adjusted article for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = West Zone
| image =
| colours =
| coach =
| captain = [[Yastika Bhatia]]
| established = 1974
| ground =
| first_fc = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]]
| first_fc_year = 2015
| first_fc_venue = [[Jadavpur University Campus Ground|Jadavpur University Second Campus Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
| title1 = [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition|IZODC]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|IZ3D]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|IZT20]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|IZOD]]
| title4wins = 0
| website =
}}
The '''West Zone women's cricket team''' is a [[Women's cricket|women's]] [[cricket]] team that represents [[Western India]] in the [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] and [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]. It is a composite team of players from five teams from western India: [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]], [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]], [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]. They were formed in 1974–75 to play in the Rani Jhansi Trophy, which they competed in until 2002–03, when the competition ended. They then competed in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], and then in the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition]], where they finished as runners-up in [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/4776.html |title=Team Profile: West Zone Women |access-date=28 July 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728083318/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/4776.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
West Zone Women first played in the Rani Jhansi Trophy in the 1974–75 season, a [[List A cricket|List A]] competition. They competed in the tournament until it was dissolved after the 2002–03 season, but full results for the trophy are not recorded.<ref name="ListA">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/Womens_List_A_Matches.html|title=Women's List A Matches Played by West Zone Women|access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729145604/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/Womens_List_A_Matches.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, West Zone began playing in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], which they competed in between the 2006–07 season until it ended after the 2013–14 season. They finished as runners-up three times in the tournament, in 2007–08, 2008–09 and 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2007-08.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2007/08 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729155136/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2007-08.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719145802/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2010-11.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2010/11 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721035821/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2010-11.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 2014–15 season, the zonal teams began competing in a [[First-class cricket|two-day]] competition, the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition]]. In the [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|first season]], West Zone finished bottom of the table with 4 points.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_Zone_Womens_Two_Day_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition 2014/15 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720200910/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_Zone_Womens_Two_Day_Competition_2014-15.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The following season, [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]], the tournament became a three-day competition, with West Zone finishing 4th out of the 5 teams competing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2015-16.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2015/16 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719113305/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2015-16.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]] they achieved their best finish, coming second with one victory and one drawn game won on first innings.<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2016-17.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2016/17 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719113304/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2016-17.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their one win was the largest win in the tournament, by an innings and 109 runs over [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074023.html |title=South Zone Women v West Zone Women, 1, 2, 3 March 2017 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720184049/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074023.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]], the side finished third, winning one match, again over South Zone.<ref name="eighteen">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719113341/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074184.html |title=South Zone Women v West Zone Women, 18, 19, 20 March 2018 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719113329/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074184.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022–23, zonal cricket in India returned, in the form of the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]].<ref name="squads">{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-trophy-2022-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/83080.htm |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Trophy 2022: Full squads, Fixtures & Preview: All you need to know |publisher=CricketWorld |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107224318/https://www.cricketworld.com/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-trophy-2022-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/83080.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> They finished second out of sixth teams in the group stage of the first edition of the tournament, before losing in the final to [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]] by 9 wickets.<ref name="izt20one">{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=BCCI |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107224310/https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2023, the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] tournament took place, in which they finished fifth in the group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal One Day |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/252/senior-womens-inter-zonal-one-day |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=BCCI |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208153814/https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/252/senior-womens-inter-zonal-one-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Players==
===Current squad===
Based on squad announced for the 2023–24 season. Players in '''bold''' have international caps.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-trophy-2023-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/91202.htm |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Trophy 2023: Full squads, Fixtures & Preview: All you need to know |publisher=CricketWorld |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209105114/https://www.cricketworld.com/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-trophy-2023-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/91202.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Nationality
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Domestic team
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Yastika Bhatia]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]; [[wicket-keeper]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Vrushali Bhagat || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Neha Chavda || {{crw|IND}} || [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| [[Humaira Kazi]] || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Aarti Kedar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Simran Patel || {{crw|IND}} || [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Tarannum Pathan || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Shraddha Pokharkar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Pragya Rawat || {{crw|IND}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sayali Satghara || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Simran Shaikh || {{crw|IND}} || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Shivali Shinde || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Maya Sonawane || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Devika Vaidya || {{crw|IND}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Muskan Vasava || {{crw|IND}} || [[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] ||
|}

==Seasons==
===Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="9" | League standings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |title=Women's First-Class Matches Played by West Zone Women |accessdate=29 July 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729145553/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DWF|Drawn (won on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DLF|Drawn (lost on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|ND|Drawn (no decision on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 5th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 8 || 4th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 12 || 2nd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 3rd
| style="background: white;" |
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]]
| 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || +0.370 || 16 || 2nd
| style="background: silver;" | Lost in final
|-
! scope="row" | [[2023–24 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2023–24]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || +1.237 || 14 || 2nd
| style="background: silver;" | Lost in final
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || –0.249 || 4 || 5th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

==Honours==
* '''[[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' Runners-up (2007–08, 2008–09 & 2010–11)
* '''[[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' Runners-up ([[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]])
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' Runners-up ([[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]])
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' 5th ([[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4776/4776.html West Zone at CricketArchive]

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Women's first-class cricket teams in India]]