https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AlbaTinker204Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-28T14:32:32ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kottayam_coin_hoard&diff=510659Kottayam coin hoard2026-05-07T13:03:15Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Imperial Roman gold coin treasure trove in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox artifact<br />
| name = Kottayam hoard<br />
| image = Claudio, moneta d'oro con la nemesi, 41-54 dc.jpg<br />
| image_caption = [[Aureus]] of [[Claudius]], reverse depicting the goddess [[Nemesis]], [[Government Museum, Chennai]]<br />
| material = [[Gold]]<br />
| size = 74 surviving coins, possibly hundreds with maximum 8000 coins<br />
| created = 211-217 AD<br />
| discovered = [[Kottayam-Malabar|Kottayam]] (present-day [[Kerala]], [[India]])<br />
| location = [[Government Museum, Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| culture = [[Roman Empire]]<br />
| id = 18598<br />
| website = https://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/hoard/18598<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kottayam coin hoard''' refers to a [[Roman coin]] [[hoard]] consisting of a cache of [[Aureus|aurei]] discovered in the vicinity of [[Kottayam-Malabar|Kottayam]], [[Kannur|Kannur (Cannanore)]], in present-day northern [[Kerala]], southern [[India]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Paula J. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/0bVmDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO1_jetZ-UAxUKbmwGHfztBusQre8FegQIChAK |title=Roman Coins from India |publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-90585-323-9 |pages=62-63 |orig-year=1989}}</ref><br />
<br />
Discovered by locals around 1846/47, many of the coins were processed and melted by local jewelers, although surviving specimens were acquired by the maharaja (the ruler) of the neighbouring state of [[Travancore]]. The surviving specimens, numbering 80–90, with 74 documented aurei were split between the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum, Madras]], [[The Asiatic Society|The Asiatic Society or the Indian Museum, Kolkata]], and possibly some private collections.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The most recent coin, an aureus minted by [[Caracalla]], suggests that the hoard was deposited sometime between 211 and 217 AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=The Decline and Fall of the Roman Currency Empire |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2026/03/26/the-decline-and-fall-of-the-roman-currency-empire |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613 |url-access=subscription |date=26 March 2026}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hoard Details 18598 (Kottayam 1847) |url=https://chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/hoard/18598 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Discovery ==<br />
The coins from the Kottayam hoard were first studied by numismatist Robert Caldwell (1851).<ref name=":422">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Paula J. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/0bVmDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO1_jetZ-UAxUKbmwGHfztBusQre8FegQIChAK |title=Roman Coins from India |publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-90585-323-9 |pages=2 and 62-63 |orig-year=1989}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the early 1850s, in a report called ''Remarks on Some Lately Discovered Roman Gold Coins'', penned by Captain [[Heber Drury]], a cache of [[Aureus|Roman aurei]], many of which were in [[Uncirculated coin|uncirculated condition]], was found in [[Kannur]] (Malabar District, Madras Presidency) bearing the image of [[Augustus]], circulating amongst the locals and laborers around the town in 1847.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thurston |first=Edgar |author-link=Edgar Thurston |title=Coins Catalogue No. 2: Roman, Indo-Portuguese, and Ceylon |year=1894 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras Government Museum]]; Government Press |pages=[[iarchive:dli.csl.8075/page/n4|8–9]] }}</ref> They were traded for anywhere between 1–14 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] or bartered away for a day's worth of rice.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Jeweler]]s and wealthier locals who noted the high purity of the coins melted some of them for jewelry.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Though the exact provenance of the coin deposit was heavily kept secret, further inquiry of the finds traced the discoverers to a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] community in [[Kottayam-Malabar|Kottayam]] who were [[gold panning]] along the [[Valapattanam River]]. While soil was getting cleared away on a small hill by the [[Arabian Sea]] along the river, a [[Brass|brass/bronze vessel]] containing mostly gold coins, along with spilled coins, was discovered. The amount was described as "no less than five [[Coolie|cooly]]-loads" (which theoretically equates to approximately 8000&nbsp;aurei).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Paula J. |url=http://archive.org/details/romancoinsfromin00turn |url-access=registration |title=Roman Coins from India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Royal Numismatic Society]] |isbn=978-0-905853-23-9 |oclc=21489175 |pages=2 and 8}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Coins ==<br />
Specimens from the Kottayam find appear to have remained available in local markets for many years, both before and after the hoard attracted scholarly attention.<ref name=":32" /><br />
<br />
Some of the surviving coins that were found ultimately went into the collections of [[Marthanda Varma II]], the ruler of the neighbouring princely state of [[Travancore]], and Travancore Resident [[William Cullen (Resident)|Major General William Cullen]], of which 80–90 specimens were catalogued.<ref name=":3" /> With entry into the Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire database by the [[University of Oxford]], 74 individual specimens are attributed, out of the estimated "hundreds" recovered from the brass vessel and its spillage.<ref name=":1" /> The Kottayam coins, which ended up in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, after being originally donated to the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Resident Cullen, were eventually lost.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Paula J. |url=http://archive.org/details/romancoinsfromin00turn |url-access=registration |title=Roman Coins from India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Royal Numismatic Society]] |isbn=978-0-905853-23-9 |oclc=21489175 |pages=8-9 and 96}}</ref><br />
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It is unclear whether any of the coins were slashed (deliberately marked with a chisel), but there is little evidence to indicate that they were.<ref name=":4222">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Paula J. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/0bVmDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO1_jetZ-UAxUKbmwGHfztBusQre8FegQIChAK |title=Roman Coins from India |publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-90585-323-9 |pages=62-63 |orig-year=1989}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Catalogue of the Aurei from the Kottayam Hoard<ref name=":1" /><br />
!Portrait<br />
!Mint<br />
!Quantity<br />
![[Roman Imperial Coinage|Roman Imperial Coinage Variants]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Augustus]]<br />
|[[Lugdunum]]<br />
|5<br />
|RIC II 172, 198, 200, 206ff, 225<br />
|-<br />
|unmarked <br />
|4<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gaius Marius]]<br />
|[[Rome]]<br />
|3<br />
|RIC II 13, 17, 25<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiberius]]<br />
|unmarked<br />
|25<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Lugdunum<br />
|3<br />
|RIC II 3, 23, 25, 27, 29<br />
|-<br />
|[[Claudius]]<br />
|Rome<br />
|12<br />
|RIC II 1, 11, 15, 25, 27, 31, 33, 40, 51, 54, 63, 80<br />
|-<br />
|[[Drusus the Elder]]<br />
|Rome<br />
|3<br />
|RIC II 71, 76, 78<br />
|-<br />
|[[Antonia Minor]]<br />
|Rome<br />
|2<br />
|RIC II, 65, 67<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Nero]]<br />
|Rome <br />
|9<br />
|RIC II 1, 6, 14(?), 19, 21(?), 23, 25(?), 27(?), 35<br />
|-<br />
|unmarked <br />
|6<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Divus Claudius (Nero)<br />
|Rome<br />
|1<br />
|RIC II 4<br />
|-<br />
|[[Caracalla]]<br />
|unmarked<br />
|1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total'''<br />
|<br />
|74<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Significance ==<br />
The Kottayam hoard is one of the largest discovery of Roman coins in southern India.<ref name="mclaughlin2014">{{Cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Raoul |title=The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78346-381-7 |pages=[[iarchive:romanempireindia0000mcla/page/188|188–189]] }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Paula J. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/0bVmDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO1_jetZ-UAxUKbmwGHfztBusQre8FegQIChAK |title=Roman Coins from India |publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-90585-323-9 |pages=118-119 and 123 |orig-year=1989}}</ref> In addition to other finds along India and [[Kerala]], it is seen by economists as an attestation to the value of Roman currency in [[Indo-Roman trade relations]], part of a rich array of additional finds in the region, ranging from Arab to [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese coinage]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Additional Roman coins attesting to Kerala's history as a trading hub were found in villages and towns such as [[Eyyal]], [[Poonjar]], and Valuvally.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sumitha |first=S. S. |title=Rereading the History of Coins in Kerala |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.1/15.pdf |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=2347-5463 |publisher=Department of Archaeology, University of Kerala|pages=336-344}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:1847 archaeological discoveries]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:History of Kottayam district]]<br />
[[Category:Roman-Indian relations]]<br />
[[Category:Treasure troves in India]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devara:_Part_1&diff=496421Devara: Part 12026-05-05T07:28:45Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Adding article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Koratala Siva}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Devara: Part 1<br />
| image = Devara Part 1.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Koratala Siva]]<br />
| producer = {{Ubl|Sudhakar Mikkilineni|Kosaraju Harikrishna|[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]}}<br />
| writer = Koratala Siva<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|[[Janhvi Kapoor]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]]|[[Shine Tom Chacko]]}}<br />
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]<br />
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br />
| studio = {{Ubl|[[Dharma Productions]]|[[N. T. R. Arts]]|Yuvasudha Arts}}<br />
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2024|09|27|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| runtime = 178 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 September 2024 |title=Devara Movie Censor Report And Runtime: NTR's Film Is High On Action |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/devara-movie-censor-report-and-runtime-ntrs-film-is-high-on-action-article-113277139 |website=News18 |date=12 September 2024 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912042659/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/devara-movie-censor-report-and-runtime-ntrs-film-is-high-on-action-article-113277139 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|250-300}} crore{{efn|Multiple references:<ref name="DC_Feb2025">{{cite news |title=Jr NTR's Most Expensive Film with Prashanth Neel Set to Begin Production |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jr-ntrs-most-expensive-film-with-prashanth-neel-set-to-begin-production-1862324 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 February 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How Much Jr NTR Is Charging For Devara |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/how-much-jr-ntr-is-charging-for-devara-8924461.html |work=News18 |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024 }}</ref>}}<br />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|380-520}} crore{{efn|name="devara"|''Devara''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between <br />
₹380 crore (''[[Box Office India]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Devara All India Box Office Collections - 260 Cr Nett Plus - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8754 |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>) – <br />
₹420 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=After Jawan, Kalki 2898 AD, Salaar, Devara to release in Japan on this date; can Jr NTR repeat RRR's magic? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-after-jawan-kalki-2898-ad-salaar-devara-to-release-in-japan-on-this-date-can-jr-ntr-repeat-rrr-magic-3135515 |website=DNA India |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) – <br />
₹509 crore (''[[Business Standard]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Devara part 1 OTT release date out, Bollywood fans not happy, here's why |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/devara-part-1-ott-release-date-out-bollywood-fans-not-happy-here-s-why-nc-124110700354_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>) – <br />
₹521 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Devara: Part 1 Box Office: Jr. NTR starrer storms past Rs. 521+ crores worldwide :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/devara-part-1-box-office-jr-ntr-starrer-storms-past-rs-521-crores-worldwide/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en |date=15 October 2024}}</ref>)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Devara: Part 1''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2023 |title=It's official! Man of Masses NTR Jr's next titled "Devara", check out the actor's intense first look from the film here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-official-man-of-masses-ntr-jrs-next-titled-devara-check-out-the-actors-intense-first-look-from-the-film-here/articleshow/100360896.cms |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922161747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-official-man-of-masses-ntr-jrs-next-titled-devara-check-out-the-actors-intense-first-look-from-the-film-here/articleshow/100360896.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> written and directed by [[Koratala Siva]]. It is produced by Yuvasudha Arts and [[N. T. R. Arts]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] in dual roles, alongside [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] and [[Shine Tom Chacko]]. It is the first part of a planned duology and marks the [[Telugu film]] debut of Khan and Kapoor. The film follows Devara, chieftain of a coastal village, who feuds with his counterpart Bhaira over arms smuggling through the Red Sea.<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in April 2021 under the tentative title ''NTR30'', signifying Rama Rao's 30th appearance as a lead actor, and the official title was announced in May 2023. In late-2023, the film was split into two-parts. [[Principal photography]] for this part commenced in April 2023 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in August 2024. Filming took place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Shamshabad]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Goa]] and [[Thailand]]. The film has music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography handled by [[R. Rathnavelu]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].<br />
<br />
''Devara: Part 1'' released worldwide on 28 July 2023 in standard, [[IMAX]], [[4DX]], [[ScreenX]], [[D-Box Technologies|D-Box]] and [[PVR ICE]] formats to mixed reviews from critics and audiences alike. Despite this, it grossed ₹140–172 crore worldwide on its opening day, making it the Rama Rao's second biggest opener to date.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=30 September 2024 |title=India Box Office: ‘Devara Part 1’ Makes A Big Opening |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/09/30/india-box-office-devara-part-1-makes-a-splashing-opening/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241216235353/https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/09/30/india-box-office-devara-part-1-makes-a-splashing-opening/ |archive-date=16 December 2024 |work=Forbes |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |title='Devara: Part 1' collects Rs 172 crore worldwide on day 1 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/devara-part-1-collects-rs-172-crore-worldwide-on-day-1-3210933 |work=Deccan Herald |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref> and was a commercial success grossing {{INR|380–521}} crore{{efn|name="devara"}} on a budget of {{INR|250–300}} crore,<ref>{{cite news |title='Devara: Part 1' Kerala Twitter review: Check out what netizens are saying about the Jr NTR and Janhvi Kapoor starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/devara-part-1-kerala-twitter-review-check-out-what-netizens-are-saying-about-the-jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoor-starrer/articleshow/113729769.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Mehak |date=27 September 2024 |title='Devara: Part 1' audience review: 'Must-watch for all cinema lovers,' say Jr NTR fans |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/devara-part-1-audience-review-must-watch-for-all-cinema-lovers-say-jr-ntr-fans-447723-2024-09-27 |work=Business Today |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="DC_Feb2025"/> making it the second biggest opener of 2024''',''' [[List of Telugu films of 2024|third highest-grossing Telugu film of 2024]], [[List of Indian films of 2024|fifth highest-grossing Indian film of the 2024]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|eighth highest-grossing Telugu film of all time]]. The film went on to win [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] for Best Cinematography, Best Playback Singer (Female), and Best Lyricist.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2025 final winners list: Allu Arjun wins top award for 'Pushpa 2'; Amitabh Bachchan and Kamal Haasan honored for 'Kalki 2898 AD' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/siima-2025-winners-list-full-and-final-list-of-winners-allu-arjun-for-pushpa-2-amitabh-bachchan-kamal-haasan-for-kalki-2898-ad/articleshow/123732437.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=7 September 2025 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Ananya |date=6 September 2025 |title=SIIMA 2025 list of winners: Allu Arjun bags top prize for Pushpa 2; Amitabh Bachchan, Kamal Haasan win for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/siima-2025-winners-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-the-rule-amitabh-bachchan-kamal-haasan-kalki-2898-ad-101757128274719.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
In 1996, a high-level meeting is held concerning security threats to the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] in India from arms dealer Daya and his brother, Yethi.<br />
<br />
The police capture Yethi's henchman and interrogate him. They learn Yethi was going to see Muruga, a smuggler in the Ratnagiri mountains. Going undercover as smugglers, the police led by Officer Shivam head to Ratnagiri to find Yethi. They approach DSP Tulasi, who tells them that Muruga is dead, and to visit the [[Red Sea]] villages. They visit Bhaira, chief of one of the villages, and threaten him to smuggle goods, only to be violently rejected by him. They find Singappa, who takes them offshore in a boat. Shivam tries to make an offer to him by showing off a diamond ring which is abruptly thrown into the sea by Singappa. As Shivam dives in to retrieve the ring, he finds human skeletons on the seabed, terrifying him. Singappa starts narrating the story which begins 12 years earlier.<br />
<br />
In 1984, the villagers are smugglers in the night, bringing cargo for Muruga from the merchant ships. Devara, the [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] of one of the villages, is one of the smuggling leaders, along with Bhaira. Unbeknownst to them, the cargo is illegal arms which are used in robberies, and one such incident occurs near their villages. During a smuggling expedition, they are caught by the [[coast guard]] and the commander of the vessel, Irfan, reveals the items they were smuggling, which indirectly led to the death of one of Devara's villagers.<br />
<br />
Devara has a change of heart and decides to cease their smuggling operations, which is not liked by the other chieftains, including Bhaira. They hatch plans to kill him but fail. Devara stops the villagers from entering the seas for smuggling. He disappears after an attempt on his life and leaves a warning that he would continue to stop those who venture into the sea for smuggling. Years pass, and everyone adopts fishing to earn their livelihood as Devara stops those smuggling, while remaining invisible to the villagers. His son, Vara, grows up to be timid and soft-spoken, unlike his father, and tells the women in his family that Devara abandoned them. Vara's childhood friend, Thangam, is in love with him, but wishes he was more like Devara.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, Bhaira trains a private army to kill Devara. Tulasi and Muruga again offer an opportunity to Bhaira to smuggle for them along with killing Devara, the biggest thorn in their operations. When Bhaira's men harass Vara's sister, he beats them up in a drunken fury. The following morning, he is accused of killing one of the men, but Vara pleads to Bhaira that he is not responsible. Bhaira tells him to prove it by joining the smuggling operation with his men. He later reveals that he killed his own injured man to get Vara to join them so that he can draw out Devara at sea.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Devara's wife learns of the smuggling operation and asks Singappa to stop Vara, or Devara will kill him. However, Singappa reveals that Devara has been long dead, and the person who has been attacking the smugglers is actually Vara. He built a facade and story so that everyone would think that Devara is still alive. Meanwhile, Vara attacks Bhaira's men at sea and brings the injured men back to the shore. To instill even more fear in the villagers, Vara also injures himself, in front of Singappa and Devara's loyal aides, as he "went against his father".<br />
<br />
When Shivam asks Singappa about Devara's killer, a flashback reveals that he was killed by Vara on the day he supposedly disappeared.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] in [[dual role]]s as <br />
** Devara<br />
** Vara, Devara's son<br />
*** Pratyush as young Vara<br />
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Bhaira<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devara-saif-ali-khan-first-look-101692179806464.html|title=Devara: Saif Ali Khan looks intense as Bhaira, Jr. NTR reveals first look on actor's birthday|date=16 August 203|work=The Hindustan Times|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603083140/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devara-saif-ali-khan-first-look-101692179806464.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])<br />
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]] as Thangam (voice dubbed by RJ Swetha), Vara's love interest<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/janhvi-kapoor-says-she-cant-wait-to-be-thangam-again-for-jr-ntrs-devara-koratala-siva-directorial-2519356-2024-03-26|title=Janhvi Kapoor says she 'can't wait to be Thangam again' for Jr NTR's 'Devara'|date=26 March 2024|website=India Today|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603083140/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/janhvi-kapoor-says-she-cant-wait-to-be-thangam-again-for-jr-ntrs-devara-koratala-siva-directorial-2519356-2024-03-26|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Singappa<br />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] as Rayappa, Thangam's father<br />
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Muruga, politician-cum-smuggler<br />
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Tulasi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] <br />
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as [[Task Force]] Chief Shivam<br />
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Irfan, Eastern Regional Officer of the [[Indian Coast Guard]]<br />
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Kunjara, Kora's brother<br />
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Kora<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=Shine Tom Chacko confirms being a part of Jr NTR- Koratala Siva's 'Devara' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shine-tom-chacko-confirms-being-a-part-of-jr-ntr-koratala-sivas-devara/article66997841.ece |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627153025/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shine-tom-chacko-confirms-being-a-part-of-jr-ntr-koratala-sivas-devara/article66997841.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Shruti Marathe]] as Devara's wife and Vara's mother<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=This Marathi Actress Roped In To Play Jr NTR's Wife In Devara Part 1 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-marathi-actress-roped-in-to-play-jr-ntrs-wife-in-devara-part-1-8829612.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607093348/https://www.news18.com/movies/this-marathi-actress-roped-in-to-play-jr-ntrs-wife-in-devara-part-1-8829612.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* [[Talluri Rameswari]] as Jogula<br />
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Devara's mother and Vara's grandmother<br />
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as the [[Home Minister of India]]<br />
* Mathew Varghese as assistant of the [[Home Minister of India]]<br />
* Micky Makhija as the [[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra]] [[Director general of police|DGP]] Radhan<br />
* [[Mani Chandana]] as Rayappa's wife and Thangam's mother<br />
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as Kunjara's wife<br />
* Chaitra Rai as Bhaira's wife<br />
* [[Himaja]] as Valli, Thangam's friend and Srinu's love interest<br />
* [[Hari Teja]] as Thangam's friend<br />
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Mettha Srinu, Vara's friend<br />
* Rupa Lakshmi as Ademma<br />
* Alapati Lakhsmi<br />
* Mansi Varma as Uma, Devara's daughter and Vara's sister<br />
* Princy George as Padma, Rayappa's blind sister<br />
* Rekha Nirosha as Thangam's friend<br />
* Bindu Bhargavi as Thangam's friend<br />
* Eeshwar Reddy Gayam<br />
* Rohan Surya Kanuma Reddy as Vara's friend<br />
* Nihal Kodhaty as Bhaira's gang member<br />
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Samara, Kunjara's son<br />
* Tarak Ponnappa as Pasura, Bhaira's son<br />
* Nareshraj Narasimha as Bhaira's gang member<br />
* Sonakshi Verma as Rane's girlfriend<br />
* Latha Viswanath Reddy as Chandrakala<br />
* Temper Vamsi as Rane<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In February 2020, [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]] and [[Trivikram Srinivas]] were reported to be collaborating on a second film, following ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2018), tentatively titled ''NTR30''. The film was to be produced by [[S. Radha Krishna]] and [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] under the banners of Haarika & Hassine Creations and [[N. T. R. Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=NTR 30: Trivikram Srinivas confirms directing Tarak's next |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ntr-30-trivikram-srinivas-confirms-directing-taraks-next-806413.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171919/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ntr-30-trivikram-srinivas-confirms-directing-taraks-next-806413.html |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Later that July, [[Koratala Siva]] announced another project, ''AA21'', with [[Allu Arjun]] in the lead, to be produced by former distributor Sudhakar Mikkilineni's newly launched production studio, Yuvasudha Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=AA21: Allu Arjun's next is with Koratala Shiva |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/aa21-allu-arjun-next-is-with-koratala-siva-6532464/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/aa21-allu-arjun-next-is-with-koratala-siva-6532464/ |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=Allu Arjun to team up with filmmaker Koratala Siva for new Telugu project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/allu-arjun-to-team-up-with-filmmaker-koratala-siva-for-new-telugu-project/story-Mbm8HlLmeXfbc4Jsbg6FsO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/allu-arjun-to-team-up-with-filmmaker-koratala-siva-for-new-telugu-project/story-Mbm8HlLmeXfbc4Jsbg6FsO.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> However, neither project materialised.{{efn|Although Siva assured that the film would begin production in April 2022, post the completion of ''NTR30'', Allu Arjun's commitments to ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021)—originally started as a single film which was later split into two parts with the [[Pushpa 2: The Rule|second instalment]] shot [[Back-to-back film production|back-to-back]]—meant that Arjun had to continue with the same look for both films and could not change his makeover for other projects. This led to Siva eventually shelving the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2021 |title=Allu Arjun's film with Koratala Siva pushed to mid-2022; it was a mutual decision: Makers |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-film-with-koratala-siva-pushed-to-2022-will-be-taken-up-after-ntr30/articleshow/82059849.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-film-with-koratala-siva-pushed-to-2022-will-be-taken-up-after-ntr30/articleshow/82059849.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>}} In April 2021, it was reported that Rama Rao and Siva would collaborate on ''NTR30'', marking their second collaboration after ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=Jr NTR joins hands with Koratala Siva for NTR 30: 'We will cross boundaries this time' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-joins-hands-with-koratala-siva-for-ntr-30-7270561/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171920/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-joins-hands-with-koratala-siva-for-ntr-30-7270561/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was officially announced on [[Ugadi]] (13 April 2021) with Yuvasudha Arts producing the film in collaboration with [[N. T. R. Arts]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2021 |title=#NTR30: Jr NTR and Koratala Siva to team up again for a new project, release date announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntr30-jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-to-team-up-again-for-a-new-project-release-date-announced/articleshow/82046906.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntr30-jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-to-team-up-again-for-a-new-project-release-date-announced/articleshow/82046906.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> However, production was delayed due to Siva's commitments to ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' and Rama Rao's to ''[[RRR]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JR NTR and Koratala Siva come together for a new pan-India project. Details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-come-together-for-new-pan-india-project-details-here-1790309-2021-04-13 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=13 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173659/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-come-together-for-new-pan-india-project-details-here-1790309-2021-04-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Siva described it as a "large-scale project that has more commercial appeal" in comparison to his debut film ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Koratala Siva promises that 'NTR30' will be infused with 'mass' elements |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/koratala-siva-promises-that-ntr30-will-be-infused-with-mass-elements/articleshow/91097027.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/koratala-siva-promises-that-ntr30-will-be-infused-with-mass-elements/articleshow/91097027.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the box-office failure of ''Acharya'', Siva wanted to fine-tune the script making necessary changes before finalising it as a draft, which delayed the commencement of filming throughout late 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jr NTR and Koratala Siva's NTR30 delayed due to Acharya's failure? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-s-ntr30-delayed-due-to-acharya-s-failure-1944323-2022-05-02 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=2 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-s-ntr30-delayed-due-to-acharya-s-failure-1944323-2022-05-02 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2022 |title=Were Jr.NTR's fans disappointed by the prolonged delays? Here is the truth |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/were-jr-ntrs-fans-disappointed-by-the-prolonged-delays-here-is-the-truth/articleshow/92803015.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/were-jr-ntrs-fans-disappointed-by-the-prolonged-delays-here-is-the-truth/articleshow/92803015.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> By November, Siva started the pre-production works of the film with production set to begin in early 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2022 |title=JrNTR's next #NTR30 with Koratala Siva is in full swing with its pre-production work; makers share the pictures |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jrntrs-next-ntr30-with-loratalasiva-is-in-full-swing-with-its-pre-production-work-makers-share-the-pictures/articleshow/95337609.cms?slideshow=94777302&slide=94778332#3 |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jrntrs-next-ntr30-with-loratalasiva-is-in-full-swing-with-its-pre-production-work-makers-share-the-pictures/articleshow/95337609.cms?slideshow=94777302&slide=94778332#3 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Initially set to begin production on 24 February, work on the project was delayed due to the death of [[Taraka Ratna]] as well as Rama Rao's participation in the [[Academy Awards]] campaign for ''RRR''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2 February 2023 |title=Shoot for NTR Jr's NTR 30, to go on floors in February |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/shoot-for-ntr-jrs-ntr-30-to-go-on-floors-in-february |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Film Companion |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/shoot-for-ntr-jrs-ntr-30-to-go-on-floors-in-february |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was officially launched on 23 March with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja ceremony]] held in [[Hyderabad]] with the presence of the cast and crew and [[S. S. Rajamouli]] preceding with the [[muhurat shot|muhurtam shot]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=23 March 2023 |title=Jr NTR, Janhvi Kapoor begin shooting for 'NTR 30', SS Rajamouli attends launch ceremony |url=https://theprint.in/feature/jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-begin-shooting-for-ntr-30-ss-rajamouli-attends-launch-ceremony/1466195/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://theprint.in/feature/jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-begin-shooting-for-ntr-30-ss-rajamouli-attends-launch-ceremony/1466195/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's title ''Devara'' was officially announced on 19 May 2023, the eve of Rama Rao's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=19 May 2023 |title='RRR' Star NTR Jr's 30th Film Title Confirmed As 'Devara'; First Look Revealed |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519213622/https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 October, Siva announced that the film would be split into two parts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara' set to release in two parts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jr-ntrs-devara-set-to-release-in-two-parts/article67380019.ece |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jr-ntrs-devara-set-to-release-in-two-parts/article67380019.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
The technical crew consist of musician [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematographer [[R. Rathnavelu]], editor [[A. Sreekar Prasad]], production designer [[Sabu Cyril]], stunt choreographer Kenny Bates and visual effects supervisors Brad Minnich and Yugandhar T.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR 30: Jr NTR and Koratala Siva's film announced ahead of the actor's birthday. See motion poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ntr-30-jr-ntr-and-koratala-diva-s-film-announced-ahead-of-the-actor-s-birthday-see-motion-poster-1951555-2022-05-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171919/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ntr-30-jr-ntr-and-koratala-diva-s-film-announced-ahead-of-the-actor-s-birthday-see-motion-poster-1951555-2022-05-19 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=India Today |date=19 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Choreographer Kenny Bates joins NTR 30 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/26/action-choreographer-kenny-bates-joins-ntr-30-41526.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173659/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/26/action-choreographer-kenny-bates-joins-ntr-30-41526.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Mrunal Thakur]] and [[Rashmika Mandanna]] were considered to play the female lead, but turned down the offer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt, Shraddha Kapoor turned down Jr NTR's NTR 30. All controversies around cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/alia-bhatt-shraddha-kapoor-turned-down-jr-ntr-s-ntr-30-all-controversies-around-cast-1951813-2022-05-20 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=20 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/alia-bhatt-shraddha-kapoor-turned-down-jr-ntr-s-ntr-30-all-controversies-around-cast-1951813-2022-05-20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=NTR 30 Heroine: ఎన్టీఆర్-కొరటాల సినిమాలో హీరోయిన్ ఎవరు.. ఆ ఇద్దరిలో ఛాన్స్ ఎవరికి! |work=Zeest News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/flash-news/rashmika-mandanna-or-mrunal-thakur-who-is-the-heroine-of-jr-ntr-koratala-siva-ntr-30-movie-76537 |access-date=27 December 2023|language=te}}</ref> [[Janhvi Kapoor]] was confirmed to play the lead female role, in her first South Indian film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=6 March 2023 |title='NTR 30': Janhvi Kapoor joins Jr NTR-Koratala Siva film |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-30-janhvi-kapoor-joins-jr-ntr-koratala-siva-film/article66586596.ece |access-date=23 March 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323031837/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr-30-janhvi-kapoor-joins-jr-ntr-koratala-siva-film/article66586596.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> At the ''[[India Today Conclave]]'', Janhvi described it as a "dream come true" moment on working with Rama Rao as she recalled on how she manifested her debut in South industry through Rama Rao's film in her past interviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conclave 2023: Janhvi Kapoor opens up about her dream South debut with Jr NTR in NTR 30, says 'I manifested it' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/india-today-conclave-2023-ntr-30-janhvi-kapoor-koratala-siva-2348474-2023-03-18 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=18 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173700/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/india-today-conclave-2023-ntr-30-janhvi-kapoor-koratala-siva-2348474-2023-03-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, [[Saif Ali Khan]] was signed as an antagonist, marking his debut in Telugu cinema.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The makers of NTR 30 welcome Saif Ali Khan on board alongside Jr NTR and Janhvi Kapoor |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/the-makers-of-ntr-30-welcome-saif-ali-khan-on-board-alongside-jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoor-57988.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423171143/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/the-makers-of-ntr-30-welcome-saif-ali-khan-on-board-alongside-jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoor-57988.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Khan stated that speaking a new language for the film was challenging for him, and he did feel like a “newcomer”.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=10 September 2024 |title=Saif Ali Khan on his Telugu debut with Devara: I did feel like a newcomer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/saif-ali-khan-on-his-telugu-debut-with-devara-i-did-feel-like-a-newcomer-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-koratala-siva-2597353-2024-09-10 |access-date=10 October 2024 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Prakash Raj]] and [[Meera Jasmine]] participated at the launch ceremony, thereby being part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR 30 officially launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/23/ntr-30-officially-launched-41427.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/mar/23/ntr-30-officially-launched-41427.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2023, further supporting cast members joined the film with [[Mani Chandana]] and Tarak Ponnappa being part of the sets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2023 |title=Excited to work with Jr NTR and Janhvi Kapoor in #NTR30: Mani Chandana |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/excited-to-work-with-jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoor-in-ntr30-mani-chandana/articleshow/100077058.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/excited-to-work-with-jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoor-in-ntr30-mani-chandana/articleshow/100077058.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarak Ponnappa: People should recognise the actor in me, and not just my appearance |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2023/may/27/tarak-ponnappa-people-should-recognise-the-actor-in-me-and-not-just-my-appearance-43924.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=27 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2023/may/27/tarak-ponnappa-people-should-recognise-the-actor-in-me-and-not-just-my-appearance-43924.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2023, it was announced that [[Shine Tom Chacko]] was cast in the film.<ref name=":3" /> [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Murali Sharma]] and [[Abhimanyu Singh]] also joined the cast after filming few preliminary sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=8 June 2023 |title="Devara" sets filled with actors from multiple industries |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/devara-sets-filled-with-actors-from-multiple-industries-801556 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=The Hans India |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/devara-sets-filled-with-actors-from-multiple-industries-801556 |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2024, reports surfaced stating that [[Shruti Marathe]], a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] actress, had been chosen to star alongside Jr NTR.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2024 |title=Popular Marathi actress Shruti Marathe to star opposite Jr NTR in Devara: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/popular-marathi-actress-shruti-marathe-to-star-opposite-jr-ntr-in-devara/articleshow/107567252.cms |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322130059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/popular-marathi-actress-shruti-marathe-to-star-opposite-jr-ntr-in-devara/articleshow/107567252.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shruti confirmed this during an interview with the Marathi Star Media portal.<ref name=":0" /> Siva later revealed that he chose Shruti as Devara's wife as he didn't want an actress to look like a second heroine in the film. He further added that he had been searching for an actress who complemented Devara's personality and he clarified that if he had cast any reputed actor then perhaps their image would have sidelined the role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Koratala Siva Reveals Why He Chose Marathi Actress Shruti Marathe As Elder NTR's Wife In Devara |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/koratala-siva-reveals-why-he-chose-marathi-actress-shruti-marathe-as-elder-ntrs-wife-in-devara-article-113692195 |work=Times Now |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref><br />
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=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 1 April 2023 in [[Hyderabad]], with Rama Rao in attendance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Jr NTR walks into the sets of NTR 30 in style, starts shooting for Koratala Siva's directorial |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-jr-ntr-walks-into-the-sets-of-ntr30-in-style-starts-shooting-for-koratala-siva-s-directorial-3033738 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401164529/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-jr-ntr-walks-into-the-sets-of-ntr30-in-style-starts-shooting-for-koratala-siva-s-directorial-3033738 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while Janhvi and Khan joined the sets in mid April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Janhvi Kapoor arrives in Hyderabad to shoot for Jr NTR co-starrer #NTR30 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/janhvi-kapoor-arrives-in-hyderabad-to-shoot-for-jr-ntr-co-starrer-ntr30/articleshow/99549008.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/janhvi-kapoor-arrives-in-hyderabad-to-shoot-for-jr-ntr-co-starrer-ntr30/articleshow/99549008.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> In mid-May, the team took a two-week break following Rama Rao's departure for a family vacation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2023 |title=Watch: Jr NTR and family return to Hyderabad after vacation, twinning in white! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/watch-jr-ntr-and-family-return-to-hyderabad-after-vacation-twinning-in-white/articleshow/100756505.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/watch-jr-ntr-and-family-return-to-hyderabad-after-vacation-twinning-in-white/articleshow/100756505.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming resumed on 7 June 2023 with few crucial sequences between Rama Rao, Khan and other cast members being shot there and was completed in 14 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2023 |title=Devara: Jr NTR and Saif Ali Khan to kickstart new schedule with intense scenes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-jr-ntr-and-saif-ali-khan-to-kickstart-new-schedule-with-intense-scenes/articleshow/100815087.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-jr-ntr-and-saif-ali-khan-to-kickstart-new-schedule-with-intense-scenes/articleshow/100815087.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Jr NTR Wraps Up Devara's 14-Days Action-Packed Shooting Schedule In Hyderabad; Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntr-wraps-up-devaras-14-days-action-packed-shooting-schedule-in-hyderabad-deets-inside-8156185.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627175622/https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntr-wraps-up-devaras-14-days-action-packed-shooting-schedule-in-hyderabad-deets-inside-8156185.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Several action sequences had been shot in this schedule, including one which has been filmed in extreme low light.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=NTR Jr shoots Devara action sequence in extremely low-light |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/ntr-jr-shoots-devara-action-sequence-in-extremely-low-light |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031164202/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/ntr-jr-shoots-devara-action-sequence-in-extremely-low-light |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref> The team then took a brief month-long break, before resuming on 31 July 2023, to shoot an underwater action sequence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2023 |title=Jr NTR dives into a spectacular water sequence for Koratala Siva's 'Devara' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-dives-into-a-spectacular-water-sequence-for-koratala-sivas-devara/articleshow/102308206.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-dives-into-a-spectacular-water-sequence-for-koratala-sivas-devara/articleshow/102308206.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Rama Rao trained with expert swimmers from Mumbai for this particular schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2023 |title=Devara: Jr NTR undertakes training for an underwater action sequence in Koratala Siva's directorial film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-jr-ntr-undertakes-training-for-an-underwater-action-sequence-in-koratala-sivas-directorial-film/articleshow/103182278.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-jr-ntr-undertakes-training-for-an-underwater-action-sequence-in-koratala-sivas-directorial-film/articleshow/103182278.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> In September, some of the sequences were shot at a specially constructed beach set in [[Shamshabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2023 |title='Devara': Art director Sabu Cyril constructs a realistic beach in Hyderabad for the Jr. NTR and Saif Ali Khan starrer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/devara-art-director-sabu-cyril-constructs-a-realistic-beach-in-hyderabad-for-the-jr-ntr-and-saif-ali-khan-starrer/articleshow/103990251.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/devara-art-director-sabu-cyril-constructs-a-realistic-beach-in-hyderabad-for-the-jr-ntr-and-saif-ali-khan-starrer/articleshow/103990251.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On 4 October 2023, the makers filmed the underwater action sequence at Hyderabad which would conclude the schedule post-completion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Devara Buzz: Jr NTR's intense underwater sequence; DEETS inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/devara-buzz-jr-ntrs-intense-underwater-sequence-deets-inside-1248286 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173701/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/devara-buzz-jr-ntrs-intense-underwater-sequence-deets-inside-1248286 |url-status=live}}</ref> Janhvi completed filming for her portions on 1 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2023 |title=Janhvi Kapoor celebrates schedule wrap of Devara with an ice-cream |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-celebrates-schedule-wrap-of-devara-with-an-ice-cream/articleshow/104826655.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-celebrates-schedule-wrap-of-devara-with-an-ice-cream/articleshow/104826655.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The team then took a break to celebrate [[Diwali]] (12 November 2023) and resumed filming two days later for another brief schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=14 November 2023 |title=Jr NTR starrer Devara Resumes Shooting Post Diwali |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/jr-ntr-starrer-devara-resumes-shooting-post-diwali |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Film Companion |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227173658/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/jr-ntr-starrer-devara-resumes-shooting-post-diwali |url-status=live}}</ref> The Goa schedule was completed by 20 November and the team returned to Hyderabad for another brief schedule which was filmed during mid-December.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=26 December 2023 |title=Kalyan Ram preps for the 'Devil' release and reveals that team 'Devara-Part 1' is expected to release the first glimpse soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyan-ram-preps-for-the-devil-release-and-reveals-that-team-devara-part-1-is-expected-to-release-the-first-glimpse-soon/articleshow/106294030.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyan-ram-preps-for-the-devil-release-and-reveals-that-team-devara-part-1-is-expected-to-release-the-first-glimpse-soon/articleshow/106294030.cms |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kalyan Ram revealed that 80% of the film's shooting had been completed by late-December 2023, and filming would be wrapped by January 2024.<ref name=":13" /> However, at the end of the month, the production team revealed that 30 per cent of the film's shoot is to be completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title='Devara Part 1' to resume its shoot next month |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/devara-part-1-to-resume-its-shoot-next-month |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612162859/https://telugucinema.com/news/devara-part-1-to-resume-its-shoot-next-month |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Telugucinema.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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In mid-March 2024, the team moved to Goa for filming a song sequence with Rama Rao and Janhvi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=19 March 2024 |title=NTR Jr begins shoot for next phase of his upcoming film 'Devara: Part 1' in Goa |url=https://theprint.in/feature/ntr-jr-begins-shoot-for-next-phase-of-his-upcoming-film-devara-part-1-in-goa/2006617/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153424/https://theprint.in/feature/ntr-jr-begins-shoot-for-next-phase-of-his-upcoming-film-devara-part-1-in-goa/2006617/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Watch: Jr NTR shoots 'Devara Part 1' in Goa, video goes viral |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-shoots-devara-part-1-in-goa-viral-video-2518122-2024-03-22 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153424/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-shoots-devara-part-1-in-goa-viral-video-2518122-2024-03-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a short break, the team filmed a concurrent schedule in May 2024 at [[Visakhapatnam]] where Khan's portions were filmed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2024 |title=Saif Ali Khan resumes shooting for the Jr. NTR starrer 'Devara: Part 1' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saif-ali-khan-resumes-shooting-for-the-jr-ntr-starrer-devara-part-1/articleshow/109884161.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saif-ali-khan-resumes-shooting-for-the-jr-ntr-starrer-devara-part-1/articleshow/109884161.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rama Rao was not present in that schedule as he was filming for ''War 2'' (2025) in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2024 |title=After wrapping up Mumbai schedule for 'War 2', Jr. NTR spotted at Kalina airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/after-wrapping-up-mumbai-schedule-for-war-2-jr-ntr-spotted-at-kalina-airport/articleshow/110072914.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/after-wrapping-up-mumbai-schedule-for-war-2-jr-ntr-spotted-at-kalina-airport/articleshow/110072914.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-June, the team shot an action sequence set in a forest in Goa featuring Rama Rao and Khan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2024 |title=Saif Ali Khan and Jr. NTR shoot for an intense action sequence of 'Devara' in Goa forest! See pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saif-ali-khan-and-jr-ntr-shoot-for-an-intense-action-sequence-of-devara-in-goa-forest-see-pic/articleshow/111052240.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saif-ali-khan-and-jr-ntr-shoot-for-an-intense-action-sequence-of-devara-in-goa-forest-see-pic/articleshow/111052240.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, the team moved to [[Krabi]], [[Thailand]] for filming a romantic song featuring Rama Rao and Jhanvi ("[[Chuttamalle]]") which was choreographed by [[Bosco–Caesar|Bosco Martis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2024 |title=Jr NTR heads to Thailand to shoot 'Devara: Part 1' romantic song with Janhvi Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-heads-to-thailand-to-shoot-devara-part-1-romantic-song-with-janhvi-kapoor/articleshow/111061984.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-heads-to-thailand-to-shoot-devara-part-1-romantic-song-with-janhvi-kapoor/articleshow/111061984.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2024 |title=Choreographer Bosco Martis praises Jr NTR's dance skills in 'Devara' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/choreographer-bosco-martis-praises-jr-ntrs-dance-skills-in-devara/articleshow/111958578.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827173951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/choreographer-bosco-martis-praises-jr-ntrs-dance-skills-in-devara/articleshow/111958578.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2024, the team filmed another schedule in Shamshabad.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=18 July 2024 |title='Devara' makers decide to shoot indoors after multiple leaks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-makers-decide-to-shoot-indoors-after-multiple-leaks/articleshow/111829330.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-makers-decide-to-shoot-indoors-after-multiple-leaks/articleshow/111829330.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to multiple leaks throughout the production, the portions were filmed inside closed sets with the crew members restricted from using phones throughout the schedule.<ref name=":4" /> In mid-August 2024, a song titled "Aayudha Puja" was filmed in sets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2024 |title='Devara: Part 1' makers tease upcoming song with an exciting update from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-part-1-makers-tease-upcoming-song-with-an-exciting-update-from-the-set/articleshow/112453238.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-part-1-makers-tease-upcoming-song-with-an-exciting-update-from-the-set/articleshow/112453238.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 August 2024, Rama Rao announced that he had completed filming his portions for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2024 |title=Jr NTR wraps 'Devara Part 1' shoot; shares unseen BTS still |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jr-ntr-wraps-devara-part-1-shoot-shares-unseen-bts-still/article68523739.ece |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jr-ntr-wraps-devara-part-1-shoot-shares-unseen-bts-still/article68523739.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=14 August 2024 |title=Jr NTR Wraps The Final Shot Of Devara: "What A Wonderful Journey" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jr-ntr-wraps-the-final-shot-of-devara-what-a-wonderful-journey-6333517 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153423/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jr-ntr-wraps-the-final-shot-of-devara-what-a-wonderful-journey-6333517 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In an interaction with [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]], Rama Rao added that he initially planned to shoot the underwater sequences at one of the biggest pools in [[Kapoli (K.G.)|Kapoli]], but for reasons unknown they decided to set up a pool in the studio where they would predominantly shoot the action sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR on shooting under water scene for 35 days in 'Devara Part 1': It is an important sequence! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-on-shooting-under-water-scene-for-35-days-in-devara-part-1-it-is-an-important-sequence/articleshow/113387082.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920202122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-on-shooting-under-water-scene-for-35-days-in-devara-part-1-it-is-an-important-sequence/articleshow/113387082.cms |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The team constructed a 20-foot water tank, dug five feet with 200 x 150 feet dimensions, in which they shot most of the action sequences for 30–35 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title='It Took 35 Days To Shoot An Underwater Sequence In Devara': Jr NTR |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/it-took-35-days-to-shoot-an-underwater-sequence-in-devara-jr-ntr-2-9053012.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917012139/https://www.news18.com/movies/it-took-35-days-to-shoot-an-underwater-sequence-in-devara-jr-ntr-2-9053012.html |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR reveals challenging 35-Day underwater sequence in Devara: Part 1 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/jr-ntr-reveals-challenging-35-day-underwater-sequence-devara-part-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023622/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/jr-ntr-reveals-challenging-35-day-underwater-sequence-devara-part-1/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> He added, "We had these big diggers which came in and created artificial waves. We had wave machines. We have motorboats, motors fixed into the water to give small ripples in the pool. There was a pool and there was a water tank as well. So, it was very high on action."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR On Filming Devara: "We Shot For 30-35 Days Underwater" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/we-shot-for-about-30-35-odd-days-underwater-jr-ntr-on-underwater-sequences-in-devara-part-1-6570686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918072647/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/we-shot-for-about-30-35-odd-days-underwater-jr-ntr-on-underwater-sequences-in-devara-part-1-6570686 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
The visual effects were handled by Kalyan Ram's visual effects company, Advaitha Creative Works, along with [[Annapurna Studios]], [[Digital Domain]], Stealthworks Taiwan, NXT VFX, [[Devgn Films|NY VFXWaala]], Alzahra VFX, Phantom FX, Studio51, Firebolt Entertainment, Maskman Studio, Oscar VFX, [[DNEG]], and Redefine VFX; Yugandhar T. and Brad Minnich served as the [[visual effects supervisor]]s.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=5 January 2024 |title=We Are Correcting The VFX Process With Devara: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/we-are-correcting-the-vfx-process-with-devara-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-jr-ntr-koratala-siva-jahnvi-kapoor-anirudh-ravichander |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Film Companion South |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929135932/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/we-are-correcting-the-vfx-process-with-devara-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-jr-ntr-koratala-siva-jahnvi-kapoor-anirudh-ravichander |url-status=live }}</ref> As the film relied heavily on visual effects, Kalyan Ram researched extensively on enhancing the [[computer graphics]] and effects for nearly eight months, detailing on specific sequences that need VFX and real elements, respectively. To achieve this, the VFX team storyboarded the particular shots which demanded VFX.<ref name=":7" /> Sequences that demanded visual effects were filmed earlier so that the team could work on them within a four-month duration, and the process was supervised by international companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |date=16 April 2024 |title=Jr NTR's Devara - Star producers fighting it out to bag the theatrical rights {{!}} Details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/devara-star-producers-fighting-it-out-to-bag-the-theatrical-rights-of-the-jr-ntr-starrer-details-inside/6657984dcd433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153428/https://www.ottplay.com/news/devara-star-producers-fighting-it-out-to-bag-the-theatrical-rights-of-the-jr-ntr-starrer-details-inside/6657984dcd433 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |quote=The first part is almost done with its shoot, and the post-production is happening in different countries as the film is heavy on VFX.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Devara: Jr NTR Starrer Movie POSTPONED? Team Delays Film For VFX |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-jr-ntr-starrer-movie-postponed-team-delays-film-for-vfx-8752049.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124033414/https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-jr-ntr-starrer-movie-postponed-team-delays-film-for-vfx-8752049.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Dubbing]] for the film began simultaneously in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=7 July 2024 |title='Devara: Part 1' post-production on full swing; film starts dubbing |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/devara-part-1-post-production-on-full-swing-film-starts-dubbing-890048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153423/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/devara-part-1-post-production-on-full-swing-film-starts-dubbing-890048 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> According to cinematographer Rathnavelu, the film featured 3000 CG shots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=25 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR's Devara Has 3000 CG Shots, 30 Minutes of Underwater Action Sequences: Cinematographer Rathnavelu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ntrs-devara-has-3000-cg-shots-30-minutes-of-underwater-action-sequences-cinematographer-rathnavelu-article-113651454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926060754/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ntrs-devara-has-3000-cg-shots-30-minutes-of-underwater-action-sequences-cinematographer-rathnavelu-article-113651454 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The initial runtime of the film was 190 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2024 |title='Devara' to have long run time of 3 hours 10 minutes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-to-have-long-run-time-of-3-hours-10-minutes/articleshow/113086033.cms#:~:text='Devara',%20a%20Telugu%20action,3%20hours%20and%2010%20minutes. |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929135858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-to-have-long-run-time-of-3-hours-10-minutes/articleshow/113086033.cms#:~:text='Devara',%20a%20Telugu%20action,3%20hours%20and%2010%20minutes. |url-status=live }}</ref> It was sent to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) on 12 September 2024, where it received [[U/A certificate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR's Devara gets a U/A Certificate from CBFC |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/jr-ntrs-devara-gets-a-ua-certificate-from-cbfc-68447.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913114540/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/jr-ntrs-devara-gets-a-ua-certificate-from-cbfc-68447.html |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2024 |title=NTR's 'Devara: Part 1' cleared by censor board with minor cuts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntrs-devara-part-1-cleared-by-censor-board-with-minor-cuts/articleshow/113307505.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917093629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ntrs-devara-part-1-cleared-by-censor-board-with-minor-cuts/articleshow/113307505.cms |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The censor board demanded four cuts for the film where a character kicking his wife, another character kicking his mother being modified, a five-second shot of a character hanging through a sword and then sliding down through it had been removed, and a scene with Rama Rao's character riding a shark in the sea was modified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=Devara Part 1: Jr NTR's film gets U/A certificate from censor board |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-part-1-jr-ntrs-film-gets-ua-certificate-from-censor-board-2599221-2024-09-13 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925013158/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-part-1-jr-ntrs-film-gets-ua-certificate-from-censor-board-2599221-2024-09-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the exclusion of those sequences, the final runtime was revealed to be around 170 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=25 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara: Part 1'final runtime revealed ahead of release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1final-runtime-revealed-ahead-of-release-909594 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926061220/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1final-runtime-revealed-ahead-of-release-909594 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main article|Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)}}<br />
The film's soundtrack album and [[background score]] were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] in his fourth Telugu project after ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018), ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' (2019)'','' and ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=NTR30: Anirudh Ravichander teams up with Jr NTR; Begins music discussion with Koratala Siva |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anirudh-ravichander-koratala-sivas-deep-talk-on-music-for-jr-ntr-starrer-ntr30-dont-miss-trophies-in-pic-1199780 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171920/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anirudh-ravichander-koratala-sivas-deep-talk-on-music-for-jr-ntr-starrer-ntr30-dont-miss-trophies-in-pic-1199780 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The first single, titled "Fear Song" was released on 19 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 May 2024 |title=Fear Song from 'Devara: Part 1' out: Jr NTR looks formidable in this Anirudh track |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fear-song-devara-part-1-jr-ntr-formidable-anirudh-ravichander-2541171-2024-05-19 |date=19 May 2024 |website=India Today |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519155137/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fear-song-devara-part-1-jr-ntr-formidable-anirudh-ravichander-2541171-2024-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single titled "[[Chuttamalle]]" was released on 5 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 August 2024 |title=Devara song Chuttamalle: Anirudh Ravichander's romantic melody explores NTR Jr, Janhvi Kapoor's dance skills, sizzling chemistry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-song-chuttamalle-anirudh-ravichander-romantic-melody-ntr-jr-janhvi-kapoor-dance-skills-sizzling-chemistry-9496373/ |work=The Indian Express |date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929135859/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-song-chuttamalle-anirudh-ravichander-romantic-melody-ntr-jr-janhvi-kapoor-dance-skills-sizzling-chemistry-9496373/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The third single titled "Daavudi" was released on 4 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=1 September 2024 |title=Jr. NTR's 'Devara' gears up for third single "Daavudi" as release date nears |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-devara-gears-up-for-third-single-daavudi-as-release-date-nears/articleshow/112963537.cms |work=Times of India |date=September 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902150416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-devara-gears-up-for-third-single-daavudi-as-release-date-nears/articleshow/112963537.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth single, titled "Ayudha Pooja" was released on 26 September 2024 along with the full soundtrack album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title=Devara: Part 1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/devara-part-1-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-telugu-ep/1770755972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929001115/https://music.apple.com/us/album/devara-part-1-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-telugu-ep/1770755972 |archive-date=29 September 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
On 8 January 2024, the makers unveiled a glimpse into the film through social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=8 January 2024 |title='Devara Part 1': Jr NTR's bloodshed turns the sea red in first glimpse |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-part-1-jr-ntrs-bloodshed-turns-the-sea-red-in-first-glimpse-2485879-2024-01-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118034726/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-part-1-jr-ntrs-bloodshed-turns-the-sea-red-in-first-glimpse-2485879-2024-01-08 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Madhumanti Pait |date=8 January 2024 |title=Devara First Glimpse: Jr NTR's Adventures In A Sea Of Blood |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/devara-first-glimpse-jr-ntrs-adventures-in-a-sea-of-blood-4823686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126173924/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/devara-first-glimpse-jr-ntrs-adventures-in-a-sea-of-blood-4823686 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> Another glimpse that revealed Khan's character Bhaira was released on 16 August, coinciding with the actor's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=16 August 2024 |title=Saif Ali Khan introduced as kushti expert Bhaira in new glimpse from Devara Part 1 on birthday. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/saif-ali-khan-introduced-kushti-expert-bhaira-new-glimpse-jr-ntr-devara-part-1-birthday-101723806263078.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818202419/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/saif-ali-khan-introduced-kushti-expert-bhaira-new-glimpse-jr-ntr-devara-part-1-birthday-101723806263078.html |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=16 August 2024 |title=Devara: Makers Drops First Look Of 'Bhaira' Aka Saif Ali Khan On His Birthday, Kareena Kapoor Reacts |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-makers-drops-first-look-of-bhaira-aka-saif-ali-khan-on-his-birthday-kareena-kapoor-reacts-9017534.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824124220/https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-makers-drops-first-look-of-bhaira-aka-saif-ali-khan-on-his-birthday-kareena-kapoor-reacts-9017534.html |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The film's trailer was launched at an event held in [[Film City, Mumbai]] on 10 September.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=9 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR and Saif Ali Khan Reunite in Mumbai, Kick Off Devara Promotions in Style {{!}} Watch Videos |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntr-and-saif-ali-khan-reunite-in-mumbai-kick-off-devara-promotions-in-style-watch-videos-9044959.html#:~:text=Jr%20NTR%20and%20Saif%20Ali%20Khan%20promote%20Devara%20in%20Mumbai,Film%20City%20on%20Monday%20evening. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921095039/https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntr-and-saif-ali-khan-reunite-in-mumbai-kick-off-devara-promotions-in-style-watch-videos-9044959.html |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=10 September 2024 |title=Devara trailer: Jr NTR, Saif Ali Khan fight it out in Koratala Siva's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-trailer-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-fight-it-out-in-koratala-sivas-film-janhvi-kapoor-anirudh-ravichander-2597263-2024-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916062914/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-trailer-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-fight-it-out-in-koratala-sivas-film-janhvi-kapoor-anirudh-ravichander-2597263-2024-09-10 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The trailer, however garnered mixed response from certain sections of audiences; actor [[Vishwak Sen]] criticised few social media users peddling targeted hate against the trailer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=Vishwak Sen lashes out at Netizens criticizing 'Devara Part 1' trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-lashes-out-at-netizens-criticizing-devara-part-1-trailer/articleshow/113291866.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915083024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-lashes-out-at-netizens-criticizing-devara-part-1-trailer/articleshow/113291866.cms |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Vishwak Sen lashes out at YouTubers for criticising Jr NTR's Devara Part 1 trailer: 'Just looking at your face makes me' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vishwak-sen-lashes-out-at-youtubers-for-criticising-jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-trailer-101726123816830.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912090731/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vishwak-sen-lashes-out-at-youtubers-for-criticising-jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-trailer-101726123816830.html |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Another trailer was released on 22 September 2024, five days ahead of the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2024 |title=Devara release trailer: Jr NTR, Koratala Siva promise a bloody actioner with strong emotional core |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-release-trailer-is-out-jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-promise-a-bloody-actioner-9581934/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924061652/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-release-trailer-is-out-jr-ntr-and-koratala-siva-promise-a-bloody-actioner-9581934/ |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2024 |title=Devara Telugu trailer: Jr NTR, Saif Ali Khan share a complex sibling relationship |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-part-1-telugu-trailer-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-koratala-siva-2604446-2024-09-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922181435/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devara-part-1-telugu-trailer-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-koratala-siva-2604446-2024-09-22 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The promotional campaign kickstarted with a press conference held in [[Chennai]] for the film's Tamil version on 17 September 2024,<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara: Part 1' team to kick off South belt promotions with grand audio launch in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-team-to-kick-off-south-belt-promotions-with-grand-audio-launch-in-chennai/articleshow/113414684.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920101711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-team-to-kick-off-south-belt-promotions-with-grand-audio-launch-in-chennai/articleshow/113414684.cms |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title='Devara' Chennai Press Meet: A star-studded affair |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/devara-chennai-press-meet-a-star-studded-affair-3194892 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919065630/https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/devara-chennai-press-meet-a-star-studded-affair-3194892 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and promotional events were also planned in [[Kochi]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":02" /> The film's pre-release event was initially planned at the H.I.C.C. [[Novotel]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2024 |title=Chaos erupts as pre-release event of 'Devara' gets cancelled in Hyderabad; Jr NTR fans REACT - WATCH videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chaos-erupts-as-pre-release-event-of-devara-gets-cancelled-in-hyderabad-jr-ntr-fans-react-watch-videos/articleshow/113575462.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923084600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chaos-erupts-as-pre-release-event-of-devara-gets-cancelled-in-hyderabad-jr-ntr-fans-react-watch-videos/articleshow/113575462.cms |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, it was cancelled due to the massive crowd of the actor's fans trying to enter the auditorium, exceeding its capacity; Rama Rao and [[Trivikram Srinivas]], who was the event's chief guest, were eventually asked to walk out of the auditorium citing audience overflow.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2024 |title=Fans break chairs as 'Devara' pre-release event gets cancelled; venue overflows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/fans-break-chairs-as-devara-pre-release-event-gets-cancelled-venue-overflows/articleshow/113582480.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923054351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/fans-break-chairs-as-devara-pre-release-event-gets-cancelled-venue-overflows/articleshow/113582480.cms |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Rama Rao released a video message expressing his disappointment on the event's cancellation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=23 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR on Devara event cancellation: My pain is more than yours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-on-devara-pre-release-event-cancellation-my-pain-is-more-than-yours-2604703-2024-09-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923222641/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-on-devara-pre-release-event-cancellation-my-pain-is-more-than-yours-2604703-2024-09-23 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR reacts as Devara's pre-release event in Hyderabad cancelled at the last minute: 'I share your disappointment, my pain is more than yours' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jr-ntr-reacts-as-devaras-pre-release-event-in-hyderabad-cancelled-at-the-last-minute-i-share-your-disappointment-my-pain-is-more-than-yours-9583377/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923065126/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jr-ntr-reacts-as-devaras-pre-release-event-in-hyderabad-cancelled-at-the-last-minute-i-share-your-disappointment-my-pain-is-more-than-yours-9583377/ |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Karan Johar]] hosted an interview under the name ''Devara ka Jigra'', with Rama Rao and [[Alia Bhatt]], simultaneously handling the promotions for the latter's film ''[[Jigra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Devara Ka Jigra": Alia Bhatt, Jr NTR's Double Whammy. Bonus - Karan Johar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/alia-bhatt-reunite-with-rrr-co-star-jr-ntr-for-jigra-devara-joint-promotions-6540755 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913180728/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/alia-bhatt-reunite-with-rrr-co-star-jr-ntr-for-jigra-devara-joint-promotions-6540755 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> The interview was uploaded to the YouTube channel of [[Dharma Productions]] on 23 September.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlIwgjNNS4 |title=Devara ka Jigra - Karan Johar in conversation with Jr. NTR & Alia Bhatt |date=23 September 2024 |last= |type=Interview |publisher=[[Dharma Productions]] |access-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924071104/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtlIwgjNNS4 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> The interview featured the actors discussing their experiences on working in their respective films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=10 September 2024 |title=Viral: Alia Bhatt and Karan Johar join Jr NTR for Devara, Jigra promotions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/alia-bhatt-karan-johar-jr-ntr-devara-trailer-launch-2597123-2024-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916142515/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/alia-bhatt-karan-johar-jr-ntr-devara-trailer-launch-2597123-2024-09-10 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Devara: Part 1'' was theatrically released on 27 September 2024 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=16 February 2024 |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara: Part 1'new release date announced, locks for Dussehra 2024 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1new-release-date-announced-locks-for-dussehra-2024-858970 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929140007/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1new-release-date-announced-locks-for-dussehra-2024-858970 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was originally announced with a release date on 5 April 2024, coinciding with the weekend of [[Ugadi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=1 January 2023 |title='NTR30': Jr NTR's film with Koratala Siva to release globally on April 5, 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr30-jr-ntrs-film-with-koratala-siva-to-release-globally-on-april-5-2024/article66326622.ece |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153425/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ntr30-jr-ntrs-film-with-koratala-siva-to-release-globally-on-april-5-2024/article66326622.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=19 May 2023 |title='RRR' Star NTR Jr's 30th Film Title Confirmed As 'Devara'; First Look Revealed |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519213622/https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-star-ntr-jr-n-t-rama-rao-jr-devara-first-look-1235373127/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it was pushed to 10 October 2024, during [[Dusshera]] navaratri, due to the extensive post-production and VFX works,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=Devara Part One: NTR Jr's film to now release on October 10. See the new poster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-part-one-ntr-jr-film-to-now-release-on-october-10-see-the-new-poster-9165147/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara Part 1' release date out, makers announce with new poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-devara-new-release-date-out-makers-share-new-poster-2503166-2024-02-16 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929135933/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-devara-new-release-date-out-makers-share-new-poster-2503166-2024-02-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> before being moved to its earlier release date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Devara PREPONED! Jr NTR's Film With Saif Ali Khan and Janhvi Kapoor To Now Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-preponed-jr-ntrs-film-with-saif-ali-khan-and-janhvi-kapoor-to-now-release-on-this-date-8931646.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153424/https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-preponed-jr-ntrs-film-with-saif-ali-khan-and-janhvi-kapoor-to-now-release-on-this-date-8931646.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News Network |first=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 June 2024 |title=Release of Jr NTR and Janhvi Kapoor starrer Devara Part 1 preponed to Gandhi Jayanti weekend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/release-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-devara-part-1-preponed-gandhi-jayanti-weekend/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153423/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/release-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-devara-part-1-preponed-gandhi-jayanti-weekend/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the release, the makers trimmed seven minutes from the Hindi dubbed version featuring some solo scenes of Telugu actors in order to cater to a broader audience.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-and-saif-ali-khan-starrer-devara-part-1-hindi-version-trimmed-by-seven-minutes/articleshow/113723028.cms|title=Jr NTR, Janhvi Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan starrer 'Devara: Part 1' Hindi version trimmed by seven minutes|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927055443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-and-saif-ali-khan-starrer-devara-part-1-hindi-version-trimmed-by-seven-minutes/articleshow/113723028.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released in standard, [[IMAX]], [[4DX]], [[ScreenX]], [[D-Box Technologies|D-Box]] and ICE formats.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNYA6bqL6bU |title=Devara Release Trailer (Telugu) {{!}} NTR {{!}} Saif Ali Khan {{!}} Janhvi {{!}} Koratala Siva {{!}} Anirudh {{!}} 27 Sep |date=22 September 2024 |last= |publisher=NTR Arts |time=2:03–2:05 |access-date=26 September 2024 |via=YouTube |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926103954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNYA6bqL6bU |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film had its world premiere at the [[Beyond Fest]] film festival in [[Los Angeles]] on 26 September 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2024 |title='Devara Part 1' to be screened at Beyond Fest 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-part-1-to-be-screened-at-beyond-fest-2024/articleshow/113324393.cms |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926142424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-part-1-to-be-screened-at-beyond-fest-2024/articleshow/113324393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with Rama Rao and Siva participating in the event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title='Devara': Jr NTR delights fans with surprise entry at Beyond Fest, talks about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-jr-ntr-delights-fans-with-surprise-entry-at-beyond-fest-talks-about-the-film/articleshow/113660382.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926062949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-jr-ntr-delights-fans-with-surprise-entry-at-beyond-fest-talks-about-the-film/articleshow/113660382.cms |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=25 September 2024 |title=Watch: Jr NTR gets thunderous response at Beyond Fest in Los Angeles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-gets-thunderous-response-at-beyond-fest-in-los-angeles-2606037-2024-09-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926063027/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-gets-thunderous-response-at-beyond-fest-in-los-angeles-2606037-2024-09-25 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Distribution ===<br />
[[Dharma Productions]] and [[AA Films]] acquired the theatrical distribution rights for the Hindi dubbed version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=Karan Johar teams up with Jr NTR for Devara: 'Brace yourself for a mass hurricane' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/karan-johar-teams-up-with-jr-ntr-for-devara-brace-yourself-for-a-mass-hurricane-9262021/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153425/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/karan-johar-teams-up-with-jr-ntr-for-devara-brace-yourself-for-a-mass-hurricane-9262021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=Karan Johar Announces Partnership With Jr NTR's Devara For North Theatrical Distribution Rights |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/karan-johar-announces-partnership-with-jr-ntrs-devara-for-north-theatrical-distribution-rights-8846839.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153425/https://www.news18.com/movies/karan-johar-announces-partnership-with-jr-ntrs-devara-for-north-theatrical-distribution-rights-8846839.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]] acquired the distribution rights for the film in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Jr NTR's Devara Part 1 A Commercial Success Even Before Release? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-a-commercial-success-even-before-release-heres-what-we-know-8933541.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153425/https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-a-commercial-success-even-before-release-heres-what-we-know-8933541.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[KVN Productions]] and SS Karthikeya's Showing Business acquired the Karnataka theatrical rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=3 August 2024 |title=KVN Productions and SS Karthikeya acquire Karnataka Distribution rights for Devara |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/03/kvn-productions-and-ss-karthikeya-acquire-karnataka-distribution-rights-for-devara |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153424/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/03/kvn-productions-and-ss-karthikeya-acquire-karnataka-distribution-rights-for-devara |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[North America]] distribution rights were acquired by Prathyangira Cinemas and Hamsini Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 September 2024 |title=Devara Premiere Pre-Sales To Touch $1 Million; Craze For NTR's Film Reaches Fever pitch In North America |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/devara-premiere-pre-sales-to-touch-1-million-craze-for-ntrs-film-reaches-fever-pitch-in-north-america-article-113181877 |work=Times Now |date=9 September 2024 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909062702/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/devara-premiere-pre-sales-to-touch-1-million-craze-for-ntrs-film-reaches-fever-pitch-in-north-america-article-113181877 |url-status=live }}</ref> Theatrical rights for release in [[Tamil Nadu]] were purchased by Sri Lakshmi Movies, whereas [[Kerala]] distribution rights were bought by [[Wayfarer Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=പ്രഭാസിന് ശേഷം ജൂനിയർ എൻടിആറിനൊപ്പം ദുൽഖർ ; 'ദേവര' കേരളത്തിലെത്തിക്കുന്നത് വേഫെറർ ഫിലിംസ്|url=https://www.reporterlive.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/17/devara-kerala-distribution-bagged-by-wayfarer-films|website=Reporter TV |language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ticket price hikes were estimated to be around ₹250 in single screen theatres and ₹418 in multiplex theatres across Telangana, and ₹200 in single screen theatres and ₹325 in multiplexes across Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR's Devara opening day ticket prices hiked in Telangana, extra shows added |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-devara-opening-day-ticket-prices-hiked-telangana-extra-shows-added-2605255-2024-09-23#:~:text=Devara%20has%20been%20granted%20permission,a%20Rs%20100%20price%20increase. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929140416/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-devara-opening-day-ticket-prices-hiked-telangana-extra-shows-added-2605255-2024-09-23#:~:text=Devara%20has%20been%20granted%20permission,a%20Rs%20100%20price%20increase. |archive-date=29 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-release business ===<br />
Prior to its release, the film made a business of nearly {{INRConvert|180|C}} from its theatrical rights.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Devara Makes Worldwide Pre-release Business Of Rs 180 Crore: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-makes-worldwide-pre-release-business-of-rs-180-crore-report-9058975.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distribution rights were sold for {{INRConvert|113|c}}.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Hari Prasad |title=Devara Pre-release business: భారీగా దేవర ప్రీరిలీజ్ బిజినెస్.. తెలంగాణలో బ్రేక్ ఈవెన్ సాధ్యమేనా? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devara-pre-release-business-jr-ntr-movie-needs-53-crores-to-be-in-safe-zone-says-a-report-121727264788187.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926062021/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devara-pre-release-business-jr-ntr-movie-needs-53-crores-to-be-in-safe-zone-says-a-report-121727264788187.html |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref> While earlier reports claimed that the film's theatrical rights for the Hindi version had been sold for ₹45–60 crore (US$5.4–7.2 million,{{efn|While ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' reported that the theatrical rights in the Hindi version were sold to {{INRConvert|45|c}}, ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' reported that the amount was {{INRConvert|60|c}}.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=Business Talk: Jr NTR, Saif Ali Khan and Janhvi Kapoor's Devara Part 1 rights get sold for 45 crores in Hindi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/business-talk-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-and-janhvi-kapoors-devara-part-1-rights-get-sold-for-45-crores-in-hindi-1296606 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929140418/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/business-talk-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-and-janhvi-kapoors-devara-part-1-rights-get-sold-for-45-crores-in-hindi-1296606 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11" />}} with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' attributing the huge price in the Hindi version to Rama Rao's fan following among the audiences in North India, as well as his Bollywood debut with ''War 2'', calling it as "one of the highest rates for a Telugu actor in recent times".<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=20 April 2024 |title=Exclusive: Jr NTR's Devara Hindi Rights Strikes Gold |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/devara-hindi-fetches-highest-price-for-any-telugu-actor-in-recent-times-890289 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831153423/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/devara-hindi-fetches-highest-price-for-any-telugu-actor-in-recent-times-890289 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, later reports claimed that the rights were sold for {{INRConvert|15|C}}.<ref name=":6" /> The film made a combined deal of {{INRConvert|16.5|c}} from distribution in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala theatres.<ref name=":6" /> The overseas distribution rights were sold for {{INRConvert|26|c}}.<ref name=":6" /> As per estimates, the film needed to earn around {{INR}}180 crore [[Distributor rental|distributor share]] ({{INR}}350 crore gross) at the worldwide box office to break even.<ref name=":6" /> It further made {{INRConvert|150|c}} from non-theatrical rights, including digital, satellite and music rights.<ref name=":12" /><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The digital distribution rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]] for {{INRConvert|155|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Jr NTR-starrer Devara's Digital Rights Secured By Netflix At Record Price? What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntr-starrer-devaras-digital-rights-secured-by-netflix-at-record-price-what-we-know-8746610.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416115537/https://www.news18.com/movies/jr-ntr-starrer-devaras-digital-rights-secured-by-netflix-at-record-price-what-we-know-8746610.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film would have its digital premiere in all languages only after 7–8 weeks of its theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2024 |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara: Part 1' to have THIS long theatrical run before OTT release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-to-have-this-long-theatrical-run-before-ott-release/articleshow/113682724.cms |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926075954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-to-have-this-long-theatrical-run-before-ott-release/articleshow/113682724.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film began streaming on Netflix from 8 November 2024 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{cite news |title='Devara' Part 1 OTT release date: When and where to watch Jr.NTR's action drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/devara-part-1-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-jr-ntrs-action-drama/articleshow/114972515.cms |work=Times of India |date= 5 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiwani |date=3 November 2024 |title=OTT Releases This Week: From Devara to Vettaiyan, web series and films to watch on Netflix, Prime Video and more |url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/ott-releases-this-week-from-devara-to-vettaiyan-web-series-and-films-to-watch-on-netflix-prime-video-and-more-article-114912423 |work=[[ET Now]] |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> An English dubbed version of the film began streaming from 21 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara: Part 1' now streaming in multiple foreign languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1-now-streaming-in-multiple-foreign-languages/articleshow/115511607.cms |work=Times of India |date=21 November 2024 |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> The Hindi dubbed version of the film began streaming from 22 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Devara's Hindi version released on OTT; Where to watch Jr NTR's blockbuster |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/devaras-hindi-version-released-on-ott-where-to-watch-jr-ntrs-blockbuster/articleshow/115568741.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=22 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Devara: Part 1'' recorded an estimated 42.70 lakh (4.27 million) footfalls in India on its opening day. The film grossed {{INRConvert|140|c}}–{{INRConvert|172|c}} worldwide on its opening day, becoming Jr. NTR's second-biggest opener after ''[[RRR]]''.<ref name="Filmfare_Sep2024"/><ref name=":9" /> The film grossed {{INRConvert|200|c}} worldwide in two day of its release.<ref name="Filmfare_Sep2024">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2024|title=Jr NTR's Devara has a great start at the box-office|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/jr-ntrs-devara-has-a-great-start-at-the-box-office-68717.html |access-date=29 September 2024|work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> and also crossed the {{INRConvert|100|c}} mark in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=29 September 2024 |title=Devara Box Office Collection Day 2: Jr NTR's Film Hits Rs 100 Cr In India, Soars Past Rs 200 Cr Worldwide In Just Two Days |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/devara-box-office-collection-day-2-jr-ntrs-film-hits-rs-100-cr-in-india-soars-past-rs-200-cr-worldwide-in-just-two-days-enn24092901171 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> In its opening weekend, the film collected {{INRConvert|250|c}} globally.<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Devara box office collection day 4: Jr NTR, Saif Ali Khan, Janhvi Kapoor film begins to lose race |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-devara-box-office-collection-day-4-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-film-begins-to-lose-race-3110721 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported the collection was {{INRConvert|370|c}} in 7 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=Devara box office collection day 7: Jr NTR-Janhvi Kapoor's film sees a sharp 65% drop, but will pass Rs 400 crore this weekend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-box-office-collection-day-7-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoors-film-sees-a-sharp-65-drop-but-will-pass-rs-400-crore-this-weekend-9602867/ |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that the film grossed {{INRConvert|408|c}} worldwide in its two-week run, with {{INRConvert|208|c}} from its home territory of [[Telugu states|Andhra Pradesh and Telangana]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |date=11 October 2024 |title=Devara Collection: రూ. 408 కోట్లు కొల్లగొట్టిన దేవర.. 2 వారాల కలెక్షన్స్ ఇవే! మరి ప్రాఫిట్ ఎంతో తెలుసా? |trans-title=Devara Collections: Devara Collects Rs 408 crore in 2 weeks, the total profit of the film is |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devara-14-days-worldwide-box-office-collection-jr-ntr-devara-2nd-week-collection-408-cr-gross-and-devara-profit-50-cr-121728635711090.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> While, ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' reported that the film collected {{INRConvert|420|c}} in its final run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=After Jawan, Kalki 2898 AD, Salaar, Devara to release in Japan on this date; can Jr NTR repeat RRR's magic? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-after-jawan-kalki-2898-ad-salaar-devara-to-release-in-japan-on-this-date-can-jr-ntr-repeat-rrr-magic-3135515 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> As per ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', it grossed over {{INRConvert|521|c}} in 18 days of its release.<ref name="BH">{{Cite web |title=Devara: Part 1 Box Office: Jr. NTR starrer storms past Rs. 521+ crores worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/devara-part-1-box-office-jr-ntr-starrer-storms-past-rs-521-crores-worldwide/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 October 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
''Devara: Part 1'' received mixed reviews from critics, praising its visuals, music, action sequences, production values, and performances but criticised its weak narrative, predictable storyline, lack of originality, and forced cliffhanger.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=4 October 2024 |title='Devara: Part 1' movie review: NTR and Anirudh amp up the intensity in an overstretched action drama. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-and-anirudh-amp-up-the-intensity-in-an-overstretched-action-drama/article68685830.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=35|count=17|average=5.7|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=4 October 2024}}<br />
<br />
Mahpara Kabir of ''[[ABP Live]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Devara: Part 1'' is a gripping action drama that offers an entertaining cinematic experience. Jr NTR delivers a stellar performance in two distinct roles, while Saif Ali Khan shines as the vengeful antagonist. The film's stunning visuals, epic action sequences, and compelling performances make it a must-watch, even if the storyline becomes predictable at times."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-prakash-raj-breathe-life-into-koratala-siva-film-1720318|title=Devara Part 1 Movie Review: Jr NTR And Saif Ali Khan Deliver Stellar Performances In This Grand Action Spectacle|website=ABP Live|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929140447/https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoor-prakash-raj-breathe-life-into-koratala-siva-film-1720318|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Devara: Part 1'' suffers from a weak second half, but makes up for the minuses with a terrific first half, clapworthy action scenes and mass-appealing avatar of Jr NTR."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/devara-part-1/critic-review/devara-part-1-movie-review/devara-part-1-suffers-from-a-weak-second-half/|title=Devara: Part 1 Movie Review: DEVARA PART 1 suffers from a weak second half|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927100455/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/devara-part-1/critic-review/devara-part-1-movie-review/devara-part-1-suffers-from-a-weak-second-half/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Devara: Part 1'' is visually stunning but narratively underwhelming. Jr NTR's solid performance, combined with high production values and Anirudh's score, makes it worth watching."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/devara-part-1/movie-review/113734788.cms|title=Devara: Part - 1 Movie Review: Jr NTR shines in a visually stunning yet predictable action drama|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Saif Ali Khan and NTR Jr ’s performance are larger than life, but only if some justice was done to the role given to Janhvi Kapoor, the movie could have been a super-hit. But, alas! she just had an ornamental role."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-janhvi-kapoors-entertaining-film-lacks-substance-13819674.html|title=Devara Part 1 Movie Review: NTR Jr, Saif Ali Khan, Janhvi Kapoor's entertaining film could have been the next blockbuster, but it lacks substance|website=Firstpost|date=27 September 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Devara's self-appointed guardian of the sea unleashing violence as a means to end violence is purely Junior NTR fan-tasy."<ref>{{cite web | last=Verma | first=Sukanya | title=Devara Part 1 Review: : A Jr NTR Show | website=Rediff | date=27 September 2024 | url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/devara-part-1-review/20240927.htm}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Devara'' manages to dish up more action to drama to romance and even exotic locations in songs. However, a tighter writing in the second half could have made the film more engaging."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-and-saif-ali-khan-film-is-action-packed-review-113716457|title=Devara Movie Review: Jr NTR And Saif Ali Khan's Action Thriller Is Not Engaging Enough|website=Times Now|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927094037/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-and-saif-ali-khan-film-is-action-packed-review-113716457|url-status=live}}</ref> Avad Mohammed of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Devara: Part 1'' is a stylish action drama that has Jr NTR's terrific performance. While the visuals and action click, the drama is weak. The build-up for the second half looks half-baked and makes the film just a passable watch."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/devara-part-1-review-jr-ntr-shines-in-this-otherwise-predictable-action-drama/67f2fd4cec88|title=Devara Part 1 Review: Jr NTR shines in this otherwise predictable action drama|website=OTTplay|access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929140421/https://www.ottplay.com/review/devara-part-1-review-jr-ntr-shines-in-this-otherwise-predictable-action-drama/67f2fd4cec88|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
K. Janani of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Devara: Part 1'' is an action drama with elaborate characterisations. The film is replete with great performances from Jr NTR and Saif Ali Khan, but the story remains predictable. ''Devara: Part 1'' ends on a cliffhanger just like SS Rajamouli's ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' did, but it is also a film that makes you question if all ambitious films deserve two parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/devara-part-1-review-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-shoulder-koratala-siva-predictable-action-drama-2607353-2024-09-27|title=Devara Part 1 review: Jr NTR, Saif Ali Khan shoulder predictable action drama|website=India Today|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929140540/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/devara-part-1-review-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-shoulder-koratala-siva-predictable-action-drama-2607353-2024-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The Jr NTR film starts off really strong, only to suffer an extended downward slide that is finally salvaged by a bloody finale that is equal parts engaging and outlandish."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/devara-movie-review-jr-ntr-anchors-this-action-drama-burdened-by-the-allure-of-a-sequel-9591098/|title=Devara Movie Review: Jr NTR anchors this action drama burdened by the allure of a sequel|website=The Indian Express|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929141021/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/devara-movie-review-jr-ntr-anchors-this-action-drama-burdened-by-the-allure-of-a-sequel-9591098/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Jr NTR, Janhvi Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan's film is a mixed bag. The parts that work, few and far between as they are, might serve to whet the appetite of fans of big-canvas action and melodrama."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/devara-review-jr-ntrs-film-does-occasionally-manage-to-anchor-itself-to-terra-firma-2-5-stars-6662514|title=Devara Review: Jr NTR's Film Does Occasionally Manage To Anchor Itself To Terra Firma|website=NDTV|access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927120917/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/devara-review-jr-ntrs-film-does-occasionally-manage-to-anchor-itself-to-terra-firma-2-5-stars-6662514|url-status=live}}</ref> Jaya Dwivedi of ''[[India TV]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "the writing and direction are weak and the film can come across as predictable. Moreover, audiences can feel like it's a repetition of several films that we have already watched in the past. Overall, the cinematography and acting are the only things that try to save the sinking boat. The film does not give you a new experience, overall there is a huge lack of originality."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Jaya |title=Devara: Part 1 Movie Review: Jr NTR, Saif Ali Khan's high-octane actioner misses originality and spark; where is Janhvi Kapoor? |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-s-high-octane-actioner-misses-originality-and-spark-where-is-janhvi-kapoor-949 |website=India TV |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927110847/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-saif-ali-khan-s-high-octane-actioner-misses-originality-and-spark-where-is-janhvi-kapoor-949 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Director Koratala Siva should have selected a relatable script, than a fictional and weak plot for a big hero like NTR. He just banks on NTR's heroism and anger image and elevates it, but the emotional core among characters is missing. His concept of invisible fear would have worked better, if he had a good script on hand which is real and familiar."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/devara-review-rating-1826369|title=Devara Review: NTR excels in this fictional, formulaic sea pirates story|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927083601/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/devara-review-rating-1826369|url-status=live}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film with 2/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Pratikshya |title='Devara' Review: Jr NTR's Larger-Than-Life Presence Meets a Worthy Adversary |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/devara-part-1-new-movie-koratala-siva-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-review#read-more |website=The Quint |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927141141/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/devara-part-1-new-movie-koratala-siva-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-review#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director Koratala Siva and Jr NTR mount an intense action drama, with huge help from Anirudh Ravichander, only for the later portions to lose steam in the over-zealousness to stretch the story for a sequel."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-and-anirudh-amp-up-the-intensity-in-an-overstretched-action-drama/article68685830.ece|title='Devara: Part 1' movie review: Jr NTR and Anirudh amp up the intensity in an overstretched action drama|website=The Hindu|access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927093529/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devara-part-1-movie-review-jr-ntr-and-anirudh-amp-up-the-intensity-in-an-overstretched-action-drama/article68685830.ece|url-status=live |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Koratala cannot help but write characters who want to save the world, and while that might not be a bad thing, it does feel repetitive. With a Baahubali-esque ending setting up the story for a sequel, here's hoping there are better things ahead."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devara-part-1-review-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-saif-ali-khans-film-doesnt-live-up-to-the-legend-it-spins-101727419295894.html|title=Devara Part 1 review: Jr NTR, Janhvi Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan's film doesn't live up to the legend it spins|website=Hindustan Times|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929141022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devara-part-1-review-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-saif-ali-khans-film-doesnt-live-up-to-the-legend-it-spins-101727419295894.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Accolades ===<br />
{{Expand section|September 2025|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Future == <br />
Director Koratala Siva announced the film was split into two parts.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=Jr NTR and Janhvi Kapoor's 'Devara' to release in two parts, director Koratala Siva confirms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoors-devara-to-release-in-two-parts-director-koratala-siva-confirms/articleshow/104160322.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004163815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-and-janhvi-kapoors-devara-to-release-in-two-parts-director-koratala-siva-confirms/articleshow/104160322.cms |archive-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> A sequel titled ''Devara: Part 2'', was revealed in end of the credits.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=<br />
Devara: Part 1 Climax Leaves Fans Wondering If Vara Killed His Father With Ill Intent |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-part-1-climax-leaves-fans-wondering-if-vara-killed-his-father-with-ill-intent-9078747.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009023513/https://www.news18.com/movies/devara-part-1-climax-leaves-fans-wondering-if-vara-killed-his-father-with-ill-intent-9078747.html |archive-date=9 October 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[News 18]] |language=en}}</ref> On 27 September 2025, the sequel was officially confirmed by the makers.<ref>{{cite news |author=Santanu Das |date=27 September 2025 |title=Devara 2: Makers announce sequel to Jr NTR film amid rumours of it being shelved, Koratala Siva returns as director |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devara-2-makers-announce-sequel-to-jr-ntr-film-amid-rumours-of-it-being-shelved-koratala-siva-returns-as-director-101758980556736.html |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Anisha Rao |date=27 September 2025 |title=Jr NTR's Devara 2 announced on first film's anniversary |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-devara-2-announced-koratala-siva-2794343-2025-09-27 |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=11821912}}<br />
* '' [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/devara-part-1/cast/ Devara: Part 1] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]''<br />
<br />
{{Koratala Siva}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Koratala Siva]]<br />
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]<br />
[[Category:ScreenX films]]<br />
[[Category:Pirate films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the Indian Ocean]]<br />
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:D-Box motion-enhanced films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1984]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankorth&diff=532852Sankorth2026-05-04T07:39:55Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Historical village in Mithila}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sankorth<br />
| official_name = Sankorthu<br />
| native_name = संकोर्थ<br />
| native_name_lang = Mai<br />
| other_name = Samkort<br />
| settlement_type = Gram Panchayat<br />
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|26.2527140|N|86.1739277|E}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Region<br />
| subdivision_name2 = Mithila<br />
| subdivision_type3 = District<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Madhubani<br />
| subdivision_type4 = Block<br />
| subdivision_name4 = Pandaul<br />
| named_for = Samaveda Pradhan<br />
| population_total = 4931<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_blank1_title = Males<br />
| population_blank1 = 2516<br />
| population_blank2_title = Females<br />
| population_blank2 = 2415<br />
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
*Mother tongue<br />
*Ancient<br />
| demographics_type2 = Families<br />
| demographics2_title1 = Number of households<br />
| demographics2_info1 = 1030<br />
| postal_code_type = Postal Pincode<br />
| postal_code = 847424<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = Literate Person<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 2272<br />
| blank_name_sec2 = Illiterate Person<br />
| blank_info_sec2 = 2659<br />
| footnotes = Centre of [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi<br />
*[[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
*[[Sanskrit]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Sankorth''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: संकोर्थ) is a historical village in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is situated in [[Pandaul]] block of the [[Madhubani district]] in Bihar. In ancient times, the dead river of [[Amravati River|Amravati]] was flowing through the village. The village has potential for archeological remains. A man from the village found an ancient coin, which is said to be worth lakhs of rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=मधुबनी: पंडौल के इसहपुर गांव में मिले प्राचीन नगर सभ्यता के अवशेष, खुदाई में मिली ईंट की मोटी दीवार, मटका व सिक्का |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-news-remains-of-ancient-city-civilization-found-in-ishapur-village-of-pandoul-in-madhubani-4063224.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्राचीन काल के अमरावती नदी स्थल से पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य मिलने की संभावना बढ़ी - bgdsrbg |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-bgdsrbg-21550546.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In ancient times, the village was a seat of the head of [[Samaveda]] called as ''Samaveda Pradhan'' in Mithila. It was a centre for [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]. It was called as ''Samkort'' or ''Sankorthu''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=पाण्डेय |first=शिववंश |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.html?id=DRMrAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6 |title="सारस्वत-सुषमा": अक्षर पुरुष आचार्य पण्डित आद्याचरण झा-अभिनन्दन ग्रन्थः |last2=झा |first2=शशिनाथ |last3=झा |first3=सतीशचन्द्र |date=1997 |publisher=Suśīla Kumāra Jhā |pages=181 |language=hi}}</ref> Presently, Sankorth has status of a [[gram panchayat]] in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=India Election |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Delimitation_of_Parliamentary_and_Assemb.html?id=yS9YAAAAMAAJ#v=onepage&q=Sankorth&f=false |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1966 |date=1967 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Census_of_India_1971.html?id=Fv6CnqxxfRIC#Sankorth |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 1: India |date=1900 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Kulwant Rai |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Directory_of_Libraries_in_India.html?id=FeXgAAAAMAAJ#Sankorth |title=Directory of Libraries in India |date=1989 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The name Sankorth of the village is derived from [[Samaveda]], a major branch of the Indian text [[Vedas]]. In ancient times, the head [[acharya]] of the Samaveda branch called as '''''Samaveda Pradhan''''' was living in the village. Therefore, the village was called as ''Samkort'' or ''Sankorthu''. Nowadays, it is known as ''Sankorth''.<ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
According to the Indian population census 2011, the total number of families residing in the village is 1030. The total population of the village is 4931. The number of males is 2516 and that of females is 2415.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251230025238/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=censusindia.gov.in |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vineeta_Singh&diff=544689Vineeta Singh2026-05-03T09:13:51Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Creating.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}<br />
{{Other uses|Vineeta (disambiguation){{!}}Vineeta|List of people with surname Singh{{!}}Singh}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vineeta Singh<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = MS VINEETA SINGH (PGP 2007) – The Economic Times 40 Under Forty (2020)<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1983}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Anand, Gujarat]], India<br />
| education = [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]]<br />
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[IIT Madras]]<br />
* [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]]}}<br />
| occupation = Entrepreneur<br />
| years_active = 2007–present<br />
| organization = Sugar Cosmetics<br />
| television = ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' (2021–present)<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Kaushik Mukherjee|2011}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| father = [[Tej P. Singh]]<br />
| awards = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vineeta Singh''' (born 1983) is an Indian entrepreneur and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], [[Organizational founder|co-founder]] of Sugar Cosmetics. She has been a Shark (i.e. judge/investor) on the business [[Reality television|reality TV show]] ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' since the show started airing on [[SonyLIV]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Hardest Part Is..." Shark Tank India's Vineeta Singh On Death Reports |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shark-tank-india-vineeta-singh-dismisses-fake-reports-and-rumours-of-her-death-arrest-5484186 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Singh was born in 1983 in [[Anand, Gujarat]].<ref name="BI1">{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Eetika |date=25 January 2023 |title=Early Life |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/rejecting-a-1-crore-job-offer-to-founding-sugar-cosmetics-journey-of-shark-vineeta-singh/slidelist/97303364.cms |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701051554/https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/rejecting-a-1-crore-job-offer-to-founding-sugar-cosmetics-journey-of-shark-vineeta-singh/slidelist/97303364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her mother holds a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] and her father [[Tej P. Singh]] is a biophysicist at the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]].<ref name="forbes1">{{Cite web |last=Meghani |first=Varsha |date=23 November 2021 |title=Vineeta Singh: Sugar Cosmetics, and the passion for the impossible |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-2021/vineeta-singh-sugar-cosmetics-and-the-passion-for-the-impossible/71707/1 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130181823/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-2021/vineeta-singh-sugar-cosmetics-and-the-passion-for-the-impossible/71707/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh completed her education at [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]] in 2001.<ref name="sharktank">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2021 |title=Vineeta Singh Sugar Cosmetics CEO The Next Judge of Shark Tank India |url=https://sharktank.co.in/blog-post/vineeta-singh-shark-tank-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164619/https://sharktank.co.in/blog-post/vineeta-singh-shark-tank-india/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=SharkTank.co.in |language=en}}</ref> She then enrolled in [[IIT Madras]] that year.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Pandey |first1=Shree |title=The IITM Nexus |year=2022 |edition=1st |place=Chennai, India |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |isbn=978-1-68563-906-8 |name-list-style=amp |last2=Sundararajan |first2=Shrikant |last3=Shashin |first3=Shibani}}</ref> Singh completed her electrical engineering studies at IIT-M and earned her bachelor's degree in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberoi |first=Pragatti |date=18 August 2022 |title=How to become a CEO? Vineeta Singh guides on the role of mathematics, IITs, IIMs and the skills needed |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/jobs/how-to-become-a-ceo-vineeta-singh-guides-on-the-role-of-mathematics-iits-iims-and-the-skills-needed-excl--article-93616804 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=TimesNow |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207105433/https://www.timesnownews.com/jobs/how-to-become-a-ceo-vineeta-singh-guides-on-the-role-of-mathematics-iits-iims-and-the-skills-needed-excl--article-93616804 |url-status=live }}</ref> Afterward, she obtained an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] in 2007.<ref name="mint">{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Shrabonti |date=21 May 2021 |title=Vineeta Singh: On a SUGAR high |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/vineeta-singh-on-a-sugar-high-111621425962738.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131230155/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/vineeta-singh-on-a-sugar-high-111621425962738.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
During her MBA studies, in 2006, she worked as a summer intern at [[Deutsche Bank]] and rejected a job despite an annual [[Indian rupee sign|₹1]]-[[crore]] salary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sutrishna |date=22 April 2020 |title=The IIM Alumnus Who Turned Down a Rs 1 Cr Job to Launch a Rs.100 Cr Cosmetics Empire. |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/iim-alumnus-turned-down-1-cr-job-launch-billion-dollar-cosmetics-empire-030026510.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Yahoo |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217071202/https://www.yahoo.com/news/iim-alumnus-turned-down-1-cr-job-launch-billion-dollar-cosmetics-empire-030026510.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2006 |title=Two IIM-A grads shun Rs 1-cr offer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-iim-a-grads-shun-rs-1-cr-offer/articleshow/968988.cms |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |publication-date=29 December 2006 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114154304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-iim-a-grads-shun-rs-1-cr-offer/articleshow/968988.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh and the other graduate who rejected the same offer wanted to start their own lingerie business,<ref name="Telegraph 2006">{{Cite web |title=No to crore-a-year to make lingerie |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/no-to-crore-a-year-to-make-lingerie/cid/746845 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |language=en |publication-date=28 December 2006 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124200940/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/no-to-crore-a-year-to-make-lingerie/cid/746845 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the idea did not take off as they could not raise the required funding.<ref name="mint" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In 2007, Singh founded her first startup Quetzal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angels dare to fly: Indian women are getting into entrepreneurial roles |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/biz-entrepreneurship/angels-dare-to-fly-indian-women-are-getting-into-entrepreneurial-roles/vineeta-singh-founder-of-quetzal/slideshow/5657930.cms |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214104428/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/biz-entrepreneurship/angels-dare-to-fly-indian-women-are-getting-into-entrepreneurial-roles/vineeta-singh-founder-of-quetzal/slideshow/5657930.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, providing background verification checks to recruiters failed to succeed. She started her second startup Fab-Bag in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web <br />
|title=Vineeta Singh: Sugar Cosmetics Founder Story <br />
|url=https://startupfox.in/article/vineeta-singh-sugar-cosmetics-founder-story <br />
|website=StartupFox <br />
|publisher=StartupFox <br />
|language=en <br />
|access-date=2026-04-04<br />
}}</ref> a subscription platform that provided monthly deliveries of beauty products.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=The Sweet and Bitter Story of Sugar Cosmetic Founder: Vineeta Singh |url=https://www.startupinsider.in/the-sweet-and-bitter-story-of-sugar-cosmetic-founder-vineeta-singh/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=startup insider |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214104432/https://www.startupinsider.in/the-sweet-and-bitter-story-of-sugar-cosmetic-founder-vineeta-singh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her third startup, Sugar Cosmetics, Singh founded together with her husband in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vineeta Singh: Sugar Cosmetics, And The Passion For The Impossible |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-2021/vineeta-singh-sugar-cosmetics-and-the-passion-for-the-impossible/71707/1 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Forbes India |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130181823/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-2021/vineeta-singh-sugar-cosmetics-and-the-passion-for-the-impossible/71707/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The company sells [[cosmetics]] and [[personal care products]] geared towards the Indian market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punj |first=Shwweta |title=Vineeta Singh: Sweet success. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/entrepreneurs/story/20220103-vineeta-singh-sweet-success-1892493-2021-12-26 |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=India Today |date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214104428/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/entrepreneurs/story/20220103-vineeta-singh-sweet-success-1892493-2021-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=As CEO, my job is to get out of their way |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-62310082 |access-date=14 January 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114142708/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-62310082 |url-status=live }}</ref> After closing a $50 million deal with private equity firm [[L Catterton]], Singh characterized the company's products as catering to the preferences of women with diverse skin tones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=31 May 2022 |title=SUGAR Cosmetics closes $50 million in series D fundraise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sugar-cosmetics-closes-50-million-in-series-d-fundraise/article65479609.ece |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124194832/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sugar-cosmetics-closes-50-million-in-series-d-fundraise/article65479609.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2022, actor [[Ranveer Singh]] invested an undisclosed amount and became a "brand evangelist" of Sugar Cosmetics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Ratna |date=3 September 2022 |title=Actor Ranveer Singh invests in Sugar Cosmetics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/actor-ranveer-singh-invests-in-sugar-cosmetics/articleshow/93964248.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127211739/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/actor-ranveer-singh-invests-in-sugar-cosmetics/articleshow/93964248.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma Ambwani |first=Meenakshi |date=3 September 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh invests in SUGAR Cosmetics |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ranveer-singh-invests-in-sugar-cosmetics/article65844446.ece |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127212234/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ranveer-singh-invests-in-sugar-cosmetics/article65844446.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh appeared on the hard copy cover pages of business magazines, such as ''[[Forbes India]]'', ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'', and ''[[Businessworld]]''.{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Brian |date=22 November 2021 |title=Forbes India W-Power 2021: Role models who will inspire a generation |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/column/forbes-india-wpower-2021-role-models-who-will-inspire-a-generation/71681/1 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114171240/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/column/forbes-india-wpower-2021-role-models-who-will-inspire-a-generation/71681/1 |url-status=live }} ''("Editor's Note" including image of cover showing Singh)''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2022 |title=Issue for 13 November 2022 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/issue/2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222146/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/issue/2022-11-13 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}} ''(Shows cover of 13 November 2022 print issue which features and names Singh)''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=Sugar Rush |url=https://twitter.com/vineetasng/status/1608765061014880256/photo/1 |access-date=15 January 2023 |language=en |via=[[Twitter]] |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701051557/https://twitter.com/vineetasng/status/1608765061014880256/photo/1 |url-status=live }} ''("Image of cover showing Singh and teaser to the corresponding cover story)''</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rajiv |date=9 September 2021 |title=Sugar cosmetics: Lips don't lie |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/onlinefirst-brands/sugar-cosmetics-lips-dont-lie/61463/1 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130080154/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/onlinefirst-brands/sugar-cosmetics-lips-dont-lie/61463/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} To ''Business Today'', she revealed that funding was once only granted under the condition that her husband joined the company full-time, which she viewed as [[Sexism|gender discrimination]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaidi |first=Tarab |date=21 December 2022 |title=Investors refused to fund Sugar until my husband joined it |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/investors-refused-to-fund-sugar-until-my-husband-joined-it-shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-357296-2022-12-21 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=[[Business Today (India)]] |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107010037/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/investors-refused-to-fund-sugar-until-my-husband-joined-it-shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-357296-2022-12-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sugar Sugar, Ah! Money, Money |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Sugar-Sugar-Ah-Money-Money/16-12-2022-458323/ |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[Businessworld]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, ''Forbes India'' listed Singh as one of its Forbes India W-Power list of women achievers.<ref name="forbes2">{{Cite web |title=W-Power 2021 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/wpower-2021/1993/1 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119074348/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/wpower-2021/1993/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="forbes1" /> In 2023, Bollywood actress [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] formed a joint venture with Singh and her husband, to launch a Korean skincare brand Quench Botanics in India.<ref name="KKKJV">{{Cite web |last=Verma Ambwani |first=Meenakshi |date=13 October 2023 |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan becomes co-owner of Vineeta Singh's Quench Botanics |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kareena-kapoor-khan-becomes-co-owner-of-vineeta-singhs-quench-botanics/article67413049.ece |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Business Line |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019095739/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kareena-kapoor-khan-becomes-co-owner-of-vineeta-singhs-quench-botanics/article67413049.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In early 2024, Singh revealed that she is preparing Sugar Cosmetics towards an [[Initial public offering|IPO]]. For this, she targeted a timeline of approximately two to three years. In alignment with the board, the right timing would require the company to be profitable and stable at a revenue above ₹1000-crore. At the time of the interview, Sugar Cosmetic's outlook was positive. The company had just realized their first profitable month ever and annual revenue had increased by about 20% to just above ₹500-crore.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news |<br />
date=2024-01-04 |<br />
title=Sugar Cosmetics turned profitable in December; looking at 2-3 years’ timeline for IPO: Vineeta Singh |<br />
url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/sugar-cosmetics-turned-profitable-in-december-looking-at-2-3-years-timeline-for-ipo-vineeta-singh/articleshow/106538948.cms?from=mdr |<br />
access-date=2025-12-26 |<br />
work=The Economic Times |<br />
issn=0013-0389}}<br />
</ref> <br />
The positive development was discontinued in 2025, when revenue declined to ₹415-crore and the company realized a net loss of about 26% (i.e. ₹108-crore). As a consequence, the company pushed back the IPO target date by another two years.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news |<br />
date= |<br />
title= Sugar Cosmetics eyes recovery after double-digit slump in FY25|<br />
url=https://www.thearcweb.com/article/sugar-cosmetics-beauty-vineeta-singh-shark-tank-fy25-7qLqxMDMzYP7RBg7 |<br />
access-date=2025-05-03 |<br />
work=The Arc }}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
Singh has received the following awards and recognitions, either personally or in recognition of Sugar Cosmetics' entrepreneurial achievements:<br />
<br />
* 2 Gold and 2 Silver medals for [[IIT Madras]] across 4 Inter IIT Sports Meets attended from 2001–05<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Kabir Singh |date=14 June 2022 |title=Shark Tank India's Vineeta Singh Has Amazing Stamina And Fitness. This Is Her Secret |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-has-amazing-stamina-and/429442 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Entrepreneur |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225132501/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-has-amazing-stamina-and/429442 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Retail Start-Up of the Year 2019 by [[Entrepreneur (magazine)|''Entrepreneur'']]<ref name="wa" /><br />
* Most Promising Brand of The Year 2019 by ''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref name="wa" /><br />
* 40 Under Forty 2020 by ''The Economic Times''<ref name="wa">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=The Economic Times 40 Under Forty (2020) |url=https://wimwian.iima.ac.in/2021/06/11/vineeta-singh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630164144/https://wimwian.iima.ac.in/2021/06/11/vineeta-singh/ |archive-date=30 June 2024 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=The WIMWIAN-IIMA Alumni Magazine}}</ref><br />
* 40 under 40 2021 by [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune India'']]<ref name="et">{{Cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Chaitrali |last2=Ramani |first2=Vyom |date=4 May 2023 |title=How Vineeta Singh's cosmetics startup is revolutionising the beauty industry |url=https://etedge-insights.com/how-vineeta-singhs-cosmetics-startup-is-revolutionising-the-beauty-industry/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=ET Edge Insights |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701051559/https://etedge-insights.com/how-vineeta-singhs-cosmetics-startup-is-revolutionising-the-beauty-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Most Trusted Brand of India 2021 by ''[[CNBC TV18]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=17th IMAGES Retail Awards honours excellence in the business of retail |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2021/11/12/17th-images-retail-awards-honours-excellence-in-the-business-of-retail/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630164143/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2021/11/12/17th-images-retail-awards-honours-excellence-in-the-business-of-retail/ |archive-date=30 June 2024 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=India Retailing}}</ref><br />
* Most Admired Retailer Award 2021 by ''IMAGES''<ref name="wa" /><br />
* W-Power 2021 by ''[[Forbes India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anis |first=Fakeha |date=24 June 2024 |title=Shark Tank India's Vineeta Singh reveals TWO major tips to deal with entrepreneurship stress; know HERE |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-reveals-two-major-tips-to-deal-with-entrepreneurship-stress-know-here-1320227 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701051556/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-reveals-two-major-tips-to-deal-with-entrepreneurship-stress-know-here-1320227 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* 40 under 40 2021 by [[Businessworld|''BW Disrupt'']]<ref name="et" /><br />
* Young Global Leaders 2022 by [[World Economic Forum]]<ref name="et" /><br />
* MPW 2022 by [[Business Today (India)|''Business Today'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=MPW 2022 honours Ghazal Alagh, Roshni Nadar, Vineeta Singh and other star performers in business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/mpw/story/mpw-2022-honours-ghazal-alagh-roshni-nadar-vineeta-singh-and-other-star-performers-in-business-375375-2023-03-29 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Business Today |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529174539/https://www.businesstoday.in/mpw/story/mpw-2022-honours-ghazal-alagh-roshni-nadar-vineeta-singh-and-other-star-performers-in-business-375375-2023-03-29 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Women Achievers Day Award 2023 by [[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA India'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=DNA Women Achievers Awards 2023: Vineeta Singh wins in Startup category |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dna-women-achievers-awards-2023-vineeta-singh-wins-in-startup-category-3027495 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=DNA India |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901122133/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dna-women-achievers-awards-2023-vineeta-singh-wins-in-startup-category-3027495 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* MPW 2023 by ''Business Today''<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=BT's Most Powerful Women in Business awards: Celebrating success |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/event/story/bts-most-powerful-women-in-business-awards-celebrating-success-377676-2023-04-17 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Business Today |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120052019/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/event/story/bts-most-powerful-women-in-business-awards-celebrating-success-377676-2023-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Entertainment ==<br />
Singh is one of the major investors/judges on the business reality show ''[[Shark Tank India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=17 January 2023 |title=Sugar's Vineeta Singh on how Shark Tank India changed her life: "My kids ask, why people want a photo with you." |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vineeta-singh-shark-tank-india-fame-kids-ask-why-people-want-photo-with-you-8378441/ |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216090613/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vineeta-singh-shark-tank-india-fame-kids-ask-why-people-want-photo-with-you-8378441/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Panjari |first1=Swagata |last2=Salve |first2=Priyanka |title=What makes Sharks take the bait? Vineeta Singh, Namita Thapar share the idea USP that attracts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/consumer/what-makes-sharks-take-the-bait-vineeta-singh-namita-thapar-share-the-idea-usp-that-attracts/primearticleshow/96947380.cms |access-date=14 January 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701030241/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/consumer/what-makes-sharks-take-the-bait-vineeta-singh-namita-thapar-share-the-idea-usp-that-attracts/primearticleshow/96947380.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, Singh along with the other ''Shark Tank India'' judges appeared as a VIP contestant in ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', the Hindi version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2022 |title=KBC: Here's how Vineeta Singh, Aman Gupta, Anupam Mittal pitched for themselves to grab the hotseat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kbc-here-s-how-vineeta-singh-aman-gupta-anupam-mittal-pitched-for-themselves-to-grab-the-hotseat-101672280279803.html |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114150605/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kbc-here-s-how-vineeta-singh-aman-gupta-anupam-mittal-pitched-for-themselves-to-grab-the-hotseat-101672280279803.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She also appeared as a guest on ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' together with other Shark Tank India judges in the same year.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry-azrgoab4 |title=The Kapil Sharma Show S2- Sharks - Massive Contributors To Country's GDP -Ep 225-Full EP-30 Jan 2022 |date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Kapil Sharma Show]] |access-date=24 January 2023 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123192207/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry-azrgoab4&t=49m51s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes1">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |title=Kapil Sharma asks Shark Tank's Vineeta Singh about lipstick marks on husband's shirt, he has a funny response |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kapil-sharma-asks-shark-tank-s-vineeta-singh-about-lipstick-marks-on-husband-s-shirt-he-has-a-funny-response-watch-101643455315545.html |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701030240/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kapil-sharma-asks-shark-tank-s-vineeta-singh-about-lipstick-marks-on-husband-s-shirt-he-has-a-funny-response-watch-101643455315545.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
In 2011, Vineeta Singh married Kaushik Mukherjee and the couple have two sons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Arushi |date=18 April 2022 |title=Shark Tank India: From an athlete to business leader under 40, lesser-known facts about Vineeta Singh |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/shark-tank-india-athlete-business-leader-under-40-lesser-known-facts-about-vineeta-singh-1068792 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206133100/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/shark-tank-india-athlete-business-leader-under-40-lesser-known-facts-about-vineeta-singh-1068792 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> She met Kaushik during their studies at [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2022 |title=SUGAR Cosmetics journey a part of IIM-A's case study, founders Kaushik Mukherjee & Vineeta Singh over the moon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sugar-cosmetics-journey-a-part-of-iim-as-case-study-founders-kaushik-mukherjee-vineeta-singh-over-the-moon/articleshow/93677573.cms?from=mdR |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206133057/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sugar-cosmetics-journey-a-part-of-iim-as-case-study-founders-kaushik-mukherjee-vineeta-singh-over-the-moon/articleshow/93677573.cms?from=mdR |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=PICS: Ashneer Grover to Vineeta Singh; sneak peek into the family life of Shark Tank India judges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pics-ashneer-grover-to-vineeta-singh-sneak-peek-into-the-family-life-of-shark-tank-india-judges/photostory/90016016.cms |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206170943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pics-ashneer-grover-to-vineeta-singh-sneak-peek-into-the-family-life-of-shark-tank-india-judges/photostory/90016016.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh is a [[Triathlon|triathlete]] and [[ultramarathon]] runner and has participated in 20 marathons, ultramarathons, and 12 half-marathons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vidya |date=25 September 2021 |title=Run, Vineeta, Run |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/network/story/run-vineeta-run-307624-2021-09-25 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Business Today |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206133054/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/network/story/run-vineeta-run-307624-2021-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> She also took part in the 89-km [[Comrades Marathon]] from 2012 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh Bhandari |first=Kabir |date=14 June 2022 |title=Shark Tank India's Vineeta Singh Has Amazing Stamina And Fitness |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-has-amazing-stamina-and/429442 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Entrepreneur |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130084316/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singh-has-amazing-stamina-and/429442 |url-status=live }}</ref> She completed the 2017 [[Ironman Triathlon]] in Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganesan Ram |first=Sharmila |date=22 October 2017 |title=Powai power couple on losing friends and becoming 'Iron Man' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/powai-power-couple-on-losing-friends-and-becoming-iron-man/articleshow/61168600.cms |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207024255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/powai-power-couple-on-losing-friends-and-becoming-iron-man/articleshow/61168600.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2018 [[Mumbai Marathon]], she ran a total of 21&nbsp;km in 2:42:51s while being 6 months pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Sundari |date=22 January 2018 |title=Woman runs 21 km while being six months pregnant |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-marathon-woman-runs-21-km-while-being-six-months-pregnant-18962182 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Mid-day |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127222726/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-marathon-woman-runs-21-km-while-being-six-months-pregnant-18962182 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|13230972}}<br />
<br />
{{Shark Tank India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vineeta}}<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Anand district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women company founders]]<br />
[[Category:Women founders]]<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Shark Tank India]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Leh&diff=481316Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh2026-05-02T01:34:43Z<p>AlbaTinker204: update lead and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Autonomous administrative division in Ladakh, India}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh<br />
| house_type = Autonomous District Council<br />
| body = Leh district<br />
| houses = <br />
| coa_pic =<br />
| coa_res = <br />
| leader1_type = Chief Executive Councillor<br />
| leader1 = [[Tashi Gyalson]]<br />
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] <br />
| election1 = 31 October 2020<br />
| leader2_type = <br />
| leader2 = <br />
| party2 = <br />
| election2 = <br />
| leader3_type = <br />
| leader3 = <br />
| party3 = <br />
| election3 = <br />
| members = 30 Councillors (26 Elected + 4 Nominated)<br />
| structure1 = Leh, Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council 2020.svg<br />
| structure1_res = 250px<br />
| political_groups1 =<br />
'''Government (16) '''<br />
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (16)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leh.nic.in/election-trends-results/|title=LAHDC Leh election 2020 results|work=Leh district Administration|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref><br />
'''Opposition (10)'''<br />
*{{colorbox|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (9)<br />
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)<br />
'''Nominated (4)'''<br />
* {{Color box|#000000}} [[Candidate|NOM]] (4)<br />
| voting_system1 = 26 [[Plurality voting system|plurality voting]] + 4 Nominated<br />
| last_election1 = [[2020 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh election|26 October 2020]]<br />
| next_election1 = 2025<br />
| session_room = <br />
| session_res = <br />
| session_alt = <br />
| meeting_place = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]<br />
| website = {{url|https://leh.nic.in/lahdcleh/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ladakh.nic.in/ladakh-autonomous-hill-development-council-leh/|title=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh &#124; the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh &#124; India}}</ref> (LAHDC Leh) is one among the two [[Autonomous regions of India|Autonomous District Council]] of [[Ladakh|Ladakh Union Territory.]] LAHDC Leh administers the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/lahdc.htm |title=Ladakh Autonomous hill development Council |access-date=2007-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030134447/http://leh.nic.in/lahdc.htm |archive-date=2007-10-30 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The council was created under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act 1995, following demands of [[Ladakhi people]] to make [[Leh District]] a new Indian [[Union Territory]] because of its religious and cultural differences with the rest of Jammu and Kashmir. In October 1993, the Indian [[Government of India|Union Government]] and the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir State Government]] agreed to grant Ladakh the status of Autonomous Hill Council.<br />
<br />
The council came into being with the holding of elections on 28 August 1995. The inaugural meeting of the council was held at Leh on 3 September 1995. An Autonomous Hill Council has also been established in neighboring [[Kargil District]]. The Hill Council in Kargil came in to existence in July 2003.<br />
<br />
In 2003, as part of its "healing touch policy", the J&K government announced popular elections for the Autonomous Hill Development Council in [[Kargil]], which was meant to strengthen participatory forms of development, governance and democratic state-building in the war-ravaged district.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhan|first=Mona|title=The Hill Council and the Healing Touch policy|date=11 September 2013|publisher=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series|page=63|isbn=9781134509836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZTDAAAAQBAJ&q=Contents+in+Counterinsurgency%2C+Democracy+and+the+politics+of+Identity+in+India&pg=PA215}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Powers==<br />
<br />
The autonomous hill councils work with village [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]s to take decisions on economic development, healthcare, education, land use, taxation, and local governance which are further reviewed at the block headquarters in the presence of the chief executive councillor and executive councillors.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/india/india78.html|title = India|publisher = Allrefer country study guide|access-date = 21 August 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110521234810/http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/india/india78.html|archive-date = 21 May 2011|url-status = dead}}</ref> The administration of Union Territory of Ladakh looks after law and order, communications and the higher education in the districts.<br />
<br />
==Members==<br />
===Members of the Council===<br />
In the elections for the LAHDC on [[2020 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh election|26 October 2020]], the BJP won 15 out of 26 seats.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lahdc-leh-poll-bjp-wins-6-seats-as-counting-is-underway-for-19-seats/article32942412.ece Ladakh poll: 15 seats for BJP, Cong. wins 9], The Hindu, 26 October 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://leh.nic.in/lahdcleh/|title=LAHDC Leh Councillors|work=LAHDC Leh|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Constituency No !! Constituency Name !! Name of Councillor || colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Turtuk || Ghulam Mehdi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || Hundar || Kunzang Lotus || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Diskit || Tsering Angchuk || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || Tegar || Rigzen Lundup || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Panamik || Tsering Sandup || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || Tangtse || Tashi Namgyal || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || Chushul || Konchok Stanzin || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || Nyoma || Ishey Spalzang || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || Kungyam || Thinles Nurboo || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || Karzok || Karma Namdak || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || Sakti || Rigzin Tsering || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || Igoo || Sonam Thardos || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || Martselang || Stanzin Chosphel || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || Thiksey || Stanzin Chosfail || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || Chuchot || Mirza Hussain || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || Upper Leh || Phuntsog Stanzin Tsepag || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 17 ||| Lower Leh || Tsering Namgyal || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || Phyang || Tundup Nurbu || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || Sku Markha || Sonam Nurboo || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 20 || Basgo || Tsering Norboo || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || Saspol || Smanla Dorje Nurboo || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 22 || Temisgam || Sonam Dorjey || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 23 || Khaltsi || Lobzang Sherab || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || Skurbuchan || Lundup Dorjai || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| 25 || Lamayuru || Morup Dorjey || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| 26 || Lingshet || [[Tashi Gyalson]] || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Members of the Executive Committee===<br />
The members of the executive committee are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ladakh.nic.in/ladakh-autonomous-hill-development-council-leh/|title=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh &#124; the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh &#124; India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! S. No. !! Name !! Designation<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || Tashi Gyalson || Chairman / Chief Executive Councillor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-new-chief-executive-councillor-tashi-gyalson-promises-welfare-of-ladakh-people/363314|title = New Chief Executive Councillor Tashi Gyalson Promises Welfare of Ladakh People}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || Tsering Angchuk || Deputy Chairman<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Tashi Namgyal Yakzee || Executive Councillor for Animals and Sheep<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || Ghulam Mehdi || Executive Councillor for Minorities and Forestry <br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Stanzin Chosphel || Executive Councillor for Agriculture<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vision 2025==<br />
<br />
On 8 May 2013 mutual collaboration for sustainable development in Ladakh in the tune with Ladakh Vision Document 2025 was jointly organised by LAHDC and [[NABARD]] at Sindhu Sanskriti Kendra in [[Leh]]. The workshop-cum-discussion session was inaugurated by the then Chief Executive Councillor of Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Rigzin Spalbar by lighting up the lamp in the presence of Executive Councillors.<br />
<br />
In his introductory speech, Rigzin Spalbar talked about Ladakh Vision Document 2025 which was prepared in 2005 by a committee of 20 members headed by Sonam Dawa, former Chief Engineer and Advisor of Ladakh Ecological Development Group. These members belonging to different fields of expertise had put a great effort in the conceptualisation of the Vision Document. CEC took the opportunity to felicitate them at the function with a traditional scarf and a memento.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ladakh Marathon]], a marathon organised by LAHDC<br />
* [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]<br />
* [[List of districts of Ladakh]]<br />
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://leh.nic.in/lahdcleh/ Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh]<br />
*[https://twitter.com/eman_cilbup/status/1320708545419984896/photo/1 Constituency map]<br />
<br />
{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1995]]<br />
[[Category:Leh district]]<br />
[[Category:1995 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bade_Miyan_Chote_Miyan_(1998_film)&diff=488942Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)2026-04-28T06:34:27Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1998 film by David Dhawan}}<br />
{{about|the 1998 film|the 2024 film|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bade Miyan Chote Miyan<br />
| image = Bade Miyan Chote Miyan 1998 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[David Dhawan]]<br />
| producer = [[Vashu Bhagnani]]<br />
| writer = Rumi Jaffery<br />
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]<br />[[Ramya Krishnan]]<br />[[Raveena Tandon]]<br />[[Paresh Rawal]]<br />[[Anupam Kher]]<br />[[Satish Kaushik]]<br />[[Sharat Saxena]]<br />
| music = [[Viju Shah]]<br />
| cinematography = K. S. Prakash Rao<br />
| editing = A. Muthu<br />
| studio = [[Pooja Entertainment]]<br />
| released = {{film date|1998|10|16|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 142 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|12}} [[crore]]<ref name="boxo_Bade">{{Cite web | title = Bade Miyan Chote Miyan&nbsp;– Movie&nbsp;– Box Office India | work = Boxofficeindia.com | access-date = 2016-07-31 | url = http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2515 }}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INRConvert|35.21|c|year=1998}}<ref name="boxo_Bade" /> <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bade Miyan Chote Miyan''''' ({{Translation|Big Mister and Little Mister}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[buddy cop]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[David Dhawan]] and produced by [[Vashu Bhagnani]] under [[Pooja Entertainment]]. The film, which was the first Hindi film to be shot in the [[Ramoji Film City]], stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] playing [[Dual role|dual roles]], alongside [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Sharat Saxena]] and [[Satish Kaushik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wilkins |first1=Karin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXS_AAAAQBAJ&dq=maa+nannaki+pelli&pg=PA95 |title=Global Communication: New Agendas in Communication |last2=Straubhaar |first2=Joe |last3=Kumar |first3=Shanti |date=2013-09-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-01097-3 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref> The core plot of the film is borrowed from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Bhranti Bilas]]'' (1963), a reworking of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'', and also is an adaptation of the 1995 [[American film|American]] film ''[[Bad Boys (1995 film)|Bad Boys]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author1 = C. Dionne | author2 = P. Kapadia | date = 17 December 2015 | title = Bollywood Shakespeares | publisher = [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] | pages = 167– | isbn = 978-1-137-37556-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JdNCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 | quote = }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Bade Miyan Chote Miyan'' was theatrically released on 16 October 1998 and became 4th [[List of Hindi films of 1998|highest grossing Hindi films of 1998]], despite clashing with [[Karan Johar]]'s ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=126&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |title=Top Lifetime Grossers 1990–1999 (Figures in Ind Rs) |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103182038/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=126&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|archive-date=3 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
[[Inspector]]s Arjun Singh and Pyare Mohan Bhargava share a friendly bond. Arjun is unmarried, and some petty comments are made about his age, while his sister Seema is dating Pyare. Zorawar Siddiqui, a [[smuggler]], works under the cover of being a [[sculptor]] in a hotel. Zorawar gets rid of Madhu, an eyewitness who is spying on him. Madhu's friend Neha witnesses her murder and calls the police. Arjun arrives there, and he takes her to Pyare's house.<br />
<br />
Bade Miyan and Chote Miyan are petty thieves and [[doppelgänger]]s of Arjun and Pyare. Bade and Chote arrive in town, and confusion ensues when every crime they commit is blamed on Arjun and Pyare. Things go further downhill when [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Shyamlal is also thrashed by Bade and Chote. Seema and Neha also mistake Bade and Chote for Arjun and Pyare. Arjun and Pyare land in trouble when Zorawar kidnaps Seema. They are arrested, but get saved by the arrival of Bade and Chote, who reveal their acts and promise to get Seema back. <br />
<br />
They arrive at Zorawar's hideout and stall them while Arjun and Pyare arrive with the police force, and everyone at the hideout is arrested. Bade and Chote leave after apologising to Seema for the confusion. Zorawar's henchmen hijack the police van, which is taking him and his associates to prison. They are stopped by Bade and Chote, asking for a lift. Chote realises the truth and gets Zorawar and his men arrested. Arjun and Pyare are criticised for their mistake regarding the van's [[Carjacking|hijacking]], and Bade and Chote are given a job in the police force. Arjun and Pyare end up being demoted as traffic officers, while Bade and Chote take their place as Inspectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/16miyan.htm |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: The Bade Miyan Chote Miyan review |work=Rediff.com |date=16 October 1998 |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] in [[dual roles]] as <br />
** Vijay Nigam (Bade Miyan); Sunil's brother <br />
** Inspector Arjun Singh; Neha's boyfriend <br />
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in dual roles as<br />
** Sunil Nigam (Chote Miyan); Vijay's brother <br />
** Inspector Pyare Mohan Bhargava; Seema's boyfriend <br />
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Seema Singh; Pyare Mohan's love interest <br />
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Neha Ahuja; Arjun's love interest <br />
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Police Commissioner Shyamlal Tripathi<br />
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Zorawar Raaz Ali<br />
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Suryadhar Malik<br />
*[[Mahavir Shah]] as Amrish Chawla<br />
*[[Kader Khan]] as Waiter Tajendra Chaturvedi/Kadar bhai<br />
*[[Satish Kaushik]] as Sharafat Ali<br />
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Vaijanti Singh<br />
*[[Divya Dutta]] as Madhu Sabharwal<br />
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Watchman Kaushik Desai<br />
*[[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] as Museum Security Officer Khairatlal<br />
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Sundar Kala<br />
*[[Razzak Khan]] as Prisoner Khaleem Dheele<br />
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Jeweller Narayan Das<br />
*[[Shehzad Khan]] as Inspector Vikas Bhalla, who recorded Zorawar's meeting<br />
*[[David Dhawan]] as himself<br />
*[[Viju Khote]] as Passenger Damodar<br />
*Manmauji as Passenger Akram<br />
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as herself<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Bade Miyan Chote Miyan<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Viju Shah<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 25 August 1998<br />
| recorded = Daman Sood<br />
| venue = Mumbai<br />
| studio = Western Outdoor<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 38:58<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = Tips Cassettes & Records<br />
| producer = Viju Shah<br />
| prev_title = [[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]]<br />
| prev_year = 1997<br />
| next_title = [[Beti No. 1]]<br />
| next_year = 1999<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The music album of the film, composed by [[Viju Shah]] with lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]], was released on 25 August 1998.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Similar to Shah's prior compositions for films like ''[[Mohra]]'' and ''[[Gupt]]'' that became popular, the album showed his offbeat mode of music yielding the tuneful numbers like the title track "Bade Miyan Chote Miyan", the zippy [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] number "Makhna" and the groovy "Kisi Disco Mein Jaaye".<br />
<br />
Vocals are supplied by [[Udit Narayan]] for Govinda, and [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]] and [[Sudesh Bhosle]] for Bachchan. Singers featured in the soundtrack include [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], and [[Jaspinder Narula]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Songs<br />
| extra_column = Playback<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]<br />
| all_music = [[Viju Shah]]<br />
| title1 = Bade Miyan Chote Miyan<br />
| extra1 = Udit Narayan, Sudesh Bhosle<br />
| title2 = Makhna<br />
| extra2 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]<br />
| title3 = Kisi Disco Mein Jaaye<br />
| extra3 = Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik<br />
| title4 = Assi Chutki Nabbe Taal<br />
| extra4 = Udit Narayan, Sudesh Bhonsle<br />
| title5 = Deta Jai Jo Re<br />
| note5 = I<br />
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]<br />
| title6 = Dhin Tak Dhin<br />
| extra6 = [[Jaspinder Narula]], Sudesh Bhosle<br />
| title7 = Deta Jai Jo Re<br />
| extra7 = [[Alka Yagnik]], Kavita Krishnamurthy, Udit Narayan, [[Sudesh Bhonsle]]<br />
| title8 = Assi Chutki Nabbe Taal<br />
| note8 = II<br />
| extra8 = Sudesh Bhonsle, Udit Narayan<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| length1 = 05:57<br />
| length2 = 05:01<br />
| length3 = 05:26<br />
| length4 = 05:29<br />
| length5 = 05:14<br />
| length6 = 05:02<br />
| note7 = II<br />
| length7 = 05:14<br />
| length8 = 01:53<br />
| total_length = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
<br />
'''Zee Cine Awards 1999'''<br />
<br />
'''Winner'''<br />
<br />
* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role]] – [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]<br />
'''Videocon Screen Awards 1999'''<br />
<br />
Videocon Screen Awards Best Actor (Jury) – [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]<br />
; [[44th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki><br />
<br />
'''Nominated'''<br />
<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Viju Shah]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Ulta Palta (disambiguation)]], title of various other Indian films based on the play<br />
* ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'', a 2024 film by [[Ali Abbas Zafar]] named after this film and also produced by Vashu Bhagnani under [[Pooja Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0118673}}<br />
<br />
{{David Dhawan}}<br />
{{The Comedy of Errors}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1998 films]]<br />
[[Category:1998 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s buddy cop films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s buddy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1998 crime comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s chase films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s heist films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Viju Shah]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on The Comedy of Errors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chase films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian heist films]]<br />
[[Category:Police detective films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films about friendship]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]<br />
[[Category:1990s police comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Buddy action films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s police procedural films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language crime comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_sector_in_Andhra_Pradesh&diff=526099Power sector in Andhra Pradesh2026-04-25T19:10:19Z<p>AlbaTinker204: New A Info Added Tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Lead too long|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br />
<br />
'''Power sector of Andhra Pradesh''' is divided into 4 categories namely ''Regulation'', ''Generation'', ''Transmission'' and ''Distribution''. ''Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (APERC)'' is the regulatory body.<ref name="regulation">{{cite web|title=Regulatory body of AP power sector|url=http://www.aperc.gov.in/aperc1/index.php/main/aboutus|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> ''[[APGENCO]]'' deals with the electricity production and also maintenance, proposes new projects and upgrades existing ones as well.<ref name="overview">{{cite web|url = http://apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=corporate_profile|title = APGENGO overview|accessdate = 19 June 2014|publisher = APGENCO|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175220/http://apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=corporate_profile|archivedate = 14 July 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The [[APGENCO]] also set up a [[Special Purpose Vehicle]] (SPV), named as ''Andhra Pradesh Power Development Company Limited (APPDCL)'', a joint venture company of APGENCO (with 50% equity) and [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS]] (50% equity) to set up Krishnapatanam thermal power project (2x800 MW).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=jvslink1|title = APGENCO and APPDCL|accessdate = 4 July 2014|publisher = apgenco|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612201745/http://www.apgenco.gov.in/inner.asp?frm=jvslink1|archive-date = 12 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh|APTRANSCO]]'' is set up for transmission of power.<ref name="apseb">{{cite web|title=APTRANSCO|url=http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/about.html|publisher=Transmission Corporation of AP|accessdate=4 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620224336/http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/about.html|archive-date=20 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[APGENCO]], APPDCL, [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] and other private firms contribute to the generation of power in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh pulls out of PPAs with NTPC |date=30 June 2020|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-pulls-out-of-ppas-with-ntpc-630822|accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Power Allocation from Central Sector|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlypowersupply.html|accessdate=4 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Merit Order Despatch of Electricity|url=http://meritindia.in/state-data/andhra-pradesh|accessdate=4 July 2017}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh has become the second state in India to achieve 100% electrification of all households.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh becomes second state to achieve 100% electrification|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/andhra-pradesh-becomes-second-state-to-achieve-100-electrification/articleshow/54310324.cms|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref> Weighted average cost of power generation and purchases is INR 3.45 per kWh which is highest in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weighted average cost of power|url=http://meritindia.in/MarginalDetails|accessdate=29 January 2021}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh is also leader by installing 433 nos electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) out of 927 nos installed in the entire country as on 30 June 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of EVCS in India|url=https://cea.nic.in/%e0%a4%87%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%97/|accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under the program of installing 500 [[Gigawatt|GW]] capacity of renewable power capacity by 2030, nearly 59 GW (25%) of solar and wind power is identified out of 236.58 GW in three districts of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Transmission%20System%20for%20Integration.pdf|title=Transmission System for Integration of over 500 GW RE Capacity by 2030|publisher=CEA |accessdate=18 December 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The newly formed Andhra Pradesh Green Energy Corporation Limited (APGECL), a 100% subsidiary of APGENCO, will be the trading agency/licensee for the 10 GW solar project in a phased manner and for connecting it to the grid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mercomindia.com/andhra-quashes-solar-tender-apegcl/|title=Andhra High Court Quashes the 6.4 GW Solar Project Tender by APEGCL|date=17 June 2021|accessdate=18 June 2021}}</ref> The 10 GW solar projects would be used to meet the entire agriculture power consumption which will be met during the day time for nine hours duration daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mercomindia.com/andhra-pradesh-amends-agricultural-solar/|title=Andhra Pradesh Amends 10 GW Agricultural Solar Program to Mitigate Cash Flow Issues |accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh is also leading in installation of solar power /off grid agriculture pump sets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Energization of pump sets as on 31 March 2019|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/electrification/2019/pumpset_energization-03.pdf|accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref> A [[renewable energy]] export policy for Andhra Pradesh was also announced to facilitate the setting up of 120 GW solar, wind and solar-wind hybrid energy parks by using 0.5 million acres of land.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mercomindia.com/andhra-pradesh-policy-export-renewable/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Launches Policy to Export Renewable Power to Other States |date=21 July 2020 |accessdate=23 July 2020}}</ref> New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NREDCAP), a state owned company, is actively involved in promoting renewable energy projects in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=GIS map of RE power projects and EV charging stations in AP state |url=http://nredcapgis.deltaconsgis.com/view-selected-site/Solar|accessdate=3 June 2021}}</ref> Roof top solar power cost/unit in the state are falling below the domestic power tariff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Residential Rooftop Solar To Cost Rs 31,200/Kw In Andhra Pradesh after Subsidy |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/residential-rooftop-solar-to-cost-rs-31200-kw-in-andhra-pradesh-after-subsidy|accessdate=6 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 24,854 MW in the state as of 31 March 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-03.pdf|title=All India Installed Capacity of Utility Power Stations |accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref> APtransCo has made long term power purchase agreements for 19,068 MW as of 31 March 2019.<ref name=twenty/><ref name= pagen>{{cite web|title=Salient features of A.P.Transco / A.P.Genco / Discoms |url=http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/docs/salient%20features%20feb18.pdf|accessdate=13 March 2018}}</ref> The per capita electricity consumption is 1234 units with 63,143 million [[KWh]] gross electricity supplied in the year 2018–19.<ref name=twenty>{{cite web|title=Salient features at a glance |url=https://www.aptransco.co.in/transco/docs/At%20a%20Glance-%20Dec%202019.pdf|accessdate=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Uninterrupted power for HT consumers soon|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 March 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/uninterrupted-power-for-ht-consumers-soon/article8348340.ece|accessdate=13 March 2016|last1=Raghavendra |first1=V. }}</ref> The performance of Krishnapatanam thermal power station (2X800 MW) with super critical pressure technology is not satisfactory even after one year commercial operation as the units rarely operate at rated capacity forcing the state to purchase costly power from day ahead trading in [[Indian Energy Exchange|IEX]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Daily area wise prices |url=http://www.iexindia.com/marketdata/areaprice.aspx|accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=day>{{cite web|title=Station wise daily power generation data |url=https://apgenco.gov.in/files/2.htm|accessdate=13 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Power sector of Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|left|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh flow chart]]<br />
[[File:Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station in January 2015.JPG|thumb|Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station (500 MW Unit)]]<br />
<br />
== Short term power purchases ==<br />
APDisComs purchase regularly from the energy exchange, etc. to meet the peak load and energy shortages. As the power purchases/sales are done on daily basis without proper planning and optimum utilization of APGENCO power generation capacity, APERC has given guidelines to the DisComs for implementation while making short term (less than one year duration) purchases and sales in the year 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mercomindia.com/andhra-pradesh-short-term-procurement-regulations/|title=Andhra Pradesh issues short term power procurement regulations |date=14 February 2022 |accessdate=15 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aperc.gov.in/admin/upload/Regno1of2022.pdf|title=APERC short term power procurement regulations, 2022 |accessdate=15 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Non-renewable ==<br />
<br />
=== Thermal power ===<br />
{{Location map+|India Andhra Pradesh|width= 400px|float=left<br />
|alt=Map of coal-based thermal power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh<br />
|caption=Map of coal-based thermal power plants in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Blue are operational and red are proposed.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thermalpower.industry-focus.net/industry-overview/342-list-of-upcoming-thermal-plants-in-india-list-of-upcoming-thermal-plants-in-india.html | title=List of Upcoming Thermal Plants in India }}</ref><br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.3275|lon_deg=80.120833|position=right|mark=Blue pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Krishnapatnam'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.599444|lon_deg=80.536667|position=right|mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Ibrahimpatnam}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.6333|lon_deg=83.1000|position=left|mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Parawada'''<br />
}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.703889|lon_deg=78.458056|position=right|mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Muddanur'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.215833|lon_deg=80.088611|position=left|mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Thamminapatnam}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.5|lon_deg=83.016667|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Pudimadaka'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=18.3667|lon_deg=84.1|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Polaki'''}}<br />
}}<br />
[[Thermal power station|Thermal power plants]] are based on the fuel coal, gas, [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] etc. Public sector undertaking [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]], state level power generating companies and private firms are engaged in this sector for power generation.<br />
<br />
Currently operating coal based thermal power plants in [[Andhra Pradesh]] are listed below.<ref name="cea.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/list_power_stations_2019.pdf |title=List of power stations in India|publisher=Cea.nic.in|accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-the-worlds-coal-power-plants-in-one-map/ |title=All the World's Coal Power Plants in One Map|date=19 August 2019 |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Operator !! Location !! District !! Sector !! Capacity<br />([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Coordinates<br />
|-<br />
| [[Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant]] || [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] || [[Parawada]] || [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]] || Central || style="text-align:right;"|2,000 || {{Coord|17|35|38|N|83|5|23|E|name=Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station|Dr Narla Tatarao TPS]] || [[APGENCO]] || [[Vijayawada]]<br />
|| [[NTR District|NTR]] || State || style="text-align:right;"|2,560 ||{{Coord|16|35|58|N|80|32|12|E|name=Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]<ref name="IndustCardsCoal-AP">{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-india-ap.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206045432/http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-india-ap.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=6 December 2012 | title=Coal-Fired Plants in Andhra Pradesh | publisher=Power Plants Around The World | work=Gallery | date=5 April 2014 | accessdate=10 May 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> || [[APGENCO]] || [[Muddanur]] || [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] || State || style="text-align:right;"|1,650 ||{{Coord|14|42|14|N|78|27|29|E|name=Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station]] || APPDCL || [[Krishnapatnam]] || [[Nellore District|Nellore]] || Joint || style="text-align:right;"|2,400 ||{{Coord|14|19|39|N|80|07|15|E|name=Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vizag Thermal Power Station]] || [[Hinduja Group|Hinduja]] || [[Gajuwaka]] || Visakhapatnam || Private || style="text-align:right;"|1,040 || {{Coord|17|33|45|N|83|8|15|E|name=Hinduja Thermal Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
| Simhapuri Thermal Power Station ||SEPL||[[Krishnapatnam]] || Nellore || Private || style="text-align:right;"|600 || {{Coord|14|12|35|N|80|05|23|E|name=Simhapuri Thermal Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
| Meenakshi Thermal Power Station ||MEPL||[[Krishnapatnam]] || Nellore || Private || style="text-align:right;"|1,000 || {{Coord|14|12|57|N|80|05|19|E|name=Meenakshi Thermal Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sembcorp Energy India]] Limited ||SEIL ||[[Krishnapatnam]] || Nellore || Private || style="text-align:right;"|1,320 || {{Coord|14|19|45|N|80|08|27|E|name=Pynampuram Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
| SGPL Power Station ||SGPL ||[[Krishnapatnam]] || Nellore || Private || style="text-align:right;"|1,320 || {{Coord|14|21|5|N|80|08|37|E|name=SGPL Power Station}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|''TOTAL'' || ''13,890'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Gas fuel-based ===<br />
{{Location map+|India Andhra Pradesh|width=400px|float=left<br />
|alt=Map of currently operating combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh<br />
|caption=Map of currently operating combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.933889|lon_deg=81.724167|position=left|mark=Blue pog.svg|marksize=12|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.638889|lon_deg=80.55|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.039167|lon_deg=82.145278|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.038611|lon_deg=82.134722|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.931667|lon_deg=81.86|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.734722|lon_deg=81.862222|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.924722|lon_deg=81.812778|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.058611|lon_deg=82.309444|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.688333|lon_deg=83.218611|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label=}}<br />
}}<br />
The following are the list of presently installed combined cycle gas turbine power plants and diesel engine power plants in the state. However many of these power plants are not operating due to non-availability of natural gas and high cost of liquid fuels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powermin.nic.in/upload/Scheme_for_utilization_of_Gas_based_power_generation_capacity.pdf |title=Utilization of stranded gas based power plants, See Annexures I & II) |accessdate=15 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404110954/http://powermin.nic.in/upload/Scheme_for_utilization_of_Gas_based_power_generation_capacity.pdf |archivedate=4 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Power station !! Operator !! Location !! District !! Sector !! Capacity<br />([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Plant Coordinates<br />
|-<br />
|| APGPCL Plant || APGPCL || Vijjeswaram || [[West Godavari District|W. Godavari]] || Joint || style="text-align:right;"|272 || {{Coord|16|56|02|N|81|43|27|E|name=APGPCL Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Lanco Kondapalli Power Plant || [[Lanco Infratech]] || [[Kondapalli]] || [[NTR District|NTR]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"|1466 || {{Coord|16|38|20|N|80|33|00|E|name=Lanco Kondapalli Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[Gautami Combined Cycle Power Plant]] || GVK || [[Peddapuram]] || [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"|464 || {{Coord|17|02|21|N|82|08|43|E|name=Gautami Combined Cycle Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Konaseema Combined Cycle Power Plant || Konaseema Gas Power Limited (KGPL) || [[Ravulapalem]] || [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"|445 || {{Coord|16|44|05|N|81|51|44|E|name=Konaseema Combined Cycle Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Vemagiri Combined Cycle Power Plant || [[GMR Group|GMR]] || Vemagiri || E. Godavari || Private || style="text-align:right;"|370 || {{Coord|16|55|29|N|81|48|46|E|name=Vemagiri Combined Cycle Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| GMR Rajamundry Combined Cycle Power Plant<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gmrgroup.in/energy-gmr-rajahmundry-limited.aspx|title=GMR Rajahmundry Ltd|accessdate=12 May 2015}}</ref> || [[GMR Group|GMR]] || Vemagiri || E. Godavari || Private || style="text-align:right;"|768 || {{Coord|16|55|28|N|81|48|46|E|name=Vemagiri Combined Cycle Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Samarlakota Combined Cycle Power Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/reliance-power-begins-equipment-exports-from-its-samalkot-project-to-bangladesh-proj-to-cut-debt/83949653 |title= Reliance Power begins equipment exports from its Samalkot project to Bangladesh proj to cut debt|accessdate= 29 June 2021}}</ref> || [[Reliance Power|Reliance]] || [[Samarlakota]] || [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"|1870 || {{Coord|17|02|19|N|82|08|05|E|name=Samarlakota Combined Cycle Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Godavari Gas Power Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/two-andhra-psus-acquire-216-mw-gas-power-plant-from-gvk/1/649440.htmlf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527222050/https://www.indiatoday.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2023 |title= Two Andhra PSUs acquire 216 MW gas power plant from GVK|accessdate= 15 December 2016}}</ref> || [[APGENCO]] || [[Jegurupadu]] || E. Godavari || State || style="text-align:right;"|216 || {{Coord|16|55|55|N|81|51|37|E|name=Godavari Gas Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[Jegurupadu Combined Cycle Power Plant]] || [[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK]] || [[Jegurupadu]] || E. Godavari || Private || style="text-align:right;"|229 || {{Coord|16|55|54|N|81|51|36|E|name=Jegurupadu Combined Cycle Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
| Spectrum Combined Cycle Power Plant || Spectrum || [[Kakinada]]|| [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"|209 || {{Coord|17|03|31|N|82|18|34|E|name=Spectrum Combined Cycle Power Plant}}<br />
|-<br />
| GMR (barge mounted) Power Plant || GMR ||[[Kakinada]] || [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"|237 || {{Coord|17|03|32|N|82|18|33|E|name=GMR barge mounted power station}}<br />
|-<br />
| LVS Diesel Engine Power Station || Greenko || Vishakhapatnam || [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"|37 ||{{Coord|17|50|45|N|83|14|13|E|name=LVS Power Ltd}}<br />
|-<br />
|| Panduranga CCPP ||PESPL || Annadevarapeta ||W. Godavari || Private || style="text-align:right;"|116||{{Coord|17|07|45|N|81|36|09|E|name=Panduranga CCPP}}<br />
|-<br />
|| RVK Energy power plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf |title= See Annexure 2.3, Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016, CEA|accessdate= 15 December 2016}}</ref> ||KSK Energy Ventures || [[Rajahmundry]] ||E. Godavari || Private|| style="text-align:right;"|436||<br />
|-<br />
|| Sriba power plant ||Sriba industries || Chigurukota ||Krishna || Private || style="text-align:right;"|30||<br />
|-<br />
|| Silkroad sugar power plant ||EID Parry || Kakinada || [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]|| Private || style="text-align:right;"|35||<br />
|-<br />
|| Srivathsa Power plant ||Asian Genco || || || Private || style="text-align:right;"|17||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|''Total'' || ''7,217'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Renewable ==<br />
<br />
=== Hydroelectric ===<br />
This is the list of major hydroelectric power plants in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=salient1>{{cite web|url=http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/docs/Sal-Fea-Jan-16.pdf|title=Salient data on 31 January 2016 of APTrasCo, APGenCo, Discoms|accessdate=27 March 2016}}</ref><br />
[[File:Srisailam Damm.jpg|thumb|Srisailam Dam]]<br />
[[File:Power generator rooms.jpg|thumb|Srisailam right bank power house]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Power station name !! Operator !! Location !! Sector !! Unit wise Capacity<br />MW !! Capacity<br /><br />
[[Megawatt|MW]]<ref name=day/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sileru River|Donkarayi PH]] || [[APGENCO]] || [[East Godavari district|E. Godavari]] || State || 1x25 || style="text-align:right;"| 25.00<br />
|-<br />
| Hampi canal Power House (PH) || APGENCO || Joint project of AP, [[Telangana state|TS]] & [[Karnataka]]<br />Located in Karnataka || State || 4 x 9<br /> (AP Share-28.8) || style="text-align:right;"| 28.80<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sileru River|Lower Sileru PH]] || APGENCO || E. Godavari || State || 4 x 115 || style="text-align:right;"| 460.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jalaput Dam|Machkund PH]] || APGENCO || Joint project of AP, TS & [[Odisha]]<br />Located in Odisha || State || 3 x 17 + 3 x 23<br /> (AP Share-84) || style="text-align:right;"| 84.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] Right Canal PH || APGENCO || [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]], [[Palnadu district]] || State || 3 x 30 || style="text-align:right;"| 90.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] PH || APGENCO || [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]], Palnadu district || State || 2 x 25 || style="text-align:right;"| 50.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[PABR Dam|Penna Ahobilam]] PH || APGENCO || Korrakodu, [[Anantapur district]] || State || 2 x 10 || style="text-align:right;"| 20.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam]] Right Bank PH || APGENCO || [[Srisailam]], [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]] || State || 7 x 110 || style="text-align:right;"| 770.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tungabhadra Dam|TB Dam]] PH || APGENCO || Joint project of AP, TS & Karnataka<br />Located in Karnataka || State || 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;9 <br /> (AP Share-28.8) || style="text-align:right;"| 28.80<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sileru River|Upper Sileru PH]] || APGENCO ||[[Alluri Sitarama Raju district|Alluri Sitarama Raju]] || State|| 4 x 60 || style="text-align:right;"| 240.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[Somasila Dam|Somasila PH]] || Balaji Energy || [[Nellore district|Nellore]] || Private || 2 x 5, 2 x 4, 1 x 2, 1 x 3<ref name=rp2019/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hydel-power.industry-focus.net/andhra-hydel-projects/121-balaji-energy-to-setup-10-mw-somasila-hydro-electric-project-balaji-energy-to-setup-10-mw-somasila-hydro-electric-project.html|title=Balaji Energy to setup 10 MW Somasila hydro electric project|accessdate=27 March 2019}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"| 23.00<br />
|-<br />
|Chettipeta Mini Hydel<ref>{{cite web|title=Chetti Peta Mini Hydro Power Plant|url=http://www.ahec.org.in/shpdatabase/Search/DetailsPage.aspx?option=2&stName=Chetti%20Peta%20Mini%20Hydro%20Power%20Plant|publisher=Alternate Hydro Energy Center|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref> || [[APGENCO]] || [[West Godavari district]]<br />
|| State || 2 x 0.5 || style="text-align:right;"|1.00<br />
|-<br />
| [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram]] Hydro-Electric project || APGENCO || Anguluru, [[Polavaram district]] || State || 12 x 80 <br /> Under Construction<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/ap-genco-paves-a-new-trend-in-work-contracts.html|title=AP Genco paves a new trend in works contracts|accessdate=27 March 2018}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Pinnapuram Pumped Storage Project (PSP)|| Greenko Energy|| [[Nandyal district]] || Private || 6 x 240, 2 x 120 <br /><ref name=ceapsp>{{cite web|url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/notification/2026/01/Roadmap_to_100_GW_of_Hydro_Pumped_Storage_Projects-2.pdf|title=Roadmap to 100 GW of Hydro Pumped Storage Projects|accessdate=4 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/EC/13112018746RX6SYPFR.pdf|title=Pre Feasibility Report of Pinnapuram IRESP - Storage Project|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"|1680<br />
|-<br />
|Veeraballi PSP|| Astha Green|| near [[Veeraballi]], [[Kadapa district]] || Private || 2720 MW <br /> Under investigation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Form-1A/Minutes/30052020EU1CLA1T32EAC.pdf|title=2720 MW Pumped Storage Project (page 5)|accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Upper Sileru PSP|| APGENCO|| near Sileru village, [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district|Alluri Sitarama Raju]] || State || 9 x 150 MW <br /> by 2028-29. Under construction<ref name=ceapsp/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/01_Apr_2019_194332577H0QAC5XWAnnexure-PFR.pdf|title=1350 MW Upper Sileru Pumped Storage Project|accessdate=4 June 2021}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Chitravati PSP|| Adani Renewable Energy Fifty One Limited|| near Peddakotla village, Anantapuramu district || State || 2 x 250 MW by 2026-27. Under construction<ref name=ceapsp/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world-energy.org/article/40471.html|title=Chitravathi Pumped Storage Project, India|accessdate=26 February 2024}}</ref> <br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sandrp.in/2022/01/14/environment-and-forest-clearances-for-dam-projects-in-2021/|title=Environment and Forest Clearances for Dam Projects in 2021|accessdate=17 January 2022}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Gandikota PSP|| Adani Renewable Energy FortyTwo Limited|| Kurnool district || State || 4 x 250 MW by 2028-29. Under construction<ref name=ceapsp/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world-energy.org/article/40471.html|title=Chitravathi Pumped Storage Project, India|accessdate=26 February 2024}}</ref> <br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sandrp.in/2022/01/14/environment-and-forest-clearances-for-dam-projects-in-2021/|title=Environment and Forest Clearances for Dam Projects in 2021|accessdate=17 January 2022}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Singanamala PSP|| NREDCAP|| Anantapuramu district || State || 800 MW <br /> Under investigation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sandrp.in/2023/03/03/comments-on-power-ministry-draft-guidelines-on-pump-storage-projects-in-india/|title=Comments on Power Ministry Draft Guidelines on Pump Storage Projects in India|accessdate=9 March 2023}}</ref> || style="text-align:right;"|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| '''Overall capacity in (MW)<ref name= pagen/>''' || style="text-align:right;"| '''3500.60'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects===<br />
[[Pumped hydroelectric energy storage]] (PHES) projects with high water head are the cheap means of converting intermittent renewable power generation sources like solar PV or wind power in to base load supply for round the clock needs throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy-storage.news/blogs/pumped-hydro-electricity-storage-is-making-a-comeback-in-india-and-the-worl|title= Pumped hydro electricity storage is making a comeback in India, and the world is taking notice|accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrel.gov/news/features/2020/declining-renewable-costs-drive-focus-on-energy-storage.html|title= Declining Renewable Costs Drive Focus on Energy Storage|accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref> AP state is endowed with vast PHES potential adequate to utilise its vast solar PV power generation potential (above 1,000,000 MW installed on 16,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> marginal lands) to meet ultimate green [[Energy policy of India#Policy framework|energy requirements]] of its peak population (60 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD |title=Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PSS projects in Andhra Pradesh state |accessdate=19 November 2019 }}</ref> AP is considering on a major scale to install PHES projects to make available the surplus wind and solar power during the peak load hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/Tenders/Tender_Document_NREDCAP_WE_PSP_2019.pdf|title= Preparation of feasibility reports for pumped-storage hydroelectricity projects, NREDCAP, GoAP |accessdate=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy-storage.news/news/andhra-pradesh-govt-approves-2.75gw-solar-wind-pumped-hydro-project-by-gree|title=Andhra Pradesh gov't approves 2.75 GW solar-wind-pumped hydro project by Greenko |accessdate=20 November 2019}}</ref> PHESs also generate income, in addition to [[hydroelectricity]] cess/royalty, to the state in the form of water use charges at commercial rates for the evaporation loss or consumptive water from the reservoirs. The area occupied by the high head PHES is less than the area occupied by the equivalent [[Battery storage power station|battery energy storage system]] (BESS) housed in a three storied building. High head PHES installation cost (< US$40 per KWh in a day) is less than the cost of land and buildings required to house the equivalent BESS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/8/9/20767886/renewable-energy-storage-cost-electricity |title= Getting to 100% renewables requires cheap energy storage. But how cheap?|accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=phe/> PHES are more suitable in India where energy and water storage needs are complementary.<ref name=phe>{{cite journal|title= Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage|year= 2020|doi= 10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y|last1= Hunt|first1= Julian D.|last2= Byers|first2= Edward|last3= Wada|first3= Yoshihide|last4= Parkinson|first4= Simon|last5= Gernaat|first5= David E. H. J.|last6= Langan|first6= Simon|last7= Van Vuuren|first7= Detlef P.|last8= Riahi|first8= Keywan|journal= Nature Communications|volume= 11|issue= 1|page= 947|pmid= 32075965|pmc= 7031375|bibcode= 2020NatCo..11..947H}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.powertoday.in/News.aspx?nId=3zMb4oFDuaLX07QF1fjeJA==|title=Converting to Full-Power|accessdate=10 August 2020}}</ref> Unlike the static BESS, the rotating turbo-generator of a PHES will enhance [[Moment of inertia|dynamic inertia]] (GD<sup>2</sup>) of the grid which contributes to a stable grid to [[low-voltage ride-through|ride through]] the power disturbances when power generation in the grid is dominated by the static solar PV power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jancovici.com/en/energy-transition/renewables/100-renewable-electricity-at-no-extra-cost-a-piece-of-cake/|title= 100% renewable electricity at no extra cost, a piece of cake?|accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref> Variable speed PHES plants also deliver the [[Ancillary services (electric power)|power grid ancillary services]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2018/07/04/variable-speed-is-key-to-worlds-biggest-pumped-hydro-energy-storage-project-chinas-fengning-plant/ |title=Variable Speed Is Key To World's Biggest Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Project, China's Fengning Plant|date=4 July 2018 |accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref> In high head PHES, unlined pressure tunnels/shafts are constructed to the extent feasible for reducing construction cost.<ref name=pens>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockmass.net/files/unlined_pressure_conduits.pdf|title=Unlined pressure conduits - used in hydropower plants|accessdate=20 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Bingham Canyon Mine, west face detail, Utah.jpg|thumb|Blast-hole drilling at an open-cast mine]]<br />
The water reservoir of a PHES is created by building [[embankment dam]]s wherever required up to the required height and length. The rock required for building the dams is excavated from the reservoir area. Cheaper [[drilling and blasting]] method is extensively used deploying state of the art [[earth moving equipment]] because huge quantity of rock excavation is required for the construction of the rock-fill dams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsus.app/dam-built-by-robots-japans-obayashi-tests-it-out/|title=Dam built by robots? Japan's Obayashi tests it out|accessdate=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfG0USvDTew|title=Overburden blasting in a mega coal mine|website=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=23 October 2020}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Gathrightdam4.jpg|thumb|A rock-fill [[embankment dam]]]]<br />
<br />
'''Polavaram right bank PHES:'''<br />
A 103,000 [[Watt|MW]] PHES project is under investigation with an upper reservoir, located near Parantapalle hamlet in [[West Godavari district]], with 90 [[tmcft]] live storage at 700 m [[Mean sea level|msl]] full reservoir level (FRL). The turkey-nest type upper reservoir is 18&nbsp;km long from north to south and 1.1&nbsp;km wide and its water surface area is 16&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> with 200 m water depth and nearly 90 tmcft live storage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/11/09/elon-musk-should-build-pumped-hydro-with-tesla-energy-the-boring-co-coal-miners/|title=Elon Musk Should Build Pumped Hydro With Tesla Energy, The Boring Co., & Coal Miners|date=9 November 2019 |accessdate=17 May 2020}}</ref> The adjacent [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram reservoir]] at FRL 45 m msl with 194 tmcft gross storage is the lower reservoir as perennial water source. The average water head available is 600 m with a provision to draw 33 tmcft/day from the Polavaram reservoir by the PHES units located in semi open or underground power houses. To run the PHES on daily basis, the lower reservoir is to be kept empty by 33 tmcft below its FRL for holding the water released by PHES in generation mode. Another 33 tmcft is used to compensate the loss of storage capacity in the lower reservoir. This buffer storage is released in to lower reservoir for irrigation, etc. needs once in a year at the end of monsoon year and it is replenished at the earliest from the flood water inflows into the lower reservoir. Also seepage and evaporation losses from the upper reservoir are met from the buffer storage sourced from flood waters and not drawn from the lower reservoir storage. The excess buffer storage maintained in this upper reservoir can also serve up to 24 tmcft for other PHESs in the state which are using Godavari basin water and have no buffer storage of their own (ex: Jalaput PHES). The upper reservoir can be further expanded by 3.5&nbsp;km length on its south side to enhance the live / buffer storage substantially. The PHES project can produce 412 billion [[KWh]] at 4000 hours/year or 12 hours/day operation in generation mode by consuming the surplus power generated from the solar and wind power plants during the day time. This PHES can also moderate the severe floods by utilizing empty volume kept in the lower reservoir or operating in pump mode (maximum 7.63 lakh [[cusec]]s) to fill the upper reservoir. In case of emergency / repairs, the entire water storage in the upper reservoir can be emptied safely into the lower reservoir / river within 24 hours by running the PHES in generation mode.<br />
<br />
'''Srisailam right bank PHES:'''<br />
A 77,000 MW PHES project is feasible with an upper reservoir, located on the right bank side within 1000 m distance of [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam reservoir]], with 87 tmcft live storage at 650 m msl FRL. The reservoir bunds are constructed on 500 m msl contour line by 155 m high and the water surface area of the upper reservoir is nearly 20&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The adjacent Srisailam reservoir at FRL 270 m msl with 185 tmcft live storage is the lower reservoir with perennial water source. The average water head available is 340 m with provision to draw water from the Srisailam reservoir by the PHES units located in semi open or underground power houses. The PHES project can produce 308 billion KWh at 4000 hours/year or 12 hours/day operation in generation mode. Only 43.5 tmcft (50%) reservoir storage is used for power generation on daily basis and the remaining half kept as buffer storage to compensate the loss of storage in downstream reservoir due to PHES by releasing water once in a year in to the Srisailam reservoir to meet irrigation water requirements. The buffer storage is replenished later at the earliest during the monsoon/floods. This PHES can also moderate the severe floods by utilizing empty volume kept in the lower reservoir or operating in pump mode (maximum 10 lakh cusecs) to fill the upper reservoir.<br />
<br />
===Feasible PHES projects===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"<br />
|+ List of feasible PHES locations <br />
! rowspan="2"| PHES name/ <br />lower reservoir<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apwrims.ap.gov.in/mis/reservoir/summary/summaryTable?viewType=river&type=totalReservoirs&cType=SENSOR&pType=STATE&hierarchyId=RESERVOIR_MIS&location=AP%23%236f86292b-dd9a-4987-bb8f-c3940263b349|title=List of existing water reservoirs in AP state|accessdate=15 February 2022}}</ref><br />
! rowspan="2"|Power potential <br />(MW)<br />
! rowspan="2"|Power generation <br />(Billion KWh/yr)<br />
! colspan="7"|Upper reservoir <br />
! rowspan="2"|Average water<br />head (meters)<br />
! rowspan="2"|Remarks<br />
|-<br />
!Location!!Coordinate!! River basin!!Water area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)!!Live storage<br />([[tmcft]])!! FRL<br />(m msl)!!MDDL<br />(m msl)<br />
|-<br />
|Polavaram right bank PHES|| align="left"|103,000|| align="left"|412|| align="left"|[[Polavaram district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|27|33|N|81|29|43|E|name=Polavavaram right bank PHES}}||align="left"|Godavari|| align="left"|16|| align="left"|90|| align="left"|700|| align="left"|500|| align="left"|600|| 57 tmcft buffer storage available. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.7&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Srisailam right bank PHES|| align="left"|77,000|| align="left"|308|| align="left"|Nandyal district|| align="left"|{{Coord|16|02|33|N|78|30|51|E|name=Srisailam right bank PHEP}}||align="left"|Krishna|| align="left"|20|| align="left"|87|| align="left"|650|| align="left"|500|| align="left"|340|| 43.5 tmcft buffer storage included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.1&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gandikota Reservoir|Gandikota]] PHES1|| align="left"|28,000|| align="left" |112|| align="left"|[[Kadapa district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|49|47|N|78|13|41|E|name=Gandikota PHES1}}||align="left"|[[Penna River|Penna]]|| align="left"|21|| align="left"|52|| align="left"|435|| align="left"|335|| align="left"|210||Buffer storage 26 tmcft provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.1&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Gandikota PHES2<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/1_Gandikota_Preliminary_Report.pdf|title= Gandikota PHES: Techno-commercial Feasibility Report|accessdate=14 September 2020}}</ref>|| align="left"|600|| align="left" |1.12|| align="left"|[[Kadapa district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|46|29|N|78|17|7|E|name=Gandikota PHES2}}||align="left"|[[Penna River|Penna]]|| align="left"|1|| align="left"|0.16|| align="left"|515|| align="left"|505|| align="left"|303|| It is a peaking PHES with six hours daily operation in generation mode. No buffer storage is provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.8&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Paidipalem PHES1 || align="left"|1,850|| align="left"|7.4 || align="left"|Kadapa district|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|43|47|N|78|11|9|E|name=Paidipalem PHES1}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|1 || align="left"|2.5 || align="left"|600 || align="left"|510|| align="left"|285||Buffer storage 1.25 tmcft provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Paidipalem PHES2 || align="left"|2,750|| align="left"|11 || align="left"|Kadapa district|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|41|21|N|78|13|25|E|name=Paidipalem PHES2}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|1.5 || align="left"|3.7 || align="left"|600 || align="left"|500|| align="left"|285||Buffer storage 1.85 tmcft provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.9&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Buggavanka PHES || align="left"|600|| align="left"|2.4 || align="left"|Kadapa district|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|24|5|N|78|52|15|E|name=Buggavanka PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|0.8 || align="left"|0.9 || align="left"|470 || align="left"|410|| align="left"|260||Buffer storage 0.45 tmcft provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Annamayya PHES<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apwrims.ap.gov.in/waterbalance/sensor%3Fsource=reservoir.child&component=Reservoirs&&state=ANDHRA%20PRADESH&reservoir=ANNAMAYYA%20(CHEYYERU)%20RESERVOIR |title=Annamayya (Cheyyeru) Reservoir|accessdate=23 July 2020}}</ref> || align="left"|1150|| align="left"|4.6 || align="left"|Kadapa district|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|12|25|N|78|57|51|E|name=Annamayya PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|1.1 || align="left"|1.6 || align="left"|555 || align="left"|455|| align="left"|285||Buffer storage 0.8 tmcft provided. Distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 6&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mylavaram Dam|Mylavaram]] PHES || align="left"|14,000|| align="left"|56 || align="left"|Kadapa district|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|48|1|N|78|16|35|E|name=Mylavaram PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|9 || align="left"|20 || align="left"|500 || align="left"|375|| align="left"|275||Buffer storage 10 tmcft provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.7&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Brahmamgari Matham|Brahmamsagar]] PHES|| align="left"|13,000|| align="left"|52|| align="left"|Kadapa district|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|46|27|N|78|52|3|E|name=Brahmamsagar PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|9.5 || align="left"|38 || align="left"|400 || align="left"|250|| align="left"|130||Buffer storage 19 tmcft provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Telugu Ganga subsidiary reservoirs PHES|| align="left"|2,600|| align="left"|10.4|| align="left"|[[Nandyal district]] || align="left"|{{Coord|14|51|25|N|78|43|51|E|name=Telugu Ganga PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|4 || align="left"|8 || align="left"|400 || align="left"|250|| align="left"|120||Buffer storage 4 tmcft provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Owk]] PHES1|| align="left"|4,700|| align="left"|18.8|| align="left"|Nandyal district|| align="left"|{{Coord|15|14|51|N|78|2|49|E|name=Owk PHES1}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|100 || align="left"|210 || align="left"|500 || align="left"|350|| align="left"|220||Works on a seasonal basis to store 201.7 tmcft Krishna and Godavari waters as well as PHES on daily basis. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. Buffer storage 4.15 tmcft included. This upper reservoir will supply irrigation water to the Handri catchment area in the Kurnool district and the left bank side of the Penna river in the Ananthapur district including water supply augmentation to the [[Handri-Neeva]] project. This upper reservoir is so planned by its area location to cut across the local [[Erramala]] hill range from east to west to supply irrigation water mostly by gravity. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 5.7&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Owk PHES2 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/4_OWK_Reservoir_Preliminary_Report.pdf|title= Owk PHES: Techno-commercial Feasibility Report|accessdate=14 September 2020}}</ref>|| align="left"|800|| align="left"|1.65|| align="left"|Nandyal district|| align="left"|{{Coord|15|9|37|N|78|4|5|E|name=Owk PHES2}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|0.6 || align="left"|0.4 || align="left"|400 || align="left"|380|| align="left"|165||Peaking PHES for 6 hours daily operation. No Buffer storage is provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Gorakallu PHES|| align="left"|12,500|| align="left"|50|| align="left"|Nandyal district|| align="left"|{{Coord|15|35|33|N|78|22|17|E|name= Gorakallu PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|37|| align="left"|100 || align="left"|450 || align="left"|300|| align="left"|170||Works on a seasonal basis to store 71.4 tmcft Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. Buffer storage 14.28 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.3&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Velugodu balancing reservoir|Velugodu PHES]]|| align="left"|7,800|| align="left"|31|| align="left"|Nandyal district|| align="left"|{{Coord|15|42|21|N|78|39|25|E|name= veligodu PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|40|| align="left"|100 || align="left"|420 || align="left"|270|| align="left"|100||Works on a seasonal basis to store 70 tmcft Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. Buffer storage 15 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[MPR Dam|Mid Pennar]] PHES|| align="left"|2,600|| align="left"|10.4|| align="left"|[[Anantapur district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|52|47|N|77|23|27|E|name= Mid Pennar PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|3.75|| align="left"|10 || align="left"|525 || align="left"|375|| align="left"|100|| Buffer storage 5 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 0.7&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Chitravati PHES<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/2_Chitravati_Preliminary_Report.pdf|title= Chitravati PHES: Techno-commercial Feasibility Report|accessdate=14 September 2020}}</ref>|| align="left"|500|| align="left"|0.95|| align="left"|[[Sri Sathya Sai district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|34|27|N|77|56|3|E|name= Chitravati PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|0.5|| align="left"|0.21 || align="left"|475 || align="left"|455|| align="left"|176|| Peaking load PHES. No buffer storage is included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 0.81&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Somasila Dam|Somasila]] PHES<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/3_Somasila_Preliminary_Report.pdf|title= Somasila PHES: Techno-commercial Feasibility Report|accessdate=14 September 2020}}</ref>|| align="left"|1,200|| align="left"|2.3|| align="left"|[[Nellore district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|14|30|57|N|79|16|25|E|name= Somasila PHES}}||align="left"|Penna|| align="left"|1|| align="left"|0.18 || align="left"|624 || align="left"|600|| align="left"|511|| Peaking load PHES. No buffer storage is included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.9&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalyani Dam|Kalyani]] PHES|| align="left"|3,700|| align="left"|14.8|| align="left"|[[Tirupati district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|13|43|9|N|79|18|47|E|name= Kalyani PHES}}||align="left"|[[Swarnamukhi]]|| align="left"|1.5|| align="left"|1.8 || align="left"|1100 || align="left"|1000|| align="left"|790|| Buffer storage 0.9 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 7.5&nbsp;km. The upper reservoir of the PHES can also supply water to [[Tirumala]] in case of water shortages.<br />
|-<br />
|Yeleru PHES|| align="left"|5,500|| align="left"|22|| align="left"|[[Kakinada district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|20|1|N|82|9|23|E|name= Yeleru PHES}}||align="left"|Yeleru|| align="left"|2.00|| align="left"|5.3 || align="left"|500 || align="left"|350|| align="left"|400|| Buffer storage 2.65 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 5.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Tandava PHES|| align="left"|9,200|| align="left"|36.8|| align="left"|[[Anakapalli district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|43|35|N|82|27|47|E|name= Tandava PHES}}||align="left"|Tandava|| align="left"|1.50|| align="left"|4 || align="left"|1050 || align="left"|850|| align="left"|875|| Buffer storage 2 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 7.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Raiwada PHES|| align="left"|2,350|| align="left"|9.4|| align="left"|Anakapalli district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|3|17|N|82|54|55|E|name= Raiwada PHES}}||align="left"|[[Sarada River|Sarada]]|| align="left"|0.50|| align="left"|2 || align="left"|635 || align="left"|485|| align="left"|450|| Buffer storage 1 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 4.85&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Pedderu PHES|| align="left"|1,425|| align="left"|5.5|| align="left"|Anakapalli district|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|52|37|N|82|40|9|E|name= Pedderu PHES}}||align="left"|Sarada|| align="left"|0.25|| align="left"|0.7 || align="left"|950 || align="left"|850|| align="left"|780|| Buffer storage 0.35 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1&nbsp;km. Water to rock ratio at least 2.<br />
|-<br />
|Konam PHES|| align="left"|2,200|| align="left"|8.8|| align="left"|Anakapalli district|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|55|47|N|82|40|19|E|name= Konam PHES}}||align="left"|Sarada|| align="left"|1.2|| align="left"|1.7 || align="left"|725 || align="left"|625|| align="left"|495|| Buffer storage 0.85 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 5.8&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|NTR PHES|| align="left"|650|| align="left"|2.6|| align="left"|Alluri Sitharama Raju district|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|57|35|N|82|46|35|E|name= NTR PHES}}||align="left"|Sarada|| align="left"|0.2|| align="left"|0.4 || align="left"|775 || align="left"|700|| align="left"|640|| Buffer storage 0.2 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.6&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Varaha PHES|| align="left"|1,300|| align="left"|4.2|| align="left"|Anakapalli district|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|49|25|N|82|42|5|E|name= Varaha PHES}}||align="left"|Varaha|| align="left"|0.52|| align="left"|0.75 || align="left"|820 || align="left"|750|| align="left"|660|| Buffer storage 0.37 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.6&nbsp;km. Water to rock ratio at least 2.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tatipudi Reservoir|Tatipudi]] PHES|| align="left"|9,000|| align="left"|36|| align="left"|[[Vizianagaram district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|15|25|N|83|8|41|E|name= Tatipudi PHES}}||align="left"|[[Gosthani River|Gosthani]]|| align="left"|2|| align="left"|6.5|| align="left"|700 || align="left"|500|| align="left"|535|| Buffer storage 3.25 tmcft included. Distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 7.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andra, Vizianagaram district|Andra PHES]]|| align="left"|2,500|| align="left"|10|| align="left"|Vizianagaram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|22|7|N|83|9|55|E|name= Andra PHES}}||align="left"|[[River Champavathi|Champavati]]|| align="left"|0.7|| align="left"|1.8|| align="left"|800 || align="left"|710|| align="left"|520|| Buffer storage 0.9 tmcft included. Distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 4.3&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Peddagadda PHES|| align="left"|3,100|| align="left"|12.4|| align="left"|Vizianagaram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|23|41|N|83|4|41|E|name= Peddagadda PHES}}||align="left"|[[Nagavali River|Nagavali]]|| align="left"|1.8|| align="left"|2|| align="left"|790 || align="left"|650|| align="left"|600|| Buffer storage 1 tmcft included. Distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 7&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Vengalaraya Sagar PHES|| align="left"|2,250|| align="left"|9|| align="left"|Vizianagaram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|37|7|N|83|14|55|E|name=Vengalaraya Sagar PHES}}||align="left"|Nagavali|| align="left"|0.5|| align="left"|2|| align="left"|660 || align="left"|510|| align="left"|430|| Buffer storage 1 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.65&nbsp;km. Water to rock ratio at least 2.<br />
|-<br />
|Vattigedda PHES|| align="left"|1,250|| align="left"|5|| align="left"|Vizianagaram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|49|41|N|83|37|23|E|name=Vattigadda PHES}}||align="left"|Nagavali|| align="left"|0.9|| align="left"|1.8|| align="left"|440 || align="left"|290|| align="left"|255|| Buffer storage 0.9 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.85&nbsp;km. Water to rock ratio at least 2.<br />
|-<br />
|Nagavali PHES|| align="left"|250|| align="left"|1|| align="left"|Vizianagaram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|36|57|N|83|50|1|E|name=Nagavali PHES}}||align="left"|Nagavali|| align="left"|4|| align="left"|10|| align="left"|300 || align="left"|140|| align="left"|200||Pumps water @ 5500 [[cusec]]s on a seasonal basis to store 9.75 tmcft Nagavali river flood waters. The stored water during monsoon months is released back in later months during the night time for irrigation needs. Rest of the year, PHES works on a daily basis to generate power during nighttime. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. A new barrage with 0.25 tmcft live storage will be constructed near {{Coord|18|32|57|N|83|48|5|E|name=Nagavali River}} across the Nagavali river to divert water to the tunnel of the PHES. Buffer storage 0.25 tmcft included. The distance between the upper reservoir and the river is nearly 8.25&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagavali River|Jhanjavati PHES]]|| align="left"|2,350|| align="left"|9.4|| align="left"|Vizianagaram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|53|7|N|83|23|51|E|name=Jhanjavati PHES}}||align="left"|Nagavali|| align="left"|0.5|| align="left"|1.5|| align="left"|530 || align="left"|330|| align="left"|300|| No buffer storage required as the lower reservoir is not used presently. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.37&nbsp;km. Water to rock ratio at least 2. The unused reservoir area on the right of the Jhanjavati river is isolated from the river by constructing a 2.2&nbsp;km long earth bund up to 150 m msl to create 1.5 tmcft water storage for using as a lower reservoir.<br />
|-<br />
|Hiramandalam PHES<ref>{{cite web|url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/vamsadhara2.html|title=Hiramandalam Reservoir|accessdate=23 July 2020}}</ref>|| align="left"|2,500|| align="left"|10|| align="left"|[[Srikakulam district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|41|19|N|83|52|57|E|name=Hiramandalam PHES}}||align="left"|[[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]]|| align="left"|3|| align="left"|7|| align="left"|240 || align="left"|90|| align="left"|135|| 3.5 tmcft buffer storage included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 4.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Gotta barrage PHES<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apwrims.ap.gov.in/waterbalance/sensor%3Fsource=reservoir.child&component=Reservoirs&&state=ANDHRA%20PRADESH&reservoir=GOTTA%20BARRAGE|title=Gotta Barrage|accessdate=23 July 2020}}</ref>|| align="left"|750 + 10,000 = 10,750|| align="left"|1.5|| align="left"|Srikakulam district|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|41|39|N|84|1|15|E|name=Gotta barrage PHES}}||align="left"|Vamsadhara|| align="left"|40|| align="left"|80|| align="left"|220 || align="left"|70|| align="left"|135|| The main purpose of this PHES is to store up to 79 tmcft flood waters which are going waste to the sea every year. The stored water is also used as carryover storage to meet water shortages in drought years. The PHES pumps flood water @ 23,000 cusecs from the Vamsdhara river during the monsoon months and works as PHES the rest of the year. Buffer storage 0.5 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.0&nbsp;km.<br />
The upper reservoir of this PHES can also be connected to the Hiramandalam reservoir at {{Coord|18|40|5|N|83|56|37|E|name=Hiramandalam reservoir}} (20 tmcft storage) by 1.2&nbsp;km long tail race tunnels across the Vamsadhara River to use 16.5 tmcft per day by installing a 10,000 MW PHES to generate power for nine months duration in a year when the reservoir is empty by 16.5 tmcft or more.<br />
|-<br />
|Kumbum PHES|| align="left"|2,200|| align="left"|8.8|| align="left"|Prakasam district|| align="left"|{{Coord|15|37|35|N|79|5|1|E|name= Kumbum PHES}}||align="left"|[[Gundlakamma River|Gundlakamma]]|| align="left"|5.5|| align="left"|5.8 || align="left"|380 || align="left"|255|| align="left"|140|| Buffer storage 2.9 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.3&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Veligonda Project|Nallamala Sagar PHES1]]|| align="left"|26,500|| align="left"|106|| align="left"|Markapuram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|15|40|37|N|79|5|5|E|name=Nallamala PHES1}}||align="left"|[[Gundlakamma River|Gundlakamma]]|| align="left"|77|| align="left"|84.5 || align="left"|380 || align="left"|240|| align="left"|120|| Buffer storage 42.25 tmcft included. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Nallamala Sagar PHES2|| align="left"|900|| align="left"|3.6|| align="left"|Markapuram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|15|39|25|N|79|4|23|E|name=Nallamala PHES2}}||align="left"|[[Gundlakamma River|Gundlakamma]]|| align="left"|1.5|| align="left"|2.5 || align="left"|380 || align="left"|230|| align="left"|130|| Buffer storage 1.25 tmcft included. Distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.75&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] Right Bank PHES|| align="left"|1,500|| align="left"|1.5|| align="left"|Nandyal district|| align="left"|{{Coord|16|5|39|N|78|54|51|E|name= Nagarjunasagar Dam Right Bank PHES}}||align="left"|[[Krishna River|Krishna]]|| align="left"|-|| align="left"|- || align="left"|270 || align="left"|245|| align="left"|90||Mainly works to pump water from existing Nagarjunasagar reservoir into existing Srisailam reservoir on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Nagarjuna Sagar Right Bank PHES1|| align="left"|37,000|| align="left"|148|| align="left"|[[Palnadu district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|16|5|51|N|78|55|51|E|name= Nagarjunasagar Right Bank PHES1}}||align="left"|Krishna|| align="left"|8|| align="left"|34|| align="left"|650 || align="left"|500|| align="left"|425||Buffer storage 17 tmcft provided. The minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.1&nbsp;km. <br />
|-<br />
|Nagarjuna Sagar Right Bank PHES2|| align="left"|112,000|| align="left"|448|| align="left"|Prakasam district|| align="left"|{{Coord|16|7|45|N|78|56|19|E|name= Nagarjunasagar Right Bank PHES2}}||align="left"|Krishna|| align="left"|21|| align="left"|101|| align="left"|650 || align="left"|500|| align="left"|425||Buffer storage 50.5 tmcft provided. The minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Nagarjuna Sagar Right Bank PHES3|| align="left"|66,000|| align="left"|264|| align="left"|Prakasam district|| align="left"|{{Coord|16|10|7|N|78|55|35|E|name= Nagarjunasagar Right Bank PHES3}}||align="left"|Krishna|| align="left"|11|| align="left"|59|| align="left"|650 || align="left"|500|| align="left"|428||Buffer storage 29.5 tmcft provided. The minimum level to be maintained in Nagarjunasagar reservoir is 164 m msl and the corresponding loss of live storage located below this level in Nagarjunasagar reservoir can be included in the buffer storage of PHESs. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 2.9&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] PHES|| align="left"|1,500|| align="left"|1.0|| align="left"|[[Palnadu district]] || align="left"|{{Coord|16|34|39|N|79|20|25|E|name= Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond PHES}}||align="left"|Krishna|| align="left"|-|| align="left"|-|| align="left"|180 || align="left"|164|| align="left"|105||Mainly works to pump water from existing [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] into existing [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir]] on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pulichintala]] Right Bank PHES|| align="left"|300|| align="left"|0.2|| align="left"|Palnadu district|| align="left"|{{Coord|16|37|49|N|79|31|11|E|name= Pulichintala Right Bank PHES}}||align="left"|Krishna|| align="left"|-|| align="left"|2|| align="left"|75 || align="left"|72|| align="left"|25||Mainly works to pump water from existing Pulichintala reservoir into existing Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vykuntapuram barrage|Vykuntapuram]] PHES|| align="left"|400|| align="left"|0.2|| align="left"|Guntur district|| align="left"|{{Coord|16|46|43|N|80|3|55|E|name= Vykuntapuram PHES}}||align="left"|Krishna|| align="left"|-|| align="left"|-|| align="left"|55 || align="left"|50|| align="left"|25|| Mainly works to pump water from backwaters of new Vykuntapuram barrage across Krishna river upstream of [[Prakasam Barrage]] to existing Pulichintala reservoir on a seasonal basis to store Krishna and Godavari waters and otherwise as PHES on daily basis.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalaput Dam|Jalaput]] PHES|| align="left"|65,000|| align="left"|260|| align="left"|[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|18|26|53|N|82|28|11|E|name= Jalaputk PHES}}||align="left"|[[Sileru River|Sileru]]|| align="left"|-|| align="left"|31.5|| align="left"|838.4|| align="left"|818.6|| align="left"|380||The PHES is constructed by connecting existing Jalaput reservoir with existing [[Balimela Reservoir]] (MDDL at 439 m msl, FRL at 462 m msl and live storage 95 tmcft) by a 13&nbsp;km long unlined pressure tunnel/penstock with [[underground power station]].<ref name=pens/><br />
|-<br />
|Donkarayi PHES|| align="left"|35,000|| align="left"|140|| align="left"|Polavaram district|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|54|47|N|81|51|45|E|name=Donkarayi PHES}}||align="left"|[[Sileru River|Sileru]]|| align="left"|20|| align="left"|26|| align="left"|900|| align="left"|750|| align="left"|550||13 tmcft buffer storage provided. The buffer storage can be enhanced by another 35 tmcft by increasing the FRL to 950 m msl to serve other PHES which are using Godavari water. Distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.7&nbsp;km. <br />
|-<br />
|Bhupathipalem PHES|| align="left"|800|| align="left"|3.2|| align="left"|Alluri Sitharama Raju district|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|28|35|N|81|47|49|E|name=Bhupathipalem PHES}}||align="left"|Godavari|| align="left"|1|| align="left"|1|| align="left"|540|| align="left"|480|| align="left"|310||0.5 tmcft buffer storage provided. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 4.5&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Polavaram Left bank PHES1|| align="left"|43,000|| align="left"|172|| align="left"|[[Eluru district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|29|51|N|81|27|53|E|name=Polavavaram left bank PHES1}}||align="left"|[[Godavari River|Godavari]]|| align="left"|5|| align="left"|18|| align="left"|600|| align="left"|450|| align="left"|470|| The required 18 tmcft buffer storage is provided in other PHESs located in the Godavari river basin. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 3.1&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|Polavaram Left bank PHES2|| align="left"|12,000|| align="left"|48|| align="left"|Eluru district|| align="left"|{{Coord|17|29|15|N|81|31|37|E|name=Polavavaram left bank PHES2}}||align="left"|Godavari|| align="left"|2|| align="left"|4.5|| align="left"|600|| align="left"|450|| align="left"|530||The required 4.5 tmcft buffer storage is provided in other PHESs located in the Godavari river basin. The distance between the two reservoirs is nearly 1.7&nbsp;km.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Seshachalam Hills|Seshachalam]] PHES|| align="left"|6,200|| align="left"|24.8|| align="left"|[[Tirupati district]]|| align="left"|{{Coord|13|44|25|N|79|12|5|E|name=Rayalaseema PHES}}||align="left"|[[Penna River|Penna]]|| align="left"|6|| align="left"|2.1|| align="left"|610|| align="left"|600|| align="left"|525||The main purpose of this PHES is to transfer [[Polavaram Project#Fresh water coastal reservoir|Krishna and Godavari waters]] @ 50,000 [[cusec]]s to high lands of [[Rayalaseema]] with only one lift from 80 m msl {{Coord|13|57|47|N|79|32|5|E}} near [[Venkatagiri]] town in [[Nellore district]] to the upper reservoir at 610 m msl in Chittoor district to irrigate by gravity canal vast high lands in Rayalaseema region up to [[Bhairivani tippa reservoir]] on [[Vedavathi River]] in Ananthapur district.<ref name=nns>{{cite web|title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref> This [[underground power station]] will also work as PHES. PHES powerhouse is to be connected to a 41&nbsp;km long unlined pressure tunnel which will work as [[penstock]]s to the turbine units.<ref name=pens/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbp-ita.pl/sem/Development%20of%20Tunnelling%20Technology%20in%20China%20over%20the%20Past%2040%20Years.pdf|title=Development of Tunnelling Technology in China over the Past 40 Years|accessdate=23 June 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!Total|| align="left"|735,550!! align="left"|2,900!! align="left"|-!! align="left"|-!!align="left"|-!! align="left"|460!! align="left"|1225!! align="left"|-!! align="left"|-|| align="left"|-!! <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
Notes: Power potential (MW) is in generation mode, MDDL→ Minimum Draw Down Level or lowest bed level of the reservoir, FRL→ Full Reservoir Level, m msl→ meters above mean sea level. The total water storage includes nearly 432 tmcft of irrigation components. PHES water storage is 793 tmcft only. The PHES land requirement is nearly 1% of the land required (41,250&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) for equivalent [[electricity generation]] by Solar PV power plants.<ref name=phe/> The power potential doubles in case of pumping operation for six hours in a day for the same water storage. Wherever, the length of penstock of each water turbine is found too long, the available head can be harnessed by constructing two PHES stations in cascade with an embankment canal to route water to the second PHES station.<ref name=nns/><br />
<br />
=== Solar ===<br />
{{Location map+|India Andhra Pradesh|width=400px|float=left<br />
|alt=Map of currently operating and proposed Solar power plants in the Indian state of<br />
<br />
Andhra Pradesh<br />
|caption=Map of currently operating and proposed Solar power plants in the Indian state of<br />
<br />
[[Andhra Pradesh]]. Green are currently Operating and blue are proposed.<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.12|lon_deg=78.17|position=top|<br />
<br />
mark=Green pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Nambulapulakunta'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.05|lon_deg=78.41|position=right|<br />
<br />
mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Vinukonda'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=17.0167|lon_deg=81.7333|position=bottom|<br />
<br />
mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Kovvur'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.0333|lon_deg=78.5|position=right|<br />
<br />
mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Galiveedu'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=15.5167|lon_deg=78.35|position=right|<br />
<br />
mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Pinnapuram'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.95|lon_deg=77.5833|position=right|<br />
<br />
mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Nagalapuram'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.55|lon_deg=77.1|position=top|<br />
<br />
mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Kalyandurg'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.2991|lon_deg=80.3867|position=right|<br />
<br />
mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Nallapadu'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.892|lon_deg=80.0976|position=left|<br />
<br />
mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Jaggayapeta'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=13.7833|lon_deg= 78.5833|position=bottom|<br />
<br />
mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Nagarimadugu'''}}<br />
}}<br />
{{See also|Solar power in India}}<br />
The state is endowed with vast photovoltaic power potential on its marginally productive lands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalsolaratlas.info/map?c=18.370381,83.069921,3&s=14.111369,78.275899&m=site|title=Global solar atlas|accessdate=1 January 2021}}</ref> The state has total installed solar power capacity of 4,116.01 MW as of 30 June 2021.<ref name=rp2019>{{cite web |url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2021/RE_Status_30_06_2021.pdf|title=Status of Renewable Energy Power Projects Commissioned in AP State, NREDCAP |accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=ap2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.aptransco.co.in/transco/docs/salient%20features%20for%20Nov.pdf|title=Salient features of A.P.TRANSCO / A.P.GENCO / DISCOMS |accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=apspdcl/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/grid-connected-solar-power-project-installed-capacity.pdf|title=State wise installed solar power capacity|publisher=Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India|accessdate=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712123717/http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/grid-connected-solar-power-project-installed-capacity.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apspcl.ap.gov.in/|title=Andhra Pradesh Solar Power Corporation Ltd.|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The state is planning to add 10,050 MW solar power capacity to provide power supply to farming sector during the day time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/may/11/10050-mw-mega-solar-power-plants-to-come-up-in-two-phases-in-andhra-pradesh-2141850.html|title=10,050 MW mega solar power plants to come up in two phases in Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://judicialpreview.ap.gov.in/syo?year=2020&month=September |title= Bid documents (6050 MW) submitted for judicial review (s.no. 6 to 15)|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref> Out of 10,050 MW, 6,400 MW capacity at 10 sites were offered for bidding. The winning tariffs are Rs 2.50 per unit which are at least 25% more than the earlier awarded tariffs of Rs 2 per unit in November 2020 even after reducing scope of work (no HV transmission line construction outside the solar park), state providing the land on lease, giving state guarantee for the timely payment for the power sold, allowing the state guarantee as security to get financial assistance at lower interest rates, disregarding higher solar power potential at these sites compared to Western and northern regions, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-hc-directs-state-not-to-enter-into-deals-on-6400-mw-solar-tender/article33531312.ece|title=AP HC directs State not to enter into deals on 6,400 MW solar tender|date=8 January 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2021/02/12/gujarat-700-mw-award-cancellation-will-impact-solar-investment/|title=Gujarat 700 MW award cancellation will impact solar investment|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> The AP high court has stayed the award of contracts to the successful bidders on the grounds that these contracts are excluded from the jurisdiction of APERC in contravention of the electricity act, 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/adani-group-bags-3000-mw-solar-power-parks-in-andhra-pradesh/80680365 |title=Adani group bags 3,000 MW solar power parks in Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/renewable-energy-delays-in-signing-ppas-and-the-future-challenges-for-procurement/80873001 |title=Renewable Energy: Delays in signing PPAs and the future challenges for procurement|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The state has offered five Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects with a total capacity of 12,200 MW to developers under renewable power export policy outside the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/01_Kadiri_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf |title=Kadiri ultra-mega solar park (4000 MW)|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/02_Obuladevara_Cheruvu_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf |title=Obuladevucheruvu ultra-mega solar park (2400MW)|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/03_Ralla_Anantapur_Feasibility_Report_Ananthapur.pdf |title=Ralla Anantapuram ultra-mega solar park (2400 MW)|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/04_Badvel_Feasibility_Report_Kadapa.pdf |title=Badvel ultra-mega solar park (1400MW)|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nredcap.in/PDFs/2020_Tenders/05_Kalasapadu_Feasibility_Report_Kadapa.pdf |title=Kalasapadu ultra-mega solar park (2000MW)|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Operator !! Location !! District !! Sector !! Installed Capacity (MW)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/04/21/softbank-joint-venture-sb-energy-commissions-350-megawatt-solar-project-india/ |title=Softbank Joint Venture SB Energy Commissions 350 Megawatt Solar Project In India |date=21 April 2017 |accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>|| NTPC ||[[Pinnapuram]]||[[Kurnool district]]|| style="text-align:center;" |&nbsp;central || style="text-align:right;" |1,000<br />
|-<br />
| [[NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project]] || Many || [[Nambulapulakunta]] ([[Kadiri]]) || [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] || style="text-align:center;"| &nbsp;central || style="text-align:right;"| 978<br />
|-<br />
| Ananthapuramu - II Mega Solar Park<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/solar-plant-commissioned/article26315321.ece |title=Solar plant commissioned |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 February 2019 |accessdate=20 February 2019}}</ref>|| APGENCO ||[[Talaricheruvu]]||[[Anantapur district]]|| style="text-align:center;" |&nbsp;state || style="text-align:right;" | 400<br />
|-<br />
|[[Galiveedu Solar Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/seci-refuses-lower-tariffs-andhra-solar-projects |title= SECI Refuses to Lower Tariffs for Andhra Solar Projects |date= 22 July 2019 |accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref>|| || Marrikommadinne, [[Galiveedu]] mandal ||[[Annamayya district]]|| style="text-align:center;" |&nbsp;central|| style="text-align:right;" | 400<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kadapa Ultra Mega Solar Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/engie-fully-commissions-250-mw-kadapa-solar-project-in-andhra-pradesh/74173653 |title=ENGIE fully commissions 250 MW Kadapa solar project in Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref>|| ENGIE || Ponnampalle, [[Mylavaram, Kadapa|Mylavaram]] mandal||[[Kadapa district]]|| style="text-align:center;" |&nbsp;state || style="text-align:right;" | 250<br />
|-<br />
| Amruth Solar Power Plant<ref>{{cite news|title=Amrit Jal Ventures commissions solar unit in Kadiri|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/amrit-jal-ventures-commissions-solar-unit-in-kadiri/article2974215.ece|accessdate=4 July 2014|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=8 March 2012}}</ref> || Amrit Jal Ventures || [[Kadiri]] || [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] || rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | &nbsp;private || style="text-align:right;"| 1<br />
|-<br />
| MEIL [[concentrated solar power|solar thermal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Megha Solar Plant|url=http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=264|publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428074707/http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=264|archive-date=28 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Limited || Nagalapuram || [[Anantapur district]] || style="text-align:right;" | 50<br />
|-<br />
|Banaganapalle solar ||Welspun|| Vemulapadu, [[Banaganapalle]] mandal || [[Nandyal district]] || style="text-align:right;" | 70<br />
|-<br />
|Hindupur solar ||ACME|| Patraganipalle, [[Hindupur]] mandal || [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] || style="text-align:right;" | 50<br />
|-<br />
|Yadiki solar || Azure Power || Vemulapadu, [[Yadiki]] mandal || [[Anantapur district]] || style="text-align:right;" | 50<br />
|-<br />
|Kuppam solar ||ACME|| Morsanapalli, [[Kuppam]] mandal || [[Chittoor district]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |Private<br />
| style="text-align:right;" | 40<br />
|-<br />
|Parigi solar || First Solar || Beechiganipalle, [[Parigi, Anantapur|Parigi]] mandal || [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] || style="text-align:right;" | 40<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mudasarlova Reservoir]] Solar Park || APGENCO ||[[Visakhapatnam]]||[[Visakhapatnam district]]|| style="text-align:center;" |&nbsp;state || style="text-align:right;" | 2<br />
|-<br />
| Simhadri floating solar || NTPC ||[[Visakhapatnam]]||[[Visakhapatnam district]]|| style="text-align:center;" | &nbsp;central || style="text-align:right;"| 25<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Wind power ===<br />
{{Location map+|India Andhra Pradesh|width=400px|float=left<br />
|alt=Map of currently operating and proposed Wind power plants in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh<br />
|caption=Map of currently operating and proposed wind power plants<ref>{{cite web|title=Potential windfarm (India)|url=http://wind-power.industry-focus.net/wind-farms-in-andhra-pradesh.html|publisher=The Wind Power|accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|places=<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=15.0833|lon_deg=78.1167|position=top|mark=Green pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Kolimigundla'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.7333|lon_deg=77.4333|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Atmakur}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.8167|lon_deg=77.9667|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Puthlur}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.3|lon_deg=77.5|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Ramagiri'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.43|lon_deg=77.72|position=right|mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Nallakonda}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=14.813433|lon_deg=78.284757|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Gandikota'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=13.65|lon_deg=79.42|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Tirumala'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=16.074|lon_deg=78.868|position=bottom|mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Srisailam'''}}<br />
{{Location map~|India Andhra Pradesh|lat_deg=18.287222|lon_deg=83.111944|position=bottom|mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label='''Araku'''}}<br />
}}<br />
{{See also|Wind power in India}}<br />
The state has total installed wind power capacity of 4,083.57 MW as on 30 June 2021.<ref name=rp2019/><ref name=ap2019/><ref name=apspdcl>{{cite web |url=https://www.apspdcl.in/ShowProperty/SP_CM_REPO/WhatsNew/2017/DECEMBER/RAC%2004.12.2017 |title= (page 17) Aggregate Revenue Requirement and Tariff Proposal for the Retail Supply Business for FY 2018-19, APSPDCL<br />
|accessdate=5 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-topped-in-windpower-installations-in-aprilsept/article9240978.ece |title=State wise installed capacity as of 19 October 2016 |date=19 October 2016 |accessdate=20 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.windpowerindia.com/state-year-wise-weg-installations/|title=Installed capacity of wind power projects in India|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Operator !! Location !! District !! Sector !! Unit-wise capacity (MW) !! Installed capacity (MW)<br />
|-<br />
| Ramagiri Wind Mills<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramgiri windfarm (India)|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_6739_ramgiri.php|publisher=The Wind Power|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref> || [[APGENCO]] || [[Ramagiri, Anantapur|Ramagiri]] || [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]] || State || style="text-align:right;"| 10 × 0.2 || style="text-align:right;" | 2.00<br />
|-<br />
| Narmada Wind farm<ref>{{cite web|title=CLP to develop two new windfarms|url=http://panchabuta.com/2011/03/07/clp-to-develop-two-new-windfarms-with-capacity-of-152-8-mw-to-take-capacity-to-about-640mw-largest-wind-developer-in-india/|publisher=Panchabuta Renewable Energy & Cleantech in India|accessdate=4 July 2014|date=7 March 2011}}</ref> || CLP Wind Farms (India) Private Ltd. || Nallakonda || [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"| 1 × 50.4 || style="text-align:right;"| 50.04<br />
|-<br />
| Puthlur RCI Wind farm<ref>{{cite web|title=Puthlur RCI windfarm (India)|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_3336_puthlur-rci.php|publisher=The Wind Power|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> || Wescare (India) Ltd. || Puthlur || [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] || Private || style="text-align:right;"| 1 × 20 || style="text-align:right;"| 20.00<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Other utility power plants ==<br />
In addition to above projects, there are nearly 103 MW small Hydro plants, nearly 490 MW [[bagasse]], industrial & municipal waste, bio-mass co-generation,<br />
& bio-mass based power projects, nearly 78.79 mini power plants (grid connected) and nearly 67.20 MW other (grid connected) plants based on isolated gas wells, etc. in private sector.<ref name=rp2019/><ref name=salient1 /> These power plants are not covering captive power capacity in various industries that are not grid connected. In addition, there are innumerable diesel generator sets installed in the state for stand by supply and emergency power supply needs during power outages.<br />
<br />
== Transmission system ==<br />
<br />
{{Bar graph<br />
| title = Per capita power generation<ref>{{cite news|title=Per capita power consumption, CEA Dash Board|url=https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> <br />
| float = right<br />
| bar_width = 12<br />
| width_units = em<br />
| data_max = 2000<br />
| label_type = Year<br />
| data_type = Kwh/head<br />
| label1 = 2014–15<br />
| data1 = 1040<br />
| label2 = 2015–16<br />
| data2 = 1230<br />
| label3 = 2016–17<br />
| data3 = 1319<br />
| label4 = 2017–18<br />
| data4 = 1388<br />
| label5 = 2018–19<br />
| data5 = 1480<br />
| label6 = 2019–20<br />
| data6 = 1507<br />
| label7 = 2020–21<br />
| data7 = 1434<br />
| label8 = 2021–22<br />
| data8 = 1567<br />
}}<br />
{{See also|Electricity sector in India#Electricity transmission and distribution}}<br />
The state has well spread transmission system. APTransCo / DisComs owned and operated transmission lines from 400&nbsp;kV to 11&nbsp;kV is 231,127 circuit kilometers excluding the HT lines owned and operated by [[PGCIL]] in the state.<ref name=salient>{{cite web|url=http://www.aptransco.gov.in/transco/docs/Sal-Fea-Jul-15.pdf|title=Salient data of APTrasCo, APGenCo, Discoms|accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/powermaps/sr.pdf|title=Power map of southern region|accessdate=27 October 2015}}</ref> For importing and exporting power, the state grid is well interconnected with adjoining western and eastern regional grids in addition to adjoining state grids.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mercomindia.com/connectivity-power-grids-southern-grid/|title=Connectivity between Southern Grid and Other Power Grids Can Support 19.95 GW |accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> The spread of high voltage transmission lines (≥ 11&nbsp;kV) is such that it can form a square matrix of area 1.93&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (i.e. on average, at least one HT line within 0.7&nbsp;km vicinity) in 160,205&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> total area of the state. DisComs owned and operated LT lines (below 11&nbsp;kV) are 292,158 circuit kilometers. It represents that there is at least one HT or LT line availability on average within the vicinity of 306 meters in the entire state area. The state has 3183 nos substations (≥ 33&nbsp;kV) which represents one substation in every 50.33&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> area on average (i.e. one substation with in 3.6&nbsp;km distance on average).<ref name=pagen /> However the maximum peak load met is 9,453 MW as of 14 October 2018.<ref name=ap2019/> Huge installed capacity of the transmission network and the substations are being underutilized with low [[demand factor]].<br />
<br />
==Regional operations==<br />
{{see also|Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
Power distribution in the state is divided into three divisions, namely ''Eastern Power Distribution Corporation Limited'' (APEPDCL), ''Central Power Distribution Corporation Limited'' (APCPDCL<ref>{{cite web|title=APCPDCL|url=https://www.apcpdcl.in/|accessdate=29 September 2023}}</ref>) and ''Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited'' (APSPDCL), which distributes the power to the households, agriculture and the industries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Consumer wise real Time AP Power Supply Position|url=http://www.apvidyutpravah.in/|accessdate=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619080940/http://www.apvidyutpravah.in/|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===APEPDCL ===<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Eastern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited<br />
| logo = [[File:Eastern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited.jpg| 120 px]]<br />
| type = State [[Government-owned corporation|Government-owned Corporation]]<br />
| slogan = <br />
| foundation = March 31, 2000<br />
| location = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| key_people = Prudhvi Tej Immadi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-18 |title=New CMD of APEPDCL assumes charge in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/new-cmd-of-apepdcl-assumes-charge-in-visakhapatnam/article66752592.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT-JEE topper with AIR 1 joins IIT Bombay, gets job with Rs 70 lakh salary, leaves it to become a… |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-iit-jee-topper-with-air-1-joins-iit-bombay-gets-job-with-rs-70-lakh-salary-leaves-it-to-become-a-3088476 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><br />([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])<br />
| num_employees = <br />
| industry = [[Electric power distribution|Electricity Distribution]]<br />
| products = [[Electricity]]<br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| owner = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.apeasternpower.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Andhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited''' or '''APEPDCL''' is a state-owned [[Electric power distribution|Electricity Distribution]] company. It is owned by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apeasternpower.com/epdcl/EPDCL_Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=EPDCL_Home_portal_page_156_page_157_page_158 |title=::Eastern Power Distribution Company of AP LTD:: |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201040/https://www.apeasternpower.com/epdcl/EPDCL_Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=EPDCL_Home_portal_page_156_page_157_page_158 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=APEPDCL Bags Two National Awards for Power Performance |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/apepdcl-bags-two-national-awards-for-power-performance-881729 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-30 |title=Three DISCOMs in Andhra Pradesh in top 10 list of power utilities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-discoms-in-andhra-pradesh-in-top-10-list-of-power-utilities/article67793317.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The present [[Managing director|CMD]] is Immadi Prudhvi Tej, IAS.<ref name="Service">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-09-02 |title=Rains cause Rs 101-crore loss to Andhra power infrastructure |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Sep/02/rains-cause-rs-101-crore-loss-to-andhra-power-infrastructure |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Raghavendra">{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-09-01 |title=APCPDCL and EPDCL incur ₹1.02 crore loss due to heavy rainfall |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/apcpdcl-and-epdcl-incur-102-crore-loss-due-to-heavy-rainfall/article68593716.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pranathi |first=Laxmi |date=2024-09-03 |title=600-Member APEPDCL Team to Restore Vijayawada Power |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/600-member-apepdcl-team-to-restore-vijayawada-power-1821221 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
APEPDCL was incorporated under the [[Companies Act, 1956]] as a Public Limited Company on 31 March 2000 with headquarters at [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Information {{!}} APEPDCL |url=https://www.apeasternpower.com/companyInformation}}</ref><ref name="Service"/> APEPDCL encompasses in 12 districts in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The districts are [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]], [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]], [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]], [[Eluru district|Eluru]] and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=2024-08-11 |title=APEPDCL takes the 'smart' route to reduce evasion of bills by government offices |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/apepdcl-takes-the-smart-route-to-reduce-evasion-of-bills-by-government-offices/article68513158.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=2024-05-31 |title=APEPDCL en route to providing 24-hour three-phase power supply to 11.7 lakh rural households by 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/apepdcl-en-route-to-providing-24-hour-three-phase-power-supply-to-117-lakh-rural-households-by-2025/article68233086.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=2023-04-23 |title=APEPDCL in Visakhapatnam registers record energy consumption of over 92 million units on April 17 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/apepdcl-in-visakhapatnam-registers-record-energy-consumption-of-over-92-million-units-on-april-17/article66770369.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
===APCPDCL===<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Corporation Limited<br />
| logo = [[File:Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Company Limited.png| 200 px]]<br />
| type = State [[Government-owned corporation|Government-owned Corporation]]<br />
| slogan = <br />
| foundation = December 05, 2019<br />
| location = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| key_people = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| industry = [[Electric power distribution|Electricity Distribution]]<br />
| products = [[Electricity]]<br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://apcpdcl.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Corporation Limited''' (also known as '''APCPDCL'''), (HQ: Vijayawada), is a power distribution company owned by the state government of Andhra Pradesh. It was formed on 05-12-2019, as part of a demerger in 2019,<ref name=":0" /> to cater the [[electricity]] needs of seven districts in [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apcpdcl.in/company-profile.html |title=Company profile |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304220413/https://apcpdcl.in/company-profile.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-07 |title=3 AP discoms among the top 10 in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/3-ap-discoms-among-the-top-10-in-country/articleshow/107474188.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-02 |title=Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Corporation Limited urges consumers to download APCPDCL app |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jul/02/andhra-pradesh-central-power-distribution-corporation-limited-urges-consumers-to-download-apcpdcl-app |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-12 |title=Southern states' power distribution companies receive poor ratings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Mar/12/southern-states-power-distribution-companies-receive-poor-ratings |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-26 |title=Andhra Pradesh discoms put installation of smart meters on fast track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-discoms-put-installation-of-smart-meters-on-fast-track/articleshow/108018215.cms |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-20 |title=APCPDCL issued power safety advisory to consumers in Vijayawada |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jul/20/apcpdcl-issued-power-safety-advisory-to-consumers-in-vijayawada |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The present [[Managing director|CMD]] is Ravi Pattanshetti, IAS.<ref name="Service"/><ref name="Raghavendra"/> It serves [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[NTR district|NTR]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] districts, an area of 56868 square kilometres, in Andhra Pradesh state. The corporation has 1176 MVA of electric distribution capacity with 9659 employees serving in the corporation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rajeev |first=M. |date=2019-10-29 |title=A.P. gives the go-ahead for de-merger of erstwhile Central Discom |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ap-gives-the-go-ahead-for-de-merger-of-erstwhile-central-discom/article29826062.ece |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ZEENATH |date=2024-04-26 |title=APCPDL to Ensure Power Supply in Krishna District |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/apcpdl-to-ensure-power-supply-in-krishna-district-891170 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APCPDCL |url=https://www.apcpdcl.in/company-profile.php |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.apcpdcl.in}}</ref><br />
===APSPDCL===<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited<br />
| logo = [[File:APSPDCL logo.png|100 px]]<br />
| type = State [[Government-owned corporation|Government-owned Corporation]]<br />
| foundation = April 01, 2000<br />
| location = [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| key_people = Siva Sankar Lotheti, IAS<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apspdcl.in/board-directors.php |title=Board of Directors |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref><br />([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]]) <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| industry = [[Electric power distribution|Electricity Distribution]]<br />
| products = [[Electricity]]<br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.apspdcl.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited''' (also known as '''APSPDCL''') is a power distribution company owned by the state government of Andhra Pradesh. It was incorporated on 1 April 2000 under the [[Companies Act, 1956]] as part of the power sector reforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apspdcl.in/company-profile.php |title=Company Profile |access-date=2024-09-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
The company is headquartered in [[Tirupati]] and is responsible for distribution of electricity in the southern districts of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apspdcl.in/ |title=Official Website |access-date=2024-09-09}}</ref><br />
The present [[Managing director|CMD]] is Siva Sankar Lotheti, IAS, who assumed charge in October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apspdcl.in/board-directors.php |title=Board of Directors |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
APSPDCL serves districts including [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]], [[YSR Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapuramu]], [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]] and [[Nellore district|Nellore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apspdcl.in/company-profile.php |title=Company Profile |access-date=2024-09-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
* [[Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation]]<br />
* [[SAIDI|Transmission system performance parameters]]<br />
* [[Grid energy storage]]<br />
* [[HVDC Sileru–Barsoor]]<br />
* [[List of power stations in India]]<br />
* [[Electricity sector in India]]<br />
* [[Energy policy of India]]<br />
* [[List of largest power stations in the world]]<br />
* [[States of India by installed power capacity]]<br />
* [[Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Proposed_coal_plants_in_India Coal based power plants in India on SourceWatch]<br />
* [http://www.srpc.kar.nic.in/html/grid_map.html Electricity grid maps of southern region]<br />
<br />
{{Power stations|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Asia topic|List of hydroelectric stations in}}<br />
<br />
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Power Plants of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Power Stations In India}}<br />
[[Category:Power stations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Energy in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_D%27Souza&diff=506445John D'Souza2026-04-25T03:18:48Z<p>AlbaTinker204: creating a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = John D'Souza<br />
| image = John D'Souza.jpg<br />
| caption = Official portrait, 1963<br />
| birth_name = John Marian D'Souza<br />
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)<br />
| death_date = Unknown<br />
| office = [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| majority = 5,335 (51.24%)<br />
| term_start = 11 December 1963<br />
| term_end = 1967<br />
| constituency = [[Calangute Assembly constituency|Calangute]]<br />
| predecessor = ''constituency established''<br />
| successor = [[Valente Sequeira]]<br />
| party = [[United Goans Party]] (1963–1967)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcEQAQAAMAAJ&q=john+d'souza+calangute|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|date=1 January 1964|via=Google Books}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''John Marian D'Souza''' was an Indian politician. He was a former member of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Calangute Assembly constituency]] from 1963 to 1967. He was a member of the [[United Goans Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=224 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Goa, Daman and Diu (India) Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jwIAQAAIAAJ&q=John+Marian+D'Souza |title=Debates; Official Report |date=1966 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxyij0_Wh7EC&q=John+Marian+D'Souza |title=Goa, Daman & Diu |date=1964 |publisher=Publications Unit, Department of Information and Tourism, Government of Goa, Daman and Diu |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
D'Souza contested in the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Calangute Assembly constituency]] on the [[United Goans Party]] and won by defeating the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] candidate by a majority of 1,702 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Assembly Election– 1963 |url=https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |access-date=2022-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830123222/https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-30 }}</ref> He was then succeeded by [[Valente Sequeira]] as the member of the constituency.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, John}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1963–1967]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhalrapatan_Assembly_constituency&diff=506150Jhalrapatan Assembly constituency2026-04-24T08:17:09Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jhalrapatan<br />
| constituency_no = 198<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-198-Jhalrapatan.svg<br />
| mla = [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br />
| incumbent_image = Rajasthan CM - Vasundhara Raje (cropped).jpg<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| preceded_by = Mohanlal<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran]]<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:297916}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jhalrapatan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] district and is a segment of [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
Jhalrapatan has returned the State's former [[Chief Minister]], [[Vasundhara Raje]], as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (Member of the State's [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]) on behalf of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] four times.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Jhalrapatan Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Jhalrapatan, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/jhalrapatan.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Madho Lal<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|Bhagwan Singh<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Jayendra Singh<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Harish Chandra<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Ram Prasad Bohra<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Nirmal Kumar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Anang Kumar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Jwala Prasad<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Anang Kumar<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|Mohan Lal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Vasundhara Raje]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|}<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Jhalrapatan<ref name="election2023"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:138831}}<br />
|percentage = 59.51<br />
|change = {{increase}}5.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Ramlal Chouhan<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:85638}}<br />
|percentage = 36.71<br />
|change = {{decrease}}1.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Makasud<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3431}}<br />
|percentage = 1.47<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian Peoples Green Party<br />
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Mehar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2177}}<br />
|percentage = 0.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3194}}<br />
|percentage = 1.37<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:53193}}<br />
|percentage = 22.8<br />
|change = {{increase}}6.54<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:233271}}<br />
|percentage = 78.3<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = {{Increase}}5.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Jhalrapatan<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:116484}}<br />
|percentage = 54.14<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Manvendra Singh]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:81504}}<br />
|percentage = 37.88<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Shreelal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7490}}<br />
|percentage = 3.48<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Gayas Ahmed Khan<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2684}}<br />
|percentage = 1.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3125}}<br />
|percentage = 1.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:34980}}<br />
|percentage = 16.26<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:215168}}<br />
|percentage = 78.38<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = {{Decrease}}17.36<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2013===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jhalrapatan]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br />
|votes = 1,14,384<br />
|percentage = 63.14<br />
|change = +6.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|candidate = Meenakshi Chandrawat<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 53,488<br />
|percentage = 29.53<br />
|change = -4.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 3,729<br />
|percentage = 2.06<br />
|change = +2.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|candidate = Devlal Dangi<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 3,100<br />
|percentage = 1.71<br />
|change = -0.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| <br />
|votes = 60,896<br />
|percentage = 33.61<br />
|change = +11.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| <br />
|votes = 1,81,157<br />
|percentage = 79.12<br />
|change = +10.33%<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = +6.55%<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2008===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jhalrapatan]]<ref name="delimitation2008"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br />
|votes = 81,593<br />
|percentage = 56.59<br />
|change = -2.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Mohan Lal<br />
|votes = 49,012<br />
|percentage = 33.99<br />
|change = +2.93<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Abdul Quyyum Siddiqui<br />
|votes = 3,051<br />
|percentage = 2.12<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| <br />
|votes = 32,581<br />
|percentage = 22.59%<br />
|change = +0.32%<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| <br />
|votes = 1,44,186<br />
|percentage = 68.79%<br />
|change = -2.64%<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = -2.61%<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2003 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jhalrapatan]]<ref name="eci2003">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=Election Commission of India<br />
|page=249}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]<br />
|votes = 72,760<br />
|percentage = 59.20<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rama Pilot]]<br />
|votes = 45,385<br />
|percentage = 36.92<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|candidate = M. Rafiq<br />
|votes = 2,387<br />
|percentage = 1.94<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|candidate = Jakir Hussain<br />
|votes = 2,382<br />
|percentage = 1.94<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|<br />
|votes = 27,375<br />
|percentage = 22.28%<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|<br />
|votes = 1,22,914<br />
|percentage = 71.43%<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Jhalawar district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.54|76.17|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jhalawar district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Som_Nath_Sachdeva&diff=536546Som Nath Sachdeva2026-04-21T12:40:13Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Vice-Chancellor of Kurukshetra University}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Som Nath Sachdeva<br />
| image = Prof Som Nath Sachdeva.jpg<br />
| office = Vice-Chancellor of Kurukshetra University<br />
| term_start = 10 November 2020<br />
| alma_mater = Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra; Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh ; [[Kurukshetra University]]<br />
| profession = Professor (Civil engineering)<br />
| website = https://kuk.ac.in/vice_chancellor-2/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Som Nath Sachdeva''' is an Indian academic administrator and professor (civil engineer). He has been the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Kurukshetra University]], Haryana, since November 2020.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Prof SN Sachdeva of NIT Kurukshetra appointed as new VC of Kurukshetra University |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/prof-sachdeva-joins-as-vc-of-kurukshetra-university/articleshow/79152363.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 November 2020 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Prof Som Nath Sachdeva to head KU<br />
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/sachdeva-to-head-ku-168564/<br />
|work=The Tribune<br />
|location=Chandigarh<br />
|date=10 November 2020<br />
|access-date=30 September 2025 <br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Som Nath Sachdeva Takes Charge As VC Of Kurukshetra University<br />
|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/som-nath-sachdeva-takes-charge-kurukshetra-university-vc-2323423<br />
|work=NDTV<br />
|date=10 November 2020<br />
|access-date=30 September 2025<br />
}}</ref><ref name=amar2020>{{cite news |title=प्रोफेसर सोमनाथ सचदेवा केयू के नये वीसी |work=Amar Ujala |date=9 November 2020 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/kurukshetra/professor-somnath-sachdeva-new-vc-of-ku-kurukshetra-news-knl503772101 }}</ref> His term was extended for another three years.<ref name=tribune2023>{{cite news |title=3-yr extension for Kurukshetra University VC Prof Som Nath Sachdeva |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/3-yr-extension-for-kshetra-university-vc-548731 |work=The Tribune |date=29 September 2023 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=amar2023>{{cite news |title=प्रो. सोमनाथ सचदेवा तीन साल और बने रहेंगे कुरुक्षेत्र विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति |work=Amar Ujala |date=29 September 2023 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/kurukshetra/pro-somnath-sachdeva-will-remain-the-vice-chancellor-of-kurukshetra-university-for-three-more-years-kurukshetra-news-c-45-1-kur1002-5890-2023-09-29 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Sachdeva studied B.Sc. [[civil engineering]] at the Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra (now [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]]). He earned a Master of Engineering in Highways from [[Punjab Engineering College]], Chandigarh, in 1987, and later obtained a Ph.D. in civil engineering from Kurukshetra University.<ref name=kukprofile>{{cite web |title=Brief Profile of Prof Som Nath Sachdeva |url=https://kuk.ac.in/vice_chancellor-2|publisher=Kurukshetra University |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Sachdeva began his teaching career at Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, before joining the National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra (formerly Regional Engineering College). He worked in the Department of Civil Engineering, where he also served as Head of Department.<ref name=kukprofile /><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Som Nath (NIT Kurukshetra author page) |url=https://nitkkr.ac.in/author/s-n-sachdeva/ |publisher=National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has authored publications in transportation engineering, pavement design, and road safety. His research interests include transportation engineering, pavement design, and road safety<ref>{{cite web |title=Somnath Sachdeva — Google Scholar profile |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RSRFprsAAAAJ |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sachdeva has authored more than 100 publications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Som Nath SACHDEVA — ResearchGate profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Som-Nath-Sachdeva |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
At NIT Kurukshetra, Sachdeva held positions including chief warden, grievance cell director, and professor in charge of examinations. He was also associated with the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]].<ref name=kukprofile /> He has been a member of committees of the [[Indian Roads Congress]], the [[National Board of Accreditation]], and the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref name=kukprofile /><br />
<br />
In November 2020, Sachdeva was appointed Vice-Chancellor of [[Kurukshetra University]].<ref name=toi /><ref name=amar2020 /> His term was extended for three years in September 2023.<ref name=tribune2023 /><ref name=amar2023 /> During his tenure, the university received an A++ grade from NAAC in 2024, the first state university in Haryana to achieve this grade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra University gets NAAC 'A++' grade |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kurukshetra-varsity-gets-naac-a-grade-586891 |work=The Tribune |date=3 February 2024 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has also held additional charge as Vice-Chancellor of Ch. Ranbir Singh University, Jind,<ref>{{cite news |title=केयूके के वीसी को मिला सीआरएसयू के कुलपति का अतिरिक्त कार्यभार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/jind/kuk-vc-gets-additional-charge-of-crsu-vice-chancellor-jind-news-c-199-1-sroh1009-126695-2024-12-05 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi |date=5 December 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> and Shri Krishna Ayush University, Kurukshetra.<ref>{{cite news |title=केयू के कुलपति प्रो. सोमनाथ सचदेवा ने संभाला श्रीकृष्णा आयुष विश्वविद्यालय का अतिरिक्त कार्यभार |work=Amar Ujala |date=5 April 2023 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/kurukshetra/ku-vice-chancellor-prof-somnath-sachdeva-took-over-the-additional-charge-of-sri-krishna-ayush-university-kurukshetra-news-c-18-1-81619-2023-04-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra University VC gets addl charge of Shri Krishna AYUSH University |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/ku-vc-gets-addl-charge-of-ayush-university-494985 |work=The Tribune |date=7 April 2023 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
* Best paper gold medal from the ''Journal of the Indian Roads Congress''.<ref name=kukprofile /><br />
* Outstanding Vice-Chancellor of India Award (2025), conferred by the Indian Education Network.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra varsity VC honoured with Outstanding Vice-Chancellor of India Award |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/campus-notes-world-radio-day-marked |work=The Tribune |date=15 February 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
* Champion of Education Award (2024), presented in [[New Delhi]] for contributions to entrepreneurship and skill development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra varsity V-C gets award for contribution to skill development |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kurukshetra-varsity-v-c-gets-award-for-contribution-to-skill-development-597328 |work=The Tribune |date=5 March 2024 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><br />
* Environment Champion Award (Wildlife Warriors category), received by Kurukshetra University in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurukshetra University gets Environment Champion Award |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kurukshetra-university-gets-environment-champion-award |work=The Tribune |date=11 June 2025 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Sachdeva is married to Mamta Sachdeva, an educationist and social worker. The couple has two sons.<ref name=kukprofile /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://kuk.ac.in/vice_chancellor-2/ Official profile at Kurukshetra University]<br />
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=RSRFprsAAAAJ Google Scholar profile]<br />
* [https://nitkkr.irins.org/profile/53562 IRINS profile]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]<br />
[[Category:Kurukshetra University]]<br />
[[Category:People from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lanjigarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=511879Lanjigarh Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:38:24Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Adding new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Lanjigarh}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Lanjigarh<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 77<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Southern Division<br />
| district = [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]<br />
| established = 2009<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mla = [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]]<br />
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 2,30,367{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lanjigarh''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kalahandi district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=77|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071123/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=77|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Lanjigarh (77) District: Kalahandi|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
This constituency includes Lanjigarh block, Thuamul Rampur block and 16 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Anlabhata, Badakarlakot, Badpujhariaguda, Baner, Bhainripali, Dhansuli, Hirapur, Jaipatna, Kuchagaon, Mangalpur, Mukhiguda, Paikkendumundi, Pratappur, Rengalpalli, Sargiguda and Uchhula) of Jaipatna block and 8 GPs (Risigaon, Duarsuni, Sagada, Jugsaipatna, Chancher, Kuturukhamar, Malgaon and Tal Belgaon) of Bhawanipatna block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref><br />
<br />
The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].<br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates <br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.09}}<br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.28}}<br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.47}}<br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.47}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date.<br />
<br />
List of members elected from Lanjigarh constituency are:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lanjigarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Lanjigarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/lanjigarh-constituency-result-18077 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pradip Kumar Dishari]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lanjigarh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/lanjigarh-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title= Lanjigarh Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/lanjigarh.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 6 April 2014}}</ref><br />
|Balabhadra Majhi<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
|Shibaji Majhi<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Balabhadra Majhi by a margin of 6,501 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin <br />
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]],Lanjigarh}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]]<br />
|votes = 60,254 <br />
|percentage = 34.09<br />
|change = {{down}}4.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Balabhadra Majhi<br />
|votes = 53,753 <br />
|percentage = 30.41<br />
|change = {{up}}0.91<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Majhi<br />
|votes = 49,113 <br />
|percentage = 27.78<br />
|change = {{up}}3.39<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 4,123 <br />
|percentage = 2.33<br />
|change = {{up}}0.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 6,501<br />
|percentage = 3.68<br />
|change = {{down}}5.10<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,76,768 <br />
|percentage = 76.73<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sibaji Majhi by a margin of 14,308 votes.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Lanjigarh<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]] <br />
|votes = 62,413<br />
|percentage = 38.28<br />
|change = {{decrease}}5.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Sibaji Majhi <br />
|votes = 48,105<br />
|percentage = 29.50<br />
|change ={{increase}}2.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Majhi<br />
|votes = 39,777<br />
|percentage = 24.39<br />
|change = {{increase}}6.51<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 3,181<br />
|percentage = 1.95<br />
|change = <br />
|Symbol =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 14,308<br />
|percentage = 8.78<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,63.064 <br />
|percentage = 75.57<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Balabhadra Majhi defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]] by a margin of 24,895 votes.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Lanjigarh}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Balabhadra Majhi<br />
|votes = 65,033<br />
|percentage = 43.47<br />
|change = {{increase}}11.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]]<br />
|votes = 40,138<br />
|percentage = 26.83<br />
|change = {{decrease}}7.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Bijaya Dishari<br />
|votes =26,744 <br />
|percentage =17.88<br />
|change = {{decrease}}3.40<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 4,782 <br />
|percentage = 3.20<br />
|change = <br />
|Symbol =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 24,895<br />
|percentage = 17.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Shibaji Majhi defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Balabhadra Majhi by a margin of 3,039 votes.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Lanjigarh<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Shibaji Majhi<br />
|votes = 46,138<br />
|percentage = 34.47<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Balabhadra Majhi<br />
|votes = 43,099<br />
|percentage = 32.20<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Bijaya Dishari<br />
|votes = 28,482<br />
|percentage = 21.28<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 3,039<br />
|percentage = 2.27{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,33,862<br />
|percentage = 68.70<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kalahandi district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br />
{{coords|19.71|83.37|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Kalahandi district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kottur,_Tamil_Nadu_Assembly_constituency&diff=510669Kottur, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency2026-04-19T08:56:42Z<p>AlbaTinker204: creating data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{For|constituency with same name in Karnataka|Kottur, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| established = 1967<br />
| district = [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| mla = A. K. Subbaih<br />
| name = Kottur<br />
| electors= 84,002<br />
| reservation = <br />
| abolished= 1971<br />
}}<br />
'''Kottur''' was former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1967 to 1971.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Winner<br />
! colspan="2"| Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Fourth]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[A. K. Subbiah]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifth]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|73.26}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|42.47}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===1971===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kottur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Subbaih |party=Communist Party of India |votes=47,419 |percentage=73.26% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rajamanickam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,309 |percentage=26.74% |change=-7.39% }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,110 |percentage=46.52% |change=38.18% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,728 |percentage=80.46% |change= -6.84% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,002 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 30.79% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kottur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Subbaih |party=Communist Party of India |votes=28,156 |percentage=42.47% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. M. Ambikapathy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,627 |percentage=34.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Ganesan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,515 |percentage=23.40% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,529 |percentage=8.34% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,298 |percentage=87.30% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,024 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br />
<br />
{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coord|10.61|79.56|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tiruvarur district]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]<br />
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Tiruvarur-geo-stub}}<br />
{{India-constituency-stub}}</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolaras_Assembly_constituency&diff=510308Kolaras Assembly constituency2026-04-19T08:38:08Z<p>AlbaTinker204: creating new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kolaras<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 27<br />
| map_image = 27-Kolaras.svg<br />
| mla = [[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Shivpuri district|Shivpuri]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = Virendra Raghuwanshi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kolaras Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=13 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as Shivpuri Kolaras, one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] from 1976 to 2008.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Kolaras (constituency number 27) is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Shivpuri district]]. This constituency covers the entire Kolaras [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=228, 250}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kolaras is part of [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] and [[Shivpuri Assembly constituency|Shivpuri]] in this district, [[Bamori Assembly constituency|Bamori]] and [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]] in [[Guna district]] and [[Ashok Nagar Assembly constituency|Ashok Nagar]], [[Chanderi Assembly constituency|Chanderi]] and [[Mungaoli Assembly constituency|Mungaoli]] in [[Ashoknagar district]].<ref name="ceo"/><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
===Shivpuri Kolaras constituency of Madhya Bharat===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci2" /><br />
|Tula Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|Narhari Prasad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Vedehi Charan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Manorama<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Jagadish Prasad Verma<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Kamta Prasad<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Pooran Singh Bedia<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Omprakash Khatik|Om Prakash Khatik]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|Pooran Singh Bedia<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|[[Omprakash Khatik|Om Prakash Khatik]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|[[Devendra Kumar Jain]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=ceom>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref><br />
|[[Ram Singh Yadav (politician)|Ram Singh Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018^<br />
|[[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|Virendra Raghuwanshi<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|[[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolaras<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:108685}}<br />
|percentage = 54.32<br />
|change = +12.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Baijnath Singh Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:57712}}<br />
|percentage = 28.85<br />
|change = -12.84<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Naval Dhakad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:24886}}<br />
|percentage = 12.44<br />
|change = +2.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1805}}<br />
|percentage = 0.9<br />
|change = -0.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:50973}}<br />
|percentage = 25.47<br />
|change = +25.05<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:200069}}<br />
|percentage = 79.15<br />
|change = +3.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolaras<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Virendra Raghuwanshi]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:72450}}<br />
|percentage = 42.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:71730}}<br />
|percentage = 41.69<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Ashok Sharma<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:16483}}<br />
|percentage = 9.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal<br />
|candidate = Dhani Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2018}}<br />
|percentage = 1.17<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mahendra Singh Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1688}}<br />
|percentage = 0.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mangal Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1577}}<br />
|percentage = 0.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1674}}<br />
|percentage = 0.97<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:720}}<br />
|percentage = 0.42<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:172045}}<br />
|percentage = 75.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kolaras]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{coords|25.22|77.61|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shivpuri district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coimbatore_West_Assembly_constituency&diff=494726Coimbatore West Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:39:23Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Adding new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| established = 1967<br />
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br />
| mla = [[T. Malaravan]]<br />
| name = Coimbatore (West)<br />
| electors= 1,40,374<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished= 2008<br />
}}<br />
'''Coimbatore West''' was a [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It covered parts of [[Coimbatore]]. Coimbatore East Assembly constituency was part of [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]]. After the 2008 delimitation, this constituency became defunct.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| [[Savithiri Shanmugam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| G. E. Chinnadurai<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| [[K. Govindarajulu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3326-tamil-nadu-1971/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1971 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><br />
| [[P. Gopal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1973 Bye-election]]<br />
| rowspan="3"|[[C. Aranganayagam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977-1980]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3327-tamil-nadu-1977/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980-1984]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984-1989]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[M. Ramanathan]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3331-tamil-nadu-1984/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989-1991]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991-1996]]<br />
| [[K. Selvaraj]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996-2001]]<br />
| [[C. T. Dhandapani]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001-2006]]<br />
| S. Maheswari<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006-2011]]<br />
| [[T. Malaravan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<ref>https://resultuniversity.com › election<br />
Coimbatore West Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly ...</ref><br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===1962=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore West<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. E. Chinnadurai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,645 |percentage=42.10% |change=-1.94% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamanickam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,023 |percentage=22.90% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhupathy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,012 |percentage=22.89% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkataramana Iyer |party=Swatantra Party |votes=8,644 |percentage=9.42% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,278 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= P. S. Krishnaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,622 |percentage=19.20% |change=-3.50% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,786 |percentage=78.11% |change= 28.19% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,949 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.94% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}<br />
<br />
{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coords|11.024|76.906|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coimbatore West (state Assembly Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Coimbatore]]<br />
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthrenus_cardamom&diff=486921Anthrenus cardamom2026-04-13T18:09:08Z<p>AlbaTinker204: new - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of beetle}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| genus = Anthrenus<br />
| species = cardamom<br />
| authority = Háva, 2001<br />
| parent = Nathrenus<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Anthrenus (Nathrenus) cardamom''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in South India.<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1991534}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Anthrenus|cardamom]]<br />
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Beetles described in 2001]]<br />
<br />
{{dermestidae-stub}}</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surghan&diff=538598Surghan2026-04-12T17:22:02Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Done.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Village<br />
| official_name = Surghan<br />
| area_code = 0751<br />
| postal_code = 477441<br />
| registration_plate = MP30<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Surghan''' is a village<ref>{{Cite web |title=ग्राम पंचायत, सुरघान जनपद पंचायत, रौन , जिला भिण्ड |url=http://www.prd.mp.gov.in/PanchParmeshwar/Public/Dashboard.aspx?GP_ID=ODU4 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.prd.mp.gov.in}}</ref> in Bhind district<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/testmy.aspx?er=The%20file%20%27/voterlist.aspx%27%20does%20not%20exist. |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in}}</ref> and it which comes under Mihona Tehsil and it comes under Lahar Vidhan Sabha. Which is an assembly constituency in Bhind district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayats {{!}} District Bhind, Government Of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://bhind.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2011 India census, Surghan has a population of over 650.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
<br />
Surghan is located at {{Coord|26.2886301|N|79.045255|E|}}.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanhai Ka Pura · Madhya Pradesh 477441, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kanhai+Ka+Pura,+Madhya+Pradesh+477441/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Kanhai Ka Pura · Madhya Pradesh 477441, India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
<br />
Near Bus Stand- Under 10&nbsp;km | Mihona, Lahar, Bhind<br />
<br />
Nearest Railway Station under 50&nbsp;km | Bhind, Gwalior, Etawah<br />
<br />
Nearest Airport under 130–150&nbsp;km | Gwalior, Jhansi<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bhind district]]<br />
<br />
{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._M._Rangarajan&diff=539102T. M. Rangarajan2026-04-12T14:28:56Z<p>AlbaTinker204: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = T. M. Rangarajan<br />
| image =<br />
| image size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|2|24|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Mannargudi<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<br />
| constituency1 = [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1991<br />
| term_end1 = 1994<br />
| predecessor1 = V. Balasubramaniyan<br />
| successor1 = [[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]<br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| term_start3 = <br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| term_start4 = <br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| relations = <br />
| children = <br />
| profession = Advocate<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''T. M. Rangarajan''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from [[Mannargudi]] town in [[Tiruvarur district|Thiruvarur district]]. Rangarajan, completed his [[Master of Science]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Law]] degrees and practicing as an [[advocate]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ”Who's Who” 1991. Madras-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. April 1992. p. 451-452.</ref> Belonging to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, he contested and won the [[Mylapore Assembly constituency]] in the [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] to become a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Mylapore Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mylapore-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency | access-date=2025-10-24 | website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance==<br />
===1991===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylapore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Rangarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,845 |percentage=59.31% |change=+33.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nirmala Suresh |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,149 |percentage=34.12% |change=-6.76 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumaravelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,950 |percentage=3.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Balasubramaniam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,335 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. N. Sridharan |party=Janata Party |votes=920 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,696 |percentage=25.20% |change=9.85% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,954 |percentage=54.40% |change= -15.07% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,453 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.43% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tiruvarur district]]<br />
[[Category:1947 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_FC&diff=515338Malappuram FC2026-04-11T03:04:52Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Adding new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Football club in Kerala}}<br />
{{Infobox football club<br />
| clubname = Malappuram <br />
| image = Malappuram_FC_logo.png<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| fullname = Malappuram Football Club<br />
| nickname = <br />
| short name = MFC<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|May 2024}}<br />
| dissolved = <br />
| ground = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]], [[Payyanad]], [[Manjeri]]<br />
| capacity = 30,000<br />
| owner = Veliyath Ajmal <br/> Anvar Ameen Chelat <br/> [[Sanju Samson]]<br />
| mgrtitle = Head coach<br />
| manager = Vacant<br />
| league = [[Super League Kerala]]<br />
| season = <br />
| position = <br />
| current =<br />
| pattern_la1 = _ned24a<br />
| pattern_b1 = _ned24a<br />
| pattern_ra1 = _ned24a<br />
| pattern_sh1 = _ned24a<br />
| pattern_so1 = _whitestripe<br />
| leftarm1 = 1F305E<br />
| body1 = 1F305E<br />
| rightarm1 = 1F305E<br />
| shorts1 = 1F305E<br />
| socks1 = 1F305E<br />
| pattern_la2 = _orangeborder<br />
| pattern_b2 = _orangecollar<br />
| pattern_ra2 = _orangeborder<br />
| pattern_so2 = _blackstripe<br />
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| body2 = FFFFFF<br />
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br />
| shorts2 = FFFFFF<br />
| socks2 = FFFFFF<br />
| website = {{URL|https://fcmalappuram.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Malappuram Football Club''' is an [[India]]n professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], competing in the [[Super League Kerala]]. The club was founded in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=12 May 2024 |title=Super League Kerala: Franchisees of inaugural edition announced |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/super-league-kerala-franchisees-of-inaugural-edition-announced-3019242 |accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=10 May 2024 |title=Mahesh Bhupathi, Travancore princess and former Benfica player among franchise owners in Super League Kerala |work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/mahesh-bhupathi-travancore-princess-and-former-benfica-player-among-franchise-owners-in-super-league-kerala/article68162173.ece |accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Stadium==<br />
[[File:Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=The stadium before a game.|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDSC Stadium (Malappuram)]]]]<br />
<br />
Malappuram FC plays their home matches at the [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]] in the city of Manjeri.<br />
<br />
==Club performance==<br />
===Season 1 (2024)===<br />
Malappuram entered the competition with significant expectations and the unwavering backing of one of the most passionate football fan bases in the state. Under the management of former [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] and [[Chennaiyin FC]] coach [[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-21 |title=ISL-winning coach to train Malappuram FC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/isl-winning-coach-john-gregory-to-train-malappuram-fc-in-super-league-kerala/articleshow/111895225.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the club assembled a star-studded squad that combined experienced Indian names with proven foreigners. The most notable domestic signing was [[Anas Edathodika]], the former India international. The foreign contingent featured [[Sérgio Barboza]], who had previous [[I-League]] experience, along with [[Joseba Beitia]] and [[Pedro Manzi]], both with successful stints in Indian football.<br />
<br />
Malappuram began their campaign with a win over [[Forca Kochi FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Sarath R. |date=2024-09-07 |title=Super League Kerala: Malappuram FC Drubs Forca Kochi In The Opener |url=https://athleticindia.com/super-league-kerala-malappuram-fc-drubs-forca-kochi-in-the-opener/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the team’s form dipped, as defensive lapses and finishing woes led to dropped points. Their two victories of the season came in away fixtures, against Forca Kochi and [[Thrissur Magic FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malappuram FC triumph over Magic Thrissur FC in Super League Kerala |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/malappuram-fc-triumph-over-magic-thrissur-fc-in-super-league-kerala |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> By the end of the league stage, Malappuram finished fifth among six teams, with a record of two wins, four draws, and four losses, thereby failing to qualify for the semifinals.<br />
<br />
===Season 2 (2025)===<br />
After a dismal outing in the inaugural season of the Super League Kerala, Malappuram FC management undertook a sweeping rebuild. The club appointed [[Miguel Corral]] as the new head coach, signalling a shift toward a more modern, possession-oriented approach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-10-02 |title=Super League Kerala season 2: All you need to know — Teams, venues, format, live streaming info |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-league-kerala-season-2-live-streaming-all-you-need-to-know-participating-teams-venues-format-schedule-slk-news/article70117358.ece |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> [[Roy Krishna]] joined the attack, adding proven goal-scoring pedigree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super League Kerala side Malappuram FC sign ISL's popular hitman Roy Krishna |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/09/08/super-league-kerala-malappuram-fc-sign-former-isl-striker-roy-krishna.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Super League Kerala side Malappuram FC sign ISL’s popular hitman Roy Krishna |language=en}}</ref> They secured [[Gani Nigam]], one of the standout midfielders of the previous edition. The defence was strengthened by the arrival of [[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athletic-India |date=2025-10-03 |title=Roy Krishna Delivers, Malappuram Ultras Dance as Thrissur Fall 1–0 |url=https://athleticindia.com/roy-krishna-delivers-malappuram-ultras-dance-as-thrissur-fall-1-0/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Supporters==<br />
Ultras Malappuram are the official supporters' group of Malappuram FC in the Super League Kerala. The group is associated with fan activities such as tifo displays, chants, and coordinated drumming during matches. The supporters are part of the football culture of Malappuram district.<br />
<br />
==Players==<br />
===First-team squad (2025)===<br />
{{Fs start}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=ESP|pos=DF|no=5|name=Sergio González Álvarez}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=3|name=Sabarin Bush}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=4|name=Sanju Ganesh}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=6|name=Sachin Dev}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=ARG|pos=MF|no=8|name=Facundo Ballardo}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=MAR|pos=MF|no=9|name=[[Badr Boulahroud]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=TJK|pos=MF|no=10|name=[[Komron Tursunov]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=11|name=[[Gani Nigam]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=14|name=Tony Antony}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=15|name=[[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=16|name=[[Mohammed Irshad]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=17|name=Abhijith PA}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=18|name=[[Ishan Pandita]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=19|name=Mohammed Rishad}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=FIJ|pos=FW|no=21|name=[[Roy Krishna]]}}<br />
{{Fs mid}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=22|name=Faslu Rahman}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=GK|no=23|name=Muhammed Azhar}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=25|name=Muhammed Riswan}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=27|name=Nithin Madhu}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=30|name=Akbar Siddique}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=33|name=Saivin Ericson}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=GK|no=40|name=Ajmal P.A.}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=47|name=Jithin Prakash}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=ESP|pos=DF|no=77|name=[[Aitor Aldalur]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=93|name=Akhil Praveen}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=BRA|pos=FW|no=99|name=[[John Kennedy (footballer, born 2000)|John Kennedy]]}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=MAR|pos=MF|no=|name=Abdelhay El Forsy}}<br />
{{Fs player|nat=ESP|pos=DF|no=|name=[[Xiker]]}}<br />
{{Fs end}}<br />
<br />
==Personnel==<br />
{{updated|August 2025}}<br />
===Current technical staff===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #00008B; color:white; text-align:center;"|Role<br />
!style="background:#FFA500; color:black; text-align:center;"|Name<br />
|-<br />
|Head coach<br />
|Vacant<br />
|- <br />
|Assistant coach <br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Cleofas Alex<br />
|-<br />
|Goalkeeping coach <br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Felix D'Souza]]<br />
|-<br />
|Strength and conditioning coach <br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Joshua<br />
|-<br />
|Physio<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vismaya Venugopal<br />
|-<br />
|Team Manager<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Seyed Muhammad Rafi<br />
|-<br />
|Kit Manager<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nidheesh Mohan<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Management===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #00008B; color:white; text-align:center;"|Position <br />
!style="background:#FFA500; color:black; text-align:center;"|Name<br />
|-<br />
|Chief operating officer<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arun K. Nanu<br />
|-<br />
|Head of football operations <br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Wilbur Lasrado<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Period<br />
!Kit manufacturer<br />
!Shirt sponsor<br />
!Back sponsor<br />
!Chest sponsor<br />
!Sleeve sponsor<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Hummel International|Hummel]]<br />
|Impex<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorable Managing Director, Mr. Nuvais C., is receiving a memento as |url=https://impexstore.com/blogs/impexmedia/honorable-managing-director-mr-nuvais-c-is-receiving-a-memento-as-the-title-sponsor-of-malappuram-football-club-mfc-from-mr-m-a-yusuff-ali-chairman-of-lulu-group |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Impex Webstore |language=en}}</ref><br />
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |–<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|Rapheal Film City<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DO23dXYkgrK/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of football clubs in India#Kerala|List of football clubs in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Football in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Sports in Kerala]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Super League Kerala}}<br />
{{Football in Kerala}}<br />
{{Kerala Sports}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malappuram]]<br />
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2024|Malappuram FC]]<br />
[[Category:2024 establishments in Kerala|Malappuram FC]]<br />
[[Category:Football clubs in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Super League Kerala teams]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Sergio González Álvarez|Sergio González Álvarez]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhumman_Shah&diff=491364Bhumman Shah2026-04-10T19:48:46Z<p>AlbaTinker204: data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Udasi saint (1687–1762)}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| religion = [[Udasi]]<br />
| sect = <br />
| name = Bhumman Shah<br />
| birth_place = [[Behlolpur (Okara)|Behlolpur]]<br />
| parents = Hassa Ram (father)<br>Rajo Bai (mother)<br />
| birthname = Bhumia Hassa<br />
| birth_date = 14 April 1687<br />
| location = [[Dipalpur|Depalpur]]<br />
| death_date = 1762<br />
| honorific prefix = Baba<br />
| honorific suffix = Udasin<br />
| image = Mural depicting Baba Bhuman Shah, from Dera Baba Bhuman Shah, ca.1910.jpg<br />
| caption = Mural depicting Baba Bhuman Shah, from Dera Baba Bhuman Shah, Depalpur, Okara district, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910<br />
}}<br />
{{Udasi}}<br />
'''Bhumman Shah''' (14 April 1687 – 1762, also spelt as '''Bhuman Shah''', born '''Bhumia Hassa''') was an [[Udasi]] [[Sant (religion)|saint]].{{Efn|There are many spelling variations for his name, such as 'Bhuman', 'Bhoman', 'Bhumman', 'Bhomman', 'Boman', or 'Bomman'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nawaz |first=Muhammad Asif |date=8 April 2022 |title=The Magnificence of Bhuman Shah |url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/the-magnificence-of-bhuman-shah/MjIzMw== |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Youlin Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 volumes) |last2=Sardella |first2=Ferdinando |publisher=BRILL |year=2020 |isbn=9789004432284 |pages=615 |quote=Baba Bhuman Shah Udasin, a seventeenth-century ''baba'', was well-known for offering langar and was visited, it would seem characteristically, by people who variously followed Hindu, Muslim, or Sikh ritual practices but were collectively drawn by his power (Ballard 1996). The Sadhanakendra Ashram website describes such people as being "of different faiths," although this modern formulation imposes boundaries which would probably not have been recognised in Baba Bhuman Shah Udasin's time (Oberoi 1994).}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jabeen |first=Asia |last2=Munir |first2=Mazhar |date=December 2021 |title=Refurbishment of Gurdwara Baba Bhuman Shah Dipalpur, District Okara |url=https://pjsr.com.pk/ojs/index.php/PJSR/article/download/279/105 |journal=Pakistan Journal of Social Research |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=52–66 |doi=10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.279 |issn=2710-3129 |eissn=2710-3137 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2023-05-22 |access-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522035656/https://pjsr.com.pk/ojs/index.php/PJSR/article/download/279/105 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
He was born in [[Behlolpur (Okara)|Behlolpur]] to Hassa Ram and Rajo Bai.<ref name=":0" /> His family revered [[Sri Chand]], the eldest son of the first [[Sikh gurus|Sikh guru]], [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name=":2" /> There are several [[legend]]s and [[mythology|myth]]s connected with Bhumia's early childhood. The story goes that once as a kid, when he was sleeping in his cradle, a [[cobra]] came and sat over his chest with his hood spread wide-apart. Mother Rajo was stunned at the scene but as she dared to approach the cradle, the cobra disappeared slowly with no harm to the sleeping kid. Another myth relates to the revival of the dead sparrows; and yet another one deals with restoring to health the lost crops of a poor farmer......so forth and so on. These were taken to be miracles and the peoples from far and wide started to crowd at Bhumia house to have his darshan.<br />
<br />
Bhumia went for his schooling at the age of seven. He was very sharp and intelligent student and imbibed the essentials of [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Islam]] at a very young age. Besides attending to his religious lessons, Bhumia also performed the worldly chores like grazing cows in the company of other boys of his village. He would take his cows to the forest where he would also carry plenty of food and Jal (water) to run a free-kitchen ([[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]]) for the passers-by including the ascetics, saints, the poor and the orphans.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Little later, the family would move from Behlolpur to [[Depalpur (Pakistan)|Deepalpur]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Initiation==<br />
By the age of fifteen, Bhumia had developed a strong aspiration to become a [[monk]]. With the permission of his parents he approached Baba Pritam Das of [[Pakpattan]], the prominent Saint of ''Udasin Panth'' who initiated him into a [[Guru]]-[[mantra]]. On being formally initiated and baptized by Baba Pritam Dass, Bhumia himself became ''Baba Bhumman Shah''. Soon afterwards, he started to preach the religious messages which were always accompanied by [[Kirtan]] and free-kitchen (Langar).<br />
<br />
It is stated that Chaudhury Lakha [[Wattu]], a [[Muslim]] Rajput landlord of village Kutub Kot had been arrested for some reasons and was put behind the bars at [[Lahore]] by the orders of the [[Governor]] of [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Bibi Bakhtawar, Lakha's mother, was a staunch devotee of the Baba. She solicited Baba's blessings for the release of her son and it so happened that Chaudhury Lakha was released from the jail within couple of days. As a result, Lakha and his numerous Muslim relatives from the Wattu [[tribe]] also became devoted followers of the Baba. In addition, the tribe also surrendered a village named Kutub-Kot to the Baba which the latter made the centre of his religious activities.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
[[File:Bhuuman.jpg|thumb|Modern painting of Baba Bhumman Shah]]<br />
Baba Bhumman Shah travelled from village to village to preach his message of love, peaceful coexistence, universal brotherhood, religious-tolerance and equality. He had followers from many denominations including [[Hindu]]s, [[Sikhs]] and [[Muslims]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Baba also visited the [[Dargah]] of [[Sufi]] [[Saint]] [[Baba Farid]], [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] at [[Amritsar]], and numerous other, [[Muslims|Muslim]], [[Sikh]] and [[Hindu]] [[shrine]]s during his religious itineraries. At village Kutub-Kot, which later became renowned as ''[[dera (organization)|Dera]] Baba Bhumman Shah'', Baba permanently established the maryada of Kirtan and free kitchen (Langar).<br />
<br />
Baba was also a very dedicated Sikh of [[Guru]] [[Gobind Singh]]. It is told that once, Dashmesh Guru and his [[Sikh]] followers were going to Nili Bar when they visited Baba Bhumman Shah and took Langar at the Dera; pleased with Shah's noble mission, Gobind Singh blessed him that his Langar would continue to grow with no shortage of any kind.<ref name="Kosh">Kosh, Mahan. ''Encyclopaedia of Sikh Literature'' (1999), p. 920</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Baba's life work can be seen to be around harmony and oneness. After carrying out his religious mission for well over 50 years, Baba died in 1762 CE. He was succeeded by Mahant Nirmal Chand, who continued his work.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
During the times of sixth Mahant Baba Darshan Dass, a British Divisional Commissioner visited the Dera. Impressed by Mahant's personality as well as the Dera-complex and the free-kitchen service (Langar), the Commissioner attached 3000 acres (12&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of agricultural land as fief to the [[shrine]] (Baba Bhuman Shah by Sant Chandra Swami).<br />
<br />
Total landed property in the name of Shrine grew well over 18,000 acres (73&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of agricultural land (cf: 18700 acres (76&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) in the name of [[Gurudwara]] Sri [[Nankana Sahib]] in [[Sheikhupura]]). Besides landed property, there was other moveable/immoveable property in the name of the Dera.<br />
<br />
An Udasi ''[[Akhara]]'' attached to his name, named Dera Baba Bhuman Shah,<ref name=":2" /> was established at his ''[[haveli]]'' in [[Dipalpur|Depalpur]], [[Okara District|Okara]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] but it now lies in ruins in modern-day [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalra |first=Virinder S. |title=Beyond Religion in India and Pakistan: Gender and Caste, Borders and Boundaries |last2=Purewal |first2=Navtej K. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781350041769 |series=Bloomsbury Studies in Religion, Gender, and Sexuality |pages=59 |quote=Some members of the Watu family, large landholders in the area, told of how their elders would visit the haveli of Bhuman Shah, which was a large Udaasi Akhara (though now in a state of ruin) again perhaps 40 kilometres from Daud Bandegi.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qaiṣar |first=Iqbāl |title=پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں |publisher=Punjabi History Board |year=1998 |pages=310 |language=ur}}</ref> The site contains many historical [[Sikh architecture|structures]] and [[Sikh art|murals]], now in a dilapitated, vandalized, and neglected state.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== List of successors ===<br />
Below is a list of the successive ''[[mahant]]s'' of the ''[[Dera (organization)|dera]]'' of Bhuman Shah:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Successors of Dera Baba Bhuman Shah Ji |url=https://bababhumanshahji.org/about/ |website=Dera Baba Bhuman Shah Ji, Sangar Sadha (Sirsa)}}</ref><br />
<br />
1. Bhuman Shah (1702–1747)<br />
<br />
2. Nirmal Chand (1747–1772)<br />
<br />
3. Bhawani Das (1772–1820)<br />
<br />
4. Lal Chand (1820–1822)<br />
<br />
5. Lodeen Chand (1824–1836)<br />
<br />
6. Darshan Das (1836–1868)<br />
<br />
7. Santokh Das (1868–1893)<br />
<br />
8. Narayan Das (1893–1899)<br />
<br />
9. Harbhajan Das (1899–1925)<br />
<br />
10. Girdhari Das (1925–1977)<br />
<br />
11. Amar Das (1977–2003)<br />
<br />
12. Chandar Swami (1977-present)<br />
<br />
13. Sewa Das (1995-2016)<br />
<br />
14. Braham Das (2003–present)<br />
<br />
15. Harinam Das (2016-present)<br />
<br />
==Post-Partition scenario==<br />
[[File:Tomb of Bhuman Shah.jpg|thumb|Samadh of Bhumman Shah in Depalpur, Okara district, Punjab, Pakistan, photographed on 7 December 2018.]]<br />
After partition, due to compulsions of politics, Mahant Girdhari Dass, the Mukh Sewadar of the Dera, shifted his religious headquarters from [[Pakistan]] to [[India]].<ref name=":2" /> A new Shrine and Dera was established in Sangar Sadan in [[Sirsa District]] in [[Haryana]]. The total land transferred to the Dera from [[Pakistan]] was a meagre 1600 acres (6.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) compared to over 18000 acres (73&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) in Montgomery. After Mahant Girdhari Dass's death, Baba Mahant Amar Nath Bawa was the mahant of the shrine in Sangar Sadan. After Amar Nath's Death, simultaneously Baba Sewa Das Ji was honoured with tilak rasam(Gaddinasheen) in Dera Mallewala Sirsa The 12th Mahant of Dera Baba Bhuman Shah Ji and The Mahant Saran Dass applying tilak rasam(Gaddinasheen) to Baba Braham Dass. After that Baba Brahm Dass ji into Mahant Baba Braham Dass Ji is the<br />
14th Mahant of Dera Baba Bhuman Shah Ji Sangar Sarista (Sirsa).<br />
<br />
Besides Sangar Sadan, the [[Hindu]] devotees of the Baba have also built several [[temple]]s in his memory in a number of states of northern [[India]] as well, where daily worship unto Babaji is offered with faith and love (Baba Bhuman Shah by Sant Chandra Swami).<br />
<br />
In [[Pakistan]], this Dera was considered the richest with huge property attached to it in pre-partition times.<ref name="Kosh" /><br />
<br />
The [[spirituality|spiritual]] and pragmatic teachings of Baba Bhuman Shah <br />
have been presented in the form of [[aphorism]]s in a booklet by his ardent devotee, Sage Chandra Swami, with a focus on true goal of life as well as the right means for its achievement. These teachings are in complete concordance with Baba's own divine life.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bhoman Shah]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://bababhumanshahji.org/ Dera Baba Bhuman Shah Ji (Sangar Sadha)]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Bhumman}}<br />
[[Category:Sant Mat]]<br />
[[Category:People from Okara District]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:1687 births]]<br />
[[Category:1762 deaths]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayen_Mehta&diff=505989Jayen Mehta2026-04-10T01:07:57Z<p>AlbaTinker204: creating new data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian business executive}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Jayen Mehta<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Managing director|Managing Director]] of [[Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.|Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation]]<br />
| term_start = January 2023<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = RS Sodhi<br />
| successor = Incumbent<br />
| office2 = [[Chief operating officer]] of [[Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.|GCMMF]]<br />
| term_start2 = February 2022<br />
| term_end2 = January 2023<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Risk management|PGDRM]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Sardar Patel University]]<br>[[Institute of Rural Management Anand]]<br />
| occupation = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jayen Mehta''' is an Indian [[business executive]]. He serves as the managing director at the [[Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.|Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd]] (GCMMF),<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayen Mehta appointed managing director of Amul for five-year term - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/jayen-mehta-appointed-managing-director-of-amul-for-five-year-term-19521119.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |date=8 December 2024}}</ref> the largest food product marketing organization in India and a [[cooperative society]], known for its brand [[Amul]].<ref name="financialexpress">{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Viveat Susan |title=Under Jayen Mehta, Amul eyes next billion dollars from nutritional products |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/under-jayen-mehta-amul-eyes-next-billion-dollars-from-nutritional-products/3043046/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=April 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Jayenbhai Mehta - man who replaced Amul MD RS Sodhi? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/who-is-jayen-mehta-man-who-replaced-amul-md-rs-sodhi-article-96874029 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=January 10, 2023}}</ref> Prior to this, Mehta held the position of Chief Operating Officer of [[Amul]].<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |last1=Rupera |first1=Prashant |title=Jayen Mehta promoted as GCMMF's COO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/jayen-mehta-promoted-as-gcmmfs-coo/articleshow/89416781.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> He also serves as the Chairman of Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited, which runs the government-backed [[Bharat Taxi]] service.<ref name=bharattaxi/><br />
<br />
''[[Businessworld]]'' magazine named him in the list of Influential Marketing Leaders of India 2021<ref name="businessworld"/> and was also included in the 'Powerful Influencer 2020' list by ''[[India TV]]''.<ref name="adgully"/><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mehta completed his [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] in [[Marketing]] from BJ Vanijya Mahavidyalaya in Gujarat in 1989. He is a gold medalist from [[Sardar Patel University]]. He did his post-graduation at the [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]] (IRMA) in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayen Mehta: 5 things to know about Amul's new MD |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/jayen-mehta-5-things-to-know-about-amuls-new-md-9835781.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=January 10, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
He has been associated with Amul since 1991, where he held various positions such as brand manager, group product manager, and general manager.<ref name="dnaidnia"/><br />
<br />
Mehta also served as the in-charge Managing Director of [[Amul|Amul Dairy]] in [[Anand, Gujarat]] for a brief period from April 2018 to September 2018. Mehta served as the Chief General Manager of GCMMF.<ref name="dnaidnia"/><br />
<br />
In February 2022, he was appointed as the Chief Operating Officer of [[Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.|GCMMF]].<ref name="timesofindia"/> He also serves as the GCMMF nominee on the boards of Mehsana, Sabarkantha, Banaskantha, Panchmahal, and Valsad milk unions.<ref name="timesofindia"/> He was made the managing director of [[Amul]] in January 2023, succeeding RS Sodhi.<ref name="dnaidnia">{{cite news |title=Meet Jayen Mehta, man who succeeded RS Sodhi as Amul MD, know his educational qualification, hobbies and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-jayen-mehta-man-who-succeeded-rs-sodhi-as-amul-md-know-his-educational-qualification-hobbies-and-more-3015940 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=January 10, 2023}}</ref> He received a five-year extension as Managing Director of Amul in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amul's MD Jayen Mehta gets an extension of tenure for 5 years |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/amul-s-md-jayen-mehta-gets-an-extension-of-tenure-for-5-years-12885546.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=October 8, 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mehta is credited with transforming Amul from a largely traditional company into a marketing-focused organization and expanding its presence across India as well as in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]]. He also directed the modernization of Amul's legacy supply chain, implementing a [[Hub and spoke distribution model|hub-and-spoke distribution model]] to ensure the nationwide availability of the brand's complete product line.<ref name="0:1"/><br />
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Mehta is a member of the Standing Committee on Marketing for the International Dairy Federation (IDF).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayen Mehta Comes On Board IDF Marketing Committee |url=https://www.facebook.com/amul.coop/photos/a.10150249944859446/10160090134854446/?type=3 |publisher=[[Amul]] |date=May 25, 2022}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]' Committee on [[International trade policy|International Trade Policy]] and has served on the Global Dairy Trade Events Oversight Board.<ref name=Campaign/><br />
<br />
In 2025, he joined the board of the Global Dairy Platform<ref>{{cite news |title=Amul to Join GDP Board of Directors |url=https://globaldairyplatform.com/news-posts/amul-to-join-gdp-board-of-directors/ |work=Global Dairy Platform |date=25 February 2025}}</ref> and was appointed to the Circle of Cooperative and Mutual Leaders (CM50), a leadership forum under the [[International Cooperative Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Jayen Mehta |url=https://cm50.coop/members/dr-jayen-mehta |publisher=[[International Cooperative Alliance]] |date=2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2025, Jayen Mehta was nominated to the board of the [[India Brand Equity Foundation]], a trust of the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce]] to promote '[[Brand India]]' globally.<ref>{{cite news |title=GCMMF chief Jayen Mehta nominated to IBEF |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/gcmmf-chief-jayen-mehta-nominated-to-ibef/article70106267.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=September 28, 2025}}</ref> He was elected Chairman of Bharat Taxi (Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited), a cooperative [[ride-hailing]] services, in October 2025.<ref name=bharattaxi>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Rohit |title=Bharat Taxi elects Amul's Mehta Chairman, NCDC's Gupta Vice Chairman |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/from-states/bharat-taxi-elects-amuls-mehta-chairman-ncdcs-gupta-vice-chairman/ |date=October 17, 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
In 2021, he was named among India's Most Influential Marketing Leaders by ''[[BW Businessworld]]'' magazine.<ref name="businessworld">{{cite news |title=The Debut Edition of 'BW Top 50 Marketers 2021' Underlines the Rise Of Women Marketing Leaders |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/The-Debut-Edition-of-BW-Top-50-Marketers-2021-Underlines-the-Rise-Of-Women-Marketing-Leaders/22-02-2021-380415/ |publisher=[[Business World]] |date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> He was also honored with the Marketer of the Year - FMCG Food award by the India Chapter of the [[International Advertising Association]] (IAA).<ref>{{cite news |title=IAA Leadership Awards 2021 |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/iaa-leadership-awards-2021-bobby-pawar-nandini-dias-win-creative-media-honours-rs-sodhi-bags-business-leader-of-the-year/472829 |publisher=Campaign India |date=September 25, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Jayen Mehta was awarded the Best CMO Award by Pitch and Exchange4Media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pitch CMO Awards 2021: Game changers of marketing awarded for creative, collaborative work |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/pitch-cmo-awards-2021-game-changers-of-marketing-awarded-for-creative-collaborative-work-111832.html |publisher=Exchange4media |date=March 24, 2021}}</ref> He was also included in the CMO Super 30 Honor Roll by the [[Internet and Mobile Association of India]] (IAMAI) in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAMAI felicitates India's top 30 credible and innovative marketing leaders |url=https://mediabrief.com/iamai-felicitates-indias-top-30-marketing-leaders/ |publisher=Media Brief |date=December 18, 2020}}</ref><br />
He has been listed in [[India TV]]'s “Powerful Influencer 2020” list.<ref name="adgully">{{cite news |title=Powerful Influencer 2020 |url=https://www.adgully.com/powerful-influencer-2020/#page=166 |agency=[[India TV]] |publisher=Adgully |date=2020 |page=167}}</ref> In 2018, he received the Marketing Man of the Year Award from the Ahmedabad Management Association.<ref name="adgully"/><br />
<br />
In August 2023, the Indian chapter of the [[International Advertising Association]] (IAA) recognized him as the Marketer of the Year in the FMCG Food category.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAA Leadership Awards 2023: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/press-release/iaa-leadership-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=11 August 2023}}</ref> [[The Hindu Business Line]] awarded him the 2023 Iconic Changemaker Award.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra|first1=Prabhudatta|title=bl Changemaker. After dairy success, Amul on path to secure green energy for India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blchangemakers/after-dairy-success-amul-on-path-to-secure-green-energy-for-india/article67494890.ece |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=4 November 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was included in [[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign Asia]]'s "Asia Pacific Power List" in 2024<ref name=Campaign>{{cite news |title=Asia-Pacific Power List 2024: Jayen Mehta, Amul |url=https://www.campaignasia.com/article/asia-pacific-power-list-2024-jayen-mehta-amul/495983 |publisher=[[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign Asia]] |date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> and 2025,<ref name="0:1">{{cite news |title=Asia-Pacific Power List 2025: Jayen Mehta, Amul |url=https://www.campaignasia.com/article/asia-pacific-power-list-2025-jayen-mehta-amul/502712 |publisher=[[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign Asia]] |date=July 28, 2025}}</ref> which profiles influential marketers in the region. In 2025, the [[International Advertising Association]] India Chapter named Mehta 'IAA Leader of the Year' in the [[FMCG]] segment at the IAA Leadership Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leadership Awards 2025 |url=https://iaaindiachapter.org/news/leadership-awards-2025/ |publisher=[[International Advertising Association]] |date=2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Verghese Kurien]]<br />
* [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Jayen}}<br />
[[Category:Indian business executives]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cooperative organisers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br />
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maruthi_Nagar_Subramanyam&diff=516620Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam2026-04-04T00:42:28Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Adding a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Lakshman Karya}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam<br />
| image = Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Lakshman Karya<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| writer = Lakshman Karya<br />
| producer = {{plain list|<br />
* Bujji Rayudu Pentyala<br />
* Mohan Karya<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{plain list|<br />
* [[Rao Ramesh]]<br />
* [[Ankith Koyya]]<br />
* [[Indraja]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = P. Balreddy<br />
| editing = Bonthala Nageswara Reddy<br />
| music = Kalyan Nayak<br />
| studio = {{plain list|<br />
* PBR Cinemas<br />
* Lokamaatre Cinematics<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|08|23}}<br />
| runtime = 147 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = ₹4 crore<br />
| gross = ₹4.75 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=మారుతీ నగర్ సుబ్రమణ్యం టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్….బానే వచ్చాయిగా!! |url=https://t2blive.com/marutinagar-subramanyam-final-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Lakshman Karya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-24 |title=Why Lakshman Karya's Telugu Film Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam Is A Must Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/why-lakshman-karyas-telugu-film-maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-is-a-must-watch-9026725.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906232427/https://www.news18.com/movies/why-lakshman-karyas-telugu-film-maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-is-a-must-watch-9026725.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features [[Rao Ramesh]] in the title role alongside [[Ankith Koyya]] and [[Indraja]]. The film was released on 23 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-18 |title=Lakshman Karya: Sukumar gaaru loved Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/18/lakshman-karya-sukumar-gaaru-loved-maruthi-nagar-subramanyam |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818120636/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/18/lakshman-karya-sukumar-gaaru-loved-maruthi-nagar-subramanyam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Watch: Allu Arjun Emotional At Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam Pre-release Event |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/watch-allu-arjun-emotional-at-maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-pre-release-event-9023946.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913103846/https://www.news18.com/movies/watch-allu-arjun-emotional-at-maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-pre-release-event-9023946.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot|date=September 2024}}<br />
Subramanyam is a resident of Maruti Nagar who has been waiting for the past 20 years for a government job which has been put under hold due to some issue in the court. Instead of finding another job, his family relies on his wife's job. Due to some foreseen circumstances a total amount of 10 lakh rupees gets deposited into his account. What happens after this forms the basic premise of the movie<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Subramanyam<br />
* [[Ankith Koyya]] as Arjun, son of Subramanyam and Kala Rani<br />
* [[Indraja]] as Kala Rani, Subramanyam's wife<br />
* Ramya Pasupuleti as Kanchana, Arjun’s love-interest<br />
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Bhaskar, Bank Employee and Kanchana’s father<br />
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Bhupathi, loan shark<br />
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Kala Rani’s mother and Arjun’s grandmother<br />
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Kala Rani’s cousin<br />
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as House Owner Parthasaradhi<br />
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as Bank Manager<br />
* Bindu Chandramouli as Ramya, Bhaskar’s wife and Kanchana’s mother<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = Kalyan Nayak<br />
| released = 2024<br />
| recorded = 2024<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| label = Lidhaa Music<br />
| producer = Kalyan Nayak<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] are composed by Kalyan Nayak.<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| all_music = Kalyan Nayak<br />
| title1 = Nene Subramanyam<br />
| length1 = 3:11<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]<br />
| title2 = Madam Sir Madam Anthe<br />
| length2 = 3:17<br />
| lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla<br />
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]<br />
| title3 = Lachhim Lachhim Devi<br />
| length3 = 2:03<br />
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla<br />
| extra3 = [[Mangli]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
===Theatrical===<br />
''Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam'' was released on 23 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam OTT platform locked: Where to watch the Rao Ramesh film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-ott-platform-locked-where-to-watch-the-rao-ramesh-film/7d776f562d196 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913103907/https://www.ottplay.com/news/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-ott-platform-locked-where-to-watch-the-rao-ramesh-film/7d776f562d196 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
===Home media===<br />
Digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam Set For Digital Premiere! Here Are The Details About OTT Rights And Streaming Platform |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-set-for-digital-premiere-here-are-the-details-about-ott-rights-and-streaming-platform-article-113247259 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911071302/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-set-for-digital-premiere-here-are-the-details-about-ott-rights-and-streaming-platform-article-113247259 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the performances of Rao Ramesh, Ankith Koyya, Indraja and Harsha Vardhan, while stating, "''Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam'' is a simple story that delivers some humour in its portrayal of day-to-day frictions but is also overstretched".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-08-23 |title='Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam' movie review: Rao Ramesh shoulders a part fun, overstretched drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-movie-review-rao-ramesh-shoulders-a-part-fun-overstretched-drama/article68558416.ece |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906000310/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-movie-review-rao-ramesh-shoulders-a-part-fun-overstretched-drama/article68558416.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Appreciating Lakshman Karya's writing and performances of the lead cast, BH Harsh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that "''Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam'' is a pure comedy, where nothing can be taken seriously—and that can only be a good thing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-08-24 |title='Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam' movie review: A relentless, roller coaster comic ride |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/24/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-movie-review-a-relentless-roller-coaster-comic-ride |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829014344/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/24/maruthi-nagar-subramanyam-movie-review-a-relentless-roller-coaster-comic-ride |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' too opined the same and wrote, "''Maruti Nagar Subramanyam'' is a refreshing take on family dramas to unwind".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Maruti Nagar Subramanyam Review: This Rao Ramesh Movie is a Laugh Riot |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/maruti-nagar-subramanyam-review-1818460 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913103826/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/maruti-nagar-subramanyam-review-1818460 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|31712109|title=Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian family films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zail_(British_India)&diff=546423Zail (British India)2026-04-03T16:19:54Z<p>AlbaTinker204: New.</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
'''Zails''' were a revenue and administrative unit, extending between two to hundred villages, under an officer in charge [[Zaildar]] in the colonial, rural administration of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] in [[British India]].<ref name="Rajit Zaildar" />{{rp|at=p xxv}} The system was abolished in 1952.<ref name=gaz1/><br />
<br />
==Demarcation of Zail==<br />
Each [[Tehsil]] was subdivided in to several Zails.<ref name=hisarrevset1>C.A.H. Townsend, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf Final report of thirds revised revenue settlement of Hisar district from 1905-1910], Gazetteer of [[Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana]].</ref><ref name=hsrher1>[https://hisar.gov.in/culture-heritage/ Culture and heritage of Hisar]</ref> A Zail was a grouping of villages.<ref name=hsrher1/> Tehsils, zails and villages were headed by the [[tehsildar]], [[zaildar]], muqaddam,[[lambardar]], or numberdars.<ref name=hsrher1/> Muqaddam was usually a prominent [[chowdhury]] who was appointed as [[lambardar|numbardar]] of the village, villages with large revenue land had more than one numberdar. Zail were established and demarcated by the [[District collector]] during the land revenue settlement exercise.<ref name = "Rajit Zaildar"/> A [[Permanent Settlement|settlement officer]], with advice from the District collector and by the final approval of the state's Financial Commissioner,<ref name=zaildarapp1/> appointed a ''Zaildar'' to each ''Zail'',<ref name=zaildarapp1>1930, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.36124/2015.36124.Punjab-Settlement-Manual_djvu.txt Punjab Settlement Manual, 4th Edition], Punjab Government publications, point 235 and 578-282 on page 115, 272-273.</ref> who were equivalent to the [[Chowdhury|Chaudharis]] (feudal [[zamindars]]) of earlier times and were hand-picked by the deputy-commissioner, who based his decision on issues such as caste or tribe, local influence, extent of landholding, services rendered to the state by him or his family, and personal character and ability.<ref name = "Rajit Zaildar">The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black</ref>{{rp|pages=97–98}}<ref name=zailbook1>[[Tan Tai Yong]], 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ZiMV7rqWUC&dq=zaildar&pg=PA1919-IA1 "The Garrison State: The military, government and society in Colonial Punjab, 1849 - 1947."], [[SAGE Publications]], page 118-119, {{ISBN|0761933360}}.</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote<br />
| text = ''"The introduction of the zaildari agency into any district must be approved by the local Government [Deputy Commissioner]. Any subsequent increase or decrease in the number of zaildars can be made under the orders of the Financial Commissioner, provided the percentage of the land revenue assigned for their emoluments is not exceeded. If the appointment of zaildars has not already been considered and negatived, a Settlement Officer, as soon as he feels that he has a sufficient acquaintance with the circumstances of his district, should draw up a preliminary report on the whole subject. In it he should explain why no such agency has yet been appointed, and submit rough proposals for its organization. No attempt should be made to fix the limits of zails, but the tribal organization and other important families of the tract should be explained in such detail as is necessary to enable Government to judge whether the agency should be introduced. Any proposals to appoint inamdars [also called safedposh] may be made in the same report. The opinions both of the Settlement Officer and of the Deputy Commissioner should be given. The report should be submitted to Government through the Commissioner and the Financial Commissioner, each of whom should record his views on the proposal made in it."''<br />
| source = Punjab Settlement Manual, 1930 (point 578, page 272).<ref name=zaildarapp1/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Revenue==<br />
Zaildar collected the revenue from the cluster of villages under him and passed it to the [[British Raj]] district collectors, Zaildars were remunerated for their duties with life grants of either fixed amount<ref name = "HisarRevSet">[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf Revised Settlement of Hisar District, p37-40]</ref> or grant equal to one per cent of the revenue of their zails from the assessment of any single village that they chose.<ref name = "Montgomery">Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, 1879-84 By J. A. L. Montgomery</ref> <br />
<br />
==Impact and Legacy of Zaildari System==<br />
Zails and Zaildari system extended the influence of the colonial state right into the villages.<ref name = "Rajit Zaildar"/><br />
[[File:Zaildar.jpg|thumb|Mr. Zaildar Pir Muhammad Yar Chishti (District Bahawalnagar - Punjab (Southern Region) Pakistan).]]<br />
<br />
==Abolition==<br />
Post [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]] in 1947, the system of Zails, Zaildars and Safedposh continued to exist till 1948 but were finally abolished in 1952 by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.168| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* [[List of Zaildars by Zail]]<br />
* [[Indian feudalism]]<br />
* [[Indian honorifics]]<br />
* [[Gram panchayat]]<br />
* [[Jagirdar]]<br />
* [[Mankari]]<br />
* [[Lambardar]]<br />
* [[Sarpanch]]<br />
* [[Zaildar]]<br />
* [[Zamindar]]<br />
* [[Jat]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mini_Narwal&diff=517667Mini Narwal2026-03-30T00:44:43Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Adding new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
'''Mini Narwal''' is an Indian kabaddi player from [[Haryana]]. She plays for the [[India women's national kabaddi team|Indian women's national kabaddi team]] and for Railways in the domestic tournaments. She is a raider.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Mini Narwal Biography: Early Life, Domestic Career, Achievements, Social Media and More - Kabaddi Adda |url=https://www.kabaddiadda.com/kabaddi/mini-narwal-biography-early-life-domestic-career-achievements-social-media-and-more/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Narwal is from Rindhana village, Sonipat district, Haryana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-12-02 |title=महिला कबड्डी वर्ल्ड कप जीतकर सोनीपत पहुंची मिनी नरवाल, ग्रामीणों ने किया ग्रैंड वेलकम |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/sports/mini-narwal-returns-to-sonipat-after-winning-a-medal-in-the-national-kabaddi-women-world-cup-2025-hindi-news-hrn25120207312 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> Her teammate, [[Pooja Narwal]], is also from the same village. Her coaches at the [[Sports Authority of India]] National Centre of Excellence, Bahalgarh, Sonipat, are Kamala Solanki and Navin Kumar. Earlier, she trained Rambhaj Narwal, under whom she learnt her basics.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
She was a part of the Indian women's national kabaddi team that won gold in the Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025 at Bangladesh in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=24 November 2025 |title=Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025: India defend title - all match results, scores and points table |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/women-kabaddi-world-cup-2025-results-scores-standings-points-table |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref><br />
<br />
Led by the local MLA, both the players received a warm welcome after returning from the World Cup victory in Bangladesh, at the Irrigation department's guest house in Gohana, and were taken to their village in a convoy of tractors.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-01 |title=महिला कबड्डी वर्ल्ड कप जीतकर सोनीपत पहुंची बेटियां: ढोल-नगाड़ों के बीच किया जोरदार सम्मान, गोहाना से रिंढाना तक स्वागत यात्रा निकली - Sonipat News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/sonipat/news/second-world-kabaddi-cup-india-women-gold-mini-narwal-gohana-136559218.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251218110247/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/sonipat/news/second-world-kabaddi-cup-india-women-gold-mini-narwal-gohana-136559218.html |archive-date=2025-12-18 |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonipat News: विश्व विजेता कबड्डी खिलाड़ी मिनी नरवाल का हुआ स्वागत |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sonipat/world-champion-kabaddi-player-mini-narwal-was-welcomed-sonipat-news-c-197-1-snp1003-146119-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Narwal, Mini}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:People from Sonipat district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newar_language&diff=474782Newar language2026-03-29T21:41:18Z<p>AlbaTinker204: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language of central-eastern Nepal}}<br />
{{Redirect|Nepal Bhasa|the official language of Nepal|Nepali language}}<br />
{{pp-move}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Newar<br />
| altname = <br />
| nativename = {{lang|new|{{script|Newa|𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵}}}}, {{tlit|new|Nepal Bhasa}}<br>{{lang|new|{{Script|Newa|𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅 𑐨𑐵𑐫𑑂}}}}, {{tlit|new|Nevāh Bhāy}}<br />
| states = [[Nepal]]<br />
| region = [[Nepal Mandala]]<br />
| ethnicity = {{sigfig|1.340000|2}} million [[Newars]] (2021 census)<ref name=e27/><br />
| speakers = {{sigfig|877,000|2}}<br />
| date = 2021 census<br />
| ref = e27<br />
| refname = Newar<br />
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br />
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Newaric languages|Newaric]]<br />
| ancestor = [[Classical Newar]] <br />
| dia1 = Kathmandu-Lalitpur<br />
| dia2 = Bhaktapur <br />
| dia3 = [[Dolakhae dialect|Dolakha]]<br />
| dia4 = Chitlang<br />
| dia5 = [[Pahari language (Sino-Tibetan)|Pahari]]<br />
| image = NepalBhasa word in Ranjana&Prachalit script2.gif<br />
| image_class = skin-invert-image<br />
| imagescale = 1.0<br />
| imagecaption = "Nepal Bhasa" written in the [[Ranjana script]] and the [[Newar script]]<br />
| script = *[[Newar script]] <br />
*[[Bhujimol script]] <br />
*[[Ranjana script]]<br />
*[[Devanagari script]] <br />
*various [[Nepalese scripts]]<br />
| nation = *[[India]]<br />
** [[Sikkim]]<ref name="sikkimofficial">{{cite web |title=The Sikkim Official Languages Act |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf |website=sikkim.gov.in |publisher=Government of Sikkim |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><br />
*[[Nepal]]<br />
** [[Bagmati Province]] (additional) <br />
'''Historical''': <br />
*Kingdoms of [[Nepal Mandala]]<ref>{{cite journal<br />
|last=International Nepal Bhasha Sevaa Samiti|title=Newāh Vijñāna: Journal of Newar Studies, issue 7|journal=Journal of Newar Studies|page=7}}</ref><br />
**[[Kingdom of Kantipur]]<br />
**[[Kingdom of Lalitpur]]<br />
**[[Kingdom of Bhaktapur]]<br />
*[[Kingdom of Nepal]]<ref>Levy, Robert I. (1990) ''Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal.'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. {{ISBN|81-208-1038-4}}. Page 15</ref><ref>Malla, kamal. History of the Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Rolwaling press. p. 155</ref><br />
| agency = [[Nepal Bhasa Academy]]<br />
| iso2 = new<br />
| iso2comment = Nepal Bhasa, Newari<br />
| lc1 = new<br />
| ld1 = Newari<br />
| lc2 = nwx<br />
| ld2 = Middle Newar<br />
| lc3 = phj<br />
| ld3 = [[Pahari Newar]]<br />
| linglist = new<br />
| lingname = Newari<br />
| linglist2 = nwx<br />
| lingname2 = Middle Newar<br />
| glotto = newa1247<br />
| glottorefname = Subfamily: Newar<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
| revived-category = <br />
| map = Lang Status 60-DE.svg<br />
| mapscale = 1.0<br />
| mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Newar is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preserving 200-800 years old Newari manuscripts for the future|publisher=UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/preserving-200-800-years-old-newari-manuscripts-future|access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>}}}}<br />
| extinct = <br />
| pronunciation = {{IPA|new|newaː bʱæː|}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Newar''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|n|ə|ˈ|w|ɑː|r}}; {{lang|new|{{Script|Newa|𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵}}}}, {{translit|new|nepāla bhāṣā}})<ref>{{Cite OED|Newar}}</ref> is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] of central Nepal belonging to the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] group. It is spoken natively by the [[Newar people]], the indigenous inhabitants of [[Nepal Mandala]], which consists of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] and surrounding regions in [[Nepal]]. The name '''Nepal Bhasa''' was historically used for the language and is the also the name used in official contexts by the [[Government of Nepal]].<ref name="BagmatiLanguageAct">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=प्रदेश सरकारी कामकाजको भाषा ऐन, २०८० |trans-title=Provincial Government Working Language Act, 2023 |url=https://moial.bagamati.gov.np/content/parathasha-sarakara-kamakajaka-bhashha-ainad |access-date=2026-01-19 |publisher=Ministry of Internal Affairs and Law, Bagmati Province |language=ne |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Shakya |first=Daya R. |date=1998 |title=In Naming a Language |url=https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/jns/pdf/JNS_02.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20251231000645/https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/jns/pdf/JNS_02.pdf |journal=Journal of Newar Studies |location=Portland, Oregon |volume=2 |pages=38–44 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231000645/https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/jns/pdf/JNS_02.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2025}}</ref> This name is also preferred by native speakers and writers of the language.<ref name="one">{{cite journal |last1=O’Neill |first1=A. J. |last2=Meelen |first2=M. |year=2024 |title=The Diachronic Annotated Corpus of Newar: From manuscript to morphosyntax |journal=Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=162–191 |doi=10.1163/19606028-bja10047}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Maharjan, Resha |title=The Journey of Nepal Bhasa: From Decline to Revitalization (M.Phil. thesis) |publisher=UIT The Arctic University of Norway |year=2018}}</ref> Another name frequently used is "'''Newari'''" but this name is considered inappropriate by Newar speakers due to the addition of the Indic suffix ''-i'' and it has become increasingly common to refer to the language as Newar in English.{{efn|name=newari|<br />
* "The Newars themselves, some of whom find the term 'Newar' to be an oppressive reminder of their colonization by the Gorkhas in the 18th century."{{sfn|Tuladhar-Douglas|2007|p=25}}<br />
* "Some people in the Newar community, including some prominent Newar linguists, consider the derivational suffix -i found in the term Newari to constitute an 'Indianization' of the language name. These people thus hold the opinion that the term Newari is non-respectful of Newar culture."{{sfn|Genetti|2007|p=10}}}}<ref name="one" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Gellner |first=David N. |date=1986 |title=Language, caste, religion and territory: Newar identity ancient and modern |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/language-caste-religion-and-territory-newar-identity-ancient-and-modern/EE01EBD4307017A3E040E3BB2AABAA5A |journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |page= |pages=138 |doi=10.1017/S0003975600004549 |issn=1474-0583 |quote=Even as a name of the language Newars object that it is a misnomer. As a Tibeto-Burman language it should simply be called Newar.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Newar was the official language of [[History of Nepal|Nepal]] during the [[Medieval history of Nepal|medieval period]], having been given this status by [[Jayasthiti Malla]] in the 14th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T88UAAAAIAAJ |title=The arts of Nepal II.: Painting. |date=1974 |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=978-90-04-05750-0 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=9}} The language during this period was consistently referred as "nepāla bhāṣā", a term which literally means "Nepalese Language".<ref name=":122">{{cite book |last=Regmi |first=Dilli Raman |url=https://dokumen.pub/medieval-nepal-volume-ii-a-history-of-the-three-kingdoms-1520-ad-to-1768-ad-second-edition-9788129110985-8129110989.html |title=Medieval Nepal Part II |publisher=Rupa and Co |year=2007 |isbn=978-8129110985 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=338}}</ref> Despite the similar nomenclature, It is distinct from the [[Nepali language]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] which replaced Newar as the national language after the [[Unification of Nepal|conquest of Nepal]] by the [[Shah dynasty|Shah Dynasty]], and additionally only adopted the name Nepali in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burghart |first=Richard |date=1984 |title=The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=101–125 |doi=10.2307/2056748 |jstor=2056748 }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=Kamal Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Nepal.html?id=M54yAAAAIAAJ& |title=Nepal: Perspectives on Continuity and Change |date=1989 |publisher=Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University |pages=499 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
From the start of the [[Rana dynasty]] in the 1840s until [[2006 democracy movement in Nepal|democratization]], Newar suffered from official suppression.<ref name="tumbahang2010">{{cite journal |last=Tumbahang |first=Govinda Bahadur |date=2010 |title=Marginalization of Indigenous Languages of Nepal |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_37_01_04.pdf |journal=Contributions to Nepalese Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=73–74 |access-date=16 July 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727004834/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_37_01_04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vajracharya |first=Suwarn |date=2014 |title=Language Politics and State Policy in Nepal: A Newar Perspective |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56661529.pdf |journal=University of Tsukuba}}</ref> From 1952 to 1991, the percentage of Newar speakers in the Kathmandu Valley dropped from 75% to 44%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/the-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf |title=The Occupation of the Kathmandu Valley and its Fallout |last=Malla |first=Kamal P. |page=3 |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161716/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/the-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf/ |archive-date=8 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and today Newar culture and language are under threat.<ref>{{cite web |title= Between the market and Comrade Mao: Newar cultural activism and ethnic/political movements (Nepal) |url= http://www.socant.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.85287.1334740225!/menu/standard/file/Transnationell_migration_Ingemar_Grandin_18apr.pdf |last= Grandin |first= Ingemar |access-date= 27 December 2020 |archive-date= 30 September 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200930162022/https://www.socant.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.85287.1334740225!/menu/standard/file/Transnationell_migration_Ingemar_Grandin_18apr.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> Today, the language has been listed as "[[Definitely endangered language|Definitely endangered]]" by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=1117 |access-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130827051400/http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=1117 |archive-date=2013-08-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Newar literature|Literature in Newar]] is one of the oldest in Nepal, dating back to at least 600 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajracharya |first=Srizu |date=23 November 2019 |title=Newar flavours in the 3rd Nepal Bhasa Literature Festival |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2019/11/23/newar-flavours-in-the-3rd-nepal-bhasa-literature-festival |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English}}</ref> Many of the literature written in Newar, like the [[Gopal Raj Vamshavali]] are very important in the study of the history of Nepal.{{sfn|Tuladhar|200|p=28}}<br />
<br />
On 6 May 2024, Newar, along with [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] was declared as the official language of [[Bagmati Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali, Tamang, Nepal Bhasha official languages of Bagmati |url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-3/2024/04/24/nepali-tamang-nepal-bhasha-official-languages-of-bagmati |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> Similarly, Newar is given official status in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]] and several city governments of Nepal including the capital [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal Bhasa as official language in metropolis |url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2017/06/22/nepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
{{See also|Name of Nepal}}<br />
[[File:Use of Nepal Bhasa in an inscription from 1706.jpg|thumb|A line from an [[Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley|inscription]] dated 1706 using the term "''Nepāla Bhāṣā''" in [[Newar script]] to refer to the language.|left]]<br />
The official and historical name of the language, '''Nepal Bhasa''', which literally means ''Nepalese Language'', originates from [[Name of Nepal|Nepal]].<ref name="dambar">{{cite web |last1=Khatiwada |first1=Dambar |title='राजधानी प्रदेश' र 'नेवा राज्य' : केही भ्रमको खण्डन |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115000/https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Online Khabar}}उनले भनेका थिए– ‘तिब्बतको दक्षिणमा ‘नेपाल’ छ, त्यसका बासिन्दालाई ‘नेवार’ भनिन्छ ।’ यो सन्दर्भलाई पत्याउने हो भने त्यतिखेर ‘नेपाल’ काठमाडौं वरिपरि मात्र भएको देशको नाम थियो र अहिले ‘नेपाली’ भनिए जस्तो त्यो ‘नेपाल’ देशका बासिन्दालाई ‘नेवार’ भनिन्थ्यो । उनीहरूले बोल्ने भाषालाई ‘नेपाल भाषा’ भनिन्थ्यो । यसको गहिरो अर्थ छ– ‘नेवार’ कुनै जात, जाति वा नश्ल समुुदाय हैन, एक ऐतिहासिक राष्ट्र वा राष्ट्रियता हो ।</ref><ref name="kashinath1">{{cite book |last1=Tamot |first1=Kashinath |url=https://archive.org/details/NepalmandalKashinathTamot_201712/ |title=नेपालमण्डल |publisher=Nepal Mandal Anusandhan Guthi |year=2006 |isbn=99946-987-5-3 |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref> Historically, ''Nepal'' was only used to refer to the [[Kathmandu Valley]] and its surroundings, where the language was native to.{{efn|The term ''Nepa Valley'' is still used among the native [[Newar people|Newar]] population<ref name="savenepavalley">{{cite web |title=Save Nepa Valley Movement Homepage |url=https://www.savenepavalley.org/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://www.savenepavalley.org/index.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Save Nepa Valley}}</ref><ref name="rukshanakapali">{{cite web |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |date=31 May 2018 |title=बाहिरी चक्रपथ र स्याटलाइट शहर: विकासको नाममा आत्महत्या ! |url=https://www.bizshala.com/story/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115004/https://www.bizshala.com/story/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-1 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Bizshala}}हाल काठमाडौँ उपत्यका भनेर चिनिएको, पहिले नेपाल खाल्डो(नेपाः गाः) भनेर परिचित नेपाः उपत्यका, राजधानी यस्तो छ, यस्तो हुनुपर्छ, विकास यो हो, त्यो हो भन्ने आम जनमानसमा एउटा मानसिकता नै छ।</ref><ref name="bhaktarai">{{cite web |last1=Rai |first1=Bhakta |title=रञ्जनाको साैन्दर्यमा युवा मुग्ध |url=https://archive.nepalnews.com/life-arts/2766-2019-06-30-03-55-15 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Nepal News }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}लिपि नखःकै कार्यक्रममा 'सेभ नेपाः भ्याली' अभियन्ताहरू पनि रञ्जना लिपिमा आफ्नो उपस्थिति देखाए। काठमाडाैं उपत्यकामा विकासका नाममा सम्पदा मासिँदै गएपछि काठमाडाैं उपत्यका (नेपाः भ्याली) बचाउन लागिपरेका हुन्, उनीहरू।</ref><ref name="bkhabar">{{cite web |title=नेवार जाति र वर्तमान अवस्था |url=https://www.blastkhabar.com/news/2017/03/28/37352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115007/https://www.blastkhabar.com/news/2017/03/28/37352.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Blastkhabar}}नेपाः देश आजको काठमाडौँ उपत्यका हो ।</ref> and local governments<ref name="bktmun">{{cite book |url=https://bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/Pahichan_book_Class%206.pdf |title=भक्तपुर नगरपालिका स्थानीय पाठ्यक्रम २०७५ |date=2018 |publisher=Bhaktapur Municipality |location=Bhaktapur |page=9 |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115012/https://bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/Pahichan_book_Class%206.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> to refer to the [[Kathmandu Valley]] while senior citizens still tend to refer the valley as ''Nepal''.<ref name="dambar2">{{cite web |last1=Khatiwada |first1=Dambar |title='राजधानी प्रदेश' र 'नेवा राज्य' : केही भ्रमको खण्डन |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115000/https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Online Khabar}}यो कुनै तर्क हैन, एक ऐतिहासिक सत्य हो । यसलाई पुष्टि गर्न डेशीदेरी जस्तो कुनै विदेशी विद्वानको सहारा लिइरहनु पर्दैन । हाम्रो पुस्ता बाल्यकालमा हुँदासम्म बूढो पुस्ताले काठमाडौं जानुलाई ‘नेपाल जानु’ भन्थे । ‘तीन शहर नेपाल’ भन्ने गीत खुबै चलेको थियो । स्वयं मेरी हजुरआमाले मलाई ‘नेपाल भ्रमणको संस्मरण’ सुनाएको सम्झना छ । मेरा हजुरबा आफूलाई ‘माझ किरातको बाहुन हुँ’ भन्ने गर्नुहुन्थ्यो । ‘माझ किरात’ बाट ‘नेपाल’ गए/आएको २२ दिनको पैदलयात्राको कथा हजुरआमाले बेलीविस्तार सुनाउँदा म मन्त्रमुग्ध भई सुनिरहन्थें ।</ref> A government report from 1961 describes the valley being grouped as ''Kathmandu District'', which is different from today's [[Kathmandu District]], marks the commencement of referring the valley as Kathmandu Valley.<ref name="2013district">{{cite web |title=नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट २०१३ |url=http://www.moga.gov.np/uploads/documentFiles/8277_9b6dca51899ce235fed73faa3278ea77_1488389319__.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907050855/http://moga.gov.np/uploads/documentFiles/8277_9b6dca51899ce235fed73faa3278ea77_1488389319__.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Ministry Federal Affairs & General Administration |publisher=Government of Nepal}}</ref><ref name="rajendramaharjan">{{cite web |last1=Maharjan |first1=Rajendra |title=एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=EKantipur |publisher=Kantipur Publication Limited}}</ref>}}<ref name="kashinath1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Widdess |first=Professor Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWcIzK4VHusC |title=Dāphā: Sacred Singing in a South Asian City: Music, Performance and Meaning in Bhaktapur, Nepal |date=2013-12-02 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-6601-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T88UAAAAIAAJ |title=The arts of Nepal II.: Painting. |date=1974 |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=978-90-04-05750-0 |pages=1 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tuladhar-Douglas|2007|p=24}}<ref name="celestialadvice">{{cite web |title=Celestial Advice |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/dibbaya-upadesh-of-prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101044326/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/dibbaya-upadesh-of-prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Nepal Law Commission}}When we were on the top of Chandragiri Mountain, I asked them- "Which one is Nepal?" They helped me to recognize Bhadgaun (Now Bhaktapur), Patan and Kathmandu. My heart, at that time, felt to be the King of those Three Cities.....also to see the Kathmandu Valley (the then Nepal).....Not to be recognized and arrested by the King of Nepal (Kathmandu) I was using Sayakhu( Woolen Blanket)....We may not conquer Nepal (Kathmandu) without sufficient human resource like in Kurukshetra...</ref><br />
<br />
The name "Nepal Bhasa" has been used consistently in sources from the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla dynasty]] to refer to the language.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=9}} The earliest occurrences of the name ''Nepālabhāṣā'' ([[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]: नेपालभाषा, "Nepalese language") or alternatively ''Nepālavāc'' ([[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]: नेपालवाच, "Nepalese speech"), used to refer to the language, can be found in the manuscripts of [https://web.archive.org/web/20170424064500/http://catalogue-old.ngmcp.uni-hamburg.de/wiki/A_1160-6_(M%C4%81navadharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra)N%C4%81radasa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81 a commentary to the ''Nāradasaṃhitā''], dated 1380, and [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01698/1 a commentary to the ''Amarkośa''], dated 1386.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Classical Newari Literature |url=http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Classical-Newari-Literature.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013121520/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Classical-Newari-Literature.pdf/ |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=28 December 2011}} Page 1.</ref> Some sources from the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla Dynasty]] refer to the language as ''deśabhāṣā'' ([[Newar script|Newar Script]]: {{Script|Newa|𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵}} , {{Literal translation|language of the country}}) or ''svadeśabhāṣā'' ([[Newar script|Newar Script]]: {{Script|Newa|𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵}}, {{Literal translation|language of one's own country}}).{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=9}} Similarly, the language was referred to as Nepalese in sources of some 18th-century [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin missionaries]] like in the journal {{Interlanguage link|Cassiano Beligatti|it}} who visited Nepal in the 1740s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop |first=Ian |date=11 March 2021 |title=Christians at the Malla Court: The Capuchin 'piccolo libro' |url=https://www.asianart.com/articles/capuchins/index.html |journal=Asian Art |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521122555/https://www.asianart.com/articles/capuchins/index.html |archive-date=21 May 2022 |quote=When the king saw the figure under which it was written with their characters the above-mentioned text translated in Nepalese language.}}</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast, the name Newar did not even appear in the written record before the 17th century and [[William Kirkpatrick (East India Company officer)|William Kirkpatrick]] was one of the first Western scholars to use the term Newar for the language in his 1811 book.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Whelpton |first1=John |last2=Hutt |first2=Michael |year=2011 |title=The Catalogue of the Hodgson Collection in the British Library |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_39_05.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |volume=39 |pages=134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615142357/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_39_05.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> Newar was also used in the travelogue of a few 18th-century European missionaries to refer to the people or the land of Nepal.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Poudel |first=Nayanath |date=17 June 2023 |title=nevāra śabdako prācīnatā |trans-title=Historicity of the term "Newar" |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/67977 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521132515/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/67977 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |work=[[Gorkhapatra]] |language=ne}}</ref> For instance, [[Ippolito Desideri]] who visited Nepal in 1721 used the term ''Neuâr'' to refer to the inhabitants of Nepal.<ref name=":8" /> Similarly, in one of the books written by the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin mission]] in the 1740s, Nepal is referred as the kingdom of "Newar or Nepal".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vannini |first=Fulgentius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDuDeC710L4C |title=Christian Settlements in Nepal During the Eighteenth Century |date=1977 |publisher=For copies, Capuchin Ashram |page=134 |language=en |quote=However, the title of the book, ''concise news on some customs, sacrifices and idols in the kingdom of Nevar or Nepal'', gives us an idea of its contents and importance.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The origin of the word Newar is generally believed to be related to the word Nepal, possibly derived by the replacement of the 'la' sound with a 'ra' sound, a common practice in historical documents from Nepal.<ref name=":8" />{{Sfn|Tuladhar-Douglas|2007|p=51}} Historically, "Newar" rarely used appeared in native sources as well. Only two sources in Nepal from before the Gorkhali rule use the term "Newar" to refer to the language or its script; the [[Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley#Multilingual inscriptions|multilingual stone inscription]] of [[Pratap Malla]] uses "''nevāra ākhara''" ("newar alphabet") to refer to the [[Newar script]] and another stone inscription of [[Pratap Malla]] from 1652 uses the term ''nevārabhāṣā'' ("newar language") to refer to the language.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
The term "Newari", derived from the [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritisation]] of "Newar"{{efn|name=newari}} was first used by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Brian Hodgson]] in 1847 and since then used by most western scholars.{{Sfn|Genetti|2007|p=10}}<ref name=":7" /> In one case, Shakya noted that [[Cecil Bendall]] in his translation of a Newar manuscript, used the term Newari to refer to the language although the manuscript he translated used the word Nepala Bhasa.<ref name=":7" /> However, the name Newari is considered inappropriate by Newar speakers due to the addition of the Indic suffix ''-i'' and it has become increasingly common to refer to the language as Newar in English.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" /><br />
<br />
In the 1920s, the language known as Khas Kura,<ref>{{cite news |last= Thapa |first= Lekh Bahadur |date= 1 November 2013 |title= Roots: A Khas story |url= http://epaper.ekantipur.com/ktpost/showtext.aspx?boxid=15456593&parentid=25991&issuedate=1112013 |newspaper= The Kathmandu Post |access-date= 1 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102122616/http://epaper.ekantipur.com/ktpost/showtext.aspx?boxid=15456593&parentid=25991&issuedate=1112013 |archive-date= 2 November 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Gorkhali or Parbatiya<ref>{{cite web | last =Hodgson| first =B. H.| url = https://archive.org/stream/illustrationsofl00hodg/illustrationsofl00hodg_djvu.txt| title =Illustrations of the literature and religion of the Buddhists| publisher =Serampore| year=1841| access-date = 16 February 2012}}</ref> was renamed to [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 3">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 3.</ref><ref name="rajendramaharjan2">{{cite web |last1=Maharjan |first1=Rajendra |title=एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |website=EKantipur |publisher=Kantipur Publication Limited |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |url-status=live }}आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम ‘नेपाल’ का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई ‘नेपाली’ नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=T. W. |title=Current Trends in Linguistics |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1973 |page=252 |chapter=Nepali and Pahari}}</ref> Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former [[national anthem]] entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951.<ref>{{cite news|title=The kings song|url=http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html|access-date=15 June 2012|newspaper=Himal Southasian|date=June 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182216/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> ''Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a government institution established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as ''Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as ''Sajha Prakashan''.<ref name="sajhaprakashan">{{cite web |title=साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक |url=https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |website=Sajha Prakashan |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 7 September 1995, the cabinet of ministers decided to use "Nepala Bhasa" instead of "Newari".<ref name="kapalilangname">{{cite book |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=नेपाल भाषा नामको औपचारिक पुनःस्थापना सम्बन्धी सूचनाको हकद्वारा प्राप्त मन्त्रीपरिषद्को निर्णय (व्यक्तिगत अभिलेखको उतार) |date=5 March 2022 |isbn=978-9937-1-1498-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/978-9937-1-1498-1/ |access-date=8 March 2022|pages=96}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/trn-9sept-1995|title=It's Nepal Bhasa|newspaper=The Rising Nepal|date=9 September 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/gopa-2052-5-24|title=अबदेखि "नेपाल भाषा" |newspaper=Gorkhapatra|date=9 September 1995}}</ref> On 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication issued another directive to use the name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/trn-14nov-1998|title=Mass media directed to use Nepal Bhasa|newspaper=The Rising Nepal|date=14 November 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/gopa-2055-7-28|title='नेपाल भाषा' शब्दको प्रयोग गर्न निर्देशन|newspaper=Gorkhapatra|date=14 November 1998}}</ref> However, the Central Bureau of Statistics have not been doing so.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf| title =Major highlights| publisher =Central Bureau of Statistics| year =2013| access-date =24 May 2013| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf| archive-date =17 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History and development==<br />
<br />
=== Origin ===<br />
<timeline><br />
# All measures are in pixels<br />
ImageSize = width:800 height:390 <br />
PlotArea = left:0 right:150 bottom:250 top:10<br />
AlignBars = early<br />
<br />
DateFormat = yyyy<br />
Period = from:-2500 till:2100<br />
TimeAxis = orientation:hor<br />
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:400 start:-2400<br />
<br />
# there is no automatic collision detection,<br />
# so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap<br />
<br />
Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar<br />
<br />
PlotData=<br />
bar:Age color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S<br />
from:start till:-2200 shift:(-20, 0) text:Antiquity<br />
from:-2200 till:400 shift:($dx, 0) color:yellow text:Proto Newari<br />
from:400 till:2000 shift:($dx, 0) color:green text:Historical Age<br />
at:2000 shift:(10, -140) text:AD<br />
at:-2200 shift:(0, -150) text:←Proto-Newari diverges from Proto-Chepangi<br />
at:-200 shift:(-160, -165) text:Arrival of Charumati in the Valley→<br />
at:-200 shift:(0, -180) text:←start of Indo-Aryanization through Magadhi Prakrit?<br />
at: 200 shift:(-190, -195) text:Ascension of Lichhavi King Jayavarma-I→<br />
at: 200 shift:(0, -210) text:←start of Sanskritization?<br />
at: 1300 shift:(-181, -225) text:Arrival of last Karnat King Nanyadeva→<br />
at: 1300 shift:(0, -240) text:←start of Maithali influence<br />
at: 1400 shift:(0, -255) text:←start of Persian/Arabic influence<br />
at: 1600 shift:(-135, -270) text:start of Khas Bhasa influence→<br />
at: 600 shift:(-240, -285) text:Rise of Songtsen Gampo and influence of Tibetan→<br />
at: 1920 shift:(0, -300) text:←Hindi and English influence<br />
<br />
bar:Era5 color:blue width:18 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S<br />
from:-200 till:1980 shift:(0, 0) text:Indo-Aryanization period<br />
from:1980 till:2000 shift:(0, 0) text:←Recent attempts to de-Sanskritize<br />
<br />
bar:Era color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S<br />
from:400 till:1200 shift:(-20, 0) text:Ancient Era<br />
from:1200 till:1850 shift:(-20, 0) color:yellow text:Medieval era<br />
from:1850 till:1940 shift:(7, 0) color:black text:Dark era<br />
<br />
bar:Era2 color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S<br />
from:1909 till:1940 shift:(5, 0) color:blue text:Renaiassance<br />
<br />
bar:Era3 color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S<br />
from:1950 till:2000 shift:(5, 0) color:green text:Modern Era<br />
<br />
bar:Era4 color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S<br />
from:1960 till:1990 shift:(2, 0) color:black text:Dark era<br />
</timeline>According to the linguist Glover, Newar and [[Chepang language|Chepang]] must have diverged around 2200 BC. It is estimated that Newar shares 28% of its vocabulary with Chepang. At the same time, a very large and significant proportion of Newari vocabulary is Indo-European in origin, by one estimate more than 50%, indicating an influence of at least 1,600 years from Indo-European languages, first from Sanskrit, Maithili, Persian, and Urdu and today from Hindi, Nepali and English.<ref>David N. Gellner (1986). ''Language, caste, religion and territory: Newar identity ancient and modern'', European Journal of Sociology, p.102-148</ref><br />
<br />
===Licchavi Dynasty===<br />
An early form of Newar appears in Sanskrit [[Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley|stone inscriptions]] from the time of the [[Licchavis of Nepal|Licchavis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malla |first=Kamal P. |date=1981 |title=Linguistic Archaeology of the Nepal Valley: A Preliminary Report |url=http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/227241 |journal=Kailash |language=en |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> The [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] stone inscriptions of the [[Licchavis of Nepal|Licchavi period]] (approximately 400–750 CE) contains frequent use of [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] words especially for proper nouns.<ref name=":4" /> Almost 80 percent of the names of places, taxes and merchandise used in the inscriptions are [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] in origin.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Robert Isaac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngacsMPGJPcC |title=Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal |last2=Rājopādhyāya |first2=Kedar Rāj |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06911-4 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":p1">{{Cite book |last=Shrestha |first=Purushottam Lochan |url=https://archive.org/details/TripurRaYuthunimamRajkulPurushottamLochanShrestha |title=Tripura ra Yuthunimama Durbara |publisher=Bhaktapur Offset Prints |year=2001 |isbn=99933-622-0-4 |page=2 |language=ne |trans-title=The Royal Houses of Tripura and Yuthunimama}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=19}} It suggests that Newar existed as a vernacular language since at least the [[Licchavis of Nepal|Lichhavi Dynasty]].<ref name=":4" /> According to the [[Gopal Raj Vamshavali]], a 14th-century Newar-language history book, before the [[Licchavis of Vaishali]] conquered [[Nepal Mandala|Nepal]], it was ruled by the [[Kirata]] and the language they spoke, which is referred by historians such as Shrestha as Kiranti, is believed to be the old form of the Newar language.<ref name=":p1" /> For instance, in an inscription from 594 located in present-day [[Bhaktapur]], the area is referred as ''khopṛiṅa'' which closely resembles the [[Classical Newar|classical]] and modern Newar name for the [[Bhaktapur|city]], Khw''opa.<ref name=":p2">{{Cite book |last=Shrestha |first=Purushottam Lochan |url=https://archive.org/details/TripurRaYuthunimamRajkulPurushottamLochanShrestha |title=Tripura ra Yuthunimama Durbara |publisher=Bhaktapur Offset Prints |year=2001 |isbn=99933-622-0-4 |page=4 |language=ne |trans-title=The Royal Houses of Tripura and Yuthunimama}}</ref>''<br />
<br />
===Medieval era===<br />
{{Main|Classical Newar}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The Manava Nyaya Shastra, a law book, 15th century, Newar Language.jpg|thumb|A 14th century palm-leaf manuscript of the [[Manav Nyaya Shastra|Manava Nyaya Shastra]], a law book written in Newar language and the [[Bhujimola script]].]]<br />
[[File:MS Indic 1936, Appeasement of the Grahas Wellcome L0031358.jpg|thumb|A page from a [[Hindu astrology|Astrology]] book from 1480 written in Newar.]]<br />
[[File:The front piece of the manuscript "Nepal Bhasa Ya Geeta".svg|thumb|A page from the ''Nepala Bhasaya Gita'', a poetry book of [[Jagat Prakasha Malla]], 1671]]<br />
<br />
It is during this period that the earliest dated document written entirely in [[Classical Newar|Newar]] was written, a [[palm-leaf manuscript]] preserved in Uku Bāhā, a [[Bahal, Nepal|Buddhist monastery]] in [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]], which dates from 1114.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Malla |first=Kamal P |title=The Earliest Dated Document in Newari: The Palmleaf from Uku Bahah NS 234/AD 1114 |url=http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/kailash_16_0102_02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118182107/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/kailash_16_0102_02.pdf#/ |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=9 February 2012 |newspaper=Kailash}} Pages 15–25.</ref> Following is a line from the document which mostly deals with business transaction.<ref name=":3" /> <br />
{|<br />
!Original<br />
!English Translation<br />
|-<br />
|chu pulēṃga kītya bipāra vastra <br />
bivu mikhā tivu maduguna chu sāta duguna valhe<br />
|The community should keep an eye on what remains and <br />
replace for what is lost, with a remaining object or gift rightly<br />
sold out, give some clothes.<br />
|}<br />
The first inscription written entirely in Newar set up by the royal family also dates from this period; a stone inscription from [[Bajrayogini Temple]] of Rudra Malla from 1127 ([[Nepal Sambat|NS]] 293).<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Vaidya |first=Dr. Janak Lal |date=4 November 1994 |title=nepāla bhāṣā sāhityayā dhāḥ |trans-title=The Literature of Nepal Bhasa |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhashasahityayaitihascompiledbyjanaklalvaidya/mode/1up |work=Kheluita |pages=58 |language=new |volume=16}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Newar language of the Medieval era (879 to 1769 CE) is referred as [[Classical Newar]]. It is further classified into Early Classical Newar, used from 879 to 1482, when the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)#Period of three kingdoms|period of three kingdom started]] and Late Classical Newar, from 1482 to 1769, when the [[Battle of Bhaktapur|Malla dynasty ended]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turin |first=Mark |date=2000 |title=Shared words, shared history? The case of Thangmi and Late Classical Newar |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03083397/document |journal=The Journal of Newar Studies |publisher=Newâh Vijñâna |volume=3 |issue=9–17}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 14th century, Newar was given the status of national language by [[Jayasthiti Malla]].<ref name=":2" /> Since then, most of royal decrees, official proclamations and public notices set up by the monarchs appeared in Newar.<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 3" /> [[Jayasthiti Malla]] himself commissioned many works in Newar like the [[Gopal Raj Vamshavali]], a manuscript about the history of Nepal dating to 1389.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vajracarya |first1=Dhanavajra |url=https://archive.org/details/GopalarajaVamsavaliDhanavajraVajracaryaAndKamalP..Malla |title=The Gopalarajavamsavali |last2=Malla |first2=Kamal P. |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH |year=1985 |isbn=3-515-04349-7}}</ref> From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of [[stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley]], where they are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites, are in Newar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gutschow |first=Niels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQp_957RRtAC&q=The+Nepalese+Caitya: |title=The Nepalese Caitya: 1500 Years of Buddhist Votive Architecture in the Kathmandu Valley |publisher=Edition Axel Menges |year=1997 |isbn=9783930698752 |page=25 |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054535/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQp_957RRtAC&q=The+Nepalese+Caitya: |archive-date=23 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bajracharya, Chunda (1985). ''Mallakalya Chhun Sanskriti'' ("Some Customs of the Malla Period"). Kathmandu: Kashinath Tamot for Nepal Bhasa Study and Research Centre.</ref><br />
<br />
The period from 1428 to 1769 is considered a Golden Age for [[Newar literature|Newar Literature]]. Many monarchs of the Malla dynasty themselves started composing hymns and dramas in Newar. Noted royal writers include [[Mahendra Malla|Mahindra Malla]], [[Siddhi Narasimha Malla|Siddhi Narsingh Malla]], and [[Ranajit Malla]]. Still, there are numerous works of literature from this period with anonymous authors. Some non royal authors include Keshav Udās, Brisabhānanda and Biladātāsingha.{{Sfn|Vaidya|2002|p=180}}<br />
<br />
Some notable women who wrote literature in Newar during this period include, Jagatakeshari from [[Banepa]], [[Briddhi Lakshmi]] (queen consort of [[Kingdom of Bhaktapur|Bhaktapur]]), Riddhi Lakshmi (mother of [[Bhupalendra Malla]]), Jaya Lakshmi (queen consort of [[Yoga Narendra Malla]]).{{Sfn|Vaidya|2002|p=189}} Among them, Riddhi Lakshmi is considered to be the first woman to publish literature in Nepal as her poems are the earliest dated literature in Nepal authored by a woman.{{Sfn|Vaidya|2002|p=119}}<br />
<br />
During the 18th century, Newar also began to catch the interest of [[Capuchin friars]] from Italy who had started to settle in Nepal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kalapura |first=Jose |date=2008 |title=Nepal Inscribed: Christian Missionaries in Nepal in the 18th century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147251 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |pages=881–903 |jstor=44147251 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> By the time the mission ended in 1769 with the expulsion of all Christians by the Gorkhalis, the Capuchins had written many literature in Newar, including translations of several [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|catechisms]] and [[apologetics]] and several Newar-Italian dictionaries.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
An example of the language used during this period is provided by the following lines from a poem written by [[Briddhi Lakshmi]].{{Sfn|Vaidya|2002|p=124}}<br />
{|<br />
!Original{{Sfn|Vaidya|2002|p=124}}<br />
!English Translation<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhaubhadel |first=Om Prasad |date=September 2020 |title=''Ranajita Malla ra satbahale rajkumara haru'' |url=https://www.bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/BKT-286%20A.pdf |work=Bhaktapur |publisher=Bhaktapur Municipality |pages=33–38 |language=Ne |volume=286}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''kokila kokha o tī bhatu gilakhā va ati uti dhaka thva jugasa jula'' <br />
''dukha hāṅā hāṅā parabata jina lhvaneṅa maphuta,'' ''madata vipatiyā udhāra''<br />
|This is the age, where the crow and cuckoo are considered equal, where the owl and the parrot are considered the same<br />
<br />
I can no longer bear the mountain of grief; there is no salvation for the grieved<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Dark age===<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = Being an old lover of your old language, I suffer on seeing it so ill-treated in your hand as an old mother dealt with too roughly by her son.<br />
| source = [[Sylvain Lévi]] in a letter to [[Dharmaditya Dharmacharya]], 1927<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gellner |first=David N. |date=1986 |title=Language, caste, religion and territory: Newar identity ancient and modern |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/abs/language-caste-religion-and-territory-newar-identity-ancient-and-modern/EE01EBD4307017A3E040E3BB2AABAA5A |journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=121, 138 |doi=10.1017/S0003975600004549 |issn=1474-0583}}</ref><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 30%<br />
}}<br />
[[File: Nepal-Tibet Treaty of 1775.jpg|thumb|The Nepal-Tibet Treaty of 1775 written in [[Classical Newar]] in the [[Newar script]].]]<br />
Newar began to be sidelined after the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] [[Unification of Nepal|conquest of Nepal]] and the ouster of the [[Malla (Nepal)|Malla dynasty]] by the [[Shah dynasty]] in the late 18th century. Since then, its history has been one of constant suppression and struggle against official disapproval.<ref name="Shrestha">{{cite news|last=Shrestha|first=Bal Gopal|title=The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal|url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf|access-date=20 April 2012|newspaper=CNAS Journal|date=January 1999|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054744/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, the continuity of the Newar literary tradition was broken by the policies of the Shah government, leading to a sharp [[diglossia]] between the spoken and written forms such that the [[Classical Newar|historical written language]] became largely unintelligible even to educated speakers as the modern language evolved in isolation from its classical literary tradition.<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
Following the advent of the Shahs, the Gorkhali language became the court language,<ref>Levy, Robert I. (1990) ''Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal.'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. {{ISBN|81-208-1038-4}}. Page 15.</ref> and Newar was replaced as the language of administration.<ref name=":10" /><ref>Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Pal, Pratapaditya (1985) ''Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection.'' University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-05407-3}}. Page 19.</ref> However, Newar continued to remain in official use for a time as shown by the 1775 treaty with Tibet<ref>{{Cite book |title=Triratna Saundarya Gatha |last1=Vajracharya|first1=Dhanavajra |publisher=Nepal Sanskritik Parishad |year=1962 |language=Nepali|url=https://archive.org/details/TriratnaSaundaryaGathaEditedByDhanavajraVajracharya/page/n274/mode/1up |access-date=24 January 2026|page=273}}</ref> which was written in it.<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 3"/> A few of the new rulers cultivated the language. Kings [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], [[Rana Bahadur]] and [[Rajendra Bikram Shah]] composed poetry and wrote plays in it.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=64}}{{sfn|Tamot|1998|p=20}}<br />
<br />
Newar suffered heavily under the repressive policy of the [[Rana dynasty]] (1846–1951) when the regime attempted to wipe it out.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Phatte Bahadur|title=Nepali Biharya Aitihasik Pristabhumi ("Historical Background of Nepali Bihar") |newspaper=Jaa|publisher=Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Pala, Tri-Chandra Campus|date=September 1979}} Page 186.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hutt|first=Michael|title=Diversity and Change in the Languages|url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_14_01_01.pdf|access-date=20 March 2011|newspaper=CNAS Journal|publisher=Tribhuvan University|date=December 1986|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728105255/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_14_01_01.pdf|url-status=live}} Page 10.</ref> In 1906, legal documents written in Newar were declared unenforceable, and any evidence in the language was declared null and void.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tumbahang|first=Govinda Bahadur|title=Process of Democratization and Linguistic (Human) Rights in Nepal|url=http://tujournal.edu.np/index.php/TUJ/article/viewFile/18/16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190136/http://tujournal.edu.np/index.php/TUJ/article/viewFile/18/16|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2011|access-date=1 March 2011|newspaper=Tribhuvan University Journal|date=September 2009}} Page 8.</ref> The rulers forbade literature in Newar, and writers were sent to jail.<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 4">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 4.</ref> In 1944, Buddhist monks who wrote in the language were expelled from the country.<ref>LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005). ''Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal.'' Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0674019083}}, 9780674019089. Pages 47–49.</ref> The [[Nepal Bhasa movement]] arose as an effort to save the language.<ref>Hridaya, Chittadhar (1982, third ed.) ''Jheegu Sahitya'' ("Our Literature"). Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Parisad. Page 8.</ref><br />
<br />
===Modern Newar===<br />
====''Nepal Bhasa'' movement====<br />
{{Main|Nepal Bhasa movement}}<br />
<br />
During Nepal Bhasa movement, Newars struggled to save their language in the face of opposition from the government and hostile neighbors from the time of the repressive [[Rana dynasty|Rana regime]].<ref name="Hoek, Bert van den and Shrestha, Balgopal"/> The movement arose against the suppression of the language that began with the rise of the Shah dynasty in 1768, and intensified during the Rana regime (1846–1951) and [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat]] system (1960–1990).<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrestha|first=Bal Gopal|title=The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal)|url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf|access-date=20 April 2012|newspaper=CNAS Journal|date=January 1999|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054744/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_26_01_04.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
At those times, the government had forbidden literature in Newar, banned the official use and removed it from the media and the educational system.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gurung |first=Kishor |date=Nov–Dec 1993 |title=What is Nepali Music? |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/himal/pdf/Himal_6_6.pdf |journal=Himal |page=11 |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071120/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/himal/pdf/Himal_6_6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Activism took the form of publication of books and periodicals to public meets and protest rallies. Many writers and language workers were jailed or expelled from the country, and they continued the movement abroad.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=101}}<br />
<br />
===Renaissance era===<br />
[[File:Nepalbhasa Vyakarana (Grammar of the Newar Language) by Shukraraj Shastri.jpg |right|thumb|200px|''Nepal Bhasa Vyakarana'' (“Grammar of Nepalbhasa”) by [[Shukraraj Shastri]], published in 1928.]]<br />
[[File:Buddha dharma magazine cover 1929.jpg|thumb|200px|Cover of ''Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa'' ("Buddhism and Nepalese") magazine dated 1929.]]<br />
{{Main|Nepal Bhasa renaissance}}<br />
<br />
The period between 1909 and 1941 is considered as the renaissance era of Newar.<ref>{{cite book |title=Shukraraj Aspatal Smarika, Nepalbhasako Punarjagaranma Shukraraj Shastri |last=Tuladhar |first=Premshanti |year=2001 |page=52}}</ref> During this period, a few authors braved official disapproval and started writing, translating, educating and restructuring the language. Writers [[Nisthananda Bajracharya]], [[Siddhidas Mahaju]], [[Jagat Sundar Malla]] and [[Yogbir Singh Kansakar]] are honored as the [[Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa]]. [[Shukraraj Shastri]] and [[Dharmaditya Dharmacharya]] were also at the forefront of the Renaissance.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=100}}<br />
<br />
In 1909, Bajracharya published the first printed book using movable type. Shastri wrote a grammar of the language entitled ''Nepal Bhasa Vyakaran'', the first one in modern times. It was published from [[Kolkata]] in 1928. His other works include ''Nepal Bhasa Reader'', Books 1 and 2 (1933) and an alphabet book ''Nepali Varnamala'' (1933).<ref>Bajracharya, Phanindra Ratna (2003). ''Who's Who in Nepal Bhasha.'' Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. Page 27.</ref><br />
<br />
Mahaju's translation of the [[Ramayana|Ramayan]] and books on morals and ethics, Malla's endeavors to impart education in the native language and other literary activities marked the renaissance. Dharmacharya published the first magazine in Newar ''[[Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa]]'' ("Buddhism and Nepalese") from [[Kolkata]] in 1925.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=198}} During the Renaissance, writers like Shukraraj Shastri started to advocate the name ''Nepal Bhasa'', in place of the term ''Newar'' or ''Newari''.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=95}}<br />
<br />
Some of the lines of ''Sajjana Hridayabharana'' by Mahaju read as follows:<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last=Mahaju<br />
|first=Siddhidas<br />
|title=Sajjan Hridayabharan<br />
|language=Nepal Bhasa<br />
|year=1920<br />
|page=3<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
:sajjana manuṣyā saṃgatanaṃ mūrkha nāpaṃ bhinā vai<br />
:palēlā lapatē la vaṃsā mvati thēṃ la sanā vai<br />
<br />
:Even a moron can improve with the company of good people <br />
:Just like a drop of water appears like a pearl when it descends upon the leaves of a lotus plant.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Jail years===<br />
<br />
The years 1941–1945 are known as the jail years for the large number of authors who were imprisoned for their literary or political activities. It was a productive period and resulted in an outpouring of literary works.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=107}}<br />
<br />
[[Chittadhar Hridaya]], [[Siddhicharan Shrestha]] and [[Phatte Bahadur Singh]] were among the prominent writers of the period who were jailed for their writings. While in prison, Hridaya produced his greatest work [[Sugata Saurabha (epic)|''Sugata Saurabha'']],<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/religion/9780195341829/toc.html |title=Sugata Saurabha: An Epic Poem from Nepal on the Life of the Buddha by Chittadhar Hridaya |publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online |access-date=24 January 2012 |date=13 November 2009 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341829.001.0001 |isbn=9780199866816 |last1=Lewis |first1=Todd T. |last2=Tuladhar |first2=Subarna Man |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715030935/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/religion/9780195341829/toc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an epic poem on the life of [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 4"/> Shrestha wrote a collection of poems entitled ''Seeswan'' ("Wax Flower", published in 1948) among other works. Singh (1902–1983) was sentenced to life imprisonment for editing and publishing an anthology of poems by various poets entitled ''Nepali Bihar''.<ref>Shrestha, Siddhicharan (1992). ''Siddhicharanya Nibandha ("Siddhicharan's Essays").'' Kathmandu: Phalcha Pithana. Page 73.</ref><br />
<br />
The efforts of Newar authors coincided with the revival of [[Theravada]] Buddhism in Nepal, which the rulers disliked equally. In 1946, the monks who had been exiled by the Ranas in 1944 for teaching [[Buddhism]] and writing in Newar were allowed to return following international pressure. Restrictions on publication were relaxed, and books could be published after being censored. The monks wrote wide-ranging books on Buddhism and greatly enriched the corpus of religious literature.<ref>LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005). ''Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal.'' Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-01908-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-674-01908-9}}. Pages 47–49.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Tewari | first = Ramesh Chandra | url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A-D1GwWzwnb0J%3Aarchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F8607%2F2514+ven+aniruddha+nepal&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi7UvGTqtWcxhGkkXX0xYcBDKBG7i9cWlbDEc0A3Q37914n_D60UF3BGD69oA-lM4ITV9uiU7nFvR_RR_wOrOZalFzx7PONG1_9tZ_WkVbGZQlS0l2-9lB7yESd7JGJngX1_MRx&sig=AHIEtbTPapjCajNSZPIauHNVQ7QpgBWI4w | title = Socio-Cultural Aspects of Theravada Buddhism in Nepal | work = The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies | year = 1983 | access-date = 19 April 2012 | archive-date = 5 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005064552/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A-D1GwWzwnb0J%3Aarchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F8607%2F2514+ven+aniruddha+nepal&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi7UvGTqtWcxhGkkXX0xYcBDKBG7i9cWlbDEc0A3Q37914n_D60UF3BGD69oA-lM4ITV9uiU7nFvR_RR_wOrOZalFzx7PONG1_9tZ_WkVbGZQlS0l2-9lB7yESd7JGJngX1_MRx&sig=AHIEtbTPapjCajNSZPIauHNVQ7QpgBWI4w | url-status = live }} Pages 89–90.</ref><br />
<br />
Outside the [[Kathmandu Valley]] in the 1940s, poets like [[Ganesh Lal Shrestha]] of [[Hetauda]] composed songs and put on performances during festivals.<ref>Bajracharya, Phanindra Ratna (2003). ''Who's Who in Nepal Bhasha.'' Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. {{ISBN|99933-560-0-X}}. Page 225.</ref><br />
<br />
===The 1950s===<br />
[[File:Nepal bhasa patrika fp.jpg|thumb|200px|''Nepal Bhasa Patrika'' daily newspaper dated 5 November 1960.]]<br />
Following the overthrow of the [[Rana dynasty]] and the advent of democracy in 1951, restrictions on publication in Newar were removed. Books, magazines and newspapers appeared. A daily newspaper ''[[Nepal Bhasa Patrika]]'' began publication in 1955.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://npi10month.blogspot.com/2010/02/history-of-nepali-journalism.html| title = History of Nepali Journalism| publisher = Nepal Press Institute| date = 15 February 2010| access-date = 21 April 2012| archive-date = 9 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180809032149/http://npi10month.blogspot.com/2010/02/history-of-nepali-journalism.html| url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Textbooks were published and Newar was included in the curriculum. Nepal Rastriya Vidhyapitha recognised Newar as an alternative medium of instruction in the schools and colleges affiliated to it. Literary societies like Nepal Bhasa Parisad were formed and Chwasa Pasa returned from exile.<ref name="Shrestha"/> In 1958, Kathmandu Municipality passed a resolution that it would accept applications and publish major decisions in Newar in addition to the Nepali language.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandhya Times|newspaper=Sandhya Times|date=1 July 1997 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Second dark age====<br />
<br />
Democracy lasted for a brief period, and Newar and other languages of Nepal entered a second Dark Age with the dissolution of parliament and the imposition of the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat]] system in 1960. Under its policy of "one nation, one language", only the Nepali language was promoted, and all the other languages of Nepal were suppressed as "ethnic" or "local" languages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whelpton |first=John |title=A History of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&q=1946 |access-date=3 July 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521804707 |page=183 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054458/https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&q=1946 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1963, Kathmandu Municipality's decision to recognize Newar was revoked. In 1965, the language was also banned from being broadcast over Radio Nepal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Timalsina|first=Ramji|title=Language and Political Discourse in Nepal|url=http://koshistjames.edu.np/journal/CET_Journal_Vol3_No1.pdf|access-date=28 February 2012|newspaper=CET Journal|publisher=Itahari: Itahari Research Centre, Circle of English Teachers (CET)|date=Spring 2011|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215035441/http://koshistjames.edu.np/journal/CET_Journal_Vol3_No1.pdf|url-status=dead}} Page 14.</ref> Those who protested against the ban were put in prison, including Buddhist monk [[Sudarshan Mahasthavir]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shrestha|first=Ishwari Maiya|publisher=Bhikshu Sudarshan Memorial Group |year=2010 |page=12 |title=Bhikshu Sudarshan wa Waykah ya Kriti Dhalah }}</ref> The New Education System Plan brought out in 1971 eased out Nepal's other languages from the schools in a bid to diminish the country's multi-lingual traditions.<ref>{{cite web| last =Hangen| first =Susan| url =http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps034.pdf| title =Creating a "New Nepal": The Ethnic Dimension| publisher =Washington: East-West Center| year =2007| access-date =19 February 2012| archive-date =11 October 2017| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20171011121202/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps034.pdf| url-status =dead}}</ref> Students were discouraged from choosing their native language as an elective subject because it was lumped with technical subjects.<ref name="Hoek, Bert van den and Shrestha, Balgopal">{{cite news|author1=Hoek, Bert van den|author2=Shrestha, Balgopal|name-list-style=amp|title=Education in the Mother Tongue: The Case of Nepal Bhasa (Newari)|url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_06.pdf|access-date=22 April 2012|newspaper=CNAS Journal|date=January 1995|archive-date=22 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322193940/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_06.pdf|url-status=live}} Page 75.</ref> Moreover, hostility towards the language from neighbors grew following massive migration into the Kathmandu Valley leading to the indigenous Newars becoming a minority.<ref>{{cite news |last=Manandhar |first=T |date=7 March 2014 |title=Voice Of The People |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2014/03/06/letters/voice-of-the-people/260095.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011122143/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2014-03-06/voice-of-the-people-260095.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2017 |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=7 March 2014 }}</ref> During the period 1952 to 1991, the percentage of the valley population speaking Newar dropped from 74.95% to 43.93%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/the-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf |title=The Occupation of the Kathmandu Valley and its Fallout |last=Malla |first=Kamal P. |page=3 |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161716/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/the-occupation-of-the-kathmandu..pdf/ |archive-date=8 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Nepal's various languages began to stagnate as the population could not use them for official, educational, employment or legal purposes. Birat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi (Grand Nepal Bhasa Literary Conference Trust), formed in 1962 in Bhaktapur, and [[Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala]], founded in 1979 in Kathmandu, are some of the prominent organizations that emerged during this period to struggle for language rights. The names of these organizations also annoyed the government which, on one occasion in 1979, changed the name of Brihat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi in official media reports.<ref>{{cite web| last =Maharjan| first =Harsha Man| url =http://www.socialinclusion.org.np/new/contentResources| title =They' vs 'We': A Comparative Study on Representation of Adivasi Janajati Issues in Gorkhapatra and Nepal Bhasa Print Media in the Post Referendum Nepal (1979–1990)| publisher =Social Inclusion Research Fund| year =2009| access-date =26 May 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120926014004/http://socialinclusion.org.np/new/contentResources| archive-date =26 September 2012| url-status =dead}} Page 34.</ref><br />
<br />
Some lines by the famous poet [[Durga Lal Shrestha]] of this era are as follows:<ref>{{cite book |title=Nepalbhasaya Nhugu Pulangu Mye Muna |volume=1 |page=2}}</ref><br />
<blockquote><br />
:ghāḥ juyāḥ jaka khvaigu khaḥ jhī<br />
:syāḥguliṃ saḥ taigu khaḥ<br />
:jhī masīni ! jhī masīni !<br />
:dhaigu ciṃ jaka bvaigu khaḥ<br />
<br />
:We are crying because we are wounded<br />
:We are shouting because of the pain<br />
:All in all, we are demonstrating<br />
:That we are not dead yet.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
====Post-1990 People's Movement====<br />
<br />
After the [[1990 People's Movement]] that brought the Panchayat system to an end, the languages of Nepal enjoyed greater freedom.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eagle|first=Sonia|title=The Language Situation in Nepal|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/57090514/19/Newari-language-and-revitalisation|access-date=28 February 2012|newspaper=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|publisher=Scribd|year=1999|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054434/https://www.scribd.com/document/57090514/Language-Nepal|url-status=live}} Page 310.</ref> The 1990 constitution recognized Nepal as a multiethnic and multilingual country. The Nepali language in the Devanagari script was declared the language of the nation and the official language. Meanwhile, all the languages spoken as native languages in Nepal were named national languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/national_laws/constitution1990.htm#1|title=Constitution of Nepal 1990|publisher=Nepal Democracy|access-date=19 February 2012|year=2001|archive-date=19 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219173640/http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/national_laws/constitution1990.htm#1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1997, [[Kathmandu Metropolitan City]] declared that its policy to officially recognize Nepal Bhasa would be revived. The rest of the city governments in the Kathmandu Valley announced that they too would recognize it. However, critics petitioned the Supreme Court to have the policy annulled, and in 1999, the Supreme Court quashed the decision of the local bodies as being unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite news|last=Limbu|first=Ramyata|title=Attempt to Limit Official Language to Nepali Resented|url=http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=79142|publisher=IPS|access-date=21 April 2012|date=21 June 1999}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Post-2006 People's Movement====<br />
<br />
A second People's Movement in 2006 ousted the Shah dynasty and Nepal became a republic which gave the people greater linguistic freedom. Since then, the number of schools teaching Newar increased, and Newar is also being offered in schools outside the Kathmandu Valley.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rai|first=Ganesh|title=९७ विद्यालयमा नेपालभाषा पढाइने ("Nepal Bhasa to be taught in 97 schools")|url=http://202.166.193.41/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=268100|access-date=21 April 2012|newspaper=Kantipur|date=11 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023111557/http://202.166.193.41/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=268100|archive-date=23 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2007 Interim Constitution states that the use of one's native language in a local body or office shall not be barred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccd.org.np/new/resources/interim.pdf|title=The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 (2007)|publisher=UNDP Nepal|page=56|access-date=19 February 2012|date=January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219220657/http://www.ccd.org.np/new/resources/interim.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref> However, this has not happened in practice. Organizations with names in Newar are not registered, and municipality officials refuse to accept applications written in the language.<ref>{{cite news|title= State affairs<br />
|url= http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2013/07/06/letters/letter-to-the-editor/250875.html |access-date=14 May 2014|newspaper= The Kathmandu Post |date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jigu Nan Dhayegu Du |url=http://esandhyanhipau.com/epaper-archive.php |access-date=14 May 2014 |page=2 |newspaper=Sandhya Times |date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202030913/http://esandhyanhipau.com/epaper-archive.php |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Outside Nepal Mandala===<br />
Inscriptions written in Newar are found across [[Nepal Mandala]] and outside. In [[Gorkha District|Gorkha]], the Bhairav Temple at Pokharithok Bazaar contains an inscription dated [[Nepal Sambat]] 704 (1584&nbsp;AD), which is 185 years before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by the [[Gorkha Kingdom]]. The [[Palanchok Bhagawati Temple|Palanchowk Bhagawati Temple]] situated to the east of Kathmandu contains an inscription recording a land donation dated Nepal Sambat 861 (1741&nbsp;AD).<ref>{{cite book|editor=Chittadhar Hridaya|title=Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Jatah|publisher=Nepal Bhasa Parisad|location=Kathmandu|year=1971|page=143|url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhasha-sahityaya-jaatah-chittadhar-hridaya/page/n1/mode/1up|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Bhojpur, Nepal|Bhojpur]] in east Nepal, an inscription at the Bidyadhari Ajima Temple dated Nepal Sambat 1011 (1891&nbsp;AD) records the donation of a door and [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]]. The Bindhyabasini Temple in [[Bandipur]] in west Nepal contains an inscription dated Nepal Sambat 950 (1830&nbsp;AD) about the donation of a tympanum.<ref>''Jhee'' (February–March 1975). Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Bikas Mandal. Page 9.</ref><br />
<br />
Outside Nepal, Newar has been used in [[Tibet]]. Official documents and inscriptions recording votive offerings made by [[Lhasa Newar|Newar traders]] have been found in [[Lhasa]].<ref>Hridaya, Chittadhar (ed.) (1971). ''Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Jatah.'' Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Parisad. Pages 255–256.</ref> A copper plate dated Nepal Sambat 781 (1661&nbsp;AD) recording the donation of a tympanum is installed at the shrine of Chhwaskamini Ajima (Tibetan: [[Palden Lhamo]]) in the [[Jokhang]] Temple.{{sfn|Hridaya|1971|p=47}}<br />
<br />
==Geographic distribution==<br />
[[File:Bhaktapur Dubar Square-IMG 3423.jpg|thumb|298x298px|An inscription in [[Classical Newar]] from [[Bhaktapur Durbar Square]].]]<br />
[[File:King Yaksha Malla’s copperplate inscription, Newar language, 1446 CE.jpg|thumb|200px|King [[Yaksha Malla]]’s copperplate inscription in Newar language, 1446 CE.<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last=Vajracharya<br />
|first=Dhanavajra<br />
|title=Purvamadhyakalka Abhilekha<br />
|publisher=Nepal ra esiyali anusandhan kendra<br />
|year=2011<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/poorva-madhyakalka-abhilekh-dhanavajra-vajracharya/page/%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9/mode/1up<br />
|page=302<br />
|access-date=15 March 2026<br />
}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
Newar is spoken by over 800,000 people in Nepal according to the 2021 census.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021 National Report on Caste/ethnicity, Language & Religion". |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Caste%20Ethnicity_report_NPHC_2021.pdf |url-status=}}</ref> <br />
* In Nepal: [[Kathmandu Valley]] (including [[Kathmandu]], [[Patan, Nepal|Lalitpur]], [[Bhaktapur]] and [[Madhyapur Thimi]] municipalities), [[Dolakha District]], [[Banepa]], [[Dhulikhel]], [[Bandipur]], Bhimphedi (Makwanpur), [[Panauti]], Palpa, Trishuli, Nuwakot, Bhojpur, Chitlang, [[Narayangarh, Chitwan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrestha|first=Bal Gopal|title=Ritual and Identity in the Diaspora: The Newars in Sikkim|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2005_01_03.pdf|access-date=21 March 2011|newspaper=Bulletin of Tibetology|year=2005|archive-date=7 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007095553/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2005_01_03.pdf|url-status=live}} Page 26.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Himalaya Darpan |url= http://epaper.himalayadarpan.com/PUBLICATIONS/HD/HD/2013/09/19/ArticleHtmls/19092013008024.shtml?Mode=1 |access-date= 18 September 2013 |newspaper= Himalaya Darpan |date= 20 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053921/http://epaper.himalayadarpan.com/PUBLICATIONS/HD/HD/2013/09/19/ArticleHtmls/19092013008024.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-date= 21 September 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><br />
* In India: [[West Bengal]] & [[Sikkim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=new|title=Newar|work=Ethnologue|access-date=3 April 2006|archive-date=7 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607182318/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=new|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* In Bhutan: Southern [[Bhutan]]<ref>{{cite book<br />
|title=The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia|editor-last1=Kirkpatrick|editor-first1=Andy|editor-last2=Liddicoat|editor-first2=Anthony J.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2019-04-17|page=357|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Routledge_International_Handbook_of/V06fDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=newari+bhutan&pg=PA357&printsec=frontcover|access-date=2026-03-21<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Languages and Dialects|website=Bhutan Cultural Library|url=https://www.bhutan.virginia.edu/subjects/7409/overview/nojs|access-date=2026-03-21<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Official status==<br />
===Nepal===<br />
Newar was [[Nepal Mandala]]'s (then only known as Nepal) administrative and official language from the 14th to the late 18th century.<ref>{{cite book <br />
|title=Multilingual Perspectives in Geolinguistics<br />
|author=Hikaru Kitabayashi<br />
|year=2015<br />
|page=222<br />
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Multilingual_Perspectives_in_Geolinguist/uVpmDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0<br />
}}</ref> The continued official use of Newari into the [[Shah dynasty]] is shown by the 1775 treaty with [[Tibet]], which was written in the language, but it was gradually replaced in official use by Gorkhali.{{sfn|Lienhard|1992|p=3}} From the early 20th century until [[2006 democracy movement in Nepal|democratization]], Newar suffered from official suppression.<ref name=tumbahang2010 /> During this period, the use of the language for business and literary purposes was declared illegal, and Newar authors were fined or imprisoned.{{sfn|Lienhard|1992|p=4}}<br />
<br />
The [[Language Commission (Nepal)|Language Commission of Nepal]] recommended [[Bagmati Province]] to provide Nepal Bhasa (Newar) the status of official language, alongside [[Tamang language|Tamang]]. The commission also recommends Nepal Bhasa (Newar) for official status in specific areas and purposes in [[Koshi Province]] and [[Gandaki Province]].<ref name="langcomreport">{{cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |website=Language Commission |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> At local levels, Nepal Bhasa (Newar) has official status in [[Kathmandu Metropolitan City]],<ref name="kathmandu">{{cite news |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |title=Nepal Bhasa as official language in metropolis |url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2017/06/22/nepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis |access-date=29 October 2021 |agency=The Kathmandu Post |publisher=The Kathmandu Post |date=22 June 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029094649/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2017/06/22/nepal-bhasa-as-official-language-in-metropolis |url-status=live }}</ref> Lalitpur Metropolitan City<ref name="kapali1142">{{cite book |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=स्थानीय तहमा नेपालभाषा सम्बन्धी सूचनाको हकद्वारा प्राप्त सूचनाको संगालो (व्यक्तिगत अभिलेखको उतार) |date=November 2021 |isbn=978-9937-0-9816-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/978-9937-0-9816-8 |access-date=1 November 2021|pages=93, 94}}</ref> and Kirtipur Municipality<ref name="kirtipur">{{cite web |title=कीर्तिपुर नगर साँस्कृतिक संरक्षित क्षेत्र सम्बन्धमा व्यवस्था गर्न बनेको ऐन, २०७८ |url=https://kirtipurmun.gov.np/sites/kirtipurmun.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8.pdf |website=Kirtipur Municipality |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030100216/https://kirtipurmun.gov.np/sites/kirtipurmun.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chandragiri Municipality]], Shankharapur Municipality, Tarkeshwor Municipality of Kathmandu district; [[Banepa Municipality]], [[Dhulikhel Municipality]] of Kavre district; Godavari Municipality of Lalitpur district; and [[Bhaktapur Municipality]], Madhyapur Thimi Municipality of Bhaktapur district have recognized Nepal Bhasa in some ways. Similarly, Bhimeshor Municipality has recognized and made policy-level decisions for Dolakha Nepal Bhasa.<ref name="kapali1142" /><br />
<br />
===India===<br />
Newar is an additional official language in [[Sikkim]] for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state.<ref name="sikkimgov">{{cite web |title=About Sikkim |url=https://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ExperienceSikkim/history |website=Sikkim Tourism |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101134953/https://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ExperienceSikkim/history |url-status=live }}</ref> The official weekly publication ''Sikkim Herald'' has a Newar Edition.<ref>{{cite web |title=𑐳𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐶𑐩 𑐴𑐾𑐬𑐮𑑂𑐜 |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/uploads/SikkimHerald/Newa_22Oct_0_20211028.pdf |website=Government of Sikkim |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101134952/https://sikkim.gov.in/uploads/SikkimHerald/Newa_22Oct_0_20211028.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Information & Public Relations Department also broadcasts news bulletin in Newar.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPR department's eNEWS bulletin in Newar language |url=https://m.facebook.com/Sikkimorganic/videos/ipr-departments-enews-bulletin-in-newar-language-as-on-7092021-staysafe-ipr/1024112581706278/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Government of Sikkim |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054449/https://m.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2FSikkimorganic%2Fvideos%2Fipr-departments-enews-bulletin-in-newar-language-as-on-7092021-staysafe-ipr%2F1024112581706278%2F&refsrc=deprecated&_rdr |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Nepal Bhasa is included as elective mother tongue subject in schools by Curriculum Development Committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=मातृभाषा पाठ्यक्रम |url=http://202.45.146.138/catalog/opac_css/index.php?lvl=etagere_see&id=4 |website=Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054432/http://202.45.146.138/catalog/opac_css/index.php?lvl=etagere_see&id=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tribhuvan University]] offers Bachelors, Masters, Mphil and PhD degree in Nepal Bhasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/nation/tu-introduces-mphil-phd-in-nepal-bhasa |date=28 August 2021 |title=TU Introduces MPhil, PhD In Nepal Bhasa |newspaper=Gorakhapatra |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216135734/https://risingnepaldaily.com/nation/tu-introduces-mphil-phd-in-nepal-bhasa |url-status=live }}</ref> Anyone can study Nepal Bhasa at Bishwa Bhasa Campus in Kathmandu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Departments |url=https://www.bishwobhasa.edu.np/departments/ |website=Campus of International Languages |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216135734/https://www.bishwobhasa.edu.np/departments/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Kirtipur Municipality are teaching Nepal Bhasa as a local language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eight local levels in Kathmandu implement local curriculum |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/three-out-of-11-local-levels-of-kathmandu-yet-to-implement-local-curriculum/ |access-date=1 April 2022 |publisher=My Republica |date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401050035/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/three-out-of-11-local-levels-of-kathmandu-yet-to-implement-local-curriculum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Newar is taught in schools of Sikkim.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikkim asks schools to introduce 11 local languages in curriculum |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sikkim-asks-schools-to-introduce-11-local-languages-in-curriculum/articleshow/80565090.cms |access-date=16 December 2021 |agency=The Economic Times |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216135728/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sikkim-asks-schools-to-introduce-11-local-languages-in-curriculum/articleshow/80565090.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Classification ==<br />
The exact placement of Newar within the Tibeto-Burman language family has been a source of controversies and confusion. Robert Shafer classified Newar as part of his Bodic division of Sino-Tibetan.<ref>{{cite journal | given = Robert | surname = Shafer | title = Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages | journal = Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York) | year = 1955 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–111 | doi = 10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552 | doi-access = free }}</ref> George Van Driem classified Newar within the [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti grouping]] but he later retracted his hypothesis in 2003. Moreover, he proposed a new grouping called "Maha-Newari" which possibly includes [[Baram–Thangmi languages|Baram–Thangmi]].<ref name="Turin2004">{{cite journal |title=Newar-Thangmi Lexical Correspondences and the Linguistic Classification of Thangmi |given=Mark |surname=Turin |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |volume=68 |pages=97–120 |year=2004 |url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/JAAS_68.pdf |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129235401/http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/JAAS_68.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
T. R. Kansakar attributes the difficulty about the placement of Newar to the inability of scholars to connect it with the migration patterns of the Tibeto-Burman speakers. Since Newar separated from rest of the family very early in history, it is difficult or at least arbitrary to reconstruct the basic stratum that contributed to present day Newar speech. He underscored the point that the language evolved from mixed racial/linguistic influences that do not lend easily to a neat classification.<ref name="thlib">{{cite journal|url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_08_02_01.pdf|date=June 1981|journal=CNAS Journal|volume=VIII|issue=2|author=Tej R. Kansakar|title=Newari Language and Linguistics: Conspectus|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011121201/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_08_02_01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Glover's classification indicating a percentage of shared vocabulary within the labeled branch and an approximate time of split:<ref>{{cite book |given=Warren W. |surname=Glover |chapter=Cognate counts via the Swadesh list in some Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal |pages=23–130 |title=Tone systems of the Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal 2: Lexical lists and comparative studies |editor1-surname=Hale |editor1-given=Austin |editor2-given=Kenneth L. |editor2-surname=Pike |location=Urbana, Illinois |publisher=Department of Linguistics University of Illinois |year=1970 |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/36892}} p. 25.</ref><br />
<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
* Sino-Tibetan<br />
** Non Bodic divisions, e.g. [[Karen languages|Karen]] etc.<br />
** Bodic Division ({{font|size=80%|color=Gray|text=13%}}, {{font|size=80%|color=Green|text=5000BC}}){{font|size=100%|color=OrangeRed|text=ɫ}}<br />
*** East Himalayish Subdivision, e.g. [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]<br />
*** Bodic Subdivision ({{font|size=80%|color=Gray|text=19%}}, {{font|size=80%|color=Green|text=3200BC}})<br />
**** Bodish Section: [[Tamang language|Tamang]], [[Manang language|Manang]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Thakali language|Thakali]], [[Kaike language|Kaike]], [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]<br />
**** Kiranti Section, e.g. [[Limbu language|Limbu]]<br />
**** West Central Himalayish Section {{font|size=100%|color=OrangeRed|text=ɞ}} ({{font|size=80%|color=Gray|text=28%}}, {{font|size=80%|color=Green|text=2200BC}})<br />
***** [[Chepang language|Chepang]]<br />
***** Maha Newari {{font|size=100%|color=OrangeRed|text=ʌ}}<br />
****** [[Baram–Thangmi languages|Baram–Thangmi]]<br />
****** [[Pahari language (Sino-Tibetan)|Pahari]] (unrelated to other [[Pahari language (name)|"Pahari"]] languages of the region)<br />
****** [[Dolakhae dialect|Dolakha Newari]]<br />
****** Modern [[Nepal Bhasa]] <br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red;">ɫ </span>"%" indicates lexical similarity/common vocabulary between Newar and the other languages in the branch. The date indicates an approximate time when the language diverged.<br/><br />
<span style="color:red;">ɞ </span>Van Driem labelled this branch as "Parakiranti" and included it together with Kiranti branch to form Maha Kiranti group. However, he would later drop this hypothesis.<br/><br />
<span style="color:red;">ʌ </span>All languages within this branch have extensive Indo-Aryan vocabulary. It is hypothesized that either ancient Indo-Aryan admixture happened before Newar-Thangmi-Baram split or that Thangmi-Baram borrowed through Newari.<ref name="Turin2004"/><br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Newari literature}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Poem written in Newar by Briddhi Lakshmi.svg|thumb|200px|''ka kha yā mye'' ("a song of [[Ka (Indic)|''ka'']] and [[Kha (Indic)|''kha'']]"), a poem written in the [[Newar script]] by [[Briddhi Lakshmi|Briddhi Lakhmi]].{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=64}}]]<br />
[[File:First page of the Italian-Nepala Bhasa Dictionary by Gaulbert da Massa.png|thumb|343x343px|Newar-Italian dictionary compiled by a [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin friar]] John Gaulbert da [[Massa, Tuscany|Massa]] in 1762.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vannini |first=Fulgentius |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Christian_Settlements_in_Nepal_During_th.html?id=VDuDeC710L4C& |title=Christian Settlements in Nepal During the Eighteenth Century |date=1977 |publisher=For copies, Capuchin Ashram |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref>]]<br />
Newar literature comprises those literary texts written in Newar language. Among the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in India, Newar along with [[Manipuri language]], has important early-documented literatures.<ref>{{cite journal<br />
|journal= [[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]<br />
|title='Adivasi' Literatures of India<br />
|volume=14<br />
|pages=13<br />
|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]<br />
|date=September 1971<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Drama ===<br />
The first drama in Newar is ''Ekadashi Vrata'', written by king [[Siddhi Narasimha Malla|Siddhinarasimha Malla]] in the 1633 CE. The prominent play writers in Newar includes [[Mahendra Malla]], [[Ranajit Malla]], and [[Jaya Prakash Malla|Jayaprakash Malla]] who patronized Newar language and wrote multiple plays.<ref name="Tamot1998">{{cite book |last=Tamot |first=Kashinath |title=Nepalbhasha Sahityaya Dhwo Kiya |publisher=Nasana Publication |year=1998 |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/NepalbhashaSahityayaDhwoKiyaKashinathTamot/page/n17/mode/1up}}</ref><br />
<br />
Most of the dramas composed in Newar are based on religious tales. These [[drama]]s are traditionally performed in open stage. Most of them are narrated with the help of songs sung at intervals and dialogues. The [[Kartik Naach|Kartik Pyakhan]] is considered one of the "living drama" in the Newar language, as it has been performed since its inception in 1641 CE in every year.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kattipyakhan |last=Sayami |first=San |year=2001 |language=Nepal Bhasa |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/kattipyakhanbysansayami/page/n4/mode/1up |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Poetry ===<br />
[[Poetry]] writing constituted a splendid part of medieval Malla aristocracy. Many of the kings were well-renowned poets. [[Mahendra Malla]] is considered as first poet (Adikavi) in Newar language.{{sfn|Tuladhar|200|p=47}} Prominent poetry in Newar includes ''Nepalbhasaya Gita'', a 519-poem composed by Jagatprakash Malla. Similarly, ''Gopinathya'' ''Gita'', a 31-poem composed by Siddhi Narasimha Malla, is considered an important work, some of which are still sang in Kartik Pyakhan.{{sfn|Tamot|1998|p=17}}<br />
<br />
=== Story ===<br />
The art of storytelling is very old in Newar. These includes stories like [[Dhon Cholecha]], [[Shree Swasthani Brata Katha|Svasthani Bakhan]], and Puranas.{{sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=37}} The oldest storybook in Newar is Bhagavata Purana dated 1507 CE.{{sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=38}}<br />
<br />
== Dialects ==<br />
<br />
Linguist [[Bal Krishna Pokharel|Balkrishna Pokhrel]] in 1998, classifies 6 main dialects of Newar:<ref name="Joshi2003">{{cite book<br />
|last=Joshi<br />
|first=Sunder Krishna<br />
|title=Nepalbhasha Vyakarana<br />
|language=Nepal Bhasa<br />
|publisher=Nepal Rajkiya Pragya-Pratisthan<br />
|year=2003<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/NepalbhashaVyakaranaSunderKrishnaJoshi<br />
|url-status=live<br />
|access-date=27 February 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Kathmandu<br />
* Bhaktapur<br />
* Banepa<br />
* Dolakha<br />
* Chitlang<br />
* Pahari<br />
<br />
Shakya (1992) and Joshi (2003), recognizes 5 main dialects of Newar and Joshi further classifies their subdialects.<ref name="Joshi2003"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Van Driem|first=George|title=Languages of the Himalayas|volume=2|year=2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tGLEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=languages+of+himalayas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_5fiPtqOTAxWaFlkFHUMfB60Q6AF6BAgJEAM|page=758|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Kathmandu-Lalitpur dialect, also known as ''Yen-Yala Bhāy'' is one of the dominant forms of the language and the standard form of the language used in academia and media. It is also the most widely used dialect. It is spoken especially in [[Kathmandu]] and [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]]. Due to the similarity between Kathmandu and Lalitpur Newar, it is often grouped as one.<br />
* Bhaktapur, also known as ''Khwapey Bhāy'', this dialect is more archaic than the standard. Various subdialects of this dialect include, Banepa, Panauti, Dhulikhel, Bandipur, Palpa, Gorkha, Baglung, Parvat, and Sindhupalchok.<br />
* [[Dolakha Newar language|Dolakha]] is spoken in [[Dolakha District|Dolakha district]]. It has 3 subdialect which are Tauthali, Listi and Duti.<br />
* Chitlang is used in [[Chitlang]], a place south of Kathmandu valley in Makawanpur district. It has 2 subdialects, Balami and Gamal.<br />
* [[Pahari language (Sino-Tibetan)|Pahari]] is spoken among the Pahari or Nagarkoti caste. Unlike other dialects, it doesn't have subdialects.<br />
<br />
Kansakar (2011) recognizes three main Newar dialect clusters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kansakar |first1=Tej R. |title= ''A sociolinguistic survey of Newar / Nepal Bhasa''. Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN)|date=2011 |publisher=Tribhuvan University|page=9}}</ref><br />
*Western: Tansen (Palpa), Butwal, Nepalgunj, Old Pokhara, Dumre, Bandipur, Ridhi (Gulmi), Baglung, Dotili / Silgadi<br />
*Central: [[Kathmandu]], [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur]], [[Bhaktapur]], Thimi, Kirtipur, Chitlang, Lele, Balaju, Tokha, Pharping, Thankot, Dadikot, Balami, Gopali, Bungamati, [[Badegaon]], Pyangaon, Chapagaon, Lubhu, Sankhu, Chakhunti, Gamtsa Gorkha, Badikhel (Pahari), [[Kavrepalanchok District]] dialects (Banepa, Nala, Sangaa, Chaukot, Panauti, Dhulikhel, Duti), [[Khampu]], Khopasi<br />
*Eastern: Chainpur, Dharan, [[Dolakhae dialect|Dolakha]], Sindhupalchok, Taplejung, Terhathum, Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Narayangadh, Jhapa, Ilam<br />
<br />
Kansakar (2011) also gives the following classification of Newar dialects based on verb conjugation morphology.{{sfn|Kansakar|2011|p=10}}<br />
*Central<br />
**Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Chitlang, Lele<br />
**Bhaktapur, Thimi<br />
*Eastern<br />
**Dolakha, Tauthali, Jethal, Listikot, Doti<br />
**Pahari (Badikhel)<br />
<br />
Kapali (1141 [[Nepal Sambat|N.S.]]) gives the following classification of Nepal Bhasa dialects based on mutual intelligibility.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=नेपालभाषा लेखन सहयोगी |publisher=Self published |isbn=978-9937-0-9396-5 |pages=9–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=नेपाल भाषा कार्यान्वयन कसरी गर्न सकिन्छ? |url=https://www.setopati.com/opinion/262746 |website=Setopati |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051657/https://www.setopati.com/opinion/262746 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*Nepa Valley (Kathmandu Valley)<br />
** Eastern – includes the region of Bhaktapur, Sakwa and seven villages of Kavre.<br />
** Western – includes Kathmandu and Lalitpur<br />
*Dwalkha- includes Dolakha and Charikot of Dolakha district, Tauthali and Jethal of Sindupalchok district, and Duti of Kavre district.<br />
* Smaller dialects based on locality<br />
**[[Pyan Gaun]], a village in Lalitpur<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Tulasi Lal |title=नेपालभाषाया प्यांगां भाषिका |publisher=Ratna Printing Press |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhashayapyangabhashikatulasilalsingh/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |ref=pyangaan}}</ref><br />
* Smaller dialects based on caste group<br />
** Gopali<br />
** Balami<br />
** Pahari<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shrestha |first1=Omkareshwor |title=A Grammar of Pahari, PhD Dissertation |date=2010 |publisher=Tribhuvan University |url=https://archive.org/details/AGrammarOfPahariPhDDissertationByOmkareshworShrestha/ |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><br />
:<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
!([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo]]-)[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|<br>palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|m}}<br />
|{{IPA link|n}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|mʱ}}<sup>1</sup><br />
|{{IPA link|nʱ}}<sup>1</sup><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|p}}<br />
|{{IPA link|t}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}<sup>2</sup><br />
|{{IPA link|tɕ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|k}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}<sup>2</sup><br />
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|b}}<br />
|{{IPA link|d}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}<sup>2</sup><br />
|{{IPA link|dʑ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}<sup>2</sup><br />
|{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|s}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|h}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]<br />
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
|<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɾ}})<br />
| {{IPAblink|ɽ}}<sup>2</sup><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small><br />
|<br />
|{{IPAblink|ɾʱ}}<sup>2</sup><br />
|{{IPAblink|ɽʱ}}<sup>2</sup><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|w}}<br />
|{{IPA link|l}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Breathy voice|murmured]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|wʱ}}<sup>1</sup><br />
|{{IPA link|lʱ}}<sup>1</sup><br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|jʱ}}<sup>1</sup><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
# Only in Kathmandu Newar.<br />
# Only in Dolakha Newar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dolakhā Newār|last=Genetti|first=Carol|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2003|location=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|pages=353–370}}</ref><br />
<br />
; Notes<ref>{{Cite book|title=Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)|last1=Hale|first1=Austin|last2=Shrestha|first2=Kedar P.|location=München |publisher=LINCOM|year=2006|series=Languages of the World/Materials|volume=256|pages=1–22 }}</ref><br />
* Marginal phonemes are in parentheses.<br />
* Allophonic variants are in Square brackets.<br />
* Tap consonants mainly occur as word-medial alternates of /{{IPA|t}}/, /{{IPA|d}}/, /{{IPA|dʱ}}/ or /{{IPA|ɖ}}/ (in Dolakha only).<br />
* /{{IPA|s}}/ can be heard as [{{IPA|ɕ}}] when occurring before front vowels/glide /{{IPA|i, e, j}}/.<br />
* In Kathmandu Newar, /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ only occurs as word-final.<br />
* Affricates /{{IPA|tɕ, dʑ}}/ can also shift to retracted sounds [{{IPA|t̠s̠, d̠z̠}}] when occurring before back vowels.<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="3" |[[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! colspan="3" |[[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="3" |[[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
!<small>short</small><br />
!<small>long</small><br />
!<small>nasal</small><br />
!<small>short</small><br />
!<small>long</small><br />
!<small>nasal</small><br />
!<small>short</small><br />
!<small>long</small><br />
!<small>nasal</small><br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|{{IPA link|i}}<br />
|{{IPA link|iː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ĩ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|u}}<br />
|{{IPA link|uː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ũ}}<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
|{{IPA link|e}}<br />
|{{IPA link|eː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ẽ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|o}}<br />
|{{IPA link|oː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|õ}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|({{IPA link|ə}})<br />
|({{IPA link|əː}})<br />
|({{IPA link|ə̃}})<br />
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}~{{IPA link|ɑ}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔː}}~{{IPA link|ɑː}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}~{{IPA link|ɑ̃}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɛː}}<sup>1</sup><br />
| {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}<sup>1</sup><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|æː}}<sup>1</sup><br />
| {{IPA link|æ̃}}<sup>1</sup><br />
|{{IPA link|a}}<br />
|{{IPA link|aː}}<br />
|{{IPA link|ã}}<br />
|}<br />
# Only in Kathmandu Newar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kathmandu Newar (Nepāl Bhāśā)|last=Hargreaves|first=David|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2003|location=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|pages=371–384}}</ref><br />
<br />
* In Kathmandu Newar, the back vowel sounds /{{IPA|ɔ~ɑ}}/ occur as [{{IPA|ɔ}}], [{{IPA|ə}}], or [{{IPA|ɑ}}].<br />
* In Dolakha Newar, the back vowel sounds /{{IPA|ɔ~ɑ}}/, can occur [{{IPA|ɑ}}], [{{IPA|ʌ}}], or [{{IPA|ə}}].<br />
* /{{IPA|o, oː}}/ and /{{IPA|u}}/ can also be heard as [{{IPA|ɔ, ɔː}}], and [{{IPA|ʊ}}].<br />
* The following nasal vowels can also be distinguished in vowel length as /{{IPA|ĩː ẽː ɔ̃ː ãː õː ũː}}/.<br />
<br />
==== Diphthongs ====<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
!<small>oral</small><br />
!<small>nasal</small><br />
!<small>oral</small><br />
!<small>nasal</small><br />
!<small>oral</small><br />
!<small>nasal</small><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[Diphthong]]<br />
![[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|{{IPA|ui}}<br />
|{{IPA|uĩ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|{{IPA|ei}}<br />
|{{IPA|eĩ}}<br />
|{{IPA|ɔi}}<br />
|{{IPA|ɔĩ}}<br />
|{{IPA|ɔu}}<br />
|{{IPA|ɔũ}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA|ai}}<br />
|{{IPA|aĩ}}<br />
|{{IPA|au}}<br />
|{{IPA|aũ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Writing systems==<br />
{{Main|Nepalese scripts}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Newar language stone inscription from Makhan Tole of Kantipur, 1710 CE.jpg|thumb|210px|A 1710 CE ([[Nepal Sambat|N.S.]] 830) Classical Newar inscription, written in the [[Newar script]].]]<br />
[[File:A Newar manuscript of Ratneshvara-udbhava Pyakhan, written by King Jayaprakash Malla.jpg| thumb|210px|A manuscript of ''Ratneshvara-udbhava Pyakhan'', a Newar play written by [[Jaya Prakash Malla]] in the [[Newar script]].]]<br />
<br />
Nepal Bhasa is generally written in [[Newar script]], [[Bhujimol script]], [[Ranjana script]] and Devanagari script. Newar script, also known as ''Nepal Lipi'', emerged in the 10th century.<ref>[[Siegfried Lienhard|Lienhard, Siegfried]] (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 2.</ref> Over the centuries, a number of variants of [[Nepalese scripts]] emerged from the [[Newar script]], which are:<ref>{{cite book |last=Shakya |first=Hemraj |title=Nepal Lipi Prakash |year=1973|publisher=Royal Nepal Academy|url=https://archive.org/details/NepalLipiPrakashHemrajShakya |access-date=6 March 2026 |language=ne|page=8}}</ref><br />
*Kunmol script<br />
*Kwenmol script<br />
*Litumol script<br />
*Hinmol script<br />
*Golmol script<br />
*Pachumol script<br />
<br />
The [[Nepalese scripts]], fell into disuse at the beginning of the 20th century when writing in the language and the script was banned, which resulted in emergence of Devanagari script.<ref>{{cite book<br />
|editor1-last=Baldauf<br />
|editor1-first=Richard B.<br />
|editor2-last=Kaplan<br />
|editor2-first=Robert B.<br />
|title=Language Planning in Nepal, Taiwan, and Sweden<br />
|publisher=Multilingual Matters<br />
|year=2007<br />
|page=30<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Bt2rkbCArcC&pg=PA30<br />
|access-date=2026-02-20<br />
}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=14}} In the past decade attempts are being made to revive the various [[Nepalese scripts]], and it is experiencing a revival due to the recent rise of cultural awareness.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajracharya |first1=Srizu |title=After being largely replaced by Devanagari, Nepal Bhasa scripts are making a comeback |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2019/07/28/after-being-largely-replaced-by-devanagari-nepal-bhasa-scripts-are-making-a-comeback |access-date=16 December 2021 |agency=The Kathmandu Post |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216134306/https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2019/07/28/after-being-largely-replaced-by-devanagari-nepal-bhasa-scripts-are-making-a-comeback |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Newar alphabet===<br />
====Vowels====<br />
The vowels, called ''mā ākhala'' ({{lang|new|𑐩𑐵𑐁𑐏𑐮}}), meaning "mother letters", used in Newar are:<ref>{{cite book|title=Subodha Nepalbhasa Vyakarana|last=Sagar|first=Pushparatna|publisher=Thaukanhe Prakashana Vibhaga|year=1951|page=2|url=https://archive.org/details/subodh-nepal-bhasa-1951/page/n14/mode/1up|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin; font-size:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Vowels !! Diacritics !! IPA !! With 𑐎 (ka) !! With 𑐐 (ga)<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐀 || — || /ə/ || 𑐎 || 𑐐<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐁 || 𑐵 || /aː/ || 𑐎𑐵 || 𑐐𑐵<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐂 || 𑐶 || /i/ || 𑐎𑐶 || 𑐐𑐶<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐃 || 𑐷 || /iː/ || 𑐎𑐷 || 𑐐𑐷<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐄 || 𑐸 || /u/ || 𑐎𑐸 || 𑐐𑐸<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐅 || 𑐹 || /uː/ || 𑐎𑐹 || 𑐐𑐹<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐆 || 𑐺 || /r̩/ || 𑐎𑐺 || 𑐐𑐺<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐇 || 𑐻 || /r̩ː/ || 𑐎𑐻 || 𑐐𑐻<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐈 || 𑐼 || /l̩/ || 𑐎𑐼 || 𑐐𑐼<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐉 || 𑐽 || /l̩ː/ || 𑐎𑐽 || 𑐐𑐽<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐊 || 𑐾 || /eː/ || 𑐎𑐾 || 𑐐𑐾<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐋 || 𑐿 || /ai̯/ || 𑐎𑐿 || 𑐐𑐿<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐌 || 𑑀 || /oː/ || 𑐎𑑀 || 𑐐𑑀<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐍 || 𑑁 || /au̯/ || 𑐎𑑁 || 𑐐𑑁<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐀𑑄 || 𑑄 || /ə̃/ || 𑐎𑑄 || 𑐐𑑄<br />
|-<br />
| 𑐀𑑅|| 𑑅 || /əḥ/ || 𑐎𑑅 || 𑐐𑑅<br />
|}<br />
Even though {{lang|new|𑐆, 𑐇, 𑐈, 𑐉}} are present in Newar, they are mainly used in the loanwords. Some grammarians like Maharjan, suggest including {{lang|new|𑐀𑐫𑑂}} (ay) and {{lang|new|𑐁𑐫𑑂}} (aay) in the list of vowels.<ref>''Nepal Bhasa Vyaakarana'' (page 2) by Tuyubahadur Maharjan, published by Nepal Bhasa Academy</ref> The appearance of vowel diacritics changes depending on whether the consonant has a top line or not. There are seven consonants without top lines: 𑐐 (gə), 𑐘 (ɲə), 𑐛 (ʈʰə), 𑐞 (ɳə), 𑐠 (tʰə), 𑐢 (dʰə), and 𑐱 (ʃə).<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last1=Sthapit<br />
|first1=Jwala<br />
|last2=Tamot<br />
|first2=Kashinath<br />
|title=Nepal Lipi Vigyan: Samanya Parichaya<br />
|year=2000<br />
|publisher=Nepalmandala Ghahchah Dhuku<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/NepalLipiVigyanSamanyaParichayaByJwalaSthapitAndKashinathTamot_201712<br />
|pages=36–37<br />
|access-date=15 March 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Consonants====<br />
The consonants, are called ''bā ākhala'' ({{lang|new|𑐧𑐵𑐁𑐏𑐮}}), meaning "father letters", used in Newar are:<ref><br />
{{cite book<br />
|last=Shrestha|first=Rajendra |title=Nepal Lipi<br />
|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/prachilitnepallipi1122|access-date=27 February 2026|language=Newar|page=4<br />
}}</ref> <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin; font-size:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 𑐎 !! 𑐏 !! 𑐐 !! 𑐑 !! 𑐒 !! 𑐓<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /kə/ || /kʰə/ || /ɡə/ || /ɡʱə/ || /ŋə/ || /ŋʱa/<br />
|-<br />
! 𑐔 !! 𑐕 !! 𑐖 !! 𑐗 !! 𑐘 !! 𑐙<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /t͡ɕə/ || /t͡ɕʰə/ || /d͡ʑə/ || /d͡ʑʱə/ || /ɲə/ || /ɲʱa/<br />
|-<br />
! 𑐚 !! 𑐛 !! 𑐜 !! 𑐝 !! 𑐞 !! 𑐴𑑂𑐞<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /ʈə/ || /ʈʰə/ || /ɖə/ || /ɖʱə/ || /ɳə/ || /ɳʱa/<br />
|-<br />
! 𑐟 !! 𑐠 !! 𑐡 !! 𑐢 !! 𑐣 !! 𑐤<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /tə/ || /tʰə/ || /də/ || /dʱə/ || /nə/ || /nʱa/<br />
|-<br />
! 𑐥 !! 𑐦 !! 𑐧 !! 𑐨 !! 𑐩 !! 𑐪<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /pə/ || /pʰə/ || /bə/ || /bʱə/ || /mə/ || /mʱa/<br />
|-<br />
! 𑐫 !! 𑐬 !! 𑐭 !! 𑐮 !! 𑐯 !! 𑐰<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /jə/ || /rə/ || /rʱa/ || /lə/ || /lʱa/ || /ʋə/ <br />
|-<br />
! 𑐱 !! 𑐲 !! 𑐳 !! 𑐴<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /ʃə/ || /ʂə/ || /sə/ || /hə/<br />
|-<br />
! 𑐎𑑂𑐲 !! 𑐟𑑂𑐬 !! 𑐖𑑂𑐘<br />
|-align="center"<br />
| /kʂə/ || /t̪rə/ || /d͡ʑɲə/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Numerals====<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin; font-size:100%;"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
| 𑑐||𑑑||𑑒||𑑓||𑑔||𑑕||𑑖||𑑗||𑑘||𑑙<br />
|-<br />
| 0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Ranjana alphabet===<br />
====Vowels====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana a.svg|24px]] a अ || [[File:Ranjana aa.svg|24px]] ā आ || [[File:Ranjana i.svg|30px]] i इ ||[[File:Ranjana ii.svg|24px]] ī ई || [[File:Ranjana u.svg|24px]] u उ ||[[File:Ranjana uu.svg|24px]] ū ऊ ||[[File:Ranjana ri.svg|24px]] ṛ ऋ || [[File:Ranjana rii.svg|24px]] ṝ ॠ <br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana li.svg|24px]] ḷ ऌ || [[File:Ranjana lii.svg|24px]] ḹ ॡ || [[File:Ranjana e.svg|24px]] e ए ||[[File:Ranjana ai.svg|24px]] ai ऐ|| [[File:Ranjana o.svg|24px]] o ओ || [[File:Ranjana au.svg|24px]] au औ ||[[File:Ranjana am.svg|24px]] aṃ अं || [[File:Ranjana ah.svg|24px]] aḥ अः <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Consonants====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana k.svg|24px]] k क|| [[File:Ranjana kh.svg|24px]] kʰ ख|| [[File:Ranjana g.svg|24px]] g ग|| [[File:Ranjana gh.svg|24px]] gʱ घ|| [[File:Ranjana ng.svg|24px]] ŋ ङ<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana c.svg|24px]] t͡ɕ च|| [[File:Ranjana ch.svg|24px]] t͡ɕʰ छ|| [[File:Ranjana j.svg|24px]] d͡ʑ ज|| [[File:Ranjana jh.svg|24px]] d͡ʑʱ झ|| [[File:Ranjana ny.svg|24px]] ɲ ञ<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana tt.svg|24px]] ʈ ट|| [[File:Ranjana tth.svg|24px]] ʈʰ ठ|| [[File:Ranjana dd.svg|24px]] ɖ ड|| [[File:Ranjana ddh.svg|24px]] ɖʱ ढ|| [[File:Ranjana nn.svg|24px]] ɳ ण<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana t.svg|24px]] t त|| [[File:Ranjana th.svg|24px]] tʰ थ|| [[File:Ranjana d.svg|24px]] d द|| [[File:Ranjana dh.svg|24px]] dʱ ध|| [[File:Ranjana n.svg|24px]] n न<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana p.svg|24px]] p प|| [[File:Ranjana ph.svg|24px]] pʰ फ|| [[File:Ranjana b.svg|24px]] b ब|| [[File:Ranjana bh.svg|24px]] bʱ भ|| [[File:Ranjana m.svg|24px]] m म<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana y.svg|24px]] y य|| [[File:Ranjana r.svg|24px]] r र|| [[File:Ranjana l.svg|24px]] l ल|| [[File:Ranjana v.svg|24px]] w व|| style="background:#dddddd;"|<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana sh.svg|24px]] ɕ श|| [[File:Ranjana ss.svg|24px]] ʂ ष|| [[File:Ranjana s.svg|24px]] s̪ स|| [[File:Ranjana h.svg|24px]] h ह|| style="background:#dddddd;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana ksh.svg|24px]] kʂ क्ष|| [[File:Ranjana tr.svg|24px]] t̪r त्र|| [[File:Ranjana jny.svg|24px]] d͡ʑɲ ज्ञ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Numerals====<br />
*The numerals used in Ranjana script are as follows (from 0 to 9):<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Ranjana 0.svg|24px]] 0 || [[File:Ranjana 1.svg|24px]] 1 || [[File:Ranjana 2.svg|24px]] 2 ||[[File:Ranjana 3.svg|24px]] 3 || [[File:Ranjana 4.svg|24px]] 4 || [[File:Ranjana 5.svg|24px]] 5 ||[[File:Ranjana 6.svg|24px]] 6 || [[File:Ranjana 7.svg|24px]] 7 || [[File:Ranjana 8.svg|24px]] 8 || [[File:Ranjana 9.svg|24px]] 9<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Romanization===<br />
'''Nepala Bhasa Roman Transliteration (NBRT)''' was introduced in 2021, with some modifications to [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]].<ref name="nbrt">{{cite book |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=Nepala Bhasa Roman Transliteration (NBRT)|date=13 December 2021 |isbn=978-9937-1-1040-2|url=https://archive.org/details/978-9937-1-1040-2/ |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
=== Noun cases ===<br />
Noun cases in Newar have six cases and are differentiated based on whether the term in question is animate or inanimate. The following charts provides case endings that can be affixed on the end of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in IAST transliteration for contemporary and old (or "classical") Newar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malla |first=Kamal P. |title=The Newar Language: A Working Outline |publisher=Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa |year=1985 |location=Tokyo |pages=31–32}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Noun Case Endings in Contemporary Newar<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hale |first1=Austin |title=Newar (Nepāl Bhāsā) |last2=Shrestha |first2=Kedār |publisher=Lincom Europa |year=2006 |location=Münich |pages=23–36}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|''Inanimate''<br />
| colspan="2" |''Animate/non-honorific''<br />
| colspan="2" |''Animate/honorific''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Case'''<br />
|'''Singular'''<br />
|'''Singular'''<br />
|'''Plural'''<br />
|'''Singular'''<br />
|'''Plural'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]/[[Ergative case|Ergative]]'''<br />
|<nowiki>-ṃ, -ḥṃ</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-ṃ, -ḥṃ</nowiki><br />
|(-sa-) -ṃ,<br />
<br />
-ḥṃ,<br />
|<nowiki>-ṃ, -ḥṃ</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-pisaṃ, </nowiki><br />
<br />
-pisaḥṃ<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Absolutive case|Absolutive]]'''<br />
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-ta</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-pīṃ</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Sociative case|Sociative]]'''<br />
|X<br />
|<nowiki>-yāke, -ike</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-tayke</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yāke, -ike</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-pīṃke</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Dative case|Dative]]'''<br />
|<nowiki>-yāta</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yāta, -ta</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-tayta, -ita</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yāta</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-pīṃta</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Genitive case|Genitive]]'''<br />
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-tay</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-pini</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Locative case|Locative]]'''<br />
|<nowiki>-e, -ay, -ī</nowiki><br />
|X<br />
|X<br />
|X<br />
|X<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Noun Case Endings in Old Newar<ref>{{Cite book |last=Otter |first=Felix |title=A Course in Reading Classical Newari: Selections from the Vetālapañcaviṃśati |publisher=xasia eBooks |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-946742-94-4 |location=Heidelberg |pages=11–28}}</ref><br />
| <br />
|''Inanimate''<br />
| colspan="2" |''Animate/non-honorific''<br />
| colspan="2" |''Animate/honorific''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Case'''<br />
|'''Singular'''<br />
|'''Singular'''<br />
|'''Plural'''<br />
|'''Singular'''<br />
|'''Plural'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Instrumental/Ergative'''<br />
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-n</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-taseṃ</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-n, -seṃ</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-paniseṃ</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''Absolutive'''<br />
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-ta, -to</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-ø</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-pani</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''Sociative'''<br />
|<nowiki>-va</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-va</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-mis(a)va</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-va</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-panis(a)va</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''Dative'''<br />
|<nowiki>-taṃ, -yātā</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-taṃ, -yātaṃ</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-mistaṃ</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yātaṃ</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-panistaṃ</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''Genitive'''<br />
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-tas, -mis</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-yā</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-panis</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|'''Locative'''<br />
|<nowiki>-s</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-(s)ke, -yāke</nowiki><br />
|X<br />
|<nowiki>-(s)ke, -yāke</nowiki><br />
|<nowiki>-paniske</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Honorifics===<br />
Newar has politeness levels and [[honorifics]] that take into account the speaker's status and age in relation to the audience. These are in three levels:<ref>{{cite journal<br />
|last=Pradhan<br />
|first=Jyoti<br />
|title=Honorificity in Newar<br />
|journal=Nepalese Linguistics<br />
|volume=24<br />
|publisher=Linguistic Society of Nepal<br />
|date=November 2009<br />
|year=2009<br />
|page=236-237<br />
}}</ref><br />
# Ordinary: Used with close family members, friends and people younger than the speaker.<br />
# Honorific: Used in formal situations; when speaking with distant family members, teachers, elders and unknown people.<br />
# High honorific: Used for gods and goddesses, when speaking with priests, and by priestly castes ([[Rajopadhyaya]] and [[Vajracharya]]) when speaking among themselves.<br />
<br />
Honorifics are used in Newar through pronominal forms and verbal morphology. The pronouns for ordinary, honorific, and high honorific levels are shown side by side in the table below:{{sfn|Pradhan|2009|p=238}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Person<br />
! colspan="1" style="width:20em;" | Ordinary <br />
! colspan="1" style="width:20em;" | Honorific <br />
! colspan="1" style="width:20em;" |High Honorific <br />
|-<br />
! First-person<br />
| colspan="3"| {{lang|new|𑐖𑐶}} <br /><small>''ji''</small><br />{{IPA|[d͡ʑi]}}<br />
|-<br />
! Second-person<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐕}} <br /><small>''cha''</small><br />{{IPA|[tɕʰə]}}<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐕𑐶}} <br /><small>''chi''</small><br />{{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐕𑐮𑐥𑑀𑐮}} <br /><small>''chalapola''</small><br />{{IPA|[tɕʰələpolə]}}<br />
|-<br />
! Third-person<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐰}} <br /><small>''wa''</small><br /> {{IPA|[wə]}}<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎}} <br /><small>''weka''</small><br />{{IPA|[wɛkə]}}<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐰𑐳𑐥𑑀𑐮}} <br /><small>''wasapola''</small><br />{{IPA|[wəsəpolə]}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Newar has a unique vocabulary of verbs for honorifics, although most of time suffix ''-disaṃ'' or ''-bijyāhuṃ'' are added to the verbs for honorific and high honorific forms.{{sfn|Sagar|1951|p=85}} Below are some examples of the imperative verbs used in Newar:{{sfn|Sagar|1951|p=86}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2009|p=240}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
! Imperative Verbs <br />
! Ordinary<br />
! Honorific<br />
! High Honorific<br />
|-<br />
|come <br />
|{{lang|new|𑐧𑐵}} ''wā''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐗𑐵𑐳𑑄}} ''jhāsaṃ''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐧𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐴𑐸𑑄}} ''bijyāhuṃ''<br />
|-<br />
|sleep<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐡𑑂𑐫𑑄}} ''dyaṃ''<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐢𑑄𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑄}} ''dhaṃdisaṃ''<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐢𑑄𑐧𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐴𑐸𑑄}} ''dhaṃbijyāhuṃ''<br />
|-<br />
|eat <br />
|{{lang|new|𑐣}} ''na''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐨𑐥𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑄}} ''bhapiyādisaṃ''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐨𑐥𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐴𑐸𑑄}} ''bhapiyābijyāhuṃ''<br />
|-<br />
|tell/say <br />
|{{lang|new|𑐢𑐵}} ''dhā''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑄}} ''dhayādisaṃ''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐴𑐸𑑄}} ''dhayābijyāhuṃ''<br />
|-<br />
|do<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐫𑐵}} ''yā''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑄}} ''yānādisaṃ''<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐴𑐸𑑄}} ''yānābijyāhuṃ''<br />
|-<br />
|worship<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐥𑐸𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵}} ''pujyā''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐥𑐸𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑄}} ''pujyānādisaṃ''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐥𑐸𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐴𑐸𑑄}} ''pujyānābijyāhuṃ''<br />
|-<br />
|sit<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐦𑐾𑐟𑐸}} ''phetu''<br />
|{{lang|new|𑐦𑐾𑐟𑐸𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑄}} ''phetunādisaṃ''<br />
| {{lang|new|𑐦𑐾𑐟𑐸𑐣𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐴𑐸𑑄}} ''phetunābijyāhuṃ''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Indo-Aryan loanwords==<br />
Newar is one of the most [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritzed]] Sino-Tibetan languages. It borrows both [[tatsama]] (words as it is) and [[tadbhava]] (derived) words. Below is a comparison of some Sanskrit [[tadbhava]] words in Classical and Modern Newar:<ref>From the review article on "Dictionary of classical Newari compiled from manuscript sources." With the financial support of Toyota Foundation, Japan, Nepal Bhasa Dictionary Committee. Cwasā Pāsā. Kathmandu: Modern Printing Press, Jamal 2000, pp.&nbsp;XXXV, 530. {{ISBN|99933-31-60-0}}"</ref><ref>{{cite book<br />
|title=Putrapautradi Bodhini Amarakoshya Nepalbhasha Tika<br />
|author=Kashinath Tamot<br />
|publisher=Nisha Press<br />
|year=1983<br />
|language=Nepal Bhasa<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" align=center<br />
|-<br />
! Modern Newar<br />
!Classical Newar<br />
! Sanskrit (orig. word)<br />
! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
|Ākhaḥ<br />
|Ākhara/Ākhala<br />
|Akṣara<br />
|Letter <br />
|-<br />
|Bhāta<br />
|Bhārato/Bhālata<br />
|Bhartā<br />
|Husband<br />
|-<br />
|Bhāy<br />
|Bhāsā/Bhākhā<br />
|Bhāṣā<br />
|Language <br />
|-<br />
|Chikaṃ<br />
|Chikana/Chekana<br />
|Chikkaṇaṃ<br />
|Oil<br />
|-<br />
|Dekhā<br />
|Dikhā<br />
|Dikṣā<br />
|Initiation<br />
|-<br />
|Dey <br />
|Desa<br />
|Deśa<br />
|Country<br />
|-<br />
|Dhau<br />
|Dhari/Dhali<br />
|Dadhi<br />
|Curd<br />
|-<br />
|Duru<br />
|Dudu<br />
|Dugdha<br />
|Milk <br />
|-<br />
|Dyaḥ<br />
|Dyava<br />
|Deva<br />
|Deity<br />
|-<br />
|Gāṃ<br />
|Gāma<br />
|Grāma<br />
|Village <br />
|-<br />
|Ghaḥ<br />
|Ghara/Ghala<br />
|Ghaṭa<br />
|Water pot<br />
|-<br />
|Ghyaḥ<br />
|Ghyara/Ghyala<br />
|Ghrta<br />
|Ghee<br />
|-<br />
|Gvaḥ<br />
|Gvara/Gvala<br />
|Gola<br />
|Circular<br />
|-<br />
|Hay<br />
|Hansa<br />
|Haṃśa<br />
|Duck<br />
|-<br />
|Jyātha/Jyithi<br />
|Jyātha/Jyithi<br />
|Jyeṣṭha/Jyeṣṭhi<br />
|Old Man/Woman<br />
|-<br />
|Kalā<br />
|Kalāta<br />
|Kalatra<br />
|Wife<br />
|-<br />
|Kimi <br />
|Kimi<br />
|Krmi<br />
|Hookworm<br />
|-<br />
|Lhā<br />
|Lhasta/Lhāta<br />
|Hasta<br />
|Hand<br />
|-<br />
|Mākaḥ<br />
|Makarha/Mākala<br />
|Markaṭa<br />
|Monkey<br />
|-<br />
|Mandaḥ<br />
|Mandala<br />
|Maṇḍala<br />
|Circle<br />
|-<br />
|Manu<br />
|Manukha<br />
|Manuṣya<br />
|Human<br />
|-<br />
|Mu<br />
|Muga<br />
|Mudga<br />
|Green gram<br />
|-<br />
|Mvaḥ<br />
|Mvanda/Mola<br />
|Muṇḍa<br />
|Head<br />
|-<br />
|Nāṃ<br />
|Nām<br />
|Nāma<br />
|Name<br />
|-<br />
|Naikyā<br />
|Narikyāla/Nalikyāla<br />
|Nārikela <br />
|Coconut<br />
|-<br />
|Nhyāḥ<br />
|Nhāsa<br />
|Nāsikā<br />
|Nose<br />
|-<br />
|Pukhu<br />
|Pukhuri<br />
|Puṣkarini<br />
|Pool<br />
|-<br />
|Sākhaḥ<br />
|Sākhara/Sākhala<br />
|Śarkarā<br />
|Jaggery<br />
|-<br />
|Saḥ<br />
|Sara/Sala<br />
|Svara<br />
|Voice<br />
|-<br />
|Vasaḥ<br />
|Vasata<br />
|Vastra<br />
|Cloth<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample text==<br />
The following sample text is the Newar translation of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] by the United Nations:<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights:Newar |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/new.pdf|trans-title=𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐰 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐷 𑐑𑑀𑐲𑐞𑐵|url-status=live |archive-date=11 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241011030924/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/new.pdf |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |language=new|page=1|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{fs interlinear|lang=new|indent=2<br />
| {{script|Newa|𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐵}} {{script|Newa|𑑑:}} {{script|Newa|𑐦𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐎}} {{script|Newa|𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐟}} {{script|Newa|𑐖𑐣𑑂𑐩𑐖𑐵𑐟}} {{script|Newa|𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬}} {{script|Newa|𑐰}} {{script|Newa|𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐲𑑂𑐛𑐵}} {{script|Newa|𑐣𑐵𑐥}} {{script|Newa|𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂}} {{script|Newa|𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐣}} {{script|Newa|𑐖𑐸𑐂𑑋}} {{script|Newa|𑐂𑐥𑐶𑑄}} {{script|Newa|𑐰𑐶𑐰𑐾𑐎}} {{script|Newa|𑐰}} {{script|Newa|𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐳𑑄𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐬𑐞𑑄}} {{script|Newa|𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟}} {{script|Newa|𑐖𑐸𑐂𑑋}} {{script|Newa|𑐂𑐩𑐶𑐐𑐸}} {{script|Newa|𑐨𑐵𑐟𑐺𑐟𑑂𑐰}} {{script|Newa|𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐣𑐵}} {{script|Newa|𑐎𑐫𑐵}} {{script|Newa|𑐕𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐾𑐳𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑄}} {{script|Newa|𑐩𑐾𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐾𑐳𑐶𑐟}} {{script|Newa|𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐬}} {{script|Newa|𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐩𑐵𑑅𑑋}} <br />
| धारा १: फुक्क मनूत जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र व प्रतिष्ठा नाप अधिकारय् समान जुइ। इपिं विवेक व अन्तरसंस्करणं युक्त जुइ। इमिगु भातृत्व भावना कया छम्हेस्यां मेम्हेसित व्यवहार यायेमाः।<br />
| Dhārā 1: phukka manūta janmajāta svatantra va pratiṣṭhā nāpa adhikāray samāna jui. ipiṃ viveka va antarsaṃskaraṇaṃ yukta jui.<br />
imigu bhātṛtva bhāvanā kayā chamhesyāṃ memhesita vyavahāra yāyemāḥ.<br />
| Article 1: All human-beings inborn free and dignity with rights-in equal are. They conscience and reason-by endowed are. Their brotherly spirit taken one-by another-towards conduct do-should.<br />
|}}<br />
{{Block indent|Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315165415/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf |website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |page=2 |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Nepal|Languages}}<br />
*[[Languages of Nepal]]<br />
*[[List of Newar-language writers]]<br />
*[[Nepal Bhasa journalism]]<br />
*[[Newa (Unicode block)]]<br />
*[[List of Nepal Bhasa films]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Genetti |first=Carol |author-link=Carol Genetti |title=A Grammar of Dolakha Newar |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-11-019303-9}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Lienhard |first=Siegfried |author-link=Siegfried Lienhard |year=1992 |title=Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns |location=New Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |isbn=81-208-0963-7 |hdl=10125/23034 |hdl-access=free }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Tuladhar-Douglas |first=Will |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILl-AgAAQBAJ |title=Remaking Buddhism for Medieval Nepal: The Fifteenth-Century Reformation of Newar Buddhism |date=2007-01-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-24195-8 }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Tuladhar |first=Premshanti |url=https://archive.org/details/NepalbhashaSahityayaItihasPremShantiTuladhar_201712 |title=Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihasa |publisher=[[Nepal Bhasa Academy]] |year=2000 |isbn=99933560-0-X |location=Lalitpur, Nepal |language=new |trans-title=The History of Nepal Bhasa Literature}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Dr. Janak Lal |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhashaya-prachin-kavya-sirjana-by-janak-lal-vaidya |title=nepalbhasaya prachin kavya srijana |publisher=[[Nepal Academy]] |year=2002 |isbn=99933-50-32-X |location=Kathmandu |language=new |trans-title=Poetry Composition in Nepal Bhasa}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Bendix, E. (1974) ‘Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman contact as seen through Nepali and Newari verb tenses’, International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 3.1: 42–59.<br />
*—— (1992) ‘The grammaticalization of responsibility and evidence: the interactional potential of evidential categories in Newari’, in J. Hill and J.T. Irvine (eds) Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*Driem, G. van (1993) ‘The Newar verb in Tibeto-Burman perspective’, Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 26: 23–43.<br />
*Genetti, C. (1988) ‘A syntactic correlate of topicality in Newari narrative’, in S. Thompson and J. Haiman (eds) Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.<br />
*—— (1994) ‘A descriptive and historical account of the Dolakha Newari dialect’, Monumenta Serindica 24, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.<br />
*Hale, A. (1973) ‘On the form of the verbal basis in Newari’, in Braj Kachru et al. (eds) Issues in Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Henry and Renee Kahane, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.<br />
*—— (1980) ‘Person markers: finite conjunct and disjunct forms in Newari’, in R. Trail (ed.) Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 (Pacific Linguistics Series A, no. 53), Canberra: Australian National University.<br />
*—— (1985) ‘Noun phrase form and cohesive function in Newari’, in U. Piepel and G. Stickel (eds.) Studia Linguistica Diachronica et Synchronica, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.<br />
*—— (1986) ‘Users’ guide to the Newari dictionary’, in T. Manandhar (ed.) Newari–English Dictionary, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.<br />
*—— (1994) ‘Entailed kin reference and Newari -mha’, paper presented to the 27th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Paris, France.<br />
*Hale, A. and Mahandhar, T. (1980) ‘Case and role in Newari’, in R. Trail (ed.) Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 (Pacific Linguistics Series A, no. 53), Canberra: Australian National University.<br />
*Hargreaves, D. (1986) ‘Independent verbs and auxiliary functions in Newari’ Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 12: 401–12.<br />
*—— (1991) ‘The conceptual structure of intentional action: data from Kathmandu Newari’, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 17: 379–89.<br />
*—— (1996) ‘From interrogation to topicalization: PTB *la in Kathmandu Newar’, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 19.2: 31–44.<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Hargreaves|first=David|date=2014-11-13|title=Review: Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)|journal=Himalayan Linguistics|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.5070/h91224531|issn=1544-7502|doi-access=free}}<br />
*Jørgenson, H. (1931) ‘A dictionary of the Classical Newari’, Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 23.1.<br />
*—— (1941) ‘A grammar of the Classical Newari’, Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 27.3.<br />
*Jos, L. K. (1992) [NS 1112] ‘Nep%l bh%M%y% bh%M%vaijñ%nika vyakaraNa’ (A linguistic grammar of nep%l bh%Ma (Newar)), Kathmandu: Lacoul Publications.<br />
*Kansakar, T. R. (1982) ‘Morphophonemics of the Newari verb’, in T.R. Kansakar (ed.) Occasional Papers in Nepalese Linguistics 12–29. Linguistic Society of Nepal Publication No.1, Lalitpur, Nepal.<br />
*—— (1997) ‘The Newar language: a profile’, New%h Vijñ%na: Journal of Newar Studies 1.1: 11–28.<br />
*Kölver, U. (1976) ‘Satztypen und verbsubcategorisierung der Newari’, Structura 10, Munich: Fink Verlag.<br />
*—— (1977) ‘Nominalization and lexicalization in Newari’, Arbeiten des Kölner Universalen-Projekts 30.<br />
*Kölver, U. and Shresthacarya, I. (1994) A Dictionary of Contemporary Newari, Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.<br />
*Manandhar, T. (1986) Newari-English Dictionary, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.<br />
*Malla, K. P. (1982) Classical Newari Literature: A Sketch, Kathmandu: Educational Enterprise Pvt. Ltd.<br />
*—— (1985) ‘The Newari language: a working outline’, Monumenta Serindica No. 14., Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.<br />
*Shakya, D. R. (1992) ‘Nominal and verbal morphology in six dialects of Newari’, unpublished masters thesis, University of Oregon.<br />
*Shrestha, Uma (1990) ‘Social networks and code-switching in the Newar community of Kathmandu City’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Ball State University.<br />
*Shresthacharya, I. (1976) ‘Some types of reduplication in the Newari verb phrase’, Contributions to Nepalese Studies 3.1: 117–27.<br />
*—— (1981) ‘Newari root verbs’, Bibliotheca Himalayica 2.1, Kathmandu: [[Ratna Pustak Bhandar]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{InterWiki|code=new}}<br />
{{Wikibooks|Nepal Bhasa}}<br />
{{Wiktionary|Category:Newar language}}<br />
* [[wikt:Category:Newar lemmas|List of Newar words]] at [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary<br />
* Michael Noonan, [http://www.uwm.edu/~noonan/Recent%20Language%20Contact.pdf Recent Language Contact in the Nepal Himalaya (PDF)].<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ranjana.htm Newari/Ranjana script page on Omniglot]<br />
* [https://www.nepalbhasa.org Online Nepalbhasa Dictionary and Learning Tools nepalbhasa.org]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120822144418/http://www2.pair.com/webart/mysqllex/ntr_sword.html Online Nepal Bhasa dictionary] (archived 22 August 2012)<br />
*[http://www.unicode.cafedeweb.com/ type in Nepali Unicode and Nepal bhasha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114020530/http://unicode.cafedeweb.com/ |date=14 November 2011 }}<br />
<br />
{{Nepal Bhasa topics}}<br />
{{Newar}}<br />
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|list=<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Nepal}}<br />
{{Languages of Bhutan}}<br />
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}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Newar language| ]]<br />
[[Category:Newar]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]<br />
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[[Category:Languages of Bagmati Province]]<br />
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[[Category:Official languages of Nepal]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namaste&diff=460745Namaste2026-03-29T09:58:53Z<p>AlbaTinker204: reworked lead per standard format and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Customary Hindu greeting}}<br />
{{for|the Better Call Saul episode|Namaste (Better Call Saul)}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br />
[[File:An Oberoi Hotel employee doing Namaste, New Delhi.jpg|thumb |upright |Pressing hands together with a smile to greet ''namaste'' – a common cultural gesture in India]]<br />
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'''''Namaste''''' ({{IPA|sa|nɐmɐsteː}},<ref>{{Cite OED |namaste}}. The British pronunciation is either {{IPA|/ˈnaməsteɪ/}} or {{IPA|/naməˈsteɪ/}}, and the American is {{IPA|/ˈˌnɑməˈˌsteɪ/}}.</ref> [[Devanagari]]: नमस्ते), sometimes called '''''namaskār''''' and '''''namaskāram''''', is a customary [[Hindus|Hindu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=How 'Namaste' Entered The English Language |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-history-of-namaste |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-01 |title=Why 'namaste' has become the perfect pandemic greeting |url=https://religionnews.com/2020/10/01/why-namaste-has-become-the-perfect-pandemic-greeting/ |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=Religion News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-23 |title=Here's the history behind these no-touch greetings |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/ways-people-around-world-say-hello-without-touching-coronavirus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413010919/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/ways-people-around-world-say-hello-without-touching-coronavirus |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=Travel |language=en}}</ref> manner of respectfully [[greeting]] and honouring a person or group, used at any time of day.<ref name=kvsingh>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K. V. |title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0143425106 |pages=123–124 |access-date=2017-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217193907/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123 |archive-date=2019-12-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is used by people of the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions. ''Namaste'' is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is called '''''añjali mudrā'''''; the standing posture incorporating it is '''''pranāmāsana'''''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gautam |year=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC |title=Sacred Hindu Symbols |pages=47–48 |isbn=9788170173977 |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111165355/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC |archive-date=2017-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology, meaning and origins ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Kubera Namaste, 13th century Keshava temple Somanathpur.jpg<br />
| width1 = 249<br />
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| image2 = A Namaste relief at Thirunelli Maha Vishnu temple Kerala India.jpg<br />
| width2 = 140<br />
| alt2 =<br />
| caption2 =<br />
| footer = '''Left''': Hindu god Kubera on the left with a person in Namaste pose (13th century [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]], [[Karnataka, India]]). Namaste or [[Añjali Mudrā]] are common in historic Hindu temple reliefs.<br />'''Right''': Entrance pillar relief ([[Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple]], [[Kerala]], India).<br />
}}<br />
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''Namaste'' (''Namas'' + ''te'') is derived from [[Sanskrit]] and is a combination of the word ''namas'' and the second person [[dative]] pronoun in its [[enclitic]] form, ''[[Sanskrit pronouns and determiners#First- and second-person pronouns|te]]''.<ref name=fm>Thomas Burrow, ''The Sanskrit Language'', pp. 263–268</ref> The word ''namaḥ'' takes the [[sandhi|form]] ''namas'' before the sound ''te''.<ref name=fn>Thomas Burrow, ''The Sanskrit Language'', pp. 100–102</ref><ref>[http://sanskritdictionary.org/namah Namah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827185125/http://sanskritdictionary.org/namah |date=2014-08-27 }} Sanskrit Dictionary</ref><br />
<br />
It is found in the Vedic literature. ''Namas-krita'' and related terms appear in the Hindu scripture ''[[Rigveda]]'' such as in the ''Vivaha Sukta'', verse 10.85.22<ref>"उदीर्ष्वातो विश्वावसो '''नमसेळा महे त्वा''' । अन्यामिच्छ प्रफर्व्यं सं जायां पत्या सृज [https://sa.wikisource.org/s/139l ॥२२॥], Griffith translates it as, "Rise up from hence, Visvavasu, '''with reverence we worship thee'''. Seek thou another willing maid, and with her husband leave the bride; [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_85 RV, Griffith, Wikisource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105034457/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_85 |date=2020-01-05 }}; other instances include RV 9.11.6 and many other Vedic texts; for a detailed list, see Maurice Bloomfield, [https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/532/mode/2up Vedic Concordance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331215229/https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/532/mode/2up |date=2019-03-31 }}, Harvard University Press</ref> in the sense of "worship, adore", while ''Namaskara'' appears in the sense of "exclamatory adoration, homage, salutation and worship" in the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', the ''Taittiriya Samhita'', and the ''Aitareya Brahmana''. It is an expression of veneration, worship, reverence, an "offering of homage" and "adoration" in the Vedic literature and post-Vedic texts such as the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=528 Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology Namas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518095046/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=528 |date=2019-05-18 }}, Oxford University Press, p. 528</ref><ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/indexcaller.php?input=HK&output=SktRomanUnicode&citation=caraka namas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006195739/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/indexcaller.php?input=HK&output=SktRomanUnicode&citation=caraka |date=2018-10-06 }}, Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1899 edition], Harvard University update (2008)</ref> The phrase ''Namas-te'' appears with this meaning in ''Rigveda'' 8.75.10,<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/s/13ky RV 8.75.10, Wikisource]:<br /> '''नमस्ते''' अग्न ओजसे गृणन्ति देव कृष्टयः ।<br />Translation: "'''Homage to''' your power, Agni! The separate peoples hymn you, o god."<br />Translators: Stephanie Jamison & Joel Brereton (2014), ''The Rigveda'', Volume 2 of three, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-01-99363-780}}, p. 1172</ref> ''Atharvaveda'' verse 6.13.2, ''Taittirya Samhita'' 2.6.11.2 and in numerous other instances in many early Hindu texts.<ref>Maurice Bloomfield, [https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/532/mode/2up Vedic Concordance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331215229/https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/532/mode/2up |date=2019-03-31 }}, Harvard University Press, pp. 532–533</ref> It is also found in numerous ancient and medieval era sculpture and ''mandapa'' relief artwork in [[Hindu temple]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. K. Krishna Nambiar|title=Namaste: Its Philosophy and Significance in Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOwtAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|oclc=654838066|pages=vii–viii with listed pages|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101062638/https://books.google.com/books?id=vOwtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=2020-01-01|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Joko Widodo greets Emmanuel Macron at the 2021 G20 Rome Summit.jpg<br />
| width1 = 155<br />
| image2 = The Prince of Wales meeting the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in Glasgow, Scotland on November 01, 2021 (1).jpg<br />
| width2 = 100<br />
| footer = World leaders adopting Namaste during [[COVID-19]].<br />
}}<br />
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According to the Indologist Stephen Phillips, the terms "''te'' and ''tvam''" are an informal, familiar form of "you" in Sanskrit, and it is typically not used for unfamiliar adults. It is reserved for someone familiar, intimate, divine or a child.<ref name=phillips2009p272/><ref>This is similar to ''[[T–V distinction|tu / vous]]'' of French and Romance languages in Europe, states the Indologist [[Patrick Olivelle]], see: {{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Manu's Code of Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC |year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517146-4|pages=346 note 11.205}}</ref> By using the dative form of ''tvam'' in the greeting ''Namas-te'', there is an embedded secondary, metaphorical sense in the word. This is the basis of the pragmatic meaning of ''Namas-te'', that is "salutations to the (divine) child (in your heart)", states Phillips.<ref name=phillips2009p272>{{cite book|author=Stephen H. Phillips|title=Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cRg2AAAAQBAJ |year= 2009|publisher= Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51947-2|pages=272 note 26}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the contemporary era, ''namaḥ'' means 'bow', 'obeisance', 'reverential salutation' or 'adoration'<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche?dictionary=mwd&st=namas&prst=exact&en=&pren=exact&maxhits=50 | contribution = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon | type = search results | title = Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries | publisher = [[University of Cologne]] | access-date = March 24, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130925085740/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche?dictionary=mwd&st=namas&prst=exact&en=&pren=exact&maxhits=50 | archive-date = September 25, 2013 | url-status = dead }}.</ref> and ''te'' means 'to you' (singular [[dative case]] of 'tvam'). Therefore, ''namaste'' literally means "bowing to you".<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=namaste&searchmode=none Namaste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302231046/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=namaste&searchmode=none |date=2014-03-02 }} Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary</ref> In [[Hinduism]], it also has a spiritual import reflecting the belief that "the divine and self ([[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]], Self) is same in you and me", and connotes "I bow to the divine in you".<ref name=ying>Ying, Y. W., Coombs, M., & Lee, P. A. (1999), "Family intergenerational relationship of Asian American adolescents", ''Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology'', 5(4), pp. 350–363</ref><ref name=kvsingh/><ref>Lawrence, J. D. (2007), "The Boundaries of Faith: A Journey in India", ''Homily Service'', 41(2), pp. 1–3</ref> According to sociologist Holly Oxhandler, it is a Hindu term which means "the sacred in me recognizes the sacred in you".<ref name="Oxhandlerp168">{{cite journal | last=Oxhandler | first=Holly | title=Namaste Theory: A Quantitative Grounded Theory on Religion and Spirituality in Mental Health Treatment | journal=Religions | volume=8 | issue=9 | year=2017 | doi=10.3390/rel8090168 | page=168| doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
A less common variant is used in the case of three or more people being addressed namely ''Namo vaḥ'' which is a combination of ''namaḥ'' and the enclitic second person plural pronoun ''vaḥ''.<ref name="fm"/> The word ''namaḥ'' takes the [[sandhi]] form ''namo'' before the sound ''v''.<ref name="fn"/> An even less common variant is used in the case of two people being addressed, namely, ''Namo vām'', which is a combination of ''namaḥ'' and the enclitic second person [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] pronoun ''vām''.<ref name="fm"/><br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Excavations at various [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] have revealed some male and female terracotta figures in ''namaste'' posture.<ref>Sharma & Sharma (2004), ''Panorama of Harappan Civilization'', {{ISBN|978-8174790576}}, Kaveri Books, p. 129</ref><ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2007/4-6/pdf/Hinduism-Today_Apr-May-Jun_2007.pdf "Origins of Hinduism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226231134/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2007/4-6/pdf/Hinduism-Today_Apr-May-Jun_2007.pdf |date=2014-02-26 }}. ''Hinduism Today'', Volume 7, Issue 2 (April/May/June), Chapter 1, p. 3</ref> These archaeological findings are dated to the [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation|Mature Harappan]].<ref>[http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=36&id=1&lk=dp1 Seated Male in Namaskar pose] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223014905/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=36&id=1&lk=dp1 |date=2014-02-23 }} National Museum, New Delhi, India (2012)</ref><ref>S Kalyanaraman, ''Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area'', {{ISBN|978-0982897102}}, pp. 234–236</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:6th to 7th century Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple namaste 2, Rajim, Chhattisgarh artwork - 9.jpg|thumb|left|A ''namaste'' gesture in the artwork of the 6th to 7th century CE Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple, Rajim, [[Chhattisgarh]]]]<br />
<br />
==Anjali Mudra==<br />
<br />
{{main|Añjali Mudrā}}<br />
<br />
The gesture of folding hands during a namaste is called the ''[[Añjali Mudrā]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Meaning of Namaste |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/beginners/the-meaning-of-namaste/ |website=Yoga Journal |date=14 June 2021 |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> In addition to ''namaste'', this ''mudra'' is one of the postures found in Indian classical dance such as [[Bharatanatyam]],<ref name="Anami Bhandage31021–31040">{{cite journal | last1=Anami | first1=Basavaraj S. | last2=Bhandage | first2=Venkatesh A. | title=A vertical-horizontal-intersections feature based method for identification of bharatanatyam double hand mudra images | journal=Multimedia Tools and Applications | publisher=Springer Science | volume=77 | issue=23 | date=2018-06-04 | issn=1380-7501 | doi=10.1007/s11042-018-6223-y | pages=31021–31040| s2cid=46968377 }}</ref> and in yoga practice.<ref name="CarrollCarroll2012">{{cite book|author1=C Carroll|author2=R Carroll|title=Mudras of India: A Comprehensive Guide to the Hand Gestures of Yoga and Indian Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn_c9wbLIeAC&pg=PA44|year=2012|publisher=SD Publishers|isbn=978-0-85701-067-4|pages=44–46}}</ref> It is widely found in Indian temple reliefs and sculpture in mandapam, at entrances and iconography such as the Lingobhavamurti of [[Shaivism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author = Douglas Barrett| title= An Early Cola Lingodbhavamurti|journal = [[British Museum Quarterly|The British Museum Quarterly]]| volume= 28| number= 1/2 (Summer) |year= 1964| pages= 32–39|jstor=4422848}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Indian Sculpture Newly Acquired|author= Stella Kramrisch| journal=Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin |year= 1957|volume= 52|number= 252| pages=30–38 with Fig 2 and 3|doi= 10.2307/3795036|jstor=379036}}</ref> The Anjali mudra differs from namaste by being a non-verbal gesture, while namaste can be said with or without any gesture. According to Bhaumik and Govil, the Anjali mudra and Namaskara mudra are very similar but have a subtle difference. The back of the thumbs in Anjali mudra face the chest and are perpendicular to other fingers, while the thumbs in Namaskara mudra are aligned with the other fingers.<ref name="BhaumikGovil2020">{{cite book | last1=Bhaumik | first1=Gopa | last2=Govil | first2=Mahesh Chandra | title=Communications in Computer and Information Science | chapter=Buddhist Hasta Mudra Recognition Using Morphological Features | publisher=Springer Singapore | publication-place=Singapore | year=2020 | isbn=978-981-15-6314-0 | issn=1865-0929 | doi=10.1007/978-981-15-6315-7_29 | pages=356–364| s2cid=225349190 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Anjali mudra is described in Sanskrit texts such as in verse 9.127–128 of the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' (200 BCE – 200 CE), in temple architecture texts dated after the sixth-century CE such as in verse 5.67 of the ''Devata murti prakarana'' and those on painting called the ''Citrasutras''. The ''Natya Shastra'', a classical Indian dance text, describes it to be a posture where the two hands are folded together in a reverential state and that this is used to pray before a deity, receive any person one reveres and also to greet friends. The ''Natya Shastra'' further states that for prayers inside a temple, the Anjali mudra should be placed near one's head or above, while meeting someone venerable it is placed in front of one's face or chin, and for friends near one's chest.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Theory of Indian Painting: the Citrasutras, their Uses and Interpretations|author=Isabella Nardi|year=2003|publisher=SOAS, University of London|pages=132–134, also see Figure 67 on page 273}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Theatre in Southeast Asia|author = James R. BRANDON |year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn= 9780674028746|pages=137–139}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
The gesture is widely used throughout the Indian subcontinent, parts of Asia and beyond where people of South and Southeast Asian origins have migrated.<ref name=ying/> ''Namaste'' is used as a respectful form of greeting, acknowledging and welcoming a relative, guest or stranger.<ref name="jonesryan">Constance Jones and James D. Ryan, ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', {{ISBN|978-0-8160-5458-9}}, p. 302</ref> In some contexts, ''namaste'' is used by one person to express gratitude for assistance offered or given, and to thank the other person for their generous kindness.<ref>Joseph Shaules (2007), Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living, {{ISBN|978-1847690166}}, pp. 68–70</ref><br />
<br />
''Namaskara'' is one of the 16 [[upachara|''upacharas'']] (veneration practices) used inside temples or any place of formal [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Viswanatha |first=S. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufOAAAAAQBAJ&dq=namaskara+upachara&pg=PA209 |title=Racial Synthesis in Hindu Culture |date=2013-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-38420-2 |pages=209 |language=en}}</ref> ''Namaste'' in the context of deity worship, scholars conclude,<ref>James Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, 720 pp.</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Fuller|first=C. J.|year=2004|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|place=Princeton, NJ|publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12048-5|pages=66–70}}</ref> has the same function as in greeting a guest or anyone else. It expresses politeness, courtesy, honor, and hospitality from one person to the other. It is used in goodbyes as well. This is sometimes expressed, in ancient Hindu scriptures such as [[Taittiriya Upanishad]], as [[Atithi Devo Bhava]] (literally, treat the guest like a god).<ref>Kelkar (2010), {{doi-inline|10.1080/15332969.2010.510722|A Vedic approach to measurement of service quality}}, Services Marketing Quarterly, 31(4), 420–433</ref><ref>Roberto De Nobili, Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises, {{ISBN|978-1880810378}}, p. 132</ref><br />
<br />
''Namaste'' is one of the six forms of [[Pranāma|pranama]], and in parts of India these terms are used synonymously.<ref>R.R. Mehrotra (1995), How to be polite in Indian English, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 116, Issue 1, pp. 99–110</ref><ref>G. Chatterjee (2003), ''Sacred Hindu Symbols'', {{ISBN|978-8170173977}}, pp. 47–49</ref><br />
<br />
Since namaste is a non-contact form of greeting, some world leaders adopted the gesture as an alternative to hand shaking during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2020 Coronavirus pandemic]] as a means to prevent the spread of the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 13, 2020|title=Coronavirus: Indian greeting namaste goes global|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-51854798|website=BBC|access-date=October 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/greet-the-indian-way-israeli-pm-urges-citizens-to-adopt-namaste-instead-of-handshakes-to-avoid-covid/561118|title=Greet the Indian way: Israeli PM urges citizens to adopt 'Namaste' instead of handshakes to avoid COVID-19|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=5 March 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312033101/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/greet-the-indian-way-israeli-pm-urges-citizens-to-adopt-namaste-instead-of-handshakes-to-avoid-covid/561118|archive-date=2020-03-12|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="140"><br />
File:Namaste to the rising sun, Hindu culture religion rites rituals sights.jpg|A side view of a Hindu man in namaste pose<br />
File:1 namaste greeting statue in Bali Indonesia.jpg|Namaste statue in Bali, Indonesia<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="140" heights="180"><br />
File:1500-1200 BCE, Vivaha sukta, Rigveda 10.85.16-27, Sanskrit, Devanagari, manuscript page.jpg|The ninth line from the top, last word in the ''Rigveda'' manuscript above is ''namas'' in the sense of "reverential worship"<br />
File:Thai wai.jpg|Statue with namaste pose (wai) in a Thai temple<br />
File:Yakshi on elephant.Bharhut.Bharat Kala Bhavan.jpg|Namaste (yakshi salabhanjika), {{circa}} 100 BCE, Satna, [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Culture of India]]<br />
* [[Buddhist terms and concepts#G|Gassho]]<br />
* [[Pranāma]]<br />
* [[Sampeah]]<br />
* [[Sat Sri Akal]]<br />
* [[Sembah]]<br />
* [[Thai greeting|Wai]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist |30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Wiktionary}}<br />
* [http://www.yogajournal.com/article/beginners/the-meaning-of-quot-namaste-quot/ The Meaning of Namaste] ''Yoga Journal''<br />
* [https://proreaders.in/bye-full-form/ ''Saying goodbye in different languages- Namaste'']<br />
* [http://iils.org/pdf/ModesofGreetings.pdf Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri], Indian Institute of Language Studies<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071226125638/http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/fall97/2chd.htm Ancient Indus Valley Seal print showing Namaste/anjali mudra], CSU Chico<br />
{{Gestures|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Hindudharma}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bowing]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural conventions]]<br />
[[Category:Greetings]]<br />
[[Category:Gestures of respect]]<br />
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases of India]]<br />
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases of Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Hand gestures]]<br />
[[Category:Human communication]]<br />
[[Category:Indian traditions]]<br />
[[Category:Mudras]]<br />
[[Category:Phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Parting phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Salutes]]<br />
[[Category:Traditions]]<br />
[[Category:Nepali words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasaram_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=533339Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency2026-03-29T07:40:53Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Sasaram<br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| established = 1957<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Mohania Assembly constituency|Mohania]]<br>[[Bhabua Assembly constituency|Bhabhua]]<br>[[Chainpur Assembly constituency|Chainpur]]<br>[[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]]<br>[[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]<br>[[Kargahar Assembly constituency|Kargahar]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| mp = [[Manoj Kumar (Sasaram politician)|Manoj Kumar]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Sasaram''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern India. It is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]].<br />
<br />
== Assembly segments ==<br />
As of May 2019, Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six legislative assembly segments:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"| Party<br />
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead<br />
|-<br />
|204<br />
|[[Mohania Assembly constituency|Mohania]] (SC)<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]<br />
|[[Sangita Kumari (politician)|Sangita Kumari]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|205<br />
|[[Bhabua Assembly constituency|Bhabhua]]<br />
|[[Bharat Bind]]<br />
|-<br />
|206<br />
|[[Chainpur Assembly constituency|Chainpur]]<br />
|[[Mohd Zama Khan]]<br />
|style=background-color:{{party color| Janata Dal (United)}}|<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|207<br />
|[[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]] (SC)<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]<br />
|[[Murari Prasad Gautam]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|208<br />
|[[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]<br />
|[[Snehlata Kushwaha]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|209<br />
|[[Kargahar Assembly constituency|Kargahar]]<br />
|Bashisth Singh<br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
===1952-1957===<br />
As '''Shahabad South''' Lok Sabha constituency in [[1st Lok Sabha]].<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
|[[Ram Subhag Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jagjivan Ram]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===1957-Present===<br />
As '''Sasaram''' Lok Sabha constituency from [[2nd Lok Sabha]] onwards. The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this [[Lok Sabha]] constituency:<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=16 June 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
|[[Ram Subhag Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jagjivan Ram]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Jagjivan Ram]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}"|<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (J)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Chhedi Paswan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Muni Lall]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Meira Kumar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Chhedi Paswan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[Manoj Kumar (Sasaram politician)|Manoj Kumar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2024 Indian general elections===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Sasaram<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sasaram">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0434.htm|title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sasaram|last1=Election Commission of India|date=4 June 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731180910/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0434.htm|archivedate=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sasaram Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Sasaram Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/sasaram |access-date=22 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322130700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/sasaram |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar (Bihari Politician)|Manoj Kumar]]<br />
|votes = 513,004<br />
|percentage = 46.72<br />
|change = {{increase}}12.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shivesh Kumar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,93,847|percentage=44.98|change={{decrease}}5.78}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=17,219|percentage=1.57|change={{decrease}}0.38}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=19,157|percentage=1.74|change={{decrease}}15.26}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,97,925|percentage=57.34|change={{increase}}2.77}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = {{increase}}12.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Sasaram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Chhedi Paswan]]<br />
|votes =4,94,800<br />
|percentage = 50.76<br />
|change = +7.57<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Meira Kumar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,29,055|percentage=33.76|change=-1.96}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Manoj Kumar|votes=86,406|percentage=8.86|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=18,988|percentage=1.95|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,65,745|percentage=17.00|change=+9.53}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,75,577|percentage=54.57|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014 Election===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Sasaram<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=77}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Chhedi Paswan]]|votes=3,66,087|percentage=43.19|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Meira Kumar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,02,760|percentage=35.72|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Karra Parasu Ramaiah]]|votes=93,310|percentage=11.01|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Baleshwar Bharti|votes=31,528|percentage=3.72|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Geeta Arya|votes=11,005|percentage=1.30|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=13,379|percentage=1.58|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=63,327|percentage=7.47|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,47,608|percentage=52.72|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General elections 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: Sasaram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Meira Kumar<br />
|votes = 1,92,213<br />
|percentage = 32.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Muni Lal|votes=1,49,259|percentage=24.92|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Lalan Paswan|votes=1,09,498|percentage=18.28|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gandhi Azad|votes=96,613|percentage=16.13|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = Independent <br />
|candidate = 4 Independent candidates<br />
|votes = 19,410<br />
|percentage = 3.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = Other parties<br />
|candidate = 7 Other party candidates<br />
|votes = 32,038<br />
|percentage = 5.34<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=42,954|percentage=7.17|change=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===1977 Election===<br />
* Jagivan Ram (Cong for Democracy, w Janata Party support) : 327,995 votes<br />
* Mungeri Lall (INC) : 84,185 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1977-election-results.html | title=1977 India General (6th Lok Sabha) Elections Results }}</ref><br />
<br />
===1952 Election===<br />
* Two-candidates seat, named Shahabad South<br />
* Ram Subhag Singh (INC) : 114,988 votes. Lok Sabha Member #1 <br />
* Radha Mohan Singh (SP) : 74,074<br />
* AND<br />
* Jagjiwan Ram (INC) : 111,524 votes. Lok Sabha Member #2 <br />
* Chhattu Dusadh (SP) : 62,697<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Rohtas district]], in Bihar <br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/sasaram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Sasaram lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-par|in-lwr}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]]|years=1979}}<br />
{{s-vac| next = [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]] | reason = till 1989<br>No [[Official opposition]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Patna Division topics}}<br />
{{coord|25.0|84.0|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Kaimur district]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sambalpur_University&diff=474506Sambalpur University2026-03-26T18:48:04Z<p>AlbaTinker204: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Public research university in Odisha, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Sambalpur University<br />
| image_name = ସମ୍ବଲପୁର ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = ସମ୍ବଲପୁର ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ<br />
| motto = Vidyaya Vindatemrutam ([[Sanskrit]])<br />
| mottoeng = That is education which liberate<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1967|1|1|df=y}}<br />
| type = [[Public university|Public]]<br />
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<br />
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<br />
| endowment = <br />
| chancellor = [[Governor of Odisha]]<br />
| superintendent = <br />
| vice_chancellor = Bidhu Bhushan Mishra<br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| city = [[Sambalpur]]<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coor = {{coord|20.473|85.891}}<br />
| campus = <br />
| campus_size = {{convert|670|acre}}<br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| colours = <br />
| website = {{url|https://www.suniv.ac.in/}}<br />
| logo = Sambalpur University logo.png<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| faculty = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sambalpur University''' is a public research university located in [[Burla, India|Burla]] town, of district [[Sambalpur]], [[India]], in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name="SambalpurHome1">{{Cite web<br />
|url = https://suniv.ac.in/<br />
|title = Sambalpur University<br />
|access-date = 2011-06-05<br />
|publisher = Sambalpur University<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sambalpur.nic.in/public-utility/sambalpur-university/|title=sambalpur.nic.in}}</ref> Popularly known as Jyoti Vihar, it offers courses at the undergraduate, post-graduate and [[Doctorate|doctoral]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]) levels. The governor of Odisha is the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the university. The campus is located 15&nbsp;km away from Sambalpur.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Su-maingate.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Samabalpur University old gate back to '90s]]<br />
On 10 December 1966, the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha Legislature]] passed the Sambalpur University Act, which provided for the establishment of a university in the western part of Odisha. This institute started from 1 January 1967. The first vice-chancellor was Prof. [[Parasuram Mishra]]. The university started functioning in 1967 in a rented private building at Dhanupali, Sambalpur; then in a government building at Ainthapali, Sambalpur. In 1973 the university was shifted to the present campus named Jyoti Vihar at Burla.<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
The present campus of the university at Burla is 2&nbsp;km away from NH 6. The campus is in the vicinity of Mahanadi Coal Fields Limited, [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla|VSSUT]]<ref name="VSSUThome1">{{Cite web<br />
|url = https://www.vssut.ac.in/<br />
|title = Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Odisha<br />
|access-date = 2011-06-05<br />
|publisher = Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology<br />
}}</ref> and located close to [[Hirakud Dam]].<br />
<br />
==Infrastructure and facilities==<br />
[[File:Mahodadhi Hostel Sambalpur University.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mahodadhi Hostel]]<br />
[[File:Brahmaputra 1st Gents Hostel, Sambalpur University.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Brahmaputra 1st Gents Hostel]]<br />
[[File:Biju Patnaik Auditorium Sambalpur University.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Biju Patnaik Auditorium]]<br />
[[File:Bhagirathi 3rd Boys hostel, Sambalpur University.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bhagirathi 3rd boys Hostel]]<br />
[[File:IB Hostel or Boys Hostel for SC-ST-OBC.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ib Hostel]]<br />
[[File:I.I.M-S Auditorium Samabalpur University.jpg|thumb|right|250px|I.I.M Auditorium]]<br />
Sambalpur University is located at Burla town, [[Odisha]]. The university is spread over 670 acre surrounded by dense reserve forest of Burla town. This university is said to be one of the knowledge hub of [[Odisha]].<br />
<br />
There are postgraduate hostels in the university campus out of which seven are for girls (''Narmada Ladies hostel'', ''Pravavati Devi Ladies Hostel'', ''Silver Jubilee ladies hostel'', ''M.C.L Coalfield Ladies hostel (new)'', ''Baitarani Ladies Hostel'', ''Indravati Ladies Hostel, I.I.M-S Ladies Hostel)'' and eight are for boys ''(Bramhaputra Boys Hostel, Mahanadi Boys Hostel, Bhagirathi Boys Hostel, Academic Staff Hostel, Mahodadhi M.phil Hostel, Golden Jubilee Boys Hostel, I.I.M-S Boys Hostel, I.B hostel or SC/ST/OBC Boys Hostel)''. The university provides basic facilities to the boarders in the hostels like common room with television, reading room with newspaper and magazine, guest room, first aid, STD telephone booth, canteen etc. There are two nationalized banks ''(State Bank Of India and U.C.O Bank)'', one post-office, one Health Center, 2 Auditorium Biju Patnaik Auditorium and I.I.M Auditorium, one Police-Out Post, one faculty house and one community center have been established in the university campus for providing services to students/teachers and employees in the campus.<br />
<br />
Admission to PG diploma, M.A, M. Sc, M.Tech, M.Phil, M.C.A, M.B.A and P.hd courses are being conducted through an entrance examination.<br />
<br />
== Academics==<br />
===Undergraduate Course===<br />
+3 Arts/ Science/ Commerce, LLB, BBA-LLB B.A.-LLB, B.Ed, BCA, Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication, Bachelor of Library & Information Science, Bachelor of Physical Education (BPEd), BAMS, BHMS, MBBS, B. Sc. (Nursing) and Bachelor in Physiotherapy are offered by this University.<br />
<br />
===Post Graduate Department===<br />
The postgraduate (PG) departments of Sambalpur University offer PG Diploma, MA, M Sc., M Tech, M.Phil, PhD, and D.Sc degrees. All the departments are actively involved in research and well equipped for research facility for NET/JRF/GATE students.<ref name="SambalpurResearch1">{{Cite web|url=https://suniv.ac.in/rechresearchfacility.html|title=Research Facility|publisher=Sambalpur University|access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref> This university offers a limited numbers of scholarships for students to pursue their research work in various fields. Following are the courses taught in various fields.<ref name="SambalpurUniversityPG1">{{Cite web|url=https://suniv.ac.in/admpostgraduate.html|title=Post Graduate|publisher=Sambalpur University|access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
The university provides post-graduation education in 42 subjects through 30 post-graduation departments, with Education and Centre of foreign Languages as the recently added department continuing from the year 2018.<br />
<br />
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''P.G departments available in University Campus:'''<br />
<br />
#'''''P.G Department of Anthropology''''' - Established in 1976.<br />
#'''''Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (Self financing)''''' - It was established in 2016. It provides self financing course in M.Sc. Biotechnology 2016, Bioinformatics (ii) M.Sc. Bioinformatics 2016, P.G. Diploma in Bioinformatics 2018.<br />
#'''''Nano Research Centre''''' - Established in 2017.<br />
#'''''Department of Business Administration''''' - It provides regular as well as self financing courses in Executive MBA estd. in 2004, MBA Rural Management estd. in 2012, MBA (Agri-Business) estd. in 2017. Recently there was a need felt to remove the self financing courses of M.B.A Rural Management due to less applicant, from the year 2020-21 the course may be discontinued according to the department coordinator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/dec/16/sambalpur-university-may-scrap-mba-in-rural-management-course-2076783.html|title=Sambalpur University may scrap MBA in Rural Management course|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref><br />
#'''''School of Chemistry''''' - Established in 1969, provides regular courses including self finance such as in M.Sc. Applied Chemistry.<br />
#'''''Department of Computer Sciences and Applications''''' - Established in 1988.<br />
#'''''Department of Earth Science''''' - Established in 1984. Provides regular, including self financing in M.Tech. Geospatial Technology 2011<br />
#'''''M Tech in Geospatial Technology''''' - Established in 2012.<br />
#'''''P.G Department of Economics''''' - Established in 1971. Provides regular, including self financing in (M.B.A, financial Management).<br />
#'''''Centre for foreign Language (Self Financing)''''' - Established in 2018, it offers Chinese Language, and French Language only.<br />
#'''''Department of Education (Self Financing)'''''- Established in 2017, recently established in the year 2018 with self financing in Integrated B.Ed-M.Ed.<br />
#'''''Department of English''''' - Established in 1969.<br />
#'''''P.G Department of Environmental Science''''' - Established in 1989, provides regular including self financing in M.Tech. Environmental Science & Engineering, M.Tech. in Safety, Health & Environmental Technology.<br />
#'''''Department of Hindi''''' - Established in 2010.<br />
#'''''P.G Department of History''''' - Established in 1969, there is one Museum in History department which is in the name of professor N.K Sahoo, called Prof. N. K Sahoo Museum.<ref name="NMFMhome12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm|title=Manuscript Conservation Centres|publisher=[[National Mission for Manuscripts]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506234603/http://www.namami.org/convervation.htm|archive-date=2012-05-06|access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref> There is a Manuscript Conservation Centre (MCC) under the [[National Mission for Manuscripts]] which was established in 2003.<br />
#'''''P.G Department of Home Science''''' - Established in 1976.<br />
#'''''P. G Department of Law''''' - Established in 1986.<br />
#'''''Library and Information Science''''' - Established in 1976.<br />
#'''''School of Life Sciences''''' - Established in 1971, provides regular as well as self financing in M.Sc. Microbiology.<br />
#'''''School of Mathematical Sciences''''' - Established in 1969.<br />
#'''''Department of Odia''''' - Established in 1968.<br />
#'''''School of Performing Arts (Dance & Drama)''''' - Established in 2010, imparts education in Dance and Drama.<br />
#'''''Political Science and public Administration''''' - Established in 1967, M.A. in Political Science, P.G. Diploma in Human Rights Education, Certificate Course in Human Rights Education.<br />
#'''''School of Physics''''' - Established in 1969, Provides regular, including self financing in M.Sc. Medical Physics.<br />
#'''''Sanskrit''''' - Established in 2017, provides self financing course in M.A Sanskrit.<br />
#'''''P.G Department of Sociology''''' - Established in 1991.<br />
#'''''Department of Statistics''''' - Established in 1976.<br />
#'''''P.G Department of Social Work- Master of Social work (Self Financing)''''' - Established in 2017, provides self financing course in Master of Social Work.<br />
#'''''Master in Performing Arts''''' - Established in 2010.<br />
#'''''P.G Department of Food Science Technology (FST & FS) and Nutrition (Self Financing)''''' - Established in 2010, recently established in 2017 with self financing course in MTech. Food Sc. & Tech., M.Sc. Food Science, M.Sc. Food Sc. & Nutrition<br />
<br />
'''Miscellaneous buildings include:''' Administrative block, P.G Council, Private Examination Cell, Sbi Bank Branch with 2 atm, Post Office, Health centre, Sambalpur University, Market Complex, Prof. Bhubaneshwar Behera Central Library, Sambalpur University New Library, UCO bank, Kantapali 1 atm, Home Cum Canteen ( University Canteen), Central Canteen 1, Canteen 2, U.G.C - H.R.D.C Lecture Hall, U.S.I.C Sambalpur University, U.G.C Human Resources Development Center, Sambalpur University, Bhagirathi Canteen (Hostel Canteen), I.B Canteen (Hostel Canteen)<br />
<br />
'''Post Graduate courses include:''' Post Graduate courses that are offered by this institution include Anthropology, Business Administration, Chemistry, Earth Science, Economics, English, Environmental Science, Hindi, History, Home Science, Library and Information Science, Life Science, Mathematics, Odia, Performing Arts (Drama, Dance), Political Science and public administration, Sociology and Statistics.<br />
<br />
'''2 Post Graduate Diploma Courses include:''' Computer Application and Human Rights Education<br />
<br />
'''1 Certificate course include:''' Human Rights Education<br />
<br />
'''2 Professional courses include:''' It include L.L.M. and M.B.A.<br />
<br />
'''9 Self financing courses include:'''<br />
<br />
M. Sc. in Applied Chemistry, M. Tech. in Environmental Science & Engineering, M. Tech. in Geospatial Technology, M. Sc. in Biotechnology, Executive M.B.A., MBA (Financial Management), Master of Social Work (MSW), M. Sc. in Food Science & Nutrition, M. Tech. in Food Science & Technology<br />
<br />
'''19 M. Phil Courses include:''' Anthropology, Business Administration, Chemistry, Computer Science, Earth Science, Economics, English, Environmental Science, History, Home Science, Library & Information Science, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Odia, Political Science, Public Administration, Physics, Sociology, Statistics.<br />
<br />
'''28 P.hd Course include:'''<br />
Anthropology, Chemistry, Earth Science, Economics, English, Environmental Science, History, Home Science, Library & Information Science, Law, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Odia, Political Science & Public Administration, Physics, Sociology, Statistics, Food Science and Technology, Environmental Engineering, Bio Technology, Computer Science, Information Technology, Bio informatics, Electronic and Engineering, Linguistics, Remote Sensing and GIS, Management, MSW<br />
<br />
'''On campus distance education'''<br />
<br />
The Directorate of Distance and Continuing Education has started in the year 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sambalpuruniversityddce.com/aboutus.html|title=Distance Education{{!}}Sambalpur University{{!}}Orissa|date=2015-03-16|access-date=2019-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316100408/http://www.sambalpuruniversityddce.com/aboutus.html|archive-date=16 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
It include P.G. Diploma in Industrial Chemistry, P.G. Diploma in Environment Education & Management, P.G. Diploma in Industrial Safety & <br />
Management, P.G. Diploma in Mass Communication & Journalism, <br />
P.G. Diploma in Library Automation & Networking, P.G. Diploma in <br />
Social Work & HRD, P.G. Diploma in Remote Sensing & GIS, MBA <br />
(3 years).<br />
<br />
This university includes 1 autonomous constituent institute -[[Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology|S.U.I.I.T (Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology)]] .<br />
<br />
'''Course offered by S.U.I.I.T''' are B. Tech. in ECE, B. Tech. in CSE, B. Tech. in EEE, M. Sc, in <br />
Electronics, M. Sc. in Computer Science, M. Sc. in Bioinformatics, MCA, M. Tech in CS, M. Tech in ESD, M. Tech in CSE.<br />
<br />
===Other courses include===<br />
University also offers DEM, Diploma in Regional Arts & Commerce, PGDCA, PGDIRPM.<br />
<br />
==Affiliated colleges==<br />
{{Main|List of colleges affiliated to the Sambalpur University}}<br />
Colleges that are affiliated to Sambalpur University belong to the districts of Western Odisha namely [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]], [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]], and from the [[Athmallik]] sub division of [[Angul district]].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Gangadhar National Award==<br />
{{Main|Gangadhar National Award}}<br />
<br />
This award is given in the field of Literature. The award was first given in 1991 but the procedure of giving award was started in 1989. There is a delay of 1 year due to a long process of choosing an awardee, if the awardee won the prize for the year 2019 then he will get his award in the Year 2021, and the award of 2017 will be given in the year 2019. It is awarded on the celebration day of Sambalpur University foundation day, Foundation day is celebrated every year in January. <br />
Till now 28 poets have been awarded on various Indian Languages.<br />
Cash prize of Rs 50,000, angavastra, citation, a memento and a copy of Gangadhar Meher: Selected Works (An anthology of Gangadhar Meher's Poetry in English translation) is given to receipt of Gangadhar National Award.<br />
<br />
==Notables==<br />
===Notable alumni===<br />
* Notable alumni in politics include [[Naba Kishore Das]], [[Bhakta Charan Das]], [[Pradipta Kumar Naik]], [[Prabhas Kumar Singh]], [[Kapil Narayan Tiwari]], [[Jyotirmoy Singh Mahato]].<br />
<br />
* Notable alumni in Indian film Indian film industry include producer [[Jitendra Mishra]], [[Ashutosh Pattnaik]].<br />
<br />
* Notable alumni in science include mathematician [[Indulata Sukla]], [[Gadadhar Misra]], [[Karamat Ali Karamat]]. Chemistry Professor Bijay K Mishra is a notable scientist being awarded Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award from OBA and Prof BN Ghosh Memorial award from ISSST. [[Bhubaneswar Behera]], botanist, Indian ecologist and environmentalist [[Madhab Chandra Dash]] and educationist [[Parshuram Mishra]] who is the recipient of Padma Shri and neurosurgeon [[B. K. Misra]], recipient of [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], the highest medical honour in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basant Kumar Misra, President NSI 2008 |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/site/Past-president/Basant%20Kumar%20Misra,%20President%20NSI%202008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729194244/http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/site/Past-president/Basant%20Kumar%20Misra,%20President%20NSI%202008.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 July 2020 |website=neurosocietyindia.org |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Notable alumni in poetry include [[Gopal Rath]], [[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]], Mayadhar Swain, [[Srinivas Udgata]], Mayadhar Swain.<br />
<br />
Notable alumni in Sports include [[Dilip Tirkey]] a sportsperson who received honorary doctorate from Sambalpur University, [[Sujata Kujur]], Indian hockey player.<br />
<br />
===Other notables===<br />
[[Prem Ram Dubey]] who became dean of law of Sambalpur University in 1967, [[Ananta Charan Sukla]] scholar of comparative literature, literary criticism, and philosophy. [[Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi]] who was a former vice chancellor of Sambalpur University.<br />
<br />
[[Sriballav Panigrahi]] who was the member of the Senate and Syndicate, Sambalpur University from 1969 to 1972.<br />
<br />
== Notable events ==<br />
<br />
=== Ceremony ===<br />
Odisha Governor [[Ganeshi Lal]], Principal Secretary to the PMO, [[Pramod Kumar Misra|Pramod Kumar Mishra]] attended 30th convocation ceremony 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/odisha-governor-principal-secretary-to-the-pmo-pk-mishra-attended-30th-convocation-ceremony-of-sambalpur-university/|title=Odisha Governor, Principal Secretary to the PMO, PK Mishra attended 30th convocation ceremony of #Sambalpur University|date=2019-11-29|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Disputes ===<br />
There had been attempts to make self financing courses like B.Ed and M.Ed eligible for central and state level teacher eligibility test.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/nov/06/bed-med-students-launch-padayatra-over-recognition-2057813.html|title=B.Ed, M.Ed students launch padayatra over 'recognition'|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> There are at least 150 students who are studying integrated courses offered from 2017. This integrated course is also offered by other universities like [[North Orissa University|North Odisha University]], [[Fakir Mohan University]] and [[Rajendra University]] since 2016.<br />
<br />
The first year batch of 2017 in Sambalpur University integrated B.Ed and M.Ed students were exempted from applying [[Odisha Teacher Eligibility Test|Odisha Teacher Eligibility test]], [[Central Teacher Eligibility Test|Central Teacher Eligibility test]] and the Odisha Secondary School Teacher Eligibility test for not displaying their degree in their website, for which they were not able to apply for various entrance examination .<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 2019 there was a strike conducted by the students of Medical physics for not recognising one of the self financing course of physics department called M.Sc Medical physics. The course offered by this university was not recognised by [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]] (AERB) for which students cannot apply for posts like a Medical physicist. Students have called for hunger strike for its exclusion form being recognised by [[AERB]] .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/dec/09/no-aerb-recognition-for-sambalpur-varsitys-medical-physics-course-2073539.html|title=Recognition for Sambalpur University Medical physics course}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/protest-in-varsity-over-aerb-recognition-row/articleshow/72463581.cms|title=Protest in Sambalpur University over AERB recognition row|date=December 11, 2019|first=Subrat |last=Mohanty |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/without-aerb-nod-fate-of-37-su-students-hangs-in-balance/articleshow/72430209.cms|title=Without AERB nod, fate of 37 Sambalpur University students hangs in balance|date=December 9, 2019|first=Subrat |last=Mohanty |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/dec/04/msc-medical-physics-students-demand-aerb-recognition-2071221.html|title=MSc Medical Physics students demand AERB recognition|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
There had been delay in the results of 1st year students in Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital (BBMCH) which started functioning in September 2018, affiliated to the Sambalpur University for which students were on strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/mbbs-students-demonstrate-for-delay-in-publication-of-results-in-odisha-419523|title=MBBS Students Demonstrate Over Delay In Publication Of Results In Odisha {{!}} OTV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216172437/https://odishatv.in/odisha/mbbs-students-demonstrate-for-delay-in-publication-of-results-in-odisha-419523|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Changes in system ===<br />
Odisha government in 2019 approved that academic activities of 155 colleges which are under Sambalpur University will be transferred to new universities which will commence from June 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/odisha-govt-starts-process-to-appoint-vcs-in-two-new-universities/articleshow/72032293.cms|title=Odisha govt starts process to appoint VCs in two new universities - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> Government Autonomous College, Bhawanipatna, and Rajendra Autonomous College, Balangir, will be upgraded to university status which will later take colleges under their jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-staff-shortage-ails-75-year-old-college/articleshow/72157902.cms|title=Odisha: Staff shortage ails 75-year-old college|date=November 21, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
There had been attempts to make this a central university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/gangadeb-seeks-central-univ-tag-to-sambalpur-varsity/|title=Gangadeb seeks Central Univ tag to Sambalpur varsity - OrissaPOST|date=2019-12-12|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology]]<br />
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the Sambalpur University]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[https://www.suniv.ac.in/ University Website]<br />
<br />
{{Universities in Odisha}}<br />
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sambalpur University| ]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Sambalpur]]<br />
[[Category:Universities in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishwa_Adluri&diff=544960Vishwa Adluri2026-03-26T12:56:05Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Done.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}<br />
'''Vishwa Adluri''' is a scholar of Western and Indian philosophy, a professor at [[Hunter College]] of [[City College of New York]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-31 |title=Faculty |url=https://www.hunter.cuny.edu/artsci/philosophy/faculty/ |access-date= |website=Hunter College |language=en}}</ref> and a faculty member at the [[Hindu University of America]]. He is known for his work on ancient Indian and Greek philosophy and the modern reception of ancient philosophy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Vishwa Adluri – Indian Knowledge Systems |url=https://iks.iitgn.ac.in/vishwa-adluri-2021/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also noted for his critiques of the Western tradition of [[Indology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite interview |last=Vishwa |first=Adluri |interviewer=Rahul Pandita |title=Open conversation with Vishwa Adluri, Indologist and philosopher |url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/open-conversation/vishwa-adluri-we-have-become-so-used-to-hindu-self-effacement-that-we-now-view-hindus-as-being-assertive/ |date=26 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Adluri holds a PhD in philosophy from the [[The New School for Social Research|New School for Social Research]], a PhD in Indology from the [[Marburg University]], and a PhD in [[Sanskrit]] from [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]].<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Adluri studied personally under [[Reiner Schürmann]], and credits him as a major influence on his work.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Reiner Schurmann – ELLOPOS |url=https://www.ellopos.com/blog/254/remembering-reiner-schurmann/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Scholarship ==<br />
=== Greek philosophy ===<br />
Adluri approaches ancient Greek philosophy, especially [[Parmenides]] and [[Plato]], as a meditation on mortal existence rather than on timeless metaphysics. In his book ''Parmenides, Plato and Mortal Philosophy: Return from Transcendence,'' he draws on [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Reiner Schürmann|Schürmann]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Hannah Arendt|Arendt]] and related twentieth-century critiques of metaphysical abstraction to read Parmenides' poetry as a reflection on the mortal ''[[thumos]]'', bound to birth and death, as it aspires to transcendence but ultimately must return to finite, “radically individual” existence. Adluri argues that Socratic mortality and singularity overshadow purely metaphysical interpretations of the soul's ascent, challenging [[Deconstruction|Derridean deconstruction]] and emphasizing the embodied, finite human at the center of Greek thought.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of: Parmenides, Plato, and Mortal Philosophy: Return from Transcendence. Continuum studies in ancient philosophy|url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2012/2012.02.43/|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|issn=1055-7660}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Indology ===<br />
Much of Adluri's work has focused on textual criticism of the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]],'' arguing for a reading of the text that focuses on its literary, philosophical, and spiritual integrity as opposed to [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] approaches that view it primarily as a disjointed or incomplete historical record.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=Mahabharata & Modern Scholarship: An Interview With Dr. Vishwa Adluri |url=https://www.indiafacts.org.in/mahabharata-modern-scholarship-an-interview-with-dr-vishwa-adluri/ |access-date= |website=Indiafacts |language=en-US}}</ref> He argues that German scholarship in particular takes a Eurocentric approach to evaluating ancient Indian texts. He brings evidence for latent Protestant biases in Western scholarship, arguing that much of this work fails to understand the nature of Indian knowledge systems. Adluri argues that the apparent scientific objectivity of much modern scholarship on ancient Indian texts veils structural biases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aronstein |first=Adam-Jason |date=2017-08-07 |title=Against Occidentalism: A Conversation with Alice Crary and Vishwa Adluri on “The Nay Science” |url=http://socialresearchmatters.org/against-occidentalism-a-conversation-with-alice-crary-and-vishwa-adluri-on-the-nay-science-2/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Reception ===<br />
Adluri's criticism of what he calls "German Indology" has elicited mixed responses. The supervisory committee for his PhD thesis at the University of Marburg initially did not approve his dissertation defense, which was highly critical of the German tradition of Indology and linked it to [[Nazism]]. After protest by Adluri, the university reconstituted the committee without any German Indologists and he was conferred a PhD despite criticisms of the reconstitution by his supervisor, Michael Hahn.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Franco |first=Eli |date=2016-07-12 |title=The Nay Science. A History of German Indology, by Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |doi=10.1080/00856401.2016.1207281 |issn=0085-6401}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hanneder |first=Jürgen |date=2011 |title=Pretence and Prejudice |url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/4416/1/JH-A26-Pretence-and-Prejudice_cut.pdf |journal=Indologica Taurinensia |volume=37 |pages=123–137}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, Hans Harder, Angelika Malinar and Thomas Oberlies, published an editorial for ''Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien'' on combating "discrimination, racism and sexism", where they argued that Adluri engaged in polemics against multiple German scholars under the justification of probing the ideological orientations of their scholarship.<ref name=":2" /> [[:de:Jürgen Hanneder|Jürgen Hanneder]] mounted a detailed critique of Adluri's scholarship the same year.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Adluri's work ''The Nay Science: A History of German Indology''<ref name=":1" /> was heavily critiqued by scholars such as Eli Franco, Jürgen Hanneder, and Bharani Kollipara.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kollipara |first=Bharani |date=July 2016 |title=Tradition and Discipline: How should one read ancient Indian texts? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X16000081/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=1327–1402 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X16000081 |issn=0026-749X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Others, such [[Eric Kurlander]] and Nicholas A. Germana praised the book, with Garry W. Trompf praising it as an "extraordinary work".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trompf |first=Garry W. |date=2016-01-26 |title=Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee, The Nay Science: A History of German Indology |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/684419 |journal=History of Religions |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=374–376 |doi=10.1086/684419 |issn=0018-2710 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurlander |first=Eric |date=2015 |title=Review of Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee, The Nay Science: A History of German Indology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43965184 |journal=Central European History |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=432–434 |issn=0008-9389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Germana |first=Nicholas A. |date=June 2015 |title=Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee. The Nay Science: A History of German Indology. |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=1132–1133 |doi=10.1093/ahr/120.3.1132 |issn=1937-5239}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected works ==<br />
<br />
* ''Initiation into the Mysteries: The experience of the irrational in Plato'', 2006, Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada.<br />
* ''When the Goddess Was a Woman: Mahabharata Ethnographies.''<br />
* ''Parmenides, Plato and Mortal Philosophy: Return from Transcendence,'' 2011, Continuum International.<br />
* ''Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahabharata'', 2011, Brill.<br />
* ''Modernity and Plato: Two Paradigms of Rationality'', 2012, with Arbogast Schmitt, Camden House.<br />
* ''Philosophy and Salvation in Greek Religion'', 2013, De Gruyter.<br />
* ''The Nay Science: A History of German Indology,'' 2014, Oxford University Press.<br />
* ''Argument and Design: The Unity of the Mahābhārata,'' 2016, Brill.<br />
* ''Philology and Criticism: A Guide to Mahābhārata Textual Criticism'', 2018, Anthem Press.<br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
Adluri received the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] Distinguished Indologist award in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@theindpanorama |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dr. Vishwa P Adluri and Shri Rajiv Malhotra conferred the ICCR Distinguished Indologist Award |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/breaking-news/dr-vishwa-p-adluri-and-shri-rajiv-malhotra-conferred-the-iccr-distinguished-indologist-award/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Panorama |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adluri, Vishwa}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Hunter College faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Marburg University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:The New School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indologists]]<br />
[[Category:Philosophy academics]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalpana_Pandit&diff=507771Kalpana Pandit2026-03-26T01:42:25Z<p>AlbaTinker204: creating a post...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox model<br />
| name = Kalpana Pandit<br />
| image = KalpanaPandit.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Kalpana Pandit in 2012<br />
| alt =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|20 January 1967}}<br />
| birth_place =<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}<br />
| weight =<br />
| eye_colour = Brown<br />
| hair_colour = Black<br />
| years_active = 2000–present<br />
| occupation = Actress<br/>Model<br/>Producer<br/>Physician<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Kalpana Pandit''' (born 20 January 1967) is an Indian actress, [[model (profession)|model]], and [[emergency physician]]. She owns the film production company ''House of Pandit (TM)''. She is known for her works in [[Bollywood]], and [[Kannada cinema]]. In 2008, she hosted the technical awards ceremony of [[Zee Cine Awards]] in [[London]]. Pandit served as one of the jury of the Mrs. America Pageant 2012, which took place on 29 August 2012, in [[Tucson, Arizona]]. In November 2013, Pandit served on the Celebrity Judging Panel of "Mrs World 2013" held in [[Guangzhou, China]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianaddivas.com/kalpana-pandit/|title=Kalpana: Actress, House of Pandit owner - Indian Ad Divas|work=indianaddivas.com|access-date=11 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616092156/http://www.indianaddivas.com/kalpana-pandit/|archive-date=16 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
Kalpana Pandit is the granddaughter of Ayurvedic physician Bhishagratna Ayurveda Vidwan Sri B. V. Pandit. After gaining a [[M.B.B.S.]] degree from the prestigious Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, she obtained an [[M.D.]] in internal medicine, from USA. She then worked as an [[emergency physician]] in USA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawest.com/news/6589-physician-kalpana-pandit-makes-debut-in-bollywood.html |title=Physician Kalpana Pandit Makes Debut in Bollywood |publisher=Indiawest |date=2012-09-14 |accessdate=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605104153/http://www.indiawest.com/news/6589-physician-kalpana-pandit-makes-debut-in-bollywood.html |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
She modeled for television commercials for products like Wheel detergent powder, Mysore sandal talc, Nyle, Ranipal stain remover and Sirtex in India.<ref name="auto"/> In 2000, she made her acting debut with the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'', directed by [[M. F. Husain]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'' || Abhisarika || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Moksha (2001 film)|Moksha]]'' || Neelima || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || ''[[Pitaah]]'' || || Hindi || Special appearance in song 'Meri Jawani'<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]'' || || Hindi || Special appearance <br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Om (2003 film)|Om]]'' || || Hindi || Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaatha]]'' || Anju || Hindi || <br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''Anandamanandamaye'' || || Telugu || Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav]]'' ||Supermodel "Chidiya Chidiya" || Hindi || Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''Deha'' ||Supermodel || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Anubhav (2009 film)|Anubhav]]'' || Laila || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''Jo Jo Laali'' || Kalpana || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Love Khichdi]]'' || Nafisa Khan || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Panithuli]]'' || Maya || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''Janleva 555'' || Neelam / Rajani || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''The Chinaman''|| Caroline ||English||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Tum Ho Yaara''|| Maya || Hindi || <br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''Sulige Sikkidaaga''|| Pallavi || Kannada ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''When I Sing''|| Antonia || English ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*Best Actress Kannada - South Indian Mega Short Film Festival 2011 Bangalore - ''Jo Jo Laali'' (2010) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalorelivenews.com/coverage/4/kalpana-pandit-to-judge-miss-india-international-2012 |title=Kalpana Pandit to judge Miss India International 2012 |publisher=Bangalore Live News |date=2012-05-06 |accessdate=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043322/http://www.bangalorelivenews.com/coverage/4/kalpana-pandit-to-judge-miss-india-international-2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*Best Actress- Bangalore Shorts Film Festival 2013 - " Jo Jo Laali"<br />
*Actress/ Independent New Producer Award 2013 _ Shiv Rajmudra Chatrapati Shivaji Award Mumbai 2013 for " Janleva 555"<br />
*Best Actress-Bollywood International Film Festival 2016 _ Sulige Sikkidaaga " Be fluid as water.... "<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Kalpana Pandit}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|1261231}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Kalpana}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asalambikai&diff=487798Asalambikai2026-03-15T13:55:28Z<p>AlbaTinker204: article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Tamil scholar and an orator}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox poet<br />
| honorific_prefix = Pandithai<br />
| honorific_suffix = Ammaiyar<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|07|16|df=yes}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1955|1875}}<br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Asalambikai''', also known as '''Pandithai Asalambikai Ammaiyar''', was a Tamil scholar and an orator associated with [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg5WAAAAYAAJ |title=The Contributions of the Tamils to Indian Culture: Art and architecture |date=1994 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Asalambikai Ammaiyar was born on 16 July 1875 in [[Thirukovilur]], North Arcot District.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pandithai Aslambikai Ammayar |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?8535 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref> Married at the age of 8, she was widowed by the age of 11. Despite these early personal challenges, she pursued her education at home, studying [[Tamil literature]] and the [[Puranas]] under the guidance of [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]] teacher, Subi Ramani Tamburan.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Involvement in freedom movement ==<br />
Asalambikai Ammaiyar was an active participant in the [[Indian freedom struggle]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-18 |title=Philatelists seek stamps on freedom fighters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchi/article65062554.ece |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> When Gandhi visited [[Cuddalore]] on 17 September 1921, Asalambikai met him on behalf of the women's organization of South Arcot district.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Asalambikai |url=https://tamil.wiki/wiki/Asalambikai |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Tamil Wiki |language=en}}</ref> She participated and spoke at the political and religious conferences held at various places like [[Tiruvannamalai]] during 1921, 1924 and 1929.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=::Kalaikalangiyam:: |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/library/kalaikalangiyam/lkk10/html/lkk10005.htm |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.tamilvu.org |language=ta}}</ref> She was part of the [[Civil disobedience movement|Civil Disobedience movement]], advocated for social reforms such as the abolition of [[untouchability]], and agitated against [[toddy shop]]s.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Literary contributions ==<br />
After ''[[Karaikkal Ammaiyar]]'', Asalambikai was the first one to write ''Anthathi Pattu'' – a type of poetry where the last word of the previous verse is used as the first word of the following verse.<ref name=":1" /> Asalambikai Ammaiyar was a prolific writer who contributed serial stories to the [[Swadesamitran]] newspaper. She authored several significant works, including:<br />
<br />
* '''''Gandhi Puranam''''': Consisting of 2034 songs, it narrates the life and teachings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Studies |first=University of Mysore Institute of Kannada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOoPAAAAMAAJ |title=Gandhiji in Indian Literature |date=1971 |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies, University of Mysore |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cuppiramaṇiyan̲ |first=Ca Vē |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Tamilology |date=1982 |publisher=Tamil Patippakam |pages=214 |language=en}}</ref> The first two volumes describing the events leading up to his arrest and imprisonment were published in December 1923 and the third and fourth volumes about Gandhi's services through the Khadi movement, in December 1925.<ref name=":1" /> The remaining four volumes were published after 1947.<ref name=":1" /><br />
* '''''Thilakar Manmiyam''''': Comprising 415 songs, this work celebrates the life and contributions of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], another prominent leader of the Indian freedom movement.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* '''''Thirivamathur Tiribu Andhadhi''''' <ref name=":1" /><br />
* '''''Ramalinga Swamaigal Varalatru Paadal''''' <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=பண்டிதை அசலாம்பிகை அம்மாள் |url=http://archive.org/details/20230906_20230906_1446 |title=சிதம்பரம் ராமலிங்க சுவாமிகள் சரிதம் |date=1974-02-06}}</ref><br />
* '''''Athichoodi Venba''''' <ref name=":1" /><br />
* '''''Kuzhanthai Swamigal Pathigam''''' <ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
She died in 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=K |first=Rajeswari |title=PROMINENT WOMEN PERSONALITIES OF TAMILNADU |url=https://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/ASH/V3N2/Ash_V3_N2_020.pdf |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=138–139 |issn=2321-788X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asalambikai}}<br />
[[Category:1875 births]]<br />
[[Category:1955 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srimara_Srivallabha&diff=447034Srimara Srivallabha2026-03-06T07:11:07Z<p>AlbaTinker204: content fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| image = Srimara Srivallabha.JPG<br />
| alt = Srimara Srivallabha<br />
| caption = Painting from Chittanavachal ([[Pudukkottai]]), believed to be that of the king Srimara Srivallabha and his queen<br />
| succession = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya dynasty]]<br />
| reign = c. 815–c. 862 AD<ref name="Sastri, K. A 1958">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 165.</ref><br />
| predecessor = Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (Varaguna I)<ref name="Sastri, K. A 1958">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 165.</ref><ref>Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 85-87.</ref><br />
| successor = [[Varagunavarman II]]<ref name="Sastri, K. A 1958">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 165.</ref><br />
| father = Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (Varaguna I)<br />
| dynasty = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Pandyan}}<br />
'''Srimara Srivallabha''' (r. c. 815–c. 862 AD<ref name="Sastri, K. A 1958">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 165.</ref>)(Tamil:சீமாறன் சீவல்லபன்) was a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] king of early medieval south India.<ref name=":0">Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 88-89.</ref><ref name=":1">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 151-52.</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Srimara was famously known as the Parachakra Kolahala ("the Confounder of the Circle of his Enemies").<ref name=":2">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 154-55.</ref> The Larger Sinnamanur Plates are the major source of information about this Pandya king.<ref name=":3">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1929) ''The Pandyan Kingdom.'' London, Luzac and Company. 68-69.</ref> The [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] version of the events related to this period can be found in the Bahur Plates of [[Nriputungavarman|Nripatunga]].<ref name=":4">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1929) ''The Pandyan Kingdom.''London, Luzac and Company. 74–76.</ref><br />
<br />
Srimara was born to Pandya king Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (Varaguna I).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to Dalavayapuram copper plates of Parantaka Viranarayana Pandya, Srimara Srivallabha married Akkalanimmati, the daughter of king [[Srikantha Chola]] of Pottapi Chola family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=S.p |title=Readings in South Indian History |year=1977 |pages=62–63 |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Military career ==<br />
The Larger Sinnamanur Plates (Sanskrit portion) tells that Srimara defeated the "Mayapandya", the [[Kerala]] ([[Chera dynasty|Chera]]), the king of Simhala, the Pallava and the Vallabha.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Indian Inscriptions Volume_3 - Pandya Copper Plate Grants Inscriptions from Sinnamanur @ whatisindia.com |url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/copper_plates_at_tirukkalar.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.whatisindia.com}}</ref> The Tamil portion claims victories at Kunnur and [[Vizhinjam]] as well as in Sri Lanka.<ref name=":3" /> It also describes his repulsion of an alliance of the Gangas, the Pallavas, the Cholas and others at Kudamukku ([[Kumbakonam]]).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amunugama |first=E. M. C. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sri+mara+sri+Vallabha+defeated+maya+pandya&dq=Sri+mara+sri+Vallabha+defeated+maya+pandya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW3f3am_aSAxUHTGwGHV12J4QQ6AF6BAgKEAM#Sri%20mara%20sri%20Vallabha%20defeated%20maya%20pandya |title=The History of Ancient Aryan Tribes in Sri Lanka: Yaksas, Nagas, Devas, Sakyas |date=1994 |publisher=J.R. Jayewardene Cultural Centre |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Invasion of Sri Lanka ===<br />
The Pandya victories in Lanka are corroborated by the [[Mahāvaṃsa|''Mahavamsa'']].<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
The evidence of the Mahavamsa confirms in some measure the statement in the Pandya grant regarding the conquest of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]. According to that chronicle there was a Pandya invasion of Ceylon during the reign of the Singhalese king Sena I. The Pandyan victory in the battle fought at Mahatalita was complete and the army of king Pandu spread destruction all over the land. The Singhalese king fled from his capital and took refuge in the Malaya country Prince Mahinda, the ' sub-king ' committed ritual suicide and was followed by others in this act and prince Kassapa, after an exhibition of personal valour, also fled The Pandya forces took possession of the capital, carried away a large amount of booty ' and made Lanka of none value whatsoever ' and eventually the Pandya king entered into a treaty with the fugitive king of Ceylon restoring the country to him.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Srimara invaded Sri Lanka during the reign of king [[Sena I of Anuradhapura]]<br />
, ravaged northern countries and sacked the city of [[Anuradhapura]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The king fled from his capital and took refuge in the Malaya country.<ref name=":3" /> Sena was eventually forced to make terms with the Pandyas (and the Tamil forces were withdrawn from Sri Lanka).<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Struggle with the Pallavas ===<br />
Srimara was defeated at Tellaru (Wandiwash/[[Vandavasi|Vanthavachi]], North Arcot) by an alliance led by Pallava ruler [[Nandivarman III]]. The Pallava allies were the Gangas, the Cholas and the Rashtrakutas.<ref name=":5">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 152-53.</ref> The Pandyas retreated southwards into their home country (and the Pallava army even advanced as far the [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]]).<ref name=":5" /> However, Srimara was able to defeat the Pallava alliance in the [[Battle of Kudamukku]] ([[Kumbakonam]]) in 859 AD.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5955 |title=The Pandyan kingdom : from the earliest to the sixteenth century |date=1929 |publisher=Luzac, London}}</ref><br />
<br />
Srimara was then defeated by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] king Nripatunga in the [[Battle of Arichil]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Rise of the Cholas ===<br />
Chola [[Vijayalaya Chola|Vijayalaya]] captured the city of [[Tanjore]] some time before 850 AD. The fight with the Muttarayars of Tanjore, probably owing allegiance to the Pandyas at this time, meant weakening of the Pandya influence to the north of Kaveri River.<ref name=":7">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 167.</ref> This also strengthened the Pallava position in the region.<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
=== Later Events ===<br />
While the Pandya was concentrating his attention in the north against the Pallavas, the Sri Lankan king [[Sena II of Anuradhapura|Sena II]] (successor of Sena I) [[Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya|attacked]] the city of [[Madurai]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> According to the Lankan sources, the invading king had allied himself with a rebel Pandya prince.<ref name=":6">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1929) ''The Pandyan Kingdom.''London, Luzac and Company. 69-71.</ref> Army commanders of Sena II installed prince [[Varagunavarman II|Varaguna II]] on the Pandya throne. Srimara Srivallabha, the king of the Pandyas, fled from the field of battle on the back of an elephant, and gave up his life in the wrong place.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
The Pandyan side of the evidence makes the ruling king Srimara Srivallabha successful in repelling a Maya Pandya and thus keeping his throne to himself at the end of the struggle.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amunugama |first=E. M. C. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sri+mara+sri+Vallabha+defeated+maya+pandya&dq=Sri+mara+sri+Vallabha+defeated+maya+pandya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW3f3am_aSAxUHTGwGHV12J4QQ6AF6BAgKEAM#Sri%20mara%20sri%20Vallabha%20defeated%20maya%20pandya |title=The History of Ancient Aryan Tribes in Sri Lanka: Yaksas, Nagas, Devas, Sakyas |date=1994 |publisher=J.R. Jayewardene Cultural Centre |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Lankan sources and Pandyan sources vary each other. According to the K. A Nilakanta Sastry Pandyan sources are reliable. He mentions in his book named 'Pandyan Kingdom' that <br />
"The Pandyan side of the evidence makes the ruling king successful in repelling a Maya Pandya and thus keeping his throne to himself at the end of the struggle, the Ceylon account makes out a disaster of the first magnitude to the Pandyan kingdom from the story of the counter-invasion undertaken by Sena partly in support of the Pandya prince. There is no possibility of reconciling these accounts, one of them must be rejected as untrustworthy Now, on the face of it, it seems impossible to suppose that such a serious disaster befell the Pandya power in the reign of Srimara and that the Sinnamanur plates suppressed the truth or deliberately gave a false account of the reign. On the other hand, the Mahavamsa is a highly embellished and poetic account of the history of Ceylon. And one cannot help feeling that in this chapter of the Mahavamsa some transactions belonging to a later age (twelfth century A D.) have been repeated perhaps to take off the edge from the story of the conquest of Ceylon by the Pandya king, narrated a little earlier. When we come to the Pandyan civil wars of the twelfth century in which Ceylonese kings often interfered, we shall see that the Mahavamsa persistently colours the account favourably to the Ceylonese kings and commanders Our conclusion, therefore, is that Srimara did carry out a successful raid against Ceylon and that he repulsed the attempt at retaliation.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|40em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* <br />
{{Pandya dynasty}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pandyan dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Pandyan kings]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuddham_(1984_film)&diff=471526Yuddham (1984 film)2026-03-03T20:19:13Z<p>AlbaTinker204: minor adjust intro for clarity also and cleaned formatting for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{refimprove|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Yuddham<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = Dasari Narayana Rao<br />
| story = Rashbihari Lal<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} -->''Duti Mon'' (1970 film) by Pijush Basu<br />
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]<br />[[Krishnam Raju]]<br />[[Jayasudha]]<br />[[Jaya Prada]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|1984}}<br />
| runtime = 2h 45m<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Yuddham''''' ({{translation|War}}) is a 1984 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. It stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Jaya Prada]]. The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The film is a remake of the Bengali film ''Duti Mon''.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Kishan & Krishna Rao (Dual role)<br />
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Raja & Arjuna Rao (Dual role)<br />
* [[Jayasudha]]<br />
* [[Jaya Prada]]<br />
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Raja's mother<br />
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Kishan's mother<br />
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Parvathalu<br />
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Panakalu<br />
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]]<br />
* [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0262929}}<br />
<br />
{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1984 films]]<br />
[[Category:1984 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1980s action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]<br />
[[Category:1984 drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Indian_general_election_in_Delhi&diff=4510152014 Indian general election in Delhi2026-02-28T08:58:55Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = Indian general election, 2014 (Delhi)<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| previous_election = Indian general election, 2009 (Delhi)<br />
| previous_year = 2009<br />
| next_election = Indian general election, 2019 (Delhi)<br />
| next_year = 2019<br />
| election_date = {{Start date|2014|04|10|df=yes}}<br />
| seats_for_election = 7 seats<br />
| turnout = 65.10% {{increase}}13.24[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Harsh Vardhan in 2017.jpg<br />
|bSize=105|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=00}} <br />
| leader1 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]<br />
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]<br>(Won)<br />
| seats1 = 7<br />
| percentage1 = 46.40%<br />
| swing1 = {{increase}} 11.17[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=CM Arvind Kejriwal Official Portrait.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=5}} <br />
| leader2 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
| party2 = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest in Delhi''<br />
| seats2 = 0<br />
| percentage2 = 32.90%<br />
| swing2 = ''New party''<br />
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kapil Sibal.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}} <br />
| leader3 = [[Kapil Sibal]]<br />
| party3 = Indian National Congress<br />
| seats3 = 0<br />
| leaders_seat3 = [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]<br>(lost)<br />
| percentage3 = 15.10%<br />
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 42.01[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
| map_image = File:Delhi Lok Sabha election result 2019.png<br />
| map_size = 200px<br />
| map_caption = [[Delhi]]<br />
| ongoing = No<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 7<br />
| seat_change2 = ''New party'' <br />
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 7<br />
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election<br />
| before_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| before_party = Indian National Congress<br />
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[2014 Indian general election]] polls in [[Delhi]] for seven [[Lok Sabha]] seats was held in a single phase on 10 April 2014.<ref name="mospi.gov.in">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/Press%20Note%20GE-2014_05032014.pdf |title= General Elections – 2014 : Schedule of Elections |format=PDF |date= 5 March 2014 |accessdate= 5 March 2014}}</ref> As of 16 December 2013, the total voter strength of Delhi is 11,932,069.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/delhi/ |title= Delhi General (Lok Sabha) Elections 2014 |work= Maps of India |accessdate= 16 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Main political parties are [[Aam Aadmi Party]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]]. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won all 7 seats.<br />
<br />
==Opinion polling==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"<br />
|-<br />
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="100px"| Conducted in month(s)<br />
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="10px"| Ref<br />
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="180px"| Polling Organisation/Agency<br />
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" width="140px"| Sample size<br />
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |<br />
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |<br />
| style="background:#9B870C;"|<br />
|-<br />
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
! class="wikitable" width="90px"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
! class="wikitable" width="70px"| [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Aug–Oct 2013<br />
! <ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=3061&eid=31 |title=Congress 102, BJP 162; UPA 117, NDA 186: C-Voter Poll |publisher=Outlook |date= |accessdate=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016180408/http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=3061&eid=31 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter<br />
! 24,284 || 3 || 4 || 0<br />
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Jan–Feb 2014<br />
! <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/india-tv-c-voter-projection-big-gains-for-bjp-in-up-bihar-nda--14864.html |title=India TV-C Voter projection: Big gains for BJP in UP, Bihar; NDA may be 45 short of magic mark |publisher=Indiatv |date= |accessdate=13 February 2013}}</ref><br />
! [[Times Now]]-[[India TV]]-CVoter<br />
! 14,000 || 0 || 4 || 3<br />
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"<br />
! March 2014<br />
! <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/live-blog/show/the-final-word-india-s-biggest-opinion-poll-495290|title= The Final Word – India's biggest opinion poll |publisher= NDTV |date= 14 March 2014|accessdate= 14 March 2014}}</ref><br />
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]<br />
! 46,571 || 1 || 2 || 4<br />
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"<br />
! March–April 2014<br />
! <ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-tracker-bjp-takes-lead-to-win-34-seats-aap-23-congress-01/462349-81.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406133103/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-tracker-bjp-takes-lead-to-win-34-seats-aap-23-congress-01/462349-81.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 April 2014 | title=Delhi tracker: BJP takes lead, to win 3–4 seats, AAP 2–3, Congress 0–1 | work=CNN-IBN | date=3 April 2014 | accessdate=3 April 2014}}</ref><br />
! [[CNN-IBN]]-Lokniti-[[CSDS]]<br />
! 891 || 0–1 || 3–4 || 2–3<br />
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"<br />
! 28–29 March 2014<br />
! <ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/bjp-narendra-modi-india-today-group-cicero-congress-delhi-aap-187369-2014-04-03 | title=India Today Group-Cicero opinion poll: BJP set to completely rout Congress in Delhi's seven Lok Sabha seats | work=India Today| date=2 April 2014 | access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref><br />
! [[India Today]]- [[Cicero]]<br />
! 1,188 || 0–2 || 5–7 || 1–2<br />
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"<br />
! April 2014<br />
! <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/live-blog/show/ndtv-s-opinion-poll-latest-all-india-forecast-508454 |title= The Final Word – India's biggest opinion poll |publisher= NDTV |date= 14 April 2014|accessdate= 15 April 2014}}</ref><br />
! [[NDTV]]- [[Hansa Research]]<br />
! 24,000 || 0 || 6 || 1<br />
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"<br />
! 28–29 April 2014<br />
! <ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><br />
! [[India Today]]- [[Cicero]]<br />
! 1,188 || 1 || 4 || 2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election schedule==<br />
<br />
Constituency wise Election schedule are given below<ref name=mospi.gov.in/> –<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Polling Day<br />
! Phase<br />
! Date<br />
! Constituencies<br />
! Voting Percentage<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| 3<br />
| 10 April<br />
| [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandani Chowk]], [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]], [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]], <br/> [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]], [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]], [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]], [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 65.1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/04/third-round-voting-begins-india-201441044516573257.html |title=India votes in third phase of elections |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Parties and alliances==<br />
<br />
=== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]}} ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Party<br />
! Flag<br />
! Symbol<br />
!Leader<br />
!Seats contested<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''<br />
| style="text-align:center| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center| [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]<br />
| style="text-align:center| 7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== {{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]}} ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Party<br />
! Flag<br />
! Symbol<br />
!Leader<br />
!Seats contested<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''<br />
| style="text-align:center| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| [[File:Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg|50px]]<br />
| [[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center| 7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== {{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}} ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Party<br />
! '''Flag'''<br />
! Symbol<br />
!''Leader''<br />
!Seats contested<br />
|-<br />
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''<br />
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]<br />
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center| [[Kapil Sibal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center| 7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Candidates== <br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"<br />
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency<br />
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|<br />
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|<br />
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/complete-candidate-list-2014-elections |title=Complete Candidate List – 2014 Elections |publisher=aamaadmiparty.org |date= |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064423/http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/complete-candidate-list-2014-elections |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
!colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/media-resources/press-releases/4th-list-of-candidates-for-lok-sabha-election-2014 |title=4th List of Candidates for Lok Sabha Election 2014 |publisher=Bjp.org |date=15 March 2014 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922151912/http://www.bjp.org/media-resources/press-releases/4th-list-of-candidates-for-lok-sabha-election-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.inc.in/candidatelist | title=Indian National Congress : Candidate List for Lok Sabha 2014 | publisher=AICC | accessdate=17 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317122002/http://www.inc.in/candidatelist | archive-date=17 March 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| [[Ashutosh (journalist)|Ashutosh]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Dr. Harsh Vardhan]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Kapil Sibal]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!2<br />
|[[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| [[Anand Kumar (sociologist)|Anand Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!3<br />
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| [[Rajmohan Gandhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Maheish Girri]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Sandeep Dikshit]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!4<br />
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| [[Ashish Khetan]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Ajay Maken]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!5<br />
|[[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| [[Rakhi Birla]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Udit Raj]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Krishna Tirath]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!6<br />
|[[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| [[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1973)|Jarnail Singh]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Pravesh Verma]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Mahabal Mishra]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!7<br />
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| [[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]<br />
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
===Results by Party===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name<br />
! colspan="3" | Popular vote<br />
! colspan="3" | Seats<br />
|-<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
! Contested<br />
! Won<br />
! '''+/−'''<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| 38,38,850<br />
| 46.41<br />
| {{increase}} 11.18<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| {{increase}} 7<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
| 27,22,887<br />
| 32.92<br />
| {{new}}<br />
| 7<br />
| 0<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| 12,53,078<br />
| 15.15<br />
| {{decrease}} 41.96<br />
| 7<br />
| 0<br />
| {{decrease}} 7<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Other}}<br />
| colspan="3" | Others<br />
| 1,55,597<br />
| 1.88<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
| 71<br />
| 0<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}<br />
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br />
| 2,61,664<br />
| 3.16<br />
| {{increase}} 2.07<br />
| 58<br />
| 0<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|None of the above (India)}}<br />
| colspan="3" | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]<br />
| 39,690<br />
| 0.48<br />
| {{new}}<br />
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" | Total<br />
! 82,71,766<br />
! 100%<br />
! -<br />
! 150<br />
! 7<br />
! -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Detailed Results===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency<br />
! colspan="5" |Winner<br />
! colspan="5" |Runner-up<br />
! colspan="2" |Margin<br />
|-<br />
!Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
! data-sort-type=number | %<br />
!Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
!data-sort-type=number | %<br />
!data-sort-type=number | Votes<br />
!data-sort-type=number | %<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]<br />
|[[Dr. Harsh Vardhan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|437,938<br />
|44.58<br />
|[[Ashutosh (politician)|Ashutosh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|301,618<br />
|30.71<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|136,320<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|13.87<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!2<br />
|[[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]<br />
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|596,125<br />
|45.23<br />
|[[Anand Kumar (sociologist)|Anand Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|452,041<br />
|34.30<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|144,084<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|10.93<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!3<br />
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]<br />
|[[Maheish Girri]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|572,202<br />
|47.81<br />
|[[Rajmohan Gandhi]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|381,739<br />
|31.90<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|190,463<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|15.91<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!4<br />
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]<br />
|[[Meenakshi Lekhi]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|453,350<br />
|46.73<br />
|[[Ashish Khetan]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|290,642<br />
|29.96<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|162,708<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|16.77<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!5<br />
|[[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]]<br />
|[[Udit Raj]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|629,860<br />
|46.44<br />
|[[Rakhi Birla]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|523,058<br />
|38.56<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|106,802<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|7.88<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!6<br />
|[[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]<br />
|[[Parvesh Verma]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|651,395<br />
|48.30<br />
|[[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1973)|Jarnail Singh]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|382,809<br />
|28.38<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|268,586<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|19.92<br />
|-<br />
<br />
!7<br />
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]<br />
|[[Ramesh Bidhuri]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|497,980<br />
|45.15<br />
|[[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<br />
|390,980<br />
|35.45<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|107,000<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white;"|9.70<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Delhi ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Designation<br />
!Department<br />
!From<br />
!To<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|1<br />
|rowspan="3"|Dr. Harsh Vardhan<br />
|rowspan="3"|Chandni Chowk<br />
|rowspan="3"|Cabinet Minister<br />
|Health & Family Welfare<br />
|<small>27 May</small><br>2014<br />
|<small>9 November</small><br>2014<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|Science & Technology; Earth Sciences<br />
|<small>9 November</small><br>2014<br />
|rowspan="2"|<small>30 May</small><br>2019<br />
|-<br />
|Environment, Forest & Climate Change<br />
|<small>18 May</small><br>2017<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Assembly segment wise lead of parties ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Assembly segments<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Delhi [1977 Onwards] 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2014/delhi-%5B1977-onwards%5D/16/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2014/delhi-%5B1977-onwards%5D/16/57 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
!Position in Assembly (as of 2013 election)<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|60<br />
|32<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
![[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|0<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |<br />
![[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
|10<br />
|28<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
! colspan="2" |70<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian general election, 2014}}<br />
{{Delhi elections}}<br />
{{16th Lok Sabha members from Union territories |state=autocollapse}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian general elections in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian general election by state or union territory|Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nongd%C4%81_L%C4%81iren_P%C4%81khangb%C4%81&diff=522420Nongdā Lāiren Pākhangbā2026-02-26T18:21:39Z<p>AlbaTinker204: New Initial Article From Scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Short description|King of Manipur from 33 to 54 CE}}<br />
{{About|a [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei king]] of [[Ningthouja dynasty]]|the dragon deity of [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]]|Pakhangba}}<br />
{{Meitei name|2=Nongda Lairen|3=Pakhangba}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| embed = <br />
| name = Nongda Lairen Pakhangba<br />
| title = "Maker of Manipur"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PT242 |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia |date=2012-08-30 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-59884-660-7 |page=242 |language=en |quote=A gifted ruler, Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who established the kingdom, is known as the maker of Manipur.}}</ref> <br /> [[Ningthou]]<br />
| titletext = <br />
| more = <br />
| image = "Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa" (Ancient Meitei name) and "Nongda Lairen Pakhangba" (Modern Meitei name) of the Meitei king who ascended the throne of the Kangla of Kangleipak in 33 AD.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| succession = [[Ningthouja dynasty|King of Manipur]]<br />
| moretext = <br />
| reign = 33 C.E - 154 C.E<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basanta |first=Ningombam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba+153 |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response: A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |date=2008 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-152-5 |page=177 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| reign-type = [[Monarch]]<br />
| coronation = 33 CE<br />
| cor-type = <br />
| investiture = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| pre-type = <br />
| successor = [[Khuyoi Tompok]]<br />
| suc-type = <br />
| regent = <br />
| reg-type = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = Unknown <!-- For Gregorian dates: {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = [[#Death or dethronement|see here]] <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| burial_date = <br />
| burial_place = <br />
| queen = Leima Laisana<br />
| spouse = <!-- or | spouses = --><br />
| spouse-type = married<br />
<!-- or | spouses-type = -->| consort = yes<br />
<!-- yes or no -->| issue = <!--list children in order of birth. Use {{plainlist}} or {{unbulleted list}} --><br />
| issue-link = <br />
| issue-pipe = <br />
| issue-type = <br />
| full name = Meitingu Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa<br />
| era name = [[Ancient Manipur]]<br />
| era dates = <br />
| regnal name = <br />
| posthumous name = <br />
| temple name = <br />
| native_lang1 = [[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]] <br />
<!-- up to | native_lang5 = -->| native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|omp|Nongtā Lāilen Pākhangpa}}<br />
<!-- up to | native_lang5_name1 = -->| house = <br />
| house-type = Royal house<br />
| royal house = <br />
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty|Ningthouja]] ({{langx|omp|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯆꯥ}}|ningthoucha}})<br />
| father = <br />
| mother = Cakha Nuron Piron Yambi<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lntJ3-eOToIC |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2011 |page=160 |language=en |title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUNNAQAAIAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba|title=Jadavpur journal of comparative literature |journal=Jadavpur Journal of Comparative Literature |date=2005 |page=146 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]<br />
| occupation = <br />
| signature_type = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
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{{Kingdom of Manipur}}<br />
{{Meitei people}}<br />
'''Nongda Lairen Pakhangba''' ({{langx|omp|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯦꯟ ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯄ}}|nongtā lāilen pākhangpa}}, or {{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯢꯔꯦꯟ ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯕ}}|nongdā lāiren pākhangba}}), was the first [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei monarch]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]],<ref name=bhattacharyya>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ|title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |page=187 |language=en}}</ref> who ascended the throne of the [[Kangla]] of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} realm) in 33 AD,<ref name=naorem>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |page=4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_8nEAAAQBAJ|title=India 2021: A Reference Annual |publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]] [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] |isbn=978-93-5409-120-9 |page=83 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noni |first1=Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=231–232 |language=en}}</ref> after the withdrawal of the mainstream powers of the [[Kha Nganpa|Khaba]]s.{{efn|[[Padma Shri]] awardee scholar [[Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra]] mentioned it in the page 37 of his article ''Sources of the History of Manipur'', quoting information from ancient texts including but not limited to the ''Pakhangba Laihui'' and the ''Panthoibi Khongul''.}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Th Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA28 |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2014-06-02 |publisher= Quills Ink|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0 |page=28 |language=en |quote=Quoting 'Pakhangba Laihui, "Panthoibi Khongul" etc., scholar Khelchandra stated in his article "Sources of the History of Manipur" at page 37 stated that the Khaba dynasty ruled in Manipur before 1st Century AD before Nongda-Lairen Pakhangba, the 1st recognized King of Kangla, ascended the throne in 33 AD.}}</ref><ref name=phanjoubam>{{Cite book |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC |title=Bleeding Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |page=92 |language=en}}</ref> Before the reign of king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, the clans, or ''salais'' were already in existence.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lntJ3-eOToIC|journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2011 |page=159 |language=en |title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|thumb|300px|The ancient flag of Kangleipak (Manipur), with the seven colours depicting the seven clan dynasties]]<br />
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Nongda Lairen Pakhangba initiated the process of unification of the warring [[ethnic groups]] and [[principality|principalities]] groups, which led to the formation of Manipur realm, under the political supremacy of the Ningthouja dynasty in the first century AD.{{sfn|phanjoubam|p=96}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Homen Thangjam |url=https://archive.org/details/manipur-kcdo-silver-jubilee-souvenir-2021/page/n15/mode/2up?q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba |title=Manipur KCDO Silver Jubilee Souvenir 2021 |date=2021-05-19 |pages=15–16 |language=en}}</ref> Nongda Lairen used the title ''Pakhangba'',{{r|bhattacharyya|p=187}} and he appears in literature and mythology as a human [[incarnation]] of God [[Pakhangba]].{{r|phanjoubam|p=92}}<br />
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According to some scholars including [[Sujit Mukherjee]], Nongda Lairen Pakhangba ruled for 21 years, from 33 to 54 AD. The list of Meitei kings was recorded in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], which survives in several versions, the most authentic of which is preserved in the Royal Palace of Manipur.<ref name=mukherjee>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref> and in the [[:simple:Chada Laihui|Chada Laihui]], which contains information about their parentage and the important events of their reigns.{{r|mukherjee|p=64}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |title-link= |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]] |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |page=605 |language=en |author-link=Amaresh Datta}}</ref> [[Coins]] were issued by Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=P. Gunindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlgaAAAAYAAJ |title=Manipuri Numismatics |date=1983 |publisher=Mutua Museum |page=2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 510569 - Sagol Kangjei.jpeg|thumb|300px|A [[Sagol Kangjei]] (polo) match depicted on an Indian stamp.]]<br />
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A historic [[Sagol Kangjei]] (polo) match was organised by Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, which was played by his friends, in the [[:simple:Imphal Polo Ground|Imphal Polo Ground]], the oldest Polo Ground in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=Khwairakpam Renuka |title=Representation of the Pre-Vaishnavite Culture of the Meiteis: "Cheitharol Kumpapa" of Manipur |date=2011 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] |volume=72 |pages=501–508 |jstor=44146744 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><br />
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== Rise to power ==<br />
Nongda Lairen Pakhangba subjugated the powers of ''Sorarel Ariba Ahum'', who were the chiefs of three clans, [[Salai Leishangthem]], [[Luwang]] and [[Kha Nganpa]].{{efn|This is mentioned in the ancient Meitei text ''[[:simple:Chengleiron|Chengleiron]]''.}}<ref name=goshwami>{{Cite book |last=Hareshwar Goshwami |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur/page/84/mode/2up |title=History of the People of Manipur |publisher=Yaol Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |edition=Revised |location=London |pages=84–85 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
Poreiton challenged Nongda Lairen Pakhangba for the throne of the Kangla, but was defeated.{{r|goshwami|pages=130&ndash;131}} Other clans, including the Salai Leishangthem and Kha Nganpa lost their sovereignty. The [[Angom]]s and the [[Luwang]], though independent, shared their political powers with the King.{{r|goshwami|pages=148&ndash;149}}<br />
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== Family ==<br />
Nongda Lairen Pakhangba's queen consort, Leima Leisana,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Asok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjkBM3qyZ00C&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA79 |title=Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Satyabrata |date=2008 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-572-8 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref> was a [[maibi|priestess]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯏꯕꯤ}}}}<ref name=sharma>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Meaning of "Maibi") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>). According to legend, Leisana and her brother Poireiton had their origin from a distant place in the east. When she and her brother came to the realm of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, they were accompanied by the Poirei people. She brought with her two hundred varieties of fruits and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepti Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w577ssi6CTAC&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PT37 |title=Burning Bright Irom Sharmila |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-153-6 |page=37 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Law and order ==<br />
The supreme court ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯆꯨ}}}}) was established during the reign of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba. It presided over legal both criminal and civil cases. The king was the president of the court, and his nobles and ministers served as its members.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. Venkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lG1DAAAAYAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba |title=A Century of Government and Politics in North East India, 1874-1980: Manipur |date=1991 |publisher=[[S. Chand]] |page=234 |language=en |agency=}}</ref>{{r|goshwami|pages=192&ndash;195}}<br />
The ''Kuchu'' also handled women's cases. The concept of the [[liberation of women]] was already prevalent in that era. The roles of women in their families' decision making processes were significant.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba |title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy |publisher=Parimal Publications |year=1998 |page=146 |language=en |author-link=Moirangthem Kirti Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Kalyan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrwnAAAAYAAJ&q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba |title=Bhāratīya Parivāra: Manushya Ke Astitva Ke Lie Vaikalpika Soca |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya|Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya]] |year=1994 |page=191 |language=en |author-link=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty}}</ref><br />
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Lower courts ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯞ}}}}) were also established.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAluAAAAMAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |collaboration=[[University of Michigan]] |date=1999 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. [[University of Michigan]] |page=30 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The ''Patcha Loishang'' (women's court) was established during the reign of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba. This court dealt with all women-related crimes and protected [[women's rights]] and privileges. Queen Laisna presided over the court, .<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Asok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjkBM3qyZ00C&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA79 |title=Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Satyabrata |date=2008 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-572-8 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zJFDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PT155 |title=Women in Peace Politics |date=2008-06-10 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] India |isbn=978-93-5280-098-8 |page=155 |language=en |quote=Laisna, the wife of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who came to the throne in Kangla of 33 AD. She presided over the Patcha, or the women's court, that dealt with women related crimes.}}</ref>{{r|goshwami|pages=194&ndash;195}}<br />
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The lallup ([[corvee]]) system was established during the reign of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQlDAAAAYAAJ |title=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society |publisher=The Society |year=1999 |page=83 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Some scholars asset that under the administration of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, his capital was split into four divisions, or ''panas'': Ahallup; Naharup; Laipham; and Khabam. Others suggest that it is the [[interpolation]], by stating that ''pana'' came into existence much later, during the era of King [[Khagemba]].{{r|goshwami|pages=192&ndash;193}}<br />
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== Artistic and cultural developments ==<br />
When Nongda Lairen Pakhangba and his queen consort Laishna were crowned in 33 AD, the ritual song ''Ougri'' was sung. The singing of ''Ougri'' can supposedly bring either prosperity or ruination to the civilization.{{r|oxford|pages=144&ndash;145}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA329 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri) |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=329–331 |language=en |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker}}</ref> It became customary to recite ''Ougri'' during the coronation of every Meitei king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Jyotirmoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ws4BAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Manipur |date=1973 |publisher=Eastlight Book House |page=177 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7siAAAAMAAJ|title=Social Change in Manipur |date=1984 |publisher=Cultural Publishing House |page=53 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74LmAAAAMAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba |title=Traditional Performing Arts of North-East India |date=1990 |publisher=Assam Academy for Cultural Relations |pages=154–155 |language=en}}</ref> These recitations of the verses, during the royal coronation of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba in 33 AD, were recorded in the ancient text, ''Laisrapham''.{{r|oxford|pages=144&ndash;145}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpoOAAAAMAAJ |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Language, Literature, and Culture |date=1970 |publisher=[[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]. Manipuri Language and Literature Sub-Committee |page=14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siṃha |first=Niṃthaukhoṃjama Khelacandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAOAAAAMAAJ |title=Manipuri Language: Status and Importance |date=1975 |publisher=N. Tombi Raj Singh |page=51 |language=en |quote=The recital of this verse on the occasion of coronation of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba in 33 A.D. is recorded in the work Laisrapham. |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref>{{r|reader|pages=311&ndash;312}}<br />
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The [[Mera Hou Chongba]] is thought to have been be introduced by Nongda Lairen Pakhangba. It is a festival in which dignitaries from all the ethnic groups assembled together in the [[Kangla]]. It is annually celebrated on the 10th day of the [[Meitei calendar|Meitei lunar month]] of ''Mera'' (October–November).{{r|goshwami|pages=238&ndash;239}}<br />
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During the era of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, a court singer named Leinung Tharuk Asheiba initiated the use of the [[Pena (musical instrument)|Pena]], a traditional musical instrument.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA98 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |publisher= Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |page=98 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA79 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |publisher= Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The [[Hiyang Tannaba]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ}}||boat race}}) festival has been celebrated since the time of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rastogi |first=Priyanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmYDwAAQBAJ&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PT95 |title=Early Sunrise, Early Sunset: Tales of a Solo Woman Traveler Across North East and East India |date=2019-05-13 |publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5437-0523-2 |page=95 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Institutions of medical care ==<br />
During the reign of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, his younger sister Panthoibi {{efn|The younger sister of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba is [[eponymous]] with Meitei goddess [[Panthoibi]].}}, established the ''ametpa loishang'', or office of the masseurs to diagnose and treat diseases (especially [[boils]], [[abscesses]], [[ulcers]]). ''Metpi'' attended mothers in labour. ''Metpi laibi'' were responsible for the treatment of diseases for the Queen and other imperial consorts. They accompanied the king wherever he went.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Palicica |first1=Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4h4rBwAAQBAJ&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA116 |title=Academic Days of Timişoara: Social Sciences Today |last2=Raţă |first2=Georgeta |date=2011-09-22 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4438-3401-8 |page=116 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Death or dethronement ==<br />
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Though almost all the scholars have a consensus on the year of the [[coronation]] of King Nongda Lairen Pakhangba as [[AD 33]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verghese |first=B. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STBuAAAAMAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba |title=India's Northeast Resurgent: Ethnicity, Insurgency, Governance, Development |date=1996 |publisher=Konark Publishers |isbn=978-81-220-0455-7 |page=113 |language=en |author-link=B. G. Verghese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nepram |first=Binalakshmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnswAQAAIAAJ&q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba |title=South Asia's Fractured Frontier: Armed Conflict, Narcotics and Small Arms Proliferation in India's North East |date=2002 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-863-1 |page=74 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laishram |first=Dhanabir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbWfAAAAMAAJ&q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba |title=North-East in Benthic Zone |date=2007 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-114-3 |page=82 |language=en}}</ref> regarding the year of the end of his reign, which may be either due to his [[death]] or due to being [[abdicated]], is still disputed.<br />
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Some traditional sources claim that he ruled from 33-153 or 154AD.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9ZBOlcaOwcC&q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba+153 |title=Social Action |date=1995 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |page=374 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Basanta |first=Ningombam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2wMAQAAMAAJ&q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba+153 |title=Modernisation, Challenge and Response: A Study of the Chakpa Community of Manipur |date=2008 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-152-5 |page=177 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangte |first=Priyadarshni M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0OAQAAMAAJ |title=Customary Laws of Meitei and Mizo Societies of Manipur |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8370-130-3 |pages=91, 121 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. Tombi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs4BAAAAMAAJ |title=Manipur and the Mainstream |publisher=Chitrebirentombichand Khorjeirup |year=1975 |page=50 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=V. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzduAAAAMAAJ |title=Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in the North East and Jammu and Kashmir: From Real Politik to Ideal Politik |publisher=Shipra Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7541-218-7 |page=47 |language=en}}</ref> According to Surjit Mukherji, Nongda Lairen Pakhangba ruled for 21 years, from 33 AD to 54 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA75 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref> According to Anuradha Dutta and Ratna Bhuyan, Nongda Lairen Pakhangba was murdered and his queen Laisana saved their son.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Anuradha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dugjAQAAIAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba |title=Women and Peace: Chapters from Northeast India |last2=Bhuyan |first2=Ratna |date=2008 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-126-6 |page=34 |language=en |quote=The exploits of royal ladies like Laisana, queen to Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, the first ruler of Manipur (A.D. 33), when the king was murdered is still remembered. She is credited to have saved the prince.}}</ref><br />
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== Deification ==<br />
=== In traditional Meitei religion ===<br />
{{See|Meitei religion|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore}}<br />
In Meitei folklore, Nongda Lairen Pakhangba is considered a [[deified]] ancestor. Some scholars believe that people of later generations wove mythological stories around him. However, some suggest that he was a god living amongst humans.{{r|reader|pages=16&ndash;17}}<br />
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According to [[superstitious]] people, Pakhangba was a [[demigod]], appearing divine during the day and human at night. With this, the legend of Meitei kings' divine origin was born. The identity of the historical king Pakhangba was mingled with that of the dragon god [[Pakhangba]] of ancient Meitei mythology and religion.{{r|reader|p=16}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birajit |first=Soibam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ |title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness |date=2014-12-01 |publisher=ARECOM (Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur) |page=83 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== In Hinduism ===<br />
With the influence of [[Hinduism]], new mythological tales tainted the identity of King Pakhangba. According to one Hindu tale, Pakhangba was born to Enoog Howba Chonoo, the wife of [[Babruvahana]]. According to another, he was the son of Sooprabahoo, son of Babruvahana, son of [[Arjuna]], thereby drawing relationship with the [[characters in the Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodson |first=T. C. (Thomas Callan) |url=https://archive.org/details/meitheis01hods/page/4/mode/2up?q=Hinduism+tainted+Pakhangba |title=The Meitheis |location=London |publisher=D. Nutt |year=1908 |page=5 |language=en-GB |author-link=Thomas Callan Hodson}}</ref><br />
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In the 18th century AD, the ''Vijay Panchali'' (also called ''"Bijoy Panchali"''), composed by [[Shantidas Goswami]], a Hindu missionary, attempting to erase the history and the culture of Manipur, claiming the land of [[northeast India]]'s Manipur to be the [[Manipur (Mahabharata)|Manipur of the Mahabharata]] and Babruvahana to be the father of King Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, identifying him as Yavistha.<ref name=oxford>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordanthologyo0000unse_h4f8/page/148/mode/2up?q=Nongda+Lairen+Pakhangba |url-access=registration |title=The Oxford anthology of writings from North-East India|volume=2, Poetry and essays |date=2011 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-806749-8 |pages=148–149 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=reader>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/northeast-india-a-reader/page/315/mode/2up |title=Northeast India a Reader |date=2018-01-01 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=315–316 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In contemporary art and culture ==<br />
In the [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]], there is an annual Nongda Lairen Pakhangba flag-[[Hoist (flag)|hoisting]] ceremony, organised by Nahanong Kanglei Laining Liklam (NKLL). <br />
Ceremonies are performed and the ''Salai Taret Huiyen Lalong Thang-Ta Lup'', giving [[guard of honour]], hoists the flag of Nongda Lairen Pakhangba. The ceremony is performed as a way of preserving and promoting the indigenous art and culture of [[Kangleipak]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nongda Lairen Pakhangba flag hoisted: 11th oct18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp13..111018.oct18 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]<br />
* [[Meitei inscriptions]]<br />
* [[Meitei literature]]<br />
** [[Numit Kappa]]<br />
** [[The Tales of Kanglei Throne]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Kala Meitei |first=Pukhrambam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465579 |title=Pakhangba |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |location=India |language=mni}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Lairenmayum Ibungohal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465263 |title=Cheitharol Kumbaba |title-link= |date=1969 |publisher=[[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]], Manipur |location=India |language=mni}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Kullachandra Sharma |first=B |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466164 |title=Cheitharol Kumbabagi Kumbarolsing |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |year=2010 |language=mni }}<br />
<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&pg=PA92 |title=Bleeding Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |page=92 |language=en}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commonscat|Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa}}<br />
* [https://easternpanorama.in/index.php/special-section/212-2019/jan-2019-issue/4200-11thjanuarytourism2019 Kangla The Living Historical Symbol of Manipur] at [[Eastern Panorama]]<br />
* [https://www.academia.edu/35496834/Dancing_to_Protect_the_World_Maibi_Jagoi_E_paper_easier_to_read_pdf Dancing to Protect the World- Maibi Jagoi E paper easier to read] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922062724/https://www.academia.edu/35496834/Dancing_to_Protect_the_World_Maibi_Jagoi_E_paper_easier_to_read_pdf |date=22 September 2022 }} at [[Academia.edu]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1st-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:National founders]]<br />
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pania_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=524180Pania Wildlife Sanctuary2026-02-24T02:53:18Z<p>AlbaTinker204: New The Page W/ Refs.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Wildlife Protected areas of India}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Pania Wildlife Sanctuary<br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| image = <br />
| map = India Gujarat#India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 9<br />
| location = [[Amreli District]], [[Gujarat]], India<br />
| nearest_city = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.250|N|70.825|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| established = June 1989<br />
| governing_body = [[Gujarat Forest Department]]<br />
| website = [https://www.gujarattourism.com/saurashtra/amreli/pania-wildlife-sanctuary.html Official Website]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pania Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Amreli District]] of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Situated within the broader [[Gir Forest National Park|Gir forest]] ecosystem, it plays a crucial role in conserving the biodiversity of the region, including the endangered [[Asiatic lion]] (''Panthera leo persica'').<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top wildlife safaris in Gujarat that are a must-try |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/top-wildlife-safaris-in-gujarat-that-are-a-must-try/articleshow/107634217.cms |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Established to safeguard the diverse flora and fauna native to Gujarat's dry deciduous forests, Pania Wildlife Sanctuary acts as both a buffer and a wildlife corridor, enabling the free movement of species within the [[Gir forest]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Nearly 200 Asiatic lions died in and around Gir in 2016 & 2017' |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/-nearly-200-asiatic-lions-died-in-and-around-gir-in-2016-2017--59827 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Flora and Fauna==<br />
The sanctuary hosts an array of species, including the Asiatic lion, [[Indian leopard|leopards]], [[Striped hyena|hyenas]], as well as several deer and antelope species. It is also a haven for bird watchers, offering sightings of numerous bird species endemic to the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pania Wildlife Sanctuary - History & Best Time to Visit |url=https://www.gujaratexpert.com/pania-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=WSON |date=2021-01-05 |title=Pania Wildlife Sanctuary: is home to the Chinkara (Indian Gazelle) |url=https://wildstreakofnature.com/pania-wildlife-sanctuary-is-home-to-the-chinkara-indian-gazelle/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=wildstreak of nature |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Conservation Efforts==<br />
Managed by the Forest Department of Gujarat, the sanctuary is the focus of various conservation initiatives aimed at preserving its unique ecosystem. These include measures to combat poaching, habitat restoration projects, and programs designed to foster harmony between the local human populations and wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pania Wild Life Sanctuary – Forests Gujarat ORG |url=https://gujaratforest.org/wildlife-pania1.htm |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Tourism==<br />
Beyond its conservation value, Pania Wildlife Sanctuary offers eco-tourism experiences that allow visitors to immerse themselves in its natural beauty and observe its wildlife in their natural habitat, thus promoting conservation awareness and supporting the local economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pania Wildlife Sanctuary {{!}} Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat |url=https://www.gujaratorbit.com/wildlife-sancturies-in-gujarat/pania-wildlife-sanctuary/pania-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.gujaratorbit.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Gir Forest National Park]]<br />
* [[Wildlife of India]]<br />
* [[Conservation in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.gujaratforest.gov.in Official website of the Gujarat Forest Department]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanctuary, Pania}}<br />
[[Category:Protected areas of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harshada_Garud&diff=502287Harshada Garud2026-02-22T21:17:37Z<p>AlbaTinker204: creating post...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian weightlifter}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
|name = Harshada Garud<br />
|image = <br />
|fullname = Harshada Sharad Garud<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|11|8}}<br />
|birth_place = Maharashtra, India<br />
|death_date =<br />
|death_place =<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]<br />
|event = <br />
|coach = <br />
|medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Weightlifting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Weightlifting Championships|2022 Manama]]|[[2022 Asian Weightlifting Championships#Women's 45 kg|45 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[IWF Junior World Weightlifting Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Junior World Weightlifting Championships|2022 Heraklion]]|[[2022 Junior World Weightlifting Championships#Women's 45 kg|45 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|Asian Junior Championships}}<br />
{{MedalGold|2022 Tashkent|45 kg}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|2020 Tashkent|45 kg}}<br />
|height =<br />
|hometown =<br />
|training =<br />
}}<br />
'''Harshada Garud''' is a weightlifter from [[Maharashtra]], India. At the [[2022 Junior World Weightlifting Championships]], she became the first Indian to win a gold medal in [[International Weightlifting Federation]]'s [[World Juniors Weightlifting Championships]].<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Harshada Garud is born on 8 November 2003, at [[Vadgaon Maval]] near [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From lifting rice sacks to a world championship gold - Harshada Garud's amazing story |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-harshada-garud-indian-weightlifter | first=Aarish | last=Ansari | date=5 May 2022 | accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Junior Women's Medalists |url=https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ResultBook_JUNIOR-NLS-1.pdf}}</ref> Harshada's father Sharad Garud, is also a weightlifter, who had won weightlifting silver at state school games.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living her father's dream, Harshada Garud becomes first junior world champ from India in weightlifting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/may/03/living-her-fathers-dream-harshada-garud-becomes-1st-junior-world-champ-from-india-in-weightlifting-2449035.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 May 2022 }}</ref> She is studying [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotian |first=Harish |title=Weightlifter Harshada India's first Jr World Champion |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/weightlifter-harshada-indias-first-jr-world-champion/20220502.htm |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Weightlifting career ==<br />
In 2022, Harshada Garud won gold medal in the World junior weightlifting championships held at Heraklion, Greece.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sarangi |first=Y. B. |title=Harshada Garud wins world junior weightlifting championships gold, India's first in the event |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/harshada-garud-world-junior-weightlifting-championships-gold/article38483790.ece |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Sportstar |date=2 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She is the first Indian to win a gold medal in [[World Juniors Weightlifting Championships]].<ref name=":0" /> She had also won U-17 girls weightlifting gold medal at the [[2020 Khelo India Youth Games]] and bronze medal at the 2020 Asian junior championships in [[Tashkent]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=India's Harshada wins historic junior world weightlifting gold |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indias-harshada-wins-historic-junior-world-weightlifting-gold-101651512811280.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She also won third rank in 45 kg junior woman category, in [[Indian Weightlifting Federation|IWLF]] Youth, Junior & Senior National Weightlifting Championships 2021-22 held at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garud, Harshada}}<br />
[[Category:2003 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female weightlifters]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Weightlifters from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pune district]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Weightlifting Championships medalists]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vethathiri_Maharishi&diff=544183Vethathiri Maharishi2026-02-18T00:56:56Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Creating</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian yoga guru and philosopher}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Vethathiri Maharishi<br />
| image = 2347 - 24 x 30 C (1).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Vethathiri Maharishi<br />
| birth_date = 14 August 1911<br />
| birth_place = [[Guduvancheri]], [[Madras Presidency]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_names = ''Pāmara makkaḷil tattuvañāṉi'' (Common Man's Philosopher) <br/> ''Aruṭtantai'' (Divine Father)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|3|28|1911|8|14}}<br />
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| parents = Varadappan <br/> Chinnammal<br />
| spouse = Logambal<br />
| known_for = [[Siddha Yoga]] <br/> [[Kundalini Yoga|Simplified Kundalini Yoga]]<br />
| honors = <br />
| works = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = {{URL|vethathiri.edu.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vethathiri Maharishi''' (14 August 1911 – 28 March 2006) was an Indian [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]], [[philosopher]] and spiritual leader.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref name="DNA"/><ref name="NIE"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Malaysian Indian Journey|year=2010|page=220|isbn=978-9-834-43800-5|publisher=University of California}}</ref><ref name="Aiya">{{cite book|title=Science of Yoga – A Comprehensive Approach|author=P.K.Aiyasamy|year=2019|isbn=978-1-684-66531-0|publisher= Notion Press}}</ref> He founded the World Community Service Centre (WCSC) in [[Chennai]] and established the Temple of Consciousness (''Arivu Thirukkoil'') at [[Aliyar]] near [[Coimbatore]]. He promoted the practice of [[yoga]] and [[meditation]] as a means of achieving spiritual awareness and thereby the development of mankind for the furtherance of human brotherhood and world peace. He evolved a simplified [[Kundalini Yoga]] combining yoga with meditation, simple exercises, and traditional medicinal practices which enabled him to teach it to the common people.<br />
<br />
== Early life and family ==<br />
Vethathiri was born into a Mudaliar [[Tamil people|Tamil]] family on August 14, 1911, in [[Guduvancheri]] near [[Madras]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] (now part of [[Chengalpattu district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/astrology/vethathiri-maharishi-memorial-day-vethathiri-maharishi-philosopher-of-ordinary-people-131679916374792.html|title=Vethathiri Maharishi Memorial Day: Vethathiri Maharishi, Philosopher Of Ordinary People|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 March 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He was the eighth child of his parents Varadappan and Chinnammal, who were [[weaving|weavers]].<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/west-speaking-language-maharishi-gravity-2507028|title=West speaking the language of Maharishi on gravity|date=19 November 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> In 1916, he was enrolled for schooling at the age of five but had to drop out of school due to the poor economic situation of the family and extreme poverty.<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="HT"/><br />
<br />
At the age of 12, he met A. Balakrishna, who introduced him to spirituality, [[Advaita]] philosophy and devotion to God. He moved to Madras after accepting a job at a private company. There he met S. Krishna Rao, who trained him in traditional [[Siddha]] and [[Ayurveda]] medicine. Vethathiri passed the Ayurvedacharya examination conducted by the Government Medical Council to qualify as a physician and served as an aide during the [[Second World War]].<ref name="HT"/> He met seer Paranjyothi, who initiated him into [[Kundalini Yoga]] and taught him philosophy and meditation techniques.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhXxzI6wG_s|title=Vethathri received Deekhsa from Paranjyoti mahan|work=Vethathiriya Channel|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the age of 23, he married Logambal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/now-a-day-for-wives/articleshow/15850834.cms|title=A day for wives|work=Mumbai Times|date=11 September 2008|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He engaged in multiple businesses till his late 30s and worked as a clerk with the [[India Post|postal department]] before embarking on a spiritual life.<ref name="HT" /><br />
<br />
== Spiritual life and yoga ==<br />
While studying scriptures and reflecting on the concept of self-realization over the years, Vethathiri was inspired by [[Ramalinga Swamigal]], after which he became more deeply involved in spirituality.<ref name="Aiya"/><ref name="TNIE"/> He investigated social injustices, which motivated him towards a moral life with charity to share one's possessions equitably with others.<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="HT"/> He preached attaining a state of knowledge through self-realization and peaceful living.<ref name="IRJT"/><br />
<br />
Vethathri practiced [[Kundalini Yoga]] and developed a Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY), combining it with [[kayakalpa]] and simple exercises to teach it to the general public.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Oct/08/rangarajapuram-sky-yoga-trust-30-years-of-yoga-and-service-1882405.html|title=Rangarajapuram Sky Yoga Trust: 30 years of yoga and service|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=8 October 2018|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="WCSC" /> In 1958, he founded the World Community Service Centre (WCSC) in [[Chennai]].<ref name="WCSC">{{cite web|url=http://www.yogaiya.in/project/wcsc-world-community-service-centre/|title=World Community Service Centre|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Indian Yoga Association}}</ref> The WCSC was established as a non-profit, non-religious and philanthropic organization and has an ECOSOC consultative status with the [[United Nations]]. The organization operates meditation centers internationally and teaches his practices.<ref name="WCSC" /> [[S. K. M. Maeilanandhan]] serves as the President of the WCSC since 1997 and was awarded the civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 2013 for his contributions to social service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WCSC President |url=https://www.vethathiri.edu.in/pages/wcsc-president |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Vethathiri Maharishi Simplified Kundalini Yoga |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 1984, he established ''Arivu Thirukkoil'' (Temple of Consciousness) at [[Aliyar]] in [[Coimbatore district]] which became the center of his teaching and practices during the later part of his life.<ref name="Aiya" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormA/Justification/12112412261220IQEQ3Justification.pdf|title=Justification of buildings|work=Department of Forests, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormA/Justification/511121233127U1A1Ujustificationofproject-pipeline.pdf|title=Project Justification|work=Department of Forests, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Teachings ==<br />
[[File:Vethathiri Maharishi 2010 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A commemorative stamp released by [[India Post]] in 2010]]<br />
<br />
Vethathiri taught that "Individual Peace leads to World Peace" and emphasized that world peace is possible only when individuals live peacefully in co-existence. He believed that peace percolates to one's immediate family and society, and eventually to the whole world.<ref name="DNA"/><ref name="WCSC"/> He gave 14 practical points to achieve this goal, collectively termed as ''Vethathiriam''. He integrated scientific practices with spirituality and medicine. He was referred to by followers as ''pāmara makkaḷil tattuvañāṉi'', a Tamil phrase translated as "the Common Man’s Philosopher".<ref name="WCSC"/><br />
<br />
He taught that the fundamental cause of human misery is the lack of self-awareness and awareness about the relationship with others. He emphasized education as a basis for physical and mental maturity. According to Vethathiri, introspection leads to self-awareness, and yoga practices help in develop the necessary strength and character to attain it.<ref>{{cite book|title=Strategies for Management in Modern Era|author1=G. Vani|author2=M. Ganesh Babu|author3=N. Panchanatham|author4=P. Nagarjuna|isbn=978-9-385-64004-9|publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House|pages=140–155}}</ref> He notes that Universe is made up of space which evolves consistently with various objects in it made up of smaller particles. According to Vethathiri, time, matter, and energy are manifestations of space and [[gravity]] itself is a manifestation of compression of particles within space.<ref>{{cite book|title=Physics Redefined: Beginning from the Beginning|author1=Alagar Ramanujam|author2=Vijay Arora|year=2021|isbn=978-1-639-04791-8|publisher=Notion Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Vethathri Maharishi died on 28 March 2006 after a brief illness followed by a [[heart attack]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vedathri-maharishi-passes-away-1020589|title=Vedathri Maharishi passes away|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=28 March 2006|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
Vethathri has written more than 75 books mostly in [[Tamil language]] and later translated into others.<ref name="Aiya"/> Most of the books are on the subjects of world peace, virtues to be followed in life and practice of [[Yoga]] and meditation. He ran a monthly journal titled ''Arivoli'' for more than 35 years.<ref name="Aiya"/> Notable works include ''Gnana Kalanjiyam'' (Encyclopedia of knowledge), published in two volumes and contains 1854 songs.<ref name="IRJT">{{cite journal|url=https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/115|title=Individual Human Life Morality of Vethathiri Maharishi|volume=3|journal=International Research Journal of Tamil|issue=1|year=2021|author=Sivanantham D|pages=56–65 |doi=10.34256/irjt2117|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other notable works include:<ref>{{cite book|title=Yoga: An Annotated Bibliography of Works in English, 1981-2005|author=Daren Callahan|year=2015|isbn=978-1-476-60702-3|publisher=McFarland Publishers|page=234}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of American Religions|author=J. Gordon Melton|year=2003|publisher=Gale|page=1045}}</ref><br />
Original from: the University of Michigan<br />
* {{cite book|title=The story of my life|publisher=Vethathiri publications|year=1982|author=Vethathiri}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Sex and spiritual development|publisher=Vethathiri publications|year=1982|author=Vethathiri}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Simplified physical exercises|publisher=Vethathiri publications|year=1983|author=Vethathiri}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Physical exercises for health and longetivity|publisher=Vethathiri publications|year=1983|author=Vethathiri}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Yoga for modern age|publisher=Vethathiri publications|year=1983|author=Vethathiri}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Karma Yoga for holistic unity|publisher=Vethathiri publications|year=1983|author=Vethathiri}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Kayakalpa Yoga to maintain health, youthfulness and longetivity|publisher=Vethathiri Maharishi Kundalini Yoga and Kayakalpa Research Foundation|year=1990|author=Vethathiri}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Journey of Consciousness: A Complete, Powerful, and Unique Synthesis of Revealed Yogic Truth Explicating Simplified Kundalini Yoga and Karma Yoga as a Simple, Systematic, and Scientific Path to Enable Modern Man to Achieve a Harmonious Life and Self-realization|author1=Vethathiri|author2=Thomas Fitzgerald|publisher=Macmillan India|year=1992|isbn=978-0-333-92629-1}}<br />
<br />
== In popular culture==<br />
In 2010, [[India Post]] released a commemorative stamp honoring Vethathiri Maharishi on his hundredth birth anniversary.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Maharishis-centenary-celebration/article16131943.ece|title=Maharishi Centenary celebration|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/Aug/15/exercise-properly-live-longer-says-mk-178271.html|title=Exercise properly, live longer, says MK|date=16 May 2012|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Stamp-on-Vethathiri-Maharishi-released/article16132075.ece|title=Stamp on Vethathiri Maharishi released|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Former President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] appreciated Maharishi's contributions and was quoted as saying that "VETHATHIRI Maharishi enlightened thousands and thousands of people with the light of consciousness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Read & listen to what popular personalities say about SKY Yoga |url=https://www.kundaliniyoga.edu.in/s/pages/whatpeoplesay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210114327/https://www.kundaliniyoga.edu.in/s/pages/whatpeoplesay |archive-date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.kundaliniyoga.edu.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=DF4d3bjNXbKXWb_J&v=vjHi8rX80vo&feature=youtu.be |title=APJ Abdul Kalam Speech about SKY Yoga and Vethathiri Maharishi @tamilyogakalai |date=2021-10-15 |last=Tamil Yoga Kalai |access-date=2025-02-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Modern yoga gurus}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Hinduism|Society|Philosophy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharishi, Vethathiri}}<br />
[[Category:1911 births]]<br />
[[Category:2006 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashadh_Ka_Ek_Din&diff=487835Ashadh Ka Ek Din2026-01-31T06:19:34Z<p>AlbaTinker204: put up - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindi play}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{about||the 1971 film adaptation|Ashadh Ka Ek Din (film)}}<br />
'''''Ashadh Ka Ek Din''''' ([[Hindi]]: आषाढ़ का एक दिन, One Day in Ashadh) is a Hindi [[Play (theatre)|play]] by [[Mohan Rakesh]] that debuted in 1958<ref name="datta2006jkf">{{Citation | title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature, Volume 1| author=Amaresh Datta | year=1987 | publisher=Sahitya Academy, 2006 | isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC | quote=''... Ashadh ka ek din (Hindi), a well-known Hindi play by Mohan Rakesh. was first published in 1958. The title of the play comes from the opening lines of the Sanskrit poet Kalidasa's long narrative poem ...''}}</ref> and is considered the first Modern Hindi play.<ref name=com>{{cite book |title=The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 2 |author=Gabrielle H. Cody |author2=Evert Sprinchorn |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-14424-7 |page=1116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqOKWmjdQUC&dq=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA1117 }}</ref> The play received a [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for best play in 1959 and has been staged by several prominent directors to critical acclaim.<ref name="datta2006jkf"/> [[Ashadh Ka Ek Din (1971 film)|A feature film]] based on the play was directed by [[Mani Kaul]] and released in 1971,<ref name="wkaeman1988jkf">{{Citation | title=World Film Directors: 1945-1985| author=John Wakeman | year=1987 | publisher=H.W. Wilson, 1988 | isbn=9780824207571 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aEYAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... His second film, Ashad ka ek din (A Monsoon Day, 1971), was based on a play by Mohan Rakesh, a well-known contemporary Hindi ...''}}</ref> and went on to win [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]] for the year.<br />
<br />
Before it Hindi plays to date were either idealistic or didactic, devoid of connection with contemporary reality; above all their language remained the language of literature, which wasn't suitable for the stage, but this play changed it all. Mohan Rakesh went on to write two more plays, and left one unfinished at the time of his death in 1972, but he had shifted the landscape of [[Hindi theatre]].<ref name=com/><br />
<br />
==Title of the play==<br />
The title of the play derives from the second verse of the [[Sanskrit]] dramatist [[Kālidāsa|Kalidas]]'s play ''[[Meghadūta]]''.<ref name="datta2006jkf"/> It means ''A day in (the month of) [[Aashaadha|Ashadh]]''. Since the month of Ashadh is usually the onset period of the [[monsoon]] in [[North India]], the name can be understood to mean ''One day during the Monsoon''.<ref name="wkaeman1988jkf"/><br />
<br />
==The plot==<br />
''Ashadh ka ek din'' is a [[Three-act structure|three-act play]] centered on Kalidas' life, sometime in the 100BCE-400CE period. In the first act, he is leading a peaceful life in a [[Himalaya]]n village and is romantically involved with his sweetheart, Mallika. However, he is approached to appear at King Chandragupta's court in far-off [[Ujjain|Ujjayini]]. Torn between his current idyllic existence and love on one hand, and the desire to achieve greatness on the other, he leaves for Ujjayini in a conflicted state of mind. Mallika wants the best for the man she loves, so she encourages him to go to Ujjayini. In the second act, Kalidas has achieved fame and is married to a sophisticated noblewoman, Priyangumanjari, while Mallika is heartbroken and alone. Kalidas visits his village with his wife and a small retinue.<br />
<br />
He avoids meeting Mallika, but Priyangumanjari does. Priyangumanjari demeaningly offers to help her by making her a royal companion and marrying her to one of the royal attendants, but Mallika declines. In the third act, Kalidas reappears in the village. Mallika, who is now a prostitute with a small daughter, learns that he has renounced his courtly life and the governorship of [[Kashmir]] that he had been granted. Kalidas comes to see Mallika but, learning of her situation, despairs. The play ends with him leaving her house abruptly.<ref name="datta2006jkf" /><ref name="padhy2000jkf">{{Citation | title=The challenges of tribal development | author=Kishore C. Padhy, N. Patnaik | year=2000 | publisher=Sarup & Sons, 2000 | isbn=9788176251082 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENvXnBOdQvcC | quote=''... goes to Ujjain and is elevated to the status of governor of Kashmir ... elaborate efforts of Priyangumanjari to reproduce for him the native environment ... she is no substitute for Mallika ... he can tell Mallika that the man she had before her was not the Kalidasa she had known ...''}}</ref> Mallika, in a [[soliloquy]] says, "''Even if I did not remain in your life, you always remained in mine. I never let you wander from my side. You continued to create and I believed that I too am meaningful, that my life is also productive.''"<ref name="sawhney2008jkf">{{Citation | title=The modernity of Sanskrit | author=Simona Sawhney | year=2009 | publisher=University of Minnesota Press, 2008 | isbn=9780816649969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1Bs-GD7yZIC | quote=''... 'Even if I did not remain in your life, you always remained in mine ...' 'Whatever I have written has been gathered from this life...' ... this portrayal of Kalidasa offended many of Rakesh's contemporaries ...''}}</ref><br />
<br />
One critic has observed that each act ends "''with an act of abandonment on the part of Kalidasa: when he leaves for Ujjayini alone; when he deliberately avoids meeting with Mallika during the subsequent visit to the village; when he leaves her home abruptly''."<ref name="dharwadker2005jkf">{{Citation | title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947 | author=Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker | date=November 2009 | publisher=University of Iowa Press, 2005 | isbn=9780877459613 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C | quote=''... each of the three acts in the play ends with an act of abandonment on the part of Kalidasa: when he leaves for Ujjayini alone; when he deliberately avoids meeting with Mallika during his subsequent visit to the village; when he leaves her home abruptly at the end ...''}}</ref> The play portrays the personal toll that both Kalidas and Mallika pay for his decision to reach for greatness. As Kalidas deserts Mallika and moves to Ujjayini, his creativity begins to evaporate, though his fame and power continue to rise.<br />
<br />
His wife, Priyangumanjari, struggles in vain to replicate his native surroundings but "''she is no substitute for Mallika''."<ref name="padhy2000jkf" /> In the final meeting between Mallika and Kalidas at the play's conclusion, Kalidas admits to Mallika that "''the man she had before her was not the Kalidasa she had known''."<ref name="padhy2000jkf" /> He reveals to her that "''Whatever I have written has been gathered from this life. The landscape of [[Kumārasambhava|Kumarasambhav]] is this Himalaya, and you are the ascetic Uma. The [[Yaksha]]'s torment in Meghaduta is my torment and you are the Yakshini crushed by longing. In [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Abhijnanashakumtalam]], it was you whom I saw in the form of [[Shakuntala]]. Whenever I tried to write, I reiterated the history of your and my life.''"<ref name="sawhney2008jkf" /><br />
<br />
==Playwright's comment==<br />
Mohan Rakesh noted in the introduction to a subsequent play, ''King-swans of the Waves'', that, whenever he read Kalidas' ''Meghdoot'', he felt that the poet had distilled out his sense of acute guilt and alienation from his being into that play, and that this realization is what motivated Mohan Rakesh's writing of ''Ashadh ka ek din''.<ref name="rakesh2009jkf">{{Citation | title=Lehron ke rajhans (King-swans of the waves) | author=Mohan Rakesh | date=January 2004 | publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 2009 | isbn=978-81-267-0851-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fysjw9mCmQC | quote=''... मेघदूत पढ़ते हुए मुझे लगा करता था कि वह कहानी निर्वासित यक्ष की उतनी नहीं है, जितनी स्वयं अपनी आत्मा से निर्वासित उस कवि की जिसने अपनी ही एक अपराध-अनुभूति को इस परिकल्पना में ढाल दिया है (when I read Meghdoot, I would feel that the story was less about a dispossessed [[yaksha|yaksh]] than about a poet so alienated from his own soul that he has poured his guilt-realization into this opus) ...''}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
It was first performed by Calcutta-based Hindi theatre group ''Anamika'', under director, [[Shyamanand Jalan]] (1960)<ref name=kas>{{cite book |title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle |author=Asha Kasbekar |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006|isbn=1-85109-636-1 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&dq=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref> and subsequently by [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] at the [[National School of Drama]] Delhi in 1962, which established Mohan Rakesh as the first modern Hindi playwright.<ref name=com/><br />
<br />
The authorized English translation, One Day in the Season of Rain, was done by Aparna Dharwadker and Vinay Dharwadker in 2009. It premiered at [[Carthage College]], Kenosha, Wisconsin, on 19 March 2010 as the second annual production of Carthage Theatre's New Play Initiative. The production then traveled to the regional Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival in East Lansing, Michigan, with performances on 6–7 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.carthage.edu/arts/experience-the-arts/theatre-dance-performances/new-play-initiative/ | title=New Play Initiative }}</ref> The translation was published in the Penguin Modern Classics series in 2015.<br />
<br />
Kalindi Natyasrijan, a Bengali theatre group from Kolkata, also performed the play in Bengali titled 'Asharer Pratham Dine' (আষাঢ়ের প্রথম দিনে) on 26 April 2019 at Tapan Theatre, [[Kolkata]]. The play was translated by Goutam Chodhury and directed by Shantanu Dutta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mohan Rakesh In The City With Three Plays |work=[[Ei Samay]] |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/mohan-rakesh-in-the-city-with-three-plays/articleshow/69413361.cms |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=কালিদাস ও মল্লিকার প্রেমকাহিনী |work=[[Bartaman Patrika]] |url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=3&nID=174307&nPID=20190726#google_vignette |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Translations ==<br />
<br />
=== Kannada ===<br />
Kannada Theater well received the translation of this play. Well-known Poet, Translator [[Siddhaling Pattanshetti]] translated this play. This drama was published 12 times in Kannada. Under the direction of B.V. Karanth 'Aashadada Ondu dina' became one of the best performances in Kannada.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian plays]]<br />
[[Category:1958 plays]]<br />
[[Category:Plays set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Plays set in antiquity]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of kings]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]<br />
[[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]<br />
[[Category:1950s debut plays]]<br />
[[Category:History of India in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dehri_Assembly_constituency&diff=453606Dehri Assembly constituency2026-01-30T23:25:15Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Dehri Assembly constituency<!-- The name of the constituency --><br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 212-Dehri constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = [[Rajeev Ranjan Singh]]<br />
|party ={{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} <!--Name of the current MLA's party. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] <!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
|region = <br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|district = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]<br />
|division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]<br />
|established = 1951<br />
| electors = 299,804<br />
|abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
'''Dehri''' Assembly constituency is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Rohtas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It comes under [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karakat]] lok sabha constituency.<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/bihar/dehri.html|title=Dehri Assembly Election Results 2015, Candidate List, Constituency Map|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nda-wins-assembly-by-election-in-one-bihar-seat-leading-in-another/articleshow/69467144.cms|title=NDA wins assembly by-election in one Bihar seat, leading in another|date=May 23, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref> In 2020 Fateh Bahadur Singh of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] defeated Satyanarayan Singh of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to emerge victorious.<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/dehri-election-results-live-s04a212/|title=Dehri Vidhan Sabha 2020|website=News18|access-date=2020-11-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Dehri Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/dehri.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Basawon Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Abdul Qaiyum Ansari<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
| Riyasat Karim <br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| Abdul Qaiyum Ansari<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| [[Basawon Singh]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| Mohammad Iliyas Hussain<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| Khalid Anwar Ansari <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | Mohammad Iliyas Hussain<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
| Pradeep Joshi <br />
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
| Jyoti Rashmi<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
| Mohammad Iliyas Hussain <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2019^ <br />
| [[Satyanarayan Singh Yadav|Satyanarayan Yadav]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|[[Fateh Bahadur Kushwaha|Fateh Bahadur Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Rajeev Ranjan Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]:Dehri<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Dehri">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Goh|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04212.htm|accessdate=1 December 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201164845/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04212.htm|archivedate=1 December 2025|language=en}}</ref> <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Rajeev Ranjan Singh]]<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:104022}}<br />
|percentage = 54.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Guddu Kumar Chandrawansi]]<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:68054}}<br />
|percentage = 35.52<br />
|change = -6.05<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)<br />
|candidate = Phate Bahadur Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7003}}<br />
|percentage = 3.66<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Pradeep Lallan Singh]]<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4323}}<br />
|percentage = 2.26<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1806}}<br />
|percentage = 0.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtra Sewa Dal<br />
|candidate = Pradip Kumar Joshi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1762}}<br />
|percentage = 0.92<br />
|change = -4.92<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2405}}<br />
|percentage = 1.26<br />
|change = -0.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:35968}}<br />
|percentage = 18.77<br />
|change = +18.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:191592}}<br />
|percentage = 63.91<br />
|change = +11.23<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)<br />
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Dehri<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Fateh Bahadur Kushwaha|Fateh Bahadur Singh]]<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:64567}}<br />
|percentage = 41.57<br />
|change = +7.65<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Satyanarayan Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:64103}}<br />
|percentage = 41.27<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtra Sewa Dal<br />
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Joshi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:9070}}<br />
|percentage = 5.84<br />
|change = -14.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sona Devi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6027}}<br />
|percentage = 3.88<br />
|change = +2.4<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rajiv Ranjan Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3706}}<br />
|percentage = 2.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Shiv Gandhi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1588}}<br />
|percentage = 1.02<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2145}}<br />
|percentage = 1.38<br />
|change = -1.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:464}}<br />
|percentage = 0.3<br />
|change = -2.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:155327}}<br />
|percentage = 52.68<br />
|change = -0.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dehri<ref name="election2015"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Mohammad Iliyas Hussain<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:49402}}<br />
|percentage = 33.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar @ Rinku Soni<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:45504}}<br />
|percentage = 31.24<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtra Sewa Dal<br />
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Joshi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:29541}}<br />
|percentage = 20.28<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2197}}<br />
|percentage = 1.51<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Pandey<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2154}}<br />
|percentage = 1.48<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Raju Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2146}}<br />
|percentage = 1.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Dr.(Prof.) Raj Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1730}}<br />
|percentage = 1.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Braj Mohan Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1723}}<br />
|percentage = 1.18<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Upendra Singh Shakati<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1529}}<br />
|percentage = 1.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4458}}<br />
|percentage = 3.06<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3898}}<br />
|percentage = 2.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:145655}}<br />
|percentage = 53.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Bihar elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Forge&diff=475218Bharat Forge2026-01-29T12:12:48Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian multinational forging company}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Bharat Forge Limited<br />
| logo = Bharat Forge Logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = Bharat Forge.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Bharat Forge headquarters in [[Pune]]<br />
| image_size = <br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|500493}}|{{NSE|BHARATFORG}}}}<br />
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE465A01025}}<br />
| industry = {{ubl|[[Forging]]|[[Metalworking|Metals]]|[[Automotive]]||[[Arms industry|Defence]]|[[Energy industry|Energy]]}}<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1961|06|19}}<ref>{{cite web |title=CHAIRMAN'S SPEECH TO THE MEMBERS OF THE COMPANY AT THE 50th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING ON WEDNESDAY, 10th AUGUST 2011 |url=https://www.bharatforge.com/assets/pdf/chairman/Chairmans-2011.pdf |website=Bharat Forge |access-date=27 January 2022 |date=10 August 2011}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Forge History |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bharat-forge-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13958.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| founder = Nilkanthrao A. Kalyani<br />
| hq_location = [[Pune Cantonment]]<br />
| hq_location_city = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Forge - Contact |url=https://www.bharatforge.com/contact-us/contact |website=www.bharatforge.com |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = [[Baba Kalyani]] <small>(Chairman)</small><br />
| products = Front axle assembly & components, general engineering equipment, hydraulic & mechanical presses, bandsaw machines for cutting metallic rounds, couplings and material handling equipment;<br />
| production = 163,198 [[tonnes|Mt]]<ref name="AnnualReport">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2020-21 |url=https://www.bharatforge.com/assets/pdf/investor/annual_reports/2021/annual-report-2021.pdf |website=Bharat Forge |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><br />
| production_year = 2021<br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|15122|c}}<br />
| revenue_year = 2025<br />
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|2757|c}}<br />
| income_year = 2025<br />
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1645|c}}<br />
| net_income_year = 2025<br />
| owner = [[Kalyani Group]] (44.76%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Forge -Shareholding Pattern |url=https://www.bharatforge.com/investors/shareholders-information/shareholding-pattern |website=www.bharatforge.com |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><br />
| num_employees = 4,892<ref name="AnnualReport"/><br />
| num_employees_year = 2021<br />
| subsid = {{ubl|Bharat Forge Kilsta|Bharat Forge CDP|BF Aluminiumtechnik|Kalyani Strategic Systems|[[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] India (60%)}}<br />
| website = {{url|bharatforge.com}}<br />
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Q4 & FY25 Analyst Update |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/a8379ca5-edc6-47d6-b143-9c0c5f621fcd.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=Bharat Forge |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Bharat Forge Limited''' is an Indian multinational company involved in [[forging]], automotives, energy, construction and mining, railways, marine, aerospace and defence industries.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The company was founded by Nilkanthrao A. Kalyani on 19 June 1961. Headquartered in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], it is the flagship company of the [[Kalyani Group]]. Bharat Forge's [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) named [[Khed City]] is spread over an area of 1,000 hectares (4200 acres) in [[Khed taluka]], and is the largest SEZ in [[Pune district]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=ET Bureau|date=28 April 2010|title=Bharat Forge plans to start marketing Khed SEZ|newspaper=The Economic Times|location=India|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-04-28/news/27607718_1_bfl-forgings-manufacturer-khed-sez|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512154754/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-04-28/news/27607718_1_bfl-forgings-manufacturer-khed-sez|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Biswas, Partha Sarathi|date=24 January 2013|title=New industrial policy unlikely to increase housing stock|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/new-industrial-policy-unlikely-to-increase-housing-stock/1064099/0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khed City Official Site|url=http://www.khedcity.com/home|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208112611/http://www.khedcity.com/home|archive-date=2013-02-08}}</ref> It was the first company promoted by the [[Kalyani Group]] and remains the Group's flagship company.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 2011 |title=CHAIRMAN'S SPEECH TO THE MEMBERS OF THE COMPANY AT THE 50th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING ON WEDNESDAY, 10th AUGUST 2011 |url=https://www.bharatforge.com/assets/pdf/chairman/Chairmans-2011.pdf |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Bharat Forge}}</ref> The current chairman of the company is the founder's son, [[Baba Kalyani|Babasaheb Kalyani]].<br />
<br />
Bharat Forge's products include front axle beams, steering knuckles, connecting rods and crankshafts. The new strategy is to augment a strong global footprint in Lightweight materials.<ref>{{Cite news|author=ET Bureau|title=Bharat Forge to invest-56-million-to-set-up-new-plant-in-US|newspaper=India Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com//bharat-forge-to-invest-56-million-to-set-up-new-plant-in-us/articleshow/71182003.cms}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> As part of its risk mitigation efforts, Bharat Forge diversified into a variety of industrial sectors including oil & gas, infrastructure, and marine. Some of BFL's largest customers include Daimler Group, VW Group, Meritor and Dana etc. The company also has an extensive collaboration with major truck manufacturers.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
Bharat Forge's Investment and Windmills divisions were demerged to a new company named BF Utilities Limited on 15 September 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to BF Utilties : History |url=https://www.bfutilities.com/History.html |website=www.bfutilities.com |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2024, Bharat Forge acquired AAM India Manufacturing (AAMIMCPL), a subsidiary of [[American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.|American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings]], for ₹544.5 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Anjali |title=Bharat Forge to acquire axle maker AAM India for Rs 544.5 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/bharat-forge-to-acquire-axle-maker-aam-india-for-rs-544-5-crore-124101701387_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=October 17, 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Manufacturing ===<br />
Currently Bharat Forge is the "world’s largest single location forging facility consisting of fully automated forging press lines and state-of-the-art machining facility."<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Forge - National Presence |url=http://www.bharatforge.com/worldwide/national |website=www.bharatforge.com}}</ref> It has manufacturing operations in four locations:<br />
* Mundhwa: forging and machining facility spread across 100 acres;<br />
* [[Satara (city)|Satara]]: general engineering division;<br />
* [[Baramati]]: forging and machining facility, known for its ring rolling presses;<br />
* [[Chakan, Pune|Chakan]]: machining facility;<br />
<br />
== Subsidiaries ==<br />
Bharat Forge Kilsta, Bharat Forge CDP, and BF Aluminiumtechnik are the company's Europe-based forging units.<ref name="Kalyani Group">{{cite web|title=Kalyani Group|url=https://www.kalyanisteels.com/wp-content/uploads/KSLpresn_2015.pdf|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Kalyani Steels}}</ref> Other subsidiaries of Bharat Forge include:<br />
<br />
===Kalyani Strategic Systems ===<br />
[[File:DRDO-Bharat Forge CQBC.jpg|thumb|left|[[DRDO Close Quarter Battle carbine|DRDO Close Quarter Battle (CQB) Carbine]], manufactured by KSSL]]<br />
[[File:Kalyani Bharat ULH 155mm 39 CAL Howitzer.jpg|thumb|Kalyani Bharat ULH 155mm 39 CAL Howitzer at an exhibition at IIT Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir.]]<br />
Kalyani Strategic Systems Ltd. (KSSL) is a defence manufacturer that supplies components and subsystems to the [[Indian Armed Forces]], and exports to other countries. The company holds an Industrial License under the ''[[Arms Act, 1959]]''. In May 2021, Bharat Forge announced that it would raise its stake in KSSL from 51% to 100%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Market|first1=Capital|date=17 May 2021|title=Bharat Forge to acquire balance 49% stake in Kalyani Strategic Systems|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/bharat-forge-to-acquire-balance-49-stake-in-kalyani-strategic-systems-121051701099_1.html|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Business Standard India}}</ref><br />
<br />
It provides a range of products including [[Artillery]] Systems, [[MRAP|Protected Vehicles]], [[Armoured fighting vehicle|Armored Vehicles]] Upgrades, Ammunition, Missiles, and Air Defense solutions.<ref name="KSSL">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.kssl.in/our-business-overview|title=Our Businesses Overview|publisher=Kalyani Strategic Systems Ltd}}</ref> Kalyani Strategic Systems bought a 51% share in Indian subsidiary of [[Zorya-Mashproekt|Zorya Mashproekt]]. On 9 May 2023 the company signed the acquisition agreement. The acquisition process was finished on 31 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2024-01-08 |title=India Buys 'Majority Stakes' In Ukrainian Engine Firm As Ukraine War 'Holds-Up' Indian Navy Warship |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/big-news-india-buys-majority-stakes-in-ukrainian-engine/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The EurAsian Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gope |first=Koushik |date=2023-12-07 |title=BHARAT FORGE LTD. Acquire of 51% stake in Zorya Mashproekt India Private Limited by Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited |url=https://ismdu.com/bharat-forge-ltd-acquire-of-51-stake-in-zorya-mashproekt-india-private-limited-by-kalyani-strategic-systems-limited/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ISMDU |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110100803/https://ismdu.com/bharat-forge-ltd-acquire-of-51-stake-in-zorya-mashproekt-india-private-limited-by-kalyani-strategic-systems-limited/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Indian Navy]] has consulted Bharat Forge to develop and supply marine gas turbine engine given the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] that has impacted [[Zorya-Mashproekt]], the primary supplier.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=India speeds up work on local marine gas turbine production - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/india-speeds-up-work-on-local-marine-gas-turbine-production/103591899 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Bharat Forge bought a 51% share in Zorya Mashproekt India Private Limited. On 9 May 2023, Kalyani Strategic Systems signed the acquisition agreement. The acquisition process was finished on 31 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2024-01-08 |title=India Buys 'Majority Stakes' In Ukrainian Engine Firm As Ukraine War 'Holds-Up' Indian Navy Warship |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/big-news-india-buys-majority-stakes-in-ukrainian-engine/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The EurAsian Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gope |first=Koushik |date=2023-12-07 |title=BHARAT FORGE LTD. Acquire of 51% stake in Zorya Mashproekt India Private Limited by Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited |url=https://ismdu.com/bharat-forge-ltd-acquire-of-51-stake-in-zorya-mashproekt-india-private-limited-by-kalyani-strategic-systems-limited/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110100803/https://ismdu.com/bharat-forge-ltd-acquire-of-51-stake-in-zorya-mashproekt-india-private-limited-by-kalyani-strategic-systems-limited/ |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ISMDU |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to reports that emerged on 14 May 2024, Bharat Forge is developing an [[Infantry fighting vehicle|Infantry Combat Vehicle]] under Indian Army's futuristic infantry combat vehicles (FICV) programme on par with [[Abhay IFV|DRDO Abhay IFV]]. Bharat Forge is also developing a [[Light tank|Light Tank]] under 25 tonnes to compete [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]'s [[Zorawar (tank)|Zorawar tank]] in the Army's light tank programme.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Developing under 25 tonnes light tank for Army' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/developing-under-25-tonnes-light-tank-for-army/articleshow/110098271.cms |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, KSSL reported a record export of 100 artillery guns to foreign countries including Armenia and an unnamed Middle Eastern country as part of a $155 million contract for [[155 mm]] guns in 2022. The products that were exported includes towed guns, such as the [[Bharat-52]] and [[Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System]] (ATAGS) along with mounted MArG system and ultra-light howitzers. As of February 2025, the subsidiary has an order book of $600 million. KSSL also signed a [[Letter of Intent]] with [[AM General]] for the supply of artillery cannons to support the latter's development of a range of [[105 mm calibre|105 mm]] and 155 mm calibre next-generation artillery guns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETManufacturing.in |title=Kalyani Strategic Systems exports 100 artillery guns in 2024 - ET Manufacturing |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/kalyani-strategic-systems-exports-100-artillery-guns-in-2024/118570116 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian Army will receive 255,128 [[DRDO Close Quarter Battle carbine|CQB carbines]] from KSSL for around {{INRConvert|1700|c|lk=on}} under a contract signed in 30 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-08-11 |title=Kalyani Strategic Systems secures majority share in Indian Army’s ₹2,800 cr carbine tender |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/kalyani-strategic-systems-secures-majority-share-in-indian-armys-2800-cr-carbine-tender/123226932 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite press release |title=MoD inks Rs 4,666 crore contracts for Close Quarter Battle Carbine & Heavy Weight Torpedoes |date=2025-12-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209832&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2026, the company received an emergency procurement (EP-VI) contract worth {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=|year=2026}} from the [[Indian Army]] for [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|ISR]] drone platforms and [[loitering munitions]] with end use expected with Navy. The drone platforms include Omega One, Omega Nine, Bayonet, and Cleaver. The Omega One was also showcased onboard a [[BMP-2]] [[infantry combat vehicle]] during the [[Army Day (India)|Army Day]] parade.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-16 |title=Bharat Forge bags drone supply contracts worth about Rs 300 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-forge-bags-drone-supply-contracts-worth-about-rs-300-crore/articleshow/126563282.cms |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems ====<br />
Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems (KRAS) is joint venture between KSSL and Israeli defence company [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] established in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalyani Group opens missile making unit with Israel's Rafael|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/kalyani-group-opens-missile-making-unit-with-israels-rafael/articleshow/59915644.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref> KSSL holds a 51% stake, while Rafael holds the remaining 49%.<ref name="1000barak">{{cite web |title=Kalyani Rafael gets $100-million order for BARAK-8 missile kits |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2019/07/11/kalyani-rafael-gets-100-million-order-barak-8-missiles-kits.html |website=The Week |access-date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Kalyani Group claimed that it was the first private sector advanced defence subsystems manufacturing company in India. KRAS manufactures electro-optics, remote weapon systems, precision guided munitions and system engineering for system integration. KRAS established a 24,000 sq ft defence manufacturing facility in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-03|title=Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems Inaugurates its State-of-the-Art Facility at Hyderabad|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/kalyani-rafael-advanced-systems-inaugurates-state-art-facility-hyderabad/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first product planned to be produced at the facility was the Israeli [[Spike (missile)|Spike]] [[anti-tank guided missile]]s (ATGM). However, the Government of India assigned the ATGM programme to the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], after which KRAS pivoted to producing [[Spice (bomb)|Spice 2000]] bombs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=Swati |date=2021-03-17 |title=Spice bombs used in Balakot air strike were made in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/spice-bombs-used-in-balakot-air-strike-were-made-in-hyd/articleshow/81538800.cms |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2021-03-16 |title=Kalyani Rafael JV begins MRSAM missile kits delivery to armed forces |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/kalyani-rafael-jv-begins-mrsam-missile-kits-delivery-to-armed-forces/article34086468.ece |access-date=2022-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yaron |first=Oded |title=Why the future of Israeli defense lies in India |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-04-19/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/why-the-future-of-israeli-defense-lies-in-india/00000196-4c0a-dd47-ad9f-cedba2eb0000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501121552/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-04-19/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/why-the-future-of-israeli-defense-lies-in-india/00000196-4c0a-dd47-ad9f-cedba2eb0000 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=Haaretz.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2019, KRAS received a $100 million contract to produce 1,000 [[Barak 8]] medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]]s (MR-SAM) for the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]].<ref name="1000barak" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rafael.co.il/press/kras-receives-100-m-order-from-rafael-to-supply-barak-8-mrsam-missile-kits-for-the-indian-army-and-air-force/|title=KRAS receives $100 M Order from RAFAEL to supply Barak-8/ MRSAM missile kits for the Indian Army and Air Force|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.rafael.co.il}}</ref> On 16 March 2021, KRAS announced that it had begun delivery of the first batch of MR-SAMs. This was the second product built at the Hyderabad plant.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaliawala|first=Nehal|title=Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems rolls out the first batch of indigenous missiles for Indian Army|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/kalyani-rafael-advanced-systems-rolls-out-the-first-batch-of-indigenous-missiles-for-indian-army/articleshow/81534091.cms|access-date=2022-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Y V Phani |date=2021-03-16 |title=KRAS making advanced defence systems |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kras-making-advanced-defence-systems |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Sharp India===<br />
Kalyani Telecommunications & Electronics Pvt. Ltd. was incorporated on 5 July 1985 by Bharat Forge. The company manufactured [[black and white]] and [[Color television|colour]] [[television set]]s, and [[videocassette recorder]]s under the brand name Optonica. It became a public limited company on 20 September 1985. The company was renamed Kalyani Sharp India Ltd. on 2 May 1986. Japan's [[Sharp Corporation]] acquired a 40% stake in Kalyani Sharp India Ltd. in 1990. The company was renamed Sharp India Ltd. in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharp India History {{!}} Sharp India Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sharp-india-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12212.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== BF Elbit Advanced Systems ===<br />
In order to meet the needs of the Ministry of Defense and other prospective Indian government clients for artillery and mortar systems, Bharat Forge and Elbit Systems Land and C4I Limited announced a strategic partnership in August 2012 through the creation of a new joint venture company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Lijee |date=2013-02-07 |title=Bharat Forge, Elbit form strategic co-operation in India through a new JVC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/bharat-forge-elbit-form-strategic-co-operation-in-india-through-a-new-jvc/articleshow/18380778.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The request by Bharat Forge to sell Elbit Systems Land and C41 Limited a 26% ownership part in its defense business was accepted by the [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] in 2013. 74% of BF Elbit Advanced Systems would still be owned by Bharat Forge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukul |first=Jyoti |date=2013-09-26 |title=Israeli investment in Bharat Forge defence arm cleared |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/israeli-investment-in-bharat-forge-defence-arm-cleared-113092000872_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616194323/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/israeli-investment-in-bharat-forge-defence-arm-cleared-113092000872_1.html |archive-date=16 June 2025 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Former subsidiaries ===<br />
==== Alstom Bharat Forge Power====<br />
Alstom Bharat Forge Power Limited was a joint venture with French company [[Alstom]]. Originally, Alstom held a 51% stake and Bharat Forge held the remaining 49%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alstom Bharat Forge Begins Production at Gujarat Plant |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/alstom-bharat-forge-begins-production-at-gujarat-plant-766188 |website=NDTV.com |date=26 May 2015 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Alstom's shares were acquired by American conglomerate [[General Electric]] on 25 November 2015 as part of its global acquisition of Alstom's energy business.<ref name="GE">{{cite web |title=Alstom Bharat Forge JV to Supply Steam Turbine Generator Islands for NTPC's Telangana Power Plant {{!}} GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/alstom-bharat-forge-jv-supply-steam-turbine-generator-islands-ntpcs-telangana-power |website=www.ge.com |access-date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Alstom Bharat Forge won a contract to supply two units of 660 MW supercritical coal turbines to [[NTPC Limited]] for a power plant in [[Solapur]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alstom-Bharat Forge Joint Venture to supply two turbine islands for coal-fired power plants in India |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2012/4/alstom-bharat-forge-joint-venture-to-supply-two-turbine-islands-for-coal-fired-power-plants-in-india- |website=Alstom |access-date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Alstom Bharat Forge began production of supercritical turbines and generators at a new manufacturing facility at [[Sanand]], Gujarat in May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Production starts at Alstom-Bharat Forges new turbine and generator manufacturing facility in India |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2015/5/production-starts-at-alstom-bharat-forges-new-turbine-and-generator-manufacturing-facility-in-india- |website=Alstom |access-date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The company won a contract to supply two units of 800 MW ultra-supercritical steam turbine generator islands for the Telangana Super Thermal Power Project Phase-1 near [[Ramagundam]].<ref name="GE" /> On 8 November 2016, the board of Bharat Forge approved the exit of the company from Alstom Bharat Forge Power. In March 2017, Bharat Forge announced that it would [[Divestment|divest]] 23% of its shares to GE,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Forge Divests 23% Stake In Alstom|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/bharat-forge-divests-23-stake-in-alstom-1673213|access-date=2022-01-27|website=NDTV.com|date=24 March 2017 }}</ref> and the remaining 26% stake was divested in February 2018 completing Bharat Forge's exit from Alstom Bharat Forge Power.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Forge exits JV with GE|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/bharat-forge/article22869536.ece|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|date=27 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Products==<br />
===Defence===<br />
* [[Bharat-52]]<br />
* [[ATAGS (howitzer)|ATAGS]]<br />
* [[DRDO Close Quarter Battle carbine]]<br />
* Omega One [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|ISR]] drone platform<br />
* Omega Nine ISR drone platform<br />
* Bayonet [[Loitering munitions|loitering munition]]<br />
* Cleaver loitering munition<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.bharatforge.com}}<br />
* [http://kssl.in/ Kalyani Strategic Systems website]<br />
* [http://krasindia.com/ Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems website]<br />
<br />
{{Nifty 200 companies}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1961]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:1961 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1961]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veeranna_(film)&diff=543950Veeranna (film)2026-01-29T08:56:49Z<p>AlbaTinker204: created redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[List of Tamil films of 2005#October—December]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gayathrie_Shankar&diff=500120Gayathrie Shankar2026-01-12T17:10:17Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Adding a details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Indian name|Gayathrie|Shankar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Gayathrie Shankar<br />
| image = Gayathrie Shankar.jpg<br />
| caption = Gayathrie in 2018<br />
| birth_date = <!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth date --><br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| yearsactive = 2012–present<br />
| spouse = <br />
| website = <br />
| occupation = Actress <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gayathrie Shankar''' <!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth date -->is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She made her acting debut with the Tamil film ''[[18 Vayasu]]'' (2012)<br />
. Her notable films include ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012), ''[[Puriyadha Pudhir]]'' (2017), ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' (2019), ''[[K-13 (film)|K- 13]]'' (2019) and ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022), which is her highest grossing release. Gayathrie expanded to Malayalam films with ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' (2022), which earned her the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Gayathrie was born and brought up in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/gayathrie-shankar|title = Gayathrie Shankar}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Gayathire made her screen debut with the psychological thriller ''[[18 Vayasu]]'' (2012), and gained recognition for her work in ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]], in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title='Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom' Review: This Tamil film is a hilarious watch |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-this-tamil-film-is-a-hilarious-watch/308253-71-178.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203035839/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-this-tamil-film-is-a-hilarious-watch/308253-71-178.html |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref> In 2013 she starred in two films, ''[[Ponmaalai Pozhudhu]]'' and ''[[Mathapoo]]''. In 2014, she appeared in ''[[Rummy (2013 film)|Rummy]]'' (2014), a 1980s college love story opposite [[Inigo Prabhakaran]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Anupama |first=Subramanian |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130518/entertainment-kollywood/article/rummy-1980s-film |title=Rummy is a 1980s film |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=18 May 2013|access-date=18 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013135539/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130518/entertainment-kollywood/article/rummy-1980s-film|archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref> After a two year hiatus, she appeared in the 2017 film ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' reuniting with Vijay Sethupathi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131224/entertainment-kollywood/article/gayathrie-signing-spree |title=Gayathrie on a signing spree |last=balachandran |first=logesh |date=24 December 2013 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821125822/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131224/entertainment-kollywood/article/gayathrie-signing-spree |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she had two releases, a dark comedy, ''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' and drama film ''[[Seethakaathi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/22/gayathrie-is-a-fantastic-performer-oru-nalla-naal-paathu-solren-director-1631839.html |title='Gayathrie is a fantastic performer' |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2017-07-22 |access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref> That year, Gayathrie also made her web debut with ''[[Vella Raja]]'' opposite [[Bobby Simha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/amazon-primes-first-exclusive-series-in-tamil-is-vella-raja/article25662500.ece|title=Amazon Prime's first exclusive series in Tamil is 'Vella Raja'|date=4 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 December 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Gayathrie had five releases in 2019. She first appeared in the films ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]'', ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'', ''[[K-13 (film)|K- 13]]'' and ''[[Oththa Seruppu Size 7]]'' (where she had a voice role). She later appeared in the web series ''[[Fingertip (TV series)|Fingertip]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-came-as-a-blank-slate-Gayathrie/2013/10/01/article1812016.ece |title=I came as a blank slate: Gayathrie |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=12 December 2013 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126042946/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-came-as-a-blank-slate-Gayathrie/2013/10/01/article1812016.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news-interviews/37871619_1_ashok-rajan-madhav-nkpk |title=Ajmal and Ashok kick start 'Ulaa' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 March 2013|access-date=18 September 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news-interviews/37871619_1_ashok-rajan-madhav-nkpk|url-status=dead}}</ref> In ''Super Deluxe'', she played a transgender's wife opposite Vijay Sethupathi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=13 October 2018 |title='Super Deluxe' defies genre, says director Thiagarajan Kumararaja |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124033/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece |archive-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Kirubakaran Purushothaman of ''[[India Today]]'' was appreciative of her performance and expressions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe Movie Review: Thiagarajan Kumararaja and Vijay Sethupathi gift Tamil cinema a delicious game-changer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/super-deluxe-movie-review-thiagarajan-kumararaja-and-vijay-sethupathi-gift-tamil-cinema-a-delicious-game-changer-1489099-2019-03-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228171227/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/super-deluxe-movie-review-thiagarajan-kumararaja-and-vijay-sethupathi-gift-tamil-cinema-a-delicious-game-changer-1489099-2019-03-29 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In 2021, she had a special dance appearance in ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Over 10 Tamil films eye direct OTT premiere as Kollywood industry remains divided on influx of digital platforms |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/over-10-tamil-films-eye-direct-ott-premiere-as-kollywood-industry-remains-divided-on-influx-of-digital-platforms-9715471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819062107/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/over-10-tamil-films-eye-direct-ott-premiere-as-kollywood-industry-remains-divided-on-influx-of-digital-platforms-9715471.html |archive-date=19 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The year 2022 marked a turning point in her career with several successful films. She first played a secret agent's wife in ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' opposite [[Fahadh Faasil]].<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=27 September 2022 |title=Gayathrie Shares Interesting Info On Her Death Scene In 'Vikram' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/gayathrie-shares-interesting-info-on-her-death-scene-in-vikram--news-222440 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> The film emerged as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil film]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan's Vikram finishes theatrical run as highest grossing film ever in Tamil Nadu, registers record footfall |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kamal-haasan-s-vikram-finishes-theatrical-run-as-highest-grossing-film-ever-in-tamil-nadu-registers-record-footfall-101663821451673.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010000129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kamal-haasan-s-vikram-finishes-theatrical-run-as-highest-grossing-film-ever-in-tamil-nadu-registers-record-footfall-101663821451673.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Her long delayed film ''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]'' was released in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/Jun/24/maamanithan-movie-reviewa-useful-story-but-not-an-enjoyable-film-32318.html|title = Maamanithan Movie Review: A useful story, but not a riveting film}}</ref> Gayathrie then expanded to Malayalam films with ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'', playing a reformed thief's lover opposite [[Kunchacko Boban]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gayathrie-shankar-makes-malayalam-debut-with-nnaa-thaan-case-kodu/articleshow/89868237.cms|title = Gayathrie Shankar makes Malayalam debut with 'Nnaa...Thaan Case Kodu'}}</ref> Jose K George of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' noted, "Gayathrie is praiseworthy. Although she does not have much to do in the first two acts, she has quite a few interesting lines in the third act, and the actor pulls it off with much self-assurance."<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=28 August 2022 |title=Nna Thaan Case Kodu review: A laugh riot that stings |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/11/nna-thaan-case-kodu-a-laugh-riot-that-stings.html |website=The Week}}</ref> The film was a box office success and won her the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=26 December 2022 |title=Best Malayalam Films 2022: A year so good that keeping this list down to 10 was impossible |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-malayalam-films-2022-a-year-so-good-that-keeping-this-list-down-to-10-was-impossible-11875531.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Her last release that year was ''[[Udanpaal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/dec/27/a-magical-learning-experience-38128.html|title=Location Diaries: A magical learning experience|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=27 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229111852/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/dec/27/a-magical-learning-experience-38128.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, Gayathrie appeared in ''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]'' opposite [[Prabhudeva]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=3 March 2023 |title='Bagheera' movie review: Prabhu Deva's performance can't save this problematic mess |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bagheera-movie-review-prabhu-devas-performance-cant-save-this-problematic-mess/article66576679.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304121012/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bagheera-movie-review-prabhu-devas-performance-cant-save-this-problematic-mess/article66576679.ece |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and in the Malayalam film ''[[Corona Papers]]'' opposite ''[[Shane Nigam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/corona-papers/movie-review/99340304.cms|title=Corona Papers Movie Review : An uninspired copy|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409000831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/corona-papers/movie-review/99340304.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, she played a young terrorist in the Hindi series ''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]''. Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Gayathrie as Tasleena will make you hate her portrayal with her impeccable act."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke review: Regina Cassandra's gripping thriller is the perfect Republic Day weekend treat |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review-regina-cassandras-gripping-thriller-is-the-perfect-republic-day-weekend-treat-12049752.html |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
In 2024, Gayathire first appeared in a cameo as a singer in the Hindi-Tamil bilingual ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]''. She then played the lead in ''[[Pechi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Gayathrie Shankar Was Wonderful To Work With: Gokul Benoy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/gayathrie-shankar-was-wonderful-to-work-with-gokul-benoy-article-111985029 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that she "excels" in her well-written role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pechi Movie Review : Visually striking, narratively weak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pechi/movie-review/112218494.cms |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Films ===<br />
* ''All films are in Tamil unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Gayathrie film credits<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Year <br />
! scope="col" | Title <br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[18 Vayasu]]'' || Gayathri ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' || Dhanalakshmi "Dhana" || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Ponmaalai Pozhudhu]]'' || Divya || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mathapoo]]'' || Pooja || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' || Meenakshi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Puriyadha Pudhir]]'' || Meera || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=Puriyatha Puthir movie review: Vijay Sethupathi shines in this decent thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/puriyatha-puthir-star-rating-vijay-sethupathi-4822917/ |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213726/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/puriyatha-puthir-star-rating-vijay-sethupathi-4822917/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2018 || ''Titanic Kadhalum Kavundhu Pogum'' || Unknown || Unreleased film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalaiyarasans-titanic-kadhalum-kavundhu-pogum-to-release-on-ott-platform/articleshow/76160662.cms|title=Kalaiyarasan's 'Titanic - Kadhalum Kavundhu Pogum' to release on OTT platform?|work=Times of India|date=2 June 2020|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725160814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalaiyarasans-titanic-kadhalum-kavundhu-pogum-to-release-on-ott-platform/articleshow/76160662.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' || Godavari || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Seethakaathi]]'' || Herself || || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]'' || Priya || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' || Jyothi Manickam || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[K-13 (film)|K-13]]'' || Pavithra || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2019 |title=K13 movie review: An interesting premise that should have yielded a better result |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/k13-movie-review-rating-5709311/ |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527065151/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/k13-movie-review-rating-5709311/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oththa Seruppu]]'' || Usha || Voice only ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]'' || Herself || Cameo appearance in song "Arasial Kedi" || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"| 2022 || ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' || Gayathri Amar || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]'' || Savithri Radhakrishnan || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gayathrie teams up with Vijay Sethupathi again for Maamanithan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/17/gayathrie-teams-up-with-vijay-sethupathi-again-for-maamanithan-9261.html |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527063635/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/17/gayathrie-teams-up-with-vijay-sethupathi-again-for-maamanithan-9261.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' || Devi Kozhummal || [[Malayalam]] film<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=மலையாளத்தில் அறிமுகமாகும் காயத்ரி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/south-cinema/643669-gayathrie-introduces-in-malayalam.html |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527062917/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/south-cinema/643669-gayathrie-introduces-in-malayalam.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Release date of Kunchacko Boban-starrer Nna, Thaan Case Kodu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jun/24/release-date-of-kunchacko-boban-starrer-nna-thaan-case-kodu-out-32320.html |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712165543/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jun/24/release-date-of-kunchacko-boban-starrer-nna-thaan-case-kodu-out-32320.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Udanpaal]]'' || Kanmani || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Udanpaal Movie Review: Gayathrie, Vivek Prasanna's film is funny and engaging |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/udanpaal-movie-review-gayathrie-vivek-prasannas-film-is-funny-and-engaging-2315392-2022-12-30 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]'' || Pallavi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=Gayathrie roped in for important role in 'Bagheera' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gayathrie-roped-important-role-bagheera-121542 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527070011/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gayathrie-roped-important-role-bagheera-121542 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Corona Papers]]'' || Veena || Malayalam film ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shane Nigam, Shine Tom Chacko team up for Priyadarshan's 'Corona Papers' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/27/shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-priyadarshan-corona-papers-pooja-function.html |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330080934/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/27/shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-priyadarshan-corona-papers-pooja-function.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]'' || Singer || Cameo appearance; simultaneously shot in [[Hindi]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://annavetticadgoes2themovies.blogspot.com/2024/01/review-790-merry-christmas.html |title=REVIEW: MERRY CHRISTMAS |date=15 January 2024 |last=M. M. Vetticad |first=Anna |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316214930/https://annavetticadgoes2themovies.blogspot.com/2024/01/review-790-merry-christmas.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pechi]]'' || Meena || ||<ref>{{cite news|date=15 June 2024|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/15/sivakarthikeyan-unveils-pechis-first-look-reveals-release-window#:~:text=an%20enveloping%20mist.-,Pechi%20is%20based%20on%20an%20eponymous%20short%20film%20directed%20by,as%20black%20magic%20and%20witchcraft.|title=Sivakarthikeyan unveils Pechi's first look, reveals release window|access-date=12 July 2024|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615153228/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/15/sivakarthikeyan-unveils-pechis-first-look-reveals-release-window}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2025 || ''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]'' || Dancer || Cameo appearance in the song "Maaya Theera" ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaayal (film)|Kaayal]]'' || Thenmozhi "Thenu" || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaantha]]'' || Devi TK Mahadevan || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaantha Twitter review: Internet hails Dulquer Salmaan's performance, screams he ‘deserves a National Award’ - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/kaantha-twitter-review-internet-hails-dulquer-salmaans-performance-screams-he-deserves-a-national-award/amp_articleshow/125313865.cms |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Web series ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Gayathrie web series credits<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year <br />
! scope="col" | Title <br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 <br />
| ''[[Vella Raja]]'' <br />
| Aadhira <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/11/the-ranis-of-vella-raja-1909796.html|title=The Ranis of Vella Raja|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019 <br />
| ''[[Fingertip (TV series)|Fingertip]]'' <br />
| Sandhya <br />
| Season 1<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2021 <br />
| ''I Hate You I Love You: Chapter-1 : Alarm'' <br />
| Mrs.Rahul <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2022 <br />
| ''Srikanto'' <br />
| Ritu <br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] series; cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 <br />
| ''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]'' <br />
| Thasleena <br />
| Hindi series <br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke Review: Earnest |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review/20230126.htm |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=January 26, 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ List of Gayathrie awards<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year <br />
! scope="col" | Award <br />
! scope="col" | Category <br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Result <br />
! scope="col" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]]<br />
| ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big|work=Hindustan Times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=5408141|name=Gayathrie}}<br />
* {{Twitter}}<br />
{{Commons}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandivali&diff=456496Kandivali2026-01-04T13:20:27Z<p>AlbaTinker204: slightly expand references for consistency and added references for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2009}}<br />
{{Overly detailed|date=June 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kandivali<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Khandolee<br />
| settlement_type = suburb<br />
| image_skyline = ThakurVillage4.jpeg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Thakur village in Kandivali (East)<br />
| nickname = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra#India Mumbai<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.204511|N|72.837639|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = City<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = Shaunak Ghatekari <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 400067, 400101<br />
| area_code = 022<br />
| area_code_type = <br />
| registration_plate = MH-47<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]] <br> [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]] <br> {{small|(cover western parts of the suburb)}} <br> [[Kandivli East Assembly constituency|Kandivli East]] <br> [[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]] <br> {{small|(cover eastern parts of the suburb)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kandivali''' or '''Kandivli''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[kaːn̪d̪iʋəliː]]]) formerly '''Khandolee''' is a suburb in the north of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
Kandivali is mentioned as Kāndhvaḻī (कांधवळी) in the 15th–17th century Marathi-language text ''[[Mahikavatichi Bakhar]]''; the name derives from a term for [[Mangrove]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dipesh Karmarkar |title=Understanding Place Names in 'Mahikavati's Bakhar': A Case of Mumbai-Thane Region |journal=Studies in Indian Place Names |issn=2394-3114 |publisher=Place Names Society of India |location=Mysore |volume=XXXI |year=2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308925531 |pages=123, 128 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 16th century, Kandivali consisted of a number of villages including Kandivali (also known as Kandol), Bunder Pakhadi Koliwada, and Charkop. The other old settlements in Kandivli were villages occupied by the local community - the East Indian Community, Bhandari people<br />
, and [[Koli people|Koli]] - who are recognized as the original native inhabitants of Mumbai. These communities are still living in Kandivali. Artifacts found near Kandivali indicate that the region was inhabited in the [[Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=A.|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology|volume=1|year=1991|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-09264-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Kandivali railway station]] was built more than 100 years ago, in 1907, then known as Khandolee. The station derived its name from the [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian]] village of Condolim. Earth and stones from Paran, a hillock east of the Kandivali railway station, were quarried to reclaim the [[Bombay Backbay]]. On this account, a railway line was opened, a workshop was erected, and a number of dwelling houses were constructed for officers and workmen numbering thousands.<ref name = "EIK">{{cite web|url=http://www.east-indians.net/kandivli.htm|title=The East Indians of Kandivli}}</ref> The area around the Western Urban Road between [[Malad]] and Kandivali had numerous stone quarries and was once famous for Malad Stone. Many heritage buildings in Mumbai were constructed with Malad stone between 1860 and 1930, the most notable among them are David Sassoon Library, Bombay House and the Western Railway building, at [[Churchgate]].<br />
<br />
During the plagues of the 1900s, the Fonsecas from [[Bandra]] migrated to Kandivali. They initially settled down to the east of Kandivali at Akurli and then moved to the west at [[Poisar]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Family-reunion-of-440-year-old-Fonseca-clan-in-Bandra-today/articleshow/49964519.cms | title=Family reunion of 440-year-old Fonseca clan in Bandra today | date=29 November 2015 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> This is where they thrived, and a few families still reside to this day. All three major communities have their shrines in Poisar.<br />
<br />
==Landmarks and localities==<br />
{{excessive examples|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
The Church of Our Lady of Assumption, located off [[List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi|M.G. Road]], was built in 1630<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.east-indians.net/kandivli.htm|title=The East Indian Community|access-date=27 December 2009}}</ref> and is known as one of the oldest churches of Mumbai. It represents the early presence of the East Indian Christian community in the region.<br />
<br />
The pond located at Shankar Mandir, Selva Ganapati Mandir, situated near M.G Road, Anna Nagar, Kandivali East, was established in 1920 by the Dravid Tamil community. The celebration of Ganesh Utsav at this Ganapati Mandir has been a cherished tradition since 1963, making it one of the oldest Ganesh utsav celebrations in Kandivali. [[File:Selva Ganesh Utsav mandal.jpg|thumb|Selva Ganesh Utsav Mandal]] Kandivli village is commonly used for immersions during [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<br />
<br />
A 150-year-old shrine <ref>{{citation|title=Bombay Gazettor's records|year=1882|volume=XIV}}</ref> dedicated to Shri Karsangli Akurli Mata, known as Varahi Mata Temple, is located at Shankar Lane, and is considered an important religious site in the area.<br />
<br />
Holy Cross Chapel located in Bunder Pakhadi Koliwada was built in 1907. Bunder Pakhadi Koliwada is a traditional fishing village where both [[Christian]] [[Koli people|Koli]] and [[Hindu]] [[Koli people|Koli]] families live. There are more than 200 families residing here, and the village is believed to be more than 400 years old.<br />
<br />
Kandivali West, together with Kandivali East, Bunder Pakhadi, Charkop and Poisar, [[Mahavir Nagar]], [[Thakur village|Thakur Village]] constitute the R-South ward of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Posh addresses, poor amenities|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Posh-addresses-poor-amenities/articleshow/31563524.cms|work=The Times of India|date=7 March 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Mumbai, Kandivali Lokhandwala suburbs in 2014.JPG|300px|thumb|left|Housing society buildings at Lokhandwala Township]]<br />
[[File:Mahindra & Mahindra Kandivali Plant 2015.JPG|thumb|270px|Mahindra & Mahindra's Kandivali Unit, Auto Sector Main gate overlooking Western Express Highway was established in 1948.]]<br />
<br />
The [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra & Mahindra]] plant occupies a {{convert|63|acre|m2|adj=on}} built-up area and employs over 3,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automotive_domestic_manufacturingplant_KANDIVLI.htm|title=Mahindra & Mahindra Manufacturing Plants|access-date=27 December 2009|archive-date=2 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102021030/http://mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automotive_domestic_manufacturingplant_KANDIVLI.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Industrial complexes such as Akurli Industrial Estate in the east and Charkop Industrial Estate are in the western part. Kandivali is also home to [[The Times Group|The Times of India]] printing press. The [[Sports Authority of India]] has a huge training ground for the popular [[Association football|football]] team [[Mahindra United]].<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
Kandivali railway station is a busy station on the Western Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. Poisar Bus Depot, one of the oldest BEST bus depots, is located on S.V. Road in the western part of the neighbourhood. Road connectivity is provided by means of the Western Urban Road on the east, and S.V. Road and Link Road on the west. The BEST bus depot is close to the railway station on the eastern side of the neighbourhood and is the point of origin for localities in Kandivali (East) like Ashok Nagar, Hanuman Nagar, Damu Nagar, and Samata Nagar. Thakur Village, and Thakur Complex.<br />
<br />
Two lines of the [[Mumbai Metro]] ([[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 2]] and [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 7]]) pass through Kandivli. Line 2 passes through [[Linking Road, Mumbai|Link Road]] on the western part; [[Kandivli West metro station|Kandivli West]] and [[Dahanukarwadi metro station|Dahanukarwadi]] are the metro stations, whereas Poisar and Akurli stations of Line 7 are situated on the [[Western Express Highway|express highway]] i.e. eastern side of Kandivali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellow Line Metro Route of Mumbai {{!}} Line 2A & Line 2B |url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/yellow-line-metro-route-mumbai/130113.html |website=Magicbricks|date=14 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Express Highway Metro Station, Mumbai - Route, Map, Location & Nearby Places |url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/western-express-highway-metro-station/130660.html |website=Magicbricks|date=28 December 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons}}<br />
{{Sister project links}}<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandivli}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Suburbs of Mumbai]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartosat-2&diff=467445Cartosat-22025-12-09T01:39:05Z<p>AlbaTinker204: small cleanup references for accuracy and updated info after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Earth observation satellite}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Cartosat-2F}}<br />
{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all<br />
| name = Cartosat-2<br />
| names_list = IRS-P7<br/>CartoSat-2AT<br />
<br />
| mission_type = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]<br />
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]<br />
| COSPAR_ID = 2007-001B<br />
| SATCAT = 29710<br />
| website = https://www.isro.gov.in/<br />
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned)<br/>12 years (achieved)<br />
<br />
| spacecraft = IRS-P7<br />
| spacecraft_type = <br />
| spacecraft_bus = IRS-2<ref name="gunter">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/cartosat-2.htm|title=Cartosat 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E|work=Gunter's Space Page|first=Gunter|last=Krebs |access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref><br />
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]<br />
| launch_mass = {{cvt|680|kg}}<ref name="C7.brochure">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C7/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|title=PSLV C7/Cartosat-2/SRE Mission Brochure|publisher=ISRO|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731200439/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C7/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| dimensions = <br />
| power = 900 [[watt]]s<ref name="C2.site">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-2-0|title=Cartosat-2|publisher=ISRO|date=10 January 2007|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730131228/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-2-0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="oscar.C2">{{cite web|url=https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/21|title=Satellite: CartoSat-2|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
| launch_date = 10 January 2007, 03:57:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="Trajectory"/><br />
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] ([[PSLV C7]])<ref name="C7.brochure"/><br />
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|FLP]]<ref name="C7.brochure"/><br />
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]<br />
<br />
| entered_service = 2007<br />
| disposal_type = <br />
| deactivated = 2019<br />
| last_contact = <br />
| decay_date = 14 Feb 2024<br />
<br />
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<br />
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=2007-001B|title=Trajectory: Cartosat-2 2007-001B |publisher=NASA|date=27 April 2021|access-date=10 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> <br />
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|621|km}}<br />
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|641|km}}<br />
| orbit_inclination = 97.9°<br />
| orbit_period = 97.3 minutes<br />
| apsis = gee<br />
<br />
| instruments_list = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments<br />
| acronym1 = PAN<br />
| name1 = Panchromatic Camera<br />
}}<br />
<br />
| programme = [[Earth observation satellite|Resourcesat series]]<br />
| previous_mission = [[Cartosat-1]]<br />
| next_mission = [[Cartosat-2A]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Cartosat-2''' was an [[Earth observation satellite]] in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] and the second of the [[Cartosat]] series of satellites. The satellite was built, launched and maintained by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). Weighing around 680&nbsp;kg at launch, its applications were mainly be towards [[cartography]] . It was launched by the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] [[PSLV C7]] launch vehicle on 10 January 2007.<br />
<br />
== Satellite description ==<br />
Cartosat-2 carried a state-of-the-art [[panchromatic]] (PAN) camera that took black and white pictures of the [[Earth]] in the [[Visible spectrum|visible region]] of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. The swath covered by this high resolution PAN camera was 9.6&nbsp;km and their spatial resolution is less than 1 metre. The satellite could be steered up to 45° along as well as across the track. Cartosat-2 was an advanced [[remote sensing]] satellite capable of providing scene-specific spot imagery. The data from the satellite was used for detailed mapping and other cartographic applications at cadastral level, urban and rural infrastructure development and management, as well as applications in [[Land information system]] (LIS) and [[Geographic information system]] (GIS). The first imagery, received on 12 January 2007, covered a length of 240&nbsp;km from [[Paonta Sahib]] in Shivalik region to [[Delhi]]. Another set of imagery of about 50&nbsp;km length covered [[Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary|Radhanagari]] to Sagoan in [[Goa]]. Analysis of the first imagery received at [[National Remote Sensing Centre|National Remote Sensing Agency]]'s data reception station at [[Shadnagar]], in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], confirmed excellent performance of the on-board camera.<br />
<br />
Cartosat-2's [[panchromatic]] camera was able to produce images better than 1 metre in resolution,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasco.co.jp/eng/products/cartosat-2/|title=Cartosat-2: Optical Satellite |website=pasco.co.jp|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211171019/http://www.pasco.co.jp/eng/products/cartosat-2/|archive-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> compared to the 82&nbsp;cm panchromatic resolution offered by the [[Ikonos]] satellite.<ref name="OSA">{{cite web|url=https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/instruments/view/687|title=Instrument: OSA|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> India had previously purchased images from Ikonos at about US$20 per square kilometre; the use of Cartosat-2 will provide imagery at 20 times lower cost. At the time of Cartosat-2's launch, India was buying about {{₹|20 crore|link=yes}} per year from Ikonos.<ref name="hindu20070111">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/pslv-launch-successful/article1646204.ece|title=PSLV launch successful|newspaper=The Hindu|series=Business Line|first=Archana|last=Venkat|date=11 January 2007|access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== End of life ==<br />
After 12 years of service in a circular orbit of almost 630&nbsp;km altitude Cartosat-2 would have taken about 30 years to de-orbit naturally. With 25&nbsp;kg of propellant remaining it was decided by ISRO's Directorate for Space Situational Awareness and Management (DSSAM) to decommission the spacecraft and lower the perigee using left-over propellant so that it meets [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] (UNOOSA)'s space debris mitigation guidelines. Between 6 March to 3 September 2020, perigee was lowered incrementally by performing 26 perigee reduction burns putting the spacecraft in 630 × 390&nbsp;km orbit. This was ISRO's first [[low Earth orbit]] satellite to be decommissioned in this manner. Orbit of Cartosat-2 is expected to decay naturally within 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Mission Disposal of Cartosat-2: Compliance with IADC Guidelines|url=https://space-debris-conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/page/programme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420143221/https://space-debris-conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/page/programme|archive-date=20 April 2021|access-date=2021-04-20|website=space-debris-conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int|quote=After providing uninterrupted payload services for 12 years, it was decided to decommission the satellite in late 2019 following on-board subsystem degradation. At an orbit of 630 km altitude, the lifetime of Cartosat-2 was estimated to be more than 30 years. The satellite also had about 26 kg left-over propellant. Although the satellite was not specifically designed for end-of-life de-orbiting, it was proposed by ISRO's Directorate for Space Situational Awareness and Management (DSSAM) to lower the perigee of the satellite, so as to limit its post mission orbital life time in compliance with the 25-year guideline of IADC for post mission disposal of LEO objects, and at the same time, deplete the left-over fuel to mitigate any accidental break-up risk. The de-orbiting operations were planned and executed by the operational team at [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC) in close coordination with mission and subsystem designers from various ISRO centres. Starting with the first perigee-lowering manoeuvre on 6 March 2020, 26 perigee reduction burns were conducted till 3 September 2020 to progressively lower the perigee below 400 km.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2021 |title=Post Mission Disposal of Cartosat-2: Compliance with IADC Guidelines |url=https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc8/paper/193/SDC8-paper193.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
The satellite re-entered Earth's atmosphere and was subsequently destroyed on 14 February 2024 at 10:18 UTC over the southern Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/press-meet-reentry-cartosat-2.html|title=Atmospheric Re-entry of Cartosat-2|work=[[ISRO]]|date=2024-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Orbital height profile of CARTOSAT 2 |url=https://heavens-above.com/OrbitHeight.aspx?satid=29710&startMJD=58515.0&endMJD=60341.0 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=heavens-above.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}<br />
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]<br />
* [[List of Indian satellites]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-2-0 Cartosat-2 website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730131228/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-2-0 |date=30 July 2017 }}<br />
<br />
{{IRS satellites}}<br />
{{Indian spacecraft}}<br />
{{Indian space programme}}<br />
{{Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites}}<br />
{{Orbital launches in 2007}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cartosat]]<br />
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]<br />
[[Category:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2019]]<br />
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2024]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arihant_(Jainism)&diff=470789Arihant (Jainism)2025-11-17T17:30:02Z<p>AlbaTinker204: rework section per sources to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Soul status concept of Jainism}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{About|the term in Jainism|the term Arhat or Arahant in Buddhism|Arhat}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
[[File:Lord Risbabhdev moving over golden lotus after attaining Omniscience.jpg|thumb|Sculpture depicting [[Rishabhanatha]], the first Arihant of the present half cycle of time (''[[avasarpini]]'') moving over lotus after attaining omniscience.]]<br />
<br />
'''''Arihant''''' ({{langx|pka|अरिहन्त|italic=yes}}, {{langx|sa|अर्हत् arhat |lit=conqueror}}) is a [[Jīva (Jainism)| jiva]] ([[soul]]) who has conquered inner passions such as attachment, anger, pride and greed. Having destroyed four inimical [[Karma in Jainism|karmas]], they realize pure self.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=15}} ''Arihants'' are also called ''kevalins'' ([[omniscience|omniscient]] beings) as they possess ''[[kevala jnana]]'' (pure infinite knowledge).{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=16}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=164}} An ''arihant'' is also called a '''''jina''''' ("victor"). At the end of their life, ''arihants'' destroy remaining ''[[Karma in Jainism|karmas]]'' and attain ''[[moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation) and become ''[[Siddha#Jainism|siddhas]]''. ''Arihantas'' have a body while ''siddhas'' are bodiless pure spirit. The [[Namokar Mantra|Ṇamōkāra mantra]], the fundamental prayer dedicated to ''[[Pañca-Parameṣṭhi]]'' (five supreme beings), begins with ''Ṇamō arihantāṇaṁ'', "obeisance to the arihants".<br />
<br />
''Kevalins'' - omniscient beings - are said to be of two kinds{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=16}}<br />
# ''[[Tirthankara]] kevalī'': 24 human spiritual guides who after attaining omniscience teach the path to salvation.{{sfn|Rankin|2013|p=40}}<br />
# ''Sāmānya kevalī'': ''Kevalins'' who are concerned with their own liberation.<br />
<br />
According to Jains, every soul has the potential to become an ''arihant''. A soul which destroys all [[kashaya (Jainism)|''kashayas'']] or inner enemies like [[anger]], ego, [[deception]], and [[greed]], responsible for the perpetuation of ignorance, becomes an ''arihant''.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=15}}<br />
<br />
== Philosophy ==<br />
{{main|Jain philosophy}}<br />
According to Jain texts, [[omniscience]] is attained on the destruction of four types of ''karmas''– deluding, the knowledge-obscuring, the perception-obscuring, and the obstructive ''karmas'', in the order mentioned.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reality|last=Jain|first=S.A.|year=1960|publisher=Vira Sasana Sangha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRIaAAAAMAAJ |quote=Non-Copyright |page=282}}</ref> The ''arihants'' are said to be free from the following eighteen imperfections:{{sfn|Jain|2014|p=3}}<br />
<br />
# ''janma'' – (re)birth<br />
# ''jarā'' – old-age<br />
# ''triśā'' – thirst<br />
# ''kśudhā'' – hunger<br />
# ''vismaya'' – astonishment<br />
# ''arati'' – displeasure<br />
# ''kheda'' – regret<br />
# ''roga'' – sickness<br />
# ''śoka'' – grief<br />
# ''mada'' – pride<br />
# ''moha'' – delusion<br />
# ''bhaya'' – fear<br />
# ''nidrā'' – sleep<br />
# ''cintā'' – anxiety<br />
# ''sveda'' – perspiration<br />
# ''rāga'' – attachment<br />
# ''dveśa'' – aversion<br />
# ''maraņa'' – death<br />
<br />
=== Omniscience ===<br />
{{Main|Kevala jnana}}<br />
[[File:Kevalajnana.jpg|thumb|Kevala Jñāna of Mahavira]]<br />
<br />
In Jainism, omniscience is said to be the infinite, all-embracing knowledge that reflects, as it were, in a mirror, all substances and their infinite modes, extending through the past, the present, and the future.{{sfn|Jain|2014|p=2}} According to Jain texts, omniscience is the natural attribute of the pure souls. The self-attaining omniscience becomes a ''kevalin''. [[Banarasidas|Pandit Banarasidas]] in ''Samaysaar Natak'' describes the Omniscient soul as:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banarasi Das |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.325661 |title=Samaysaar Natak}}</ref><br />
{{Quote|text=<br />
<br />
जोग धरै रहै जोगसौं भिन्न,<br />
अनंत गुनातम केवलज्ञानी ।<br />
तासु हृदै-द्रहसौं निकसी,<br />
सरितासम है श्रुत-सिंधु समानी ।।<br />
याते अनंत नयातम लच्छन, <br />
सत्य स्वरूप सिधंत बखानी ।<br />
बुद्ध लखै न लखै दुरबुद्ध, <br />
सदा जगमाँहि जगै जिनवानी ।।३।।<br />
<br />
}}<br />
''Meaning'': The omniscient Lord has perfect, complete knowledge. He does have a physical form but has separated himself from his material body. From his heart-type of lake, a river has come out in the form of spiritual preachings and has merged into the ocean of holy scriptures. Therefore, such doctrines are called the ultimate truth, encompassing infinite partial points of view. The aspirant souls end up recognising such principles. The foolish, wrong-faithed persons fail to identify such truth. May such Omniscient knowledge of Arihants be victorious in the universe!<br />
<br />
The four infinitudes (''ananta cātuṣṭaya'') are:{{sfn|Jain|2014|p=3}} <br />
# ''ananta jñāna'', infinite knowledge<br />
# ''ananta darśana'', perfect perception due to the destruction of all darśanāvaraṇīya karmas<br />
# ''ananta sukha'', infinite bliss<br />
# ''ananta vīrya'' – infinite energy<br />
<br />
== Tirthankaras ==<br />
{{Main|Tirthankara}}<br />
[[File:Vardhaman Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg|thumb|right|Image of ''Vardhaman Mahāvīra'', the 24th and last tirthankara of present half time cycle]]<br />
Those ''arihants'' who re-establish the Jain faith are called ''[[Tirthankara|tirthankaras]]''. ''Tirthankaras'' revitalize the ''[[Sangha (Jainism)|sangha]]'', the fourfold order consisting of male saints (''[[Sadhu|sādhu]]s''), female saints (''sādhvis''), male householders (''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvaka]]'') and female householders (''srāvika'').<br />
<br />
The first ''tirthankara'' of the current time cycle was [[Rishabhanatha|Ṛṣabhanātha]], and the twenty-fourth and last Tirthankara was [[Mahavira]], who lived from 599 BCE to 527 BCE.<br />
<br />
[[File:Samavasarana.jpg|thumb|[[Samavasarana]] (divine preaching hall) where omniscient ''Arihantas'' preach]]<br />
<br />
Jain texts mention forty-six attributes of ''arihants'' or ''tirthankaras''. These attributes comprise four infinitudes (''ananta chatushtaya''), thirty-four miraculous happenings (''atiśaya''), and eight splendours (''prātihārya'').{{sfn|Jain|2014|p=3}}<br />
<br />
The eight splendours (''prātihārya'') are:{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=181}}<br />
# ''aśokavrikśa'' – the [[Ashoka tree]]<br />
# ''siṃhāsana''– bejeweled throne<br />
# ''chatra'' – three-tier canopy<br />
# ''bhāmadal'' – halo of unmatched luminance<br />
# ''divya dhvani'' – divine voice of the Lord without lip movement<br />
# ''puśpavarśā'' – shower of fragrant flowers<br />
# ''camara'' – waving of sixty-four majestic hand-fans<br />
# ''dundubhi'' – dulcet sound of kettle-drums and other musical instruments<br />
<br />
== Liberation ==<br />
At the time of ''[[Nirvana (Jainism)|nirvana]]'' (final release), the ''arihant'' sheds off the remaining four ''aghati karmas'':<br />
# ''Nama'' (physical structure forming) karma<br />
# ''[[Gotra]]'' (status forming) karma<br />
# ''Vedniya'' (pain and pleasure causing) karma<br />
# ''Ayushya'' (life span determining) karma<br />
<br />
These four karmas do not affect the true nature of the soul and are therefore called ''aghati karmas''.<br />
<br />
== Worship ==<br />
[[File:Hatigumfa.jpg|thumb|[[Hathigumpha inscription]] of [[Kharavela|King Khāravela]] at [[Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves|Udayagiri Caves]], second century BCE, starts with [[Namokar Mantra]] ]]<br />
In the Ṇamōkāra mantra, ''Namo Arihantanam, Namo Siddhanam'', Jains worship the ''arihants'' first and then the ''siddhas'', even though the latter are perfected souls who have destroyed all karmas, but ''arihants'' are considered to be at a higher spiritual stage than ''siddhas''. Since ''siddhas'' have attained ultimate liberation, they are unlikely to be directly accessible, but may be accessed through the wisdom they passed on. However ''arihants'' are accessible for the spiritual guidance of human society until their nirvana. The ''[[Dravyasamgraha|Dravyasaṃgraha]]'', a major [[Jain literature|Jain text]], states:<br />
{{quote|Having destroyed the four inimical varieties of karmas (''ghātiyā karmas''), possessed of infinite faith, happiness, knowledge and power, and housed in [a] most auspicious body (''paramaudārika śarīra''), that pure soul of the World Teacher (Arihant) should be meditated on.|''{{IAST|Dravyasaṃgraha}}'' (50){{sfn|Jain|2013|p=177}}}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[God in Jainism]]<br />
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]<br />
*[[Śramaṇa]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC|title=Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha|isbn=9788190363952|last1=Jain|first1=Vijay K.|year=2013|publisher=Vikalp Printers |quote=Non-copyright}}<br />
* {{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5opAwAAQBAJ|title=Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse|isbn=9788190363969|last1=Jain|first1=Vijay K.|date=2014-03-26|publisher=Vikalp Printers }}<br />
*{{citation<br />
|last=Rankin<br />
|first=Aidan<br />
|title=Living Jainism: An Ethical Science<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQxZAQAAQBAJ<br />
|year=2013<br />
|publisher=John Hunt Publishing<br />
|isbn=978-1780999111<br />
|chapter=Chapter 1. Jains Jainism and Jainness}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}<br />
*{{citation<br />
|last=Sangave<br />
|first=Vilas Adinath<br />
|title=Aspects of Jaina religion<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8RUPwAACAAJ<br />
|edition=3<br />
|year=2001<br />
|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith<br />
|isbn=81-263-0626-2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{wikiquote inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Jain Gods}}<br />
{{Jainism Topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Jain saints]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaudhary_Khalid_Javed&diff=450856Chaudhary Khalid Javed2025-11-07T22:15:09Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Chaudhary Khalid Javed<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]<br />
| term_start = 13 August 2018<br />
| term_end = 10 August 2023<br />
| constituency = [[NA-111 (Toba Tek Singh-I)]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1 June 2013<br />
| term_end1 = 31 May 2018<br />
| constituency1 = [[Constituency NA-92|NA-92 (Toba Tek Singh)]]<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| nationality = Pakistani<br />
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (1993-2025)<br>[[Independent politician|IND]] (1988-1993)<br />
| party = [[Awaam Pakistan|AP]] (2025-present)<br />
| native_name = {{nq|چوہدری خالد جاوید}}<br />
| relatives = [[Bilal Asghar Warraich]] (brother)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chaudhry Khalid Javaid Warraich''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|چوہدری خالد جاوید وڑائچ}}}}) is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from August 2018 till August 2023. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly from June 2013 to May 2018 and was a Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] from 1993 to 1999.<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
<br />
He ran for the seat of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as an independent candidate for Constituency PP-76 (Toba Tek Singh) in the [[1988 Pakistani general election]] but was unsuccessful. He received 16,965 votes and lost the seat to Muhammad Khalid Malik, a candidate of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP).<ref name="ecp/88-97">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly election result 1988-97|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=13 May 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191836/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/Results%201988%20-%201997/Punjab.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate for Constituency PP-76 (Toba Tek Singh) in the [[1993 Pakistani general election]]. He received 23,266 votes and defeated Chaudhry Zafar Iqbal, a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N).<ref name="ecp/88-97" /> During his tenure as Member of the Punjab Assembly, he served as Parliamentary Secretary for Communication and Works.<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Assemblies|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1993-1996.shtml|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=2 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615012146/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1993-1996.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate for Constituency PP-76 (Toba Tek Singh) in the [[1997 Pakistani general election]]. He received 21,602 votes and defeated Muzaffar Ahmad Cheema, a candidate of PML-N.<ref name="ecp/88-97" /><br />
<br />
He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab for [[Constituency PP-90 (Toba Tek Singh-VII)]] in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]] but was unsuccessful. He received 14,558 votes and lost the seat to an independent candidate, Liaquat Ali Shoukat.<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=12 May 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|archivedate=26 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] for [[Constituency NA-92|Constituency NA-92 (Toba Tek Singh-I)]] in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title= takes lead as PTI, PPP trail|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/630410-pml-n-takes-lead-as-pti,-ppp-trail|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192357/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/630410-pml-n-takes-lead-as-pti,-ppp-trail|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=TOBA TEK SINGH City News|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/430893-toba-tek-singh-city-news|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035748/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/430893-toba-tek-singh-city-news|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Second woman from Warraich family enters politics|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1305864|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=2 January 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033526/https://www.dawn.com/news/1305864|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="dawn/21april2013">{{cite news|title=Warraich's family 'divided' on political lines|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1024722|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=21 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306032430/https://www.dawn.com/news/1024722|archivedate=6 March 2017}}</ref> He received 91,903 votes and defeated an independent candidate, [[Usama Hamza]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 election result|url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=12 May 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf|archivedate=1 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was re-elected to the National Assembly from Constituency [[NA-111 (Toba Tek Singh-I)]] in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chaudhry Khalid Javed wins NA-111 election |url=https://www.app.com.pk/pmlns-chaudhry-khalid-javed-wins-na-111-election/ |accessdate=3 August 2018 |work=Associated Press Of Pakistan |date=27 July 2018}}</ref> He received 110,556 votes and defeated Usama Hamza, a candidate of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).<br />
<br />
He contested the [[2024 Pakistani general election]] as a candidate of PML(N) from [[NA-105 Toba Tek Singh-I]], but was unsuccessful. He received 108,003 votes and was defeated by Usama Hamza, an independent candidate.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] <br />
* [[Senate of Pakistan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Javed, Chaudhary Khalid}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1993–1996]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1997–1999]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{PunjabPK-MPA-stub}}<br />
{{MuslimN-MNA-stub}}</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peralam%E2%80%93Karaikal_line&diff=525174Peralam–Karaikal line2025-11-07T04:24:47Z<p>AlbaTinker204: New New Details With Sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway line in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail line<br />
| box_width = 28em<br />
| name = Peralam–Karaikal Railway line<br />
| other_name = <br />
| color = <br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Regional rail]]<br>[[Heavy rail]]<br>[[Light rail]]<br />
| system = <br />
| status = Under Construction<br />
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]; [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br />
| start = {{rws|Peralam Junction}} ('''PEM''')<br />
| end = {{rws|Karaikal}} ('''KIK''')<br />
| stations = 4<br />
| routes = 1<br />
| daily_ridership = <br />
| ridership2 = <br />
| planopen = December 2024<br />
| open = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1898|3|14}}<ref name=hist>{{cite web|title=Communications - Railways|url=http://karaikal.gov.in/Administration/Communication/communications.htm|work=[[Karaikal district]]|accessdate=28 March 2014}}</ref><br />
| close = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1987}}<br />
| reopen = <br />
| owner = French East India Company (''former'')<br>[[Indian Railways]] (''present'')<br />
| operator = Great South Indian Railway (''former'')<br>[[South Indian Railway Company]] (''later'')<br>[[Southern Railway zone]] (''present'')<br />
| character = <br />
| depot = [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock]]<br />
| stock = [[0-6-0]]<br />
| linelength_km = <br />
| linelength_mi = <br />
| linelength = {{convert|23|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| tracklength_km = <br />
| tracklength_mi = <br />
| tracklength = <br />
| tracks = <br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}<br />
| old_gauge = {{RailGauge|1000mm}}<br />
| load_gauge = <br />
| minradius = <br />
| racksystem = <br />
| routenumber = <br />
| linenumber = <br />
| electrification = Yes<br />
| speed_km/h = <br />
| speed_mph = <br />
| speed = {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on}}<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_ft = <br />
| elevation = <br />
| website = {{URL|www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}<br />
| map = {{Peralam–Karaikal–Nagapattinam (Velankanni)–Thiruthuraipoondi line}}<br />
| map_state = hide<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Peralam–Karaikal line''' is a [[branch line]] connects [[Peralam]], [[Tamil Nadu]] with [[Karaikal]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[South India]]. It is the one and only unconverted railway line in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry union territory]] and one of the few unconverted railway lines in southern railway zone. This line is one of the cauvery delta railway line which falls under [[Tiruchirappalli division]].<br />
<br />
It was one of the 4 unconverted railway lines in south India. The other 3 were the [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]] to [[Tharangambadi railway station|Tranquebar]] railway line<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2020|title=Restoration of Mayiladuthurai-Tranquebar rail link may be on the cards|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/restoration-of-mayiladuthurai-tranquebar-rail-link-may-be-on-the-cards/article31323191.ece|access-date=18 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayavaram-Tranquebar Railway - FIBIwiki|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Mayavaram-Tranquebar_Railway|access-date=18 December 2020|website=wiki.fibis.org}}</ref><ref name="indiarailinfo">{{Cite web|title=Indian Railways Map - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/atlas|access-date=18 December 2020|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> and [[Tiruturaipundi Junction railway station|Thiruthuraipoondi Junction]] to [[Point Calimere railway station|Point Calimere]] Railway line <ref name="indiarailinfo"/><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/sr-to-operate-goods-trains-on-newly-converted-gauge-line/articleshow/72100648.cms|title=Southern Railway to operate goods trains on newly converted gauge line &#124; Trichy News|website=The Times of India|date=18 November 2019|accessdate=21 December 2020}}</ref> and [[Bodinayakkanur]] - [[Madurai]] railway line.The [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]] to [[Bodinayakkanur railway station|Bodinayakkanur]] railway line section via [[Teni Junction railway station|Theni]] is already converted to broad gauge and electrified.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=Train services from Bodinayakkanur resume after 13 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/train-services-from-bodinayakkanur-resume-after-13-years/article66973440.ece |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The three railway lines, Tranquebar railway line, Peralam-Karaikal railway line and Point Calimere railway line were closed during the 1980s due to poor patronage citing unviability. But now they are under consideration for conversion to [[broad gauge]] lines.<br />
<br />
On the 2020–21 February Indian budget [[Indian rupee|₹]]88 crores<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajaram|first=R.|date=2021-02-05|title=Karaikal-Peralam railway line project gets an impetus|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/karaikal-peralam-railway-line-project-gets-an-impetus/article33761412.ece|access-date=2021-02-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> were sanctioned for this line out of the total ₹177 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajaram|first=R.|date=2020-03-05|title=Karaikal-Peralam new broad gauge railway line project awaits release of funds|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/karaikal-peralam-new-broad-gauge-railway-line-project-awaits-release-of-funds/article30990197.ece|access-date=2021-02-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> And all railway work on this line is planned to be completed by December 2024.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
This [[metre gauge]] branch line between {{rws|Peralam Junction}} and {{rws|Karaikal}} was approved for construction by [[French India]] during December 1895. The French government invested about 1,201,840 {{dollarsign|FRF|lk=on}} (approximately {{INRConvert|1.51|c}} in 2014) for the construction, which was done by the then Great South Indian Railway (which was later merged with [[South Indian Railway Company]])<ref name=french>{{cite book|title=Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources|year=1914|publisher=Asian Education Services|location=[[Chennai]]|isbn=9788120613447|pages=534, 595|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&q=peralam+198&pg=PA534|author=Somerset Playne|author2=J. W. Bond|editor=Arnold Wright|accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> and opened on 14 March 1898.<ref name=hist/><br />
<br />
Due to persistent demand from various quarters, revival of line gained momentum for surveying the feasibility outside the purview of Railway Budget,<ref name=demand>{{cite news|title=Karaikal-Peralam rail line to be revived|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karaikalperalam-rail-line-to-be-revived/article2308610.ece|accessdate=29 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 July 2011|location=[[Karaikal]]}}</ref> which proposed a rough estimate of about {{INRConvert|110|c}}.<ref name=rough>{{cite news|last=P. V. Srividya|title=Salem-Karaikal line survey almost over|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/salemkaraikal-line-survey-almost-over/article2980290.ece|accessdate=29 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2012|location=[[Karaikal]]}}</ref> Officially, the line was taken up for survey as the announcement came in the 2013–2014 [[Railway Budget]],<ref name=budget>{{cite web|title=Railway Budget: 2013–2014 (Southern Railway)|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/ticker/1362486296326Budget%2013-14.pdf|work=Ministry of Railways (India)|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]]|accessdate=29 March 2014|pages=1}}</ref> at an outlay of {{INRConvert|10|l}}<ref name=survey>{{cite news|title=Karaikal-Peralam line survey begins|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/karaikalperalam-line-survey-begins/article4511152.ece|accessdate=29 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 March 2013|location=[[Karaikal]]}}</ref> and at an estimate of about {{INRConvert|120|c}} for full-fledged activities.<ref name=crore>{{cite news|title=Chennai-Karaikal rail project to be implemented soon: Union Minister V Narayanasamy|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/news/43495976_1_union-minister-v-narayanasamy-puducherry-railway-station|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140329135707/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-29/news/43495976_1_union-minister-v-narayanasamy-puducherry-railway-station|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2014|accessdate=29 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 October 2013|location=[[Karaikal]]}}</ref> Apart from retaining the four railway stations in the past and laying broad gauge tracks in the same old path, detour lines of about {{convert|1.5|km}} is planned at {{rws|Peralam Junction}} and about {{convert|2|km}} for Tirunallar [[rail yard|yard]].<ref name=yard>{{cite news|title=Committee to study Karaikal-Peralam line project proposal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/committee-to-study-karaikalperalam-line-project-proposal/article4656019.ece|accessdate=29 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 April 2013|location=[[Karaikal]]}}</ref> In June 2019 tenders were floated for the execution of the project, expecting to complete it by March 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Revival of Karaikal-Peralam line finally takes shape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/revival-of-karaikal-peralam-line-finally-takes-shape/article27397169.ece|accessdate=31 December 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 June 2019|location=[[Tiruchirappalli]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Route ==<br />
With a route length of {{convert|23.5|km}}, the line had four stations Ambagarattur, Paruttikudi, [[Thirunallar]] and Karikovilpathu within a stretch of {{convert|15.5|km}} up to Karaikal, all falling within the territory of French India (now [[Karaikal district]]). The rest of {{convert|8|km}} between Ambagarattur and Peralam falls within British India region (now [[Tiruvarur district]]).<ref name=hist/><br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
<br />
=== Passenger services ===<br />
Though owned by French India, the operations were transferred to the then Great South Indian Railway in accordance with agreement signed in 1902.<ref name=hist/> There were 4 up-and-down services, but due improvement in road connectivity the earnings dropped and subsequently the services were reduced to one in 1943. After Indian Independence and Railway Re-organisation, the line fell into the jurisdiction of [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]]. In 1967, citing under utilisation of the line for passenger traffic in its transport survey, the National Council for Applied and Economic Research recommended for closure of the line.<ref name=pemkikpy>{{cite web|title=Chapter VII - Communications-Railways|url=http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/gazetter/PDF/VII%20-%20RAILWAYS.pdf|work=Government of Puducherry|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|accessdate=29 March 2014|pages=3–6|archive-date=13 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141632/http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/gazetter/PDF/VII%20-%20RAILWAYS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Freight services ===<br />
This line provided rail connectivity to [[Karaikal port]] and transfer of goods through rail into [[British India]], as this line would give further connectivity to {{rws|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}, which falls on the [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur line|main line]]. Cement, fertilisers, tiles, timber, kerosene oil, rice, wheat, grains, pulses and paddy were the main goods involved in traffic. Raw materials like pressed cotton and coal for textile mills and iron billets for Pondicherry Rolling Mills were brought in, processed and the finished product was supplied all over the country.<ref name=pemkikpy/> Though the goods traffic density fared better, the passenger traffic slumped and services were called off except the rolling stock.<ref name=pykikpem>{{cite web|title=Chapter VII - Communications-Ferries and Bridges (Railways)|url=http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/gazetter/PDF/VII%20-%20FERRIES%20&%20BRIDGES.pdf|work=Government of Puducherry|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|accessdate=29 March 2014|pages=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
<br />
*[[Tiruchirappalli division]]<br />
*[[Indian Railways]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/17769-crore-sanctioned-for-laying-karaikal-peralam-railway-line/article26611268.ece ₹177.69 crore sanctioned for laying Karaikal - Peralam railway line]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in Southern Railways - Official Website]<br />
{{Railways in Southern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peralam - Karaikal line}}<br />
[[Category:Trichy railway division|*]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1898]]<br />
[[Category:Railway lines closed in 1987]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Karaikal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umswai&diff=542575Umswai2025-10-13T15:23:10Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Umswai<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tiwa language|Tiwa]], [[Karbi language|Karbi]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Indian English|English]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[West Karbi Anglong district]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hamren]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| native_name = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.9472|N|92.2404|E|<br />
<br />
display=inline,title}}<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| nickname = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| postal_code = 782410<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Umswai''' is a village in Amri development block of [[West Karbi Anglong district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map of Umswai village in Donka tahsil, Karbi Anglong, Assam, India|url=https://villagemap.net/assam/karbi-anglong/donka/umswai-02088295316/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=villagemap.net|language=en}}</ref> Apart from being home to an exclusive tribal culture,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Soumya|first=Stories by|title=Umswai Valley – One Of The Most Unique Places To Visit Near Guwahati|url=https://www.storiesbysoumya.com/umswai-valley-most-unique-places-to-visit-near-guwahati/|website=Storiesbysoumya|date=14 January 2020 }}</ref> Umswai also possesses extraordinary natural beauty.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The word '''Umswai''' is originated from the language of [[Khasi people|Khasi People]]. This also resulted in the term 'Umswai' being officially recognized by the Assam government.<ref>Thurang: Amsai kraine khai khorong Pg 40</ref><ref>This is an excerpt from the speech given by Sri D Uphing Maslai, President of the Reception Committee for the 11th TMT Conference, at Palakhongor Pera in Amsai on February 3rd, 2019. This text is taken from the Amsa-Souvenir of the 11th Tiwa Manthonlai Tokhra.</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
'''Umswai''' is located state of [[Assam]] in [[Northeast India]]. It is one of the many villages in the Umswai valley,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umswai (valley) (Chintamakha) |url=https://wikimapia.org/6714380/Umswai-valley |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023133149/https://wikimapia.org/6714380/Umswai-valley |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Wikimapia}}</ref> and is mainly inhabited by the indigenous Tiwa tribe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2021 |title=Of bamboo groves and monoliths |url=https://assamtribune.com/of-bamboo-groves-and-monoliths/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032104/https://assamtribune.com/of-bamboo-groves-and-monoliths/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=The Assam Tribune}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Educational institutions==<br />
* Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Umswai<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Bosco India -|url=https://www.donboscoindia.com/english/bis/default_ms.php?newsid=9001|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.donboscoindia.com}}</ref><br />
* Green Valley Academy, Umswai<br />
* Umswai English High School, Umswai <br />
* Umswai ME School, Umswai<br />
*<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:West Karbi Anglong district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in West Karbi Anglong district]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vala_(clan)&diff=543411Vala (clan)2025-09-18T21:18:00Z<p>AlbaTinker204: Details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Rajput clan found in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox tribe|local name=વાળા|type=[[Gotra]] in [[Koli people|Koli]]s, [[Rajput]]s and [[Kathi people|Kathi]]s|name=Vala|ethnicity=*[[Koli people|Koli]]s<br />
*[[Rajput]]s<br />
*[[Kathi people|Kathi]]s|location=*[[Gujarat]]<br />
*[[Daman and Diu]]|varna= [[Kshatriya]]|religion=*[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|language=*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
*[[Kachi Koli language|Koli]]<br />
*[[Hindi]]<br />
*[[English language|English]]|demonym=[[Gujarati people]]}}<br />
The '''Vala''', or '''Wala''' is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) mostly found among the [[Koli people|Koli]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Satinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtkjAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian Tribes: The Kinnaura - The Korwa |date=2000 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-0517-5 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |page=1557 |quote=The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans, Four of those clans, Merh, [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]], [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely [[Rathod (surname)|Rathod]], Vala, Heera and [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] are placed below them |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRdOAQAAMAAJ |title=The Scheduled Castes |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563742-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[India]] |page=576 |quote=The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans. Four of those clans, Merh, [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]], [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely [[Rathod (surname)|Rathod]], Vala, Heera and [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] are placed below them |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |last2=Gujarat |first2=Shreyas Folk Museum of |date=1980 |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=6 |quote=It has been noted that the famous Koli Dhanmer whose descendants became known as Vala Koli |language=en}}</ref> [[Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |last2=Gujarat |first2=Shreyas Folk Museum of |date=1980 |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=3: Varavalji who awas a Vala Rajput married to the daughter of a Kathi |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kathi people|Kathi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=54: A Vala Rajput of Dhanak fell in love of a Kathi girl and his marriage with Kathi girl started a lineage of Vala Kathis |language=en}}</ref> [[Caste system in India|castes]] of [[Gujarat]].<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{India-ethno-stub}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vala (Clan)}}<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]</div>AlbaTinker204https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Latip&diff=484213Abdul Latip2025-08-17T11:58:29Z<p>AlbaTinker204: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Manipur politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = Muhammad<br />
| name = Abdul Latip<br />
| native_name =<br />
| office = Member of [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 1972<br />
| term_end = 1979<br />
| constituency = [[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]]<br />
| predecessor = [[C . Rajmohon]]<br />
| successor = [[Khumujam Amutombi Singh]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| party = [[Manipur Peoples Party]]<br />
| relatives = <br />
}}<br />
'''Muhammad Abdul Latip''' is an Indian politician and former two-time member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=net/><br />
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==Career==<br />
He participated in the [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Mayang Imphal Assembly constituency|Mayang Imphal]] constituency in [[Imphal West district]] as an independent candidate, He won the election, defeating his rival [[Khaidem Gulamjat Singh]] of the [[Manipur Peoples Party|MPP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/manipur/1972/mayang-imphal/m-d-abdul-latif/|website=Latestly|title=M D Abdul Latif, Mayang Imphal|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> During the [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], he ran as a [[Manipur Peoples Party]] politician and was successful once again, defeating his rival [[Khaidem Mangol]] of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name=net>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/manipur/1974/mayang-imphal/|website=Latestly|title=Abdul Latip, Mayang Imphal|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> In 1980, he contested as a [[Janata Party]] candidate but lost to Khunujam Amutombi of [[Indian National Congress (I)|INC(I)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/manipur/1980/mayang-imphal/|website=Latestly|title=1980 Mayang Imphal|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Amin}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1972–1974]]<br />
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1974–1979]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Manipur Peoples Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]<br />
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{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}</div>AlbaTinker204