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Ghajini (2005 film)

2026-05-07T09:34:51Z

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{{Short description|2005 Indian Tamil language action thriller film}}
{{distinguish|Ghajini (2008 film)}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghajini
| image = Ghajini 2005 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. R. Murugadoss]]
| producer = [[Salem Chandrasekharan]]
| writer = A. R. Murugadoss
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Suriya]] [[Asin]] [[Nayanthara]] [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Sri Saravanaa Creations
| distributor = Sri Saravanaa Creations
Overseas Khafa Exports
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|09|29}}
| runtime = 175 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghajini |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ghajini-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtoti2oty2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226112138/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ghajini-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtoti2oty2 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}7 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Made for Rs 7 crore, this film earned Rs 50 crore, its Bollywood remake was blockbuster too, boosted career of.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-made-for-rs-7-crore-film-ghajini-earned-rs-50-crore-bollywood-remake-blockbuster-too-boosted-career-of-3078345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722074218/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-made-for-rs-7-crore-film-ghajini-earned-rs-50-crore-bollywood-remake-blockbuster-too-boosted-career-of-3078345 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}50
crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2020 |title=சூர்யா...close up |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17482&id1=3&issue=20201129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111030628/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=17482&id1=3&issue=20201129 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ghajini''''' ({{IPA|ta|gadʐini|pron}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Psychological fiction|psychological]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]] and produced by [[Salem Chandrasekharan]]. The film stars [[Suriya]], [[Asin]], [[Nayanthara]] and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]. [[Harris Jayaraj]] composed the soundtrack and background music, while [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] were the cinematographer and editor, respectively. In the film, a wealthy businessman develops [[anterograde amnesia]] due to a head injury he sustains while attempting to save his lover from getting murdered by a human trafficker. Remembering only that, he seeks to avenge her murder with the aid of photographs from an [[instant camera]] and permanent tattoos on his body.

The film's production began in April and was completed by September on the same year. The film was shot at [[Chennai]], while two song sequences were filmed in Switzerland. It was released on 29 September 2005, and became a major commercial success. The film was [[Ghajini (2008 film)|remade into a Hindi film with the same name]] by Murugadoss again in 2008, with Asin and Rawat reprising their roles, and the former making her [[Bollywood]] debut. The film's story takes inspiration from the [[Christopher Nolan]] film ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000) and the 1951 film ''[[Happy Go Lovely]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Iain Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDRWDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Happy+Go+Lovely%22+ghajini&pg=PA137 |title=Hollywood Meme: Transnational Adaptations in World Cinema |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7486-7747-4 |pages=137 |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902093803/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDRWDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Happy+Go+Lovely%22+ghajini&pg=PA137 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=When Christopher Nolan opened up about Aamir Khan's Ghajini being 'inspired by' Memento: 'I heard it was successful' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-christopher-nolan-opened-up-about-aamir-khan-s-ghajini-being-inspired-by-memento-i-heard-it-was-successful/story-0fcnMrhvJUwIbMgXAmmdpK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207083935/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-christopher-nolan-opened-up-about-aamir-khan-s-ghajini-being-inspired-by-memento-i-heard-it-was-successful/story-0fcnMrhvJUwIbMgXAmmdpK.html |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|2}}

==Plot==
Chitra is a medical student, who along with her friends is working on a project about the human brain. Chitra wants to investigate the curious case of Sanjay Ramaswamy, a notable [[Chennai]]-based rich businessman who is reported to have [[anterograde amnesia]]. Her professor Ravindran denies access to Sanjay's records as it is currently under criminal investigation. Overcome with curiosity, Chitra proceeds to investigate the matter herself in secret.

Sanjay loses his memory every 15 minutes and uses a system of photographs, notes, and tattoos to recover his memory after each cycle. It is revealed that Sanjay is ultimately out to avenge the death of his lover Kalpana and that he is systematically killing the people responsible. His main target is Lakshman, the head of a [[Kolkata]]-based human trafficking network and a notable socialite in Chennai. Inspector Ravi is on the case of the serial murders. He tracks Sanjay at his flat and knocks him unconscious. Ravi finds two diaries titled 2002 and 2003 where Sanjay has chronicled the events of his life.

In 2002, Sanjay, the owner of the AirVoice mobile telephone company, meets Kalpana, a struggling advertisement model, and secretly develops romantic feelings for her while introducing himself as "Sanjay Manohar". Eventually, they spend time together and gradually develop a liking for each other. The diary ends with Sanjay proposing to Kalpana and promising himself that he will reveal himself as Sanjay Ramaswamy if she accepts.

Before Ravi can read the 2003 diary, Sanjay regains consciousness, attacks and ties him up. He tracks down Lakshman to a college function where the latter is the guest of honor. Sanjay takes pictures of Lakshman and decides to kill him. However, he mistakenly attacks and kills one of Lakshman's goons in the parking lot. Lakshman is perplexed and fails to recollect the incident. He decides to find and kill his enemies one by one, but Sanjay is not among them. In the meantime, Chitra visits Sanjay's flat and finds Ravi, beaten and bound. Chitra finds the two diaries and frees Ravi. She also finds that Lakshman is Sanjay's target. Ravi tells her that Sanjay is a known serial killer. Sanjay arrives suddenly; he remembers neither of them and chases them out. Ravi is eventually hit and killed by a bus, while Chitra barely escapes, going into a phone booth.

Believing Lakshman is in danger, Chitra informs him that Sanjay is after him. Sanjay discovers that Chitra had warned Lakshman and goes to her dormitory to kill her, but Chitra calls the police and Sanjay is arrested. Lakshman discovers about Sanjay through a police inquiry and arrives at Sanjay's flat, destroying all the photographs, notes and scratching off Sanjay's tattoos. Chitra reads the 2003 diary, which states that Kalpana accepted the proposal, but on the condition that she marry only after she completes her past commitment. The diary ends abruptly as Sanjay left for a business trip. Chitra investigates further and discovers that Kalpana was traveling to [[Mumbai]] for a modeling assignment by train when she rescued 25 innocent young Tamil girls being trafficked to Mumbai and Kolkata. Lakshman, the ringleader of the racket, killed two girls who recognized him and went in search of Kalpana. His goons broke into her apartment and tried to kill her, only to be trashed off by Sanjay, but Lakshman attacked Sanjay and kills Kalpana with an iron rod.

Now aware of the truth, Chitra finds Sanjay in the hospital and tells him everything. Sanjay tells her to lead him to Lakshman. Meanwhile, Lakshman's twin brother Ram arrives from Kolkata to help him pursue Sanjay. Arriving at Lakshman's factory in downtown Chennai, Sanjay sees Lakshman leaving in a car and follows him, but Chitra calls him and tells that he is here thinking that Ram is Lakshman, which everyone hears. Ram and his men try to kill her but she escapes to her dormitory. Ram and his henchmen arrive along with Lakshman and ask her to bring Sanjay, threatening to kill her friends otherwise. She goes to find Sanjay, along with their henchmen and finally finds him. Sanjay confronts and disables all of Lakshman's henchmen and goes to the dormitory to kill Lakshman. Sanjay fights off Lakshman and Ram but gets badly beaten and injured by them. But when he sees Kalpana's presence and recollects how Lakshman killed her, he overpowers and kills the brothers.

With his vengeance fulfilled, Sanjay leaves with Chitra, where he stops at a crossing to let young children cross the road. A young girl smiles at him and he returns the smile. Sanjay feels a presence of Kalpana in the child's smile. The story ends with an emotional moment.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suriya]] as Sanjay Ramaswamy / Manohar
* [[Asin]] as Kalpana
* [[Nayanthara]] as Chitra
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Ram and Lakshman
* [[Manobala]] as Kalpana's advertising firm owner
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Inspector Ravi{{Efn|His full name is Ravi Barnaboss as per his name plate.}}
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Sanjay's impersonator
* Raneesh as Sanjay's assistant
<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4XLEDWUxdE|title=நீ என்ன பெரிய ஆளானு கேட்டாரு 😯 {{!}} Actor Raneesh Interview {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay Movies {{!}} Kumudam|date=22 June 2024|language=ta|access-date=28 December 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|work=[[Kumudam]]|time=19:20}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| width = 30%
| align = right
| quote="I found the basic story — the part about the memory loss — very interesting. It was something not dealt with in Tamil before. I thought even a layman could understand the medical problem. The screenplay was very exciting too".
| source = Suriya spoke about ''Ghajini'' in an interview to ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2009 |title=Surya looks back at his Ghajini days |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/06sl1-surya-on-his-gajini.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001804/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/06sl1-surya-on-his-gajini.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
}}

In 2004, AR Murugadoss began work on a film titled ''Mirattal'', with [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Asin]], NIC Arts producing and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] as the music composer. However the project fell through and negotiations with [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] also collapsed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Surya replaces Ajit in 'Mirattal'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/surya-replaces-ajit-in-mirattal-news-tamil-kkfvESbhcac.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020152002/http://www.sify.com/movies/surya-replaces-ajit-in-mirattal-news-tamil-kkfvESbhcac.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=12 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2004 |title=Ajith's double act |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/22/stories/2004032201000200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012183220/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/22/stories/2004032201000200.htm |archive-date=12 October 2011 |access-date=6 May 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In November 2004, it was announced that the project was revived by Salem Chandrasekhar and that [[Suriya]] would portray the lead role.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2005 |title=Surya's next project: ''Ghajini'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/02/17/stories/2005021701500200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141228172614/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/02/17/stories/2005021701500200.htm |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Suriya subsequently had to tonsure his head for the film before production,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2005 |title=Surya readying himself for new roles |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/17/stories/2005081702190200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141228172604/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/17/stories/2005081702190200.htm |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> with Asin retaining her role while [[Shriya Saran]] was selected to play another role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2005 |title=Surya's new exciting film! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suryas-new-exciting-film-news-tamil-kkfvA1hihhh.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020153656/http://www.sify.com/movies/suryas-new-exciting-film-news-tamil-kkfvA1hihhh.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=12 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Murugadoss said that he had narrated the script to 12 actors but none of them agreed; Suriya was the 13th actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A few excerpts of the chat with the crew of Ghajini |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/moviearticles/articles1/ghajini/tamil-cinema-movies-article-ghajini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911065624/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/moviearticles/articles1/ghajini/tamil-cinema-movies-article-ghajini.html |archive-date=11 September 2010 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The name of Asin's character Kalpana was inspired by the late Indian American astronaut [[Kalpana Chawla]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title=Asin Thottumkal |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/asin-thottumkal-news-237810 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105014548/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/asin-thottumkal-news-237810|archive-date=5 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Saran was later replaced by [[Nayanthara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2005 |title=Nayantara in 'Ghajini'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nayantara-in-ghajini-news-tamil-kkfv6ojaggj.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020153846/http://www.sify.com/movies/nayantara-in-ghajini-news-tamil-kkfv6ojaggj.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=12 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film was launched on 11 February 2005 at AVM Studios in [[Chennai]] with the cast of the project in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2005 |title=Surya as an action hero! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/surya-as-an-action-hero-news-tamil-kkfv86jidhd.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020154016/http://www.sify.com/movies/surya-as-an-action-hero-news-tamil-kkfv86jidhd.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=12 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In early April 2005, two songs for the film were shot in Switzerland with costumes brought in from Paris for the shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2005 |title=Surya in Switzerland! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/surya-in-switzerland-news-tamil-kkfv6yfegfd.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020154114/http://www.sify.com/movies/surya-in-switzerland-news-tamil-kkfv6yfegfd.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=12 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Shooting continued and the film finished production in July 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2005 |title=Ghajini on the starting blocks |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15779.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023204008/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15779.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=12 September 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==Themes and influences==
''Ghajini'' was inspired by the American film ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Upset over the Memento Remake ? It already got two quasi-remakes in India |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/8395-upset-over-the-memento-remake-it-already-got-two-quasi-remakes-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202093915/https://www.inverse.com/article/8395-upset-over-the-memento-remake-it-already-got-two-quasi-remakes-in-india |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |website=Inverse}}</ref> which itself was adapted from the short story ''[[Memento Mori (short story)|Memento Mori]]''. In response to allegations of plagiarism, [[Aamir Khan]] noted "Murgadoss had heard about a film called ''Memento'' and the concept had really fascinated him. Without having seen the film he went ahead and wrote his own version of the script and screenplay. Having finished his script, he then saw ''Memento'', found it very different from what he had written, and went ahead and made ''Ghajini''."<ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Aamir |author-link=Aamir Khan |date=29 June 2007 |title=Ghajini |url=http://www.lagaandvd.com/blog.php?topicid=33 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808203043/http://www.lagaandvd.com/blog.php?topicid=33 |archive-date=8 August 2007 |access-date=2 March 2009 |website=The Lagaan Blog}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that: "Those who have watched ''Memento'', will not miss the similarities between the English flick and ''Ghajini''. Yet Murugadas's ingenuity lies in adapting the inspiration to suit the taste of the audience".<ref name="Ghajini">{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 October 2005 |title=On another psycho trip |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702700200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170115125058/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702700200.htm |archive-date=15 January 2017 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Murugadoss stated, "I had written half the story of ''Ghajini'' when I saw ''Memento''. I liked the character in the film who remembers things for just 15 minutes. So, I used just that character."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-04-18 |title=Aamir's next director speaks |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/18muru.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818010448/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/18muru.htm |archive-date=18 August 2017 |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

After the release of the [[Ghajini (2008 film)|Hindi remake]], [[Christopher Nolan]] was reported to be upset when he found out that Murugadoss had borrowed elements from ''Memento'' without giving him due credit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-25 |title=Ghajini 15 years on: Aamir Khan's film, which became Hindi cinema's first Rs 100-crore earner, is a hard pass |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ghajini-15-years-on-aamir-khans-film-which-became-hindi-cinemas-first-rs-100-crore-earner-is-a-hard-pass-9081886/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230214529/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ghajini-15-years-on-aamir-khans-film-which-became-hindi-cinemas-first-rs-100-crore-earner-is-a-hard-pass-9081886/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Did you know Nolan was unhappy with Aamir's 'Ghajini' initially? Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/hollywood/story/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-nolan-was-unhappy-with-aamirs-ghajini-initially-heres-why-2437616-2023-09-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230214932/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/hollywood/story/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-nolan-was-unhappy-with-aamirs-ghajini-initially-heres-why-2437616-2023-09-19 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> However, later he spoke fondly of the success of the film. He said, "I have heard it was very successful, I heard people liked it. So I will watch it at some point. I was aware of it, and I am very honoured".<ref name=":0" />

Several comical scenes in the film are similar to ''[[Happy Go Lovely]]'' (1951). The film's title is a reference to [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], the tenth-century [[Sultan]] of [[Ghaznavid Empire]] whose name is pronounced "Ghajini" in Tamil.<ref name="Raveh">{{Cite book |last=Raveh |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj6TDAAAQBAJ&q=ghajini+memento&pg=PT122 |title=Sutras, Stories and Yoga Philosophy: Narrative and Transfiguration |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-63838-9 |pages=140 |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407161551/https://books.google.com/books?id=lj6TDAAAQBAJ&q=ghajini+memento&pg=PT122 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack features five songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2005 |title='Ghajini' music rocks! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajini-music-rocks-news-tamil-kkfv1mehdibsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214930/http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajini-music-rocks-news-tamil-kkfv1mehdibsi.html |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Regarding the song "Suttum Vizhi", Harris said that when Murugadoss narrated him the situation in which the hero is full of admiration for the heroine's attitude and compassion and he dreams of her. Initially, he thought of a peppy song but after hours of discussion, he decided on a melodious tune.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=31 December 2005 |title=It's ringing hits |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/12/31/stories/2005123101070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141228172557/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/12/31/stories/2005123101070300.htm |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Tamil Track-List<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2003 |title=Ghajini – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/ghajini/1j5bGDwINi4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902093814/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ghajini/1j5bGDwINi4_ |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
|total_length=24:45
|title1=Oru Maalai|extra1=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]| lyrics1 = [[Thamarai]] |length1= 5:55
|title3=Suttum Vizhi|extra3=[[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Bombay Jayashree]]| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]|length3=5:19
|title2=Rahathulla|extra2=[[Annupamaa]]| lyrics2 = Thamarai|length2=4:51
|title4=Rangola Ola|extra4=[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]|length4=4:27
|title5=X Machi|extra5=[[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]], [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]]| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]|length5=4:13
}}{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Telugu Track-List<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Ghajini – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/ghajini/Q3h1xpEFE1g_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902093806/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ghajini/Q3h1xpEFE1g_ |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
|total_length=24:29
|title1=Oka Maaru Kalisina|extra1= Karthik| lyrics1 = [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]|length1= 5:53
|title3=Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi|extra3=[[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Bombay Jayashri]]| lyrics3 = [[Vennelakanti]]|length3=5:16
|title2=Rahathulla|extra2= Annupamaa| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]|length2=4:49
|title4=Rangola Ola|extra4=[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]| lyrics4 = [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]|length4=4:22
|title5=X Pichi Y Pichi|extra5=[[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]], Nakul | lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]|length5=4:09
}}

==Release==
''Ghajini'' was censored with a [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], with few minor cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2005 |title='Ghajini' censored! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajini-censored-news-tamil-kkfvzXdjahesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125020753/http://www.sify.com/movies/ghajini-censored-news-tamil-kkfvzXdjahesi.html |archive-date=25 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film and its dubbed Telugu release opened to high critical acclaim. ''Ghajini'' was a commercial success<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2018 |title=Suriya: Best performances of the actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/suriya-best-performances-of-the-actor/photostory/65100104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124050333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/suriya-best-performances-of-the-actor/photostory/65100104.cms |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and became among the highest grossing Tamil films of that year.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2005 |title=Tamil box-office 2005 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-box-office-2005-news-boxoffice-kkfvwTchhge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021080919/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-box-office-2005-news-boxoffice-kkfvwTchhge.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=12 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Ghajini'', together with ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' and ''[[Anniyan]]'', earned more than three times their combined cost of production.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=30 December 2005 |title=Tamil cinema's new high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001140100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004052839/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001140100.htm |archive-date=4 October 2014 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The Telugu dubbed version, which was released on 4 November 2005,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=4 November 2005 |title=Movie review - Ghazani |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ghajini.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> was also successful<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2005 |title=Telugu hits and misses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2005/12/29/stories/2005122900510500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118033303/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2005/12/29/stories/2005122900510500.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and did better business than many straight Telugu films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2006 |title=Dubbing troubles |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dubbing-troubles/article3202645.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902093806/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dubbing-troubles/article3202645.ece |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=20 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=செந்தில் |date=4 December 2005 |title=சுந்தர தெலுங்கினில் படமெடுத்து... |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-12-04/page/88/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240119142331/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-12-04/page/88/mode/2up |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=88–89 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film's success earned Suriya a fan following in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. It also prompted producers in the Telugu film industry, to acquire the dubbing rights to Suriya's Tamil films and release them in Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2005 |title=Tamil stars shine on Telugu silver screen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/26/stories/2005112620570500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103183233/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/26/stories/2005112620570500.htm |archive-date=3 January 2015 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Full marks to the director and Surya for coming out with one of the best edge-of-the-seat racy thriller seen in recent times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2005 |title=Ghajini |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ghajini-review-tamil-pclvMFdbbcdid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112175155/https://www.sify.com/movies/ghajini-review-tamil-pclvMFdbbcdid.html |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Ghajini'' is recommended for those who seek extra strong, stylish, over-the-top entertainment" and also wrote that "it is an action film with plenty of intense, dark and suspenseful filled moments".<ref name="Ghajini" /> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of Suriya and Asin, Rajasekhar's cinematography, Jayaraj's music and Murugadoss's direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=16 October 2005 |title=கஜினி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-10-16/page/20/mode/2up |access-date=4 November 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Award Category
! Nominee
! Result
!
|-
|rowspan=12|[[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2005 Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Tamil)|Best Actress]]
|[[Asin]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="12" |
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Actress Award (Tamil)|Best Actor]]
|[[Suriya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Director Award (Tamil)|Best Director]]
| [[A. R. Murugadoss]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Tamil)|Best Film]]
| Salem A. Chandrasekaran
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Thamarai]] ("Oru Maalai")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award (Tamil)|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Sriram Parthasarathy ("Suttum Vizhi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award (Tamil)|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] ("Oru Maalai")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award (Tamil)|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Bombay Jayashree]] ("Suttum Vzhi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Best Music Director]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award (South)|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Editor Award (South)|Best Editor Award]]
|[[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=9|2005 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|Ghajini
|{{won}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naresh |title=Rajnikant, Kamal Haasan adjudged Best Actors |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=17257 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208040445/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=17257 |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2007 |title=Film awards announced; Rajini, Kamal chosen best actors |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090761270800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926074050/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1906934.ece |archive-date=26 September 2014 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2005 |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2005/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813114658/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2005/index.htm |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Webindia123}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award (Special Prizes)|Special Award for Best Actor]]
|Suriya
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Sriram Parthasarathy ("Suttum Vizhi")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Bombay Jayashree]] ("Suttum Vizhi")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|Na. Muthukumar ("Suttum Vizhi")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]]
|[[A. S. Laxmi Narayanan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|[[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
|{{won}}
|}

==Remakes==
Aamir Khan who saw the original film decided to remake the film in Hindi. Murugadoss again directed the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir to star in Ghajini remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aamir-to-star-in-ghajini-remake-news-bollywood-kkfvjQgfijasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926094431/http://www.sify.com/movies/aamir-to-star-in-ghajini-remake-news-bollywood-kkfvjQgfijasi.html |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=20 November 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Asin reprised her character and the film marked her debut in Bollywood.<ref name=":3" /> The climax in Hindi version was altered, with Murugadoss revealing that Khan rewrote the climax portions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir rewrote Ghajini's climax |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14829226&cid=14472478 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926082906/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14829226&cid=14472478 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In 2006, Munirathna announced that he would remake the film in Kannada with [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2006 |title=Uppi as Ghajini! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uppi-as-ghajini-news-kannada-kkfvuIbjjdasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926095948/http://www.sify.com/movies/uppi-as-ghajini-news-kannada-kkfvuIbjjdasi.html |archive-date=26 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However the remake failed to materialise; instead the Telugu film ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' (2002) was remade in Kannada as ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'' (2006) and a few scenes were borrowed from ''Ghajini''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2006 |title=Ramya in a rush |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ramya-in-a-rush/article3230859.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107085559/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ramya-in-a-rush/article3230859.ece |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=14 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The film's success established Suriya as an action hero and Asin as a top actress. Asin described Kalpana in ''Ghajini'' as "a life-time role" for her.<ref>{{Cite web |title="My character was weak": Asin |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14023443&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423060457/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14023443&cid=2408 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Nayanthara, who appeared in a supporting character, later said that appearing in ''Ghajini'' was a big mistake and the "worst decision" she ever took.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ghajini was a big mistake'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14226712&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205121543/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14226712&cid=2408 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== In other media ==
In a comedy scene from ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' (2006), Ganesh ([[Sathyaraj]]) parodies Suriya's looks from ''Ghajini'' to impress [[Namitha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kovai Brothers |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kovai-brothers-review-tamil-14149729.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125120547/http://www.sify.com/movies/kovai-brothers-review-tamil-14149729.html |archive-date=25 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2006 |title=Sathyaraj in 'Ghajini' get up - Kovai Brothers roll |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/28012006-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131073242/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/28012006-3.shtml |archive-date=2010-01-31 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> In ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007), Body Soda ([[Vadivelu]]) imagines himself dancing for the song "Suttum Vizhi" with Sruthi (Asin).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2008 |title=Nayanthara pairs up with Vadivelu! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-08-03/nayanthara-16-09-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121110123/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-08-03/nayanthara-16-09-08.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> In ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010), Shiva ([[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]) remembers that he has to kill gangster Swarna when he looks at a Polaroid photo of her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Padam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-padam-review-tamil-14929428.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016071255/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-padam-review-tamil-14929428.html |archive-date=16 October 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In the Telugu film ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' (2007), Seenu ([[Ravi Teja]]) plays a prank on Inspector Babji ([[Sayaji Shinde]]) by calling every women and singing "Oka Maaru" (Oru Maalai) and also getting him beaten up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iej06k65r6M |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307125742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iej06k65r6M |archive-date=7 March 2016 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[Siva Reddy]]'s character in ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2008 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' (2008) is called "Ara Ghajini" ({{Translation|Half Ghajini}}) and loses his memory every half an hour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2008 |title=Kausalya Supraja Rama press meet |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-kausalyasuprajarama.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630075841/http://idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-kausalyasuprajarama.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> In ''[[Maasilamani]]'' (2009), 'Coma' Ramaswamy ([[M. S. Bhaskar]]) imitates Suriya's entry scene in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masilamani – Behindwoods.com – Tamil Movie Reviews – Nakul Sunayna Santhanam |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/masilamani.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> In ''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]]'' (2009), amnesia patient Rajini ([[Ali (actor)|Ali]]) runs into a nurse and the song "Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi" (Suttum Vizhi) plays in the background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=A Aa e ee Full Length Telugu Movie || Srikanth, Meera Jasmine, Sadha || Shaliimarcinema |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zh-ME-HheU&t=3248s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713222958/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zh-ME-HheU&t=3248s |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In the Kannada film ''[[Rama Rama Raghurama]]'' (2011), a man in Suriya's getup attempts to kill Raghurama ([[Rangayana Raghu]]) after seeing him with the glass of tea in his polaroid photo.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgyC_S5WgN0 |title=Rangayana Raghu & Doddanna Back to Back Comedy Scenes From Rama Rama Raghurama Kannada Movie |date=27 July 2023 |language=kn |publisher=Sri Ganesh Videos |via=[[YouTube]]|time=15:39-16:30}}</ref> In ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'' (2012), Aaku Bhai ([[Brahmanandam]]) imagines himself dancing for the song "Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi" (Suttum Vizhi) with Nandini (Shriya Saran).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2017 |title=Brahmanandam as "AAKU BHAI" || Back 2 Back Hilarious Comedy Scenes || Volga Videos 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NomnkhcBchs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126235332/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NomnkhcBchs |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In the 2014 Kannada film ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'', a remake of Tamil film ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012), the first look poster featured the film's actor [[Sathish Ninasam]] in the look inspired from ''Ghajini''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2014 |title=Kwatle Satisha's Ghajini Look |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4627-kwatle-satisha-s-ghajini-look.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302063233/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4627-kwatle-satisha-s-ghajini-look.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |work=[[Chitraloka.com]] |language=en |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2018 film ''[[Ghajinikanth]]'' was named as a blend of the words "Ghajini" and "[[Rajinikanth]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Ghajinikanth teaser: Arya plays a Rajinikanth fan with a memory disorder |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ghajinikanth-teaser-arya-rajinikanth-watch-video-5020860/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703143958/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ghajinikanth-teaser-arya-rajinikanth-watch-video-5020860/ |archive-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and was titled so because of the forgetful nature of Rajinikanth's character in ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]'' (1988) and Suriya's character in ''Ghajini''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2018 |title=We managed to get a clean A-certificate: 'Hara Hara Mahadevaki' director Santhosh P Jayakumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/09/we-managed-to-get-a-clean-a-certificate-hara-hara-mahadevaki-director-santhosh-p--jayakumar-1799236.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703165621/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/09/we-managed-to-get-a-clean-a-certificate-hara-hara-mahadevaki-director-santhosh-p--jayakumar-1799236.html |archive-date=3 July 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AR Murugadoss}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Authority control}}

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E. M. Forster

2026-05-01T06:18:55Z

Alaratan Tripura: made details

{{Short description|English novelist and writer (1879–1970)}}
{{Distinguish|E. M. Foster}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = E. M. Forster
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100|OM|CH}}
| image = E. M. Forster von Dora Carrington, 1924-25.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Forster by [[Dora Carrington]], {{circa|1924–1925}}
| birth_name = Edward Morgan Forster
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1879|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Marylebone]], Middlesex, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1970|6|7|1879|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Coventry]], Warwickshire, England
| occupation = Writer (novels, short stories, essays)
| period = 1901–1970
| education = [[University of Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| genre = [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]], [[modernism]]
| subjects = [[Class division]], gender, imperialism, homosexuality
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list|''[[A Room with a View]]'' (1908)|''[[Howards End]]'' (1910)|''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924)|''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'' (1971)}}
| signature = E M Forster signature.jpg
}}

'''Edward Morgan Forster''' (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970) was an English author. He is best known for his novels, particularly ''[[A Room with a View]]'' (1908), ''[[Howards End]]'' (1910) and ''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924). He also wrote numerous short stories, essays, speeches and broadcasts, as well as biographies and [[medieval pageant|pageant plays]]. His short story "[[The Machine Stops]]" (1909) is often viewed as the beginning of technological [[dystopian fiction]]. He also co-authored the libretto to [[Benjamin Britten]]'s opera ''[[Billy Budd (opera)|Billy Budd]]'' (1951). Many of his novels examine class differences and hypocrisy. His views as a [[humanist]] are at the heart of his work.

Considered one of the most successful English novelists of the [[Edwardian era]], he was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 22 separate years.<ref name="Nobel">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3128 |title=Edward M Forster |work=Nomination Database |publisher=[[Nobel Media]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155616/http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3128 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nobel-2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3127 |title=E Forster |work=Nomination Database |publisher=[[Nobel Media]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012061726/http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3127 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref> He declined a [[British honours system#Knighthood|knighthood]] in 1949, though he received the [[Order of Merit]] upon his 90th birthday.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=EM Forster (1879–1970) and the First World War |url=https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/subjects/diversity/lgbt-history/fwwhomosexuality/forster-fww/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Exploring Surrey's Past}}</ref> Forster was made a [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] in 1953, and in 1961 he was one of the first five authors named as a [[Companion of Literature]] by the [[Royal Society of Literature]].

After attending [[Tonbridge School]], Forster studied history and [[classics]] at [[King's College, Cambridge]], where he met fellow future writers such as [[Lytton Strachey]] and [[Leonard Woolf]]. He then travelled throughout Europe before publishing his first novel, ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread]]'', in 1905. The last of his novels to be published, ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'', is a tale of homosexual love in early 20th-century England. While completed in 1914, the novel was not published until 1971, the year after his death.

Many of his novels were posthumously adapted for cinema, beginning with [[David Lean]]'s well-received film of ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'' (1984), which was followed by [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]' ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985), ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'' (1987) and ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' (1992). These critically acclaimed period dramas featured lavish sets and esteemed British actors including [[Helena Bonham Carter]], [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], [[Hugh Grant]], [[Anthony Hopkins]] and [[Emma Thompson]].

==Early life==
Forster, born at 6 Melcombe Place, [[Dorset Square]], [[London]] NW1, which no longer stands, was the only child of the Anglo-Irish Alice Clara "Lily" (née Whichelo) and a Welsh architect, Edward Morgan Llewellyn Forster. He was registered as Henry Morgan Forster, but accidentally baptised Edward Morgan Forster.<ref>Moffatt, p. 26.</ref> His father died of [[tuberculosis]] on 30 October 1880, before Forster's second birthday.<ref>[http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/29852.html AP Central – English Literature Author: E. M. Forster] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313211806/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/29852.html |date=13 March 2012}}. Apcentral.collegeboard.com (18 January 2012). Retrieved on 10 June 2012.</ref> His father's sisters helped his mother to raise him. The tension between his father's straight-laced, religious family and his doting mother influenced the themes of his work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=E.M. Forster {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/E-M-Forster |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bs 03 rooks nest square.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Plaque and sundial at [[Rooks Nest House|Rooks Nest]] in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, the childhood home remembered in Forster's novel ''[[Howards End]]''.]]
In 1883, he and his mother moved to [[Rooks Nest House|Rooks Nest]], near [[Stevenage]], [[Hertfordshire]], where they lived until 1893. This was to serve as a model for the house Howards End in his novel of that name. It is [[Listed building|listed]] [[Grade I listed buildings in Hertfordshire|Grade I]] on the [[National Heritage List for England]] for historic interest and literary associations.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1176972 |desc=Rooks News House Howards|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref> Forster had fond memories of his childhood at Rooks Nest. He continued to visit the house into the later 1940s, and he retained the furniture all his life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Victoria Rosner|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Bloomsbury Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k66BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=26 May 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01824-2|page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffrey M. Heath|title=The Creator as Critic and Other Writings by E. M. Forster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlE9xTv7B20C&pg=PA403|date=25 February 2008|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-77070-178-6|page=403}}</ref>

[[File:Tonbridge School 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|A section of the main building, Tonbridge School]]
Among Forster's ancestors were members of the [[Clapham Sect]], a social reform group in the [[Church of England]]. Forster inherited £8,000 ({{Inflation|UK|8000|1887|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}) in [[Trust law|trust]] from his paternal great-aunt [[Marianne Thornton]] (daughter of the abolitionist [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]]), who died on 5 November 1887.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521542524&ss=fro |title=A Chronology of Forster's life and work |publisher=Cambridge.org |date=1 December 1953 |access-date=21 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015351/http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521542524&ss=fro |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was enough to live on and enabled him to become a writer. He attended as a day boy [[Tonbridge School]] in Kent, where the school theatre has been named in his honour,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tonbridge-school.co.uk/about/facilities/theatre/ |title=E. M. Forster Theatre, Tonbridge School |publisher=Tonbridge-school.co.uk |access-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828235549/http://www.tonbridge-school.co.uk/about/facilities/theatre/ |archive-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> although he is known to have been unhappy there.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/e-m-forster |title=British Museum site. Retrieved 7 August 2019. |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910034249/https://www.bl.uk/people/e-m-forster |archive-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At [[King's College, Cambridge]], in 1897–1901,<ref>{{acad |id=FRSR897EM |name=Forster, Edward Morgan}}</ref> he became a member of the discussion group known as the [[Cambridge Apostles|Apostles]] (formally the Cambridge ''Conversazione'' Society). They met in secret to discuss their work on philosophical and moral questions. Many of its members went on to constitute what came to be known as the [[Bloomsbury Group]], of which Forster was a member in the 1910s and 1920s. There is a famous recreation of Forster's Cambridge at the beginning of ''[[The Longest Journey (novel)|The Longest Journey]]''. The Schlegel sisters of ''[[Howards End]]'' are based to some degree on [[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa]] and [[Virginia Woolf|Virginia]] Stephen.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Companion to Virginia Woolf |editor-last=Sellers |editor-first=Susan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0521896948 |location=England |page=16}}</ref> Forster graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] with [[second-class honours]] in classics and history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E.M. Forster – Modernism Lab |url=https://campuspress.yale.edu/modernismlab/e-m-forster/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=campuspress.yale.edu}}</ref>

In 1903, Forster travelled in [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] out of interest in their classical heritage.<ref>{{cite news |title=E.M. Forster Chronology |url=https://campuspress.yale.edu/modernbritishnovel/e-m-forster-chronology/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> He then sought a post in [[German Empire|Germany]], to learn the language, and spent several months in the summer of 1905 in Nassenheide, [[Pomerania]] (now the Polish village of [[Rzędziny]]), as a tutor to the children of the writer [[Elizabeth von Arnim]]. He wrote a short memoir of this experience, which was one of the happiest times in his life.<ref>R. Sully (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=3F5ED-XhzjwC&pg=PA120 British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism & Ambivalence, 1860-1914], p. 120. New York: Springer. Retrieved 20 July 2020 (Google Books)</ref><ref>[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/4deb90eb-7c06-4548-992a-27a94c7dac2e E.M. Forster, (1920-1929) 'Nassenheide']. [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</ref>

==Career==

[[File:EMForster1917.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Forster circa 1917]]
In 1914, he visited [[Egypt]], Germany and India with the classicist [[Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson]], by which time he had written all but one of his novels.<ref>[[Lionel Trilling]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=AESTWbfW8G8C&pg=PA114 ''E. M. Forster'', p. 114.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032740/http://books.google.com/books?id=AESTWbfW8G8C&pg=PA114|date=2 May 2014}}</ref> As a [[conscientious objector]] in the First World War, Forster served as a Chief Searcher (for missing servicemen) for the [[British Red Cross]] in [[Alexandria]], Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Red Cross volunteer records |url=https://vad.redcross.org.uk/Card?fname=edward&sname=forster&id=77266&first=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905024514/https://vad.redcross.org.uk/Card?fname=edward&sname=forster&id=77266&first=true |archive-date=5 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>

Forster spent a second spell in India in the early 1920s as private secretary to [[Tukojirao III]], [[Maharajah]] of [[Dewas]]. ''[[The Hill of Devi]]'' is his non-fictional account of this period. Upon his return to England, Forster wrote ''A Passage to India''. All six of his novels were completed in [[Weybridge|Weybridge, Surrey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=E. M. Forster |url=https://www.surreyculturallives.org/items/show/11 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Surrey Cultural Lives |language=en}}</ref>

Forster was awarded a [[Benson Medal]] in 1937. In the 1930s and 1940s, Forster became a notable broadcaster on [[BBC Radio]], and while [[George Orwell]] was the BBC India Section talks producer from 1941 to 1943, he commissioned from Forster a weekly book review.<ref name="Orwell1987">{{Cite book |last=Orwell|first=George |author-link=George Orwell |title=The War Broadcasts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Urb_nQEACAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-018910-0}}</ref> Forster was President of the [[Liberty (advocacy group)|National Council for Civil Liberties]], as well as Cambridge Humanists from 1959 to his death. Forster became publicly associated with the [[British Humanist Association]]. In addition to his broadcasting, he advocated individual liberty and penal reform and opposed censorship by writing articles, sitting on committees and signing letters. He testified as a witness for the defence in the 1960 obscenity trial over the sexually explicit content in [[D. H. Lawrence]]'s previously unpublished ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]''.
{{multiple image|align=right
| footer = Arlington Park Mansions in [[Chiswick]], Forster's London home from 1939 until his death in 1970, with a close-up of the commemorative [[blue plaque]] at the address.
| width =
| image1 = Arlington Park Mansions - Entrance.jpg
| width1 = 226
| image2 = E.M. FORSTER 1879-1970 Novelist lived here.jpg
| width2 = 140
}}
Forster was elected an honorary [[fellow]] of King's College in January 1946,<ref name="Cambridge_Companion">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Companion to E. M. Forster |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-83475-9 |editor=David Bradshaw |chapter=Chronology |access-date=27 May 2008 |chapter-url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/34759/frontmatter/9780521834759_frontmatter.htm}}</ref> and lived for the most part in the college, doing relatively little. In April 1947 he arrived in America for a three-month nationwide tour of public readings and sightseeing, returning to the East Coast in June.<ref name="ReferenceA">Wendy Moffat, ''E. M. Forster: A New Life'', London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010.</ref> He declined a [[British honours system#Knighthood|knighthood]] in 1949 and was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1953.<ref name="Cambridge_Companion" /> At age 82, he wrote his last short story, ''Little Imber'', a science fiction tale. According to his friend [[Richard Marquand]], Forster was critical of American foreign policy in his latter years, which was one reason he refused offers to adapt his novels for the screen, as Forster felt such productions would involve American financing.<ref>{{Cite video |medium=dvd |title=EM Foster Obituary Special |author=BBC |publisher=Goldcrest Films International |date=14 July 1970}}</ref>

At 85 he went on a pilgrimage to the Wiltshire countryside that had inspired his favourite among his own novels, ''The Longest Journey'', escorted by [[William Golding]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In 1961, he was one of the first five authors named as a [[Companion of Literature]] by the [[Royal Society of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rsliterature.org/award/companions-of-literature/ |title=Companions of Literature |date=2 September 2023 |publisher=Royal Society of Literature}}</ref> In 1969, he was made a member of the [[British Order of Merit|Order of Merit]] on his 90th birthday.<ref name=":1"/>

==Work==
===Novels===
[[File:Monument to E. M. Forster.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The monument to Forster in [[Stevenage]], Hertfordshire, near Rooks Nest where Forster grew up. He based the setting for his novel ''Howards End'' on this area, now informally known as Forster Country.]]
Forster had five novels published in his lifetime. Although ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'' was published shortly after his death, it had been written nearly sixty years earlier. His first novel, ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread]]'' (1905), tells of Lilia, a young English widow who falls in love with an Italian, and of the efforts of her [[bourgeois]] relatives to get her back from Monteriano (based on [[San Gimignano]]). Philip Herriton's mission to retrieve her from Italy has features in common with that of [[Lambert Strether]] in [[Henry James]]'s ''[[The Ambassadors (novel)|The Ambassadors]].'' Forster discussed James' novel ironically and somewhat disapprovingly in his book ''Aspects of the Novel'' (1927). ''Where Angels Fear to Tread'' was adapted as a 1991 [[Where Angels Fear to Tread (film)|film]] directed by [[Charles Sturridge]], starring [[Helena Bonham Carter]], [[Rupert Graves]], [[Judy Davis]] and [[Helen Mirren]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-back-to-the-future-the-fall-and-rise-of-the-british-film-industry-in-the-1980s.pdf|page=30|title=Back to the Future: The Fall and Rise of the British Film Industry in the 1980s - An Information Briefing|website=British Film Institute|date=2005|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912042419/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-back-to-the-future-the-fall-and-rise-of-the-british-film-industry-in-the-1980s.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Next, Forster published ''[[The Longest Journey (novel)|The Longest Journey]]'' (1907), an inverted ''[[Bildungsroman]]'' following the lame Rickie Elliott from Cambridge to a career as a struggling writer and then a post as a schoolmaster, married to an unappealing Agnes Pembroke. In a series of scenes on the Wiltshire hills, which introduce Rickie's wild half-brother Stephen Wonham, Forster attempts a kind of [[sublime (literary)|sublime]] related to those of [[Thomas Hardy]] and [[D. H. Lawrence]].

[[File:III Palazzo Jennings Riccioli, Firenze, Italy (2).jpg|thumb|upright|Forster and his mother stayed at Pensione Simi, which was located in Palazzo Jennings Riccioli, [[Florence]], in 1901. Forster took inspiration from this stay for the Pension Bertolini in ''[[A Room with a View]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aguidetoflorence.com/a-literary-tour.html |title=A Literary Tour of Florence |publisher=Walking Tours of Florence |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408083010/http://www.aguidetoflorence.com/a-literary-tour.html |archive-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

Forster's third novel, ''[[A Room with a View]]'' (1908), is his lightest and most optimistic. It was started in 1901, before any of his others, initially under the title ''Lucy''. It explores young Lucy Honeychurch's trip to Italy with a cousin and the choice she must make between the free-thinking George Emerson and the repressed aesthete Cecil Vyse. George's father Mr Emerson quotes thinkers who influenced Forster, including [[Samuel Butler (1835–1902)|Samuel Butler]]. It was adapted as a [[A Room with a View (1986 film)|film of the same name]] in 1985 by the [[Merchant Ivory]] team, starring Helena Bonham Carter, Maggie Smith, Julian Sands, Denholm Elliott and [[Daniel Day-Lewis]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091867/fullcredits/ |title=A Room with a View (1985) - Full cast & crew - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-10-18 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> and as a [[A Room with a View (2007 film)|televised adaptation of the same name]] in 2007 by [[Andrew Davies (writer)|Andrew Davies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel Day-Lewis |url=http://theoscarsite.com/whoswho7/daylewis_d.htm |website=The Oscar Site |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007180639/http://theoscarsite.com/whoswho7/daylewis_d.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Where Angels Fear to Tread'' and ''A Room with a View'' can be seen as Forster's Italian novels. Both include references to the famous [[Baedeker]] guidebooks and concern narrow-minded middle-class English tourists abroad. The books share themes with his short stories collected in ''[[The Celestial Omnibus]]'' and ''[[The Eternal Moment]]''.

''[[Howards End]]'' (1910) is an ambitious [[Condition of England novel|"condition-of-England" novel]] about various groups among the [[Edwardian]] middle classes, represented by the Schlegels (bohemian intellectuals), the Wilcoxes (thoughtless plutocrats) and the Basts (struggling lower-middle-class aspirants). ''Howards End'' was adapted as a [[Howards End (film)|film]] in 1992 by the Merchant-Ivory team, starring [[Vanessa Redgrave]], [[Emma Thompson]], [[Anthony Hopkins]], and Helena Bonham-Carter. Thompson won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her performance as Margaret Schlegel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Simply Put, It's Chemistry: Two actors, two Oscars, two tart tongues—Emma Thompson and Anthony Hopkins do the Tracy and Hepburn thing |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-31/entertainment/ca-51533_1_emma-thompson-and-anthony-hopkins |last=De Vries |first=Hilary |newspaper=The New York Times |date=31 October 1993 |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221032/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-31/entertainment/ca-51533_1_emma-thompson-and-anthony-hopkins |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also adapted as a [[Howards End (miniseries)|miniseries]] in 2017. An opera libretto ''Howards End, America'' was created in 2016 by [[Claudia Stevens]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-howards-end-opera-20190221-story.html|title=In the new 'Howards End' opera, Edwardian London is 1950s Boston, and Leonard Bast is black|date=21 February 2019|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Forster's greatest success, ''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924) takes as its subject the relations between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the [[British Raj]]. Forster connects personal relations with the politics of colonialism through the story of the Englishwoman Adela Quested, the Indian Dr. Aziz, and the question of what did or did not happen between them in the [[Marabar Caves]]. Forster makes special mention of the author [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]] and his ''[[Twilight in Delhi]]'' in a preface to its Everyman's Library Edition. The novel was awarded the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for fiction. ''A Passage to India'' was adapted as a [[A Passage to India (play)|play]] in 1960, directed by [[Frank Hauser (director)|Frank Hauser]], and as a [[A Passage to India (film)|film]] in 1984, directed by [[David Lean]], starring [[Alec Guinness]], Judy Davis and [[Peggy Ashcroft]], with the latter winning the 1985 Oscar for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-oscar-winner-for-best-supporting-actress|title=Oldest Oscar winner for Best Supporting Actress|website=Guinness World Records|date=25 March 1985 }}</ref>
[[File:Forster typewriter.jpg|thumb|left|E. M. Forster's typewriter]]

''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'' (1971), published posthumously, is a homosexual love story that also returns to matters familiar from Forster's first three novels, such as the suburbs of London in the English [[home counties]], the experience of attending Cambridge, and the wild landscape of [[Wiltshire]].<ref>[[Joseph Epstein (writer)|Epstein, Joseph]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/10/archives/maurice-by-e-m-forster-256-pp-new-york-w-w-norton-co-695-maurice.html "E. M. Forster's posthumous novel—more important to the man than to literature"], ''The New York Times'', 10 October 1971.</ref> The novel was controversial, given that Forster's homosexuality had not been publicly known or widely acknowledged. Today's critics continue to debate over the extent to which Forster's sexuality and personal activities influenced his writing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1470492.stm |title=BBC News Website |date=2 August 2001 |access-date=21 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914212852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1470492.stm |archive-date=14 September 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Maurice'' was adapted [[Maurice (1987 film)|as a film]] in 1987 by the Merchant Ivory team. It starred [[James Wilby]] and [[Hugh Grant]] who played lovers (for which both gained acclaim) and Rupert Graves, with [[Denholm Elliott]], [[Simon Callow]] and [[Ben Kingsley]] in the supporting cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Maurice'' |url=https://www.merchantivory.com/film/maurice |website=MerchantIvory.com |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>

Early in his career, Forster attempted a historical novel about the Byzantine scholar [[Gemistus Pletho]] and the Italian [[condottiero]] [[Sigismondo de Malatesta]], but was dissatisfied with the result and never published it, though he kept the manuscript and later showed it to [[Naomi Mitchison]].<ref>Mentioned in a 1925 letter to Mitchison, quoted in her autobiography ''You May Well Ask: A Memoir 1920–1940''. {{Cite book |last1=Mitchison |first1=Naomi |title=You May Well Ask: A Memoir 1920-1940 |year=1986 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=Fontana Paperbacks |location=London |isbn=978-0-00654-193-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nas5AAAACAAJ |chapter=11: Morgan Comes to Tea}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
[[File:EMForsterLeiden1954.jpg|thumb|upright|Forster receiving an honorary doctorate from [[Leiden University]] (1954)]]
Forster's first novel, ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread]]'', was described by reviewers as "astonishing" and "brilliantly original".<ref>P. Gardner, ed. (1973). ''E. M. Forster: the critical heritage''.</ref> ''[[The Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]]'' (forerunner of ''The Guardian'') noted "a persistent vein of cynicism which is apt to repel," though "the cynicism is not deep-seated." The novel is labelled "a sordid comedy culminating, unexpectedly and with a real dramatic force, in a grotesque tragedy."<ref>''The Manchester Guardian'', 30 August 1905.</ref> [[Lionel Trilling]] remarked on this first novel as "a whole and mature work dominated by a fresh and commanding intelligence".<ref name="Trilling">{{Cite book |author-last=Trilling |author-first=Lionel |author-link=Lionel Trilling |title=E. M. Forster |series=Columbia essays on modern writers, vol. 189 (first ed. 1943) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AESTWbfW8G8C |publisher=[[New Directions Publishing]] |year=1965 |issue=10 |isbn=978-0811202107 |page=57 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022030902/https://books.google.com/books?id=AESTWbfW8G8C&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=22 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequent books were similarly received on publication. ''The Manchester Guardian'' commented on ''[[Howards End]]'', describing it as "a novel of high quality written with what appears to be a feminine brilliance of perception... witty and penetrating."<ref>''The Manchester Guardian'', 26 February 1910.</ref> An essay by [[Lord David Cecil|David Cecil]] in ''Poets and Storytellers'' (1949) describes Forster as "pulsing with intelligence and sensibility", but primarily concerned with an original moral vision: "He tells a story as well as anyone who ever lived".<ref name=Cecil>David Cecil (1949). ''Poets and Storytellers: A Book of Critical Essays''. Macmillan.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cecil |first=Lord David |date=1949-01-01 |title=E. M. Forster |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1949/01/e-m-forster/643522/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Atlantic |language=en |issn=2151-9463}}</ref>

The beginning of technological [[dystopian fiction]] is traced to Forster's "[[The Machine Stops]]", a 1909 short story where most people live underground in isolation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zimmermann |first1=Ana Cristina |last2=Morgan |first2=W. John |date=1 March 2019 |title=E. M. Forster's 'The Machine Stops': humans, technology and dialogue |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-017-0698-3 |journal=AI & Society |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1007/s00146-017-0698-3 |s2cid=25560513 |issn=1435-5655|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Caporaletti, Silvana. "Science as Nightmare: ''The Machine Stops'' by E. M. Forster." ''Utopian studies'' 8.2 (1997): 32-47.</ref> M. Keith Booker states that "The Machine Stops," ''[[We (novel)|We]]'' and ''[[Brave New World]]'' are "the great defining texts of the genre of dystopian fiction, both in [the] vividness of their engagement with real-world social and political issues and in the scope of their critique of the societies on which they focus."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M Keith|title=The Dystopian Impulse in Modern Literature: Fiction as Social Criticism|date=1994|publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> [[Will Gompertz]] for the [[BBC]] writes, "The Machine Stops is not simply prescient; it is a jaw-droppingly, gob-smackingly, breath-takingly accurate literary description of lockdown life in 2020."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Machine Stops: Will Gompertz reviews EM Forster's work ★★★★★ |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-52821993 |access-date=2 January 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

American interest in Forster was spurred by [[Lionel Trilling]]'s ''E. M. Forster: A Study'', which called him "the only living novelist who can be read again and again and who, after each reading, gives me what few writers can give us after our first days of novel-reading, the sensation of having learned something." {{Harv |Trilling |1943}}

Criticism of his works has included comments on unlikely pairings of characters who marry or get engaged and the lack of realistic depiction of sexual attraction.<ref name=Cecil /><ref>{{Citation |last=Colmer |first=John |title=Marriage and Personal Relations in Forster’s Fiction |date=1982 |work=E. M. Forster: Centenary Revaluations |pages=113–123 |editor-last=Herz |editor-first=Judith Scherer |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05625-5_7 |access-date=2026-04-26 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-05625-5_7 |isbn=978-1-349-05625-5 |editor2-last=Martin |editor2-first=Robert K.}}</ref>

===Key themes===
Forster was President of the Cambridge Humanists from 1959 until his death and a member of the Advisory Council of the [[British Humanist Association]] from 1963 until his death. His views as a [[humanism|humanist]] are at the heart of his work, which often depicts the pursuit of personal connections despite the restrictions of contemporary society. His humanist attitude is expressed in the 1938 essay ''[[What I Believe (E. M. Forster essay)|What I Believe]]'' (reprinted with two other humanist essays – and an introduction and notes by [[Nicolas Walter]]). When Forster's cousin [[Philip Whichelo]] donated a portrait of Forster to the [[Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association]] (GLHA), [[Jim Herrick]], the founder, quoted Forster's words: "The humanist has four leading characteristics – curiosity, a free mind, belief in good taste, and belief in the human race."<ref>{{cite news |title=E. M. Forster (1879-1970) |url=https://heritage.humanists.uk/e-m-forster/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |publisher=Heritage Humanists}}</ref>

[[File:Portrait of E.M. Forster by Roger Fry, 1911s..jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Portrait of Forster in 1911 by [[Roger Fry]], painted a year after receiving critical acclaim for his fourth novel ''Howards End''. Both members of the [[Bloomsbury Group]], Fry was an influence on Forster's aesthetics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roger Fry (British, 1866-1934) |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/25852/lot/5/roger-fry-british-1866-1934-portrait-of-em-forster-73-x-60-cm-28-14-x-23-58-in-painted-in-1911/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=Bonhams}}</ref>]]
Two of Forster's best-known works, ''A Passage to India'' and ''Howards End'', explore the irreconcilability of class differences. ''[[A Room with a View]]'' also shows how questions of propriety and class can make human connection difficult. ''A Room with a View'' is his most widely read and accessible work, remaining popular long after its original publication. His posthumous novel ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'' explores the possibility of class reconciliation as one facet of a homosexual relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Sophie |date=2025-01-09 |title=Maurice: The queer Oxbridge novel, revisited |url=https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2025/01/09/maurice-the-queer-oxbridge-novel-revisited/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=The Oxford Student |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Sexuality is another key theme in Forster's works. Some critics have argued that a general shift from heterosexual to homosexual love can be observed throughout the course of his writing career. The foreword to ''Maurice'' describes his struggle with his homosexuality, while he explored similar issues in several volumes of short stories. Forster's explicitly homosexual writings, the novel ''Maurice'' and the short story collection ''[[The Life to Come (and Other Stories)|The Life to Come]],'' were published shortly after his death. Beyond his literary explorations of sexuality, Forster also expressed his views publicly; in 1953, Forster openly advocated in ''[[The New Statesman and Nation]]'' for a change in the law in regard to homosexuality (which would be [[Sexual Offences Act 1967|legalised in England and Wales in 1967]], three years prior to his death), arguing that homosexuality between adults should be treated without bias and on the same grounds as heterosexuality.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Homosexuality rise is troubling Britons |pages=28 |work=[[The New York Times]] |publication-date=3 November 1953 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/11/03/92763522.html?zoom=16}}</ref>

Forster is noted for his use of [[symbol]]ism as a technique in his novels, and he has been criticised (as by his friend [[Roger Fry]]) for his attachment to [[mysticism]]. One example of his symbolism is the [[wych elm]] tree in ''Howards End.''<ref>{{cite news |title=The Wych Elm by Tana French — reminiscent of Donna Tartt's The Secret History |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/article/review-the-wych-elm-by-tana-french-reminiscent-of-donna-tartts-the-secret-history-zxzzbtv30 |access-date=30 June 2024 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> The characters of Mrs Wilcox in that novel and Mrs Moore in ''A Passage to India'' have a mystical link with the past, and a striking ability to connect with people from beyond their own circles. Forster, Henry James, and [[W. Somerset Maugham]] were the earliest writers in English to portray characters from diverse countries – France, Germany, Italy and India. Their work explores cultural conflict, but arguably the motifs of humanism and cosmopolitanism are dominant. In a way, this is anticipation of the concept of human beings shedding national identities and becoming more and more liberal and tolerant.

== Personal life ==
===Family===
From 1925 until his mother's death at age 90 in March 1945, Forster lived with her at the house of West Hackhurst in the village of [[Abinger Hammer]], [[Surrey]]; he continued to live there until September 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College Archive Centre, Cambridge, The Papers of Edward Morgan Forster (reference EMF/19/6) |url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0272%2FPP%2FEMF%2F19%2F6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122121524/http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0272%2FPP%2FEMF%2F19%2F6 |archive-date=22 January 2009 |access-date=27 May 2008}}</ref> His London base was 26 [[Brunswick Square]] from 1930 to 1939, after which he rented 9 Arlington Park Mansions in [[Chiswick]] until at least 1961.<ref name="Cambridge_Companion" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College Archive Centre, Cambridge, The Papers of Edward Morgan Forster (reference EMF/17/10) |url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0272%2FPP%2FEMF%2F17%2F10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701034950/http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0272%2FPP%2FEMF%2F17%2F10 |archive-date=1 July 2009 |access-date=27 May 2008}}</ref>

===Friendships===
While stationed in Egypt, Forster became friendly with the Greek poet [[Constantine P. Cavafy|C. P. Cavafy]], described in the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' article on Forster as "an active homosexual".<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33208|isbn = 978-0-19-861412-8|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/33208|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2004}} Accessed 21 March 2025.</ref> Forster was a close friend of the socialist poet and philosopher [[Edward Carpenter]]. A visit to Carpenter and his lover [[George Merrill (gay activist)|George Merrill]] in 1913 inspired Forster's novel ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'', which is partly based on them.<ref>Kate Symondson (25 May 2016) [https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/e-m-forsters-gay-fiction E M Forster's gay fiction ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810063000/https://www.bl.uk/20th-century-literature/articles/e-m-forsters-gay-fiction |date=10 August 2020 }}. The [[British Library]] website. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</ref> During his time in Egypt he also wrote regularly to Carpenter, whom he told about openly gay life in Alexandria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E M Forster (1879–1970) – Exploring Surrey's Past |url=https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/people/writers/e_m_forster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702174650/http://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/people/writers/e_m_forster/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

He is considered part of the [[Bloomsbury Group]]. Forster also edited the letters of [[Eliza Fay]] (1756–1816) from India, in an edition first published in 1925.<ref>''Original Letters from India'' (New York: NYRB, 2010 [1925]) {{ISBN|978-1-59017-336-7}}.</ref> In 2012, [[Tim Leggatt]], who had known Forster for his last 15 years, wrote a memoir based on unpublished correspondence with him over those years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leggatt |first=Timothy W |title=Connecting with E. M. Forster: a memoir |publisher=Hesperus Press Limited |year=2012 |isbn=9781843913757 |location=London |oclc=828203696}}</ref> He was friends with fellow gay novelist [[Christopher Isherwood]], whom [[William Plomer]] introduced to him in 1932 and to whom he showed an early draft of ''Maurice'' decades before its posthumous publication.<ref> {{cite book |last=Isherwood |first= Christopher |title= Christopher & His Kind |publisher=Magnum Books |year=1978|page=84|isbn= 0417027001}} The precise date is 14 September 1932. </ref> Writers with whom he associated included the poet [[Siegfried Sassoon]] and the [[Belfast]]-based novelist [[Forrest Reid]].

===Relationships===
Forster was open with his close friends about his homosexuality, though he did not acknowledge it to the public. He never married and had a number of male lovers during his adult life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 1970 |title=Britain Unlimited Biography |url=http://britainunlimited.com/e-m-forster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051344/http://britainunlimited.com/e-m-forster/ |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=21 August 2010 |publisher=Britainunlimited.com}}</ref>

Whilst in Egypt Forster "lost his R [respectability]" to a wounded soldier in 1917<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33208|isbn = 978-0-19-861412-8|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/33208|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2004}} Accessed 21 March 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Leith |first=Sam |date=13 June 2010 |title=EM Forster's work tailed off once he finally had sex. Better that than a life of despair |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/13/em-forster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306181643/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/13/em-forster |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=12 March 2018 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> and had a short-lived but emotionally powerful affair with an Egyptian tram conductor, Mohammad el Adl. The pair met in 1917 and quickly developed an interest in each other. Their relationship began to end in 1918, as el Adl prepared to marry. El Adl and his wife had a son, whom they named Morgan. After returning to England in 1919, Forster visited el Adl in 1922 and found him deathly ill with tuberculosis.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Donald |date=1983 |title=Mohammed el Adl and "A Passage to India" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831128 |journal=Journal of Modern Literature |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=311–326 |jstor=3831128 |issn=0022-281X}}</ref> After el Adl's death, his widow sent his wedding ring to Forster.<ref name=":1" /> Forster kept el Adl's letters for the rest of his life.<ref name=":3" />

In 1960, Forster began a relationship with the Bulgarian émigré [[The Radev Collection|Mattei Radev]], a picture framer and art collector who moved in Bloomsbury group circles. He was Forster's junior by 46 years. They met at Long Crichel House, a Georgian rectory in [[Long Crichel]], Dorset, a country retreat shared by [[Edward Sackville-West]] and the gallery owner and artist [[Eardley Knollys]].<ref>Jennings, Clive (14 June 2013) {{Cite news |title=Loves and lives of the men who built the Radev Collection |url=https://news.fitzrovia.org.uk/2013/06/14/loves-and-lives-of-the-men-who-built-the-radev-collection/ |work=Fitzrovia News}} Retrieved 8 October 2020</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life and times of artist in public gaze |url=http://www.haslemereherald.com/article.cfm?id=109984&headline=Life%20and%20times%20of%20artist%20in%20public%20gaze&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417172027/http://www.haslemereherald.com/article.cfm?id=109984&headline=Life%20and%20times%20of%20artist%20in%20public%20gaze&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2016 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=Farnham Herald}}</ref>

====Bob Buckingham====
[[File:Robert and May Buckingham House.jpg|thumb|Forster lived and died at this house, the home of his friends Robert and May Buckingham. The sign above the garage door marks the 100th anniversary of his birth.]]
In 1930, Forster began his 40-year relationship with Bob Buckingham (1904–1975), a married policeman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Bethan |date=2012-02-17 |title=EM Forster and his 'wondrous muddle' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/17/e-m-forster-my-policeman |access-date=2023-11-29 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Richard |date=6 June 2010 |title=Sex Led to EM Forster's End |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article7144850.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615105930/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article7144850.ece |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=6 June 2010 |work=[[The Times]] |location=London}}</ref> Forster was both the witness to Buckingham's marriage to May Hockey in 1932 and the godfather of their son, Robert Morgan, the following year. While living at King's College, he spent weekends with the family and included both husband and wife in his circle, which included [[J. R. Ackerley]], a writer and literary editor of ''[[The Listener (magazine)|The Listener]],'' the psychologist [[W. J. H. Sprott]], and for a time, the composer [[Benjamin Britten]].

In the early years, Forster was jealous of May, but over time they too grew close.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Peter |date=2010-11-30 |title=Peter Rose on the peculiar charms of E. M. Forster |url=https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/abr-online/archive/2010/december-2010-january-2011-no-327/45-december-2010-january-2011/182-the-peculiar-charms-of-e-m-forster |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Australian Book Review |language=en-gb}}</ref> After a fall in April 1961, he spent his final years in Cambridge at King's College,<ref>Philip Nicholas Furbank, ''E. M. Forster: A Life. Volume Two: Polycrates' Ring (1914–1970)''. [[Secker & Warburg]], 1978. pp. 314–324.</ref> but in his final years, having suffered a series of strokes, May insisted that he move into the family home where she could look after him.<ref name=":2" /> Forster died of a stroke on 7 June 1970 at the age of 91, at the Buckinghams' home in [[Coventry]], [[Warwickshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 1970 |title=A Room with a View and Howards End |url=http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/library/display.pperl?isbn=9780679641445&view=print |access-date=21 August 2010 |publisher=Randomhouse.com}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge_Companion" /> His ashes, mingled with those of Buckingham, were later scattered in the rose garden of Coventry's crematorium, near Warwick University.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stape |first=J H |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX2wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=E. M. Forster |date=18 December 1992 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-349-12850-1 |page=79 |access-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421094955/https://books.google.com/books?id=WX2wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite ODNB|last1=Beauman|first1=Nicola|title=Forster, Edward Morgan (1879–1970)|date=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33208|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33208|access-date=20 April 2017}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

===Novels===
* ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread]]'' (1905)
* ''[[The Longest Journey (novel)|The Longest Journey]]'' (1907)
* ''[[A Room with a View]]'' (1908)
* ''[[Howards End]]'' (1910)
* ''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924)
* ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'' (written in 1913–14, published posthumously in 1971)

===Short stories===
* ''[[The Celestial Omnibus|The Celestial Omnibus: And Other Stories]]'' (1911)
* ''[[The Eternal Moment|The Eternal Moment and Other Stories]]'' (1928)
* ''Collected Short Stories'' (1947) a combination of the above two titles, containing:
** "The Story of a Panic"
** "[[The Other Side of the Hedge]]"
** "The Celestial Omnibus"
** "Other Kingdom"
** "The Curate's Friend"
** "The Road from Colonus"
** "[[The Machine Stops]]"
** "The Point of It"
** "Mr Andrews"
** "Co-ordination"
** "The Story of the Siren"
** "The Eternal Moment"
* ''The Life to Come and Other Stories'' (1972) (posthumous) containing the following stories written between approximately 1903 and 1960:
** "Ansell"
** "Albergo Empedocle"
** "The Purple Envelope"
** "The Helping Hand"
** "The Rock"
** "[[The Life to Come (short story)|The Life to Come]]"
** "Dr Woolacott"
** "Arthur Snatchfold"
** "The Obelisk"
** "What Does It Matter? A Morality"
** "[[The Classical Annex]]"
** "The Torque"
** "[[The Other Boat]]"
** "Three Courses and a Dessert: Being a New and Gastronomic Version of the Old Game of Consequences", of which Forster wrote ''The Second Course'' (''The First Course'' was written by [[Christopher Dilke]], ''The Third Course'' by [[A. E. Coppard]] and ''The Dessert'' by [[James Laver]])

{{Col-2}}

===Plays and pageants===
* ''Abinger Pageant'' (1934)
* ''England's Pleasant Land'' (1940)

===Film scripts===
* ''[[A Diary for Timothy]]'' (1945) (directed by [[Humphrey Jennings]], spoken by [[Michael Redgrave]])

===Libretto===
* ''[[Billy Budd (opera)|Billy Budd]]'' (1951) (with [[Eric Crozier]]; based on [[Herman Melville|Melville's]] [[Billy Budd|novel]], for the opera by [[Benjamin Britten]])

===Collections of essays and broadcasts===
* ''[[Abinger Harvest]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Two Cheers for Democracy]]'' (1951)
* ''The Prince's Tale and Other Uncollected Writings'' (1998)
* Forster in Egypt: A Graeco-Alexandrian Encounter: E.M. Forster's First Interview, eds., Hilda D. Spear and Abdel-Moneim Aly (London, 1987)
* The Uncollected Egyptian Essays of E. M. Forster, eds., Hilda D. Spear and Abdel-Moneim Aly (Dundee, 1988)

===Literary criticism===
* ''[[Aspects of the Novel]]'' (1927)
* ''The Feminine Note in Literature'' (posthumous) (2001)
* ''[http://www.dundurn.com/books/creator_critic_and_other_writings_em_forster The Creator as Critic and Other Writings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509003037/http://www.dundurn.com/books/creator_critic_and_other_writings_em_forster |date=9 May 2015 }}''

===Biography===
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.525237/page/n1/mode/2up ''Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson''] (1934)<ref name=Jha>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 8. ''E.M. Forster as Biographer'' by Vinita Jha|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ihm70dIkWIMC&pg=PA102| pages=102–113 | title=Studies in Literature in English, volume XI | isbn=9788126904273 | editor=Ray, Mohit Kumar | year=2002 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors}}</ref>
* ''Marianne Thornton, A Domestic Biography'' (1956)<ref name=Jha/>

===Travel writing===
* ''Alexandria: A History and Guide'' (1922)
* ''Pharos and Pharillon (A Novelist's Sketchbook of Alexandria Through the Ages)'' (1923)
* ''The Hill of Devi'' (1953)<ref name=Jha/>

===Miscellaneous writings===
* ''Selected Letters'' (1983–85)
* ''Commonplace Book'' (facsimile ed. 1978; edited by Philip Gardner, 1985)
* ''Locked Diary'' (2007) (held at [[King's College, Cambridge]])
* ''Arctic Summer'' (novel fragment, written in 1912–13, published posthumously in 2003)
* ''Rooksnest'' (1894 and 1901), a description by Forster of his childhood home, on which he based ''Howards End''.<ref>Appendix to Penguin English Library edition of ''Howards End''. London 1983.</ref>
* ''Nassenheide'' (1920–1929), a memoir of his time as governor to [[Elizabeth von Arnim]]'s children, notable for its contrast to ''[[Elizabeth and Her German Garden]]''. Held at King's College.
* ''The Forster–Cavafy Letters: Friends at a Slight Angle'', edited by Peter Jeffreys (2009). The correspondence between Forster and [[Constantine P. Cavafy]], whom he got to know in Alexandria during his time there in the First World War.
{{Col-end}}
A wide variety of other journals, plays, and draft fiction are archived at King's College.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halls |first=Michael |date=1985 |title=The Forster Collections at King's: A Survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/441287 |journal=Twentieth Century Literature |volume=31 |issue=2/3 |pages=147–160 |doi=10.2307/441287|jstor=441287 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Notable films and drama based upon Forster's fiction==
{{See also|:Category:E. M. Forster in performing arts}}
* ''[[The Machine Stops]]'' (1966), dramatised for the [[BBC]] anthology series ''[[Out of the Unknown]]''
* ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'' (1984), dir. [[David Lean]]
* ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985), dir. [[James Ivory]]
* ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'' (1987), dir. James Ivory
* ''[[Where Angels Fear to Tread (film)|Where Angels Fear to Tread]]'' (1991), dir. [[Charles Sturridge]]
* ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]'' (1992), dir. James Ivory
* ''[[Howards End (miniseries)|Howards End]]'' (2017), [[BBC One]] miniseries, dir. [[Hettie MacDonald]]
* ''[[The Inheritance (play)|The Inheritance]]'' (2018), play by [[Matthew Lopez (playwright)|Matthew Lopez]], adapted from ''[[Howards End]]'', and featuring Forster as a character

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[M. H. Abrams]] and [[Stephen Greenblatt]], "E. M. Forster." ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'', Vol. 2C, 7th Edition. New York: [[W. W. Norton]], 2000: 2131–2140
* J. R. Ackerley, ''E. M. Forster: A Portrait'' (London: Ian McKelvie, 1970)
* Parminder Kaur Bakshi, ''Distant Desire. Homoerotic Codes and the Subversion of the English Novel in E. M. Forster's Fiction'' (New York, 1996)
* Nicola Beauman, ''Morgan'' (London, 1993)
* Lawrence Brander, ''E. M. Forster. A critical study'' (London, 1968)
* [[E. K. Brown]], ''Rhythm in the Novel'' (University of Toronto Press, Canada, 1950)
* Glen Cavaliero, ''A Reading of E.M. Forster'' (London, 1979)
* S. M. Chanda, "A Passage to India: A Close Look" in ''A Collection of Critical Essays'', New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers
* Stuart Christie, ''Worlding Forster: The Passage from Pastoral'' (Routledge, 2005)
* John Colmer, ''E. M. Forster – The personal voice'' (London, 1975)
* [[Frederick Crews]], ''E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism'' (Textbook Publishers, 2003)
* ''E. M. Forster'', ed. by Norman Page, Macmillan Modern Novelists (Houndmills, 1987)
* ''E. M. Forster: The critical heritage'', ed. by Philip Gardner (London, 1973)
* ''Forster: A collection of Critical Essays'', ed. by Malcolm Bradbury (New Jersey, 1966)
* E. M. Forster, ''What I Believe, and other essays'', Freethinker's Classics #3, ed. by Nicolas Walter (London, G. W. Foote & Co. Ltd, 1999 and 2016)
* [[P. N. Furbank|Furbank, P.N.]], ''E.M. Forster: A Life'' (London, 1977–1978)
* Michael Haag, ''Alexandria: City of Memory'' (London and New Haven, 2004). This portrait of Alexandria during the first half of the 20th century includes a biographical account of E. M. Forster, his life in the city, his relationship with [[Constantine P. Cavafy|Constantine Cavafy]], and his influence on [[Lawrence Durrell]].
* Judith Herz and Robert K. Martin, ''E. M. Forster: Centenary Revaluations'' (Macmillan Press, 1982)
* [[Frank Kermode]], ''Concerning E. M. Forster'' (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2010)
* [[Francis King]], ''E. M. Forster and his World'' (London, 1978).
* Mary Lago, ''Calendar of the Letters of E. M. Forster'' (London: Mansell, 1985)
* Mary Lago, ''Selected Letters of E. M. Forster'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983–1985)
* Mary Lago, ''E. M. Forster: A Literary Life'' (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995)
* [[Tim Leggatt]], ''Connecting with E. M. Forster: a memoir'' ([[Hesperus Press]], 2012)
* Robin Jared Lewis, ''E. M. Forster's Passages to India'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979
* John Sayre Martin, ''E. M. Forster. The endless journey'' (London, 1976)
* Robert K. Martin and George Piggford, eds, ''Queer Forster'' (Chicago, 1997)
* [[Pankaj Mishra]], ed. "E. M. Forster", ''India in Mind: An Anthology''. New York: Vintage Books, 2005: pp. 61–70
* Wendy Moffat, ''E. M. Forster: A New Life'' ([[Bloomsbury]], 2010)
* Peter Rose, "The Peculiar Charms of E. M. Forster", ''Australian Book Review'' (December 2010/January 2011). Forster in his social context [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044307/https://www.australianbookreview.com.au/component/k2/45-december-2010-january-2011/182-the-peculiar-charms-of-e-m-forster Retrieved 28 November 2013]
* Nicolas Royle, ''E. M. Forster (Writers & Their Work'' (London: Northcote House Publishers, 1999)
* P. J. M. Scott, ''E. M. Forster: Our Permanent Contemporary,'' Critical Studies Series (London, 1984)
* Sofia Sogos, "Nature and Mystery in Edward Morgan Forster's Tales", ed. Giorgia Sogos (Bonn: Free Pen Verlag, 2018)
* Oliver Stallybrass, "Editor's Introduction", ''Howards End'' (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin English Library, 1983)
* Wilfred H. Stone, ''The Cave and the Mountain: a study of E. M. Forster'' (1964)
* [[Claude J. Summers]], ''E. M. Forster'' (New York, 1983)
* {{Citation |last=Trilling |first=Lionel |author-link=Lionel Trilling |title=E. M. Forster: A Study |place=Norfolk |publisher=New Directions |year=1943}}
* [[K. Natwar Singh]], ed., ''E. M. Forster: A Tribute, With Selections from his Writings on India'', Contributors: [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]], [[Mulk Raj Anand]], [[V. K. Narayana Menon|Narayana Menon]], [[Raja Rao]] and [[Santha Rama Rau]], (On Forster's Eighty Fifth Birthday), New York: Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., 1 January 1964
* Kathleen Verduin, "Medievalism, Classicism, and the Fiction of E.M. Forster," ''Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of [[Leslie J. Workman]]'', ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 263–286
* Alan Wilde, ''Art and Order. A Study of E.M. Forster'' (New York, 1967)

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commonscat=yes |n=no |author=Edward Morgan Forster |b=no |v=no |d=Q189119}}

;Digital collections
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/e-m-forster}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=975|name=Edward Morgan Forster}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Forster, E. M.|name=E. M. Forster|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward Morgan Forster |sopt=t}}
* {{librivox author|id=1983}}

;Physical collections
* [http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/lago.htm Mary Lago Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212129/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/lago.htm |date=19 July 2013 }} at the [[University of Missouri]] Libraries. Research papers of a Forster scholar.
* [https://www.bl.uk/people/e-m-forster E M Forster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910034249/https://www.bl.uk/people/e-m-forster |date=10 September 2016 }} at the British Library
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078777 Finding aid to E.M. Forster papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
* [http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00039.xml&query=Forster&query-join=and E.M. Forster Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218061703/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead%2F00039.xml&query=Forster&query-join=and |date=18 February 2012 }} at the [[Harry Ransom Center]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]
* [http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/?p=1&q=e.m.+forster+1879 Additional E.M. Forster manuscript items] are housed at various archival repositories.

;General portals
* [http://emforster.de/ Aspects of E. M. Forster]
* [http://www.musicandmeaning.com/forster/ "Only Connect": The unofficial Forster site]
* [http://society.emforster.de/ International E.M. Forster Society]
* [http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=forster_e_m E. M. Forster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730233939/http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=forster_e_m |date=30 July 2020 }} at the [[The Encyclopedia of Fantasy|Encyclopedia of Fantasy]]
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/forster_e_m E. M. Forster] at the [[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]]
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5219/the-art-of-fiction-no-1-e-m-forster|journal= The Paris Review|volume= Spring 1953|issue= 1|title=E. M. Forster, The Art of Fiction No. 1|date=Spring 1953|author= P. N. Furbank & F. J. H. Haskell }}

;LGBT
* [http://www.outgay.co.uk/wdg4.html ''With Downcast Gays''], Andrew Hodges and David Hutter, The Gay Liberation pamphlet (1974)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061019234129/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/forster_em.html E.M. Forster] on [[glbtq.com]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-npo|is}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thornton Wilder]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of [[PEN International]]|years=1946–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[François Mauriac]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bloomsbury Group}}
{{E. M. Forster}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|LGBTQ|Writing}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forster, Edward Morgan}}
[[Category:E. M. Forster| ]]
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:Academics of the Institute of Continuing Education]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Bloomsbury Group]]
[[Category:British people of World War I]]
[[Category:English agnostics]]
[[Category:English conscientious objectors]]
[[Category:English essayists]]
[[Category:English gay writers]]
[[Category:English humanists]]
[[Category:English opera librettists]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:English short story writers]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:English LGBTQ novelists]]
[[Category:English male essayists]]
[[Category:English male short story writers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from London]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:National Council for Civil Liberties people]]
[[Category:People educated at Tonbridge School]]
[[Category:People from Dewas]]
[[Category:People from Marylebone]]
[[Category:People from Stevenage]]
[[Category:People of Anglo-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Writers from Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Writers from the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:Red Cross personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]

Asima Chatterjee

2026-04-24T12:29:20Z

Alaratan Tripura: Made A Data

{{Short description|Indian organic chemist (1917–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Asima Chatterjee 1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|9|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2006|11|22|1917|9|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| spouse = {{Marriage|Baradananda Chatterjee|1945}}
| children = 1
| education = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Doctorate of Science|DS]])
| occupation = [[Chemist]]
| field = [[Organic chemistry]], [[Phytochemistry|phytomedicine]]
| work_institution = {{ubl|[[Rajabazar Science College]]|[[University of Calcutta]]}}
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| term_start = 18 February 1982
| term_end = 13 April 1984
| term_start1 = 9 May 1984
| term_end1 = 8 May 1990
}}
}}

'''Asima Chatterjee''' (23 September 1917 – 22 November 2006)<ref name="GoogleHonours">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/google-honours-indian-chemist-asima-chatterjee-on-100th-birthday/who-was-asima-chatterjee/slideshow/60806383.cms |title=Google honours Indian chemist Asima Chatterjee on 100th birthday |date=23 February 2017 |work=India Times |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> was an Indian [[organic chemist]] noted for her work in the fields of [[organic chemistry]] and [[Phytochemistry|phytomedicine]].<ref name=IAS>''The Shaping of Indian Science''. p. 1036. Indian Science Congress Association, Presidential Addresses By Indian Science Congress Association. Published by Orient Blackswan, 2003. {{ISBN|978-81-7371-433-7}}</ref> Her most notable work includes research on [[vinca alkaloids]], the development of [[anti-epileptic drugs]], and development of [[Antimalarial medication|anti-malarial drugs]]. She also authored a considerable volume of work on [[medicinal plants]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. She was the first woman to receive a [[Doctorate of Science]] from an Indian university.<ref name="IAS" />

==Biography==

===Early life===
Asima Chatterjee was born on 23 September 1917 in [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name="Birth">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8HaAAAAMAAJ |page=112 |title=Medal Lectures, 1950–1983: A Collection of Lectures Delivered by Eminent Men of Science who Have Been Recipients of Various Medals and Honours from the Academy |volume=3 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |year=1984}}</ref> She was born into a middle-class family which, at the time, meant no education for females. She was also the eldest child with a younger brother which meant having more responsibilities in an Indian family as you become the face of the new generation.<ref name="Jovita">{{cite web |author=Jovita Aranha |date=23 September 2017 |title=Asima Chatterjee: All You Need to Know About One of India's First Woman Doctorates of Science! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/116512/asima-chatterjee-india-woman-doctorate-science}}</ref> Her father Indra Narayan Mookerjee was a doctor and was very supportive of Asima and her brother’s education, which was rare at the time. Her father loved Botany, this was where she developed her interest in medicine. But, her particular interest in the field of medicine began with her curiosity regarding the medicinal properties of plants. In 1936, she did her higher studies in chemistry, passing with honors distinction, from the Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta. There weren't many girls in her class as women were rarely pushed to study more.<ref name="Karthika">{{cite web |author=Karthika S Nair |date=14 March 2020 |title=Women's History Month: Asima Chatterjee |url=https://www.beyondpinkworld.com/featurestories/people/asima-chatterjee-9898 |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208033446/https://www.beyondpinkworld.com/featurestories/people/asima-chatterjee-9898 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Education work===
In an era when the women did not commonly pursue higher education, Asima chose to study Chemistry. She graduated, with honours, from the Scottish Church College, University of Calcutta in 1936. She further pursued Masters in Organic Chemistry from the University of Calcutta and obtained the degree in 1938. She did not stop at this and went on to do her D.Sc. at the University of Calcutta. She was the first woman to receive a doctorate at an Indian University in 1944.<ref name="SciIllustrate">{{cite web |work=Sci-Illustrate |date=6 December 2019 |title=Asima Chatterjee |url=https://medium.com/sci-illustrate-stories/asima-chatterjee-1ca581dc542f}}</ref> As a doctoral student, she worked on the chemistry of plant products and synthetic organic chemistry with the renowned chemist, Prafulla Chandra Ray (known as the father of chemical science in India) and Satyendra Nath Bose, the famous physicist. She went on to work with Lásló Zechmeister at University of Wisconsin and Caltech for her post-doctoral research on biologically active alkaloids.

She later joined the University College of Science at the University of Calcutta as a Reader in pure Chemistry. She continued her research on the nature of biologically active compounds found in medicinal plants. At that time, it was very difficult for scientists to work due to fewer funds from the government and Asima had to invest in her own money to send samples for analysis outside India. She struggled to get the necessary chemicals and reagents for her research and was barely able to pay her students' salaries. In spite of a huge setback in 1967, when she lost her father and husband within a span of 4 months, Asima Chatterjee came back to science after a few months (she suffered a major health scare herself at the same time). Her co-workers at that time provided her unstinting support and she overcame this trying period and continued her work.<ref name="SciIllustrate"/> Through her research, she developed anti-epileptic, anti-convulsive, and chemotherapy drugs to treat patients. The anti-epileptic drug – 'Ayush-56'- which she developed from Marsilia minuta is her most successful work and till date, it is used commercially.<ref>{{cite web |author=S C Pakrashi |title=Asima Chatterjee |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/Chatterjee.pdf}}</ref> From different types of plants she developed anti-malarial drugs with her team. She also dedicated 40 years of her time to research on cancer and anti-cancer growth drugs. She studied [[alkaloids]], which were used effectively in chemotherapy for cancer patients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asima Chatterjee's life-saving work into treating cancer is marked in today's Google Doodle |last=Woollaston |first=Victoria |work=Alphr |date=23 September 2017 |access-date=21 November 2022 |url= https://www.alphr.com/life-culture/1007131/asima-chatterjee-google-doodle/}}</ref>

She was the first female to receive a doctorate and even started a chemistry department in the Lady Brabourne College of the University of Calcutta.<ref name="SciIllustrate"/>

===Personal life===
She married Baradananda Chatterjee, a physical-chemist, in 1945 and had a daughter, Julie, with him.<ref name="Karthika"/> She died on 22 November 2006 in a nursing home in Kolkata, at the age of 89.

=== Achievements===
[[File:Statue of Asima Chatterjee.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of Asima Chatterjee, Birla Industrial & Technological Museum, Kolkata, West Bengal, India]]
Chatterjee's contributions to science include the following:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/qgWhCdKgS8UJIw|title=Women Scientists of India: Dr. Asima Chatterjee – Google Arts & Culture|work=Google Cultural Institute|access-date=23 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Initiated chemical investigation of alkaloids in ''[[Rauvolfia tetraphylla|Rauwolfia canescens]]''.
* Investigated the chemistry of almost all principal types of indole alkaloids.
* Contributions to the elucidation of the structure and [[stereochemistry]] of [[ajmalicine]] and [[sarpagine]].
* First suggested stereo-configuration of sarpagine.
* Isolated and characterised [[geissoschizine]], a key precursor in [[biogenesis]] of [[indole alkaloid]]s from ''[[Rhazya stricta]]''.
* Carried out synthetic studies on a number of complex [[indole]], [[Quinoline alkaloids|quinoline]] and [[isoquinoline]] alkaloids.
* Developed procedures for the preparation of [[beta-phenylethanolamines]] in connection with alkaloid synthesis.
* Elucidated the structure of luvangetin isolated from ''Luvanga scandens''.
* Studied the action of various Lewis acids on prenylated [[coumarin]]s and devised simple synthetic routes to a number of complex coumarin systems.
* Investigated the mechanism of acid-catalysed hydramine fission of beta phenylethanol amines.
* Introduced the use of [[periodic acid]] as a reagent for the detection and location of both terminal and exocyclic [[double bond]]s in organic compounds.

==Awards and recognition==
*She was a Premchand Roychand Scholar of the University of Calcutta.<ref name="scotchem.org">[http://www.scotchem.org/alumni_frame_2.htm Chemistry alumni of Scottish Church College] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406193504/http://www.scotchem.org/alumni_frame_2.htm |date=6 April 2009 }}</ref>
*From 1962 to 1982, she was the Khaira Professor of Chemistry, one of the coveted chairs of the University of Calcutta.<ref name=IAS/>
*In 1972, she was appointed as the Honorary Coordinator of the Special Assistance Programme to intensify teaching and research in natural product chemistry, sanctioned by the Indian [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=IAS/>
*In 1960, she was elected a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.<ref name=IAS/>
*In 1961, she received the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] in chemical science, becoming the first female recipient of this award.<ref name=IAS/>
*In 1975, she was conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]] and became the first female scientist to be elected as the General President of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] .<ref name=IAS/>
*She was conferred the D. Sc. (''honoris causa'') degree by several universities.<ref name=IAS/>
*She was nominated by the [[President of India]] as a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from February 1982 to May 1990.<ref name=IAS/>
*On 23 September 2017, the search engine [[Google]] deployed a 24-hour [[Google Doodle]] in honour of the 100th anniversary of Chatterjee's birth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2017/09/23/todays-google-doodle-honors-chemist-asima-chatterjee/#2dd8a02548a3|title=Today's Google Doodle Honors Chemist Asima Chatterjee|last=Smith|first=K.N.|date=23 September 2017|work=Forbes|access-date=23 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*She won the C.V Raman award, P.C Ray Award, and the S.S Bhatnagar award.<ref name="GoogleHonours"/>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of women in science]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ark/5550190.0004.901?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title=A Tribute to Prof. Asima Chatterjee |last=Ghosal |first=Shibnath |date=8 April 2003 |journal=Arkivoc |volume=2003 |issue=9 |pages=1–3 |access-date=1 June 2017 |doi=10.3998/ark.5550190.0004.901 |doi-access=free |hdl=2027/spo.5550190.0004.901 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite web |url=http://ignite.globalfundforwomen.org/be-the-spark/asima-chatterjee |title=ASIMA CHATTERJEE |date= 8 December 2014|website=Ignite - Global Fund for Women|publisher=[[Global Fund for Women]] |access-date=1 June 2017}}
*{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=Asish |date=1 January 2015 |title=Asima Chatterjee: A unique natural products chemist |journal=[[Resonance: Journal of Science Education]]|volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=6–22 |doi=10.1007/s12045-015-0148-9 |s2cid=119841303 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/Chatterjee.pdf Asima Chatterjee. Indian Academy of Science]

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Asima}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian organic chemists]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian women chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian women botanists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Navin Kumar

2026-04-24T11:18:10Z

Alaratan Tripura: created the biography from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service Officer}}
{{Other people||Naveen Kumar (disambiguation){{!}}Naveen Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Navin Kumar
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|office1 = [[Chairman]] [[Goods and Services Tax Network]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/gst-portal-goes-live-software-almost-ready-gstn-chairman-navin-kumar-3094718.html|title=GST portal goes live, software almost ready: GSTN Chairman Navin Kumar|date=8 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
|office2 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] [[Government of Bihar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/6411-navin-kumar-the-new-chief-secretary-of-bihar.html|title=Navin Kumar the New Chief Secretary of Bihar - PatnaDaily|last=Administrator|website=www.patnadaily.com}}</ref>
|office3 = [[Secretary]] [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://persmin.gov.in/writereaddata/Appoint/26_7_2011-EO-SM-1-1.pdf|title=Appointments Committee of the Cabinet|publisher=}}</ref>
|office4 = [[Chairman]] Metro Rail Corporation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/82042/bmrcl-chairman-optimistic-metro.html|title=New BMRCL chairman optimistic about Metro|website=Deccan Herald|date=18 July 2010}}</ref>
|office5 = [[Director General]] [[Doordarshan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/8097_DD-News-beefs-up-team-Naveen-Kumar-appointed-DG-Doordarshan|title=DD News beefs up team; Naveen Kumar appointed DG, Doordarshan|website=www.afaqs.com|date=9 January 2004 }}</ref>
|term_start1 = March 2013
|term_end1 = August 2017
|term_start2 = September 2011
|term_end2 = August 2012
|term_start3 = 2010
|term_end3 = 2011
|term_start4 = 2010
|term_end4 = 2011
|term_start5 = 2004
|term_end5 = 2006
|alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
|education = [[B.Sc.]] [[M.Sc.]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|08|29|df=y}}
|spouse =
|birth_place = [[Patna, Bihar]], [[India]]
|death_place = 
|nickname = 
|badgenumber = 
|occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]
|relations =
|awards =
|laterwork = 
}}

'''Navin Kumar''' (born 29 August 1952) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of [[Bihar]] cadre in [[India]]. He also served as the first chairman of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax Network]] (GSTN) in India from 2013 to August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/gstn-chairman-navin-kumar-retires-on-aug-29-2362597.html|title=GSTN Chairman Navin Kumar slated to retire on Aug 29 but may get extension|website=Moneycontrol|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/using-pilot-feedback-to-refine-system-gsnt-chairman-navin-kumar-4674015/|title=Using pilot feedback to refine system: GSTN chairman Navin Kumar|date=26 May 2017|publisher=}}</ref> He has also served as [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] in the state of Bihar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/09/27/bihar-navin-kumar-to-be-new-chief-secretary.html|title=Navin Kumar - Bihar - New Chief Secretary - IAS Official|date=27 September 2011|website=Oneindia}}</ref> retiring from service in August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ex-chief-secretary-to-head-Goods-and-Services-Tax-network/articleshow/18842431.cms|title=Ex-chief secretary to head Goods and Services Tax network - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 March 2013 |publisher=}}</ref> He belongs to the I.A.S. batch of 1975. He has also served as Secretary in Ministry of Urban Development,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.direc2010.gov.in/pdf/navin-kumar.pdf|title=Mr. Navin Kumar - Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India|publisher=}}</ref> Chairman of Metro Rail Corporations of India such as [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]], Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation and Director General of Doordarshan with additional charge as CEO of [[Prasar Bharati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/navin-kumar-selected-new-officiating-ceo-of-prasar-bharati_21701.html|title=Navin Kumar selected new Officiating CEO of Prasar Bharati|last=www.exchange4media.com|publisher=}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kumar joined Indian Administrative Service and began his government service in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blogger.com/profile/13375045562060599578|title=Blogger: User Profile: Navin Kumar|website=www.blogger.com}}</ref>

==Career==

Kumar joined Indian Administrative Service in 1975 and belongs to the Bihar Cadre.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} In 1977 he was posted as Sub-Divisional Officer of Samastipur. He then went on to serve various districts of Bihar and [[Jharkhand]] (erstwhile part of Bihar) as [[District Collector|District Magistrate]]. Between 1988 and 1990 he took central deputation in [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation|Ministry of Water Resources]] as National Coordinator for an engineers' training program.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} In 1990 he became PS to then [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Yashwant Sinha]] under [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar Government]]. When the government fell in June 1991, he shifted to [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Economic Affairs|Department of Economic Affairs]] under [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gst-s-professional-amateur-115021300047_1.html|title=Navin Kumar: GST's professional 'amateur'|first=Kanika|last=Datta|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=13 February 2015|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

From 1993 to 1996 he was posted as chief technical adviser to a food aid program - funded jointly by the [[World Food Programme]] and a [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] institution run by the [[British Government]] - in [[Sierra Leone]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} After returning from Sierra Leone he was posted in Bihar as head of [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited|Bihar State Electricity Board]]. In 1999, he again went on Central Deputation as Joint Secretary in the Finance Ministry handling external assistance from EC, UK and Canada. He served on this position until 2004 when he was made Director General of Doordarshan.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} In 2006, he also took additional charge as CEO of [[Prasar Bharti]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} In the same year, he was posted back in Bihar, where he served as State Finance Secretary and IT Secretary, setting up e-governance systems linking the Common Service Centers in [[Panchayats]], computerizing treasury operations and setting up a comprehensive public finance management system. In 2010, he joined Ministry of Urban Development as Secretary and was also made Chairman of various Metro Rail Corporations of Indian cities such as Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata and Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://persmin.gov.in/writereaddata/Appoint/1_10_2009-EO-MM-1.pdf|title=Department of Personnel & Training|publisher=}}</ref>

In September 2011, he returned to Bihar when he was named [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the State.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Navin-Kumar-new-state-chief-secretary/articleshow/10132467.cms|title=Navin Kumar new state chief secretary - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 September 2011 |publisher=}}</ref> He served on this position until his retirement from Indian Administrative Service in 2012. In March 2013, a selection committee headed by then Finance Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] cleared Kumar's name to head [[Special Purpose Vehicle]] to handle the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)#Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN)|Goods and Services Tax Network]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/5XeUnMquGiJYi0Bh1OO8OJ/ExBihar-chief-secretary-to-head-special-purpose-vehicle.html|title=Ex-Bihar chief secretary to head special purpose vehicle|first=Remya|last=Nair|date=6 March 2013|publisher=}}</ref>

==Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN)==

In March 2013, Kumar was selected as chairman of Goods and Services Tax Network by a selection committee. The selection committee, headed by Finance Minister P Chidambaram, chose Kumar from a list of six people, including three more Indian Administrative Services officers and two Indian Revenue Service officers. Along with Finance Minister, the committee consisted of [[Unique Identification Authority]] Chairman [[Nandan Nilekani]] and Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers Chairman [[Sushil Modi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/former-bihar-chief-secretary-appointed-gstn-head-113030600506_1.html|title=Former Bihar chief secretary appointed GSTN head|first=Vrishti|last=Beniwal|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 March 2013|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) was set up as a Section 8 (under new companies Act, not for profit companies are governed under section 8), Non-Government, [[Private Limited Company]]. It was incorporated on March 28, 2013. The Government of India holds 24.5% equity in GSTN and all States of the Indian Union, including NCT of Delhi and Puducherry, and the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers (EC), together hold another 24.5%. Balance 51% equity is with non-Government financial institutions. The company was set up primarily to provide IT infrastructure and services to the Central and State Governments, tax payers and other stakeholders for implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). The Authorized Capital of the company is Rs. 100 Million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gstn.org/about-us/|title=About Us – GSTN|website=www.gstn.org|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623141334/http://www.gstn.org/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The network is expected to process as many as 3.5 billion invoices each month, with the country's 8 million direct taxpayers required to file up to 37 tax returns in a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/R5pCrzfCfBzy4mcXMBkInM/GSTN-to-handle-35-billion-transactions-a-month-Chairman-Na.html|title=GSTN to handle 3.5 billion transactions a month: Chairman Navin Kumar|first=Shruti|last=Srivastava|date=27 April 2017|publisher=}}</ref> The system has the capability to handle nearly 9 million users and up to 120,000 transactions per second.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/interviews/we-were-working-against-a-moving-target-all-the-time-says-gst-network-chairman-navin-kumar/story/254925.html|title=System can handle 60,000 users per second, says GST Network chairman Navin Kumar|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=22 June 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Navin}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

Evvarikee Cheppoddu

2026-04-23T23:17:12Z

Alaratan Tripura: made a entry

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Evvarikee Cheppoddu
| image = Evvarikee Cheppoddu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = Basava Shanker
| writer =
| producer = Rakesh Varre
| starring = {{Ubl|Rakesh Varre|Gargeyi Yellapragada}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Shankar Sharma
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Evvarikee Cheppoddu''''' ({{Translation|Don't tell anyone}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by Basava Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/most-indian-youngsters-face-the-issue-of-caste-when-it-comes-to-relationships-and-evvarikee-cheppoddu-will-connect-with-all-of-them-director-basava-shanker/articleshow/71455851.cms|title=Most Indian youngsters face the issue of caste when it comes to relationships: Director Basava Shanker - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars Rakesh Varre (in his lead debut) and newcomer Gargeyi Yellapragada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/when-i-auditioned-for-my-role-in-evvarikee-cheppoddu-i-didnt-know-it-was-for-the-lead-gargeyi/articleshow/71465475.cms|title=When I auditioned for my role in Evvarikee Cheppoddu, I didn't know it was for the lead: Gargeyi - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/evvarikee-cheppoddu-is-running-to-packed-houses-rakesh-varre--572160|title=Evvarikee Cheppoddu is running to packed houses: Rakesh Varre|date=13 October 2019|website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/15-telugu-gems-on-netflix-which-will-keep-you-glued-to-the-screen-2275929|title=15 Telugu Gems On Netflix Which Will Keep You Glued To The Screen|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2020/netflix-streamfest-5-telugu-movies-you-must-watch-in-this-free-streaming-weekend-307114.html|title=Netflix StreamFest: 5 Telugu Movies You Must Watch In This Free Streaming Weekend|date=5 December 2020|website=Filmibeat}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Rakesh Varre as Hari
*Gargeyi Yellapragada as Harathi
*Vamsi Raj Nekkanti as Harathi's father

== Production ==
Basava Shankar, who worked as an assistant director for ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' and ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'', made his directorial debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gargeyi-yellapragada-interview-for-telugu-film-evvarikee-cheppoddu/article29688907.ece|title=Interview with ‘Evvarikee cheppoddu’ actress Gargeyi Yellapragada|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=15 October 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Shankar Sharma and lyrics by Vasu Valaboju.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/the-jukebox-of-evvarikee-cheppoddu-is-a-soulful-and-entertaining-journey-that-needs-to-be-taken/articleshow/68466239.cms|title=The jukebox of Evvarikee Cheppoddu is a soulful and entertaining journey that needs to be taken - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*"Reppakuda Veyaniva" - Divya S. Menon
*"Idi Chakkani Vela" - Sanoop Kalarikkal, Anju Joseph
*"Ayyo Ayyayyo" - [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
*"Avuna Nijamena" - KS Harisankar and Shashaa Tirupati<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/avuna-nijamena-a-romantic-number-from-evvarikee-cheppoddu/articleshow/71437395.cms|title=Avuna Nijamena: A romantic number from Evvarikee Cheppoddu - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and opined that "''Evvarikee Cheppoddu'' is like a surprising, breath of fresh air in midst of all the mass masala. Debutant Basava Shankar selected a script that tells the same ol’ tale. But the way he handles it, exploring something like caste feeling with a humorous touch is what sets him apart".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/evvarikee-cheppoddu/movie-review/71575123.cms|title=Evvarikee Cheppoddu Movie Review {3/5}: A fresh love story!|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]'' said that "On the whole, ''Evvarikee Cheppoddu'' is a message-oriented love story that impresses in bits and pieces. The chemistry between the lead pair and a few romantic scenes related to them are showcased well".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/evvarikee-cheppoddu-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Evvarikee Cheppoddu Telugu Movie Review|date=8 October 2019}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film is available to stream on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81194544|title=Watch Evvarikee Cheppoddu | Netflix|website=Netflix}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

Marri Rajasekhar Reddy

2026-04-20T02:52:51Z

Alaratan Tripura: created first entry v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Marri Rajasekhar Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|6|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], India
| death_date =
| parents = Marri Laxman Reddy, Arundathi
| spouse = Mamata Reddy
| children = Anushreya Reddy Dhiren Reddy
| constituency = [[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| alma_mater =
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| predecessor = [[Mynampally Hanumanth Rao|Mynampally Hanmanth Rao]]
| successor =
| relatives = [[Malla Reddy|Ch. Malla Reddy]] (Father in Law))
}}
'''Marri Rajasekhar Reddy''' (born 17 June 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency]] in [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal Malkajgiri district]]. He represents [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Malkajgiri Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BRS retains Malkajgiri seat, Marri Rajashekar Reddy wins with 125049 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/malkajgiri-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470956-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Malkajgiri">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Malkajgiri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2944.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314132119/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2944.htm |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Malkajgiri Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Malkajgiri Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/malkajgiri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314131944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/malkajgiri |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Hyderabad]], India, to Marri Laxman Reddy and Arundathi Reddy. He married Mamatha Reddy and they have a son and a daughter. He passed intermediate from [[Wesley Junior College]] in 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajashekar Reddy Marri(TRS):Constituency- MALKAJGIRI(TELANGANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5082 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is the son in law of BRS MLA and minister [[C. H. Malla Reddy|Ch. Malla Reddy]].<ref name="Malla Reddy Makes Waves, Says Etala Will Win From Malkajgiri">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=26 April 2024 |title=Malla Reddy Makes Waves, Says Etala Will Win From Malkajgiri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/malla-reddy-makes-waves-says-etala-will-win-from-malkajgiri-891280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314132436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/malla-reddy-makes-waves-says-etala-will-win-from-malkajgiri-891280 |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |work= |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Many from same family emerge winners in Telangana">{{cite news |title=Many from same family emerge winners in Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/many-from-same-family-emerge-winners/articleshow/105711417.cms |first=U Sudhakar |last=Reddy|access-date=14 March 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314133323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/many-from-same-family-emerge-winners/articleshow/105711417.cms |archive-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy, who is in the education field, made his political move joining [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] in 2019.<ref name=":0" /> He won as an MLA for the first time from [[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulipaka |first=Balu |date=2023-09-28 |title=Marri Rajasekhar Reddy Likely to be BRS Candidate for Malkajgiri Seat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/270923/marri-rajasekhar-reddy-likely-to-be-brs-candidate-for-malkajgiri-seat.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He polled 125,049 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Mynampally Hanumanth Rao]] of Indian National Congress, by a huge margin of 49,530 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malkajgiri Constituency Election Results 2023: Malkajgiri Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/malkajgiri |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malkajgiri Election Result 2023 Live, Malkajgiri Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-malkajgiri-constituency-44.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Malkajgiri Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/malkajgiri-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687925.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2024, Telangana revenue department served demolition notices to two of the institutions owned by Reddy, for allegedly building on lake beds, following a High Court directive to conduct an anti encroachment drive.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=KCR's party MLA gets demolition notice over lake encroachment in Telangana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/telangana-brs-mla-marri-rajasekhar-reddy-institutes-demolition-lake-bed-encroachment-2589421-2024-08-28 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=India Today|first=Abdul |last=Basheer|editor=Vivek Kumar |language=en}}</ref> The two institutions are the Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and the Institute of Aeronautical Engineering which are built on Chinna Damera Cheruvu lake bed in [[Dundigal|Dundigul]] district.<ref name=":1" /> Earlier in December 2023 after the assembly election, his phone number was allegedly spoofed and BRS leaders reportedly received threatening calls from that number according to a police complaint made to Rachakonda Police Commissioner DS Chauhan.<ref name="Threatening calls from Malkajgiri MLA’s phone number">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=9 December 2023 |title=Threatening calls from Malkajgiri MLA's phone number |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/threatening-calls-from-malkajgiri-mlas-phone-number/article67622370.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314132152/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/threatening-calls-from-malkajgiri-mlas-phone-number/article67622370.ece |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasekhar Reddy, Marri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Ranbir Pushp

2026-04-19T09:51:46Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{short description|Indian screenwriter, film director and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranbir Pushp
| image = New Doc 2 1.jpg
| caption = Pushp filming in 2017
| alt =
| birth_name = Ranbir Kumar Kaushal
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| occupation = Film writer, director, novelist
| spouse = Rachana Kaushal
| children = {{flatlist|
* Mahima Kaushal
* Kriti Kaushal
* Manbir Kaushal}}
| years_active =
| notable_works = * ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
* ''[[Jaan (film)|Jaan]]''
* ''[[Hameshaa]]''
* ''[[Yaarana (2015 film)|Yaarana]]''
}}

'''Ranbir Pushp''' is an Indian film writer and novelist in the Indian film fraternity, [[Bollywood]], nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]] for the film [[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1996: Blood and bore |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961227/36250032.html |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=14 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970423000025/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961227/36250032.html |archivedate=23 April 1997 |date=27 December 1996}}</ref> Frequent cast in his films include [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Kajol]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Nana Patekar]]. He is known for his films such as ''[[Jaan (film)|Jaan]]'', ''[[Hameshaa]]'', ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'', and ''[[Yaarana (2015 film)|Yaarana]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaarana cast interview; Ranbir Pushp arrives at 24:23|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYi1qwQJRfM |work=PTC Punjabi| date=30 April 2015 |accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref> His film [[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]] received seven nominations at ''[[Filmfare]]''. He gained national fame due to success of ''Agni Sakshi'', which later won a [[National Film Awards|National Award]]. Pushp has worked for over 50 feature films and six television serials.
[[File: Ranbir Pushp post his meeting with Salman Khan in 2016.jpg|thumb|Ranbir Pushp at a film's music launch with actor [[Salman Khan]] in 2016]]

His debut film as a director was ''Yaarana'' with [[Kashish Singh]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Parag Maniarparag Maniar | first=Tnn | title=Kashish Singh in a Punjabi film | website=The Times of India | date=11 April 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Kashish-Singhs-selfie-in-a-Punjabi-film/articleshow/46886270.cms | accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Service 2015">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=Company of friends | website=www.tribuneindia.com | date=26 August 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/company-of-friends/69920.html | accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref> and Geeta Zaildar. The film revolved around the sport of football <ref>{{cite web| title=Multi-starrer film Yaarana | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/multi-starrer-punjabi-film-yaarana-revolves-around-the-football/article1-1340514.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424191122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/multi-starrer-punjabi-film-yaarana-revolves-around-the-football/article1-1340514.aspx| url-status=dead| archive-date=24 April 2015|work=Hindustan Times| accessdate=12 April 2019}}</ref> and was rated 5 stars by ''[[Jag Bani]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaarana review|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVZ2VpP0zIY|work=Jagbani| date=24 April 2015 |accessdate= 8 May 2019}}</ref> Pushp's next work will be a sequel to ''Agni Sakshi''.<ref>{{cite web| title=Agni Sakshi sequel on the anvil |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-agni-sakshi-sequel-on-the-anvil-2632836|work=DNA India|accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>

== Early life==

[[File:Ranbir Pushp.jpg|thumb|Ranbir Pushp captured at a shoot]]

Pushp was born as Ranbir Kumar Kaushal to Mr. Kanshi Ram Kaushal in [[Patiala, India]]. He adopted the pen name Ranbir Pushp for social reasons. Pushp did his schooling from Arya school started writing short stories for All India Radio during school days, which he was very successful at. He completed his education from Govt. [[Mohindra College]], [[Patiala]]. During college he worked as a writer and actor for All India Radio and Television.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir Pushp Hindi biography|url= http://manoharshukla.com/2018-07-19-12-14-12/119-ranbir-pushp.html|work=Manohar Shukla|accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>

== Career==

[[File:Ranbir and Jackie.jpg|thumb| Ranbir Pushp and [[Jackie Shroff]] during a script narration]]

Pushp's first film as a writer was Film Hi Film in which actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] performed as guest appearance. He later wrote a television serial, Paying Guest for [[Rajshri Productions]]<ref>{{cite web | title= Paying Guest, dialogues written by Ranbir Pushp|url=http://www.rajshri.com/tv/paying-guest/ |work=Rajshri Productions|accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref> and films like [[Dekha Pyar Tumhara]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]], and multi-star films such as [[Hawalaat]] starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]], and [[Hisaab Khoon Ka]] starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] and [[Raj Babbar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir Pushp films|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/ranbir-pushp|work=MovieBuff|accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>

In the 1990s Pushp worked on more than 21 films as a writer hits like [[Sahebzaade]] starring [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)]] with [[Nana Patekar]], nominated for the Best Film for [[National Film Awards]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]], [[Hameshaa]] starring [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Return of Jewel Thief]] with [[Dev Anand]] and [[Jaan (film)|Jaan]] a silver jubilee hit starring [[Ajay Devgan]] being the top highlights.<ref>{{cite web |title= Ranbir Pushp box office|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=2323&role=29|work=Box Office India|accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>

He worked as a member of script approval committee Rajaya Film Vikas Parishad with Chairperson [[Jaya Bachchan]] for Ministry of Information and Public Relation, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh-(2003-2006). He went on to write films like Surya and [[Jimmy (2008 film)]],<ref>{{cite web |title = Jimmy cast and crew|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jimmy-10402/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412232333/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jimmy-10402/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=12 April 2019|work=Cinestaan|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> the debut film of [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty]]. Pushp entered the world of direction with the film [[Yaarana (2015 film)|Yaarana]]<ref>{{cite web | title= Tere Khyalan, song written and directed by Ranbir Pushp|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4J9TuU7mWdk |work=Tips Official| date=9 April 2015 |accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Teri Aankh Sharabi, song written and directed by Ranbir Pushp |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OECY_PQoR-g|work=Tips Official| date=19 March 2015 |accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Yaarana team cast and crew|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/yaarana-32809/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412232333/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/yaarana-32809/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=12 April 2019|work=Cinestaan|access-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> in 2015, the film was rated 5 stars by Jagbani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaarana review|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVZ2VpP0zIY|work=Jagbani| date=24 April 2015 |accessdate= 8 May 2019}}</ref> His next film as a writer will be the sequel to the hit film [[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Director Partho Ghosh plans sequel to 1996 film Agni Sakshi|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/director-partho-ghosh-plans-sequel-to-1996-film-agni-sakshi-starring-nana-patekar-manisha-koirala-4663811.html| work=Firstpost |date=4 July 2018 |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title= Agni Sakshi sequel | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/goa-goa-gone-2-agni-sakshi-krrish-4-sequels-after-ages-will-they-work/story-0G1oUmezyzp48sKtK1OQAO.html | work=Hindustan Times| date=8 July 2018 |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==

[[File:Ranbir and Mithun.jpg|thumb|Ranbir Pushp, [[Anand Raaj Anand]], [[Salman Khan]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]] at an award function.]]

[[Filmfare Awards]]
* 1997: Nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay]]: ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'',   [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]]: ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Contribution !! Role
|-
| 1983 || Film Hi Film || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1984 || Divorce || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1985 || [[Paying Guest (TV series)|Paying Guest]] || Dialogues || Writer
|-
| 1985 || [[Dekha Pyar Tumhara]] || Screenplay, Story || Writer
|-
| 1986 || Gunhegar || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Hawalaat]]'' || Story || Writer
|-
| 1988 || Chamatkar TV series ||Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Paanch Fauladi]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue || Writer
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Hisaab Khoon Ka]]'' ||Story, Dialogue|| Writer
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Jeena Teri Gali Mein]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1992|| ''[[Sahebzaade]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue|| Writer
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'' || Story || Writer
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Honeymoon (1992 film)|Honeymoon]]'' || Screenplay, Story || Writer
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Geet (1992 film)|Geet]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Izzat Ki Roti]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1993 || Kohra || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1994 || Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1994 || Kanoon || Screenplay ||Writer
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Maha Shaktishaali]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta (TV series)]]''|| Dialogue || Writer
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Do Fantoosh]]'' || Story, Screenplay, Dialogue || Writer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Aaja Sanam]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Kartavya (1995 film)|Kartavya]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' || Screenplay, Story || Writer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Jaan (film)|Jaan]]'' || Screenplay, Story || Writer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Return of Jewel Thief]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue || Writer
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Jeevan Yudh]]'' || Screenplay, Story || Writer
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kaun Sachcha Kaun Jhootha]]'' || Screenplay, Story || Writer
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Hameshaa]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 1997 || ''Suraj'' || Story, Screenplay, Dialogue || Writer
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Ustadon Ke Ustad (1998 film)|Ustadon Ke Ustad]]'' || Screenplay, Story || Writer
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Khote Sikkey ]]'' || Screenplay || Writer
|-
| 2001 || ''[[C.A.T.S. (TV series) ]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue|| Writer
|-
| 2004 || Surya (2004 film) || Story, Screenplay, Dialogue || Writer
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jimmy (2008 film)|Jimmy]]'' || Story, Screenplay, Dialogue || Writer
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yaarana (2015 film)|Yaarana]]'' || Screenplay, Story || Writer and Director
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1196064|Ranbir Pushp}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushp, Ranbir}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Shujalpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:36:39Z

Alaratan Tripura: data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shujalpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 168
| map_image = 168-Shujalpur.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shajapur District|Shajapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Inder Singh Parmar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Jaswant Singh Hada
| electorate =
}}
'''Shujalpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

==Overview==
It comprises [[Gulana, Madhya Pradesh|Gulana tehsil]], and parts of Shujalpur tehsil, including the towns of [[Shujalpur]] [[Akodia]], all in [[Shajapur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Inder Singh Parmar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Trimbak Sadashiv Gokhale
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2|Vishnucharan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Veerchand
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Rameshwar Dayal Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Shall Kumar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Vidyadhar Joshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Nemichand Jain
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Kedar Singh Mandloi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Kunwar Phool Singh Mewara
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Jaswant Singh Hada
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Inder Singh Parmar]]<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shujalpur<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Inder Singh Parmar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96054}}
|percentage = 51.84
|change = +2.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramveer Singh Sikarwar
|votes = {{formatnum:82394}}
|percentage = 44.46
|change = -1.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Kailasha Choodiya
|votes = {{formatnum:2873}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1270}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13660}}
|percentage = 7.38
|change = +3.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185301}}
|percentage = 85.08
|change = +2.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shujalpur<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Inder Singh Parmar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:78952}}
|percentage = 49.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramveer Singh Sikarwar
|votes = {{formatnum:73329}}
|percentage = 45.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jay Shingh Mistree
|votes = {{formatnum:2046}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal
|candidate = Govind Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1553}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1881}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5623}}
|percentage = 3.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:160763}}
|percentage = 82.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shujalpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.39|76.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shajapur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Baihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:34Z

Alaratan Tripura: Made New Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baihar
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Sanjay Uikey]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Bhagat Singh Netam
| constituency_no = 108
| map_image = 108-Baihar.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
| established = 1951
}}
'''Baihar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="list">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="seats">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Balaghat District]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
===As a constituency of Madhya Bharat===
*1951, Nainsingh [[Indian National Congress]]

===As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/baihar.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Murlidhar Batailal Asati
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Mahimalsingh Masaram
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" | Sudhanva Singh Netam
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Ganpat Singh Uikey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Sudhanva Singh Netam
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | Ganpat Singh Uikey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" | Bhagat Singh Netam
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Sanjay Uikey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Baihar<ref name="cands2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Uikey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:90142}}
|percentage = 45.33
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhagat Singh Netam
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:89591}}
|percentage = 45.06
|change = +8.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Fattesingh Kamlesh
|votes = {{formatnum:8646}}
|percentage = 4.35
|change = -5.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ashok Masih Dhurve
|votes = {{formatnum:2543}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change = +0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3484}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change = -1.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:551}}
|percentage = 0.27
|change = -9.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198841}}
|percentage = 85.83
|change = +5.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Baihar<ref name="list" />
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:79399}}
|percentage = 45.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anupama Netam
|votes = {{formatnum:62919}}
|percentage = 36.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Thakur Gopal Singh Kushare
|votes = {{formatnum:16994}}
|percentage = 9.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ashok Masih Dhurwey
|votes = {{formatnum:1900}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dilan Singh Kodape
|votes = {{formatnum:1777}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bairagsingh Tekam
|votes = {{formatnum:1575}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5249}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16480}}
|percentage = 9.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173669}}
|percentage = 80.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Baihar<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Sanjay Uikey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 82419
|percentage = 52.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bhagat Singh Netam
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 50067
|percentage = 32.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shankar Shah Walke
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 4842
|percentage = 3.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ka. Ashok Kumar Masih
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 4641
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Asha Warkade
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2733
|percentage = 1.75
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vinod Kushre
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2049
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hare Singh Pusham
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1662
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Singh Tekam
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1627
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bairag Singh Tekam
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1210
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4873
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 156123
|percentage = 78.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
[[Baihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.10|80.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Balaghat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

M. Nawaz Basha

2026-04-12T13:12:55Z

Alaratan Tripura: created first details and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Mohammed Nawaz Basha''' (born 2 October 1973)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Nawaz Basha(YSRCP):Constituency- MADANAPALLE(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5821 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle Assembly Constituency]] in [[Chittoor district|Chittoor District]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-03 |title=Mohammed Nawaz Basha {{!}} MLA {{!}} Madanapalle {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theleaderspage.com/m-nawaz-basha/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madanapalle Constituency Election Results 2019: Madanapalle Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/madanapalle |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=M Nawaz Basha |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/m-nawaz-basha |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He was denied the ticket by [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vennelakanti |first=Pradeep |date=2024-05-22 |title=YSRCP looks to have an edge in Madanapalle |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-looks-to-have-an-edge-in-madanapalle-880039 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Basha is born in Madanapalle to M. Akbar Saheb and Rameeza Bee. He studied up to Class 9 at UMTS English medium high school, Arogyavaram, [[Madanapalle]].<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Basha started his political career with Indian National Congress. Later, he moved to [[YSR Congress Party]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Dommalapati Ramesh of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 29,648 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madanapalle Assembly Election 2024: Madanapalle Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/madanapalle-constituency-result-1164 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basha, M. Nawaz}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Deccani people]]

Manka (caste)

2026-04-05T23:36:56Z

Alaratan Tripura: created some entry added tags

{{Short description|Community in India}}
{{Unsourced|date=June 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
The '''Manka''' are a community found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. There are Hindu and Muslim Mankas.

==History and origin==
The Manka are said to get their name from their profession of making ''manka'', which in the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] language means the making of prayer beads. They claim to be [[Chavda Kingdom|Chavda]] [[Rajput]]s. The community is said to have come from [[Sindh]] in modern-day Pakistan and are now found mainly in 20 villages of Bachau and Rapar [[taluka]]s of [[Kutch district|Kutch District]] in the Indian state of Gujrat. Some of the Manka are found in Jam Salaya district Jamnagar in Saurashtra who are mainly into fishing and seafaring work.

==Present circumstances==

The Manka speak a dialect of [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], with substantial [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] loan words. The Manka consist of a number of clans, the main ones being the Jabayi, Chunctria, Jesra, Payana, Chavda, Sinayi etc. The community is split along religious lines, with the [[Bhuj]] Manka being [[Muslim]]. They resemble other [[Kutch]] [[Muslim]] communities in social, ritual and religious activity. The Manka are an endogamous community, and marriages between the clans is the norm. Land is a major economic source, and agriculture is their traditional occupation.

==See also==

*[[Kathi (caste)|Kathi]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tribes of Kutch]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]

Malka Komaraiah

2026-04-05T07:36:36Z

Alaratan Tripura: created some info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician, academic}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Malka Komaraiah
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Council]]
| term_end =
| constituency = Karimnagar-Medak-Nizamabad-Adilabad Teachers Constituency
| predecessor = Kura Raghotham Reddy
| successor =
| constituency1 =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Bandhampally, [[Peddapalli]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| occupation = Politician Educationalist Businessman
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| children =
| spouse =
| parents =
| website =
| term_start = 30 March 2025
}}
'''Malka Komaraiah''' is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He was elected as a member in the [[Telangana Legislative Council]] election from Medak-Nizamabad-Adilabad-Karimnagar Teacher's constituency on 3 March 2025.<ref name="BJP wrests Medak-Nizamabad-Adilabad-Karimnagar Teachers’ seat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BJP wrests Medak-Nizamabad-Adilabad-Karimnagar Teachers’ seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bjp-wrests-medak-nizamabad-adilabad-karimnagar-teachers-seat/article69287084.ece |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304044141/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bjp-wrests-medak-nizamabad-adilabad-karimnagar-teachers-seat/article69287084.ece |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Teachers send PRTU, BJP backed candidates to Telangana Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Teachers send PRTU, BJP backed candidates to Telangana Council |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Mar/04/teachers-send-prtu-bjp-backed-candidates-to-telangana-council |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=4 March 2025 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

He owns '''Delhi Public School''' branches in [[Nacharam]], [[Nadergul]], Mahendra Hills, and Pallavi educational institutes in [[Peddapalli]], [[Nirmal]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="DPS Owner Seeks to Make Political Foray, Eyes Malkajgiri LS Seat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=DPS Owner Seeks to Make Political Foray, Eyes Malkajgiri LS Seat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/dps-owner-seeks-to-make-political-foray-eyes-malkajgiri-ls-seat-879716 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304045812/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/dps-owner-seeks-to-make-political-foray-eyes-malkajgiri-ls-seat-879716 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

He belongs to the [[Munnuru Kapu]] community, categorized as [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Class (OBC)]] in Telangana.

== Political career ==
Mr. Komaraiah entered politics by joining [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and aspired Malkajgiri Lok Sabha ticket in 2024 Parliamentary elections. He was named as BJP candiadete for Medak-Nizamabad-Adilabad-Karimnagar Teachers’ constituency which held on 27 February 2025 and won as MLC by defeating his nearest rival PRTU candidate Vanga Mahender Reddy with a margin of 5,777 first preference votes.<ref name="BJP, PRTU Secure Wins in Telangana MLC Elections">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=4 March 2025 |title=BJP, PRTU Secure Wins in Telangana MLC Elections |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/bjp-prtu-secure-wins-in-telangana-mlc-elections-1864777 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304044112/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/bjp-prtu-secure-wins-in-telangana-mlc-elections-1864777 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Of 2 teachers’ MLC seats, BJP & PRTU secure one each">{{cite news |date=4 March 2025 |title=Of 2 teachers’ MLC seats, BJP & PRTU secure one each |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/of-2-teachers-mlc-seats-bjp-prtu-secure-one-each/articleshow/118691420.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304045146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/of-2-teachers-mlc-seats-bjp-prtu-secure-one-each/articleshow/118691420.cms |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> Komaraiah secured 12,959 votes, Mahender Reddy got 7,182 votes out of the total 25,041 polled votes, in which 897 votes were declared invalid.<ref name="Rookie politician humbles seasoned teacher-turned-politicians in Telangana MLC polls">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |author1-link=4 March 2025 |date=4 March 2025 |title=Rookie politician humbles seasoned teacher-turned-politicians in Telangana MLC polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/rookie-politician-humbles-seasoned-teacher-turned-politicians-in-mlc-polls/article69288780.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304181626/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/rookie-politician-humbles-seasoned-teacher-turned-politicians-in-mlc-polls/article69288780.ece |archive-date=4 March 2025 |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komaraiah, Malka}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Tirthkshetra Padali

2026-04-04T05:33:34Z

Alaratan Tripura: stub - done

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

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'''Tirthkshetra Padali, Satara''' is a village located in the [[Satara district|Satara]] (Tehsil & District) of [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> Tirthkshetra Padali village is surrounded by Urmodi river. The village is near the historic [[Ajinkyatara]] fort, which is situated on the north side of Tirthkshetra Padali. Jotiba is a popular deity in the Padali, and the Jotiba festival is a major annual celebration that takes place in honor of this deity. Also The festival is celebrated in various parts of Maharashtra, including the cities of Kolhapur and Satara.

The Jotiba festival typically takes place in the month of Chaitra (March/April), and it is a multi-day celebration that includes various rituals and cultural events. The festival is marked by processions of devotees who carry the idol of Jotiba on a palanquin, accompanied by music and dancing. The procession typically makes its way to the Jotiba temple, where the deity is offered prayers and offerings.

During the festival, devotees also perform various rituals and offerings, such as offering coconuts, lighting incense, and singing devotional songs. The festival is a time of great joy and celebration, and it is an important part of the cultural heritage of Maharashtra.

== Festival (YATRA) ==

'''Tirthkshetra Padali''' yatra fall in Month of April on Sankashti Chaturthi mostly 3-4 day after Jyotirlinga chaitra yatra Kolhapur.

As per tradition, every Sasan Kathi is ranked from 1 to 108 and out of 108, nearly 40 - 50 Sasan Kathi's are arrived in [[Jyotiba Temple|Jyotiba temple]] for Chaitra Yatra in Wadi Ratnagiri. '''The first rank of the Sasan Kathi has been given to Tirthkshetra Padali village (after the year 1896)'''.

Sasan Kathi's are the biggest attraction of the Yatra. On the day of yatra, when all sasan kathi's arrived at the temple, proper invitation awarded to Tirthkshetra Padali village via Bhaldar from Paschim Maharashtra Devasthan Samiti (PMDS).

== Education ==
'''Primary School'''

ZILLA PARISHAD MARATHI SCHOOL

'''High School'''

ENGLISH SCHOOL AND TANAJI BANDU DHANE JUNIOR COLLEGE OF ARTS PADALI NINAM

== Sports ==
'''Cricket'''

* Divyashakti Cricket club Padali
* Speed Cricket Club, Padali

== Nearest Tourism ==
* [[Ajinkyatara]]
* [[Kas Plateau Reserved Forest]]
* [[Mahabaleshwar]]
* [[Sajjangad]]
* [[Pratapgad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Satara district]]

{{Satara-geo-stub}}

2019 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards

2026-03-21T16:04:56Z

Alaratan Tripura: Made New Info

{{Short description|Indian literary awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
| awarded_for = Outstanding books of literary merit
| presenter = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 1958
| website =
| holder =
| image =
| caption =
| host =
| date = 15 February 2021
| location = [[Trichur]]
| country = [[India]]
| year2 =
| network =
| runtime =
| ratings =
| previous = [[2018 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2018]]
| main = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| next = [[2020 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2020]]
}}
The '''2019 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' was announced on 15 February 2021.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-p-valsala-nvp-unithiri/article33843100.ece "Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships for P. Valsala, N.V.P. Unithiri"]. ''The Hindu''. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</ref> The award is given each year, since 1958, by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] (Kerala Literary Academy), to [[Malayalam]] writers for their outstanding books of literary merit.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Category !! Recipient !! Work !! Image
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry|Poetry]]
| P. Raman
| ''Rathri Panthrandarakkoru Tharat''
|
|-
| [[M. R. Renukumar]]
| ''Kothiyan''
| [[File:എം.ആർ._രേണുകുമാർ.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel|Novel]]
| [[S. Hareesh]]
| ''[[Meesa|Meesha]]''<ref>[https://thewire.in/books/meesha-wins-best-novel-at-kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-bjp-says-move-anti-hindu "‘Meesha’ Wins Best Novel at Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards; BJP Says Move 'Anti-Hindu'"]. ''The Wire''. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</ref>
| [[File:S. Hareesh Writer.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story|Story]]
| [[Vinoy Thomas]]
| ''Ramachi''
| [[File:Vinoy_Thomas_at_Pedayangode_(2).jpg|80px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama|Drama]]
| [[Sajitha Madathil]]
| ''Arangile Mathsyagandhikal''
| [[File:Sajitha_mathathil.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Jisha Abhinaya]]
| ''Eli Eli Lama Sabaktani''
|
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism|Literary Criticism]]
| Dr. K. M. Anil
| ''Pantharum Vazhiyambalangalum''
|
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography|Biography and Autobiography]]
| [[M. G. S. Narayanan]]
| ''Jalakangal: Oru Charithranweshiyude Vazhikal Kazhchakal''
| [[File:M.G.S_Narayanan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue|Travelogue]]
| Arun Ezhuthachan
| ''Vishudha Papangalude India''
|
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour|Humour]]
| [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| ''Eeswaran Mathram Sakshi''
|
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature|Children's Literature]]
| K. R. Viswanathan
|''Hisaga''
|
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature|Scholarly Literature]]
| [[R. V. G. Menon]]
|''Shastra Sankethika Vidyakalude Charithram''
| [[File:RVG_Menon.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation|Translation]]
| K. Aravindakshan
| ''Gautama Buddhante Parinirvanam''
|
|-
| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions|Overall Contributions]]
|
* [[Dalit Bandhu N. K. Jose]]
* [[Palakkeezh Narayanan]]
* P. Appukuttan
* Rosemary
* U. Kalanathan
* C. P. Aboobacker
| {{-}}
| {{-}}
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award}}
[[Category:2019 literary awards|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards]]

{{lit-award-stub}}

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

2026-03-11T09:31:30Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Short description|Lower house of legislature in Maharashtra, India}}
{{About|2=the upper house|3=Maharashtra Legislative Council}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
| body = Maharashtra Legislature
| native_name = ''Mahārāṣhṭra Vidhānasabhā''
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| coa_pic = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| coa_res =
| background_color =
| legislature = [[15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|15th Maharashtra Assembly]]
| house_type = Lower house
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]]
| leader1 = '''[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]'''
| party1 =
| election1 = 06 March 2026
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| leader2 = '''[[Rahul Narwekar]]'''
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 3 July 2022
| leader3_type = [[List of Deputy Speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the House]]
| leader3 = '''[[Anna Bansode]]'''
| party3 = [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| election3 = 25 March 2025
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election4 = 05 December 2024
| leader5_type = [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Leader of the House)
| leader5 = '''[[Eknath Shinde]]''', [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
'''[[Sunetra Pawar|Sunetra Ajit Pawar]]''', [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] 31 January 2026
| election5 = 05 December 2024

| leader6_type = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Government of Maharashtra|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| leader6 = '''[[Chandrakant Patil]]'''
| party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election6 = 21 December 2024
| leader7_type = [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = '''Vacant'''
| party7 =
| election7 = 23 November 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=In a first in six decades, no Leader of Opposition in Maharashtra Assembly|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/in-a-first-in-six-decades-no-leader-of-opposition-in-maharashtra-assembly/article68904861.ece|publisher = The Hindu|date=24 November 2024}}</ref>{{efn|No leader of opposition because no political party obtained at least 10% of the seats in the assembly.}}
| election8 = 23 November 2024
| leader9_type = [[General Secretary]]
| leader9 = '''Rajendra Bhagwat'''
| party9 = '''IAS'''
| election9 =
| members = '''288'''
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election 2024.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election Alliance Wise 2024.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Maharashtra|Government]] (235)''' {{color box|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[Maha Yuti|MY]] (235)
*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (131)
*{{Color box|#E37401}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (57)
*{{color box|#FFC0CB}} [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (40)
*{{Color box|#CB00F1}} [[Vinay Kore|JSS]] (2)
*{{Color box|#FFF200}} [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]] (1)
*{{Color box|#F58E7D}} [[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar|RSVA]] (1)
*{{Color box|#1A34BB}} [[Ravi Rana|RYSP]] (1)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
'''Official Opposition'''
:''Vacant''{{efn|No party secured 10% of seats to form official opposition.}}
'''[[Parliamentary Opposition|Other Opposition]] (51)''' {{color box|{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}}} [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] (48)
*{{Color box|#FF6634}} [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]] (20)
*{{Color box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (16)
*{{color box|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}} [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]] (10)
*{{Color box|#CC0D0D}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
*{{Color box|#E96969}} [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]] (1)
Others (3)
*{{Color box|#FF0000}} [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (2)
*{{Color box|#136B4B}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (1)
Vacant (2)
*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (2)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|20 November 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2029]]
| session_room = Vidhan Bhavan aerial view.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place = Vidhan Bhavan, Mumbai
| session_room2 = Vidhan Bhavan (State Legislative Assembly) Nagpur - panoramio.jpg
| session_res2 = 250px
| session_alt2 =
| meeting_place2 = [[Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur]] (Winter session)
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| website = [https://maharashtra.gov.in/ Government of Maharashtra] [http://mls.org.in/ Maharashtra Legislature]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Maharashtra Legislative Assembly''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Mahārāṣṭra Vidhānasabhā'') is the lower house of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India. It consists of 288 members directly elected from single-seat constituencies.<ref name="mls">{{cite web |url=http://mls.org.in |title=Maharashtra Legislature |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> The Assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan in Mumbai, though the winter session is held in Nagpur.<ref name="2019election">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/uddhav-sena-sticks-neck-out-milind-narvekar-maharashtra-legislative-council-polls-9428268/ |title=Uddhav Sena sticks its neck out, fields Milind Narvekar for Maharashtra Legislative Council polls |date=2024-07-02 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> Along with the Maharashtra Legislative Council, it constitutes the legislature of Maharashtra. The presiding officer of the Assembly is the [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]. Members of the Assembly are directly elected by the people of Maharashtra through elections held every five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved earlier.<ref name="cpa">{{cite web |url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/maharashtra/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly |website=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association |access-date=2024-07-03}}</ref> The current Assembly was elected in November 2024.<ref name="2024election"/>

==List of assemblies==

The following is the list of all the Maharashtra Legislative Assemblies (1961–present):<ref name="lbi">{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/Maharashtra.pdf|title=Maharashtra Legislature, Mumbai|publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website|access-date=13 November 2010|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221722/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/Maharashtra.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Assembly
![[Elections in Maharashtra|Year]]
![[Speaker of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
![[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
!Seats
|-
|1st
|1960
|[[S. L. Silam]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Yashwantrao Chavan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|*[[Indian National Congress|INC]] had won the 1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly Elections.
[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 135; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 34; [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]: 33; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 31; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 13; [[Scheduled Castes Federation|SCF]]: 13; [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]]: 4; [[Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]]: 1; Total: 264 (of 396 Maharashtra + Gujarat Seats).
|-
|2nd
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Balasaheb Bharde]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Yashwantrao Chavan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Marotrao Kannamwar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[P. K. Sawant]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Vasantrao Naik]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 215; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 15; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 15; [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]: 9; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 6; [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]: 3; [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist]]: 1; Total: 264.
|-
|3rd
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Balasaheb Bharde]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Vasantrao Naik]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 203; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 19; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 16; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 10; [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]: 8; [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]: 5; [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]: 4; [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]]: 4; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 1; Total: 270.
|-
|4th
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[S. K. Wankhede]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Balasaheb Desai]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Vasantrao Naik]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Shankarrao Chavan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Vasantdada Patil]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 222; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 23; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 7; [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh|BJS]]: 5; [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist]]: 3; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 2; [[All India Forward Block|AIFB]]: 2; [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]: 2; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 1; [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]: 1; [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|BKD]]: 1; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 1. Total: 270.
|-
|5th
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Shivraj Patil]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) Pranlal Vora ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Vasantdada Patil]] ([[Indian National Congress (U)|INC(U)]]) [[Sharad Pawar]] ([[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]])
|[[Janata Party|JP]]: 99; [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 69; [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]]: 62; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 28; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 13; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 9; [[All India Forward Block|AIFB]]: 3; [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]: 2; [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPI(K)]]: 2; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 1; Total: 288.
Post-poll [[Indian National Congress|INC]] + [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]] Front.
|-
|6th
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Sharad Dighe]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[A. R. Antulay]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Babasaheb Bhosale]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Vasantdada Patil]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]]: 186; [[Indian National Congress (Urs)|INC(U)]]: 47; [[Janata Party|JP]]: 17; [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 14; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 10; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 9; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 2; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 2; [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPI(K)]]: 1; Total: 288.
|-
|7th
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Shankarrao Jagtap ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Shankarrao Chavan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Sharad Pawar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 161; [[Indian Congress (Socialist)|ICS]]: 54; [[Janata Party|JP]]: 20; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 20; [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 16; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 13; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 2; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 2; Total: 288.
|-
|8th
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Madhukarrao Chaudhari ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Sharad Pawar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Sharad Pawar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 141; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 52; [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 42; [[Janata Dal|JD]]: 24; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 13; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 8; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 3; [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]: 2; [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPI(K)]]: 1; [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]: 1; [[Indian Congress (Socialist) - Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS(SCS)]]: 1; Total: 288.
|-
|9th
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Dattaji Nalawade]] ([[Shiv Sena|SHS]])
|[[Manohar Joshi]] ([[Shiv Sena|SHS]]) [[Narayan Rane]] ([[Shiv Sena|SHS]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 80; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 73; [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 65; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 45; [[Janata Dal|JD]]: 11; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 6; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 3; [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]: 3; Maharashtra Vikas Congress: 1; [[Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti|NVAS]]: 1; Total: 288.
|-
|10th
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Arun Gujarathi ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 75; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 69; [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 58; [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 56; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 12; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 5; [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]: 3; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 2; [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]: 1;[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]: 2; [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]: 1; [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party|GGP]]: 1; Native People's Party: 1; [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP (Maharashtra)]]: 1; Total: 288.
Post-poll [[Indian National Congress|INC]] + [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] Front.
|-
|11th
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Babasaheb Kupekar ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Ashok Chavan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 71; [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 69; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 62; [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 54; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 19; [[Jan Surajya Shakti]]: 4; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 3; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 2; [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]: 1; [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]: 1; [[Akhil Bharatiya Sena|ABHS]]: 1; [[Swatantra Bharat Paksh|STBP]]: 1; Total: 288.
|-
|12th
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Dilip Walse-Patil]] ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
|[[Ashok Chavan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Prithviraj Chavan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 82; [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 62; [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 46; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 44; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 24; [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]: 13; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 4; [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]: 4; [[Jan Surajya Shakti|JSS]]: 2; [[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|BVA]]: 2; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 1; [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]: 1; [[Swabhimani Paksha|SWP]]: 1; [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]: 1; Loksangram: 1; Total: 288.
|-
|13th
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Haribhau Bagade]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 122; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 63; [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 42; [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 41; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 7; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 3; [[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|BVA]]: 3; [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]: 2; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 1; [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]: 1; [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]: 1; [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]: 1; [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]: 1; Total: 288.
|-
|14th
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Nana Patole]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[Rahul Narwekar]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) [[Uddhav Thackeray]] ([[Shiv Sena|SHS]]) [[Eknath Shinde]] ([[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 106; [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]: 56; [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 53; [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 44; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 13; [[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|BVA]]: 3; [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]: 2; [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]: 2; [[Prahar Janshakti Party|PHJSP]]: 2; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 1; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 1; [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]: 1; [[Jan Surajya Shakti|JSS]]: 1; [[Swabhimani Paksha|SWP]]: 1; [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]: 1; [[Shankarrao Gadakh|KSP]]: 1; Total: 288.
Post Poll Shiv Sena + [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Alliance <ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306085512/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>
|-
|15th
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Rahul Narwekar]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 132; [[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|SHS]]: 57; [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]: 41; [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS (UBT)]]: 20; [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 16; [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP (SP)]]: 10; [[Independent (politician)|IND]]: 2; [[Jan Surajya Shakti|JSS]]: 2; [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]: 2; [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]: 1; RYSP: 1; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]: 1; [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]: 1; RSVA: 1; [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]:1; Total: 288.
[[Maha Yuti]] Alliance
|}

== Office bearers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Title
!Portrait
!Name
!Since
|-
|[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
|[[File:Acharya Dev Vrat, Governor of Gujarat in 2022 (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
|10 March 2026
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[File:Rahul Narwekar.jpeg|132x132px]]
|[[Rahul Narwekar]]
|9 December 2024
|-
|Deputy Speaker
|
|[[Anna Bansode]]
|25 March 2025
|-
|Leader of the House
([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])
| [[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|132x132px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|5 December 2024
|-
| |[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|5 December 2024

|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|
|''vacant''
|
|}

==Sessions==
The budget session and the [[monsoon]] session are convened in Mumbai whereas the winter session is convened in the auxiliary capital [[Nagpur]]. In 1975 because elections were in winter season, the monsoon (second) session was convened in Nagpur and winter (third) session was convened in Mumbai.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Maharashtra Legislature Leaders==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | House
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | Leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | Since
|-
!colspan=4|Leader of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Party
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Group Leader of Legislative Assembly BJP Party]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
|[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]]
|26 November 2024
|-
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Group Leader of Legislative Assembly SHS Party]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|26 November 2024
|-
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|Group Leader of Legislative Assembly NCP Party]]
|'''[[Sunetra Pawar|Sunetra Ajit Pawar]] '''
|
| 31 January 2026
|-
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Group Leader of Legislative Assembly SS(UBT) Party]]
|'''[[Aaditya Thackeray]]'''
| [[File:Shri Aaditya Thackeray - 2020 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|26 November 2024
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|Group Leader of Legislative Assembly Congress Party]]
|'''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar|Vijay Wadettiwar]]'''
| [[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
|13 February 2025
|-
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|Group Leader of Legislative Assembly NCP(SP) Party]]
|'''[[Jitendra Awhad]]'''
| [[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
| 1 December 2024
|}<section end="Parties and leaders"/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=List of members of the 15th Maharashtra Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:List of members of the 15th Maharashtra Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Legislature of Maharashtra]]
* [[Elections in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad]]
* [[List of governors of Maharashtra]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of deputy speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of deputy leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/maharashtra Maharashtra Lok Sabha Elections Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127092934/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/maharashtra |date=27 January 2022 }}
* {{cite web | url=https://mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in/1035/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0 | title=State Election Commission | publisher=Government of Maharashtra | date=2016 | access-date=31 May 2016}}

{{Coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{Maharashtra State Assembly election}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Legislative Assembly| ]]

Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu

2026-03-03T21:43:27Z

Alaratan Tripura: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu
| image = Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu.jpg
| caption = VCD Cover
| director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| writer = Rajendra Singh Babu
| producer = [[Jai Jagadish]] Vijayalakshmi Singh Dushyanth Singh Srinidhi
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[S. Narayan]] [[Komal Kumar]] [[Meghana Naidu]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = B. S. Kemparaju
| studio = Lakshmi Creations
| released = {{Film date|2003|3|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 mins
}}

'''''Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu''''' ({{Translation|Donkeys, sir, donkeys}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]. The film stars [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[S. Narayan]], [[Komal Kumar]], [[Meghana Naidu]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]. This is the third film in the ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu (film series)|Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' series directed by Babu and was released on 28 March 2003 and received generally positive reviews from the critics.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Romy
* [[S. Narayan]] as Nani<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/director-s-narayan-birthday-special-all-you-need-to-know-about-his-famous-film-ssd-778104-page-2.html|title=S Narayan: ಕುರಿಗಳು ಸಾರ್ ಕುರಿಗಳು ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಇವತ್ತಿಗೂ ಜನಕ್ಕೆ ಇಷ್ಟ ಆಗೋಕೆ ಕಾರಣ ಇದೇ ಅಂತೆ!|date=5 June 2022|work=[[News18]]|language=kn}}</ref>
* [[Komal Kumar]] as Komi
* [[Ruthika]] as Ramya
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Urmila
* [[Meghana Naidu]] as Nandhini
* Soni Raj as Kapila
* [[Umashree]] as Jayamma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-film-actors-who-have-been-typecast-into-playing-specific-roles/photostory/79564761.cms|title=Kannada film actors who have been typecast into playing specific roles|date=4 December 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Yamuna Murthy
* Manjula
* [[Jai Jagadish]] as Prakash
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* Kote Prabhakar
* [[M. P. Shankar]]
* Kirloskar Sathya
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* Harish Rai
* Renuka Prasad
* Bank Suresh
* MS Narasimhamurthy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/an-evening-of-laughter-with-actor-writer-ms-narasimhamurthy/articleshow/77678490.cms|title=An evening of laughter with actor-writer MS Narasimhamurthy|date=21 August 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">2003</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Lakshmi Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Daga Donkey" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Hamsalekha
|-
| 2 || "Allalle Allalle" || [[Udit Narayan]], Nandini || Hamsalekha
|-
| 3 || "Eno Thumba Kushiyagidiya" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Chetan Sosca]] || Hamsalekha
|-
| 4 || "Sathyavantharige Idu Kalavalla" || Rajesh Krishnan, Hemanth Kumar, Chetan Sosca || Hamsalekha
|-
| 5 || "Jaya Jayahe" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Hamsalekha
|-
| 6 || "Lucky Lucky" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Malgudi Subha]] || Hamsalekha
|-
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film competed with forty-one other films for the Karnataka State Film Awards,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/30south.htm?zcc=rl|title=Kasaravalli heads awards panel|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=M D Riti|last=Vijayalaxmi|date=30 May 2003}}</ref> but it was not nominated.

A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "In a nutshell, is a watchable film if you opt for an average comedy entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_katthegalu.asp|title=Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu film review|work=Viggy}}</ref> A critic from ''Chitraloka'' said that "For every five minutes in this nearly 2 hours 40 minutes film the audience would laugh. They feel a respite as scores of Kannada films doled out below average films in the last three months leaving a danger. However Babu’s ‘KK3’ finally gives wonderful output".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2804-kaththegalu-saar-kaththegalu-review.html|title=KATHTHEGALU SAAR KATHTHEGALU MOVIE REVIEW|date=29 March 2003|work=Chitraloka}}</ref> ''India Info'' wrote "Its time D. Rajendra Singh Babu uses his talent for some script which is really worthwhile rather that these Kathe's, Kothi's and Kudure's".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/kathegalu.html|title=Indiainfo: Kannada: KATHEGALU SAAR KATHEGALU REVIEW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807090334/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/kathegalu.html|archive-date=7 August 2003|access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film's budget was negatively affected by the change of timings in Kannada and Hindi film theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/theatres-revert-to-old-timings/articleshow/42599266.cms|title=Theatres revert to old timings|date=6 April 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14677454}}

{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}
{{Saar series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu)}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Christianity in Kanyakumari district

2026-02-24T06:23:05Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Arappally02.jpg|alt=Thiruvithamcode Arappally under Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church is believed to be built by Thomas the Apostle|thumb|[[Thiruvithamcode Arappally]] under [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] is believed to be built by [[Thomas the Apostle]]]]
'''Christianity in Kanyakumari district''' is the largest religion in the district. The [[Catholic Church]] has about 500,000 followers, while the [[Protestantism|Protestant groups]] have about 400,000 members.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/ahkitj/wscfap/arms1974/Book%20Series/TheImageOfGodIM/IOGIM-hinduchristian.htm|title=Hindu Christian Communalism; Analysis of Kanyakumari Riots|website=www.ibiblio.org|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>

Christianity is said to date back to the 1st century CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/shoot/divine-intervention/article9978132.ece/photo/1/|title=Divine intervention|last=Asthana|first=Deepti|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> According to the tradition, [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], one of the twelve apostles, landed on the [[Malabar Coast]] (Kerala) in 52 CE and introduced Christianity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-church-that-st-thomas-built/article4720703.ece|title=The church that St. Thomas built|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=2013-05-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is believed he built [[St. Mary's Church, Thiruvithamcode|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Thiruvithamcode]] in 63 CE.<ref name=":1" /> During the [[Early modern period|colonial period]] [[Italians|Italian]], [[British people|British]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] Christians came to [[Tamil Nadu]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Population of Christians by census decade
!Year
!Christian population
!Total population
!Percentage
|-
|1961<ref name=":7" />
|367,808
|996,915
|36.89%
|-
|1971<ref>{{Cite web |date=1971 |title=Portrait of Population: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31517}}</ref>
|475,572
|1,222,549
|38.90%
|-
|1981
|551,908
|1,423,399
|38.77%
|-
|1991
|677,676
|1,600,349
|42.35%
|-
|2001
|745,406
|1,676,034
|44.47%
|-
|2011<ref name="Religion" />
|876,299
|1,870,374
|46.85%
|}
In 1961, Christians comprised nearly 37% of the population.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=1961 |title=District Census Handbook: Kanyakumari |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6550/1/22108_1961_KAN.pdf}}</ref> In 2011, the Christian population of Kanyakumari is nearly 47% of the population.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Denominations ==
The [[Roman Catholic Church]] ([[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]]), the [[Church of South India]], The London Mission Congregational Churches (L.M.S.), [[Assemblies of God in India]], [[India Pentecostal Church of God]], [[The Pentecostal Mission]], [[The Salvation Army]] Church, the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], the Evangelical Church of India and other evangelical denominations are there. The Latin Rite of [[Roman Catholic Church]] (RC) is the oldest and the largest and has a homogeneous presence throughout the district. The second-largest church by number of members is the [[Church of South India]] (CSI) and third largest are [[Pentecostals]].The vast majority are the members of Latin Rite [[Roman Catholic Church]]

=== Roman Catholic Church ===
[[File:Our_Lady_of_Ransom_Church.jpg|thumb|Our Lady of Ransom Church in Kanyakumari]]
In 1542, [[Francis Xavier|St. Francis Xavier]] came to Kanniyakumari District.During the 16th century, he converted thousands of [[Paravar]] fishermen between [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]] and Kanyakumari to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. Between 1543 and 1544 Francis established forty-five churches in the coastal areas of Travancore. one of the church he built is [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Kottar]]<ref name=":4" />
[[File:St. Xavier's Church, Kottar.JPG|thumb|St. Xavier's Church, Kottar]]

=== Church of South India ===
The [[British East India Company]], helped Protestant churches to grow in the Kingdom of Travancore and [[Madras Presidency]]. Conversions took place in [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] and [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] from among the Nadar and [[Paraiyar|Paraiyan]] communities by the work of the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] and [[London Missionary Society|London Missionary Society (L.M.S.)]]. In 1818, 3000 members of the Nadar caste were said to have embraced Christianity.<ref name=":4" />

During the 18th century, on the request of kholf iyer the German missionary [[William Tobias Ringeltaube]] came to Travancore (year 1806) and stayed in [[Mylaudy]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India|last=Kent|first=Eliza F.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=9780195165074|page=43}}</ref> Over a period of ten years, [[William Tobias Ringeltaube|Ringeltaube]] succeeded in building his mission. The first church ([[Ringeltaube Vethamonikam Memorial Church, Mylaudy|CSI mylaudy]]) was built at [[Mylaudy]] in September 1809. [[Ringeltaube Vethamonikam Memorial Church, Mylaudy]] was the cathedral of [[Kanyakumari Diocese]] of [[Church of South India]] (CSI). Many schools were started along with the churches to educate the poor people. Even non-Christian students also received education. A printing press was started by his mission in 1821. Medical wing of the mission was established in 1838.<ref name=":3" />

[[File:9T2A8228.jpg|thumb|Ringeltaube Vethamonikam Memorial Church, Mylaudy|alt=9T2A8228.jpg]]

=== The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ===
In 1996, the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] created its first `[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thuckalay|Diocese of Thuckalay]]`in Kanyakumari district, which was under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery]] in Kerala until then.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/diocese_details.php?id=27|title=Syro Malabar Thuckalay Eparchy|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>

=== The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church ===
The newly established `[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom|Diocese of Marthandam]] split from the Syro-Malankara Archdiocese of Trivandrum in Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicate.net/eparchies/eparchy-of-marthandam/2|title=EPARCHY OF MARTHANDAM|website=www.catholicate.net|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> also in 1996.

=== Full Gospel Pentecostal Church ===
In 1933 the FULL Gospel Pentecostal Church was Created in Kadamalaikuntu near [[Mekkammandapam]] it is founded by Pr John Rose and it has 350+ Churches all over India , It Has various Dept like Youth etc Its Location in Kadamalaikuntu

=== Assemblies of God Church ===
In 1922 Mrs. Sheelal Manasseh pioneered Assemblies of GOD church was established in [[Melpuram]] which was part of then Travancore state by missionaries. It has been one of the early pioneering churches in the region.

===Saron Bethel Deva Sabai ===
The [[Saron Bethel Deva Sabai]] was founded in 1979 by [[Rev D Samuel]] in [[Melpuram]]<ref>Melpuram</ref> Kanyakumari District It has 10+ Local Church and Prayer House . It is a Pentecostal Christian Denomination in India. Its organisational headquarters located in '''Melpuram''' Location is [https://g.co/kgs/YWz3uWi SBDS Head Quarters]

== Caste system ==
{{See also|Channar revolt|Breast Tax}}
During the period of [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], the present day Kanyakumari district was under the control of the Kingdom. It was caste-based. Those who belonged to lower castes were denied education, choice of occupation and basic dignity. The women of the lower castes were not allowed to cover their breasts and they had to pay the ''mulakkaram'' [[Breast Tax|(breast tax]]) to the king if they wanted to cover their breasts. The tax was amount depended on their breast size.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ststworld.com/breast-tax/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508173000/https://www.ststworld.com/breast-tax/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 May 2020|title=Breast Tax and the Revolt of Lower Cast Women in 19th Century Travancore|date=2019-05-17|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sabarimala-row-travancore-parallel-the-fight-to-wear-an-upper-garment-5406642/|title=Travancore parallel: the fight to wear an upper garment|date=2018-10-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36891356|title=The woman who cut off her breasts to protest a tax|date=2016-07-28|access-date=2019-11-14|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/education/cbse-removed-history-womens-caste-struggle|title=The CBSE Just Removed an Entire History of Women's Caste Struggle|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/jul/27/a-struggle-for-decent-dress-71376.html|title=A struggle for decent dress|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> A woman baring her chest to noble class was considered a sign of respect, by both males and females from the lower castes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dress-code-repression-keralas-history-breast-tax-avarna-women-48982|title=Dress code repression: Kerala's history of breast tax for Avarna women|last=Unni Nair|first=Supriya|date=|website=the news minute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829210420/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dress-code-repression-keralas-history-breast-tax-avarna-women-48982 |archive-date=29 August 2016 |access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/saffronisation-education-ncert-syllabus-drops-chapters|title=Re-writing History, Saffronising Education: Remembering Nangeli Lest Government Makes Us Forget|date=2019-03-19|website=NewsClick|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Higher-class women covered both breasts and shoulders, whereas lower castes including [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] and [[Ezhava]] women were not allowed to do so, to show their low status.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sabarimala-row-travancore-parallel-the-fight-to-wear-an-upper-garment-5406642/|title=Travancore parallel: the fight to wear an upper garment|date=2018-10-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Uneasy with their social status, many Nadars embraced [[Christianity]], and started to wear long cloths. When many more Nadar women turned to Christianity, many Hindu [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] women adopted the [[Nair]] breast cloth.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":52" /><ref name=":6" />

From 1813 to 1859 laws were enacted and repealed by the Kingdom regarding the upper cloth issue.<ref>{{Citation |last =Cohn |first=Bernard S. |year=1996 |title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691000435 |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/5870.html |page=140}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ponnumuthan |first=Selvister |year=1996 |title=The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India |publisher=Universita Gregoriana |page=109}}</ref> During this period waves of violence and agitation continued between the higher and lower castes. Due to the [[Channar revolt|rebellion of lower castes]], in 1859 the kingdom permanently permitted lower caste women to wear garments on their torsos.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":52" />

However, the claims of breast-taxes being levied in order to prevent lower-caste women from covering their breasts are hotly contested. Renowned Malayali historian Manu Pillai claims that the idea that it was meant to prevent them from covering their breasts is farfetched.<ref name="telegraphindia.com">https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/the-breast-tax-that-wasnt/cid/1803638</ref> Author Swati Gautam also cites in her article<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> partisan and ideologically backed ideas of connecting apparent "Brahminical" ideas of violence to the tax, which was meant purely for differentiation between the sexes.

== Notable churches ==
* [[Curusadi St. Antony's Church]]
* [[Marthandam CSI Church]]
* [[Our Lady of Ransom Church, Kanyakumari]]
* [[Periyanayaki Shrine, Thiruvithancode]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Kottar]]
* [[St. Mary's Basilica, Mulagumoodu]]
* [[St. Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai]]
* [[St. Antony's Church, Chemmanvilai]]
* [[St. Mary's Church, Thiruvithamcode]]
* [[Ringeltaube Vethamonikam Memorial Church, Mylaudy|Mylaudy CSI church]]

== See also ==
* [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu| ]]

Marie Antoinette Gottesman

2026-02-21T13:27:53Z

Alaratan Tripura: created a entry and citations

{{Short description|Hungarian opera singer (1881–1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = Marie Antoinette c. 1910.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Marie Antoinette c. 1910 (Budapest)
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 4 February 1881
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1948
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Marie Antoinette Gottesman''' (4 February 1881–1948) was a Hungarian socialite, opera singer, sister of [[Ervin Baktay]], wife of [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]] and mother of the artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] and her sister [[Indira Sundaram]].<ref name=Sundaram.2010.xvi>Sundaram, pp. xvi-xvii</ref><ref name=Dalmia.2013.5>Dalmia, pp. 5-16</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil|Umrao Singh Sher-Gil Majithia]], an Indian [[Jat Sikh]] aristocrat and scholar from the [[Majithia family]], in 1912. The couple had two daughters, [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], a visual artist, and [[Indira Sundaram]] (née Sher-Gil).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sher-Gil Sundaram Arts Foundation {{!}} Sher-Gil Sundaram Family |url=https://ssaf.in/sher-gil-sundaram-family/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Marie was affected deeply by her daughter Amrita's death in 1941. She believed Amrita's husband, Viktor Egan, was indirectly responsible. Marie committed suicide in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: unseen brilliance |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2018/05/04/amrita-sher-gil-unseen-brilliance/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Sher-Gil Sundaram Arts Foundation {{!}} Sher-Gil Sundaram Family |url=https://ssaf.in/sher-gil-sundaram-family/ |access-date=5 April 2025}}
{{Amrita Sher-Gil|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottesman, Marie}}
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Hungarian opera singers]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Hungarian Jews]]

{{Hungary-opera-singer-stub}}

Niyati Fatnani

2026-02-14T07:03:03Z

Alaratan Tripura: made a article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Niyati Fatnani
| image = Niyati Fatnani grace launch of Celebrity app Wysh (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fatnani in 2020
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|01|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India
| years_active = 2016–present
| occupation = Actress
| known_for = ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
}}
'''Niyati Fatnani''' (born 11 January 1991) is an Indian actress working in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She made her acting debut with ''[[D4 - Get Up and Dance|D4-Get Up and Dance]]'' (2016), portraying Niharika Sinha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Niyati Fatnani: I owe my acting and dance career to Madhuri Dixit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niyati-fatnani-i-owe-my-acting-career-to-madhuri-dixit/articleshow/91979825.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Fatnani is best known for her portrayal of Piya Rathod in the supernatural series ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/niyati-fatnani-draws-inspiration-from-real-life-for-her-reel-life-roles/story-1V7h1yXillNbpwkSmtUl6L.html |title=Niyati Fatnani draws inspiration from real life for her reel-life roles |date=18 March 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 August 2018 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Niyati Fatnani plays dhaba owner's daughter in 'Channa Mereya' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niyati-fatnani-plays-dhaba-owners-daughter-in-channa-mereya/articleshow/92680785.cms |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, she participated in ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 14|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-niyati-fatnani-recalls-having-panic-attack-during-water-stunt-kept-shouting-help-help-1336671?amp|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Niyati Fatnani recalls having panic attack during water stunt; 'Kept shouting help help'|accessdate=25 August 2024|work=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born on 11 January 1991 in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Niyati Fatnani: 'Nazar' Actor Turns 29, The Diva Looks Hotter With Passing Years |url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-niyati-fatnani-nazar-actor-turns-29-the-diva-looks-hotter-with-passing-years-159592/ |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=India |language=en}}</ref> She completed her early education at Amar Jyoti Saraswati International School located in [[Bhavnagar]], Gujarat. She is also a professional [[Kathak]] dancer. Fatnani has a younger sister named Barkha Fatnani.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Career==
Fatnani made her acting debut in 2016 with ''[[D4 - Get Up and Dance]]'' where she played Niharika "Baby" Sinha alongside Utkarsh Gupta.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/out-of-the-box-one-step-up/chennai/45268 |title=Out of the box - One step up |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 February 2016 |access-date=11 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227053223/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/out-of-the-box-one-step-up/chennai/45268 |archive-date=27 February 2016}}</ref> In 2017, she portrayed Dharmavidya Raidhan Katara / Arundhati / Mukhiyani in ''[[Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey]]'' alongside [[Eijaz Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Yeh-Moh-Moh-Ke-Dhaage-is-an-unlikely-couples-beautiful-story/articleshow/57734254.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324004903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Yeh-Moh-Moh-Ke-Dhaage-is-an-unlikely-couples-beautiful-story/articleshow/57734254.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2017 |title='Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaage' is an unlikely couple's beautiful story |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> From 2018 to 2020, Fatnani portrayed Piya Sharma Rathod in ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]'' opposite [[Harsh Rajput]] which proved as a major turning point in her career.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niyati-fatnani-opposite-harsh-rajput-in-the-supernatural-show-nazar-/articleshow/64018781.cms |title=Niyati Fatnani opposite Harsh Rajput in the supernatural show 'Nazar' |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> She also played Piya in the telefilm ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Ankahee Dastaan]]'' in 2021. In 2022, Fatnani portrayed Ginni Garewal Singh in ''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]'' opposite [[Karan Wahi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niyati Fatnani on bagging 'Channa Mereya': I'm overjoyed and supremely elated to take on this role - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niyati-fatnani-on-bagging-channa-mereya-im-overjoyed-and-supremely-elated-to-take-on-this-role/articleshow/91836171.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2023, she was seen in [[Disney+ Hotstar]]'s ''[[Dear Ishq]]'' as Asmita Roy opposite [[Sehban Azim]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dear-ishq/season-1/seasonreview/97254637.cms | title=Dear Ishq Season 1 Review: Performances and gloss save this predictable love/Hate story | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Shazia
| Season 9, Episode 1
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Prince-Narula-to-host-the-next-season-of-Pyaar-Tune-Kya-Kiya/articleshow/52204098.cms |title=Exclusive - Prince Narula to host Zing's Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya season 9 |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[D4 - Get Up and Dance|D4-Get Up and Dance]]''
| Niharika "Baby" Sinha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Channel-V-is-back-with-a-brand-new-dance-fiction-show/articleshow/50964904.cms |title=Channel V is back with a brand new dance fiction show |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey]]''
| Aru / Dharmavidya Raidhan Katara
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niyati-fatnani-acting-was-there-in-sub-conscious-mind/articleshow/58291463.cms |title=Niyati Fatnani: Acting was there in sub-conscious mind - Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2020
| ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
|Piya Sharma Rathod
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/niyati-fatnani-plays-challenging-role-in-nazar-2156278.html |title=Niyati Fatnani plays a challenging role in Star Plus's 'Nazar' |website=Zee News |language=en |date=17 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''
| Ginni Garewal Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niyati Fatnani reveals she gained weight for her role as a Sikhni in 'Channa Mereya' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/niyati-fatnani-reveals-she-gained-weight-for-her-role-as-a-sikhni-in-channa-mereya |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
|Avantika
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Niyati Fatnani and Arjun Bijlani Shoot Under Extreme Cold For Upcoming Show 'Bhediya Ishq Aur Junoon' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/entertainment/niyati-fatnani-and-arjun-bijlani-shoot-under-extreme-cold-for-upcoming-show-bhediya-ishq-aur-junoon-6664669.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 14|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14]]''
| Contestant
| 8th place
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-niyati-fatnani-pens-heartfelt-note-for-rohit-shetty-and-contestants-never-did-i-think-that-i-1326664?amp|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Niyati Fatnani pens heartfelt note for Rohit Shetty and contestants; 'Never did I think that I...'|accessdate=28 August 2024|work=Pinkvilla}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Dear Ishq]]''
| Asmita Roy
| Web debut
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sehban-azim-niyati-fitnani-come-together-new-show-titled-dear-ishq/ |title=Sehban Azim and Niyati Fitnani come together for a new show titled Dear Ishq |website=Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=25 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Fuh se Fantasy''
| Shobhita Sharma
| Episode: "Fantasy Unleashed!"
|
|-
|2025
|''Rose Garden''
|
|Hungama OTT
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-07-14 |title=Niyatii Fatnani shares how her role in 'Rose Garden' deepened her growth as an actress |url=https://ianslive.in/niyatii-fatnani-shares-how-her-role-in-rose-garden-deepened-her-growth-as-an-actress--20250714123303 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''Wahin''
| Mohit Gaur
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH! Wahin sung by Mohit Gaur ft. Niyati Fatnani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/hindi-song-wahin-sung-by-mohit-gaur/videoshow/64947791.cms |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Defender''
|[[Sukhe|Sukh E]],
Avvy Sra,
Gulrej Akhtar
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Show
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress (Popular)]]
|''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=Indian Television Academy Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|9554571}}
*
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Television}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatnani, Niyati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

2026-02-12T13:30:24Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1985|03}}
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Kartavya Bhavan-03 [[Janpath]], [[New Delhi]]
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India]] and [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]] for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
| chief1_name = Rachna Shah, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Government reshuffles senior IAS officers; Key changes in finance, textiles, education - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/government-reshuffles-senior-ias-officers-key-changes-in-finance-textiles-education-19529624.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
| chief1_position = [[Personnel Secretary (India)]]
| website = https://persmin.gov.in/
| logo = Dopt-logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| chief2_name = Rachna Shah
,[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief2_position = Secretary (Pension, Administrative Reforms and Grievances)
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}

The '''Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions''' is a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] of the [[Government of India]] in [[personnel]] matters specially issues concerning recruitment, training, career development, staff welfare as well as the post-retirement dispensation.

The ministry is also concerned with the process of responsive people-oriented modern administration. Allocation of Business Rules defines the work allotted for the ministry.

Usually, though not always, the ministry is headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], with a minister of state reporting to him.

== History ==
In 1954, on the recommendation of [[Paul H. Appleby]] report, an Organisation and Methods (O&M) Division was set up in the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]. In 1964, the O&M Division was transferred to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], under the newly created Department of Administrative Reforms. In 1970, on the basis of the recommendations of the [[Administrative Reforms Commission]], the Department of Personnel was set up in the Cabinet Secretariat. In 1973, the two departments were merged to form a Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms in the Cabinet Secretariat. In 1977, the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms was transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs. And, in 1985,<ref name="Governance in India">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|edition=2nd|location=[[Noida]]|publication-date=25 August 2014|pages=7.36–7.37}}</ref> a full-fledged ministry was created with the name Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions with three separate departments under it:
* Department of Personnel and Training (this also includes recruitment of officers through UPSC and SPSC) <ref name="Governance in India" />
* Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances<ref name="Governance in India" />
* Department of Pensions and Pensioners’ Welfare<ref name="Governance in India" />

==Departments==
The ministry comprises three departments viz:-
*Department of Personnel and Training
*Department of Pension and Pensioners' Welfare
*Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances

===Department of Personnel and Training===
DOPT is concerned with the formulation of policy and the watchdog of the Government ensuring that certain accepted standards and norms, as laid down by it, are followed by all ministries/departments in the recruitment, regulation of service conditions and posting transfers and deputation of personnel as well as other related issues.

It solely controls the cadres of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and the [[Central Secretariat Service]] (CSS).<ref name="Governance in India" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://dopt.gov.in/about-us/functions/organisation-under-mop-list|title=Organisation Under DOPT|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=March 7, 2018}}</ref>

====Organisations====
DOPT supervises and controls the following organisations, namely —<ref name=":0" />
* [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC)
* [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC)
* Public Enterprises Selection Board
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] (LBSNAA)
* [[Institute of Secretariat Training and Management]]
* [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC)
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
* [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]]
* [[Central Information Commission]] (CIC)
* [[Capacity Building Commission]]
* Grih Kalyan Kendra, a registered society

==== Wings ====
*Establishment Officer’s (EO) Wing
*Services & Vigilance (S&V) Wing
*Personnel Policy Wing
*Administrative Tribunal, Internal Regulations & Welfare Administration Wing
*Training Wing
*Central Secretariat Wing

===Department of Pension and Pensioners' Welfare===
The department is mainly concerned with the formulation of policies regarding the post-retirement benefits of Central Government employees covered under the CCS (Pension) Rules, 1972. It also administers various welfare schemes for central government pensioners, i.e., redressal for Pensioners' grievances through CPENGRAM, an online pension sanction module for civil pensioners "Bhavishya", Sankalp, etc., under the umbrella of Pensioners' Portal. However, the pensioners of Ministries of Railways and Defence are governed by their respective pension rules.

===Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances===
The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances is to facilitate the pursuit of excellence in governance through the promotion of:
*Improvements in Government structures and processes
*Citizen-friendly initiatives including redressal of public grievances
*Documentation, incubation and dissemination of best practices
*Codification and simplification of procedures and
*Networking with various agencies

The department acts as a facilitator, in consultation with central ministries/departments, states/UT administrations, organisations and individuals, to improve government functioning through administrative reforms in the spheres of restructuring the government, process improvement, organisation and methods and grievance handling, and by promoting modernization, Citizen's Charters, award schemes, e-governance, and best practices.

It provides online grievance redress services through [[Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System]].

== Ministers ==
{{Main|Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions}}
The [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] is the [[Union Council of Ministers|cabinet minister]] in charge of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The position is generally held by the prime minister, but sometimes it has been held by other senior members of the cabinet, such as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]. The minister is generally assisted by a [[minister of state]]. The position is considered to be a powerful one as of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions is the cadre controlling authority of the [[Indian Administrative Service]],<ref name="Governance in India3">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|edition=2nd|location=[[Noida]]|publication-date=25 August 2014|pages=7.6}}</ref> [[Central Secretariat Service]] and is the administering agency of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) and the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB).<ref name="Governance in India" /><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://persmin.gov.in Official Website] of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160426141101/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT_AboutUs_OrganisationUnderMOP.asp Organisations Under MOP]
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/union-budget-allocates-nearly-rs-212-crore-for-training-babus/articleshow/12293771.cms Federal Budget of 2012 allocates nearly Rs 212 crore for training civil servants]

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
[[Category:Pensions in India]]
[[Category:Social affairs ministries|India]]
[[Category:Civil service ministries]]

T. V. Raman

2026-02-12T03:11:01Z

Alaratan Tripura: stub

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. V. Raman
| image = TV Raman in October 2011.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|05|04}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[India]]<ref name=raman004>{{cite web|last=Raman|first=T. V.|title=Abstract|url=https://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/raman/phd-thesis/html/root-thesis.html|work=Audio System for Technical Reading|publisher=emacspeak.sourceforge.net|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref>
|alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]]) [[Pune University]] ([[Master of Science|M.S.]]) [[IIT Bombay]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) [[Cornell University]]
| occupation = [[Computer Scientist]], [[Accessibility]] researcher
| awards = [[ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award]], 1994<ref name="award">{{cite web
|url=https://awards.acm.org/doctoral-dissertation
|title=ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award}}</ref><ref name="RamanThesis">{{cite web
|url=https://www.cs.cornell.edu/info/people/raman/phd-thesis/aster-thesis.pdf
|title=Audio System for Technical Readings
|type=PhD thesis
|access-date=2022-07-22}}</ref>
| website = https://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/raman/
}}
'''T. V. Raman''' (born 4 May 1965) is an [[Indian American]] [[computer scientist]] who specializes in [[accessibility]] research.<ref name="SciAmprof">Gibbs, W.W. (1996) ''Profile: T. V. Raman – Envisioning Speech'', ''[[Scientific American]]'' '''275'''(3), 52-54.</ref> His research interests are primarily in the areas of auditory user interfaces and structured electronic documents. He has worked on speech interaction and markup technologies in the context of the [[World Wide Web]] at [[Digital Equipment Corporation|Digital]]'s Cambridge Research Lab (CRL), [[Adobe Systems]] and [[IBM Research]].<ref name=guide/> He currently works at [[Google]] Research.<ref name=guide/><ref name=Yegge>{{cite web|url=https://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2008/05/dynamic-languages-strike-back.html|accessdate=2012-08-31|title=Stevey's Blog Rants: Dynamic Languages Strike Back|date=11 May 2008|publisher=yegge.blogspot.com}}</ref> Raman has himself been [[partially sighted]] since birth, and [[Blindness|blind]] since the age of 14.<ref name="raman004"/><ref name="SciAmprof"/>

== Early life and education ==
He grew up in [[Pune]], [[India]].<ref name="stanford001">{{cite web|url=http://hci.stanford.edu/cs547/abstracts/94-95/941028-raman.html|title=PCD Seminar 10/28/94 T.V. Raman|accessdate=2007-11-07|publisher=Stanford University|archive-date=22 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522075101/http://hci.stanford.edu/cs547/abstracts/94-95/941028-raman.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Pune-Cities">{{cite web|url=https://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/raman/phd-thesis/html/root-thesis.html|author=Raman, T. V|title=Audio System for Technical Readings (Ph.D Thesis)|accessdate=2012-12-28|year=1994|publisher=Cornell University}}</ref> Raman became blind at the age of 14 due to [[glaucoma]],<ref name="guide" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/sfgate/detail?blogid=19&entry_id=7248|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818200810/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/sfgate/detail?blogid=19&entry_id=7248|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2006|title=Google for the Blind|first=Jessica|last=Guynn|accessdate=2007-11-14 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | date=19 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/Newsletters/Dec97/10.html|title=DO-IT Mentor Profile|last=Raman|first=T. V.|publisher=University of Washington|accessdate=2007-11-14}}</ref> being previously [[partially sighted]]<ref name="stanford001" /> and able to see with his left eye.<ref name="tom001" /> To deal with his blindness he had his brother, his mentors, and his aide read out textbooks and problems to him. Although unable to see, he was able to solve [[Rubik's Cube]] with a braille version,<ref name="guide">{{cite news |first= Miguel|last= Helft|title=For the Blind, Technology Does What a Guide Dog Can't |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/business/04blind.html | work=[[New York Times]] |date=3 January 2009 |accessdate=2009-01-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://cornellalumnimagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=747&Itemid=1&ed=17 |title=Second Sight |date=26 April 2010 |first=Brad|last= Herzog |work=Cornell Alumni Magazine|publisher=Cornell University |accessdate=2010-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Solving a Braille Rubik's cube|publisher=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSSLj3KvkbI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/vSSLj3KvkbI |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|first=Mukkai|last=Krishnamoorthy |date= 14 February 2007|accessdate=2007-11-07}}{{cbignore}}</ref> write [[computer program]]s, and perform mathematics.<ref name="tom001">{{cite web|url=https://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/raman/publications/thinking-of-math/thinking-of-math.html|title=Thinking Of Mathematics—An Essay On Eyes-free Computing|author=T. V. Raman|accessdate=2007-11-07|date=25 May 2007|publisher=emacspeak.sourceforge.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/OsgoodFile.html|title= Commentary: Computer Software for the Blind|publisher=CBS |work=The Osgood File|first=Charles|last=Osgood|date=1999-02-11|accessdate=2007-11-07}} (personal archive copy)</ref><ref name="tv001">{{cite web|url=https://emacspeak.blogspot.com/2007_05_01_archive.html|title= An Essay On Eyes-Free Computing|date=19 May 2007|accessdate=2007-11-07|author=Raman, T. V.}}</ref>

Raman attended the [[University of Pune]] with a BS in mathematics, [[IIT Bombay]] with an MS in mathematics, and [[Cornell University]] earning an MS in computer science and a PhD in [[applied mathematics]] under advisor [[David Gries]]. His PhD thesis titled "Audio System For Technical Readings (AsTeR)"<ref name="RamanThesis" /> was awarded the [[ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award]] in 1994.<ref name="award" />

== Career ==
Recently Raman has incorporated these features in the Chrome browser.<ref name="chrome-aster">[http://allthingsd.com/20130604/t-v-ramans-audio-deja-vu-from-google-a-math-reading-system-for-the-web/ "T.V. Raman's Audio Deja Vu: From Google, a Math-Reading System for the web"]</ref> Raman went on to apply the ideas on audio formatting introduced in AsTeR to the more general domain of computer interfaces [[Emacspeak]]. On 12 April 1999, Emacspeak became part of the Smithsonian's Permanent Research Collection on Information Technology at the Smithsonian's [[National Museum of American History]]. In 2005 he began work at Google.<ref name="guide" /> In 2018, [[IIT, Bombay|IIT Bombay]] felicitated Raman with a Distinguished Alumnus Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2018/distinguished-alumnus/dr-t-v-raman|title=Dr. T. V. Raman {{!}} Alumni and Corporate Relations|language=en|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref>

== Work ==
* AsTeR – Audio System For Technical Readings
* [[Aural Cascading Style Sheets|Aural CSS]] – producing rich auditory presentations from Web content
* [[Emacspeak]] – the complete audio desktop
* [[XForms]] – Next Generation Web Forms
* [[XML Events]] – A reusable eventing syntax for XML
* [[XHTML+Voice]] – Enabling the multimodal Web via voice interaction
* RDC – Reusable Dialog Components
* AxsJAX – Access Enabling AJAX
* Google Accessible Search – for finding accessible Web content
* Thinking Of Mathematics – Thinking Of Mathematics—An Essay on Eyes-Free Computing
* Eyes-Free – Speech enabled Google Android applications.
* ChromeVox – Screen reader from [[Google Chrome]] and [[ChromeOS]]
* Chakshumati At 10<ref name="Chakshumati">[https://chakshumati.org/ "Chakshmuti in India"]</ref> Eyes-Free Stem Education In India and Chakshumati: Profile Of T.V. Raman<ref name="Chakshumati-talk">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jn4VZ4uwXGI "Chakshumati: Profile Of T.V. Raman"]</ref>
* Inaugural Ceremony of T V Raman experiential Accessible Computer Science Lab Chennai on Jan 3 2025 at Karnavidya Foundation RR Tower Guindy, Chennai, India<ref name="ComputerScienceLab">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuDhFtAxBIA "Inaugural Ceremony of TV Raman CS Lab"]</ref>

==Other interests==
His favorite hobby is recreational mathematics, especially those that involve an intuitive feel for mathematics.<ref name="ZomeTools">Raman, T.V. and Krishnamoorthy, M. S. "Visual Techniques for Computing Polyhedral Volumes."[https://www.cs.cornell.edu/info/people/raman/publications/polyhedra/paper.html]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://emacspeak.sourceforge.net/raman/ T.V. Raman's Personal Home Page]
* {{MathGenealogy|76621}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, T. V.}}
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Blind scholars and academics]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Google employees]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:American scientists with disabilities]]

Vaghri people

2026-02-11T12:13:46Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Short description|Tribe and caste of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Vaghari
| native_name =
| image = Vaghari.png
| caption = A photograph of a Vaghari man, 1911
| population =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 566,000
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Devipujak Vaghri in India |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18290/IN |website=Joshua Project |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop2 = 43,000
| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Devipujak Vaghri in Pakistan |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18290/PK |website=Joshua Project |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
| languages = [[Vaghri language|Vaghri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Rajasthani languages]]
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Gujarati people]], [[Rajasthani people]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]}}
The '''Vaghari''' ('''Vaghri''', '''Waghri''' or '''Baghri''') ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: {{Lang|gu|Vāgharī}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=વાઘરી |url=http://www.bhagavadgomandal.com/index.php?action=dictionary&sitem=%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80&type=1&key=false&page=0 |website=Bhagvadgomandal |publisher=GujaratiLexicon}}</ref> {{Lang|gu|Bāgharī}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=બાઘરી |url=http://www.bhagavadgomandal.com/index.php?action=dictionary&sitem=%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80&type=1&page=0 |website=Bhagvadgomandal |publisher=GujaratiLexicon}}</ref>) are a [[tribe]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] in [[India]], and in the [[Provinces of Pakistan|province]] of [[Sindh]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Lavania">People of India Rajasthan Volume XXXVIII Part Two edited by B.K Lavania, D. K Samanta, S K Mandal & N.N Vyas pp. 975 to 979 Popular Prakashan</ref>

The Vaghari community, named after “Vagh Ari” (tiger hunter), has a rich legacy of fearlessness, hunting, and warrior spirit. Originally settled in the South Aravalli region and most part of Gujarat, they lived near dense forests and remote villages, thriving in the wilderness.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Known as skilled hunters, they specialized in tracking and hunting wild animals, especially tigers, using arrows, spears, and swords. Their expertise also extended to guerrilla warfare, using stealth and deep knowledge of the terrain in battles. The men and women were physically robust, built for survival and strength in harsh conditions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Their diet was mainly non-vegetarian, rich in meat from hunting, which contributed to their strength and endurance.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Spiritually, the Vagharis are devoted followers of Vihat Mata, Meladi Mata, and Kali Ma—powerful forms of Goddess Durga-Parvati. As followers of Shaktism, they worship the divine feminine as a source of protection and power.

Today, their legacy continues as a symbol of bravery, physical strength, cultural pride, and spiritual devotion.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

During the [[British Raj]], the Vagri were listed under the [[Criminal Tribes Act]] of 1871 as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|tribe]] "addicted to the systematic commission of [[non-bailable]] offences."<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_373.gif Nanta Village] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1908, v. 18, ''p. 367.''</ref> In 1952, they were "[[Denotified Tribes|denotified]]", meaning that they were no longer listed as criminals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Denotified Tribes {{!}} Ashraya Initiative for Children|url=http://www.ashrayainitiative.org/what-we-do/context/denotified-tribes/|access-date=2021-02-24|language=en-US|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307091354/http://www.ashrayainitiative.org/what-we-do/context/denotified-tribes/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Origin ==
'''Ancient Origins:'''

Waghri word originally derived from sankrit word 'Wagh' (which means tiger) + 'Ari' (which means to hunt). Basically, Waghri means hunter of tiger or who are dexter in hunting.

The Waghri community, also known as Devipujak/ Devi-Poojak (Worshippers of Goddesses/ Deities), is historically rooted in the worship of Goddess Shakti and has preserved rich cultural traditions tied to religious rituals and community service.

Devipujaks are deeply spiritual and renowned for their devotion to local deities, particularly Devi(Goddess), symbolizing feminine strength and resilience. Their religious festivals and rituals continue to be vital elements of their cultural identity.

==Present circumstances==
=== In India===
In India, the Waghri are mainly located in the Gujarat District. Like many other [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Hindu]] communities, they are [[endogamous]] but maintain [[gotra]] [[exogamy]]. Their main clans are the '''Devipujak''', [https://www.google.com/search?q=dantani+caste&rlz=1CDGOYI_enIN878IN878&oq=Dantani+Ca&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBwgAEAAYgAQyBwgAEAAYgAQyBggBEEUYOTIHCAIQABiABDIICAMQABgWGB4yCAgEEAAYFhgeMgcIBRAhGKABMgoIBhAAGIAEGKIEMgoIBxAAGIAEGKIEMgoICBAAGIAEGKIE0gEINTA5MGoxajeoAgawAgHiAwQYASBf8QVZJk8dhcJ9hvEFWSZPHYXCfYbxBVkmTx2Fwn2G&hl=en-US&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8&sei=04rgZ6zzHqWG4-EP-fWkyAo Dantani], [[Badgujar]], [[Vaghela (Gurjar clan)|Vaghela]], [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]], Kharwa, [[Godara]], etc. They were landless community in the [[British Raj]] but now many are well settled, well educated and participating in the growth of the country [[India]]. They have an effective [[caste]] council, which acts as a [[quasi-judicial body]] and deals with intra-community disputes. They are a [[Hindu]] community, with their main tribal deities being [[Bahuchara Mata]], Charbayu Mata (Chandika Mata), Shitla Mata, Hadak Mata, Khodiyar Mata, Mogal Mata, and Meldi Mata. Also, follow Pavani (Maa Kali), Mata Shakti, Runvali Mata (Devi of desert), Bhutdi Maa.

In [[Gujarat]], the Waghri are found mainly in the districts of [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]], [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]], [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]], [[Kheda district|Kheda]], and [[Ahmedabad]]. They speak Gujarati language among themselves and normal language with outsiders.

'''Economic Shifts:'''

Traditionally involved in occupations like trading and crafts, modern Devipujaks have gradually transitioned into various business sectors, with many pursuing education and professional careers to improve socio-economic standing.

Currently, several members of the community are highly educated and hold prestigious professional positions, including that of [[Chartered Accountants Act, 1949|Chartered Accountants]] and participating in the growth of nation [[India]].

'''Commitment to Education:'''

In recent decades, members of the Waghri community have made significant strides in education, breaking barriers to seek better employment opportunities and societal participation. For the higher education few of the community youth have been heading towards countries like USA, Canada, Uk, Australia and New Zealand.

===In Pakistan===
The Vagri in [[Pakistan]] are found mainly in the districts of [[Umerkot District|Umerkot]] and [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]]. They are landless, and have been subject to [[discrimination]] at the hands of the locally powerful Sodha [[Rajput]] community.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meghwar |first1=Malji |title=Dalits in Pakistan |url=http://www.dalitindia.com/guest/DalitsPak.htm |website=dalitindia.com |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221903/http://www.dalitindia.com/guest/DalitsPak.htm |archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref>

A recent study showed that the majority of [[scheduled caste]] population of [[Pakistan]], which includes the Vagri, are practically landless. The survey conducted showed that in [[Tharparkar]], [[Umerkot District|Umerkot]], [[Rahimyar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]], and [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]] districts revealed that an overwhelming majority of 83 per cent Scheduled Caste population did not own even a small piece of land. The land ownership by the remaining 17 per cent is also very small as 90 per cent of the Scheduled Caste land owners have a very small piece of land between one and five acres. Like those in [[India]], the [[Pakistan]] Vagri are [[Hindu]], and speak both [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and their own language, [[Bagri language|Bagri]], which is distantly related to [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/43868493|title=RR Pakistan|first=Andrew|last=Willington|access-date=4 December 2021|website=Academia.edu|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303094430/https://www.academia.edu/43868493|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Hindu communities of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]

R. S. G. Chelladurai

2026-02-10T02:40:32Z

Alaratan Tripura: made the data v1

{{Short description|Indian actor (1936–2021)}}
{{For|the Indian Tamil comedian who co-starred with Vadivelu in films|Chelladurai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. S. G. Chelladurai
| image =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = R. Samuel Gnanadoss Chelladurai
| birth_date = 2 November 1936
| birth_place =
| death_date = 29 April 2021 (aged 84)
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Actor
| known_for =
| spouse =
| years_active = 2003-2021
| children =
| family =
}}
'''R. S. G. Chelladurai''' (2 November 1936 – 29 April 2021), also known as '''Ayya Chelladurai''', was an Indian actor, known for playing supporting roles in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films as a father and as a grandfather. His breakthrough performance came in the film, ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/theri-movie-fame-actor-chelladurai-ayya-no-more/articleshow/82322167.cms|title=ரஜினி, விஜய், தனுஷ் பட நடிகர் மரணம்: ரசிகர்கள் இரங்கல்|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/vijays-specially-gifted-me-for-that-emotional-scene-maari-thatha-chelladurai|title=Vijay's Specially Gifted me for that emotional Scene - 'Maari' Thatha Chelladurai|first=அலாவுதின்|last=ஹுசைன்|website=vikatan.com/}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chelladurai began his acting career in church acting troupes, before moving on to work in theatre. As a day job, he worked at the government headquarters.<ref name="int">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZiQJIe_9Zk|title=Vijay Specially Gifted me for that Emotional Scene - 'Maari' Thatha Chelladurai|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> While his theatre colleagues received opportunities to work with director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] in his earlier films, Chelladurai had narrowly lost out on chances. He later made his film debut with [[B. Lenin]]'s ''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]'' (2003). He made several collaborations with [[S. Shankar]] in ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005), ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007) and ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012).<ref name="int"/>

Chelladurai often appeared in films as a father or grandfather, and worked on over 100 films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rip-actor-maari-chelladurai-dies-at-84-details.html|title=RIP Actor Maari Chelladurai dies at 84 - Details|date=30 April 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> He later notably appeared in films including ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' (2015) where he featured in a comedic role alongside [[Dhanush]] and [[Robo Shankar]]. Chelladurai won acclaim for his role in ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/theri-fame-actor-chelladurai-passes-away-chennai-84-148094|title='Theri' fame actor Chelladurai passes away in Chennai at 84|date=30 April 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]'' (2003)
*''[[Kanavu Meippada Vendum]]'' (2004)
*''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005)
*''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006)
*''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007)
*''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012)
*''[[Karuppampatti]]'' (2013)
*''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013)
*''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014)
*''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' (2015)
*''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kanavu Variyam]]'' (2017)
*''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' (2017)
*''[[Aramm]]'' (2017)
*''[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (2018)
*''[[Goli Soda 2]]'' (2018)
*''[[Airaa]]'' (2019)
*''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019)
*''Karuppankaatu Valasu'' (2020)
*''[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]'' (2021)
{{colend}}

== Death ==
He died following a heart attack on 29 April 2021, at his residence in [[Chennai]]’s Periyar Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actor-rsg-chelladurai-dead-7296546/|title=Tamil actor RSG Chelladurai passes away at 84|date=30 April 2021}}</ref> He was 84 years old.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/theri-and-maari-actor-chelladurai-dies-at-84-in-chennai-1796553-2021-04-30|title=Theri and Maari actor Chelladurai dies at 84 in Chennai|author=Janani K. |date=April 30, 2021 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chelladurai, R. S. G.}}
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:1937 births]]

Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini

2026-02-08T02:41:57Z

Alaratan Tripura: pg - done

{{Short description|Indian Sufi educator and spiritual leader (1945–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| office1 = [[Sajjada Nashin]] of the Dargah of [[Bande Nawaz|Khaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz]]
| term_start1 = April 2007
| term_end1 = 6 November 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Syed Shah Mohammed Hussaini]]
| successor1 = Syed Muhammad Ali Hussaini
| office2 = First Chancellor of [[Khaja Bandanawaz University]]
| term_start2 = August 2018
| term_end2 = 2024
| predecessor2 = ''office established''
| successor2 =
| office3 = Vice President of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]
| successor3 =
| term_start3 = 3 June 2023
| term_end3 = 6 November 2024
| name = Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1945|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|11|06|1945|09|10}}
| death_place = Gulbarga, [[Karnataka]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Sufi scholar, educator, custodian of Dargah, writer, poet
| known_for = Leadership of Khwaja Banda Nawaz Dargah, Education Advocacy, Sufi Scholarship
| spouse =
| children = Syed Muhammad Ali Hussaini, Syed Mustafa Hussaini
| father = Syed Shah Mohammed Hussaini
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)|Grammar School, Hyd]]|[[Osmania University]]|[[McGill University]]}}
}}
}}

'''Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini''' (10 September 1945 – 6 November 2024) was an Indian Sufi scholar, educational philanthropist,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=7 November 2024 |title=Sharnbaswappa Appa condoles Sajjada Nasheen's death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sharnbaswappa-appa-condoles-sajjada-nasheens-death/article68841298.ece |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Sajjada Nashin]] of the [[Dargah]] of [[Bande Nawaz|Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz]] in [[Gulbarga]], Karnataka. He was known for his efforts to promote Sufism, education, and social welfare, making significant contributions to spiritual and educational services in South India.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=8 November 2016 |title=Fair representation sought for NK in Wakf Board |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/fair-representation-sought-for-nk-in-wakf-board/article16233537.ece1 |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini was born on 10 September 1945 in a Sufi family in [[Hyderabad]]. He traced his lineage back to [[Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz]], a revered 14th-century saint of the [[Chishti Order|Chishti order]].<ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Mīr Kamaluddin Ali |date=10 April 2021 |title=Muhsin-e-Millat Dr. Syed Shah Gesudaraz Khusro Hussaini |url=https://urdu.siasat.com/news/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%AD%D8%B3-1291167/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107103835/https://urdu.siasat.com/news/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%AD%D8%B3-1291167/ |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Owaisi">{{Cite news |date=7 November 2024 |editor-last=Owaisi |editor-first=Burhanuddin |title=Hazrat Syed Shah Gesudaraz Hussaini Khusro Pasha Ka Saniha-e-Irtehal |url=https://epaper.etemaaddaily.com/epapers/20241107/big/9716etemmad-page10-small.jpg |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=[[Etemaad Daily]] |page=10 |language=ur |volume=21 |issue=308}}</ref>

He received his early education at the [[St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)|Grammar School]] in [[Hyderabad]] and graduated from [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad, in 1965. In 1967, he earned a master's degree in Arabic from the same university.<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="Owaisi"/>

He pursued higher studies at [[McGill University]] in Canada, where he completed his Master's in Islamic Studies and [[Sufism]] in 1975.<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="Owaisi"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=A Tragic Loss: Hazrat Maulana Dr. Syed Shah Gesodaraz Khusro Hussaini Passes Away |url=https://munsifdaily.com/a-tragic-loss-hazrat-maulana-dr-syed-shah-gesodaraz-khusro-hussaini-passes-away/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107121832/https://munsifdaily.com/a-tragic-loss-hazrat-maulana-dr-syed-shah-gesodaraz-khusro-hussaini-passes-away/ |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[The Munsif Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2008, [[Gulbarga University]] awarded him an honorary doctorate for his remarkable contributions.<ref name="Owaisi"/>

== Career ==
Hussaini played a key role in establishing the Khaja Bandanawaz Institute of Medical Sciences (KBNIMS) in Gulbarga in 2000.<ref name="Hindu"/>

After the passing of his father, [[Syed Shah Mohammed Hussaini]], in 2007, he assumed the role of Sajjada Nashin (custodian) of the dargah of [[Bande Nawaz|Khaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz]], continuing the legacy of religious, social, and educational services.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Dr. Hussaini founder chancellor of Khaja Bandanawaz University conferred with ''Mohsin-e-Millat Award'' |url=https://muslimmirror.com/dr-hussaini-founder-chancellor-of-khaja-bandanawaz-university-conferred-with-mohsin-e-millat-award/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

From 3 June 2023 until his death, he served as the vice-president of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani elected fifth president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-elected-fifth-president-of-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board20230604061553/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=4 June 2023 |title=Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani elected fifth president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board |url=https://theprint.in/india/maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-elected-fifth-president-of-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board/1610945/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Hindu"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 March 2024 |title=گلبرگہ: حضرت خسرو حسینی، مولانا خالد سیف اللّٰہ رحمانی کو تہنیت پیش کی گئی |trans-title=Gulbarga: Congratulations were offered to Hazrat Khusro Hussaini and Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/hazrat-khusro-hussaini-and-maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-felicitated-in-gulbarga-of-karnataka-urn24031800523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107122629/https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!state/hazrat-khusro-hussaini-and-maulana-khalid-saifullah-rahmani-felicitated-in-gulbarga-of-karnataka-urn24031800523 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[Etv Urdu|ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>

After becoming the successor to his father on 3 April 2007, he made significant changes at the organizational, administrative, and functional levels of the Khwaja Education Society and expanded the existing institutions. He established [[Khaja Bandanawaz University]] in August 2018.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=7 November 2024 |title=Sajjada Nasheen of Hazrath Khaja Bande Nawaz Dargah Dr Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sajjada-nasheen-of-hazrath-khaja-bande-nawaz-dargah-dr-syed-shah-khusro-hussaini-passes-away/article68839887.ece |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chancellor |url=https://www.kbn.university/chancellor |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=KBN University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President |url=https://www.bbrdc.org/president |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618044407/https://www.bbrdc.org/president |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Bi Bi Raza Degree College For Women |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Frozen Ribbons opens its first store in Dubai |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/544287 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[Saudi Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Hussaini received several awards and honors in recognition of his contributions to education and Sufism. He was widely respected for his deep, scholarly understanding of Sufism and his administrative skills. In 2017, he was awarded the prestigious [[Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] for excellence in education by the [[government of Karnataka]], further highlighting his contributions to the field.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=KBNCE lauds Dr. Hussaini on receiving Rajyotsava Award |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/521835 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref>

On 10 December 2018, Hussaini was conferred the ''Mohsin-e-Millat Award'' by the Sir Syed Awareness Forum in recognition of his educational services.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 September 2023 |title=Dr. Khusro Hussaini |url=https://theacademicinsights.com/dr-khusro-hussaini/?amp=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107114152/https://theacademicinsights.com/dr-khusro-hussaini/?amp=1 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=The Academic Insights |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2019, the [[Indian Postal Service|Indian postal service]] honored him with a [[commemorative stamp]] for his services.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 February 2019 |title=حضرت خسرو حسینی کے نام اور تصویر کے ساتھ خصوصی ڈاک ٹکٹ |trans-title=Special stamp with name and image of Hazrat Khusro Hussaini |url=https://urdu.siasat.com/news/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-2-957600/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816173259/https://urdu.siasat.com/news/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA-2-957600/ |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Bearers |url=https://aimplb.org/officers-bearers-2/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=aimplb.org}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Hussaini was a writer and poet with works focusing on Sufism and Islamic teachings. His notable publications include ''Sayyid Muhammad al-Husayni-i Gisudaraz (721/1321–825/1422): On Sufism'' and a [[Naʽat]] collection titled ''Wa Rafa'na Laka Dhikrak'',<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="Owaisi"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussaini |first=Syed Shah Khusro |date=1983 |title=Sayyid muhammad al-husayni-i gisudiraz (721/1321-825/1422): on sufism / Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini |url=https://lib.ui.ac.id/m/detail.jsp?id=20314918&lokasi=lokal |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Universitas Indonesia Library |language=en-US}}</ref> and ''Bund Samā''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avery |first=Kenneth S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBcsCkzEE58C&dq=syed+shah+khusro+hussaini&pg=PA229 |title=Psychology of Early Sufi Samāʻ: Listening and Altered States |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-31106-9 |page=229 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghani |first=Kashshaf |title=Sufi Rituals and Practices: Experiences from South Asia, 1200-1450 |chapter=Far from Delhi: Sama in the Deccan |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55267/chapter-abstract/428649977?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=8 November 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press|date=29 December 2023 |pages=117–166 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192889225.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-288922-5 }}</ref> His contributions to Sufi literature and Islamic scholarship are widely acknowledged.<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="Owaisi"/>

== Death and legacy ==
Hussaini died on 6 November 2024, at the age of 79.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=K.N. Shanth |title=ಕಲಬುರಗಿ: ಸೂಫಿ ಸಂತ ಸೈಯದ್ ಶಹಾ ಖುಸ್ರೊ ಹುಸೇನಿ ನಿಧನ |trans-title=Kalaburagi: Sufi saint Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini passes away |url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/kalaburagi/sufi-saint-syed-shah-khusro-hussaini-passes-away-in-kalaburagi-3038146 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=[[Prajavani]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Renowned Indian scholar, philanthropist Dr. Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini dies aged 80 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2578437/world |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> His Namaz-e-Janaza (funeral prayer) was held the following day at Masjid Burj, followed by his burial beside his father's grave within the [[Sufi shrine|dargah]] premises. The final rites were performed by his sons, Syed Muhammad Ali Hussaini and Syed Mustafa Hussaini, in accordance with Islamic customs.<ref name="Hindu"/>

Thousands of mourners from Karnataka and neighboring states gathered to pay their last respects. Dignitaries, including [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] president [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], state ministers, and various officials, attended the service, and the [[Karnataka Police|State Reserve Police]] honored him with a [[gun salute]]. Deputy Chief Minister [[D. K. Shivakumar]] and other political leaders also expressed condolences on his death.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=7 November 2024 |title=Sajjada Nasheen of Hazrat Khwaja Bande Nawaz Dargah laid to rest with state honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sajjada-nasheen-of-hazrat-khwaja-bande-nawaz-dargah-laid-to-rest-with-state-honours/article68841931.ece |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Hindu"/>

Hussaini was survived by two sons and three daughters. His eldest son, Syed Shah Ali Hussaini, succeeded him as Sajjada Nashin. The institutions he founded, including Khwaja Banda Nawaz University, continue to promote educational and social development in South India, preserving his vision of spiritual and academic enrichment.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=حضرت مولانا ڈاکٹر سید شاہ گیسودراز خسرو حسینی صاحب سجادہ نشین روضۂِ بزرگ گلبرگہ شریف کا سانحہ ارتحال |trans-title=The tragic passing of Hazrat Maulana Dr. Syed Shah Gesudaraz Khusro Hussaini, the Sajjada Nasheen of the revered shrine of Gulbarga Sharif. |url=https://urduleaks.com/241293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107111539/https://urduleaks.com/241293/ |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Urdu Leaks |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=गुलबर्गा दरगाह के हेड, जनाजे में उमड़ी सैकड़ों की भीड़, जानें कौन थे हैदराबाद के मौलाना सैयद शाह खुसरो हुसैनी |trans-title=Head of Gulbarga Dargah, Maulana Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini, Passes Away; Hundreds Gather for Funeral |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/telangana/hyderabad/dr-syed-shah-khusro-hussaini-sajjada-nasheen-gulbarga-hazrath-khaja-bande-nawaz-dargah-passes-away/articleshow/115069825.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108064055/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/telangana/hyderabad/dr-syed-shah-khusro-hussaini-sajjada-nasheen-gulbarga-hazrath-khaja-bande-nawaz-dargah-passes-away/articleshow/115069825.cms |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussaini, Syed Shah Khusro}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi]]

Khel Ratna Award

2026-02-01T06:27:44Z

Alaratan Tripura: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Highest sporting honour of the Republic of India}}
{{distinguish|Dhyan Chand Award}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}{{featured list}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award
| former name = Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award (1992–2021)
| image = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, 2018 to Shri Virat Kohli for Cricket, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on September 25, 2018.JPG
| image_size =
| subheader = Highest sporting honour of the Republic of India
| caption = Virat Kohli receiving Khel Ratna Award in 2018
| awarded_for = Sporting excellence
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1991–92
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INRConvert|25|l}} and a medallion
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = {{blist|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]]|[[Harmanpreet Singh]]|[[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]]|[[Manu Bhaker]]}}
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 62
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Viswanathan Anand]]
| next =
| type =
| venue = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]]
| lower = Arjuna Award
| country = India
| eligibility = Indian sportsperson
| presenter = [[President of India]]
| status = In force
| established = 1992
| host = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| previous = [[Arjuna Award]]
}}

The '''Khel Ratna Award''' ({{IPA|hi|kʰeːl rət̪nə}}; {{translation}} Sport Jewel Award), officially known as the '''Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award''', is the highest sporting honour of [[India]].<ref name="RGKR15IE">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/sania-mirza-conferred-with-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award/|title=Sania Mirza conferred with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award|date=29 August 2015|access-date=2 May 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001183252/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/sania-mirza-conferred-with-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award/|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Government of India]].

Recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and honoured for their "spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports over a period of four years" at an international level. {{As of|2020}}, the award comprises a [[medal]]lion, a certificate, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|25|l}}.{{efn|The cash prize was revised from {{INRConvert|1|l}} to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2000,<ref name="RGKR98"/><ref name="RGKR99"/> to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2002,<ref name="RGKR1"/> to {{INRConvert|7.5|l}} in 2009,<ref name="RGKR9"/> and to {{INRConvert|25|l}} in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2020/aug/29/khel-ratna-awardees-to-receive-25-lakh-15-lakh-for-arjuna-awardees-2189852.html|title=Khel Ratna awardees to receive 25 lakh, 15 lakh for Arjuna awardees|date=29 August 2020|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916181108/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2020/aug/29/khel-ratna-awardees-to-receive-25-lakh-15-lakh-for-arjuna-awardees-2189852.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Instituted in 1991–1992, the award was given for the performance by a sportsperson in a year. Based on the suggestions provided by 2014 award selection committee, the Ministry revised the criteria in February 2015 to consider the performance over a period of four years. The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April with not more than two sportspersons nominated for each sports discipline. A twelve-member committee evaluates the performances of a sportsperson at various international events which include the [[Olympic Games]], [[Paralympic Games]], [[Asian Games]], and [[Commonwealth Games]]. The committee later submits its recommendations to the [[Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]] for further approval.

From 1991 to 2021, the award was named after [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (1944–1991), the 6th [[Prime Minister of India]]. On August 6, 2021, the government of India renamed the award<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=PM renames Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award after Dhyan Chand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/khel-ratna-award-renamed-now-rename-modi-stadium-jaitley-stadium-congress-7441807/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Khel Ratna named after Dhyan Chand - The Hindu |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rename-stadia-also-after-sportspersons-congress/article61424444.ece |access-date=2025-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819121447/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rename-stadia-also-after-sportspersons-congress/article61424444.ece |archive-date=19 August 2022 }}</ref> after [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Dhyan Chand]] (1905–1979), an Indian [[field hockey]] player, widely regarded as one of the greatest field hockey players of all time, who scored more than 1000 goals over a 20-year career from 1926 to 1948.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-02-26|title=Discover hockey's answer to Pele|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/hockey/features/newsid_3490000/3490504.stm|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901035958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/hockey/features/newsid_3490000/3490504.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> While announcing the renaming of the award, the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi claimed that he was responding to "many requests from citizens across India."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Renamed After Hockey Great Dhyan Chand |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-says-khel-ratna-award-will-now-be-called-major-dhyan-chand-khel-ratna-award-after-many-requests-from-citizens-2504086 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

The first recipient of the award was [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess Grandmaster]] [[Viswanathan Anand]], who was honoured for the performance in the year 1991–1992. In 2001, [[Shooting sport|sport shooter]] [[Abhinav Bindra]], then aged 18, became the youngest recipient of the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/abhinav-bindra-5-interesting-facts-about-indias-ace-shooter-175489.html|title=5 Interesting Facts About Abhinav Bindra|work=The Times of India|date=23 September 2014|access-date=15 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621122935/http://www.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/abhinav-bindra-5-interesting-facts-about-indias-ace-shooter-175489.html|archive-date=21 June 2016}}</ref>

Usually conferred upon only one sportsperson in a year, a few exceptions have been made (1993–1994, 2002, 2009, 2012, 2016–2021 and 2024) when multiple recipients were awarded in a year.

{{As of|2024}}, there have been 62 recipients across sixteen sport disciplines: [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[badminton]], [[English billiards|billiards]], [[Professional boxing|boxing]], [[chess]], [[cricket]], [[field hockey]], [[Association football|football]], [[gymnastics]], [[para-athletics]], [[para-badminton]], [[Paralympic shooting|para-shooting]], [[Shooting sports|shooting]], [[snooker]], [[table tennis]], [[tennis]], [[wrestling]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], and [[yacht racing]].

==Nominations==

The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations, the [[Indian Olympic Association]], the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI), the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, and the state and the union territory governments with not more than two eligible sportspersons nominated for each sports discipline. In case of cricket, the nominations are received from the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] and SAI is authorised to submit the nominations on behalf of all the de-recognised or under suspension National Sports Federations.{{efn|name=cricket|For cricket, there is no National Sports Federation recognised by the Government.<ref name="scheme">{{cite web|title=Scheme for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|date=23 February 2015|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Rajiv%20Gandhi%20Kel%20Ratna%20Award.pdf|access-date=2 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909142048/http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Rajiv%20Gandhi%20Kel%20Ratna%20Award.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2016}}</ref>}} The previous award recipients can also nominate one sportsperson for the discipline for which they themselves were awarded. The Government can nominate up to two sportspersons in deserving cases where no such nominations have been received from the nominating authorities. The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April.<ref name="scheme"/>

==Selection process==

All the received nominations are sent to SAI and [[National Anti-Doping Agency]] for the verification against the claimed achievements and doping clearance respectively. Any sportsperson who is either penalised or being enquired for usage of drugs or substances banned by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] is not eligible for the award. A committee consisting of the Joint Secretary and the Director/Deputy Secretary of Department of Sports, the Secretary and the Executive Director/Director (TEAMS) of SAI verify and validate the nominations.<ref name="scheme"/>

The valid nominations are placed before the selection committee constituted by the Government. This twelve member committee consists of a chairperson nominated by the Ministry, four Olympians or previous recipients of Khel Ratna or [[Arjuna Award]], three sports journalists/experts/commentators, one sportsperson/expert/administrator associated with [[Disabled sports|parasports]], one sports administrator, the Director General of SAI, and the Joint Secretary of Department of Sports, with no more than one sportsperson from a particular discipline included in the committee.<ref name="scheme"/> When instituted in 1991–92, the award was given for the performance by a sportsperson in a year.<ref name="RGKR98"/><ref>{{cite press release|title=Criteria for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, Dronacharya Award and Dhyan chand Award|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102969|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=3 May 2016|date=3 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602020854/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102969|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> Based on the suggestions provided by 2014 award selection committee headed by [[Kapil Dev]],<ref name="RGKR14"/><ref>{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards Schemes Revamped|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=115679|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=3 May 2016|date=23 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602020857/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=115679|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> the Ministry revised the criteria in February 2015 to consider the performance over a period of four years.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Committee for National Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=118438|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=3 May 2016|date=21 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602020431/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=118438|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref>

The medals won in various international championships and events of the disciplines which include Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympics Games, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games are given 80% weightage. The remaining 20% weightage is given to the profile and standard of the events. For any other games not included in Olympic, Asian Games, and Commonwealth Games like cricket and indigenous games, the individual's performance of a sportsperson is taken into consideration. The sportsperson with maximum points is given 80 marks. Rest of the sportspersons are given marks in proportion to the maximum points. For team events, marks are given as per the strength of the team.<ref name="scheme"/> Following are the points defined for medals at the given events:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;width:60%"
|+Points for winning medals for the performance during the last four years
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Event
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Medal
|-
! scope="col" | {{Gold medal}}
! scope="col" | {{Silver medal}}
! scope="col" | {{Bronze medal}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Olympic Games]]/[[Paralympic Games]]
| 80 || 70 || 55
|-
! scope="row" | [[World championship|World Championship]]/[[World cup competition|World Cup]]{{efn|A World Championship/World Cup is generally organised every four years. For different cyclicities, proportionate marks are given.}}
| 40 || 30 || 20
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asian Games]]
| 30 || 25 || 20
|-
! scope="row" | [[Commonwealth Games]]
| 25 || 20 || 15
|}

For a given discipline, not more than two sportspersons, one male and one female, are given highest marks. The committee may not recommend the award to the sportsperson with the highest marks across disciplines but can only recommend the recipient of the highest aggregate marks in a particular sports discipline. The recommendations of the selection committee are submitted to the [[Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]] for further approval.<ref name="scheme"/>

==List of recipients==

{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 300
| image1 = AnandWM2008.Presse.Konf_(revised).jpg
| width1 = 500
| height1 = 600
| image2 = Shri_Pankaj_Advani,_in_2018_(cropped).jpg
| width2 = 500
| height2 = 600
| image3 = Gukesh_in_2024_(cropped).jpg
| width3 = 500
| height3 = 600
| image4 = Harmanpreet Singh in August 2024 with his Paris Olympics bronze medal.jpg
| width4 = 500
| height4 = 600
| image5 = Praveen Kumar (para high jump) in September 2024.jpg
| width5 = 500
| height5 = 600
| image6 = Paris Olympics double bronze medalist Manu Bhaker in August 2024.jpg
| width6 = 500
| height6 = 600
| footer = {{bulleted list
|Top left: The first recipient of the award [[Viswanathan Anand]] is the country's first chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] and a five-time winner of [[World Chess Championship]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/chess/news/217314-who-is-viswanathan-anand|title=Why is Viswanathan Anand a chess legend?|date=22 November 2013|access-date=15 November 2015|publisher=NDTVSports|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032620/http://sports.ndtv.com/chess/news/217314-who-is-viswanathan-anand|archive-date=2015-11-17}}</ref>
|Top centre: [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]] is the only sportsperson to have won the award for two sports disciplines: billiards and snooker.
|Top right: Most recent recipient (2024){{dash}}[[Gukesh Dommaraju]] for chess.
|Bottom left: Most recent recipient (2024){{dash}}[[Harmanpreet Singh]] for hockey.
|Bottom centre: Most recent recipient (2024){{dash}}[[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]] for para athletics.
|Bottom right: Most recent recipient (2024){{dash}}[[Manu Bhaker]] for shooting.}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:30px;background-color:#CEE8F0"|#
|Indicates a joint award for the given year
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of award recipients, showing the year, and discipline(s)
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Discipline(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991–1992
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Viswanathan|Anand}}
| [[Chess]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR">{{cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awards|url=http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/tview3.asp?link_temp_id=553|publisher=Sports Authority of India|access-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507034054/http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/tview3.asp?link_temp_id=553|archive-date=7 May 2016}}
*{{cite web|title=List of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Winners|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/rg_khelratna.htm|date=30 August 2005|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, India|access-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060704045548/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/rg_khelratna.htm|archive-date=4 July 2006}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1992–1993
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Geet|Sethi}}
| [[Cue sports|Billiards]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="2" | 1993–1994 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Homi|Motivala}}
| [[Yachting]] (Team event)
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR93">{{cite web|title=National Sports Awards|url=http://www.yai.org.in/national-sports-awards.html|publisher=Yachting Association of India|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610104756/http://www.yai.org.in/national-sports-awards.html|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pushpendra Kumar|Garg}}
| [[Yachting]] (Team event)
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR93"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1994–1995
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karnam|Malleswari}}
| [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995–1996
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nameirakpam|Kunjarani|Kunjarani Devi}}
| [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996–1997
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leander|Paes}}
| [[Tennis]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1997–1998
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}}
| [[Cricket]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1998–1999
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jyotirmoyee|Sikdar}}
| [[Track and field|Athletics]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR98">{{cite press release|title=Arjun Awards 1998 announced Ms. Jyotirmoyee Sikdar gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award 1998–99|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0899/r110899.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426063937/http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0899/r110899.html|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1999–2000
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhanraj|Pillay}}
| [[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR99">{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Awards to be presented tomorrow|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2000/raug2000/r28082000.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=30 August 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412155100/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2000/raug2000/r28082000.html|archive-date=12 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="RGKR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000–2001
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pullela|Gopichand}}
| [[Badminton]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR2000">{{cite press release|title=President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rsep2001/29092001/r290920012.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 September 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180602/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rsep2001/29092001/r290920012.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2001
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhinav|Bindra}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR1">{{cite press release|title=President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/raug2002/29082002/r290820027.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 August 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426053532/http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/raug2002/29082002/r290820027.html|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="2" | 2002 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. M.|Beenamol}}
| [[Track and field|Athletics]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR2">{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Awards, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Dhyan Chand and Dronacharya Awards given away|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/raug2003/29082003/r2908200311.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 August 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426072256/http://pib.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/raug2003/29082003/r2908200311.html|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anjali|Bhagwat}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR2"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2003
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anju Bobby|George}}
| [[Track and field|Athletics]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR3">{{cite press release|title=President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=3940|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=21 September 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426042455/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=3940|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2004
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajyavardhan Singh|Rathore}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR4">{{cite press release|title=President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=11669|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 August 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426061643/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=11669|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2005
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pankaj|Advani|dab=billiards player}}
| [[Cue sports|Billiards]] and [[Snooker]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR5">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award, 2005, Arjuna awards 2005, Dhyan Chand awards, 2006 and Dronacharya awards for the year 2005 Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=20149|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=23 August 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426044314/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=20149|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2006
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manavjit Singh|Sandhu}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR6">{{cite press release|title=President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=30609|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 August 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426030832/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=30609|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2007
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahendra Singh|Dhoni}}
| [[Cricket]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR7">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna & Arjuna Awards announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=41434|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=19 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426050423/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=41434|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2008
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | No award{{efn|name=RGKR8|The award for the performance in 2008 is being referred to as award for 2009.<ref name="RGKR"/>}}
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="3" | 2009 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mary|Kom}}
| [[Boxing]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR9">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=51164|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426052730/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=51164|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijender|Singh}}
| [[Boxing]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR9"/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushil|Kumar|dab=wrestler}}
| [[Freestyle wrestling]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR9"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2010
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saina|Nehwal}}
| [[Badminton]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR10">{{cite press release|title=Sports Minister Gives away Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award to Saina Nehwal|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=66811|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=8 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426035926/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=66811|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2011
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gagan|Narang}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR11">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74755|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=18 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426044433/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74755|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="2" | 2012 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijay|Kumar|dab=sport shooter}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR12">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and Arjuna Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=86351|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=19 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426043805/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=86351|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yogeshwar|Dutt}}
| [[Freestyle wrestling]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR12"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ronjan|Sodhi}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR13">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98548|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=22 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426043235/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98548|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | No award
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR14">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2014|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108953|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=21 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426065733/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108953|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2015
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sania|Mirza}}
| [[Tennis]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR15">{{cite press release|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna 2015 and Arjuna Awards 2015|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126073|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=14 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426052505/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126073|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="4" | 2016 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. V.|Sindhu}}
| [[Badminton]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR16">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2016|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149084|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=23 August 2016|date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825074404/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149084|archive-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dipa|Karmakar}}
| [[Gymnastics]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR16"/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jitu|Rai}}
| [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR16"/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sakshi|Malik}}
| [[Freestyle wrestling]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR16"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="2" | 2017 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Devendra|Jhajharia}}
|[[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] [[Javelin throw|javelin]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR17">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2017|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=170149|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 August 2017|date=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205415/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=170149|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sardara|Singh}}
| [[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR17"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="2" | 2018 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saikhom Mirabai|Chanu}}
| [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR18">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2018 announced; Mirabai Chanu and Virat Kohli to get Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Press%20release%20for%20Sports%20Awards%202018.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=20 September 2018|date=20 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195611/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Press%20release%20for%20Sports%20Awards%202018.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}
| [[Cricket]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR18"/>
|-
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="2" | 2019 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepa|Malik}}
|[[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] ([[shot put]], [[Javelin throw|javelin]], others)
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR19">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards - 2019 announced Bajrang Punia and Deepa Malik to get Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=20 August 2019|date=20 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822112815/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|archive-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bajrang|Punia}}
|[[Freestyle wrestling]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR19" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="5" | 2020 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}
|[[Cricket]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR20">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2020 announced – Rohit Sharma, Mariyappan T., Manik Batra, Ms Vinesh and Ms Rani bag the Khel Ratna|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=21 August 2020|date=21 August 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822113113/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647633|archive-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mariyappan|Thangavelu}}
|[[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] [[high jump]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR20" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manika|Batra}}
|[[Table tennis]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR20" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vinesh|Phogat}}
|[[Freestyle wrestling]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR20" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rani|Rampal}}
| [[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR20" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="12" | 2021 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neeraj|Chopra}}
|[[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21">{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2021 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769041|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 November 2022|date=2 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116135805/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769041|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravi Kumar|Dahiya}}
|[[Freestyle wrestling]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lovlina|Borgohain}}
|[[Boxing]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. R.|Sreejesh}}
|[[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avani|Lekhara}}
|[[Paralympic shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sumit|Antil}}
|[[Para-athletics]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pramod|Bhagat}}
|[[Para-badminton]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishna|Nagar|dab=para-badminton}}
|[[Para-badminton]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manish|Narwal}}
|[[Paralympic shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mithali|Raj}}
|[[Cricket]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Chhetri}}
|[[Association football|Football]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manpreet|Singh|dab=field hockey}}
|[[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR21" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | 2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sharath|Kamal}}
|[[Table tennis]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR22">{{cite press release|title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2022|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=15 November 2022|date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114165103/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="2" | 2023 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chirag|Shetty}}
|[[Badminton]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR23">{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1988607 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satwiksairaj|Rankireddy}}
|[[Badminton]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR23" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#CEE8F0;" rowspan="4" | 2024 #
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gukesh|Dommaraju}}
|[[Chess]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR24">{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089557 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harmanpreet |Singh}}
|[[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR24" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Praveen|Kumar|dab=para-athlete, born 2003}}
|[[Para-athletics]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR24" />
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manu|Bhaker}}
|[[Shooting]]
| align="center" | <ref name="RGKR24" />
|}

==Controversies==
The 2002 selection committee, headed by former football player [[P. K. Banerjee|Pradip Kumar Banerjee]] made twenty one recommendations for the [[Arjuna Award]] and two recommendations for the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award (then known as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award), athlete [[K. M. Beenamol]] and shooter [[Anjali Bhagwat]]. The government rejected the recommendations and asked the committee to cut down the list to comply with the award guidelines, where only one sportsperson for the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award and fifteen sportspersons along with one disabled athlete for the Arjuna Awards could be recommended each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Arjuna-Awards-panel-to-prune-list/articleshow/118763.cms|title=Arjuna Awards panel to prune list|work=The Times of India|date=7 August 2003|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=14 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803124633/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Arjuna-Awards-panel-to-prune-list/articleshow/118763.cms|archive-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The committee revised the list to recommend Beenamol for the award over Bhagwat but also put a request "to consider everyone".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/09khel.htm|title=Beenamol to get Khel Ratna|work=Rediff.com|date=9 August 2003|access-date=15 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805012504/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/09khel.htm|archive-date=5 August 2016}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/08/23/stories/2003082307431700.htm|title=Beenamol, Anjali to share Khel Ratna|date=23 August 2003|access-date=15 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083511/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/08/23/stories/2003082307431700.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> The decision spurred criticism for ignoring the achievements of the shooter and Bhagwat and the [[National Rifle Association of India]] expressed their "disappointment" with the decision.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/10/stories/2003081004591700.htm|title=Beenamol to get Khel Ratna|date=10 August 2003|access-date=15 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083511/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/10/stories/2003081004591700.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 February 2018}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030811/sports.htm#2|title=Anjali flays awards panel|newspaper=The Tribune|date=10 August 2003|access-date=15 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127192526/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030811/sports.htm#2|archive-date=27 January 2015}}
* {{cite news|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=23807|title=Sidelined, shooter Anjali Bhagwat slams Arjuna award selection|date=10 August 2003|work=Press Trust of India|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=15 May 2016|author=Srivastava, Abhaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806144311/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=23807|archive-date=6 August 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/10anjali.htm|title=Anjali slams Arjuna Awards committee|work=Rediff.com|date=10 August 2003|access-date=15 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805012507/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/10anjali.htm|archive-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> Later, the government accepted all the recommendations "as an exception" and jointly awarded Beenamol and Bhagwat for the year 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030830/asp/sports/story_2315737.asp|title=33 sportspersons honoured: Controversy set aside as stars get their due from the President|date=30 August 2003|access-date=15 May 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152120/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030830/asp/sports/story_2315737.asp|archive-date=10 June 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/22awards.htm|title=Anjali, Beenamol get Khel Ratna|work=Rediff.com|date=22 August 2003|access-date=15 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805012510/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/22awards.htm|archive-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>

In August 2013, the selection committee, headed by [[Michael Ferreira]] recommended [[Shooting sport|sport shooter]] [[Ronjan Sodhi]] for the award, with some committee members questioning the process of selection.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/ronjan-sodhi-khel-ratna-irks-krishna-poonia-improper-selection-sports-panel-politics-ace-shooter-173790-2013-08-13|title=Ronjan Sodhi's Khel Ratna nomination irks Krishna Poonia|magazine=India Today|date=14 August 2013|access-date=15 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604071422/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ronjan-sodhi-khel-ratna-irks-krishna-poonia-improper-selection-sports-panel-politics-ace-shooter/1/299466.html|archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> A committee member noted that [[discus throw]]er [[Krishna Poonia]] and Paralympic athlete [[Girisha Nagarajegowda]] were shortlisted and Sodhi was not the initial choice. However, Girisha's name was removed, and the final voting was done between Sodhi and Poonia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/news/212730-khel-ratna-controversy-krishna-poonia-hits-back-at-anjali-bhagwat-says-didnt-lobby-for-award|title=Khel Ratna controversy: Krishna Poonia hits back at Anjali Bhagwat; says didn't lobby for award|publisher=NDTV|date=21 August 2013|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=14 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605115318/http://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/news/212730-khel-ratna-controversy-krishna-poonia-hits-back-at-anjali-bhagwat-says-didnt-lobby-for-award|archive-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> Poonia was accused of lobbying for the award by one of the committee member Anjali Bhagwat,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/new-twist-in-khel-ratna-controversy--anjali-bhagwat-claims-poonia-lobbied-with-her/227965|title=New twist in Khel Ratna controversy: Anjali Bhagwat claims Poonia lobbied with her|newspaper=Mid-Day|agency=Press Trust of India|date=21 August 2013|access-date=15 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150858/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/new-twist-in-khel-ratna-controversy--anjali-bhagwat-claims-poonia-lobbied-with-her/227965|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> but the accused met the then Union Sports Minister [[Jitendra Singh (Congress politician)|Jitendra Singh]] to promote her case and also rubbished the lobbying allegations.<ref name="RGKR13Sportstar">{{cite journal|url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3636/stories/20130907507105900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020171849/http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3636/stories/20130907507105900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2021|title=Awards and the controversy thereafter|journal=Sportstar|volume=36|issue=36|date=2013|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/krishna-poonia-on-khel-ratna-controversy-174522-2013-08-20|title=Didn't lobby for award: Krishna Poonia on Khel Ratna controversy|magazine=India Today|date=21 August 2013|access-date=15 May 2016|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604065408/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/krishna-poonia-on-khel-ratna-controversy/1/300629.html|archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> The Ministry conducted a separate enquiry by Secretary of Department of Sports and decided not to increase the number of awards "to maintain the stature of the awards".<ref name="RGKR13Sportstar"/>

Following an announcement, in August 2015, that tennis player [[Sania Mirza]] was to be awarded, a [[Public interest law|Public-Interest Litigation]] was filed in the [[Karnataka High Court]]. The petitioner, who was again Girisha, mentioned that his performance was ignored by the committee.<ref name="RGKR15DNA">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-karnataka-hc-stays-sania-mirza-s-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-2118745|title=Karnataka HC stays Sania Mirza's Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award|date=26 August 2015|access-date=6 May 2016|location=Mumbai|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829224802/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-karnataka-hc-stays-sania-mirza-s-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-2118745|archive-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> Girisha claimed to be a top contender for the award with 90 points, owing to his silver medal-winning act at the [[2012 Summer Paralympics]] in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Men's high jump|Men's High Jump F42 event]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/news/196056-girisha-hosanagara-nagarajegowda-bags-first-paralympic-medal-for-india|title=Girisha Hosanagara Nagarajegowda bags first Paralympic medal for India|publisher=NDTV|date=4 September 2012|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=14 May 2016|location=London|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605101648/http://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/news/196056-girisha-hosanagara-nagarajegowda-bags-first-paralympic-medal-for-india|archive-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> The petition mentioned that the points for Mirza's [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles from 2011 until 2015 should not be counted as the events were not a part of the list of sports events to be considered for the performance evaluation.{{efn|Mirza has won [[2012 French Open – Mixed Doubles]] with [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], [[2014 US Open – Mixed Doubles]] with [[Bruno Soares]], and [[2015 US Open – Women's Doubles]] and [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles]] with [[Martina Hingis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/9471/title/sania-mirza#careerhighlights|title=Sania Mirza profile|work=WTA Tennis |publisher=Women's Tennis Association|access-date=14 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519213458/http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/9471/title/sania-mirza#careerhighlights|archive-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>}} The court withheld the conferment and sought replies from the Ministry about the selection process. The Ministry nevertheless presented the award to Mirza on 29 August 2015 amidst the case processing.<ref name="RGKR15IE"/>

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna}}
* {{cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|url=http://yas.nic.in/sports/rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, India|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424151423/http://yas.nic.in/sports/rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award|url-status=live}}

{{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{National Sports Awards}}
{{National Sportsperson of the Year}}

[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]
[[Category:National sportsperson-of-the-year trophies and awards|India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1991]]
[[Category:India sport-related lists]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]

Shree Govindajee Temple

2026-01-31T20:28:47Z

Alaratan Tripura: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Imphal, India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shree Govindajee Temple ({{langx|mni|Shri Shri Govindaji Laisang}})
| image = FB7A9290.jpg
| map_type = India Manipur#India
| map_caption = Location in Imphal, Manipur
| coordinates = {{coord|24.797798|93.948486|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal East district]]
| location = [[Imphal]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Radha]] [[Govindaji]] ([[Radha Krishna]])
| festivals = [[Janmashtami]] and [[Rathayatra]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity= 3
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = Original in 1846, rebuilt in 1876
| creator = [[Nara Singh|Maharaja Nara Singh]] and [[Chandrakirti Singh|Maharaja Chandrakirti Singh]]
| website =
}}
'''Shree Govindajee Temple''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯒꯣꯚꯤꯟꯗꯖꯤ ꯂꯥꯢꯁꯪ}}|Shri Shri Govindajee Laishang}}) is a [[Meitei Hindu|Meitei]] [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to [[Hindu deities]] [[Radha Krishna]] ([[Govindaji]]). It is the largest [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] temple in [[Imphal]] district of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. It was originally built in 1846 during the reign of [[Maharaja Nara Singh]] and later rebuilt by [[Maharaja Chandrakriti]] in 1876.{{Sfn|Sanajaoba|2003|p=452}}{{Sfn|Laveesh|2009|p=37}}

==Location==
Shree Govindajee Temple is located in Imphal, the capital of the Indian state of Manipur, next to {{langnf|mni|[[:simple:Sana Konung|Sana Konung]]|Royal Palace}}, the palace of the former [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei rulers]] of the [[Manipur Kingdom]].{{Sfn|Laveesh|2009|p=37}} Imphal is accessible by road and air services. [[National Highway 39 (India)]] connects with [[Dimapur]] (Nagaland) on the North and with [[Myanmar]] on the east. It is connected to [[Silchar]] in [[Assam]] by [[National Highway 53 (India)]]. [[National Highway 150 (India)]] connects with [[Mizoram]].{{Sfn|Broadcasting2010|p=1169}} The nearest rail link is at Dimapur, {{Convert|215|km}} away, from where regular bus services operate to Imphal. Air services operate to Imphal from [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Silchar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiasite.com/manipur/imphal.html|title=Imphal Tourism|website=Indiasite|access-date=8 March 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034455/http://www.indiasite.com/manipur/imphal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
{{See|Sacred Jackfruit Tree}}
Maharaja Nara Singh (1844&ndash;50 AD) of the Manipur kingdom commissioned the temple on 16 January 1846 and dedicated it to Shree Govindaji, which was their royal deity. The temple and the deities were substantially damaged during an earthquake of 1868. Consequently, the temple was rebuilt to its original design during the reign of Maharaja Chandrakriti (1859-1886) and was consecrated on 26 April 1876.{{Sfn|Devi|2003|p=124}} However, during the [[Tikendrajit#The Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo Manipur war of 1891]] the idols of the temple were moved to Kongma. In 1908, after the [[Maharaja Churchand Singh]] took up residence at his new palace the idols were also moved and reconsecrated in the present temple.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

It is also said that ([[Ching-Thang Khomba|Maharaja Jai Singh]]) or Bhagya Chandra Karta (1763&ndash;1798), who was an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna, received an epiphany from the Lord to build a temple for him. Accordingly, he formally initiated the carving of the idol of the Lord Govindaji, in 1776, which was then completed and consecrated in November 1779 on the full moon day in a temple built by him in his palace. On this occasion [[Ras Lila]] was performed for five days at Raas Mandal Pukhri at Langthabal.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|1997|p=63}}

==Structure==
The temple is simple in design with two gold plated domes, a paved court and a large, raised {{langnf|mni|[[Mandop]]|[[Mandapa]]}}<ref>{{Cite dictionary |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |dictionary=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary |entry=Mandop |entry-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=Mandop&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-11-14 |publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}</ref>), or congregation hall. The central chamber of the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) has [[Govinda]]ji ([[Krishna]]) and his chief consort [[Radha]] as the main deities. The other two chambers on the either side of the central altar is dedicated to Krishna and [[Balarama]] on one side and [[Jagannath]], [[Subhadra]] and [[Balarama|Balabhadra]] on the other side.
The temple appears very elegant. It is built in an idyllic location with a well tended garden surrounding the premises. There is a small pond in the vicinity of the temple, and also a large open space where a row of tall trees are planted along the boundary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dianapangsa.wordpress.com/2016/06/06/best-moments-at-shree-shree-govindajee-temple/|title=BEST MOMENTS AT SHREE SHREE GOVINDAJEE TEMPLE|date=2016-06-06|website=Connecting Your Soul To The Sacred|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref>

===Main temple===
The temple is built over a square plan on a high platform like a royal residence. The sanctum sanctorum is surrounded by a circumambulatory passage ([[Pradakshina]] path). The sanctum is compartmentalized with two short walls. The outer chamber and the [[porch]] are built with huge columns in an arcade system where the walls above the arches rise up to the [[cornice]]. The first row of railings is provided above the cornice, in front of the portico roof, over the Pradakshina path. At the four corners of the railings small shrines called "Salas" are built. Above the sanctum, the walls rise to the terrace and are then formed into two arched domes. The arched formation of the dome terminates in to a crown where an [[Amalaka]] Sila (a circular stone disc with ridges on the rim) is topped by a [[Kalasa]] (finial) on each of the domes. A white flag is hoisted above the Kalasa. The external surface of the two domes is gilded with gold. A second row of railing, at a higher level, is provided around the two domes. The temple entrance faces east. The temple is built with brick and mortar. In the sanctum sanctorum images of Govindaji with Radha are deified in the central chamber. In its adjoining northern chamber images of Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra are installed while on the southern chamber images of Balabhadra and Krishna are deified. The [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] in front of the sanctum is covered with a curtain. The images of Govindaji and Radha are first carved out of special wood and with the remaining wood images of Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra are made. Images of Krishna and Balarama are, however, made of [[Plaster of Paris]] in attractive colorful shades. On special festival days the images are adorned with crowns.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}{{vn|date=November 2022}}

===Mandapa===
Facing the facade of the temple to the east is an open colonnaded [[mandapa]], an outdoor pavilion with arcades. It is an independent structure, but within the enclosed precincts of the temple. It is built with royal elegance and is built double storied. It is covered by a protective railing at the first floor level. At the cornice level on the first floor a row of elephant heads are provided which support the inclined roof slabs. A mini temple tower is built as an extension of the mandapa. Seating arrangements are built within the mandapa on its eastern and southern sides to accommodate to devotees who come to witness the cultural and religious programmes held in the mandapa. The roof covering is made of corrugated cement sheets. There is also another mandapa known as the ''Natyashala'', which is also a colonnaded structure with arcades with idols fixed at the four corners of the roof.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

==Worship==
The daily worship practice followed in the temple, in the morning and evening hours, is very ritualistic and highly disciplined with strict dress code observed by the devotees. The temple doors are opened with the ringing of the large temple bell fixed in a separate bell tower next to the temple, which resounds over a large area. With blowing of ritual [[conch]]es the main curtained door in front of the sanctum is opened revealing the main images enshrined in the sanctum. Devotees line up on either side of the main shrine, with women queuing up one side and men on the other side. Men who come to offer worship here are to wear only a white shirt or a [[kurta]] in a light shade and a [[dhoti]], while women are dressed in traditional ''Pungou'' [[phanek]] and ''Innafi,'' [[salwar kameez]] or [[sari]]. Women carry offerings to the deity in a brass plate with or without a bell. Live music by permanently stationed musicians is a regular feature in the temple during the main prayer hours.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The [[Meitei people|Meitheis]], an ethnic group of Manipur, are the ardent devotees of the Lord of this temple.{{Sfn|Dikshit|Dikshit|2013|p=327}}

==Temple administration==
The temple management was earlier with the former king, as per Article II of the Manipur Merger Agreement of 1949 (when Manipur became a part of India after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|the latter's independence]]). However, by popular demand, it is now managed by a board with members drawn from the priestly community and important people of the city.{{Sfn|Assembly|1972|p=122}} The [[List of chief ministers of Manipur|chief minister of the state of Manipur]] is the board's president.<ref name=Sangai>{{Cite news |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=2..050514.may14|title=Govindajee temple development high on priority list of Govt|date=4 May 2014|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|right|thumb|[[Raslila|Ras Lila]] dance in Manipur]]
Important festivals held with much fanfare are the [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashatami]], during the month of August, and Kang ([[Rathayatra]]), during June–July, which are attended by a very large number of devotees. Another important activity held in the precincts of the temple is the Ras Lila, a dance form of Manipur, held with great enthusiasm during Halangkar ([[Holi festival]]), [[Basant (season)|Basant]] [[Purnima]] in February, and [[Kartik Purnima]] in October.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} Ras Lila is a dance form which was started by Maharaja Jai Singh. In this dance form the typical skirt that the dancers wear was revealed to Jai Singh in a dream, when the Lord appeared before him wearing a similar dress, directing him to build a temple for Him.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|1997|p=63}} The Ras Lila is a grand visual treat when a large number of [[gopis]] in traditional attire dance around the temple's main deity, which is brought out for the occasion onto the grounds at the sacred [[Kaina (Manipur)|Kaina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/art-in-the-land-of-dreams/article2637302.ece|title=Art in the land of dreams|date=18 November 2011|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Kaina, which is 29&nbsp;km from Imphal, is the location where Maharaja Jai Singh was directed by Lord Govindaji to carve out his image from a [[jackfruit]] tree and enshrine it in a temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipur.nic.in/PlacesofInterest.htm|title=Manipur:Jewel of India|website=National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110004949/http://manipur.nic.in/PlacesofInterest.htm|archive-date=2007-01-10}}</ref>

==Renovations==
The temple and the mantapa are under renovation since November 2012. The gold plating of the domes which was removed for renovation has been redone during August 2013. The plating is said to weigh {{Convert|30|kg}} of gold. The mantapa is also undergoing renovation. The flooring in the temple was proposed to be changed to tiles. The total cost of the renovations was estimated at Rs 8 [[crore]].<ref name=Sangai/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/43932/gold-plating-works-over|title=Gold plating works over|date=10 October 2014|newspaper=The Sangai Express|access-date=8 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171602/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/43932/gold-plating-works-over|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla|Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang]]
* [[Sanamahi Temple]]
* [[Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Assembly |first=Manipur (India). Legislative |title=Proceedings. Official Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0AHAQAAIAAJ|date=28 November 1972}}
*{{cite book|last= Broadcasting |first=India. Ministry of Information and |title=India: A Reference Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdU-AQAAIAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Research and Reference Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1617-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Darpan |first=Pratiyogita |title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xegDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT90|date=July 2008|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan}}
*{{cite book|last= Devi |first=L. Kunjeswori |title=Archaeology in Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFluAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Rajesh Publications|isbn=978-81-85891-18-7}}
*{{cite book|last1= Dikshit |first1=Kamal Ramprit |last2= Dikshit |first2=Jutta K |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327|date=21 October 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3}}
*{{cite book|last1= Ghosh |first1=G. K. |last2= Ghosh |first2=Shukla |title=Women of Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpVXpfA663IC&pg=PA63|date=1 January 1997|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-897-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Laveesh |first=Bhandari |title=Indian States At A Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures - North-East And Sikkim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rATUgMKE9L0C&pg=PT37|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2348-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA452|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Imphal]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Manipur]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Imphal]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]

Armenian College (Kolkata)

2026-01-31T06:32:54Z

Alaratan Tripura: quick cleanup citations as per guidelines per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}{{Short description|College in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Armenian College, Kolkata
| image =
| imagesize =
| map_type =
| map_caption = West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.55488|88.35336|type:edu|display=inline}}
| established = {{start date and age|1821}}
| location =56b Mirza Ghalib St, [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| type =[[School]]
| collection = Araratian Library (now lost)
| visitors =
| director =
| curator =
| publictransit =

| website = {{URL|http://www.armeniancollege.edu.in}}
}}

'''Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy''' ('''ACPA''') is an [[Armenian school]] in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. {{Asof|2015}}, it is the sole Armenian-centred school in the eastern section of the world,<ref name=BizStand>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/armenian-school-in-kolkata-turns-194-115040101118_1.html|title=Armenian school in Kolkata turns 194 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=2015-04-01|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref> and has been so throughout its history. It is commonly known as the '''Armenian College'''.

It serves students from [[Education in India|Class I]],<ref name=Armenianschoolcaters>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/armenian-school-caters-to-diverse-students-9205|title= Armenian school caters to diverse students|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=2006-11-18|access-date=2019-06-10|quote=In the usual Class I, students, all from Iran, are much older than regular school beginners.[...]But learning English is of paramount importance, in fact, the main reasons why they left Tehran for Kolkata.[...]The Armenian School is affiliated to the ICSE board. Iran apart, most students in the school are from Armenia, one from Iraq and only two from Kolkata.}}</ref> until Class X.<ref name=Bagchi>{{cite news|author=Bagchi, Suvojit|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/nurturing-little-armenia-in-the-heart-of-kolkata/article23543083.ece|title=Nurturing little Armenia in the heart of Kolkata|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2018-04-14|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>

==Origins==
[[Margar Hovhannisian]] is considered to be a pioneer in establishing schools for Calcutta's Armenian students, educating them from 1763 in his own home. As was the custom in those early days in Calcutta, many private individuals were opening private schools for the education of the children of the growing township and there were several schools run by Armenians at which Armenians and other children were educated. Reports of a school established by [[Harutyun Galutsian]] appeared in 1798, but by no means proves that there were no other schools running at the same time. The [[Armenian Seminary of St. Sanducts]] at [[Sukias Lane]] existed even prior to 1851, when a report of its examinations (in 1851) appeared in the local Calcutta Press, "The Friend of India". Like many compatriots, [[Astvatsatur Muradghanian]] left Rs. 8000 in his will dated 30 July 1797, towards the establishment of a school for the education of Armenian Children. Some writers incorrectly state that he could have left money to establish an "Armenian College" when the name itself was not even decided at the time of his death. Later, another [[New Julfa|Julfa]] born merchant, [[Manatsakan Sambat Vardanian]] of [[Saidabad]] in 1816, published a pamphlet "Hravirak" through which he urged his compatriots to donate money for establishing a school for Armenian children. He managed to collect Rs. 59,583. In a petition to the [[Calcutta High Court]] in Suit No. 286 of 1879, the elders of the Armenian Community including [[Sir Gregory Charles Paul]]. the Advocate General of Bengal, informed the Court that prior to the year 1818 subscriptions and contributions were obtained from various Members of the Armenian community in Calcutta towards the foundation and support of a School in Calcutta for the education and maintenance, gratuitous and otherwise of children born of parents belonging to the Armenian community, and that with the money so obtained in or about the year 1818, a school or institution for the above-mentioned purposes was established in Calcutta. Thereafter at a General Meeting of the Armenian Community at Calcutta on 2 April 1821, the Rule and Regulations of the School were formally adopted and framed in a document entitled: "Armenian Philantrophic Academy founded by the Armenian Community of India on the 2nd April 1821". This document is the earliest set of rules, which embodies the intentions of the Founders of the Institution. A copy of the Regulations of 1821 was annexed to the High Court petition and was marked with the letter "A".{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==Operations==
it has no tuition and provides free room and board due to the funds donated by Kolkata-born ethnic Armenian Sir Catchick Paul Chater.<ref name=Gustaffson>{{cite web|author=Gustaffson, Jennifer|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/family/the-school-in-kolkata-educating-armenian-children-for-free-in-pictures-1.797881|title=The school in Kolkata educating Armenian children for free - in pictures|publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates)|date=2018-12-01|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>

==Student body==
the majority of the student body originates from the country of Armenia while that year it also had students from Burma (Myanmar), Iran, Iraq, and Russia.<ref name=Gustaffson/> {{Asof|2006}} Armenians were the majority with a significant number from Iran; two of the students in total were locals from Kolkata and one was from Iraq.<ref name=Armenianschoolcaters/>

many students come to the school to improve [[English as a second language|their English abilities]] as the English-language environments of their home countries are not as robust as India's.<ref name=Armenianschoolcaters/>

==Davidian Girls’ School==
Before 1842 ACPA had had a girls’ section with special teachers and separate classrooms. A "Second Galutsian School" was established by [[Hovhannes Avdalian]] established a girls [[private school]] in his own home and named in honour of his teacher, but this also closed down in due course. A third attempt was initiated on 16 February 1846, when [[Mesrop Taghiadian]] opened a girls’ school and named it Saint Sandught, later adding a boys section. At its height there were 35 pupils (15 girls and 20 boys) but Saint Sandught closed down six years later.

The education of Indian-Armenian girls was seemingly ignored until 1922 when [[David Avetic Davidian]] founded the Trust of D.A. David (in his own name) and started a school for local girls and boys, inviting Mrs. [[Sandught Hovhannisian]] to teach in the new institution. Until his death, David remained the "Principal" of the School and managed it himself with the assistance of a Committee in terms of the trust he created. It was his intention to expand the school from his own house at [[Royd Street]], to a much bigger place and Davidian purchased the huge grounds and buildings of the [[London Missionary Society]] at No 1, [[Ashutosh Mukherjee Road]], Calcutta 700025 and gave it to the Trust in an agreement with the Official Trustee, Govt. of West Bengal, who is the Ex-Officio Trustee of the Trust of D.A. David.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1200798/|title=Smt. Purnima Mukherjee And Ors. vs State Of West Bengal And Ors. on 10 January, 1990|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.armeniancollege.edu.in Armenian College official school website]
{{Kolkata}}
{{Armenian schools outside of Armenia}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1821]]
[[Category:1821 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Armenian schools]]
[[Category:19th century in Kolkata]]

Khari railway station

2026-01-29T16:07:21Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Short description|Railway station in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Khari
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| address = Khari, [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India - 182146
| image = Khari railway station.jpg
| caption = Khari Railway Station
| coordinates = {{coord|33.3877822|N|75.1400793|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|1560.276|m|ft}}
| line = [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KARI
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jammu}}
}}
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| opened = {{start date|2024|02|20|df=y}}
| electrified = Yes (25 kV AC)
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| route_map = {{Jammu–Baramulla line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| status = Operational
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Sumber|right=Banihal|to-left=Jammu Tawi|to-right=Baramulla|type=[[Jammu-Baramulla line]]}}
}}

'''Khari railway station''' is a railway station in [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is part of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] and became operational on 20 February 2024 as part of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) project's Banihal-Sangaldan section.<ref name="hindustan">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/udhampursrinagarbaramulla-rail-link-of-banihal-sangaldan-section-to-open-on-february-20-101708240383711.html|title=Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link of Banihal-Sangaldan section to open on February 20|website=Hindustan Times|date=2024-02-20|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>

== History ==
The station was constructed as part of the USBRL project, sanctioned in 1994-95 and declared a national project in 2002, aimed at connecting the Kashmir Valley with the rest of India's railway network.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/udhampur-srinagar-baramulla-rail-link-all-you-need-to-know-2504582-2024-02-21|title=Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link: All you need to know|website=India Today|date=2024-02-21|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref> The Banihal-Sangaldan section, including Khari, was completed and electrified, with train services starting in February 2024 following a successful trial run on 6 December 2023.<ref name="deccan">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/triumph-on-the-tracks-banihal-khari-trial-run-indicates-promising-future-for-smooth-journeys-2790908|title=Triumph on the tracks: Banihal-Khari trial run indicates promising future for smooth journeys|website=Deccan Herald|date=2023-12-06|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>

== Location ==
Khari railway station is located in Khari, [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, along the Banihal-Sangaldan section of the USBRL, near the T-50 tunnel, the country's longest transportation tunnel.

== Services ==
The station is served by electrified trains on the Jammu–Baramulla line, including passenger services introduced after the section's opening.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/indias-ambitious-udhampur-srinagar-baramulla-rail-link-to-likely-open-on-feb-20/articleshow/107818358.cms|title=India’s ambitious Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link to likely open on Feb 20|website=Times of India|date=2024-02-20|access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ramban district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]

{{JammuKashmir-railstation-stub}}

Atmaprakash

2026-01-24T05:45:44Z

Alaratan Tripura: Made Entry

{{short description|1965 novel by Sunil Gangopadhyay}}
{{Infobox book|
| name = Atmaprakash
| author = [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| genre = [[Semi-autobiographical]]
}}
'''''Atmaprakash''''' ({{lit|Self Revelation|Emergence}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Sunil Gangopadhyay: Irreverent romantic |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/irreverent-romantic/article30168316.ece |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=October 23, 2012 |title=Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2012/Oct/23/bengali-writer-sunil-gangopadhyay-passes-away-418170.html |access-date=April 19, 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>) is the 1965 [[debut novel]] by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], first published in the special Puja issue of [[Desh (magazine)|Desh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 31, 2013 |title=History made easy |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1428880854 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|id={{ProQuest|1428880854}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Iowa Residency: End of the Road? |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3179241197 |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|id={{ProQuest|3179241197}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-24 |title=Bengali literature's first light goes out |url=https://punemirror.com/news/india/bengali-literatures-first-light-goes-out/cid5266328.htm |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sourin |date=2012 |title=Sunil Gangodpadhyay (1934-2012) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856617 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=56 |issue=6 (272) |pages=16–22 |jstor=43856617 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> It was largely based on the [[bohemian lifestyle]] Sunil led in the 1960s,<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 19, 2007 |title=City with a conscience [india] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/428274326 |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=[[Times of India]]|id={{ProQuest|428274326}} }}</ref> and he cited [[Jack Kerouac]]'s writing style as an inspiration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Ketaki |date=2013 |title=Sunil Gangopadhyay: In Conversation with Ketaki Datta |journal=[[Muse India]] |volume=52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Deborah |title=A Blue Hand |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |isbn=978-1594201585 |pages=219–220 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aranyer Din Ratri (novel)|''Aranyer Din Ratri'']]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1965 debut novels]]
[[Category:1965 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographical novels]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian magazines]]
[[Category:Works originally published in literary magazines]]
[[Category:Novels by Sunil Gangopadhyay]]

{{1960s-novel-stub}}

Jagdeep filmography

2026-01-23T17:08:18Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{one source|date=August 2020}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

This is the filmography of Indian actor [[Jagdeep]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagdeep |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/jagdeep/filmography/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment Pvt. Ltd |accessdate=5 August 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
!Year !! Film !! Role
|-
|2026
|Hum Mein Shahenshah Koun<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-22 |title=Stuck for nearly four decades, Rajinikanth-Shatrughan Sinha-starrer Hum Mein Shahenshah Koun set for theatrical release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/stuck-for-nearly-four-decades-rajinikanth-shatrughan-sinha-starrer-hum-mein-shahenshah-koun-set-for-theatrical-release/articleshow/127148276.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|
|-
| 2020
| Om Prakash Zindabad
|
|-
| 2017
| Masti Nahi Sasti
|
|-

| 2012
| [[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]
|
|-

| rowspan="3" | 2009
| A Wonderful Story About Strange Love
| Rustom
|-
| Life Partner

| Rohan's client
|-
| Ek Se Bure Do

|
|-

| 2007
| Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited
| Latif Khekada – Husna's dad
|-

| rowspan="2" | 2004
| Kis Kis Ki Kismat
| Dipankar Chattopadya
|-
| Pati Ho To Aisa

|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 2003
| [[Parwana (2003 film)|Parwana]]
| Seth Malpani
|-
| Lift Karadey Remix (Short)

|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 2002
| Rishtey
| Mama
|-
| Rang Mahal

|
|-

| 2001
| Lajja
| Bansidhar Chakkiwala
|-

| rowspan="2" | 2000
| Apradhi Kaun
| Barsatilal
|-
| To Fall in Love

| Drunkard in Bar
|-

| 1999
| Truck Dhina Dhin (TV Series)
|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1998
| Wajood
| Bagh Singh
|-
| [[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]

| Sub. Nageshwar Rammaiah
|-

| 1997
| Daayen
|
|-

| rowspan="3" | 1996
| [[Hasina Aur Nagina]]
|
|-
| Talaashi

| Inspector Jani
|-
| Namak

| Police Inspector
|-

| rowspan="6" | 1995
| Kartavya
| P.K. Dhoot
|-
| Ram Shastra

| P.K. (Pyar Kiss)
|-
| [[Kalyug Ke Avtaar]]

| Sukhiram
|-
| Veer

|
|-
| Policewala Gunda

|
|-
| Pyar Do Pyar Lo

|
|-

| rowspan="4" | 1994
| [[Hum Hain Bemisaal]]
| Havaldar Khadak Singh
|-
| [[Andaz Apna Apna]]

| Bankeylal Bhopali (as Jagdeep)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagdeep's Most Memorable Roles |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/jagdeeps-most-memorable-roles/20200709.htm |website=Rediff |accessdate=5 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Madam X

| Zankar
|-
| Sangam Ho Ke Rahega

|
|-

| rowspan="4" | 1993
| Shuruaat
| Malhar
|-
| Dui Joddha

|
|-
| Bechain

|
|-
| Khun Ro Tiko

|
|-

| rowspan="4" | 1992
| [[Insaan Bana Shaitan]]
|
|-
| [[Muskurahat (1992 film)|Muskurahat]]

| Badriprasad Chaurasia
|-
| Pitambar

|
|-
| [[Binani]]

|
|-

| rowspan="9" | 1991
| Phoolwati
|
|-
| Roohani Taaqat

|
|-
| Jhoothi Shaan

| Shanti Dhooth
|-
| [[Phool Aur Kaante]]

| Professor Bihari
|-
| [[Khooni Panja]]

|
|-
| [[Numbri Aadmi]]

| Police Inspector
|-
| [[Sanam Bewafa]]

| Daroga
|-
| [[Jigarwala]]

| Shyamu
|-
| Bhomli

|
|-

| rowspan="11" | 1990
| [[Jamai Raja (film)|Jamai Raja]]
| Aruna's Father
|-
| Kasam Dhande Ki

| Chughomal
|-
| Hum Se Na Takrana

| Chhotey Babu
|-
| Pati Patni Aur Tawaif

| Ustad
|-
| Solah Satra

|
|-
| Kroadh

| Mastram – Matki's maternal uncle
|-
| Shandaar

| Chaurasia's PA
|-
| Amavas Ki Raat

|
|-
| Bheem Bhavani (TV Series) (1990)

|
|-
| Is Paar Ya Us Paar

|
|-
| Wafaa

| Music Director Doodhnath
|-

| rowspan="18" | 1989
| Akanksha (TV Movie)
| Cripple patient complaining for foods
|-
| Hum Intezaar Karenge

| Actor (uncredited)
|-
| Main Tera Dushman

| Kalva
|-
| Mamata Ki Chhaon Mein

| Janki Nandan
|-
| Mujrim

| Lakhpati
|-
| Gola Barood

| B.E.S.T. Bus Conductor
|-
| Nigahen: Nagina Part II

| Munshiji
|-
| Storm

| Film director (uncredited)
|-
| Abhimanyu

| Pyarelal / Jack
|-
| Touhean

| Naseeb Dar
|-
| Ashes to Ashes

| Ustad
|-
| [[Ilaaka]]

| Havaldar Thanedar Tehsildar Singh
|-
| Do Yaar

|
|-
| Khooni Murdaa

| Khairati Lal Patthar Dil aka 'K.L.P.D.'
|-
| Bees Saal Baad

| Chedhu
|-
| Kasam Suhag Ki

| Kalha – Bandit
|-
| Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá

| Gulbadan Miyan
|-
| Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra

|
|-

| rowspan="12" | 1988
| Bai Chale Sasariye
|
|-
| Do Waqt Ki Roti

| Baal Mukut Balwant 'Balam' Singh
|-
| [[Saazish (1988 film)|Saazish]]

| 009
|-
| Zalzala

| Groom
|-
| Paigham

|
|-
| Janam Janam

| Birju
|-
| [[Soorma Bhopali]]

| Soorma Bhopali
|-
| Kabrastan

| Hitler D'Costa
|-
| Sherni

| Hajaam
|-
| Woh Mili Thi

| Vijay
|-
| Be Lagaam

|
|-
| Emperor

| Tarachand Badlani
|-

| rowspan="6" | 1987
| Deewana Tere Naam Ka
| Dilip Deoraj Ghayal Shiparpuri
|-
| Parivaar

| Constable Hukumat Singh
|-
| [[Pyar Ki Jeet (1987 film)|Pyaar Ki Jeet]]

| Nathulal
|-
| Superman

| Towffle
|-
| [[Kaun Jeeta Kaun Haara]]

|
|-
| Khooni Mahal

| Gangua
|-

| rowspan="15" | 1986
| Aag Aur Shola
| Laddan
|-
| Baat Ban Jaye

| Nagath Narayan / Pt. Chakravew Vabisya Narayan Agnihotri
|-
| Insaaf Ki Awaaz

| Havaldaar Kanhaiya
|-
| Nagina

| Munshiji
|-
| Aisa Pyaar Kahan

| Bhootnath (Kasturi's father-in-law)
|-
| Jumbish: A Movement – The Movie

| Minister
|-
| Pyaar Ke Do Pal

| Scout Master
|-
| Janbaaz

| Sheru
|-
| Karamdaata

| Majnu
|-
| Locket

| Friendly appearance
|-
| Sultanat

| Arms supplier
|-
| Raat Ke Baad

|
|-
| [[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]

| Khatarnak Khan – Shankar's friend
|-
| Kaanch Ki Deewar

| Jaswant's tutor (as Jagdip)
|-
| Pyar Ki Pahli Nazar

|
|-

| rowspan="12" | 1985
| 3D Saamri
| Changez Khan
|-
| Aurat Pair Ki Juti Nahin Hai

| Jamuna Das
|-
| Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari

| Murugan
|-
| Phaansi Ke Baad

| Jaggi
|-
| Pyaari Bhabhi

|
|-
| [[Zulm Ka Badla]]

|
|-
| Khoon aur Sazaa

|
|-
| Telephone

| Dilawar Khan Dilliwale
|-
| Ramkali

| Rustom
|-
| Hum Dono

| Nursing Home Boy
|-
| Ganga Ki Beti

|
|-
| Yeh Kaisa Farz

|
|-

| rowspan="17" | 1984
| Grahasthi
| 5 Star Hotel Manager
|-
| [[Hanste Khelte]]

| Pandu
|-
| Rakta Bandhan

| Bhola
|-
| Shapath

| Father of 7 children
|-
| Yahan Wahan

| Fatik chand bondopadhaya
|-
| Love Marriage

| Dudhwala
|-
| [[Karishmaa]]

| Thakkar
|-
| Ram Ki Ganga

| Professor Pyarelal
|-
| Jeene Nahi Doonga

| Jhumru – Jayshri's boyfriend
|-
| Purana Mandir

| Daku Machhar Singh
|-
| Kunwari Bahu

|
|-
| Aaj Kaa M.L.A. Ram Avtar

|
|-
| Tohfa

|
|-
| Aakhir

|
|-
| [[Bad Aur Badnam|Bad Aur Badnaam]]

| Mishraji
|-
| Divorce

| Chakram
|-
| Pakhandi

|
|-

| rowspan="14" | 1983
| Faraib
| Raghunath
|-
| Haadsaa

| Anthony Gonsalves
|-
| Kaise Kaise Log

| Tony
|-
| Lalach

|
|-
| Lal Chunariyaa

| Sunil
|-
| Bade Dil Wala

| Jaganath 'Jaggu' Prasad Srivastava
|-
| Woh 7 Din

| Ganga Prasad (Gangu)
|-
| [[Love in Goa]]

| Pankaj (Raju's Fan)
|-
| Rachna

| Ustad
|-
| Mangal Pandey

| Parwaz Mirza (uncredited)
|-
| Kehdo Pyar Hain

|
|-
| Mayuri

|
|-
| Raja Jogi

|
|-
| Salam E Mohabbat

|
|-

| rowspan="13" | 1982
| Aparoopa
|
|-
| Bheegi Palkein

| Husseinbhai Madadgari
|-
| Jeeo Aur Jeene Do

|
|-
| Zakhmee Insaan

|
|-
| Anokha Bandhan

| Kalyanjibhai Bhojwala
|-
| Vidhaata

| Peter John DeCosta
|-
| Sun Sajna

| Balraj Kitoria (Hotel Manager)
|-
| Ghazab

| Salim (in the play)
|-
| Sanam Teri Kasam

| Banke Bihari Patnewala
|-
| Dial 100

| Bhaijan Bhopali
|-
| Ustadi Ustad Se

| Kaamdev
|-
| Honey

|
|-
| Nek Parveen

|
|-

| rowspan="23" | 1981
| Bhagya
|
|-
| Jeene Ki Arzoo

|
|-
| Kalkut

|
|-
| Ladaaku

|
|-
| Meena Kumari Ki Amar Kahani

|
|-
| Sansani: The Sensation

| Nawab Dhanekhapuri
|-
| Sharada

| Jagdeep
|-
| Kaalia

| George (Guest Appearance)
|-
| Khoon Ka Rishta

| Gopal-Dhrupad Damal
|-
| Gehra Zakhm

| Jimmy
|-
| Fiffty Fiffty

| Photographer
|-
| Shama

| John
|-
| Sahhas

| Karvat
|-
| Jail Yatra

| Chinareddy Eveready (Guest Appearance)
|-
| Yeh Rishta Na Tootay

| Bhagwan Das (as Jag Deep)
|-
| Wardaat

| Kabadi
|-
| Khoon Aur Paani

| Havaldar Maan Singh Gangotra
|-
| Mangalsutra

| Jaggu
|-
| Aakhri Mujra

|
|-
| Farz Aur Pyar

| Ashok
|-
| Parakh

|
|-
| Sangdil

|
|-
| Yeh Kaisa Nashaa Hai

|
|-

| rowspan="15" | 1980
| Dhamaka
|
|-
| Ganga Aur Suraj

|
|-
| Taxi Chor

| Jaggu
|-
| Ek Baar Kaho

| Hanuman Singh (hotel caretaker)
|-
| Phir Wohi Raat

| Krupachand Reswani
|-
| Jal Mahal

| Munshi Aashiq Hussain Dildar
|-
| Cobra

| Prem
|-
| Qurbani

| Mohammad Ali
|-
| Choron Ki Baaraat

| Shekhar's friend
|-
| Morchha

| Ram Mohan Bhajiyawala
|-
| Two and Two Make Five

| Ramdheen, the landlord (Guest Appearance)
|-
| Kali Ghata

| Birbal / Police Inspector Sharma
|-
| Badla Aur Balidan

|
|-
| Banmanush

|
|-
| Room No. 203

|

|-

| rowspan="15" | 1979
| Chambal Ki Rani
|
|-
| Dada

| Jagdeep / Fake Moti
|-
| Do Hawaldar

| Nekiram
|-
| Jaan-E-Bahaar

| Mithailal (Rai's Manager)
|-
| Sukhi Pariwar

| Atar Chand
|-
| Sunayana

| Jaggoo
|-
| Lakshmi Pooja

| King's Executioner
|-
| Tarana

| Baadal
|-
| Yuvraaj

| Rajkumar Chandradev
|-
| Raadha Aur Seeta

| Bhagwandas
|-
| Surakksha

| Kabari
|-
| Jaani Dushman

| Nathuram
|-
| Naya Bakra

| Producer
|-
| Sarkari Mehman

| Nawab Khan
|-
| Shikshaa

| Harishchandra
|-

| rowspan="12" | 1978
| Assignment Bombay
|
|-
| Chowki No.11

|
|-
| Karmayogi

| Malpani
|-
| Swarg Narak

| Vinod's friend
|-
| Dil Aur Deewaar

| Kanhaiya
|-
| Do Musafir

| Murali
|-
| Damaad

| Bankey
|-
| Anjane Mein

| Abdullah
|-
| Bhola Bhala

| Tamanchewala
|-
| Ganges of Saugand

| Mathuradas
|-
| Khunnus

|
|-
| Sampoorna Sant Darshanam

|
|-

| rowspan="21" | 1977
| Aakhri Sajda
|
|-
| Agar... If

| School-teacher
|-
| Agent Vinod

| Chandu alias James Bond
|-
| Alibaba Marjinaa

| Mustafa (Cobbler)
|-
| Angaare

|
|-
| Dil Aur Patthar

| Jagga
|-
| Dildaar

| Saudagarmal
|-
| Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaaye

| Jagdish
|-
| ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1977 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]''

|
|-
| Janam Janam Na Saath

|
|-
| Kachcha Chor

| Popatlal
|-
| Khel Kismat Ka

|
|-
| Ladki Jawan Ho Gayi

|
|-
| Mandir Masjid

|
|-
| Prayashchit

|
|-
| Tinku

| Bajirao
|-
| Vishwasghaat

| Chana Puri
|-
| Jai-Vijay

| Mangal Singh
|-
| Aaina

| Music Instructor
|-
| [[Jadu Tona]]

|
|-
| Minoo

| Drama Director
|-

| rowspan="14" | 1976
| Do Ladkiyan
| Ganeshi
|-
| Farrari

| Soorma Bhopali
|-
| Jai Mahalaxmi Maa

|
|-
| Koi Jeeta Koi Haara

|

|-
| Sangram

| Jani
|-
| Shahi Lutera

|
|-
| Bullet

| Zafarullah Khan
|-
| Two Strangers

| Masterjee (Guest Appearance)
|-
| Sharafat Chhod Di Main Ne

| Jahangir Daruwala
|-
| Khaan Dost

| Abdul
|-
| Shankar Shambhu

| Havaldar Naik
|-
| Nagin

| Hukha Bhopali (uncredited)
|-
| Fauji

|
|-
| Noor E Ilaahi

|
|-

| rowspan="11" | 1975
| Angaarey
| Moulana
|-
| Biwi Kiraya Ki

|
|-
| [[Dhoti Lota Aur Chowpatty]]

| Film hero
|-
| Jaggu

| Birju
|-
| Raaja

| Producer Malpani

|-
| Rani Aur Lalpari

| King of the Lilliputs
|-
| Toofan

|
|-
| [[Sholay]]

| Soorma Bhopali (Guest Appearance)<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran actor Jagdeep, who played Soorma Bhopali in 'Sholay', passes away; Anil Kapoor remembers 'one of the greatest actors of India' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/veteran-actor-jagdeep-who-played-soorma-bhopali-in-sholay-passes-away-at-81/articleshow/76861350.cms |website=Economic Times |date=9 July 2020 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |accessdate=5 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Pratiggya

| Kanha
|-
| Maze Le Lo

|
|-
| Mere Sartaj

| Munir-Ul-Haq Qadri
|-

| rowspan="12" | 1974
| Archana
| Babloo
|-
| Azad Mohabbat

|
|-
| Humshakal

| Biharilal
|-
| Insaaniyat

| Abdulla
|-
| My Friend

|
|-
| Pagli

| Blacksmith
|-
| Shaitaan

| The Pimp
|-
| Shandaar

| Tolaram
|-
| Roti

| Khadak Singh
|-
| Bidaai

| Shankar Lal
|-
| International Crook

| D.D.T.
|-
| Asliyat

|
|-

| rowspan="8" | 1973
| Ghulam Begam Badshah
| Harbhajan
|-
| Kahani Hum Sab Ki

| Hardayal 1 / Hardayal 2 / Dhanno
|-
| Khoon Khoon

| Pancham
|-
| Mere Gharib Nawaz

| Feroza's watchman
|-
| Rani Aur Jaani

| Mittu bhai
|-
| Suraj Aur Chanda

| Crazy man
|-
| Taxi Driver

| Drunkard at Club
|-
| Aa Gale Lag Jaa

| Jaggi
|-

| rowspan="16" | 1972
| Aan Baan
| Bankhe
|-
| Aankh Micholi

| Dr. Mangal
|-
| Anokhi Pehchan

|
|-
| Apna Desh

| Shambhu / Ali Baba
|-
| Babul Ki Galiyan

| Sudheer's Friend No. 1
|-
| Bandagi

|
|-
| Dharkan

|
|-
| Dil Daulat Duniya

| Kanhaiya 'Kunnu'
|-
| Dil Ka Raaja

| Bajrang 'Chakravarti' V. Singh
|-
| Gora Aur Kala

| Munna Singh / Chunni Singh
|-
| Jaanwar Aur Insaan

| Bahadur
|-
| Rani Mera Naam

|
|-
| Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa

| Sur Mohan
|-
| Wafaa

| Devdas Thakur
|-
| Bhai Ho To Aisa

| Jaggi
|-
| Chori Chori

|
|-

| rowspan="6" | 1971
| Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari
| Jugal Kishore
|-
| Ganga Tera Pani Amrit

| Barber
|-
| Kabhi Dhoop Kabhi Chhaon

| Ramesh / Tara
|-
| Lagan

| Pereira
|-
| Parde Ke Peechey

| Gautam
|-
| Rakhwala

| Gopi
|-

| rowspan="10" | 1970
| Aansoo Aur Muskan
| Dada
|-
| Darpan

| Rickshawala
|-
| Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani

| Surendra
|-
| Himmat

| Tiger
|-
| Ishq Par Zor Nahin

| Lalit
|-
| Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi

| Kanhaiya
|-
| Sharafat

| Bhola
|-
| Mere Humsafar

|
|-
| Khilona

| Mahesh
|-
| Kaun Ho Tum

|
|-

| rowspan="9" | 1969
| Anmol Moti
|
|-
| Balak

| Anantram 'Anant' D. Das
|-
| Do Bhai

| Gullu
|-
| Hum Ek Hain

|
|-
| Jeene Ki Raah

| Sunder
|-
| Jigri Dost

| Kasturi (Neelkanth's son)
|-
| Jyoti

| Pritam
|-
| Ek Masoom

| Jagdeep
|-
| Sapna

|
|-

| rowspan="5" | 1968
| Roop Rupaiya
|
|-
| Teen Bahuraniyan

| Mahesh – Sheela's Assistant
|-
| Brahmachari

| Murli Manohar
|-
| Lutera Aur Jadugar

|
|-
| Pyar Bana Afsana

|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1967
| Naunihal
| Kavi
|-
| Pyar Ki Baazi

| Hero
|-

| rowspan="8" | 1966
| Aakhri Khat
| Actor (uncredited)
|-
| Aasra

| Harish
|-
| Do Dilon Ki Dastaan

|
|-
| Laadla

| Murli
|-
| Rustom Kaun

| Qawwali Singer (uncredited)
|-
| Afsana

| Guloo
|-
| Sarhadi Lutera

| Akram
|-
| Shankar Khan

|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1965
| Faisla
| Jagga
|-
| Noor Mahal

| Vijay
|-

| rowspan="5" | 1964
| Baghi
|
|-
| Jekara Charanva Mein Lagle Paranva

|
|-
| Punar Milan

| Sunil
|-
| Qawwali Ki Raat

|
|-
| Samson

|
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1963
| Band Master
|
|-
| Raja

|
|-

| 1960
| Bindya
| Ramu
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1959
| Baap Bete
|-

| [[Barkha (1959 film)|Barkha]]
| Ajit
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1958
| Malik
|
|-
| Solva Saal

| Child Artiste (uncredited)
|-

| rowspan="3" | 1957
| [[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin]]
| Masita
|-
| [[Bhabhi (1957 film)|Bhabhi]]

| Baldev 'Billu'<ref>{{cite web |title=Soorma Bhopali actor and acclaimed comic talent Jagdeep dies at 81 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/966908/soorma-bhopali-actor-and-acclaimed-comic-talent-jagdeep-dies-at-81 |website=Scroll.in |date=9 July 2020 |accessdate=5 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke]]

| Mehmood
|-

| rowspan="3" | 1956
| Aawaz
| Charlie
|-
| [[Dhake Ki Malmal]]

|
|-
| Kismet Ka Khel

| Ahmed
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1955
| [[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]
| Paper Boy (uncredited)
|-
| Railway Platform

| Purse-Snatcher
|-

| rowspan="4" | 1954
| Aar-Paar
| Elaichi Sandow
|-
| Bhai Sahab

|
|-
| Munna

| Child Artiste
|-
| Naukari

| Boot Polish Boy
|-

| rowspan="6" | 1953
| Chalis Baba Ek Chor
|
|-
| [[Do Bigha Zamin]]

| Laloo Ustad, shoeshine boy<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Jagdeep Dies At 81; "He Brought So Much Joy To The Audience," Tweet Ajay Devgn, Anil Kapoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actor-jagdeep-dies-at-81-he-brought-so-much-joy-to-the-audience-tweets-ajay-devgn-2259499 |website=NDTV |publisher=NDTV CONVERGENCE LIMITED |accessdate=5 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Foot Path

| Pickpocket (as Jagdip)
|-
| Laila Majnu

| Child Artiste (uncredited)
|-
| Papi

|
|-
| Shahenshah

| Actor (uncredited)
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1952
| Aasmaan
| Child artiste (uncredited)
|-
| Dhobi Doctor

| Young Kishore Kumar
|-

| rowspan="2" | 1951
| Afsana
| Child in theatre play
|-
| Sazaa

| Actor (uncredited)
|-

| 1950
| [[Madhubala (1950 film)|Madhubala]]
| Child Artiste (uncredited)
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Doms (company)

2026-01-18T07:11:50Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Short description|Indian stationery brand}}
{{Infobox company
| name = DOMS Industries Limited
| logo = Doms Stationary logo with slogan.png
| trading_name = DOMS
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|DOMS}}|{{BSE|544045}}}}
| industry = [[Stationery]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1976|df=yes}}
| founders = {{ubl|Rasiklal Raveshia|Mansukhlal Rajani}}
| hq_location_city = [[Gujarat]]
| hq_location_country = Hiranandani Link Road, Vikhroli (W), Mumbai – 400079, Maharashtra, India.
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Gianmatteo Terruzzi (Chairman)|Santosh Raveshia (Managing Director)}}
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Pencils]]|[[Crayons]]|[[Colour pencils]]|[[Marker pens]]|[[Erasers]]}}
| brands = C3 Pencils
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|1212|c}} (FY23)<ref name="reuters"/>
| profit = {{up}} {{INRconvert|95|c}} (FY23)<ref name="reuters"/>
| owner = [[F.I.L.A. (company)|FILA Group]] (31%)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/italian-co-fila-to-sell-800cr-share-in-doms/articleshow/105825158.cms | title=Italian co FILA to sell 800cr share in DOMS | newspaper=The Times of India | date=8 December 2023 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|domsindia.com}}
}}

'''DOMS Industries Limited (DIL)''' (stylized as '''DOMS''') is an Indian [[stationery]] and art materials manufacturing company, headquartered in [[Valsad]], [[Gujarat]]. It works in a collaboration with multinational Italian company [[Fila Group]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pallavi Chakravorty |date=21 October 2022 |title=How DOMS Emerged As The Biggest Disrupter In India's Stationery Market? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/how-doms-emerged-as-the-biggest-disrupter-in-india-s-stationery-market--news-231480 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=Pencil Maker Doms Eyes $300 Million IPO Filing in June, Sources Say |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-26/pencil-maker-doms-eyes-300-million-ipo-filing-in-june-sources-say |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>

== History ==
DOMS was founded in 1976 as a partnership firm, R.R. Industries, by Rasiklal Amritlal Raveshia and Mansukhlal Jamnadas Rajani. The company was later named as "Writefine Products Pvt. Ltd.", before being changed to "DOMS Industries". In 2005, the company launched its flagship brand, DOMS.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=How DOMS scripted a winning strategy |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/how-doms-scripted-a-winning-strategy |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=businessindia.co |date=5 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
DOMS originally stood for "'''D'''ynamic '''O'''rganization '''M'''anufacturing '''S'''tationery".

In 2012, DOMS entered into a strategic partnership with [[F.I.L.A. (company)|F.I.L.A. – Fabbrica Italiana Lapis ed Affini]] S.p.A (F.I.L.A.), Italy, a listed Italian multinational company engaged in the supply of art materials and stationery products.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-31 |title=Italy's FILA exploring options to support Indian unit Doms |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/italys-fila-exploring-options-support-indian-unit-doms-2023-05-31/ |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>

DOMS also acquired 30% stake in toy company ClapJoy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Lijee |date=2019-01-29 |title=An inside view of India's pencil business and the four families that control it |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/pencil-makers-are-optimistic-not-threatened-by-industry-inventions/articleshow/67731030.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-26 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRetail.com |title=Stationery products maker DOMS acquires 30% equity stake in toy manufacturing startup ClapJoy - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/books-and-stationery/stationery/stationery-products-maker-doms-acquires-30-equity-stake-in-toy-manufacturing-startup-clapjoy/98438547 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |date=2023-03-03 |title=Doms acquires 30% stake in toy company ClapJoy |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/doms-acquires-30-stake-in-toy-company-clapjoy-11677863913976.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, DOMS launched its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) worth {{INRConvert|1200|c|lk=on}} and listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DOMS IPO price band fixed at ₹750-790 a share |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/doms-ipo-price-band-fixed-at-750-790-a-share/article67614154.ece |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=7 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DOMS Industries, the fourth-most subscribed Indian IPO of 2023 lists at a 77% premium |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/doms-ipo-share-listing-today-know-gmp-proceeds-capex-outlook-subscription-18606661.htm |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=20 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-22 |title=Indian stationery maker Doms files draft papers for $145 mln IPO |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indian-stationery-maker-doms-files-draft-papers-145-mln-ipo-2023-08-22/ |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Classmate (stationery)|Classmate]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://domsindia.com/}}

[[Category:Pencil brands]]
[[Category:Writing implement manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Pen manufacturers]]
[[Category:Notebooks]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2023 initial public offerings]]

HSC Cheriyapani

2026-01-16T15:05:28Z

Alaratan Tripura: adding a page first draft.

{{short description|Ferry connecting India and Sri Lanka}}
{{Infobox Water transit
| name = Cheriyapani
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| locale = [[Nagapattinam]], [[India]] and [[Kankesanthurai]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| waterway = [[Palk Strait]]
| transit_type = [[High-speed craft]] [[ferry]]
| began_operation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|10|14}}
|system_length = {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}}
| lines =
| vessels = 1
| terminals = 2 ([[Tamil Nadu]], [[Northern Province (Sri Lanka)|Northern Province]])
| yearly_ridership =
| connection1 =
|train1 =
| bus1 =
| connection2 =
| ship2 =
| train2 =
| bus2 =
| operator = Tamil Nadu Maritime Board
}}

'''HSC Cheriyapani''' is a [[high-speed craft]] [[Passenger ship|passenger]] [[ferry]] that connects [[Nagapattinam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] with [[Kankesanthurai]] in the [[Jaffna District]] of [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]], [[Sri Lanka]]. The ferry commenced service on 14 October 2023.<ref>Laskar, Rezaul (14 October 2023). [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-sri-lanka-launch-ferry-service-across-palk-strait-after-four-decades-101697293597392.html "India, Sri Lanka launch ferry service across Palk Strait after four decades"]. [[Hindustan Times|The Hindustan Times]]. Retrieved on 18 October 2023.</ref> It is the first transit service connecting the two countries since the [[Boat Mail Express|Indo-Ceylon Express]], which ceased service to Sri Lanka in 1982 after the outbreak of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]].<ref name="cnbc">CNBCTV18.com (14 October 2023). [https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/india-sri-lanka-resume-passenger-ferry-service-after-40-years-route-fare-and-timings-18051401.htm "India, Sri Lanka resume passenger ferry service after 40 years; route, fare and timings"]. [[CNBC TV18]]. Retrieved on 19 October 2023.</ref>

==History==
Sri Lanka's strategic location in the [[Indian Ocean]] has long attracted attention from regional rivals India and [[China]]. For years, [[Debt-trap diplomacy|free-flowing loans]] and infrastructure investments from China helped it gain an greater influence against India in partnerships with Sri Lanka.<ref name="cnbc" /><ref>Madanayaka, S. A. K. (2017). [http://ir.kdu.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/345/1728/021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y "The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean Region: Reference to String of Pearls Strategy"]. [[General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University]]. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref>

===Plans for an India-Sri Lanka ferry===
The plan for a ferry service connecting India and Sri Lanka was first proposed in 2011 when Sri Lanka was making efforts to alter its image following the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. At the time, two services were considered: one connecting [[Thoothukudi]] and [[Colombo]], and a second linking [[Rameswaram]] with [[Talaimannar]]. The two countries signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] for sea connectivity and established a ferry service between Thoothukudi and Colombo, which was discontinued after six months due to logistical issues.<ref>(18 October 2023). [https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/a-ferry-from-tamil-nadu-to-jaffna-once-again-8988023/ "A ferry from Tamil Nadu to Jaffna, once again"]. [[The Indian Express]]. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref>

In mid-July 2023, a virtual meeting was held between Indian Additional Secretary of the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] Rajesh Kumar Sinha, and Sri Lankan Secretary of the [[Ministry of Ports and Shipping (Sri Lanka)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Aviation]] K. D. S. Ruwanchandra. The meeting, conducted under the India-Sri Lanka Joint Committee, discussed resuming ferry services between the two nations to boost regional trade, tourism, and stronger people-to-people relations in the region.<ref>PTI (18 July 2023). [https://www.deccanherald.com/world/india-sri-lanka-joint-committee-discusses-resumption-of-ferry-services-1238159.html "India-Sri Lanka Joint Committee discusses resumption of ferry services"]. [[Deccan Herald]]. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref>

A ferry service between the two countries previously existed via the [[Boat Mail Express|Indo-Ceylon Express]], which had express trains leading to and from a ferry boat that connected the Indian town of [[Dhanushkodi]] to [[Talaimannar]] in Sri Lanka. The transportation line collectively connected [[Chennai]] to [[Colombo]]. This service ran from 1914 up until 1982, when it was halted due to the increasing threat of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]]. The [[Tamil Eelam|northern and eastern regions]] of the country were under the control of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]].<ref>Indian Railways Fan Club. [https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-seltrain.html "Famous Trains"]. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref>

On 20 July 2023, [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] made a diplomatic trip to India, during which he and [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] signed a series of energy, development, and trade agreements. The trip was meant to develop stronger ties between the two nations, as well as boost the economy of Sri Lanka, which was going through an [[Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)|economic crisis]]. President Wickremesinghe and Prime Minister Modi unveiled agreements on technology, renewable energy, and greater connectivity designed to deepen bilateral relations between India and Sri Lanka.<ref>Pathi, Krutika (21 July 2023). [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lankan-presidents-visit-india-signals-growing-economic-101546672 "Sri Lankan president's visit to India signals growing economic and energy ties"]. [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref> Among things proposed during this visit were connecting the two nations' electricity grids, building a [[petroleum]] pipeline and land bridge between the two countries, as well as resuming the previously halted passenger ferry service. Prime Minister Modi stated that India was interested in connecting its ports in the [[South India|South]] to ports in Sri Lanka's [[Trincomalee]] and [[Colombo]].<ref>(21 July 2023). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/21/india-sri-lanka-agree-to-boost-economic-and-energy-ties "India, Sri Lanka agree to boost economic and energy ties"]. [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref>

===Commencement of service===
The Cheriyapani ferry commenced service on 8:15am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 14 October 2023, with 50 passengers and 12 crew members under Captain Biju George of India. The ferry service was initially planned to commence on 10 October, but underwent some administrative issues and had to be rescheduled for 12 October, and then 14 October. The first day of service had a ferry ticket price reduced by 75% to ₹2,375. At least 30 travelers had booked tickets for the first trip.<ref name="cnbc" />

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi released a video statement on social media commemorating the start of the service, stating, “We are embarking on a new chapter in the diplomatic and economic relations between India and Sri Lanka. The launch of a ferry service between Nagapattinam and Kankesanthurai is an important milestone in strengthening our relations.”<ref>Narendra Modi (13 October 2023). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sf9Qoas6nGw "PM Narendra Modi's message during flag off of ferry services between India and Sri Lanka"]. via [[YouTube]]. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref>

After being suspended for several months due to the [[Northeast monsoon]] and unspecified "technical difficulties", the ferry service resumed on 16 August 2024.<ref>https://www.sundaytimes.lk/240825/news/india-sri-lanka-ferry-service-helps-religious-and-business-visitors-568591.html</ref>

==Operations==
Cheriyapani travels from Nagapattinam to Kankesanthurai via the [[Palk Strait]]. Service is administered by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board in India. The trip takes 3–4 hours to complete depending on ocean conditions, and covers a distance of 110 km (68 mi). The ferry departs each location once per day, leaving Nagapattinam at 7am IST and arriving in Kankesanthurai around 11am. The return trip departs Sri Lanka at 1.30pm, arriving in India around 5.30pm. Each passenger is allowed a 40 kg (88 lb) baggage.<ref>Karki, Binayak (20 October 2023). [https://eturbonews.com/india-sri-lanka-passenger-ferry-restarted/ "India-Sri Lanka Passenger Ferry Restarted After 40 Years"]. eTurboNews. Retrieved on 20 October 2023.</ref>

===Fares===
The ferry ticket costs [[Indian rupee|₹]]7,670 (roughly US$90), which consists of a ₹6,500 base fare, plus an 18% [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]].<ref name="cnbc" /> Online ticket sales are set to commence in January 2024. Until then, passengers phone ahead to reserve their tickets at least 24 hours in advance, and must send copies of their passports to the operator via [[WhatsApp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New ferry service launched between India and Sri Lanka: Check out details on booking tickets, fare and more |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/outside-kerala/2023/10/14/nagapattinam-sri-lanka-kankesanturai-ferry-service-details-narendra-modi-jaishankar.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Improve categories|date=October 2023}}

[[Category:Ferry transport in India]]
[[Category:Ferry transport in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka relations]]

Sodepur

2026-01-11T13:24:55Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{About|Neighbourhood in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake operational area of ECL in Asansol subdivision|Sodepur Area}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sodepur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Sodpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Amarabati Crossing - Sodepur 7456.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Amarabati crossing near Sodepur rail overbridge
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.698214|N|88.38947689999998|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Panihati|Panihati Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700110, 7000113, 700114, 700115,
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Panihati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panihati]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Sodepur''' (also known as '''Sodpur''') is a neighbourhood in [[Panihati]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref>

== History ==
There was once a community named Sayyid in this area from which the place was known as Sayyidpur or Sodepur.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Welcome to Panihati Municipality |url=https://www.panihatimunicipality.in/html/origin-name.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.panihatimunicipality.in}}</ref> The Khadi Pratishthan (Ashram) of Sodepur (or Khadi Ashram Sodepur) has witnessed many events in the history of the country's independence movement. This Pratishthan was like Sabarmati near Sodepur station which Gandhiji himself called his 'second home'. Binda shaw line oldest line in Sodepur The importance of this Khadi Pratishthan is immense as it has witnessed many histories in the making. Several important decisions were taken by the national leaders on this premises.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
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| coord={{coord|22|41|47|N|88|24|32|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood/ administrative location Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
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|mark-coord3={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Chak Kanthalia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Chak Kanthalia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|44|52|N|88|24|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Ruiya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ruiya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Patulia| numbered5=CT | mark-title5= [[Patulia]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|43|48|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bandipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
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|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|57|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Ghola| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|28|N|88|24|41|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Bilkanda| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Bilkanda]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Muragachha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Muragachha]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
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|mark-coord18={{coord|22|42|15|N|88|26|25|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=New Barrackpore| numbered18=M| mark-title18= [[New Barrackpore]] (M)|shape-olor18=#800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|22|13|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Kamarhati| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Kamarhati]] (M)
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|mark-coord21={{coord|22|38|5|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Baranagar| numbered21=M| mark-title21= [[Baranagar]] (M)|
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|mark-coord23={{coord|22|39|10|N|88|25|6|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= North Dumdum| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[North Dumdum]] (M)
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|mark-coord26={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|24|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Karna Madhabpur| numbered26=N| mark-title26= [[Karna Madhabpur]] (N)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|25|28|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Nilganj| numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Nilganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22.6292|88.3578}}| label28=Hooghly| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=76| label-pos28=top| label-size28=9| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.6112|88.3578}}| label29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=114| label-pos29=top| label-size29=9| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Location===
Sodepur is located at {{coord|22.698214|N|88.38947689999998|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Sodpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sodepur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

96% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (partly presented in the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map) lives in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2. The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.

===Police station===
[[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] and [[Khardaha]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over [[Panihati]] and [[New Barrackpore]] Municipal areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php |title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work= List of Police Stations with telephone numbers |publisher= West Bengal Police | access-date = 11 June 2018}}</ref>

There is a police outpost at Sodepur. Main police station - Khardah Police Station. {{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), [[Naihati]] (M), [[Bhatpara]] (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] (CB), [[Barrackpore]] (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) [[New Barrackpore]] (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), [[North Dumdum]] (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), Nanna (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and Panpur (OG).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref>

Sodepur is a part of Panihati Municipality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panihatimunicipality.in/html/origin-name.html |title= Welcome to Panihati Municipality |publisher=Panihatimunicipality.in |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref>

==Transport==
'''Metro'''[[File:Kolmetro.png|thumb|Kolkata new proposed Metro [[Pink Line (Kolkata Metro)|Pink Line]] ([[Baranagar]] - [[Barrackpore]]). Nearest Metro rail station is Baranagar.]]

[[File:Sodepur railway station (1).jpg|thumb|left|[[Sodepur railway station]]]]

===Rail===
Sodepur is well connected through [[Sodepur railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]] by the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] suburban network.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-kalyani-simanta-local-31311/16438/325/958#st | title = 31311 Sealdah-Kalyani Simanta Local | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 21 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

===Commuters===
Around a total of 32 lakh people from all around the city commute to Kolkata daily for work. In the Sealdah-Krishnanagar section there are 34 trains that carry commuters from 30 railway stations. In the Sealdah-Shantipur section 32 trains carry commuters from 29 stations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf | title = The Suburban Railway Network of Kolkata: A Geographical Apprisal| first=Teesta|last=Dey | publisher = eTraverse, the Indian journal of spatial science, 2012 | access-date = 12 June 2018}}</ref>

===Road===
The [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]] which passes through the heart of the town provides ample road transport. The Sodepur-Barasat Road also starts from here.<ref name="google"/> East and west parts of Sodepur are connected with a Rail Overbridge named '''Acharya Prafulla Chandra Setu''' (Sodepur Bridge), which was inaugurated in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sodepur Rail Overbridge|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/24-paraganas/critical-condition-of-sodepur-railway-flyover-1.867931}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sodepur Bridge|url=https://english.kolkata24x7.com/pwd-officials-inspect-sodepur-flyover.html/}}</ref>

===Bus===
====Private Bus====
* 56 [[Howrah Station]] - [[Ruiya]] Purbapara
* 78 [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] - [[Barrackpore]] Court
* 78/1 [[Babughat]] - [[Rahara]] Bazar/Parthapur
* 81/1 [[Barasat]] - [[Bally, Bally-Jagachha|Rajchandrapur]]
* 214 [[Babughat]] - Sajirhat
* 214A [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] - [[Sukchar|Sodepur Girja]]
* DN43 [[Barasat]] Checkpost - [[Dakshineswar]]

====WBTC Bus====
CTC Bus
* C28 [[Barrackpore]] Court - [[Howrah Station]]
* C45 [[Ghola]] Muragacha - [[Howrah Station]]

CSTC Bus
* E32 [[Nilganj]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* S11 [[Nilganj]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* S32 [[Barrackpore]] Court - [[Howrah Station]]
* S58 [[Barrackpore]] Court - [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Karunamoyee
* AC20 [[Barrackpore]] Court - [[Santragachi railway station]] (8 AM to 9 AM and afternoon 2 PM to 3 PM. In the Evening, the Bus plies from [[B.B.D. Bagh]] to [[Dunlop, Kolkata|Dunlop]].)

====Bus Routes Without Numbers====
* [[Howrah Station]] - [[Madhyamgram]]
* [[Sukchar|Sodepur Girja]] - [[Uluberia]] Court
* [[Barrackpore]] Court - [[Salap]]
* [[Barrackpore]] Court - [[Mourigram railway station]]
* [[Barrackpore|Lalkuthi]] - [[Howrah Station]]

==Education==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}
The oldest school at Sodepur is [[Sodepur High School]] which is affiliated to [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|West Bengal Board]]. It was established in 1853.

The other schools here are:
* Natagarh Sri Sri Ramkrishna Vidyamandir (Ramkrishnapur), affiliated to [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|West Bengal Board]] (Bengali medium)
* Swami Vivekananda Seva Sumity Vidhyalaya (Buniyadi School), affiliated to West Bengal Board (Bengali medium)
* Chandrachur Vidyapith, for boys, girls and primary, affiliated to West Bengal Board (Bengali medium)
* Sukchar Karmadaksha Chandrachur Vidyayatan, for boys, and primary, affiliated to West Bengal Board (Bengali medium)
* Sukchar Satadal balika vidyayatan, for girls, and primary, affiliated to West Bengal Board (Bengali medium)
* Desbandhu Sikshyatan, affiliated to West Bengal Board (Bengali medium)
* Sushil Chandra Balika Vidyalay, affiliated to West Bengal Board (Bengali medium)
* Central Point School affiliated to [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE Board]] (English medium)
* Park Institution, affiliated to CISCE Board (English medium)
* National Model School, H.B. Town, affiliated to CISCE Board (English medium)
* St. Pauls, Amrabati, affiliated to CISCE Board (English medium)
* [[St. Xavier's Institution (Panihati)|St. Xavier's Institution]], affiliated to CISCE
*[https://oruschool.in/india/sushil-krishna-sikshayatan-school-ward-no-31 SUSHIL KRISHNA SIKSHAYATAN] School (Bengali medium)
*Ramakrishna Vivekananda Mission Debarati Roy Memorial Institute (English Medium) West Bengal Board
*Sodepur Nabodoy Institute affiliated to West Bengal Board (Bengali Medium)

In the area of higher education, there are many colleges:
* [[Panihati Mahavidyalaya]], affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]], government-aided
* [[Guru Nanak Institute of Technology]], private
* Guru Nanak Institute of Hotel Management, private
* [[Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research]] and Hospital, private
* Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, private
* JIS University, private
* [[Metropolitan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]]

==Employment==

The Skill Institute offers new approach to creating more employable youth in Bengal, by using a three-pronged approach of policy aggregation, skill development and job creation. It was started by [[London School of Economics]] and [[University College London]] alumni.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080831102022/http://www.sodepurbazar.com/ Sodepur Bazar website]

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}yo
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Malikaa Marathe

2026-01-05T22:13:16Z

Alaratan Tripura: created a biography basic info

{{short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Malikaa Marathe
| fullname =
| image =
| caption =
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date =30 April 2003
| residence = [[Pune]], India
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| height =
| plays=Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney =
| singlesrecord =
| singlestitles = 1
| highestsinglesranking = 343 (21 January 2019) (ITF)

1 (India)
| currentsinglesranking = 369 (8 April 2019)
| Team = no
| updated = 15 April 2019
|coach=[[Sandeep Kirtane]]}}
'''Malikaa Marathe''' (born 30 April 2003)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Angikaar |date=2017-05-04 |title=Malikaa Marathe is the 14-year-old sensation who's causing waves in Indian junior tennis |url=https://scroll.in/field/836451/malikaa-marathe-is-the-14-year-old-sensation-whos-causing-waves-in-indian-junior-tennis |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[tennis]] player.

== Biography ==
Marathe was born in [[Pune]], India. At the age of 4, she was diagnosed with [[amblyopia]]. She had to wear a patch on her right eye, which was weak for four years until it recovered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laughingcolours.com/malikaa-marathe-girl-partial-eyesight-tennis-champion-91904/|title=Malikaa Marathe, a girl who had a partial eyesight is now a tennis champion|website=Laughing Colours|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410072928/https://laughingcolours.com/malikaa-marathe-girl-partial-eyesight-tennis-champion-91904/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She began playing tennis at age 6.<ref name=":0" />

Marathe won her first State Championship in 2013 in the U-10 category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/tennis-tourney-dalvi-nitture-annex-u10-state-rankings-title/|title=Tennis tourney: Dalvi, Nitture annex U-10 state rankings title|date=13 May 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref> In 2015, she won the National Championship in the U-12 category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/marathe-sandeep-win-ramesh-desai-u-12-national-tennis-titles/16236183|title=Marathe, Sandeep win Ramesh Desai U-12 national tennis titles|date=25 May 2015|website=mid-day}}</ref> She represented India in [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] Asia U-14 and Under Development Championship where she won a gold medal in doubles.<ref name=":0" /> In 2017, she qualified for the pre-qualifying tournament, "Rendez-Vous à Roland Garros", for the [[2017 French Open – Girls' singles|French Open Girls' singles]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tennis/we-could-see-an-indian-winning-the-junior-french-open-title-soon/story-ATfOAnoI3AtfN2AfI27uXP.html|title=We could see an Indian winning the junior French Open title soon|date=26 May 2017|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

Her coach is [[Sandeep Kirtane]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathe, Malikaa}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-tennis-bio-stub}}

Ramsha

2025-12-20T03:24:50Z

Alaratan Tripura: made a post added tags

{{About|the East Syriac Rite canonical hours|general understanding and history|Canonical hours|West Syriac Rite canonical hours|Shehimo}}
[[File:Ramsha in Syriac Aramaic.svg|thumb|Ramsha in Syriac Aramaic script.]]
'''Ramsha'''<ref name=Maronite>{{cite web|url=http://stjohnmaron.org/September-14---Holy-Cross-Evening.php|title=Home|publisher=Maronite Monks of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718054818/https://www.maronitemonastery.com/|archive-date=18 July 2021}}</ref> ({{langx|syc|{{Script/Strng|ܪܡܫܐ}}}}) is the [[Aramaic]] and [[East Syriac Rite]] term for the evening Christian [[liturgy]] followed as a part of the [[Canonical hours#East Syriac Rite|seven canonical hours]] or Divine Office, roughly equivalent to [[Vespers]] in [[Western Christianity]]. It's also called '''Ramsho''' in the [[West Syriac Rite]]. It is used in the Syriac churches of the East Syriac tradition, including the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] of Iraq, the [[Ancient Church of the East]] of Iraq, the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of the [[Kerala|Malabar coast, Kerala]], [[India]] ([[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro Malabar Catholic Church]] and [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]), and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] of Iraq. The Chaldean Catholic and Syro-Malabar Churches are all [[Eastern Catholic]] churches in full communion with the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite book
| title =Divine Praises in Aramaic Tradition
| author = Fr. Varghese Pathikulangara CMI
| publisher =Denha Services
| year =2011
| isbn =978-93-81207-02-4
| url =http://www.nasranifoundation.org/books/pdf/DivinePraisesinAramaicTradition.pdf
| pages =8–12
| location =Kottayam}}</ref>

In the East Syriac tradition, a liturgical day begins with the Ramsha during evening at 6:00 pm which draws direct reference from {{Bibleverse|Genesis|1:5|NABRE}}.<ref>{{cite book
| title =The Nestorians and Their Rituals
| author =George Percy Badger
| publisher =Joseph Masters
| year =1852
| isbn =
| url =https://archive.org/details/nestoriansandth00nealgoog
| page =[https://archive.org/details/nestoriansandth00nealgoog/page/n42 16]
| location =Kurdistan}}</ref> The [[Second Vatican Council]] made it clear that the canonical hours, referred to as the "[[Liturgy of the Hours]]" within the new form of the [[Roman Rite]], are the official prayers of the Catholic Church along with the celebration of the [[Eucharist]], which is done in the [[Holy Qurbana|Holy Qurbana or Qurbono]] in the Syriac tradition.<ref name="divine">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11219a.htm|title=Divine Office|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref>

==Canonical hours in the Syriac tradition==
[[File:Ramsha of Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|Ramsha prayer book of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] ]]
The Shehima, the Divine Prayers, Divine Office, Liturgy of the Hours, or canonical hours are all regular terms for the liturgy Ramsha is a part of. In accordance with the Jewish tradition, the following are the [[fixed prayer times|seven times of prayer]] in the Syriac Churches:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Canonical hours in East Syriac and English
|-
! East Syriac name !! English name !! Time
|-
| [[Ramsho|Ramsha]] || [[Vespers]] or Evening Liturgy|| 6 pm
|-
| Suba-a || [[Compline]] || 9 pm
|-
| Lelya || [[Midnight office|Midnight Liturgy]] || 12 am
|-
| Qala d Shahra || Vigil Liturgy || 3 am
|-
| Sapra || [[Matins]]/Morning Liturgy || 6 am
|-
| Quta'a || 3rd Hour || 9 am
|-
| Endana<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasranifoundation.org/books/pdf/DivinePraisesinAramaicTradition.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-17 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081743/http://www.nasranifoundation.org/books/pdf/DivinePraisesinAramaicTradition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://houseofbrands.pk/blogs/blog/about-ramsha-brands|title = About Ramsha Brands}}</ref> || 6th Hour || 12 pm
|-
|}

{{Eastern Catholicism}}

==See also==
* [[Saint Thomas Christians]]
* [[Shehimo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]

Palamangalam

2025-12-02T06:26:19Z

Alaratan Tripura: minor adjust section per sources and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palamangalam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 07-05-1992
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Puttur, Andhra Pradesh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1256
| population_as_of = 1256
| population_rank = 7
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517581
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08577
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Palamangalam''' is a village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Narayanavanam]] mandal, located in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

In the 2011 census it had a population of 3754 in 1015 households.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_2800.xls|title=District Census Hand Book - Village Release|access-date=2020-12-24|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|11|38|N|76|07|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]

1943: Kappaleriya Thamizhan

2025-11-23T22:23:44Z

Alaratan Tripura: Made A Page

{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = 1943: கப்பலேறிய தமிழன்
| image = 1943 Kappaleriya Thamizhan.png
| alt_name = 1943
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Historical drama]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = K.S.I.Sundar
| screenplay = '''Dialogue''' Ashwinii Selvaraj Vijalaxmi Kannan K.S.I.Sundar
| director = K.S.I.Sundar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Jaynesh Isuran]]
* Dhivyah Raveen
* [[Apple Chan]]
* [[Richard Low]]
* Tharakshi
* Lingam
* Iliyash
}}
| country = Singapore
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 36
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* AG Sahbinah
* Vijay Balaji
* KG Kumar
}}
| executive_producer = K.S.I. Sundar
| company = Perfectimage00 Entertainment
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| cinematography = Segar Varathan
| editor = Paul
| camera = 8k
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|11|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|02|05}}
}}

'''1943: Kappaleriya Thamizhan''' (1943: கப்பலேறிய தமிழன்) also known as '''''1943''''' is a 2023 Singapore [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|Historical television series]], starring [[Jaynesh Isuran]], Dhivyah Raveen, [[Apple Chan]], Tharakshi, Lingam, Iliyash and [[Richard Low]]. The story revolves around Kannan ([[Jaynesh Isuran]]), who's determined to fight for his rights, but faces intense pursuit.

It is written and directed by K.S.I.Sundar and produced by AG Sahbinah, Vijay Balaji and KG Kumar under the banner of Perfectimage00 Entertainment. It started airing on [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]] from 29 November 2023 to 5 February 2024 for 36 episodes on Monday to Thursday at 21:00, replacing Anbin Aaram. The series also streams on mewatch. The show is claimed to be one of the highest budget series on [[Singapore]] Tamil television.

== Premise ==
1943: Kappaleriya Thamizhan tells the story of Kannan ([[Jaynesh Isuran]]) has devoted himself to the cause of [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom]] from the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Jaynesh Isuran" />

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Jaynesh Isuran]] as Karmegam Kannan
** A quiet yet determined young Tamil man in British-ruled India. When his family faces extortion by a ruthless British Army General, Kannan unveils a shocking truth. Fleeing from British pursuit, Kannan then boards the Rajula Ship bound for Singapore.
* Dhivyah Raveen as Tamizharasi
** A headstrong, stubborn, and fiercely intelligent young Tamil Girl. Her adopted Chinese brothers and their tragic demise shatters her world, driving her to seek vengeance for their unjust murder.
* [[Apple Chan]] as Grace
** She is the daughter of the Japanese General. She is a stark contrast to her father innocent, naive and blissfully unaware of his brutal actions. Unlike her father, she treasures justice and honesty.
* [[Richard Low]] as The General
** A Japanese General is the mastermind behind Operation Sook Ching, a brutal mission in Singapore targeting [[Anti-Japanese sentiment|Anti-Japanese elements]].
* Tharakshi Alluri<ref name="1943 கப்பலேறிய தமிழன்" /> as Seetha
** She loves Kannan one-sidedly, and she's all in for his revolutionary mission. She sticks with Kannan's family until the end and remains a pillar of support, facing the atrocities of the British.

=== Supporting ===
* Lingam
* Iliyash
* Kokila Gobinathan as Saraswathi (Kannan's Mother, Seetha's Aunt)<ref name="1943 கப்பலேறிய தமிழன்" />
* Nagharaj as Anbarasan
* Raguvaran Naidu as Vengaiyan
* Kris Mavericko as Anbu
* Selvaganthan PM
* Rajarani Pandiyan as Kannan's Father
* Krishnan
* Leena
* Anees Hameed
* Pandi Ravi
* L. Ganapathy
* Veera Samar

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Actor [[Jaynesh Isuran]] was cast as Karmegam Kannan, who is fighting against [[British Raj]].<ref name="Jaynesh Isuran">{{cite web|author=Douglas Tseng |url=https://www.8days.sg/seeanddo/streamit/tv-show-movies-highlights-dec-11-dec-17-2023-823301|title=Stuff To Watch This Week (Dec 11-17, 2023): Barbie, Single’s Inferno, 1943 Drama & More |website=www.8days.sg|date=11 December 2023|language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Richard Low]] plays a Japanese general who plans the Sook Ching operation during the Japanese occupation, Who is involved in the killing of Tamizharasi's family and friends during the massacre.<ref name="1943 Tamil Drama">{{cite web|author=Yeo Shu Hui|url=https://www.asiaone.com/entertainment/old-live-days-well-richard-low-4000-erawan-shrine-divine-wishes-1943-mediacorp-tamil-drama|title=Richard Low and Apple Chan in new Tamil drama 1943|website=www.asiaone.com|date=13 December 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Apple Chan]] cast as The General's daughter Grace.<ref name="1943 Tamil Drama" /> This is making [[Richard Low]] and [[Apple Chan]] performing their first role in Tamil television.

Dhivyah Raveen was cast as Tamizharasi,<ref name="1943 கப்பலேறிய தமிழன்" /> who is justifying her quest for retribution as a fight against oppression. Bakasuran film fame Tharakshi plays the role of Seetha, who loves Kannan one-sidedly.

=== Filming ===
The first schedule of filming was held in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Scenes that took place in [[Karaikudi]] on 19 June and [[Chennai]] were shot on location.<ref name="1943 கப்பலேறிய தமிழன்">{{cite web|author=|url=https://minnambalam.com/cinema/kappal-eriya-thamizhan-web-series-shooting-starts-today/|title=கப்பலேறிய தமிழன் தொடரின் படப்பிடிப்பு தொடங்கியது|website=minnambalam.com|date=19 June 2023|language=ta}}</ref> The second schedule of filming was held in [[Malaysia]].

== Original soundtrack ==
=== Title song ===
It was written by lyricist [[Vairamuthu]], composed by the music director [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://cinemavalai.com/kappal-yeriya-tamilan-webseries/|title=கப்பல் ஏறிய தமிழன் – இணையத்தொடர் படப்பிடிப்பு இன்று தொடக்கம்|website=cinemavalai.com|date=19 June 2023|language=ta}}</ref> The title song of the serial is sung by the Playback Singer [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

===Soundtrack===
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Engal Vaanam Engal Kaatru (எங்கள் வானம் எங்கள் காற்று)
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
| length1 = 3:01
| title2 = Nangaiyae (நங்கையே)
| lyrics2 = J.S.Raja Sha
| extra2 = Abrahaam Nithya Pandian, N.Pavithra
| length2 = 1:56
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mewatch.sg/show/1943-420420 1943] on [[Mediacorp]]

{{MediaCorp Vasantham TV Dramas}}

[[Category:Singapore Tamil dramas]]
[[Category:Vasantham TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows in Singapore]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Television series set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Gayathridevi Ente Amma

2025-11-09T22:07:25Z

Alaratan Tripura: made new biography

{{About|2024 Indian Malayalam soap opera|1985 Indian Malayalam film|Gaayathridevi Ente Amma}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| image =
| based_on =
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| company = Sree Communications
| writer = Jayaraj Vijay
| director = Krishna Prasad
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] Noobin Johnny
| open_theme = Saanand George
| country = [[India]]
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 408
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Suresh Unnithan]]
| cinematography = Alex Unni Thomas
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| network = [[Mazhavil Manorama]] [[ManoramaMAX]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|07|22}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2025|11|08}}
| related =
}}

'''''Gayathridevi Ente Amma''''' ({{Translation|Gayathridevi My Mother}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[television drama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-serial-gayathridevi-ente-amma-set-to-premiere-on-july-22-actress-shari-makes-her-malayalam-tv-comeback/articleshow/111903383.cms|website=The Times of India|title=New serial 'Gayathridevi Ente Amma' set to premiere on July 22, actress Shari makes her Malayalam TV comeback|date=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gayathri Devi Ente Amma, New Malayalam Television Serial on Mazhavil Manorama – 22 July|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/gayathri-devi-ente-amma-serial/|website=Kerala TV|date=14 July 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> It aired from 22 July 2024 to 8 November 2025 on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] and is streamed on [[ManoramaMAX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/165910/gayathri-devi-ente-amma|title=Gayathridevi Ente Amma - ManoramaMAX|website=ManoramaMAX}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/manoramamax-ott-upcoming/|website=Kerala TV|title=Gayathri Devi Ente Amma (Serial), Pavi Caretaker (Movie) – Coming Soon on ManoramaMax OTT Platform|date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinemaseriesupdates.com/mazhavil-manoramas-gayathri-devi-ente-amma-cast-name-with-photo-heroine-timing-and-latest-updates/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804154253/https://cinemaseriesupdates.com/mazhavil-manoramas-gayathri-devi-ente-amma-cast-name-with-photo-heroine-timing-and-latest-updates/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 August 2024|title=Gayathri Devi Ente Amma Cast Name, heroine, timings|date=25 July 2024}}</ref> It stars [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] and Noobin Johnny in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/gayathri-devi-ente-amma/|title=ഗായത്രീദേവി എൻ്റെ അമ്മ സീരിയല്‍, മഴവിൽ മനോരമയിൽ ജൂലൈ 22 മുതൽ എല്ലാ ദിനങ്ങളിലും രാത്രി 7:30ന്|work=Kerala TV|date=20 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/serial-gayathri-devi-ente-amma-story-actors/|website=Kerala TV|title=Mazhavil Manorama Channel Malayalam Serial Gayathri Devi Ente Amma – Story, Actors and Characters|date=20 July 2024 | access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Jayaraman harasses his wife, Gayathri Devi, due to setbacks in his business and personal life. Their son, Abhishek, has only one goal: to save his mother from his father's cruelty and provide her with a happy life. Thus, Abhishek and Gayathri Devi escape from Jayaram and prepare for a new life.

==Cast==
* Noobin Johnny as Abhilash / Abhi
** Akash Mahesh as Young Abhi
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Gayathri Devi, Abhi's Mother
* Tonisha Kapileswarapu as Devabala, Abhi's Wife
* [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] as Esha, Abhi's Love Interest
* V. K. Baiju as Jayaraman, Abhi's Father
* Firosh as Devarajan Master, Devabala's Father
* Athira Praveen as Sunanda, Abhi's Friend
* Santhosh Kurup as Sathyapalan Master, Sunanda's Father
* [[Reshmi Boban]] as Vasudha, Jayaraman's Lover
* Karthika Kannan as Mini, Gayathri's Friend and Neighbour
* Thirumala Ramachandran as Janardhanan
* Devi Menon as Ammayi
* Anand Narayan as Rahul
*Raheena Anas as Nina

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.manoramamax.com/programs/detail/165910/gayathri-devi-ente-amma Gayathridevi Ente Amma - ManoramaMAX]

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Mazhavil Manorama original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kerala]]

List of villages in Sirsa district

2025-09-29T02:10:30Z

Alaratan Tripura: created first location v1

{{short description|None}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

[[Sirsa district|Sirsa]] is a district in [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The total area of Sirsa is 4,277 km, including 4,218.02 km of rural area and 58.98 km of urban area. Sirsa has a population of 1,295,189. Sirsa is further divided into four [[tehsil]]s for administrative purposes.

==Sirsa==
{{columns-list|
* Nathohar
* Bani
* Bahiya
* Mastangarh
* Amritsar Kalan
* Amritsar Khurd
* Sant Nagar
* Sri Jiwan Nagar
* Ahamadpur
* Alanoor
* Ali Mohammad
* Alikan
* Alipur Titu Khera
* Anandgarh
* Arnian Wali
* Bada Gudha
* Baguwali
* Bhuna
* Bajekan
* Bakarianwali
* Ban Sudhar
* Baruwali Doem
* Baruwali I
* Bhadra
* Bhagsar
* Bhamboor
* Bhangu
* Bharokhan
* Bhavdin
* Bhiwan
* Bhudha Bhana
* Biruwala Gudha
* Brasari
* Buppa
* Burj Bhangu
* Burj Karamgarh
* Chadiwal
* Chaharwala
* Chakkan
* Chak Arian
* Chak Jiwa
* Chak Quasaban
* Chak Suchan
* Chakbani
* Chakerian
* Chamal
* Chattar Garh
* Chauburja
* Chhatrian
* Dadu
* Darban Kalan
* Darbi
* Daulatpur Khera
* Desu Jodha
* Desu Khurd
* Desu Malkana
* Dhaban
* Dharampura
* Dhingtania
* Dhookara
* Ding
* Dogranwali
* Faggu
* Farwain
* Fatehpur Niamatkhan
* Gadli
* Gadrana
* Ganja Rupana
* Ghoranwali
* Gindran
* Ganga
* Gidranwali
* Gigorani
* Gudia Khera
* Gusaiana
* Handi Khera
* Hanjira
* Jamal
* Jasania
* Jhiri
* Jhopra
* Jhorar Nali
* Jhorar Rohi
* Jalalana
* Jodhkan
* Jogiwala
* Jorian
* Kagdana
* Kalanwali Rural
* Kamal
* Kanganpur
* Kanwarpura
* Karamgarh
* Kariwala
* kashi ka bass
* Kasan Khera
* Keharwala
* Kelnian
* Keshopura
* Kewal
* Khai Shergarh
* Khaja Khera
* Kharian
* Khatranwa
* Khairpur
* Kheowali
* Kherekan
* Kheri
* Khuyian Nepalpur
* Kirar Kot
* Kotli
* Kukar Thana
* Kumharia
* Kurangan Wali
* Kusambi
* Kutiana
* Lahenge Wala
* Lakarwali
* Liwal Wali
* Ludesar
* Madho Singhana
* Makho Soran
* Malari
* Malekan
* Malewala
* Manak Diwan
* Mangala
* Manjal thed
* Mattar
* Mauja Khera
* Maujdin
* Mirpur
* Mitthi Sureran
* Mochiwali
* Modia Khera
* Mohamadpur Salarpur
* Moriwala
* Musahab Wala
* Nagoki
* Naharanwali
* Nahrana
* Narain Khera
* Narel Khera
* Nathusari Kalan
* Nathusari Khurd
* Nattar
* Nezadela Kalan
* Nezadela Khurd
* Nezia Khera
* Nirwan
* Odhan
* Pacca
* pathargarh
* Panjmala
* Panjuana
* Panniwala Mota
* Patli Dabar
* Phoolkan
* Raguana
* Raipur
* Rajpura Sani
* Ram Nagaria
* Rampura
* Rampura Bagrian
* Rampura Bisnoian
* Rampura Dhilanwala
* Randhawa
* Ranga
* Rangri Khera
* Rasulpur Split Vill
* Risalia Khera
* Rohan
* Roharan Wali
* Rori
* Rupana Urf Darban Khurd
* Rupawas
* Saharan
* Sahuwala I
* Sahuwala II
* Sanghar Sarishta
* Sawaipur
* Shahidan Wali
* Shahpur Begu
* Shahpuria
* Shakar Khera
* Shakar Mandori
* Shamshabad
* Shekhupuria
* Sarsaiya
* Singhpura
* Sirsa
* Subewala Khera
* Suchan
* Sukhchain
* Surtia
* Tajia Khera
* Takhatmal
* Tarkan Wali
* Taruana
* Tehri Baba Sawan Singh
* Thiraj
* Tilokewala
* Vaidwala
|colwidth=15em}}

==Rania Tehsil==
{{columns-list|
* Abholi
* Abut Garh
* Bacher
* Bahia
* Balasar
* Bani
* Bharolan Wali
* Bhoona
* Bukhara Khera
* Chakkan
* Darewala
* Dhani Satnam Singh
* Dhani Bhagwan Singh
* Dhanoor
* Dhottar
* Dhudian Wali
* Fatehpuria
* Ferozabad
* Ghoranwali
* Gindran
* Haripura
* Harni Khurd
* Jiwan Nagar
* Jodh Puria
* Kariwali
* Keharwala
* Khaja Khera
* Kharian
* Kussar
* Mamer Khera
* Mangalia
* Manjal thed
* Mattuwala
* Mehna Khera
* Mohamad Puria
* Mohranwali
* Naiwala
* Nakora
* Nanuana
* Nathohar
* Nigrana
* Ottu
* Peer Khera
* Rampur Theri
* Rania
* Sadewala
* Sainpal
* Sultanpuria
* Fatehpuriya Niyamat khan
|colwidth=15em}}
==Dabwali tehsil==
{{columns-list|
* Abub Shahar Split Vill
* Ahmadpur Darewala
* Alika
* Asa Khera
* Asir
* Banwala
* Bharu Khera
* Bijuwali
* Chakjalu
* Chatha
* Chormar Khera
* Chutala
* [[Mandi Dabwali|Dabwali]]
* Desu Jodha
* Dewan Khera
* Faridpur
* Ganga
* Ghukanwali
* Giddar Khera
* Gobindgarh
* Godeka
* Goria Wala
* Habuana
* Hassu
* Jagmalwali
* Jandwal Jattan
* Jandwala Bishnoian
* Jhuti Khera
* Joge Wala
* Jottanwali
* Kaluana
* Khokhar
* Khuyan Malkhana
* Kingra
* Lakhuana
* Lambi
* Lohgarh
* Makha
* Malakpur
* Mangiana
* Masitan
* Matdadu
* Maujgarh
* [[Mithri, Sirsa]]
* Modi
* Moonanwali
* [[Nai Dabwali]]
* Naurang
* New Rajpura
* Nillanwali
* Nuhiyan Wali
* Odhan
* Pana
* Panniwala Moreka
* Panniwala Ruldu
* Phullo
* Pipli
* Rajpura
* Ramgarh
* Ramnagar
* Rampura Bishnoian
* Ratta Khera
* Risalia Khera
* Sakta Khera
* Salam Khera
* [[Sanwant Khera]]
* Shergarh
* Sukheranwala
* [[Tappi]]
* Teja Khera
* Tigri
* Kumbhthal
* Kuta Budh
* Mamera
* Mehna Khera
* Mirzapur
* Mithanpur
* Mithi Surera
* Moju Khera
* Mosli
* Neemla
* Patti Kirpal
* Phorka
* Ratta Khera
* Shekhu Khera
* Talwara Khurd
* Thobaria
* Umedpura
|colwidth=15em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Villages in Sirsa District}}
[[Category:Villages in Sirsa district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in India|Sirsa District]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Haryana|Sirsa District]]

T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar

2025-09-14T04:50:27Z

Alaratan Tripura: done

{{short description|Indian entomologist (1880–1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:TVRamakrishnaAyyar.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tarakad Vaidyanatha Ramakrishna Ayyar''' (20 July 1880 – 13 February 1952) was a pioneer [[India]]n [[Entomology|entomologist]] who worked in the agricultural department in British India. He described numerous species of insect, especially the [[thrips]], catalogued Indian insect pests, taught, and wrote a landmark textbook of entomology, the ''Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India'' (1940).

== Biography ==
[[File:T V Ramakrishna Ayyar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|In younger age]]
Ayyar was born at Tarakad in [[Palakkad|Palghat]] to Vaidyanatha Ayyar, an advocate, and Meenakshiammal. The family had moved to Palghat from Tanjore nearly a century ago., he was the second of three brothers. His early schooling was at the Native High School and later at Victoria College, Palghat. He received a degree in zoology from the [[Madras Christian College]] in 1898 and was awarded a Buckie studentship to continue postgraduate studies. He then went to teach at Maharajah's College in Cochin from 1900 to 1904. A younger brother T.V. Subrahmaniam also became an entomologist. In 1904, he joined as a Research Assistant to Prof. [[Harold Maxwell-Lefroy|H. Maxwell-Lefroy]] at Muzaffarpur. His early work was in examining the natural parasites of bollworm in Surat. In 1905, he moved to the [[Imperial Agricultural Research Institute]] at Pusa and in 1906 he obtained a transfer to the Madras Agricultural Department on the recommendation of Lefroy and in 1908 he transferred to Madras Agricultural College, Coimbatore and became a Senior Entomological Assistant to [[Charles Alfred Barber|C.A. Barber]], the Government Botanist. He taught entomology from 1908 to 1914. He was also first assistant to the Government Entomologist, [[Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher|T. Bainbrigge Fletcher]] and his successor in 1913, Edward Ballard. In 1915-1916 he gave a talk on agricultural entomology at the Madras Exhibition of Arts and Industries of South India.
[[File:Entomology meeting 1919.jpg |thumb|left|T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar in 1919, sitting, fourth from right]]
In 1915 he was asked to examine an attack of thrips on rice crops. He sent specimens and they were described by [[C.B. Williams]] as ''Thrips oryzae''. He decided that he needed to gain expertise on this group. The idea of pursuing a Ph.D. from Stanford University came from [[K. Kunhikannan]], his entomologist colleague in Mysore. He applied in 1922 but did not follow up and applied yet again in 1924 but did not join. He renewed his application and joined only in summer, 1927. His wife had recently died and placing his children under the care of his oldest son-in-law, he took leave from 1 November 1926 and left India on 14 November. He worked under [[Rennie Wilbur Doane]] and was also assisted by [[Gordon_Floyd_Ferris|Gordon Ferris]]. In 1927 he received a Ph.D. from Stanford University for his work on the thrips of India.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Current Science| volume=105| issue=5| year=2013|pages=712–716 |title=Remembering T. V. Ramakrishna, the doyen of Indian entomologists|author1=Raman, Anantanarayanan |author2=Sharma, Anamika |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/05/0712.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ije">{{cite journal|year=1952 |journal=Indian Journal of Entomology |volume=14 |pages=187–190| title=Obituary: T V Ramakrishna Ayyar|author1=Mani, M. S.|author2= Rao, Y. R.}}</ref> On his way back from the US, he visited entomological institutions in Europe and the British Museum, where he examined Indian thrips specimens with Frederick Laing, He rejoined government service on 1 October 1927.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Dr. T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar: The Entomologist.|author1=Gunathilagaraj, K.|author2=Chitra, N.|author3=Kuttalam, S.|author4=Ramaraju, K.|publisher=Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|year=2018|place=Coimbatore|pages=1–67}}</ref>
[[File:Pest_calendar_1921.jpg|thumb|A pest calendar for Madras compiled by T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar in 1921, similar to [[:File:Phylloxera_calendar.jpg|contemporary calendars]] made by the US Department of Agriculture]]
Ayyar became a specialist on the thrips and he described numerous new genera and species. Many of his names were derived from Sanskrit rather than Latin or Greek roots. These include such names as ''Thilakothrips'' (thilak being an adornment on the forehead), ''Veerabahuthrips'' (for a long-armed thrips species), ''Arrhenothrips dhumrapaksha'' (=cloud winged), ''Mesothrips bhimabahu'' (a reference to [[Bhima]] and strong fore femora), and ''Ramakrishnaiella nirmalapaksha'' (nirmala -> clear winged). He influenced the entomologist [[T. N. Ananthakrishnan|T.N. Ananthakrishnan]] who also worked on thrips.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=History of Entomology in India|author=Rao, B.R. Subba|publisher=Institution of Agricultural Technologists|year=1998|place=Bangalore|pages=97–101}}</ref> Aiyar retired from the Madras Agricultural College on 20 July 1935. In 1941, on the invitation from the Nizam, he helped the State of Hyderabad establish an entomology research station at Himayatnagar.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Entomological_meeting_1917.jpg|thumb|left|T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar (seated leftmost) with other entomologists at the 1917 meeting]]Ayyar was a founder of the Entomological Society of India and a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and the Zoological Society, London. ''[[Phyllochoreia|Phyllochoreia ramakrishnai]]'' was named after him.<ref name="ije" /> He was editor of the ''Madras Agricultural Journal'' for a few years.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dr. T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar |pages=290–292| journal=Madras Agricultural Journal|volume=23|issue=7| year=1935|author=Anon.}}</ref> In 1934, he was conferred the title of Rao Sahib.<ref name=":0" /> In 1940 he published the ''Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India'' running to 528 pages and expanded on the earlier 1914 work of T.B. Fletcher.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anon.|date=1942|title=Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=149|issue=3766|pages=9|doi=10.1038/149009d0|bibcode=1942Natur.149S...9.|s2cid=4116759|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ayyar married Lakshmi from Palghat and they had three daughters and five sons, one of them was T.R. Vaidyanathan who worked as a physicians in Iran during World War I. Another son T.R. Subramaniam became an entomologist and served as a registrar at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. He died from a stroke on the morning of 13 February 1952 at his home in Tarakad.<ref name=":1" />

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* Ayyar, T.V. Ramakrishna (1963). [https://archive.org/details/southindianinsects1963 Handbook of Entomology for South India]. Government of Madras.
* {{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-students-of-insects/article5542551.ece | title=The students of insects | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 January 2014 | access-date=18 October 2018 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyar, T. V. Ramakrishna}}
[[Category:Indian entomologists]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from British India]]

Comedy Classes

2025-09-10T22:55:14Z

Alaratan Tripura: made a info

{{Short description|Indian comedy television series}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Comedy Classes Logo.jpeg
| genre = [[Sketch comedy]]
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| producer = {{ubl|Vipul D. Shah|Sanjiv Sharma}}
| starring = [[Bharti Singh]] [[Krushna Abhishek]] [[Sudesh Lehri]] [[Shakeel Siddiqui]] [[Siddharth Sagar]]
| presenter =
| writer = {{ubl|Gaurav Dubey|Dinesh Brigedier|[[Anand (writer)|Anand]]}}
| director = [[Nikul C. Desai]]
| editor = Ved Satpathy
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 25 minutes
| num_seasons = 4
| network = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|7}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2016|5|8}}
| creator = Vipul D. Shah
}}

'''''Comedy Classes''''' is an Indian comedy show on channel [[Life OK]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/comedy-classes-moves-from-colors-to-life-ok/articleshow/41503460.cms|title=Comedy Classes moves from Colors to Life OK|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref> Produced by Optimystix Entertainment, its starting date was 7 October 2014.
The show is set in the Ache Din Institute, an acting school run by Selfie Mausi and her brother Naseer.<ref name=sidd>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/siddharth-sagars-double-role-in-comedy-classes/|title=Siddharth Sagar's double role in Comedy Classes|date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==

Initially a [[sitcom]], the show converted into a [[parody|spoofs]]-based show. It starred [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Sudesh Lehri]], [[Bharti Singh]], [[Madhura Naik]], [[Shakeel Siddiqui]], [[Mubeen Saudagar]], [[Siddharth Sagar]], Subuhi Joshi, [[Bruna Abdullah]], and [[Shraman Jain]] in the first season.

The second season started on 12 May 2015. [[Siddharth Sagar]] as 'Selfie Mausi' hosted skits performed by various comedians.
The cast included [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Bharti Singh]], [[Siddharth Sagar]], [[Mubeen Saudagar]], [[Shakeel Siddiqui]], [[Bruna Abdullah]], and Subuhi Joshi.

The third season ''Comedy Classes'' added [[Archana Puran Singh]] as judge named 'Maafia Mausi'. Show was made more interactive with live audience. The cast members were [[Siddharth Sagar]], [[Mubeen Saudagar]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]], [[Sugandha Mishra]], [[Rauf Lala]], [[Shakeel Siddiqui]], Subuhi Joshi, [[Sayantani Ghosh]], [[Arti Singh]], [[Purbi Joshi]], and Balraj.

In the fourth season, the show was made biweekly.<ref>{{ cite web| url = http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/slot-shift-life-oks-comedy-classes-now-air-weekends-151208 | title =Comedy Classes is now Weekend Show|accessdate= 15 January 2016}}</ref> The show format was changed into making spoofs of Bollywood blockbuster movies enacted by its Cast [[Siddharth Sagar]], [[Mubeen Saudagar]], [[Gaurav Khanna]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]], [[Purbi Joshi]], Balraj and [[Arti Singh]], and [[Shakeel Siddiqui]].

The fifth season ''Comedy Classes Evolution''. The cast members were [[Siddharth Sagar]], [[Mubeen Saudagar]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]], [[Sugandha Mishra]], [[Sanket Bhosale]], [[Sudesh Lehri]], [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]], [[Sunil Grover]], [[Upasana Singh]], [[Shakeel Siddiqui]], [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]], [[Sumona Chakravarti]], [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]] and Balraj.

==Special appearance==
*[[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] to promote their film ''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]''
*[[Adil Hussain]] and [[Mona Singh]] to promote their film [[Zed Plus]]
*[[Rakhi Sawant]] - Guest appearance (2015, 2016)
*[[Ganesh Acharya]] to promote his film [[Hey Bro]]
*[[Rahul Mahajan]] and [[Dimpy Mahajan]] (2015) - [[Bigg Boss]] contestants (spoof)
*[[Geeta Kapoor]] (2015) - Guest appearance in (spoof of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa)
*[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] as Gopi Bahu (spoof of ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
*[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] (2015) - Guest appearance as ''Sadhna Bahu'' (Spoof of ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'') and Dance Performance on Republic Day (2016)
*[[Vishal Singh (TV actor born 1985)|Vishal Singh]] As Nawab and Guest appearance in New Year Special (2015)
*[[Sidharth Shukla]], Savio Barnes, [[Sayantani Ghosh]], [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] (2015) - Guest appearance as contestant in ''Dance Baliye! (Spoof of ''[[Nach Baliye]])
*[[Emraan Hashmi]] and [[Amyra Dastur]] to promote their film [[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]] (2015)
*[[Apara Mehta]] - (2015) Guest appearance as Judge of ''Miss Mohalla''.
*[[Pratyusha Banerjee]], [[Tina Dutta]], [[Usha Nadkarni]] (spoof of [[Balika Vadhu]], [[Pavitra Rishta]] and [[Uttaran]]
*[[Kunal Kapur]] (2015) - Guest appearance as Judge of [[MasterChef India|Master Chef]]
*[[Jackky Bhagnani]] and [[Lauren Gottlieb]] to promote the film [[Welcome to Karachi]]
*[[Rajeev Mehta]] (2015) - Guest appearance as Praful Parekh (Spoof of Kichidi)
*[[Puja Banerjee]] (2015) - Guest appearance
*[[Deepika Singh]] - Guest appearance
*[[Krystle D'Souza]] - Guest appearance
*[[Hina Khan]] (2015) (spoof of [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]])
*[[Krithi Shetty|Kirthi Shetty]] (2015) - Guest appearance
*[[Sonali Raut]] (2015) - Guest appearance
*[[Ajaz Khan]] (2015) - Guest appearance
*[[Upasana Singh]] (2015) - Guest appearance
*[[Malishka RJ]] (2015) - Guest appearance
*[[Sunny Deol]] (2015) - Guest appearance to promote his film Ghayal Once Again
*[[Tushar Kapoor]] and [[Aftab Shivdasani]] (2015) - Guest appearance to promote their film [[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3|Kya Kool Hai Hum 3]]
*[[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Sunny Singh Nijjar|Sunny Singh]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]], [[Omkar Kapoor]], Sonali Sehgall, Ishita Raj Sharma (2015) - to promote their film [[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]
*[[Yuvika Chaudhary]] (2015, 2016) - Guest appearance
*[[Kashmera Shah]], [[Neha Kakkar]] - Guest appearance
*[[Anita Hassanandani]] (2015) - Guest appearance
*[[Adaa Khan]], [[Karan Wahi]], [[Mohammad Nazim]], [[Rahul Vaidya]], [[Jay Soni]] on Republic Day (2016)
*[[Nataliya Kozhenova|Nataliya kozhenova]] - Guest appearance

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/comedy-classes-1652-s Official Website]

{{Life OK Programmes |state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Indian television sketch shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple

2025-07-22T04:52:55Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Chengannur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Trichittatt Mahavishnu Temple, Chengannur
| image = Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple1.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location in [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|19|36|N|76|36|15|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| location = Chengannur
| elevation_m =
| deity = Imayavarappa Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Thrichittatt Mahavishnu Temple''' (also called '''Thiruchenkundrur''' and '''Imayavarappan temple''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Vishnu]], located in [[Chengannur]], [[Alappuzha District]], [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. Constructed in the [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', by Nammalvar, one of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] saint-poets of the 8th century called the [[Alvars]]. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to [[Krishna]], an avatar of [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Imayavarappan. The nearest railway station to the temple is located in Chengannur, while the nearest airports are [[Trivandrum International Airport]] and [[Cochin International Airport]] Ernakulam.

It is one of the five ancient shrines in the [[Chengannur]] area of Kerala, connected with the legend of [[Mahabharata]], where the five [[Pandavas]] are believed to have built one temple each; Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple by [[Yudhishthira]], [[Puliyur Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Bheema|Bhima]], [[Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple]] by [[Arjuna]], [[Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Nakula]] and [[Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Sahadeva]].

The temple is open from 5:00 am to 11:00 am and 5:00 pm to 8:00 pm and is administered by [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] of the [[Government of Kerala]].

==Legend==
[[File:Trichitat kovil.JPG|The sanctum of Trichittatt temple|225px|left|thumb]]
It is one of the five ancient shrines in the [[Chengannur]] area of Kerala, connected with the legend of [[Mahabharata]]. Legend has it that the [[Pandava]] princes, after crowning [[Parikshit]] as king of [[Hastinapura]] left on a pilgrimage. On arriving on the banks of river [[Pamba River|Pamba]], each one is believed to have installed a tutelary image of Krishna; Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple by [[Yudhishthira]], [[Puliyur Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Bheema|Bhima]], [[Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple]] by [[Arjuna]], [[Thiruvanvandoor Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Nakula]] and [[Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu Temple]] by [[Sahadeva]].<ref name=culture>[[#Culture|Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008]], pp. 44-45</ref><ref name=RoaA>[[#Rao|Rao 2012]], pp. 17-20</ref>

During the [[Kurukshetra War]], [[Yudhishthira]], the eldest of the [[Pandavas]], who never before uttered a lie, lied in one instant to defeat his guru, [[Dronacharya|Drona]]. To overcome the sin of the lie, according to this temple's [[Sthala purana|regional legend]], he underwent penance worshiping Vishnu here. The ([[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]) came to this place prior to [[Yudhishthira]] and hence the deity here is referred as Imayavarappar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thulasi garland|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1998|first=Gouri Lakshmi |last=Bayi|page=244}}</ref> There is another version that the Pandavas worshipped the idols during the reign and started installing them in different places during the end of the reign.<ref>{{cite book|title=Theerthayathra: A Pilgrimage Through Various Temples|publisher=Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan|last=K.|first=Sukumaran|year=2009|isbn=9788172763633}}</ref>

Thiruchittattu temple, is considered to be one among the 108 most sacred place of worship, where it is believed Vishnu himself resides.

The temple is believed to have been built by devas along the banks of Chittar, a tributary of [[holy river]] [[Pamba River|Pampa]], before mankind was born. The temple, was then renovated, by Yudhishthira in [[Dvapara Yuga]]. The temple is considered to be the primary temple among the five Mahavishnu Temples built by Pandavas.

In [[Dvapara Yuga]], the Pandavas resided at present day Chengannur for a large duration of their exile, hence, after the passing of deity Krishna, Sage [[Bhrigu]] persuaded the Pandavas to consecrate four sacred temples in the vicinity, to the deity, who was their guide and protector in Mahabharata

This would allow daily offerings and pooja to be carried out on the benevolent deity, in the form of the Thevaram, not only by Pandavas but also all the people who helped Pandavas survive during the exile. The Pandavas, maintained and performed [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] in the five temples till their svargarohanam (Auspicious journey to Vaikuntham)

Yudhishthira on renovation of the temple, installed the Thevara Moorthy of Vishnu with a tutelary image of the deity Krishna. This unique idol, is facing east in a standing posture, with four arms, holding the - [[Panchajanya]] (conch) in the upper right hand, [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus) in the upper left hand, and a [[Padma (Vishnu)|lotus]] in the lower right hand. The lower left hand is free, however Vishnu idols generally have the [[Kaumodaki]] (mace) in this hand.

Yudhishthira after having a holy bath, installed the idols after immersing it in the Pushkarani (Pond), filling the Conch with its water and performed the first Pooja after installation

Hence, the pond at Thrichittat is named as - Amurtha Pushkarani, since the idol was immersed in it and as - Shankha Tirtham, on the occasion of the pond's water filling the Conch, therefore, worshipping at Shankha Tirtham, is considered equivalent to that of Sree Kovil (Sanctum Sanctorum of the Temple), and full darshanam is complete when both places are worshipped

==History==
Earliest references to this temple appear in the poems and hymns composed by the greatest of Alvar saints - [[Nammalvar]], in circa 800 CE. Stone inscriptions in the temple date it back to the Second [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] Empire (800 - 1102 CE).<ref>Temples of Kerala.
{{cite book|title=Temples of Kerala, page 304-305
|author=S. Jayashanker, Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala (Census of India, Special Studies)
|date=May 1997
}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is administered by [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple|url=http://sabarimala.tdb.org.in/node/45|publisher=Travancore Devaswom Board|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> There are no historical records to indicate when the temple was built. As per local legend, the temple was believed to have been built by [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]].<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|page=478}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Trichitat gosalakri.JPG|The shrine of Goshalakrishan|left|225px|thumb]]
The temple is built in [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala style architecture]], common in all temples in the South Indian state of Kerala in Eastern axis. The temple has no gateway tower and has an arch from the main road. A rectangular wall around the temple, called ''Kshetra-Madilluka'' pierced by the gateways, encloses all the shrines of the temple. The metal plated flagpost or ''[[Dwajasthambam|dvajasthambam]]'' is located axial to the temple tower leading to the central sanctum. ''Chuttuambalam'' is the outer pavilion within the temple walls. The central shrine and the associated hall is located in a rectangular structure called ''Nallambalam'', which has pillared halls and corridors.<ref name=RoaB>[[#Rao|Rao 2012]], pp. 12-13</ref> Between the entrance of ''Nallambalam'' to the sanctum, there is a raised square platform called ''Namaskara Mandapa'' which has a pyramidal roof. ''Thevrapura'', the kitchen used to cook offering to the deity is located on the left of ''Namaskara Mandapa'' from the entrance. ''Balithara'' is an altar is used for making ritualistic offering to demi-gods and the festive deities. The central shrine called ''Sreekovil'' houses the image of the presiding deity. It is on an elevated platform with a single door reached through five steps. As per Kerala rituals, only the main priest called [[Thantri]] and the second priest called [[Melshanthi]] alone can enter the ''Sree Kovil''.<ref>[[#Culture|Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008]], p. 139</ref> The central shrine has a circular plan with the base built of granite, superstructure built of laterite and conical roof made of terrocata tile supported from inside by a wooden structure.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Kamli-Kyouk Phyu|editor=Subodh Kapoor|page=3963|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788177552577|volume=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYN0n0pzlpcC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA3963}}</ref> The image of the presiding deity is {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall. Krishna is in his [[vishvarupa]] pose, the one he depicted to Arjuna during the [[Kurukshetra War]].<ref name=Info>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAt8AgAAQBAJ&q=aranmula+temple&pg=PA115|pages=115–116|publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt. Ltd.|first=Biju|last=Mathew|isbn=9788192128443|year=2013}}</ref> In the second precinct, there are shrines of Sastha, Yakshi, Nagaraja and Erangavil Bhagavathy Balarama in the lower shrine.<ref name=Info/>

==Festival, worship practices and religious importance==
[[File:Trichitat sankha.JPG|Temple pond (Sanghatheertha)|225px|thumb]]
The temple is open from 5.30 am to 10.30 am and 5-30 pm to 7-30 pm (Thursday 5-30am to 11am and 5-30pm to 7-30pm)on all days leaving festivel days. The major festivals celebrated in the temple are [[Vaikunta Ekadasi|Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] and Temple festival is at Atham to Thiruvonam (10days)in meenam Month of ME.and Sreekrishna jayanthi as janmastami (Astami -Rohini) .<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Imayavarappan temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=105|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727053447/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=105|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2014|publisher=Dinamalar|year=2011|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> From 1957, the festival of Gosala Krishna Temple at Thiruvanvandoor commences from Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu temple when 25 caparisoned elephants are paraded to the Thiruvanvandoor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gajamela at Gosala Krishna Temple today|location=Kerala|date=19 May 2008|access-date=20 August 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Gajamela-at-Gosala-Krishna-Temple-today/article15225248.ece}}</ref>

Imayavarppa Perumal temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Sri Vaishnava canon, by [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupati Antati'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.<ref name=R/>

*Thrippuliyoor Pancha Pandava Mahavishnu Mayappiran (Beemasena Thiruppathi Covil)Temple. (Kuttanadu Thiruppathi).Puliyoor,Chengannur, Alappuzha Dist.
*Thiruvaranmula Pancha Pandava Mahavishnu Parthasaradhi temple.(Arjuna thiruppathi covil)Thirukuralappan. Aranmula, Pathanamthitta Dist.
*Thiruvanvandoor Panchapandava Mahavishnu (Pampanayappan)temple. Nakula thiruppathi kovil
*Thrikkodiththanam Pancha Pandava Mahavishnu Albhuthanarayanan Temple.
Sahadeva Thiruppathi, Thrikkodiththanam, Chenganassery, Kottayam Dist.
*Thiruvallavizha Mahavishnu Kolapperumal Temple Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta Dist.
*Thrikkaakara Vamanamoorthi Temple, Thrikkaakkara, Ernakulam Dist.
* [[Thirumittakode Anchumoorthi Temple]]
*[[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

;Sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA139|publisher=DC Books|location=Kerala, India|isbn=9788126419036|year=2008|ref=Culture}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples of Kerala|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankaranaryana|ref=Rao|year=2012|isbn=978-81-89888-94-7}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Alappuzha district]]

Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple

2025-07-15T18:33:38Z

Alaratan Tripura:

{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple
| image = Ganapathi Temple, Thiruchengattankudi.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Central shrine
| map_type =
| map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|51|48|N|79|43|20|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapattinam]]
| location = Thiruchengattankudi
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in Tiruchenkattankudi in [[Nagapattinam district]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]]. Though it is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], it is more famous for its [[Ganesha]] (Ganapati) icons.<ref name="Ayyar"/> The main Ganesha shrine depicts him with a human head, instead of the elephant head he is usually depicted with.<ref name="Ayyar"/> '''Vatapi Ganapati''', the other Ganesha icon, was installed in a smaller shrine at a later date.

==Names and legend==
The Shiva temple was known as Siruthonda Ganapatishvara, named over Siruthondar. The name "Ganapatishvara", which also gives the town his alternate name "Ganapatishvaram", denotes Shiva as "Lord of Ganesha" and alludes to the legend that Ganesha killed a demon called Gajamukhasura and then worshipped his father Shiva here.<ref name="Ayyar">Ayyar p. 402</ref><ref name="vatapi" /><ref name="templenet">{{cite web | url=http://templenet.com/Tamilnadu/vatapi.html | title=Vatapi Ganapati | publisher=TempleNet | access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref>

According to another legend, a king ruling Rameswaram region prayed to Lord Shiva for child boon and performed a yajna. Through his voice, Lord assured the king that Ambica would be his daughter. When the king set out on hunting, he found four female children, brought up them as his own daughters. When they attained age, king got married them to Lord Shiva. These are the Ambicas in four places – Sarivar Kuzhali in Rameswaram temple, Vaaitha Tirukuzshal Nayaki in Tiruchengattangudi, Karundhar Kuzhali in Tirupugalur and Vandar Kuzhali in Tirumarugal. They also bear the common name Shoolikambal, the ones who help women through pregnancy and delivery. In all these four places Shrines of Ambika are hosted in separate shrines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bhaktidarshan.in/yatra_darshan_page?id=27|title = Ramanathaswamy Temple}}</ref>

==Vatapi Ganapati==
The icon of Vatapi Ganapati is currently enshrined in a secondary shrine in the temple complex of Uthrapathiswaraswamy Temple. As per oral tradition, the icon of Vatapi Ganapati was brought booty from the [[Chalukya]]n capital of Vatapi (presently known as [[Badami]] in northern [[Karnataka]]) by [[Paranjothi]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Pallava]] king [[Narasimhavarman I]] (reign: 630–668 CE), following [[Battle of Vatapi|the conquest of Pallavas over the Chalukyas]] (642 CE). The icon was placed in Paranjothi's birthplace Tiruchenkattankudi. Later, Paranjothi renounced his violent ways and became a [[Shaiva]] monk known as Siruthondar,<ref>{{Cite web |author=B. Kolappan |date=2023-11-23 |title=A warrior from a remote village who conquered a great city of Chalukyas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-warrior-from-a-remote-village-who-conquered-a-great-city-of-chalukyas/article67567433.ece |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sekkizhar |url=http://archive.org/details/periya-puranam-english-translation-vanmikanathan-g.-r.-k.-mutt-ocred |title=Periya Puranam: A Tamil Classic On the Great Saiva Saints of South India, By Sekkizhaar, English translation by Vanmikanathan |date=2000}}</ref> is venerated as a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint today.<ref name="vatapi">Catlin in Brown pp. 146, 150</ref><ref name="templenet" /> However, no written records substantiate the oral tradition; the Ganesha icon is missing from list of war booty brought by the Pallava general.<ref name="vatapi" /> The famous ''[[Vatapi Ganapatim]]'' hymn is dedicated to this icon.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tiruchenkattangudi - 1.jpg|Vatapi Ganapati
File:Tiruchenkattangudi - 2.jpg|Temple structure
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Robert L.|title=Ganesh: studies of an Asian god|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=New York|year=1991|pages=143–162|isbn=978-0-7914-0656-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oF-Hqih3pBAC&q=%22Vathapi+Ganapathy%22&pg=PA143|access-date=2 August 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|year=1993|pages=402–404|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=%22Vathapi+Ganapathy%22&pg=PA402|access-date=2 August 2009}}
* {{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to South India|publisher=Sura Books|location=Chennai|year=2006|pages=58–59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta6AD7MNFioC&q=%22Vathapi+Ganapathy%22&pg=PA59|access-date=2 August 2009 | isbn=978-81-7478-175-8}}

{{Nagapattinam district}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Jyotirmoy Kar

2025-04-28T08:49:52Z

Alaratan Tripura: adding a stub more to come.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Jyotirmoy Kar''' (born 1957)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jyotirmoy Kar(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- PATASHPUR(PURBO MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=2027 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Patashpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Medinipur district]]. He won the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing All India Trinamool Congress.

== Early life and education ==
Kar is from Kanthi Dakshin, [[Purba Medinipur district]], West Bengal. He is the son of late Kalikinkar Kar. He completed his MA at [[Jadavpur University]] and passed the course in first class in 1968.<ref name=":0" /> He works as a lecturer and his wife is a homemaker.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kar won from Patashpur Assembly constituency representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 103,567 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Makhanlal Nayak of the [[Communist Party of India]], by a margin of 29,888 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=WEST BENGAL ELECTION 2022: PATASHPUR ASSEMBLY SEAT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/patashpur-1121382961 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-17 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Patashpur profile: TMC's Jyotirmoy Kar won constituency in past two elections |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-patashpur-profile-tmcs-jyotirmoy-kar-won-constituency-in-past-two-elections-9417191.html |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Patashpur Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Patashpur Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-patashpur-constituency-212.html |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and polled 84,482 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patashpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patashpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patashpur Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/patashpur-election-result-2021-live-updates-patashpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697064.html |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kar, Jyotirmoy}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]

Revolutionary Workers Party (India)

2025-02-03T19:16:19Z

Alaratan Tripura: expand formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{distinguish|Workers Revolutionary Party (India)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

The '''Revolutionary Workers Party''' (RWP) was a [[Trotskyist]] [[political party]] in India.

The party was founded in 1958 with the merger of the [[Socialist Party (Marxist)]], the [[Communist League (India, 1950)|Communist League]] and the [[Mazdoor Communist Party]]. The party appointed [[Murlidhar Parija]], general secretary of the United Trade Union Congress of Bombay, as its general secretary, and adopted [[S. B. Kolpe]]'s journal, ''New Perspective'', as the party newspaper. It affiliated with the [[International Secretariat of the Fourth International]].<ref name="alexander">Robert Jackson Alexander, ''International Trotskyism, 1929-1985'', pp. 523–524</ref>

In 1960, the party decided to undertake mass [[entrism]] in the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] (Kumar). They became a majority of the organisation, but it did not adopt distinctively Trotskyist positions. During the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, the party gave its support to the [[Indian Army]], leading most of the RWP members to resign. However, they did not re-establish a party until the [[Socialist Workers Party (India)|Socialist Workers Party]] was established in 1965.<ref name="alexander" />

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1960]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1958]]
[[Category:Trotskyist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Trotskyist parties]]

Mankeshwar temple, Zodage

2025-01-02T13:33:08Z

Alaratan Tripura: added info

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = Zodage temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mankeshwar temple, Zodage
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.657631|74.673651|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nashik district]]
| locale = [[Zodage]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals= [[Mahashivratri]]
| architecture = [[Hemadpanthi]]
| temple_quantity = Good
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established = 13th century
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Mankeshwar temple''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: माणकेश्वर मंदिर) is an ancient [[Shiva]] temple. The temple is located adjacent to the Mumbai-Agra National Highway in the village [[Zodage]] in [[Nashik District]] of [[Maharashtra]], India. Zodage is located 128 km from Nashik.<ref name="Nashik Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Arunchandra |first1=Pathak S. |title=Nashik District gazetteer |date=1975 |publisher=Govt. of Maharashtra |location=Bombay |edition=Second |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/022%20Places/001%20Place.htm#Zodage |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

.

==History==
It is believed that the temple was built by the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas]] or the [[Shilahara dynasty|Shilaharas]] under [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Chalukya]] suzerainty.<ref name="Journal">{{cite journal |last1=Katkar |first1=Falguni |title=Significance of Faunal Representations in Temple Architecture: A Case Study of Yadava Temples of Maharashtra |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=6 October 2019 |volume=7 |page=702‐718 |url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume7/46.pdf |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

==Structure==

The temple covers an area of 5.57 sq mt.<ref name="Nashik Gazetteer" /> There is a sabhamandap with three doors and a ([[Garbhagriha|Garbha gruha]]) sanctum sanctorum. The Mankeshwar temple has carvings in [[Basalt|Basalt rock]] from top to the bottom. There is a [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]](Bull) carved in stone in front of the temple As it is a [[Shiva temple]], many sculptures of Shiva can be seen on the temple. The temple has an open ardhamandap, leading to the mandapa, subsidiary shrines, antaral and the main garbhagriha . The roof of the Mandapa and Ardhamandapa are currently missing. There is an image of [[Lord Shiva]] in the shrine. The sculpture of [[Chamunda]] can be seen here. [[Ashta-Dikpalas|Ashtadikpal]] (the lords of the eight directions), [[Bhairava|Bhairav]] and Vishnu, also add to the beauty of the temple. The exterior of the temple is adorned with beauties. Musician, Darpana, Nupurpadika, Matrika, Frog (scared of frogs), Shatrumardini, Sword-wielding Maneka, Woman and scorpion, Dancer Lady, Sursundari disturbed by hoarseness The temple is adorned with beauties such as a beautician, a lady removing thorns from legs, a Kamayani, a writer, a lady spy with a snake in her hand, Lady playing conch shells and lady leaving her hair loose. The peak is characterized by a terrestrial style with a replica of small peaks, it is a typical charascteristic of Bhumij style of architecture. The face of the man in the circle at the center of the diamond head is called Kirtimukh. The temple is adorned with sixteen such Kirtimukhas. On the front side of the temple, one above the other [[Kirtimukha|Kirtimukh]] dignifies the distinctiveness of the temple. In front of the temple is another [[Bhumija|Bhumij style]] ruined temple. It is also called the Saraswati Temple. The idol in the temple is missing. There is a pond across the highway in front of the temple. There is an inscription about the construction of the pond by a local merchant.<ref name="Maharashtra Times">{{cite news |last1=Padwal |first1=Ramesh |title=Maharashtra Times |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/ravivar-mata/village-of-zodge-in-nashik-district/articleshow/60341956.cms |access-date=27 May 2021 |publisher=Times Group |date=3 September 2017}}</ref>

==Narratives==
The temple is also closely associated with lives of [[Shiva]].

==Fair==
A fair is held every year in the Hindu calendar month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] on 13th day.<ref name="Nashik Gazetteer" />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140px">
File:Zodage temple1.jpg|Sculptures
File:Zodage temple2.jpg|Nandi
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Shiva temples}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nashik district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Maharashtra]]

Parasrampur, Barnahal

2023-12-11T00:49:31Z

Alaratan Tripura: made new pg basic info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{other uses|Parasrampur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parasrampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.03043|N|78.90066|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.103
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 711
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Parasrampur''' ({{IAST|Parasrāmpur}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 711, in 118 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Parasrampur had a population of 711, in 118 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 54.1% male (385) and 45.9% female (326). The 0-6 age group numbered 86 (44 male and 42 female), or 12.1% of the total population. 199 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 28.0% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Parasrampur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 238 people (134 male and 104 female), in 45 households and 31 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 276 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|liv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Parasrampur had 1 primary school, 1 medical clinic, and 1 [[dispensary]]. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a public library, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes. There was no post office. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Goverdhan Sagar Lake

2023-07-15T00:13:23Z

Alaratan Tripura: made details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Goverdhan Sagar Lake
| basin_countries = India
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coords = {{Coord|24.53763|N|73.68365|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[reservoir]], fresh water
| inflow =
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan#India
| outflow =
| catchment =
| width =
| length =
| area = {{convert|3.75|km|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = [[Udaipur]]
| date-built = 1565
| reference = http://www.udaipur.org.uk/lakes/udai-sagar-lake.html
}}

'''Gowardhan Sagar Lake''' is another prominent lake in the city of lakes, [[Udaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govardhan Sagar Lake - Udaipur, Rajasthan {{!}} All About India |url=https://allaboutindia.info/tourism/attractions-in-udaipur/govardhan-sagar-lake/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the smallest artificial lake of Udaipur. The lake is situated around 2.5 km from the south-west of Udaipur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Chadha|first=Sneha|date=2019-10-05|title=Goverdhan Sagar Lake: The Southern Delight of Udaipur|url=https://myudaipurcity.com/goverdhan-sagar-lake/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=My Udaipur City|language=en-us}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Gowardhan Sagar Lake is 9 meters in depth and covers an area of 3750m.<ref name=":1" /> The Lake receives its water from [[Lake Pichola]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Bairwa|first1=Vedrahi|last2=Sharma|first2=Bhanu|last3=Sharma|first3=S|last4=Raj Keer|first4=Naresh|last5=Kumar|first5=Vijay|date=2019-05-11|title=ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF GOVERDHAN SAGAR LAKE, UDAIPUR, RAJASTHAN|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339252792|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=23|pages=631–633}}</ref> It has been recorded that the reservoir has a fairly rich in fish and 32 species representing almost 9 families. The species, which are found very less are need to be conserve.<ref name=":2" />

== Lake restoration works ==
The National Lake Conservation Program took 4 lakes of Udaipur under them. Goverdhan Sagar Lake was one of those lakes.<ref name=":1" />

The key undertakings in the program includes:

* Curbing pollution in the lakes
* Restrictions on mining activities in the catchment areas
* Conservation of wildlife around the lakes
* Restrictions on disposal of waste products and sewerage in the lakes

== See also ==

* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of lakes in India]]
* [[Udaipur]]
* [[Tourist Attractions in Udaipur]]

== References ==
<references />
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lakes of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Udaipur district]]

Stardust Hottest New Filmmaker Award

2023-06-27T11:48:51Z

Alaratan Tripura: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Stardust Awards]]

Ghurhat

2023-06-18T00:22:53Z

Alaratan Tripura: made a article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghurhat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Ghurhat (#498) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.991894|N|81.364695|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title="Geonames Search"}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.998
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 693
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghurhat''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> It is located 37 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Ghurhat has a population of 693 people, in 115 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ghurhat as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 299 people (143 male and 156 female), in 66 households and 61 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cxii-cxiii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 250 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Ghurhat as having a population of 424 people, in 102 households, and having an area of 90.96 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=227–8 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}