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INS Abhay (1989)

2026-05-05T17:17:54Z

Alaminsorker:

{{Short description|Anti-submarine corvette}}
{{other ships|INS Abhay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Abhay}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Abhay''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 10 March 1989
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status= Decommissioned
|decommissioned= 6 October 2025
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= [[Abhay class corvette]]
|displacement= 485 tons full load
|length= {{convert|56.0|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|10.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught=
|draft= {{convert|3.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|propulsion= 2 diesel motors with 16,184 hp and 2 shafts (Another report says 4 engines)
|speed= {{convert|28|kn|km/h|0}}, (32 knots according to Jane's)
|range= {{convert|2400|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}
|complement= 97 (incl. 7 officers), (Jane's lists 32, with 6 officers)
|sensors=*1 × MR 352 Pozitiv-E search radar
*1 × Pechora navigation radar
*1 × Rat Tail VDS sonar
|EW=
|armament=*1 × quad [[Strela 2|Strela-2M]] (SA-N-5) [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]]
*1 × [[AK-176]] 76mm gun
*4 × 533mm torpedo tubes, SET-65E anti-submarine torpedoes
*2 × [[RBU-1200]] five-tubed Anti-submarine warfare rocket launchers
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Abhay'' (P33)''' ("Fearless")<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF&oldid=72390712|title=अभय|date=29 March 2023|via=Wiktionary}}</ref> was the [[lead ship]] of [[Abhay class corvette|her class]] of [[anti-submarine warfare]] [[corvette]]s, which were in service with the [[Indian Navy]].

Abhay is [[Sanskrit]] for ''fearless''. The ship was commissioned on 10 March 1989<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Abhay.html Abhay (Pauk II) class] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703162726/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Abhay.html |date=2009-07-03 }} – Bharat-Rakshak. Retrieved on 2009-04-18</ref> at [[Poti]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in the erstwhile [[USSR]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=INS Abhay and INFAC T-82 decommissioned |date=2025-10-07 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2176497 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref>

INS ''Abhay'', as per earlier confirmation,<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1973586590636089419 |user=IN_HQMNA |title=The legacy of #INSAbhay and #INFACT82 — two sentinels of the ⁦@IN_WNC⁩ who have protected Maharashtra's coast for nearly three decades — is coming to an end. |date=2 October 2025 |url=https://x.com/IN_HQMNA/status/1973586590636089419}}</ref> was decommissioned on 6 October 2025 during sunset along with INFAC T-82, a {{Sclass|Super Dvora Mk II|patrol boat}}. This marked the end of active service of the ''Abhay'' class of ships with the Indian Navy. [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]], the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]] (FOCINC WNC), was the chief guest of the ceremony, hosted at the [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]], while attendees included the commissioning crew of the vessels, former Commanding Officers and senior dignitaries.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Decommissioning ceremony of INS Abhay and INFAC T-82 |date=2025-10-07 |publisher=Indian Navy |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/decommissioning-ceremony-ins-abhay-and-infac-t-82 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahtić |first=Fatima |date=2025-10-10 |title=Indian Navy decommissions two naval ships after 30+ years of service |url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2025/10/10/indian-navy-decommissions-two-naval-ships-after-30-years-of-service/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Naval Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Corvettes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhay (P33)}}
[[Category:Abhay-class corvettes]]

Vengara Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T12:59:31Z

Alaminsorker: Added Some Article Added Tags...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Vengara
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 41
| map_image = Kooriyad field in Vengara (2).png
| map_caption = Kooriyad field in [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,85,356 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
| mla = [[K. M. Shaji]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Vengara State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[K. M. Shaji]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Vengara Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 22 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|2
|[[Abdu Rahiman Nagar]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|3
|Kannamangalam
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|4
|[[Oorakam]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|5
|[[Parappur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|-
|6
|[[Othukkungal]]
|Grama panchayat
|Tirurangadi
|}
<mapframe text="Vengara Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q16134501,Q61366027,Q13110565,Q20583790,Q16137725,Q7108716"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Vengara Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/vengara-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Vengara
}}</ref>

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}

{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |14th
| 2016 - 2017
|-
| 2017*
| [[K. N. A. Khader]]
| 2017 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| 2021-2026
|}
{{notelist}}*by-election

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vengara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[K. M. Shaji]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = Sabah Kundupuzhakkal
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = V. N. Jayakrishnan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,85,356 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1141.htm?ac=41|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (41-VENGARA)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|votes = 70,381
|percentage = 53.50%
|change ={{gain}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = P. Jiji
|votes = 39,785
|percentage = 30.24%
|change ={{loss}}3.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|
|candidate = Sabah Kundupuzhakkal
|votes = 11,255
|percentage = 8.56%
|change ={{gain}}8.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Preman Master
|votes = 5,968
|percentage = 4.54%
|change ={{loss}}0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = E. K. Kunhahammed Kutty Master
|votes = 2,051
|percentage = 1.56%
|change ={{gain}}1.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Keeran
|votes = 1,060
|percentage = 0.81%
|change ={{gain}}0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 787
|percentage = 0.60%
|change ={{gain}}0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Democratic Social Justice Party
|candidate = Ananyakumari Alex
|votes = 135
|percentage = 0.10%
|change = {{gain}}0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Adil Abdurahman Thangal
|votes = 129
|percentage = 0.10%
|change = {{gain}}0.10
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 30,596
|percentage = 23.26%
|change ={{gain}}4.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,31,551<ref name="result_2021"/><ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|percentage = 70.97%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{loss}}1.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}0.31
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 by-election ===
Vengara Assembly constituency held a by-election due to the election of the sitting MLA [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]] into the Indian [[Lok Sabha]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2610-bye-election-result-2017-kerala-041-vengara-ac
|title = Vengara Niyamasabha Re-election Results 2017, Election commission of India
}}</ref> There were 1,70,006 registered voters for the subsequent by-election.

{{Election box begin | title=2017 Kerala Legislative Assembly By-election: [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[K. N. A. Khader]]|votes=65,227|percentage=53.19%|change={{decrease}}6.82%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Adv. P. P. Basheer|votes=41,917|percentage=34.18%|change={{increase}}5.81%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Adv. K. C. Naseer|votes=8,648|percentage=7.05%|change={{increase}}4.51%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Janachandran Master|votes=5,728|percentage=4.67%|change={{decrease}}1.20%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=502|percentage=0.41%|change={{decrease}}0.03%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Adv. Hamza Karumannil|votes=442|percentage=0.36%|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sreenivas|votes=159|percentage=0.13%|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 23,310
|percentage = 19.01%
|change = {{decrease}}12.63%
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,623|percentage=72.13%|change={{increase}}1.23}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{decrease}}6.82%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,69,639 registered voters in Vengara Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]|votes=72,181|percentage=60.01%|change={{decrease}}3.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Adv. P. P. Basheer|votes=34,124|percentage=28.37%|change={{increase}}3.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. T. Ali Haji|votes=7,055|percentage=5.87%|change={{increase}}2.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Kallen Aboobacker Master|votes=3,049|percentage=2.54%|change={{decrease}}2.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Surendran Karippuzha|votes=1,864|percentage=1.55%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Subair Swabahi|votes=1,472|percentage=1.22%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=531|percentage=0.44%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 38,057
|percentage = 31.64%
|change ={{decrease}}6.78
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,20,276|percentage=70.90%|change={{increase}}1.93}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{decrease}}3.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,44,317 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]|votes=63,138|percentage=63.44%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National League|candidate=K. P. Ismayil|votes=24,901|percentage=25.02%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Abduil Majeed Faizi|votes=4,683|percentage=4.71%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Subrahmanian|votes=3,417|percentage=3.43%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=K. P. Ismayil (Kalluparamban)|votes=1,615|percentage=1.62%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Kunhalikutty K. P.|votes=1,079|percentage=1.08%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Safarudeen|votes=405|percentage=0.41%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ismayil K. T.|votes=292|percentage=0.29%|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 38,237
|percentage = 38.42%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=99,530|percentage=68.97%|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian Union Muslim League}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Chadva Rakhal

2026-04-29T21:31:47Z

Alaminsorker: starting a data

{{coord|23.1522|N|69.4766|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

'''Chadva Rakhal''' is protected forest reserve owned by erstwhile rulers of [[Cutch State|Kutch State (Cutch State)]] near Samatra village, about 25 km from [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch district]], Gujarat, India.<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA325|year=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|pages=325}}</ref>

==History==
Erstwhile rulers of [[Cutch State|Kutch State (Cutch State 1147-1948)]] had declared 44 'grass reserves', called ''Rakhal'', in 1900s which produced animal fodder for royal cattle and generated revenues for the state. They totalled an area of more than 300 sq miles. After [[Independence of India]] in 1947, the reserves were handed over to the Forest Department except Chadva Rakhal which became a private property owned by former rulers, currently by [[Pragmulji III]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.chadvarakhal.org/history |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Chadva Rakhal Nature Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chadva Rakhal Nature Conservancy |url=https://www.chadvarakhal.org/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Chadva Rakhal Nature Conservancy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Herald 2016">{{cite web | title=Son of erstwhile Kutch ruler cannot claim father's riches: Court | website=Deccan Herald | date=14 February 2016 | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/85976/son-erstwhile-kutch-ruler-cannot.html | accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Soity |date=2025-07-05 |title=Preserving Chadva Rakhal: Meet The Man Saving Kutch's 150-Year-Old Thorn Forest |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/celebrating-people/preserving-chadva-rakhal-meet-the-man-saving-kutchs-150-year-old-thorn-forest |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref> It is now tourist destination.<ref name="Desai2007" /> Chadva Rakhal is the largest reserve of them.<ref name="Desai2007" /> A part of the forest was handed over to the Forest Department of Gujarat state in 2024.<ref name=":0" />

It is a tropical thorn forest spread over an area of 12,792 acres.<ref name=":0" /> Pragsar, a lake established in 1870s by Pragmulji II,<ref name=":1" /> has crocodiles and several species of fish.<ref name="Desai2007" /> There are 268 species of plants and animals including mugger crocodiles, leopards, caracals and pangolins are found in this forest.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web| title=Status of the biodiversity of Chadva Rakhal, Kachchh, Gujarat | url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e972def21b8b1983214c12/t/63ea2ed9f869c7034c3fcfee/1676291841970/Chadva+Rakhal+Biodiversity+Report+by+GIDE+.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721141325/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e972def21b8b1983214c12/t/63ea2ed9f869c7034c3fcfee/1676291841970/Chadva+Rakhal+Biodiversity+Report+by+GIDE+.pdf | archive-date=2025-07-21}}</ref> It is managed by The Maharao Pragmulji Conservation Trust.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.chadvarakhal.org/ Official website]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Forest reserves]]
[[Category:Bird observatories]]

Anveshi Jain

2026-04-27T12:16:27Z

Alaminsorker: starting the info added tags

{{Primary sources|date=October 2025}}{{Short description|Indian actress and singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anveshi Jain
| image =
| caption = Anveshi in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|06|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khajuraho]], [[Chhatarpur]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist | Actress | playback singer | emcee }}
| years_active = 2018–present
| known_for = [[Gandii Baat]]
}}
'''Anveshi Jain''' (born 25 June 1996)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C8pIefxoJ9K/?igsh=MWc2YnQ1aWJqZnFvdA== |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> is an Indian [[actress]], [[social media influencer]], [[Singing|singer]], and TEDx speaker. She gained recognition after her debut web series in 2019, ''[[Gandii Baat]]'', which marked her entry into the [[Indian film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-09-11 |title='I see myself thriving in the South Indian industry', singer Anveshi Jain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Sep/25/i-see-myself-thriving-in-the-south-indian-industry-singer-anveshi-jain |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anveshi Jain recalls taking inspiration from Money Heist's Tokyo for Martin, almost losing her life on set {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anveshi-jain-taking-inspiration-from-money-heist-tokyo-for-martin-almost-losing-her-life-on-set-exclusive-3101984/amp |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=All About Anveshi Jain, Once The Most Googled Actress |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/all-about-anveshi-jain-once-the-most-googled-actress-9032120.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Anveshi was born on 25 June 1999<ref name=":0" /> to a Jain family, in [[Khajuraho]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The twists and turns in the life of Anveshi Jain- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2024/09/21/the-twists-and-turns-in-the-life-of-anveshi-jain-once-the-most-googled-woman-in-india.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref> She studied [[Electronic engineering|electronics engineering]] at [[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya]] and had thought of pursuing an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in [[Indore]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=MS |first=Malavika |title=Who is Anveshi Jain? Here Are 9 Things To Know About Her |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-anveshi-jain/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref> She discontinued her MBA course before moving to [[Mumbai]] and gave several auditions over there to get a break into the film industry.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Meet engineer-turned-actress, who left her business for films, one adult show made her star; now set to feature in... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-meet-engineer-turned-actress-left-business-for-films-one-adult-show-star-set-to-feature-martin-anveshi-jain-3102349/anveshi-jain-struggle-3102352 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Prior to getting work in [[Gandii Baat]], she worked as a singer and emcee as well. Before bagging a role in that series, she was told to get in shape. As a result she went on a strict diet and did rigorous exercise for 90 days. She even took up acting workshops as well. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anveshi Jain on being the Most Searched Woman on Google, Career Struggles and More| url=https://www.youtube.com/dFVrEe3AcOU?feature=shared |website=YouTube}}</ref> She mentioned that this was her one final attempt in this acting career and what she didn't forsee was the impact. She also mentioned that she played the role assuming that nobody would watch it since the series had bold sexual content and also requested the makers not to include her name in the credits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=My Journey From Being a Small-Town Girl to One of India's Top Erotica Stars |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/anveshi-jain-india-erotica-star-web-series-sex/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life from Artist's Eye - Anveshi Jain - TEDxGLAU | url=https://www.youtube.com/bFbX3eJbbcM?si=VoePg68093MbBZNI | website=YouTube}}</ref>

In 2022, she revealed hitting puberty early, leading to a significant increase in breast size. At 14, her father imposed restrictions, requiring her to wear extra layers and salwar-kameez to cover her chest. She frequently faced objectifying comments and looks.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=My Journey From Being a Small-Town Girl to One of India's Top Erotica Stars |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/anveshi-jain-india-erotica-star-web-series-sex/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> When her lovemaking scene in that episode of Gandii Baat went viral right after it was released in January 2019, her relations with her family and loved ones were strained.<ref name=":2" /> She had to take a break from her relationship with her boyfriend as the role had taken a toll on her romantic relationship.<ref name=":2" /> She struggled to get rid of her erotic image but according to her therapy taught her to accept it rather than struggling to fight it.<ref name=":2" /> She mentioned that she embraced that image and started to use it for her benefit. Hence, she started sharing videos where she wore cleavage-baring blouses, short dresses or saree. However she said that she doesn't do erotic roles anymore. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=My Journey From Being a Small-Town Girl to One of India's Top Erotica Stars |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/anveshi-jain-india-erotica-star-web-series-sex/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref>

She also started to take up other assignments. She hosts events and gives motivational talks. During her live sessions on social media, she talks to her fans about anxiety, self-esteem issues and loneliness. On some days, she simply reads to them from the [[Kamasutra]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=My Journey From Being a Small-Town Girl to One of India's Top Erotica Stars |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/anveshi-jain-india-erotica-star-web-series-sex/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> She was invited to speak at the [[TED Conference|TEDx Talk]] event as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life from Artist's Eye - Anveshi Jain - TEDxGLAU | url=https://www.youtube.com/bFbX3eJbbcM?si=VoePg68093MbBZNI | website=YouTube}}</ref>

She also mentioned that whenever someone would ask her where she hails from and she would reply Khajuraho, she often receives a sly look as people would correlate her bold erotic image to her hometown which is known for [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|temples having erotic sculptures]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=My Journey From Being a Small-Town Girl to One of India's Top Erotica Stars |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/anveshi-jain-india-erotica-star-web-series-sex/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==

===As an Actress ===
In 2019, Anveshi got her first show ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' which gained her overnight success. In the first episode of second season she played a [[bisexual ]] village woman named Neeta. This was her sole appearance in the entire web series.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=All About Anveshi Jain, Once The Most Googled Actress |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/all-about-anveshi-jain-once-the-most-googled-actress-9032120.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The lovemaking scene between her and [[Flora Saini]] went viral and she gained fame overnight. Her [[Instagram]] following experienced a significant increase.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alt balaji irotic series fame anveshi jain gets 71 followers in just 24 hours actress reacts it unbelievable {{!}} अल्ट बालाजी की सीरीज की हसीना के साथ 24 घंटे में हुआ कुछ ऐसा कि... अभी सिर्फ इतनी सी है उम्र {{!}} Hindi News, बॉलीवुड |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/alt-balaji-erotic-series-fame-anveshi-jain-gets-71-followers-in-just-24-hours-actress-reacts-it-unbelievable/1131195/amp |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> After that, she reportedly became one of the most-Googled celebrities towards the end of 2019.<ref name=":7" />

In June 2019, Anveshi launched an official app,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-18 |title="Value your time as money" - Interview with the glamorous Anveshi Jain : Retro Kolkata Exclusive |url=https://www.retrokolkata.net/anveshi-jain |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Retro Kolkata |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930221903/https://www.retrokolkata.net/anveshi-jain |url-status=live }}</ref> through which she interacts with her fans through live sessions, shares unseen pictures, music videos, dating vlogs, and new shows.<ref name=":4" /> The app was inspired by a fan-created application that initially gained 40 thousand downloads in a single day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2019 |title=Anveshi Jain launches a new song and official mobile app on her birthday |url=https://www.apnnews.com/anveshi-jain-launches-a-new-song-and-official-mobile-app-on-her-birthday/}}</ref> She made special appearances on ''[[BOSS: Baap of Special Services]]'' and ''[[Who's Your Daddy? (2020 TV series)|Who's Your Daddy?]]''.<ref name=":6" /> In 2020 she appeared in Lakshmikanth Chenna's ''Commitment'', marking her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-03-27 |title=Anveshi Jain to play sexologist in Telugu debut movie - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/anveshi-jain-to-play-sexologist-in-telugu-debut-movie/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, she made her debut in [[Gujarati cinema|Dhollywood]] with playing lead role in the film ''G''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='G' trailer: Chirag Jani takes on an impressive fight against illegal alcohol trade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/g-trailer-chirag-jani-takes-on-an-impressive-fight-against-illegal-alcohol-trade/articleshow/72290820.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2022, Anveshi performed in an [[item number]] song in [[Ravi Teja]]’s film ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]'' called "Naa Peru Seesa" sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Item song from Ramarao on Duty comes out {{!}} Telugu Cinema |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/item-song-from-ramarao-on-duty-comes-out?amp |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=telugucinema.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She also appeared in the web series Tera Chhalaava in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anveshi Jain and Manish Goplani on their web series Tera Chhalaava, theme & more {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/anveshi-jain-and-manish-goplani-on-their-web-series-tera-chhalaava-theme-more-exclusive-video-92754070/amp |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>

=== Music videos ===
In 2021, Anveshi ventured into music with the release of "Jugnu" on SpotlampE.<ref name=":1"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Gandii Baat]]''
|Neeta
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|Web series<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=My Journey From Being a Small-Town Girl to One of India's Top Erotica Stars |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/anveshi-jain-india-erotica-star-web-series-sex/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Appears only in Season 2 Episode 1 (S02E01) – "Bai-sexual"
|-
|''Gudiya Ki Shaadi''
|
|Theatre play<ref>{{Cite web |title=On World Theatre Day, Zee Theatre Brings You Nine Engrossing Stories Evoking The Navarasas |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/on-world-theatre-day-zee-theatre-brings-you-nine-engrossing-teleplays-stories-evoking-the-navarasas-news-273436 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Outlook India |date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117194832/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/on-world-theatre-day-zee-theatre-brings-you-nine-engrossing-teleplays-stories-evoking-the-navarasas-news-273436 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[BOSS: Baap of Special Services]]''
|Megha
|Web series{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|[[Who's Your Daddy? (2020 TV series)|''Who's Your Daddy?'']]
|Ms. Chhibber
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Your Daddy Review, Binge Or Cringe: A Confusing And Twisted Plot Overshadows The Giggles {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/who-s-your-daddy-review-binge-or-cringe-a-confusing-and-twisted-plot-overshadows-the-giggles/5e8c50116f059e6606af7123 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Commitment''
|Dr. Rekha Gupta
|Telugu
|Debut in Telugu<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-28 |title=Anveshi Jain: Women deemed available if they talk of sexual desire |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Anveshi-Jain-Women-deemed-available-if-they-talk-of-sexual-desire-22699217 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''G''
|
|Gujarati
|Debut in Gujarati<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-25 |title=D-Town has seen a steep rise in good concepts: Chirag Jani-Anveshi Jain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/d-town-has-seen-a-steep-rise-in-good-concepts-chirag-jani-anveshi-jain/articleshow/69037612.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019105007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/d-town-has-seen-a-steep-rise-in-good-concepts-chirag-jani-anveshi-jain/articleshow/69037612.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Ramarao on Duty]]''
|Sarangi (Seesa)
|Telugu
|[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
|''Tera Chhalaava''
|Rehana
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=OTT की दुनिया में कविता कौशिक ने किया डेब्यू, इस क्राइम थ्रिलर शो में आएंगी नजर |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/video/kavita-kaushik-ott-debut-project-tera-chhalaava-know-more-details/421944 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]''
|Martin's Girlfriend
|Kannada
|Debut in Kannada<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-24 |title='Martin' teaser gives a feast to action lovers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/martin-teaser-gives-a-feast-to-action-lovers/articleshow/98197676.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007162036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/martin-teaser-gives-a-feast-to-action-lovers/articleshow/98197676.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anveshi Jain on Challenging Star Darshan: 'Not only is he a good-looking man but...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/anveshi-jain-on-challenging-star-darshan-not-only-is-he-a-good-looking-man-but/c93c14af23617 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118055711/https://www.ottplay.com/news/anveshi-jain-on-challenging-star-darshan-not-only-is-he-a-good-looking-man-but/c93c14af23617 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']]
|Sherin
|Tamil
|Cameo appearance
|-
|}
{{Pending films key}}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Track
!Composer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref
|-
| 2021
| "Jugnu"
|Viplove Rajdeo
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SpotlampE Song 'Jugnu' OUT: Anveshi Jain's Melodious Track Is Filled With Hope And Inspiration {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/music/music-news/spotlampe-song-jugnu-out-anveshi-jain-s-melodious-track-is-filled-with-hope-and-inspiration/6130eec6e002610f016787b7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117191823/https://www.spotboye.com/music/music-news/spotlampe-song-jugnu-out-anveshi-jain-s-melodious-track-is-filled-with-hope-and-inspiration/6130eec6e002610f016787b7 |archive-date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|"Banjaare"
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10385328}}
* {{Instagram|id=anveshi25}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Anveshi}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]

[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]

[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]

Amritsar–Delhi Junction Vande Bharat Express

2026-04-26T03:57:40Z

Alaminsorker:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Amritsar Junction - Delhi Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width = 330
| image = Amritsar vande b.jpg
| image_width = 330px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Amritsar New Delhi Junction Vande Bharat express At [[Jalandhar Cantonment Junction railway station|Jalandhar Cantt.]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[New Delhi]]
| first = {{start date|2023|12|30}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|6 January 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways (NR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} '''(ASR)'''
| stops = 5
| end = {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}} '''(DLI)'''
| distance = {{convert|447|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 05 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Fridays}}
| trainnumber = 22488 / 22487
| line_used = *[[Ambala–Attari line|Amritsar–Ambala line]]
*[[Delhi–Kalka line|Kalka–Delhi line (till Delhi Jn.)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|81|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|384|m|ft}} (16 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Northern Railway zone|Delhi Jn (DLI)]]
| map = {{Amritsar-Delhi Junction VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
The 22488/22487 '''Amritsar - Delhi Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 38th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the metropolitan city of [[Amritsar]] with the capital city of [[India]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 New Vande Bharat Express Trains To Be Launched Virtually By PM Modi From Ayodhya On December 30 - Check Full List and Route Details |url=https://www.india.com/business/pm-modi-likely-to-launch-6-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-new-delhi-vaishnavo-devi-amritsar-jalna-mumbai-coimbatore-bengaluru-darbhanga-6609378/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains in Ayodhya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-flags-off-2-amrit-bharat-6-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-ayodhya-101703918767779.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 new Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains during Ayodhya visit; check routes & other details |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-narendra-modi-ayodhya-amrit-bharat-vande-bharat-trains-flag-off-full-list-of-new-routes-indian-railways/articleshow/106393567.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off new Vande Bharat, Amrit Bharat trains from Ayodhya Dham Junction: Routes, features and all you need to know |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-amrit-bharat-trains-from-ayodhya-junction-routes-features-and-all-you-need-to-know-2391037 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya: PM Modi inaugurates redeveloped railway station, flags off Amrit Bharat trains |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/12/30/ayodhya-pm-modi-inaugurates-redeveloped-railway-station-flags-off-amrit-bharat-trains.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=PM to Inaugurate Amrit Bharat Express from Ayodhya, 6 Vande Bharat Trains on Dec 30 |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/pm-to-inaugurate-amrit-bharat-express-from-ayodhya-6-vande-bharat-trains-on-dec-30-8714893.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to flag off 5 Vande Bharat, 2 Amrit Bharat trains on December 30, check details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-modi-to-flag-off-5-vande-bharat-2-amrit-bharat-trains-on-december-30-check-details-here-3072293 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar Jn]], [[Beas Junction railway station|Beas Jn]], [[Jalandhar Cantonment railway station|Jalandhar Cantt. Jn]], [[Phagwara Junction railway station|Phagwara Jn]], [[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana Jn]], [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt. Jn]] and [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 22448/22447 on 6 days a week basis.

==Rakes==
It is the thirty-sixth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation Vande Bharat 2.0]] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22488/22487 Amritsar Jn - Delhi Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Fridays, covering a distance of {{cvt|447|km}} in a travel time of 5 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|81|km/h}}. The service has 5 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Amritsar Junction railway station]]
* [[Delhi Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

V. P. Ramalingame

2026-04-25T16:48:36Z

Alaminsorker: Added Basic Bio First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. P. Ramalingame
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Nominated Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 11, 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Nominated Member]]
| predecessor = [[S. Selvaganapathy]]
| successor = Incumbent
| office2 = State President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| term_start2 = 30 June 2025
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[S. Selvaganapathy]]
| successor2 =
| president2 = [[J. P. Nadda]] [[Nitin Nabin]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| relatives = [[V. P. Sivakolundhu]] (brother)
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''V. P. Ramalingame''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Ramalingam is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from May 11, 2021, as Nominated by the Central Government of India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre appoints three BJP members as nominated MLAs|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/centre-appoints-three-bjp-members-as-nominated-mlas/article34531005.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre appoints three BJP members as MLAs to Puducherry assembly|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/centre-appoints-three-bjp-members-as-mlas-to-puducherry-assembly-7310873/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=India Today|date=11 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Union govt nominates 3 BJP members as MLAs to Puducherry Assembly|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/union-govt-nominates-3-bjp-members-mlas-puducherry-assembly-148622|access-date=2021-05-23|website=India Today|date=11 May 2021 }}</ref> He is the brother of the former Congress speaker of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] [[V. P. Sivakolundhu]]. He is the current state president of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Puducherry.<ref>{{cite web|title=V. P. Ramalingam elected BJP Puducherry unit president|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/v-p-ramalingam-elected-bjp-puducherry-unit-president/article69755487.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 June 2025|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramalingam, V. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

{{Puducherry-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chandanji Thakor

2026-04-24T23:27:20Z

Alaminsorker: starting new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandanji Thakor
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|6|1}}
| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| predecessor = [[Balvantsinh Rajput]]
| successor = [[Balvantsinh Rajput]]
| constituency = [[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Chandanji Talaji Thakor''' is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician and was a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] between 2017 and 2022, elected from [[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of Patan Batalis Thakor Samaj Trust Former MLA Chandanji Thakor Donated 25 Lakhs |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/patan/news/president-of-patan-batalis-thakor-samaj-trust-former-mla-chandanji-thakor-donated-25-lakhs-132704800.html |website=www.divyabhaskar.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakor Chandanji Talaji(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SIDHPUR(PATAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=5484 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan=2|[[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[2024 Indian general election]]
|[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Fazal Elahi Chaudhry

2026-04-24T21:21:46Z

Alaminsorker: starting new entry.

{{Short description|President of Pakistan from 1973 to 1978}}
{{distinguish|Fazal Ilahi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fazal Elahi
| native_name = فضل الٰہی
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| order = 5th
| office = President of Pakistan
| image = [[File:Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry portrait.png|230px]]
| caption = Official portrait, {{circa|1973}}
| predecessor = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
| prime_minister = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| successor = [[Zia-ul-Haq]]
| order2 = 6th
| office2 = Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
| predecessor2 = [[Mohammad Afzal Cheema]]
| party = [[Pakistan People's Party|PPP]] (1969–1978)
| other_party = [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]] (1942–1947) [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|ML]] (1947–1958) [[Convention Muslim League|CML]] (1962–1969)
| deputy1 = Mohammad Haneef Khan
| order1 = 8th
| office1 = Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
| predecessor1 = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
| successor1 = [[Sahibzada Farooq Ali]]
| term_end2 = 25 March 1969
| term_start2 = 12 January 1965
| successor2 = [[A. T. M. Abdul Mateen]]
| office3 = [[Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 20 May 1956
| term_end3 = 7 October 1958
| predecessor3 = ''Position established''
| successor3 = Mubin-ul-Haq Siddiqui
| office4 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start4 = 14 April 1972
| term_end4 = 13 August 1973
| constituency4 = [[NA-63 Gujrat-II|NW-36 (Gujrat-II)]]
| term_start5 = 12 June 1965
| term_end5 = 25 March 1969
| constituency5 = [[NA-62 Gujrat-I|NW-24 (Gujrat-I)]]
| term_start6 = 8 June 1962
| term_end6 = 7 June 1965
| constituency6 = [[NA-63 Gujrat-II|NW-24 (Gujrat-II)]]
| office7 = Member of the [[West Pakistan#Government|Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan]]
| term_start7 = 19 May 1956
| term_end7 = 7 October 1958
| constituency7 = [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]
| office8 = [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab]]
| term_start8 = 7 May 1951
| term_end8 = 14 October 1955
| constituency8 = [[PP-33 Gujrat-VII|Gujrat-VII]]
| term_start9 = 15 August 1947
| term_end9 = 25 January 1949
| constituency9 = Gujrat-VII
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1904|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Marala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|6|2|1904|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Aligarh Muslim University]] (LLB)|[[University of the Punjab]] (MA)}}
| term_start = 14 August 1973
| term_end = 16 September 1978
| term_start1 = 15 August 1972
| term_end1 = 13 August 1973
| native_name_lang = ur
}}
'''Fazal Elahi Chaudhry'''{{efn|{{langx|pnb|فضل اِلٰہی چوہدری}}, {{lang|pa|Fazal Ilāhī Cauhdrī}}, {{IPA|pa|ˈfəzəl ɪläːɦiː ˈt͡ʃɔːɦdɾiː|pron}} {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضل الٰہی چودھری}}}}}} (1 January 1904{{Snd}}1 June 1982) was a Pakistani barrister, politician and statesman who served as the fifth [[president of Pakistan]] from 1973 until his resignation in 1978, due to [[Zia-ul-Haq]]'s [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] following the [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|1977 coup d'état]] which overthrew [[Second Zulfikar Ali Bhutto government|Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government]]. He was the first legislatively-elected president in the country's history, serving as a constitutional [[figurehead]].<ref name="dunyanews.tv">{{Cite web |title=The Democratically Elected and the Military Presidents of Pakistan |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/455404-Presidential-Election-Democratically-Elected-Military-President-Pakistan |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 }}</ref>

Born in [[Kharian Tehsil|Kharian, Punjab]], Chaudhry received his higher education at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[University of the Punjab]]. He established his [[law firm]] in [[Lahore]] and further practised [[civil law (common law)|civil law]]. Entering early district-level administration in 1930, he was elected to the Gujrat District Board, unopposed. In 1942, he joined the [[All-India Muslim League]] and was elected the party president within the [[Punjab Muslim League]] for [[Gujrat District]]. He became active in the [[Pakistan Movement]] and took part in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]] in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].

Following Pakistan's independence, Chaudhry was appointed the [[parliamentary secretary]] and later the [[Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training|education]] and [[Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation and Coordination|health minister]] within the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|central cabinet]] in 1951. He was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|West Punjab Assembly]] from Gujrat District in the [[1951 Punjab provincial election|1951 provincial election]]; and represented [[Pakistan and the United Nations|Pakistan in the United Nations]] in 1952. Being elected to the [[West Pakistan#Government|West Pakistan Assembly]] in 1956, Chaudhry served as its speaker until the [[1958 Pakistani military coup|1958 coup d'état]] when the legislature was suspended. He joined the [[Convention Muslim League]] and was elected in the [[1965 Pakistani general election|1965 election]] to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], serving as the legislature's [[Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|deputy speaker]] until 1969 when [[Yahya Khan]] declared martial law and [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962#Demise|suspended the 1962 constitution]]. Chaudhry joined the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and contested the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 election]], being elected once again to the National Assembly and later getting elected as its [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|speaker]] in 1972.

Under the [[Constitution of Pakistan|1973 constitution]], Chaudhry contested the [[1973 Pakistani presidential election|1973 presidential election]] as a candidate of the Peoples Party against the opposition coalition's contestant [[Khan Amirzadah Khan]] of the [[National Awami Party (Wali)]]; which he won with an absolute [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|electoral college]] majority. He was sworn in as the president on 14 August 1973, becoming the first [[Punjabis|ethnic Punjabi]] to hold the office. He succeeded [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] as president, who was sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]]. He served as a figurehead as the presidency, under the newly-promulgated constitution, had become a ceremonial position with executive authority being vested in the prime minister's position. With the success of the 1977 coup d'état, the Bhutto-led federal government, alongside all [[Provincial governments of Pakistan|provincial governments]], was overthrown by Zia-ul-Haq, who assumed the position of [[chief martial law administrator]]; but Chaudhry continued his presidency with no influence over [[Government of Pakistan|governmental]], [[Pakistan Armed Forces|military]] and national affairs. Due to contentious relations with the [[Presidency of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-led military government]], he resigned from the presidency in September 1978, which was then assumed by Zia-ul-Haq.

Establishing himself from district-level administration to [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] and [[Diplomacy|international diplomacy]], Chaudhry remained a well-respected politician and legislator throughout his [[#Political career|political career]]; and played his constitutionally nominal role as president. He died in June 1982 in Lahore at the age of 78.

==Early life and education==
Fazal Elahi Chaudhry was born on 1 January 1904 into an influential [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family of [[Muslim Gujjars]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Humaira |first=Dar |last2=Qudsia |first2=Batool |last3=Khan |first3=Mumtaz Ali |last4=Imran |first4=Alam |date=July 2020 |title=The Role of Biradarism in Punjab Politics: A Case Study of Sialkot |url=https://www.prdb.pk/article/the-role-of-biradarism-in-punjab-politics-a-case-study-of-s-8060 |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |volume=57 |issue=03 |pages=74 |via=[[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]], Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Pakistani_Histor/imQ7P8OITwQC?hl=en |title=The Oxford Companion to Pakistani History |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-940734-7 |pages=217 |language=en |quote=Ilahi, Chaudhry Fazal Illahi (1904-1982). Chaudhry Fazal Ilahi was born into a Gujjar family of Gujrat district.}}</ref> in the village of [[Marala]] in the [[Kharian Tehsil]] of [[Gujrat District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].

After receiving his early education from [[Kharian]], Chaudhry joined the prestigious [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1920 and moved to the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tareekh e Pakistan - Deat of Fazal Elahi Choudhry (فضل الٰہی چوہدری کی وفات) {{!}} Online History Of Pakistan |url=https://www.tareekhepakistan.com/detail?title_id=698&dtd_id=830 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=www.tareekhepakistan.com |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307093900/https://www.tareekhepakistan.com/detail?title_id=698&dtd_id=830 |url-status=dead }}</ref> receiving his [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] in [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]] in 1924. Thereafter, Chaudhry returned to Punjab, settling in the capital [[Lahore]], and attended the [[University of the Punjab]]'s post-graduate school in law and [[political science]]. In 1925, Chaudhry obtained his [[Master of Arts|MA]] in political science in 1925, and the advanced [[Master of Law|LLM]] in Law and Justice, in 1927.

After completing his education, Chaudhry established his law firm in Lahore, advocating for civil liberties, and went back to [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], and started practising civil law.

==Political career==

=== Early years (1942–1956) ===
In 1930, Chaudhry started taking interest in politics and participated in the [[1930 Indian general election]] for the Gujrat District Board and was elected unopposed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Former Pakistani President Chaudhry Fazal Elahi died Tuesday of... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/06/01/Former-Pakistani-President-Chaudhry-Fazal-Elahi-died-Tuesday-of/1841391752000/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |work=UPI |date=1 June 1982 |language=en}}</ref> He joined the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1942. In 1945, he was elected from Gujrat as the President of Muslim League. He took part in the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]] on Muslim League's ticket and played an important role in propagating the ideas of the Muslim League among the people of his area. Upon the [[independence of Pakistan]], he was given the post of Parliamentary Secretary, and was included in [[Liaquat Ali Khan government|Liaquat Ali Khan's cabinet]], serving as the [[Minister for Education (Pakistan)|education]] and [[Ministry of Health (Pakistan)|health]] minister.

He further joined [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United Nations|Pakistan permanent representative]]'s delegation to the United Nations in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry {{!}} The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh |url=http://dailyasianage.com/news/65092/?regenerate |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=The Asian Age |language=en}}</ref> In 1951, he contested the elections of the Punjab Legislative Assembly on the Muslim League ticket and was elected as a member of the Punjab Assembly. In 1952, he represented Pakistan in the United Nations.

=== Parliamentary roles (1956–1972) ===
In the 1956 elections, he was elected as member of the West Pakistan Assembly. Chaudhry served as the first [[List of speakers of the West Pakistan Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the West Pakistan Legislative Assembly]] from 20 May 1956 to 7 October 1958. In 1962, when Ayub Khan announced the elections, he was selected as the Deputy Opposition Leader of the House on the basis of his experience and knowledge about parliamentary proceedings. Chaudhry joined the [[Convention Muslim League]], and after the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]], he was elected as the [[Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly]], a role he served in till 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toothless lions? {{!}} Special Report {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/928881-toothless-lions |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected as member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] in 1970 on the ticket of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]], and was later elected as the [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly of Pakistan |url=https://na.gov.pk/en/content.php?id=23 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=na.gov.pk}}</ref> He ended up joining the Pakistan Peoples Party.

== Presidency ==
He contested the Presidential Elections of 1973 against [[Khan Amirzadah Khan]] of [[National Awami Party|NAP]] and all opposition parties, and was elected president in 1973 (receiving 139 votes against Khan's 45),<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 1973 |title=New President of Pakistan Named in Government Shift |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/11/archives/new-president-of-pakistan-named-in-government-shift.html |access-date=8 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> when the head of the PPP, [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] was made [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]]. He was the first [[Punjabi people|ethnic Punjabi]] president of the country.

Chaudhry was largely a [[figurehead]], and was the first Pakistani President with less power than the Prime Minister.<ref name="dunyanews.tv"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Alvi is third Pak president to assume charge at the age of 69 |language=en |website=www.thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/364169-dr-alvi-is-third-pak-president-to-assume-charge-at-the-age-of-69 |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9CAQAAIAAJ |title=Current World Leaders: almanac |date=1977 |publisher=Almanac of Current World Leaders |language=en}}</ref> This was due to the new [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution of 1973]] that gave more powers to the Prime Minister. Previously, the President had been the chief executive of Pakistan and had the power to appoint [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]]. After [[Operation Fair Play]] - a codename of the operation to remove Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from power - Chaudhry continued his presidency but had no influence in the [[Government of Pakistan|government operations]] or the [[Pakistan Military|military]] and [[Politics of Pakistan|national affairs]].

=== Resignation ===
After contentious relations with the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|military]], Chaudhry decided to resign from his post<ref name=":0" /> despite the urging of the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. On 16 September 1978, Chaudhry handed the charge of the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr|presidency]] to ruling military general [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] who succeeded him as the sixth president, in addition to being the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] and the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]].

==Death==
Chaudhry died of a heart ailment on 1 June 1982 at the age of 78 in [[Lahore|Lahore, Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 1982 |title=Fazal Elahi Dies at 78; Pakistani Ex-President |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |agency=UPI |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/02/obituaries/fazal-elahi-dies-at-78-pakistani-ex-president.html |access-date=8 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]]}}|years=1972–1973}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sahibzada Farooq Ali]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Pakistan]]|years=1973–1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Speaker National Assembly Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhry, Fazal Elahi}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:First Pakistani Cabinet]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists]]
[[Category:People from Kharian]]
[[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani landowners]]
[[Category:Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965]]
[[Category:Punjab, Pakistan MLAs 1951–1955]]
[[Category:Members of the Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1965–1969]]
[[Category:20th-century landowners]]

P. G. Ajithkumar

2026-04-24T13:16:13Z

Alaminsorker: Done

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. G. Ajithkumar
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of the Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 20 October 2021
| term_end =
| appointer =
| nominator =
| predecessor =
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Annamalai University]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Vayala
| father = Gopala Pillai
| mother = J Thankam
| spouse = Rameswary V.N.
| children = A.R. Athul, A.R. Amal
| website = {{URL|https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|High Court of Kerala}}
| signature =
}}
'''Puthen Veedu Gopala Pillai Ajithkumar''' ({{lang|ml|പുത്തൻ വീട് ഗോപാല പിള്ള അജിത്ത്കുമാർ}}; born 4 June 1963) is an Indian judge who is presently serving at [[Kerala High Court]]; the highest court in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. The High Court of Kerala is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/mra.html|title=Official|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/Oct/14/kerala-high-court-gets-four-new-judges-2371356.html|title=Kerala High Court gets four new judges|via=The New Indian Express|work=newindianexpress.com|date=14 Oct 2021|access-date=16 Dec 2024}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Ajithkumar obtained B.Sc. graduation from [[St John's College, Anchal]], law degree from [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]] and post graduation from [[Annamalai University]]. He joined judicial service as Magistrate in 1991, was promoted as District Judge in 2011 and served as Deputy Director and Additional Director in the Kerala Judicial Academy and as Registrar (District Judiciary) in the High Court of Kerala. He was appointed to serve as an Additional Judge in the High Court on 20 October 2021 and became permanent from 31 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/four-judicial-officers-appointed-as-hc-judges/article36988704.ece|title=Four judicial officers appointed as HC judges|work=The Hindu|date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajithkumar, P.G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]

West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:45:51Z

Alaminsorker: Added Basic Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = West Delhi {{Small|DL-6}}
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Kamaljeet_Sehrawat.jpg
| mp = [[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Delhi/West Delhi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency
| state =
| union_territory = [[Delhi]]
| assembly_cons = [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]] [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]] [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]] [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]] [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]] [[Vikaspuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vikaspuri]] [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]] [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]] [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]] [[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]]
}}

[[File:Delhi Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|alt=|thumb|Political Map of Delhi showing Parliamentary constituencies as of 2024 elections.]]
'''West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the seven [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the [[National Capital Territory]] of [[Delhi]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002. Earlier some parts of the constituency were included in [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi constituency]] and some parts were included in the erstwhile [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi constituency]].

==Assembly segments==
West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following ten [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies:<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=556}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
(in 2025)
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|26
|[[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[West Delhi]]
|[[Kailash Gangwal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|27
|[[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]]
|[[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|28
|[[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]]
|[[Shyam Sharma (politician)|Shyam Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|29
|[[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]]
| [[Jarnail Singh (born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|30
|[[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]]
|Ashish Sood
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|31
|[[Vikaspuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vikaspuri]]
| rowspan="5" |[[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
|Pankaj Kumar Singh
|-
| 32
|[[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]]
|[[Pawan Sharma]]
|-
|33
|[[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]]
|[[Parduymn Rajput]]
|-
|34
|[[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]]
|Sandeep Sehrawat
|-
|35
|[[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]]
|[[Neelam Pahalwan]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
The '''West Delhi''' Lok Sabha constituency was created in 2009. The list of Member of Parliament (MP) is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Mahabal Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Parvesh Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[West Delhi]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - West Delhi">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - West Delhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U056.htm |access-date=24 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724183512/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U056.htm |archive-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=8,42,658|percentage=55.27|change={{decrease}}4.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahabal Mishra]]|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=6,43,645|percentage=42.22|change={{increase}}24.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,699|percentage=0.57|change={{decrease}}0.05}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,99,013|percentage=13.05|change={{down}}27.08}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,24,751|percentage=58.81|change={{decrease}}2.01}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=BJP |swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
<section begin="Lok Sabha Election Results 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: West Delhi<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma]]
|votes = 8,65,648
|percentage = 60.05
|change = {{increase}}11.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mahabal Mishra]]
|votes = 2,87,162
|percentage = 19.92
|change = {{increase}}5.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Balbir Jakhar
|votes = 2,51,873
|percentage = 17.47
|change = {{decrease}}10.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sita Saran Sen
|votes = 13,269
|percentage = 0.92
|change ={{increase}}0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,937
|percentage = 0.62
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,78,486
|percentage = 40.13
|change = {{increase}}20.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,42,492
|percentage = 60.82
|change = {{decrease}}5.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing ={{increase}}11.75
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Lok Sabha Election Results 2019"/>

===2014===
<section begin="Lok Sabha Election Results 2014"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: West Delhi<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma]]
|votes = 6,51,395
|percentage = 48.30
|change ={{increase}}8.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jarnail Singh (born 1973)|Jarnail Singh]]
|votes = 3,82,809
|percentage = 28.38
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mahabal Mishra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,93,266
|percentage = 14.33
|change = {{decrease}}39.99
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Jarnail Singh
|votes = 84,722
|percentage = 6.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raj Pal Singh
|votes = 8,707
|percentage = 0.65
|change = {{decrease}}3.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,932
|percentage = 0.59
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,68,586
|percentage = 19.92
|change = {{increase}}5.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,47,971
|percentage = 66.10
|change = {{increase}}13.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}6.02
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Lok Sabha Election Results 2014"/>

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: West Delhi<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mahabal Mishra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,79,899
|percentage = 54.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prof. Jagdish Mukhi]]
|votes = 3,50,889
|percentage = 39.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Deepak Bharadwaj]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 36,089
|percentage = 4.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Krishan Kumar Sharma
|party = BSKP
|votes = 3,309
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Har Gobind Arora
|votes = 2,803
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,29,010
|percentage = 14.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,83,437
|percentage = 52.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win |
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of National Capital Territory}}

{{coord|28.6660|N|77.0670|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Delhi]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]

2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka

2026-04-23T23:20:46Z

Alaminsorker: starting new post added tags

{{short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
| partof =
| image = Districts affected by Sept 2008 Hindu-Christian conflict.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Districts affected by the attacks. 
{{legend2|#ff923f|Udupi district}} {{legend2|#f4ff00|Chikkamagaluru district}} 
{{legend2|#2ddf00|Dakshina Kannada district}}.
| place = [[Chikkamagaluru district]], [[Dakshina Kannada district]], and [[Udupi district]] in Karnataka
| notes =
}}
[[File:Adoration Mangalore.jpg|290px|thumb|Destroyed property inside [[Adoration Monastery, Mangalore]], after it was [[vandalised]] by Bajrang Dal militants.]]

The '''2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka''' were the wave of attacks directed against Christian churches and prayer halls in the [[India]]n city of [[Mangalore]] and the surrounding area of southern [[Karnataka]] in September and October 2008 by Hindu nationalist organisations such as [[Bajrang Dal]] and [[Sri Ram Sena]]. The attacks were widely perceived by Christians in southern Karnataka to be revenge from right-wing Hindu nationalist organisations, because [[Mangalorean Christian]]s had been outspoken about the [[2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa]].

On 29 August, many groups across India participated in a "prayer for peace and communal harmony" in response to ongoing anti-Christian violence in [[Orissa]]. [[St Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College]] and around 2,000 Christian schools in Karnataka went on strike on 29 August, protesting against the attacks in Orissa. This was in defiance of orders of the government that 29 August was to be a regular work day. The [[BJP Karnataka|BJP administration of Karnataka]] denounced local Christian institutions for disobeying the orders, and a Bajrang Dal demonstration was held outside St Aloysius College. Strikes and protests continued for the next two weeks. The main attacks began on 14 September, when a group of youths from the Bajrang Dal went inside the chapel of Adoration Monastery of the Sisters of St Clare near the [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]] in [[Hampankatta]] and desecrated it. Some 20 churches, temples, and halls belonging to Catholic, Protestant, Jehovah's Witness, and independent Christians were attacked. Christian buildings were damaged across [[Mangalore taluk]], [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] and [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]] districts. A few Christian institutions were later attacked in [[Bangalore district]] and [[Kasaragod district]].

Christians staged protests in response to the violence. One particularly large one was staged by the Catholics of [[Karkala]] deanery on 15 September. Church bells rang across the churches of Mangalore, calling parishioners to respond. The protests led to strong police suppression with [[lathi charge|''lathi'' charge]]s and [[tear gas]]; the police made around 150 arrests and injured 30 to 40 people. Violence broke out at the Adoration Monastery as police began caning the protestors with sticks and firing tear gas, and both sides pelted each other with stones. Between 15 September and 10 October, a new wave of anti-minority attacks began against Christian communities outside Karnataka, as well as against Muslim communities.

The state government denied fault for the attacks and defended the harsh police response. In February 2011, retired Justice [[MF Saldanha]] of the [[Bombay High Court]] published a report in which he described the attacks as "state-sponsored terrorism" and implicated the government as complicit with Hindu nationalist organisations. The report led to more than 100,000 Christians across multiple denominations protesting again in a silent march in Mangalore on 21 February, with the support of secular organisations. Following the publication of the report and subsequent protests, the Government of Karnataka announced that it would drop 338 criminal cases registered against Christians related to their participation in the protests. In December 2011, a further 23 cases against Christians were dropped.

==Background and cause==
Mangalore has long been a major Christian centre in India. In 1526, under the viceroyship of [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]], the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore and Christianity began to spread via their [[Missionary|missionaries]].<ref name="sch52">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=52|Ref=sch}}</ref> Many Christians migrated to [[South Canara]] from [[Goa]]. The [[Mangalorean Catholics]] were persecuted by [[Tipu Sultan]] during his reign between 1782 and 1799 and many were forcibly converted to [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Varghese2008">{{harvnb|Varghese|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&pg=PA404 404]}}</ref> On 24 February 1784, Tipu rounded up 60,000 to 80,000 Mangalorean Catholics and transported them to [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]].<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=231}}</ref> They were held there in [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|captivity]] for 15 years, until the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] defeated the Mysoreans at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Battle of Seringapatam]] on 4 May 1799, with Tipu being [[killed in action]] during the battle.<ref name="Home"/> Only 15,000–20,000 of those Catholics taken captive in 1784 survived.<ref name="Home">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=xiv}}</ref> In the latter half of the 19th century, Protestant missionaries began working in Mangalore and surrounding communities, and the Vicariate of Mangalore was established in 1853.<ref name="Saldanha"/> Mangalore, noted for its many churches and the strong representation of Catholics, was at one time known as the "Rome of the East".<ref name="Saldanha">{{cite web|author=Justice Saldanha, Michael F. |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2011/saldanha_report.pdf|title=State Terrorism – Tyranny (a report on the attacks on minorities and their places of worship in Karnataka)|publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties, South Kanara and Transparency International India, Karnataka Chapter |date=March 2011|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316172249/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2011/saldanha_report.pdf|url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> However it is also noted as a pilgrimage centre for Hindus, given its numerous Hindu temples and shrines.<ref name="Saldanha"/> Between 1991 and 2011, the percentage of Christians living in India reportedly dropped from 2.7 per cent to 2.2 per cent, a declining figure which has been linked to ongoing difficulties facing Christians in a predominantly Hindu nation.<ref name="The Hindu"/> In 2008, an estimated 320,300 Christians were living in the [[Dakshina Kannada district]].<ref name="Varghese2008"/>
{{quote box|width=25em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote= "Historically, Dakshina Kannada district has been a very long standing [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] / [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|VHP]] stronghold. Right from the days of the freedom movement and thereafter when [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] was [[Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|assassinated]] by a group of fanatics who maintained that his brand of politics was unacceptable to the Hindu fundamentalists, the district has always been the nerve-centre of these movements with regular morning drills on the ''maidans'' (grounds), processions, ''baithaks'' (seatings) and ''sammelans'' (meetings). These activities took a violent turn after the year 2000 when it was found very convenient to target the Muslim community on the ground that they are allegedly anti-nationals and that they are disloyal to this country. It is an offence under the IPC to indulge in any form of communal disharmony but the offensive articles kept regularly appearing in the Press headed by a leading Kannada daily owned by some industrialists from [[Manipal]], particularly after the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Bombay Bomb Blasts]] and violent incidents in different parts of the country. Mangalore in particular, and some of the other towns in Dakshina Kannada were prone to Hindu–Muslim violence though on a relatively small and isolated scale but this was definitely a disturbing factor. Never had it happened before that the Christian community had been attacked." |source=— Extract from the Saldanha Commission report into the background of religious tensions in the Dakshina Kannada district.<ref name="Saldanha"/>}}
[[File:Bajrang Dal Aloysius.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Activists belonging to the [[Bajrang Dal]] protested outside the gates of [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College]] on 29 August.]]
Several explanations of the cause of the September 2008 attacks have been postulated. Many Christians believe that the attacks were a direct response from right-wing Hindu organisations who were targeting the people of Mangalore and the surrounding area because they had been outspoken about [[Religious violence in Orissa|persecution of Christians in Orissa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/16/india.riots/index.html|title=20 feared dead as Hindu-Christian riots spread in India|publisher=CNN|date=16 September 2008|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208054241/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/16/india.riots/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]], a Jesuit institution in Mangalore, and some other 2000 Christian schools in Karnataka, went on strike for varying periods between 29 August and 5 September prior to the attacks, protesting against anti-Christian persecution in Orissa, contrary to the orders of the government who stated that they were to be regular work days.<ref name="BBCNews">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7616314.stm|title=Arrests over India church attacks|publisher=BBC|date=15 September 2008|access-date=2 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312002005/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7616314.stm|url-status=live|archive-date=12 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="OL">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?238530|title=Preying Hard: Borders blur between the state and the anti-Christian aggressors|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Publishing]]|date=24 November 2011|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219194331/http://outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?238530|url-status=live|archive-date=19 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Mangalorean">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=91108|title=Orissa violence – Karnataka reacts|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=2 September 2008|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201154718/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=91108|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Primary and secondary education minister [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]], responding to the shutting down of the Christian educational institutions in Karnataka, had directed the public education department to issue show-cause notices to schools that had objected to the violence against Christians in Orissa.<ref name="OL"/> A Christian institution in [[Shimoga]] had reportedly received a notice from the education ministry of Karnataka during the strike saying, "The VHP and Bajrang Dal have conducted a protest against the closure of schools and criticised your action. They have submitted letters requesting action against you for this. In this context, you are asked to show cause as to why action should not be initiated against you for using religion as an excuse to announce a holiday and as to why permission to run your institution should not be withdrawn."<ref name="OL"/> State Home Minister [[V.S. Acharya|V. S. Acharya]] explained the reason for the notices, "All Christian institutions are grant-in-aid institutions of the government and they should have had the courtesy to inform us before declaring a holiday. Their decision to act unilaterally cannot be tolerated."<ref name="OL"/> The education minister was backed by the State President [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]], who issued a statement in which he stated that Christian education institutions had committed a crime by declaring a holiday {{clarify|date=March 2024}} without obtaining the state government's permission.<ref name="Mangcom2">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=91078|title=Minister for action against Catholic schools|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=31 August 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201154743/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=91078|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> However, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) condemned Hegde's statement to take action against Christian education institutions and the leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly, [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], stated that "The minister's statement is not proper. It may lead to law and order problem in the State."<ref name="Mangcom2"/> Bajrang Dal proponents protested with banners outside the St. Aloysius College gates and across Mangalore on Saturday 31 August, the day after the college had closed for a holiday,<ref name="Mangalorean"/> chanting slogans such as, ''"Jai Mata Di"'' (Hail to the Mother) and ''"Bharat Mata ki jai"'' (Hail Mother India). The closure of the schools in Mangalore were not alone; some 45,000 institutions across India had participated on 29 August in a "prayer for peace and communal harmony" in response to the events in Orissa.<ref name="OL"/>

Another explanation is that the attacks were an angry response by Bajrang Dal over the allegations that the [[New Life Fellowship Association|New Life Fellowship Trust]] were indulging in forceful religious conversion of Hindus and distribution of vulgar literature slandering Hindu gods and goddesses.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091659220300.htm|title=We have no link with 'New Life' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 September 2008|date=16 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094335/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091659220300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="AN">{{cite news|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=13221&size=A|title=Karnataka: 20 churches attacked, Christians accuse police of inaction |author=Nirmala Carvalho|access-date=27 September 2008|publisher=Asia News|date=15 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222024241/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=13221&size=A|url-status=live|archive-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> Bajrang Dal claimed that nearly 15,000 people had been forced to adopt Christianity as their religion in Mangalore alone in the past year after monitoring the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/17mang1.htm?zcc=rl|title=VHP hopes to win back Mangalore's neo-converts|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 September 2008|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920095047/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/17mang1.htm?zcc=rl|url-status=live|archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> In the book ''Satyadarshini'', written by [[Andhra Pradesh]] Pastor Paravastu Suryanarayana Rao, it was alleged that New Life Fellowship Trust had denigrated and defamed Hindu gods, causing anger amongst the Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mn&type=659|title=Advocates seek copies of 'Satyadarshini'|publisher=Mangalore Today|date=10 March 2009|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404030118/http://mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mn&type=659|url-status=live|archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="CNN pastor">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bajrang-dal-blames-pastor-in-ap-for-karnataka-violence/74149-3.html|author=Singh, Preeti |title=Bajrang Dal blames pastor for K'taka violence|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=23 September 2008|access-date=15 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922124648/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bajrang-dal-blames-pastor-in-ap-for-karnataka-violence/74149-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> Hindu activists also alleged that excerpts from Rao's book had been published in pamphlets to spread its influence.<ref name="CNN pastor"/> [[Mahila Parishat]] leader Asha Jagadish claimed the attacks were solely motivated by religious conversions by New Life and claimed that her neighbour was forcefully converted into Christianity to marry a Christian girl, further stating, "The Holy Saint School in Bangalore, where I studied up to fifth standard, did not allow me to wear ''[[kumkum]]'' or bangles according to Hindu tradition."<ref name="Dajinew">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=81291&n_tit=%91Mangalore+Church+Attack+only+because+of+New+Life+organisation%92|title=Mangalore Church Attack only because of New Life organisation|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=16 July 2010|access-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721211305/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=81291&n_tit=%91Mangalore+Church+Attack+only+because+of+New+Life+organisation%92|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2010}}</ref> Fr. Francis Serrao, rector of St. Aloysius College, stated that he believed the attacks were not due to conversion, but was rather a reflection of the struggle between Christianity and [[Brahmanism]] and theorised that Christian ideology and Brahmin ideology can never coexist as "Christianity propagates love and Brahmanism propagates hate."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=52556|title=Mangalore: 'Church Attack Signifies Struggle between Christianity and Brahminism'|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=20 October 2008|access-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233127/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=52556|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

==Attacks==
Incidents of violence against Christians had been reported during the month prior to the main attacks. On 17 August 2008, demonstrators performed a ''[[dharna]]'' (hunger strike) outside the DHM church in [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]], [[Davangere]] and again on 24 August at Nitya Jeeva Devalaya church, burning Christian literature in both events.<ref name="Hinduattacks">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092651370700.htm|title=Twenty-eight churches have been targeted in the State since August |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2008|access-date=5 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929012717/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/26/stories/2008092651370700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref> No complaints or arrests were made in either of the events.<ref name="Hinduattacks"/> Three days later, on 27 August, a Christian prayer hall and its pastor in [[Uchangidurga]], [[Harpanahalli|Harpanahalli taluk]] of the [[Davanagere district]], were attacked, leading to eight arrests.<ref name="Hinduattacks"/> Then on 7 September, a group of about 300 individuals attacked the Yesu Kripalaya Church in [[Bada, Davangere|Bada]], [[Davangere district]], vandalising it and burning the Bibles.<ref name="Hinduattacks"/> Ten people were arrested at the scene in Bada.<ref name="Hinduattacks"/> The multiple premeditated attacks started on 14 September 2008, with some 20 churches attacked in Karnataka;<ref name="AN"/> of which 14 were attacked within one hour.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/53-arrested-for-church-attacks-in-ktaka--mangalore-tense/73639-3.html|title=53 arrested for church attacks in Karnataka |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163904/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/53-arrested-for-church-attacks-in-ktaka--mangalore-tense/73639-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> These included Catholic and Protestant churches as well as temples belonging to the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and the New Life Fellowship Trust.<ref name="AN"/> The attacks began when a group of some 15 youths on motorbikes from the [[Bajrang Dal]], a Hindu nationalist organisation which aims to achieve the "reversing of the invasions by Muslim conquerors and British imperialism", arrived at the chapel of the Adoration Monastery of the Sisters of St Clare in [[Hampankatta]] around 10.15 am, shouting a pro-Bajrang Dal slogan.<ref name="Rediff2"/> They entered the monastery and attacked it with ''[[Fighting stick|lathis]]'', desecrating the [[tabernacle]] and the [[Eucharist]], the {{convert|15|ft|m|0}} high golden coloured [[monstrance]] (regarded by the nuns as the most sacred object in the church<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091854610400.htm|title=Nuns who shunned contact with the outside world feel terrorised |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022204335/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091854610400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2008}}</ref>), a crucifix, the oil lamps, the vases on the altar, and a few statues of saints. A couple praying in the chapel at the time were also beaten by the intruders.<ref name="Rediff2">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/22mang.htm|title=Report blames Bajrang Dal, cops for Mangalore attacks|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 October 2008|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025141235/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/22mang.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=25 October 2008}}</ref> Two nuns were also reportedly injured.<ref name="The Hindu2">{{cite web|author=Somasekhara, B. K.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00376/Justice_B_K__Somase_376775a.pdf|title=FINAL REPORT: CHURCHWISE FINDINGS|publisher=Justice B. K. Somasehara, Former judge of the High Court of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh Commission of Inquiry, accessed via [[The Hindu]]|date=2 January 2011|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182924/http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00376/Justice_B_K__Somase_376775a.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Around the same time, a group of 30 to 35 people on motorbikes wearing masks attacked the empty [[Church of South India]] building at [[Kodaikal]], armed with iron pipes, cricket stumps and sticks, shouting pro-Bajrang Dal slogans.<ref name="Rediff2"/> Aside from damage to the buildings, windows and religious iconography, furniture, Bibles, and other Christian literature were damaged in various churches.<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/news/27737748_1_prayer-halls-bajrang-dal-jayapura-in-chikmagalur-district|title=Bajrang Dal cadre attacks churches in Karnataka|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 September 2008|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603131643/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/news/27737748_1_prayer-halls-bajrang-dal-jayapura-in-chikmagalur-district|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref> A gang of about 30 youths had made an attempt to ransack a prayer hall of the New Life Fellowship Trust, but their efforts were thwarted by the police.<ref name="Parivar">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/life-as-the-other/376688/0|title=Life as the other|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 October 2008|access-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126131543/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/life-as-the-other/376688/0|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Miscreants Attack St Ann's Friary Grotto.ogv|thumb|left|250px|St Ann's Friary Grotto after it was desecrated on 14 September]]
Around 8.30 pm on 14 September 2008, miscreants pelted stones at the chapel of Padua Pre-University College, a Christian college located at [[Nanthoor]], badly damaging its windows. Around 9.30 pm, miscreants badly damaged a statue located in front of Carmelites' house in [[Katkere]], near [[Koteshwara|Koteshwar]].<ref name="Daiji1"/> The Church of St. Sebastian in [[Permannur]] was badly damaged, including its windows and furniture.<ref name="AN"/> [[Holy Cross Church, Cordel|Holy Cross Church]] (at [[Kulshekar]]) and St. Joseph, The Worker Church (at Vamanjoor) were also damaged.<ref name="Rediff2"/> Police reports confirmed that Our Lady's Grotto at Vijayamarie Technical Institute and properties at the Infant Jesus Higher Primary School and Mary Hill Convent were also damaged by the miscreants on the night of 14 September. Pastor K. A. Abraham of Divine Deliverance Prayer Centre at [[Neerugadde]] in [[Shiroor]] said that more than 25 miscreants had attacked his prayer hall, and they were reported to have smashed the window panes, ransacked equipment and set a motorcycle and car on fire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/15/stories/2008091559751300.htm|title=Many injured in scuffles after attack on prayer halls |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 August 2009|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206041229/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/15/stories/2008091559751300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="Hindu15">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/11/stories/2009081158870300.htm|title=Attackers were not from Udupi, say witnesses |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 August 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203113335/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/11/stories/2009081158870300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

Later, during the early morning hours of 15 September, individuals broke into the St. George Church belonging to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro Malabar Catholic Rite]] of the [[Diocese of Belthangady|Belthangady Diocese]] in [[Ujire]], Dakshina Kannada district, 70 km from Mangalore and burned the Bible, the carpet, prayer books and desecrated holy icons.<ref name=TOI1/><ref name="Mangcom239"/> Miscreants also ransacked the St. Thomas Church in [[Gorigandi]] in [[Chikkamagaluru district]].<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-18/india/27902242_1_church-miscreants-attacks-on-prayer-halls|title=More churches attacked in Karnataka|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-18/india/27902242_1_church-miscreants-attacks-on-prayer-halls|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Seven or eight masked men arriving on scooters were reported to have desecrated the large statue of St. Antony at St. Ann's Friary on Jail Road in [[Bejai]], throwing flower pots to smash the glass covering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=93290|title=Mangalore: Statue desecration in Bejai hurt man|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=16 September 2011|access-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201154723/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=93290|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> The official report into the attacks{{Ref label|a|a|none}} later claimed that the Bajrang Dal were the likely suspects for the attacks on churches in Chikkamagaluru district, including the Christian Believers' Prayer Hall, Jagadeshwara Church in [[Mudigere]] and Carmel Mathe Devalaya in [[Kudremukh]], and had also harassed people gathered at Kapitanio High School in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/133096/bajrang-dal-activists-responsible-mlore.html|title=Bajrang Dal activists responsible for M'lore vandalism: Report|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=29 January 2011|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160353/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/133096/bajrang-dal-activists-responsible-mlore.html|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Several people also reportedly invaded the house and prayer meeting of a neo-convert in [[Singatagere]] of [[Kadur|Kadur taluk]].<ref name="Hindu15"/> Other areas affected by the attacks include [[Kalkanady]], [[Falnir]], [[Madyanthar]], [[Makodu]], Singatagere, [[Jayapura, Karnataka|Jayapura]], [[Shaktinagar, Karnataka|Shaktinagar]], [[Thokottu]], [[Bantwal]], [[Belthangady]], [[Udupi]], [[Kulur, Mangalore|Kulur]], [[Kundapura]], [[Karkala]], [[Koppa, India|Koppa]], Balehanoor and [[Moodbidri]].<ref name="AN"/><ref name="ET"/> Individuals were also targeted during the event. In Kulur, two men and two children were attacked by a Hindu mob near Gurupur Bridge while on their way to their hometown in a private car,<ref name="Daiji1">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51155&n_tit=Mangalore%3A%20Attacks%20on%20Christian%20Prayer%20Centres%2C%20Institutions%20around%20South%20Kanara%2E%2E%2E%2E|title=Mangalore: Attacks on Christian Prayer Centres, Institutions around South Kanara.... |publisher= [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=14 September 2008|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405115907/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51155&n_tit=Mangalore:%20Attacks%20on%20Christian%20Prayer%20Centres,%20Institutions%20around%20South%20Kanara....|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> and in [[Kalladka]], the Souza Textile owner and his wife were attacked by unidentified people.<ref name="Daiji2">{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51210&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Situation+Turns+Violent+at+Kulshekar%2C+Vamanjoor+%3A+Police+Cane+Mob|title=Mangalore: Situation Turns Violent at Kulshekar, Vamanjoor: Police Cane Mob, Hundreds Injured|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=15 September 2008|access-date=27 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013084735/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51210&n_tit=Mangalore:+Situation+Turns+Violent+at+Kulshekar,+Vamanjoor+:+Police+Cane+Mob|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> Two separate stabbing incidents were also reported in Kalladka, and the two men affected were admitted to hospital with serious injuries.<ref name="Mangalcom5"/>

On 16 September, a 100-year-old statue of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] at St Mary's Church in [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] was damaged by vandals, St George's Church in [[Ernody]] was desecrated and attempted to be burned by vandals, and over 20 vandals desecrated the Rima Worship Centre at [[Adyar, Karnataka|Adyar]].<ref name="Hinduattacks"/> On 18 September, vandals shattered the glass encasing of the Mother Mary statue of the Presentation Girls School in [[Dharwad]] and on 19 September, a gang of vandals on motorbikes pelted stones at the St. Xavier's Church in [[Padu Kody]] in [[Mangalore taluk]] and destroyed the statues.<ref name="Hinduattacks"/> On 21 September, a further four attacks were reported, including Brethren Christa Aaradhanalaya prayer hall near [[Nellihudikeri]] in [[Kodagu district]], the Believers' Church in [[Yedapadavu]], Mangalore taluk, and two churches in [[Bangalore]]; St. James Church in [[Mariyannapalya]] near [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]] and [[Lumbini Gardens]], which had two gold plated crowns and cash from the offering box stolen and the main sacrament vandalised; and the Holy Church in the Name of Jesus at [[Raja Rajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwarinagar]] had the casing around the Infant Jesus smashed and the statue damaged.<ref name="Hinduattacks"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-21/news/28446817_1_fresh-attacks-churches-trouble-free-sunday-prayers|title=Three more churches attacked in Karnataka|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=21 September 2008|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000253/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-21/news/28446817_1_fresh-attacks-churches-trouble-free-sunday-prayers|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="TOI3">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-22/india/27919269_1_church-attacks-fresh-attacks-archbishop|title=Archbishop slams Karnataka CM over church attacks|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-22/india/27919269_1_church-attacks-fresh-attacks-archbishop|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article18700.ece|title=CoD to probe church attack|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 September 2009|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182927/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article18700.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> In [[Banaswadi]], a group reportedly pelted stones at a church and fled.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/four-more-churches-attacked-in-karnataka-vh/364189/|title=Four more churches attacked in Karnataka, VHP denies hand|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126120742/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/four-more-churches-attacked-in-karnataka-vh/364189/|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> A Catholic school was also attacked in [[Kasaragod district]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bajrang-dal-riot-continues-as-church-vs-church-adds-a-twist/361910/0|title=Bajrang Dal riot continues as church vs church adds a twist|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=15 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126014111/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bajrang-dal-riot-continues-as-church-vs-church-adds-a-twist/361910/0|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref>
Between 15 September and 10 October, Hindu nationalists directed a wave of attacks targeting Christian communities in [[Kerala]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Andhra Pradesh, [[Bihar]], Chhattisgarh, [[Jharkhand]], New Delhi, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Tamil Nadu and [[Uttarakhand]], and Muslim communities in [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|pp=323–4}}</ref>

===Christian protests===
[[File:Protest Continues Around Mangalore.ogv|thumb|right|250px|Christians erupted in protests in Mangalore, following the attacks on their religious institutions.]]
In response to the attacks in areas such as Hampankatta, Shaktinagar, Vamanjoor, Thokottu and Bantwal, the Christian community began protesting. The protestors blocked arterial city roads in their masses, especially in places such as Hampankatta, [[Kulshekar]], [[Bejai]], [[Derebail]] and Thokottu and rang bells in almost all the churches of the city, calling parishioners to their churches.<ref name="Daiji1"/> In Hampankatta, over 4,000 Christians united to defend the [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]] and protest.<ref name="AN"/><ref name="BM1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20State&sectid=73&contentid=2008091420080914211449782570516da|title=Prayer halls attacked in DK, Udupi|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=14 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525184604/https://www.webcitation.org/65y8XrQgF?url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx%3FPage=article&sectname=News%20-%20State&sectid=73&contentid=2008091420080914211449782570516da|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> Violence broke out at the Adoration monastery as police began caning the protestors with sticks and bursting teargas shells to disperse them, while they pelted stones at police vans and police.<ref name="Daiji2"/><ref name="Rediff">{{cite news|url= http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/15ktaka1.htm|title= Attack on churches: Violent protests in Mangalore|access-date=20 September 2008|date=15 September 2008|publisher=[[Rediff.com]] India Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816074420/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/15ktaka1.htm|url-status= live|archive-date=16 August 2010}}</ref> The police were reported to have caused further damage to the Adoration monastery by throwing back stones and glass bottles to restrain the protestors.<ref name="Rediff2"/> Union Minister of Labour and Employment [[Oscar Fernandes]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[B. Ramanath Rai]] arrived at the Hampankatta scene at 6 pm.<ref name="Daiji1"/> The Catholics of [[Karkala]] deanery staged a protest on 15 September condemning the attacks and the desecration of the crucifix and sacrament at Adoration Monastery in particular and organised a 3 kilometre silent protest march from the bus stand to the ''[[Karkala taluk|taluk]]'' headquarters and submitted a memorandum to ''[[tehsildar]]'' Laxman Singh.<ref name="Mangalcom4"/>

The protests involved over 2,500 people and among those present were incumbent parish priest John Barboza, Valerian Fernandes, [[Ajekar]] parish priest Valerian Fernandes, [[Attur, Udupi|Attur]] parish priest Arthur Pereira, [[Miyar]] parish priest Ronald Miranda, Paschal Menezes, [[Parappady]] parish priest Alex Aranha, Michael D'Silva, [[Hirgan, India|Hirgan]] parish priest Michael Lobo, [[Kanajar]] parish priest Alwyn D'Cunha and many other priests and nuns in the area.<ref name="Mangalcom4">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93155|title='Culprits will be arrested soon' – Chief Minister|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=15 September 2011|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171301/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93155|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51207&n_tit=Karkala%3A+Attack+on+Christian+Worship+Places+-+Devotees+Stage+Protest+in+Town|title=Karkala: Attack on Christian Worship Places — Devotees Stage Protest in Town|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=15 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233119/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51207&n_tit=Karkala%3A+Attack+on+Christian+Worship+Places+-+Devotees+Stage+Protest+in+Town|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The Christian protestors also clashed with police at St Sebastian Church in the [[Permannur]] area of [[Ullal]] on the outskirts of Mangalore, shouting slogans and throwing stones at the police for their failure to arrest the perpetrators of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091654340400.htm|title=I know nothing of Bajrang Dal claim: Palemar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819182358/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091654340400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2011}}</ref> The police arrested several Christians after firing into the air and being involved in a ''lathi'' charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-tense-as-cops-protestors-clash/73598-16.html|title=Mangalore tense after cops clash with mob|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202162343/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-tense-as-cops-protestors-clash/73598-16.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Four people of pro-Hindu organisations were reportedly injured at Kalladka and [[Attavar]] on the outskirts of the Mangalore when their vehicles were attacked and were pelted with stones by a mob.<ref name="Rediff16">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/16ktaka.htm|title=Peace prevails in riot-hit Mangalore, for now|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021213409/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/16ktaka.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> Ten people, including one of the [[Sri Ram Sena]] activists, were reportedly stabbed during the protests and according to the police, the situation was used by some to settle personal scores and not all stabbing incidents were related to attack on churches and the subsequent violence in the city.<ref name="IBN stabbing">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-in-mangalore-after-hindu-activists-stabbing/73686-3-1.html|title=Mangalore bandh after Hindu activist stabbed|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163900/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-in-mangalore-after-hindu-activists-stabbing/73686-3-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The Sri Ram Sena protested against the stabbing of one of their activists by organising a shutdown of educational institutions and shops.<ref name="IBN stabbing"/> The district administration responded by declaring a holiday for all educational institutions in Mangalore taluk, and extended prohibitory orders under the [[Section 144]] Criminal Procedure Code for two more days in the wake of the attacks and protests as a precaution.<ref name="Rediff16"/>

More than two dozen Christians were initially arrested by the police during the Adoration incident, in comparison to seven young members of the Bajrang Dal who had initiated the attacks.<ref name="AN"/><ref name="ET"/> Chief Minister [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] later stated in a press conference that a total of 153 people had been arrested during the attacks and resultant protests within a two-day period and that some had been charged with looting, arson and rioting, saying that they would be "punished in accordance with the provisions of the law under they were charged."<ref name="Mangalcom6"/> The [[BBC]] reported that over 170 people had been arrested during the events.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7621590.stm|title=More church attacks in Karnataka |publisher=BBC|date=17 September 2008|access-date=27 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922041836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7621590.stm|url-status=live|archive-date=22 September 2008}}</ref> However, Superintendent of Police in Mangalore, N. Satheesh Kumar, claimed to have made just 89 arrests in total.<ref name="Parivar"/> Four policemen, half a dozen people and journalist Anil Jogi were reportedly injured in the Adoration incident, and three police vehicles damaged.<ref name="Daiji1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/news/27737748_1_prayer-halls-bajrang-dal-jayapura-in-chikmagalur-district|title=Bajrang Dal cadre attacks churches in Karnataka|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603131643/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/news/27737748_1_prayer-halls-bajrang-dal-jayapura-in-chikmagalur-district|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref> The police stated that over 30 people were injured and eight police vehicles had been damaged in the overall attacks, and that nearly 40 people and 20 police were injured in the attacks in total.<ref name="Mangcom1">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93051|title=Mayhem in Mangalore – Churches Attacked|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=14 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171502/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93051|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-16/news/28487789_1_missionaries-christian-homes-kandhamal-district|title=100 arrests as Christians, police clash in Karnataka|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000247/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-16/news/28487789_1_missionaries-christian-homes-kandhamal-district|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Several of the injured were taken to [[Father Muller Medical College]] and [[Wenlock District Hospital]].<ref name="Daiji1"/> Although three churches were attacked in neighbouring [[Udupi district]], it remained peaceful during the aftermath.<ref name="Rediff"/>

Many congregations gathered in their churches upon hearing news of the attacks, volunteering to spend the night there to protect them from further attacks.<ref name="Daiji1"/> Local Catholic leaders demanded a peaceful ''[[bandh]]'' on 15 September in and around the city of Mangalore, and as a response Catholic traders and transport owners closed their shops and stopped their vehicles.<ref name="Daiji1"/> A memorandum was submitted to the district council at 10.30 am, seeking protection for the lives and property of Christians. Prayers were to be held in all the 48 churches of the district on Wednesday, 17 September.<ref name="Daiji1"/> On 6 October 2008, some 10,000 people from civil society and religious organisations organised a march to protest against the anti-Christian perpetrators of the attacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|p=348}}</ref>

===Reports of state and police misconduct===
[[File:Attacks on Christian Prayer Centres, Institutions.ogv|thumb|right|250px|Aftermath of the attacks]]
The Christian community of Mangalore accused the police of doing nothing to prevent attacks by Hindu radicals. Mangalore Police Superintendent N. Satheesh Kumar himself admitted that the police did have information that pro-Hindu organisations were planning to attack Christian places of worship in the district, but failed to do anything about it.<ref name="AN"/> The Christian community accused the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government under B. S. Yeddyurappa of involvement in the attacks and backing the anti-Christian campaigns.<ref name="AN"/>{{Ref label|b|b|none}} In response to the report that the police had information, Fr. Henry Sequeira, chancellor of the Mangalore Diocese said, "If the police knew about this in advance and still could not prevent the attacks, then we have no hope."<ref name="AN"/> However, Superintendent Kumar had made security arrangements near the New Life Prayer Centre in [[Kankanady]] and had successfully barred the miscreants from entering and vandalising the centre at that particular location, leading to a violent conflict with the police.<ref name="Daiji1"/> The police were criticised by Christians for using excessive force in suppressing the protests and aggressively subduing Christian protesters whilst failing to punish the offending Hindu nationalist perpetrators; photographs and video footage has emerged of the beating of some of the protestors with canes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecsf.org/pdfs/karnataka%20report.pdf|title=Report of the People's Tribunal enquiry|publisher=CSF|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175340/http://thecsf.org/pdfs/karnataka%20report.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Caning by the police was also reported at [[Panemangalore]] and [[Farangipet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51229&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Tension+Prevails+in+District+%3A+Stone+Pelting%2C+Stabbing+Incidents+at+Night|title=Mangalore: Tension Prevails in District : Stone Pelting, Stabbing Incidents at Night|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220031333/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51229&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Tension+Prevails+in+District+%3A+Stone+Pelting%2C+Stabbing+Incidents+at+Night|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

Phelix D'Souza, a resident of [[Permannur]], alleged that the police took him into custody and tortured him and opened a baseless case against him, sending him to jail for 11 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21327/adoration-monastery-attack-pre-planned.html|title=Adoration Monastery attack was pre-planned|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 August 2009|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226223253/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21327/adoration-monastery-attack-pre-planned.html|url-status=live|archive-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> Lance Rego, a Mangalore resident, claimed that "many of the police personnel who entered the premises of Holy Cross Church at Kulshekar were wearing helmets usually worn by two-wheeler drivers and not the ones meant for police personnel. Hence, I wonder whether they were police personnel or cadres of the Bajrang Dal."<ref name="Mangalcom3"/> Another resident, Marcel Henry Ferao, alleged that "prohibitory orders were imposed on those who were inside the church compound and not on the Bajrang Dal cadres who were outside the church compound and were pelting stones".<ref name="Mangalcom3">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/11/stories/2009061154200500.htm|title=Church attacks: 'Bajrang Dal cadres were in collusion with police'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 June 2006|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829154134/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/11/stories/2009061154200500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref> Dinal Saldanha of Kulshekar alleged that the police used tear-gas shells which were past their expiry date on the premises, and that exposure to the gas resulted in problems with her eyesight.<ref name="Mangalcom3"/> Many Catholic women reported incidents of police violence to the Deputy Commissioner M. Maheshwar Rao and other government officials, revealing their bruises, and demanding that action be taken against them.<ref name="Mangcom239">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93427|title=Violence against Christians: Women demand action against Police|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=23 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171626/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93427|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Vamanjoor Police Cane Mob, Hundreds Injured.ogv|thumb|left|250px|The police crackdown on protesters in Vamanjoor]]
[[Girija Vyas]], President of the [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW), met with the affected women of Mangalore and visited various hospitals, schools and parishes in the area, and expressed concern at the way in which the police had handled the event.<ref name="Mangcom239"/> Two police constables, Nandakumar and Shivaram, were suspended following a stone throwing incident within [[Siddapura, Udupi|Siddapura]] police jurisdiction, in which windows of a church had been smashed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=94041|title=K'taka church attacks: Two cops suspended, VHP denies involvement|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=22 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201154725/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=94041|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Chief Minister of State Yeddyurappa stated that senior civil and police officials of the districts would be held responsible if attacks on churches and prayer halls occurred in areas under their jurisdiction, further stating: "Strict action will be taken against you [the police] without fear or favour".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ktaka-church-attacks-vhp-denies-involvement/74037-3.html|title=Two cops suspended in Karnataka church attack|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=22 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202162338/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ktaka-church-attacks-vhp-denies-involvement/74037-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> In Dakshina Kanada district, community members reported that the administration had attempted to have Superintendent of Police N. Satish Kumar transferred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-25/news/28440454_1_vandalising-churches-prayer-halls-communal-violence|title=Bajrang Dal involved in Karnataka communal violence: Home Ministry|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=25 September 2008|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000258/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-25/news/28440454_1_vandalising-churches-prayer-halls-communal-violence|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> However, the official report into the attacks initiated by the government, released in January 2011, contradicted this and stated "the impression and allegations that the top police officers and the district administration had colluded with the attackers in attacking the churches or places of worship has no merit. The concerned police in all districts did their best and have been successful in nabbing most of such miscreants and large number of charge-sheets have been filed in various courts which have to finally adjudicate their identity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=94266&n_tit=B+K+Somashekar+Absolves+Govt%2C+BJP%2C+Sangh+Parivar%3B+Indicts+None|title=B K Somashekar Absolves Govt, BJP, Sangh Parivar; Indicts None|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=28 January 2011|access-date=9 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130064855/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=94266&n_tit=B+K+Somashekar+Absolves+Govt%2C+BJP%2C+Sangh+Parivar%3B+Indicts+None|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>

[[Mahendra Kumar]], the former state convener of the Bajrang Dal, claimed that he was incarcerated for 42 days in Mangalore before being released on conditional bail by [[Karnataka High Court]] Justice [[Ashok B. Hinchigeri]] on 25 October 2008, and was used as a scapegoat by the BJP regime to "save the government from further embarrassment after the church attacks and on instructions from the [[Sangh Parivar]] leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/25/stories/2008102554930500.htm|title=Ex-Bajrang Dal chief gets conditional bail|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918085404/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/25/stories/2008102554930500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="BM111"/> The police had originally protested against his being released on bail, a week after the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93897|title=Police oppose bail to Bajrang Dal chief|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=21 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923231617/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93897|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2008}}</ref> Kumar stated that the BJP government in permitting the attacks had "fallen low on values and is engrossed in corruption."<ref name="BM111"/>

==Reactions==
===Political response===
[[File:Chief Minister B S Yeddyurappa Speaking to media persons.ogv|thumb|right|250px|[[B. S. Yeddyurappa]], then Chief Minister of Karnataka, was accused of involvement in the attacks, but strongly denied it, stating that his government was "committed to maintaining peace and harmony in the state."]]
Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] spoke to Karnataka Governor [[Rameshwar Thakur]] and Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa by phone from his Delhi residence in the aftermath of the attacks on churches and Christians, and expressed shock at the attacks.<ref name="Mangcom1"/> He directed the chief minister to take immediate steps to provide ample protection to religious institutions and maintain communal harmony.<ref name="Mangcom1"/> The Udupi district Congress committee submitted a memorandum to Deputy Commissioner P. Hemalatha, demanding that the state government initiate legal action and punish the culprits of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091658840300.htm|title=Book the culprits first: Congress leaders|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918103152/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/16/stories/2008091658840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> The Congress party opposition leader [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] said, "The BJP is responsible for the attacks. It is creating social disharmony" further adding that they were "actively inciting further violence" against Christians in the state.<ref name="BBCNews"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-18/news/27698108_1_orissa-attacks-communal-polarisation-communal-attacks|title=Yeddy inciting violence against Christians: Congress|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-18/news/27698108_1_orissa-attacks-communal-polarisation-communal-attacks|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Special Home Secretary [[M. L. Kumawat]] visited some of the areas affected by the attacks and said that the state government "needs to do more and arrest all those responsible for the attacks."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7634100.stm|title=Church 'at risk' in Indian state|publisher=BBC|date=24 September 2008|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403220535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7634100.stm|url-status=live|archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref>

Yeddyurappa strongly denied any involvement of his government in the attacks, but admitted that the police were to blame for not taking precautionary measures, describing it as a "dereliction of duty".<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-22/bangalore/27947746_1_high-level-meeting-lapses-home-minister|title=CM blames cops|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-22/bangalore/27947746_1_high-level-meeting-lapses-home-minister|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> He believed the attacks were a response from "some vested interest trying to tarnish the secular image of his government".<ref name="CNN"/> He said at the press conference, "My government is committed to maintaining peace and harmony in the state; law and order has been top priority by my government.... Nobody is above law, irrespective of caste and creed the culprits will be punished".<ref name="CNN"/><ref name="Mangcom1"/> The state government ensured that special security was given to important places of worship throughout the state in the aftermath of the attacks and Yeddyurappa set up a corps of detectives to investigate.<ref name="Mangalcom5">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=93351|title=Mahesh Bhatt asks Governor to send report to President, PM|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=17 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606172226/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=93351|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092058090100.htm|title=Yeddyurappa orders judicial probe into attacks in State|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125090540/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092058090100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> He promised Christian community leaders that all churches and shrines vandalised in the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Chikkamagaluru during the attacks would be restored and paid a visit to all of the areas affected by communal riots and attacks.<ref name="Mangalcom6">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=93277|title=State Government to spend on damage repair – Yeddyurappa|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=16 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171048/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=93277|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Some politicians such as former Prime Minister and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JDS) national president [[H.D. Deve Gowda]] and [[M.P. Prakash|M. P. Prakash]] also visited the Christian institutions in the aftermath.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51273&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Deve+Gowda+in+City%2C+on+a+Visit+of+Hospitals+and+Churches|title=Mangalore: Deve Gowda in City, on a Visit of Hospitals and Churches |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=17 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233229/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51273&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Deve+Gowda+in+City%2C+on+a+Visit+of+Hospitals+and+Churches|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep182008/state2008091890715.asp?section=updatenews|title=Cong demands CBI probe into Church attacks |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160613/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep182008/state2008091890715.asp?section=updatenews|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> In February 2010, Yeddyurappa allocated {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}500 millions for Christian development projects in Karnataka in his state budget, the first time he had ever done so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=73044|title=Christian Development Board Offer is 'Political Ploy' – Archbishop|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=28 February 2010|access-date=5 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233226/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=73044|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

{{quote box|width=20em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote="After my government come into power, I first met the Bishop of Mangalore and other Muslim leaders, and asked them for unity among all religions. We have to stop all misunderstandings between religions. We have to treat each and every citizen equally. Whoever takes law into their hands should be punished. I strongly condemn this act against the Catholic churches. Karnataka is famous for peace and we need to maintain peace in this state. This incident should not occur again." |source=—Statement by B. S. Yeddyurappa<ref name="Mangalcom4"/>}}
The Home Ministry advised the Karnataka government to do all it could in its power to prevent the recurrence of the attacks and to restore faith in the authorities in the region, asking for them to strongly suppress violence and vandalism and to punish the offenders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/19karna.htm|title=Karnataka orders judicial probe into church attacks|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 September 2008|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910050827/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/19karna.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> Senior BJP leader [[L. K. Advani]], during his two-day visit to [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]], denounced the attacks in Orissa and Karnataka, saying," I strongly condemn these acts of violence and vandalism. The law must take its course and the culprits must be brought to justice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/29advani.htm|title=Advani condemns attacks on Christians in Orissa, Karnataka|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202160447/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/29advani.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> Former defence minister [[George Fernandes]] wrote to Yeddyurappa urging him to restore peace and challenging radicals to prove alleged conversions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/printer.asp?nid=51331|title=Fernandes speaks for Mangalore Christians |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=19 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233223/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/printer.asp?nid=51331|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Deve Gowda wrote a letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asking for him to impose a "blanket ban" on the Bajrang Dal and Sri Ram Sena in the wake of the attacks, remarking that it "would send a categorical message across the world that secular India will not tolerate fascism, fanaticism and fundamentalism of any colour or kind."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/22/stories/2008092255981300.htm|title=Gowda demands ban on Bajrang Dal, Srirama Sena|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103084944/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/22/stories/2008092255981300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> He described the attacks as nothing but "state sponsored rowdism", and accused the Karnataka government of trying to turn the state into a "''[[Hindutva]]'' laboratory".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93489|title=Mangalore: 'Attack on Churches is state sponsored rowdism' says Deve Gowda|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=18 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171946/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93489|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref>

===Religious response===
{{quote box|width=25em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="The church and the entire Christian community not only in Karnataka but all over India and even abroad is terribly angry and upset at the desecration of its sacred places, especially the blessed sacrament in the ''sanctum sanctorum'', which is the Living Body of Christ. For Christians, the blessed sacrament is the most holy religious symbol signifying the body and blood of Christ. I am prepared to shed blood and give my life for the cause of Christ and Christians."|source=—Archbishop of Bangalore Archdiocese, Bernard Moras, expressing his outrage to B.S. Yeddyurappa<ref name=ET1>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-23/news/28409030_1_bangalore-archbishop-home-minister-christian|title=Ready to die for Christ, Bangalore Archbishop tells Yeddyurappa|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002164234/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-23/news/28409030_1_bangalore-archbishop-home-minister-christian|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2012}}</ref>}}

The Bishop of Mangalore Diocese [[Aloysius Paul D'Souza]] stated that Christians were "deeply hurt" over the desecration of the Holy Cross and Sacred Sacrament in the Adoration monastery.<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-life-church-under-fire-from-hindus-and-catholics/73816-3.html|title='New Life' under fire from Hindus, Catholics|publisher= [[CNN-IBN]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=15 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701224132/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-life-church-under-fire-from-hindus-and-catholics/73816-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> The Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore Archdiocese]], [[Bernard Moras]], who met with Yeddyurappa in the aftermath of the attacks said, "I want to tell you, Mr. Yeddyurappa we are wounded!"<ref name="TOI3"/> Fr. William Menezes, the public relations officer of the Mangalore Diocese, said: "After consulting various leaders and based on the assurance given by Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa, district in-charge Minister [[J. Krishna Palemar]], the police and district administration, we hereby appeal to our community to stop agitation immediately to maintain peace."<ref name="The Hindu"/> Fr. Prashant Madtha, former principal of St. Aloysius College said in response to the attacks and resultant protests, "The retaliation from the Christian community you saw was happening for the very first time in the history of the state. It was not the correct response, I condemn it, but then our youth have started imitating the enemy. There is a lot of fear. We don't know when the stones will rain on our roofs. We are even scared to talk."<ref name="OL"/> Fr. Joseph Valiaparambil, Bishop of [[Belthangady]], also said that Christian community of Belthangady was deeply hurt and shocked at the attacks, saying that "We strongly condemn the act. We are not violent and do not believe in violence. We respect the administration and the law of the country. We respect all religions. We, the Christian minority community, need protection from kinds of anti-social, anti-religious activities".<ref name="Mangcom239"/> The community leaders in a press conference also appealed internationally, stating "we want to bring to the notice of the world and human right commissions and authorities in Canada to use their diplomatic channels about the total collapse of law and order in Mangalore and other parts of India, and the failure of the state to protect the lives of the clergy and the minority community".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93420|title=Violence in M'lore: Indian Christian community in Canada calls for protest|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=17 September 2008|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606172043/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93420|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref>

Joseph Dias, General Secretary of the [[Mumbai]]-based [[Catholic Secular Forum]] (CSF), visited most of the churches attacked in Karnataka during the event and said:
{{quote|text="The vested political and economic interests are hitting back with vengeance. Christians are sitting ducks, where no or negligible retaliation expected. The Church works in areas, where even the government dares not to go because it is not profitable. The Church's education, healthcare and social services in these backward areas has empowered the weak, poor and deprived vested interests of vote banks and cheap labour. The emancipation through education, healthcare, awareness of alternatives and provision of opportunities have set the oppressed classes free from the clutches of the upper caste or rich Hindus and slavery of their political masters. These interests are therefore hitting back at the Christians to maintain their hold on those, whom they have been exploiting since ages... We condemn those indulging in conversion by force or inducement. Catholics do not accept a conversion, unless it comes from the heart. But the saffron brigade raises this bogey, since in believes in [[Joseph Goebbels|Geobbels]]'s (Nazi Propaganda Chief Joseph Goebbels) {{sic}} principle of repeating a lie umpteen times, so that it will stick. Another ploy is to divide us into Catholics and Protestants, so that they can divide and rule. This makes it easy for Hindutva radicals to take the remaining Christian population. Those who criticise groups that convert by inducement, must realise that an individual, who converts, will do so only if he finds his previous religion with limitations and Christianity a better faith."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/22inter.htm|title=The Rediff Interview/Christian activist Joseph Dias: 'Vested interests are hitting back at Christians'|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 September 2008|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107191129/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/22inter.htm|archive-date=7 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Indian Christian expatriates in the Middle East united to condemn the attacks. In [[Kuwait City]], Indian Catholics met in [[Holy Family Cathedral, Kuwait]] under Reverend Fr. Melwyn D'Cunha on 15 September to voice their support to the Catholic community in Mangalore.<ref name="Kuwait">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51225&n_tit=Kuwait%3A+Indian+Catholics+Condemn+Attack+on+Churches++++++|title=Kuwait: Indian Catholics Condemn Attack on Churches|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=16 September 2011|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233234/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51225&n_tit=Kuwait%3A+Indian+Catholics+Condemn+Attack+on+Churches++++++|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> They held a special "Prayer Service for Peace & Solidarity" on 18 September at the Cathedral auditorium.<ref name="Kuwait"/> In [[Doha]], Qatar, advisory and executive committee members of the Mangalore Cultural Association met on 17 September at the residence of Felix Lobo and denounced the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93628|title=Doha: MCA condemns attack on Churches|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=19 September 2008|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171717/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93628|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> In the United States on 17 September, many Christian leaders from various organisations met at the residence of Bishop, Rt. Rev. Dr. [[Jacob Angadiath]] of [[Syro Malabar Catholic Mission]] (SMCC) and announced a day of prayer vigil, fasting and a peace rally at the [[Syro Malabar Cathedral]] in [[Bellwood, Illinois]] on 28 September. Fr. [[George Madathiprambil]], Vicar General of the Diocese, urged all Christians to "unite under one umbrella", and [[Jos Anthony Puthenveetil]], the Regional Vice-President of [[Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations of North America|FIACONA]], urged the communities to unite, regardless of religions.<ref name="MangalcomChicago">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93649|title=Chicago Christians call for Peace Rally|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=20 September 2008|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606171231/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=93649|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Rev. M. J. Thomas of the [[Church of South India]] said "since many Indian Churches and American local Churches are expected to join in the peace seeking rally, this will be a history making event."<ref name="MangalcomChicago"/> Various Hindu leaders, including those from [[Ayodhya]], also denounced the attacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|p=325}}</ref>
[[File:Mahendra Kumar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Mahendra Kumar]], then [[Bajrang Dal]] state convener, reportedly claimed responsibility for the attacks on New Life prayer halls and formally apologised for the incident in February 2011.]]
Bajrang Dal leader Mahendra Kumar denied any attack on Catholic churches by his group but reportedly accepted responsibility for the attacks on prayer halls belonging to the New Life Fellowship Trust.<ref name="AN"/> He stated that the Bajrang Dal were not against Christianity in the region, but were offended by the alleged forced conversions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/18slid3.htm|title=Catholics too are against forced conversions|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018000647/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/18slid3.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=18 October 2008}}</ref> Kumar had initially denied any involvement in the attacks before being arrested on 20 September.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bangalore/Church-attacks-Bajrang-Dal-denies-hand/Article1-338982.aspx|title=Church attacks: Bajrang Dal denies hand|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=19 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305013705/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bangalore/Church-attacks-Bajrang-Dal-denies-hand/Article1-338982.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-20/india/27950136_1_churches-and-prayer-halls-home-ministry-karnataka|title=Attack on churches: Karnataka cops arrest Bajrang Dal convener|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date= 20 September 2008|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021204320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-20/india/27950136_1_churches-and-prayer-halls-home-ministry-karnataka|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> When asked again at a later date however if he had accepted responsibility for the attacks, he denied it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012964060700.htm|title=I have been used and thrown by sangh parivar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 January 2011|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908122032/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012964060700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2011}}</ref> Kumar resigned from Bajrang Dal on 1 October 2008 after witnessing a Hindu woman who had decided to commit suicide with her three children but was saved by Christian missionaries. He stated "That was the time I realised that life is more important than ''[[dharma]]'' (religion). A lot needs to be done for the betterment of life. My dream is to build a society that values life more than religion. In jail I read several literary works. I joined Bajrang Dal so that we could mobilise the youth for a good cause, but at the end of the day all our concepts were politically motivated."<ref name="BM111">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/1/201101312011013107480755705cd560/%E2%80%98I-went-to-jail-to-save-govt-blushes-on-Sangh-Parivar%E2%80%99s-instructions%E2%80%99.html|title=I went to jail to save govt blushes, on Sangh Parivar's instruction|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=31 January 2011|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203013657/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/1/201101312011013107480755705cd560/%E2%80%98I-went-to-jail-to-save-govt-blushes-on-Sangh-Parivar%E2%80%99s-instructions%E2%80%99.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> In February 2011, after the commission reports into the attacks were published, Kumar formally apologised to the public for the attacks and accused the BJP Government of corruption.<ref name=DT211>{{cite web|url=http://www.dakshintimes.com/dakshina-kannada/mangalore/news/11020828044/former-bajrang-dal-convener-mahendra-kumar-apologi.html|title=Former Bajrang Dal convener Mahendra Kumar Apologizes for Church Attacks|work=The Dakshin Times|date=21 February 2011|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817222440/http://www.dakshintimes.com/dakshina-kannada/mangalore/news/11020828044/former-bajrang-dal-convener-mahendra-kumar-apologi.html|url-status=live|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> On 21 February 2011 he joined the JDS, declaring, "I am today shedding the shackles of communalism to strive for communal harmony, for which the JDS is working."<ref name=DT211/> His successor, [[Suryanarayana (Bajrang Dal)|Suryanarayana]], also denied any involvement in the attacks.<ref name="Hindu3011"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/bajrang-dal-distances-itself-accused-823|title=Bajrang Dal distances itself from accused|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 January 2011|access-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120306195841/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/bajrang-dal-distances-itself-accused-823|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> Some pro-Hindu elements believed that the attacks were politically motivated by the main opposition parties in the state rather than being purely based upon religious indifference, especially the Milagres Church attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/18slid2.htm|title=Attacking churches was never part of our agenda|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013204534/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/18slid2.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=13 October 2008}}</ref>

In response to the alleged forced conversions, the VHP gave a 3-month deadline for New Life Fellowship Trust to stop all conversion activities in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep192008/state2008091890832.asp|title=Stop conversion activities, VHP tells New Life Trust |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 September 2008|access-date=27 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160353/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep192008/state2008091890832.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Bishop D'Souza declared that the Mangalore Diocese would distance itself from the New Life Fellowship Trust, stating that the "Catholic Church does not believe in forceful religious conversion".<ref name="The Hindu"/> However, this was opposed by [[Margaret Alva]], General Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC).<ref name="Alva"/> She stated, "Christians were a microscopic minority in India. We must put aside the differences between our various sects and come together to fight fascist forces."<ref name="Alva"/> She further described the stance taken by the diocese as "improper".<ref name="Alva">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092058720300.htm|title=Catholic Church criticised for 'disowning' New Life trust|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816112659/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092058720300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> Alva also objected to the peace agreement between the local Catholic leadership and the VHP in which the latter had allegedly laid down a code of ethics for the Christians to follow, and remarked that "the Indian Constitution is the only code of ethics for all Indians".<ref name="Alva"/> An investigation in the [[Udupi district]] headed by [[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]], Chairman of the [[National Commission for Minorities]] (NCM), failed to discover any evidence of forced conversion. Qureshi stated that his commission had not received any report of forced conversion from the district administration of Udupi district and said, "Every Indian had the right to profess and propagate any religion. Conversion by force is not permitted".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091854210400.htm|title=No case of forced conversion in Udupi district: Qureshi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=9 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206121016/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091854210400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>

==Investigations==
An initial report by a committee, composed of some 17 human rights activists from [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], Andhra Pradesh, [[Tamil Nadu]], Puducherry, [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]], which formed to look into the violence in [[Mangalore]], stated that the attacks were carried out by the Bajrang Dal and the Sri Ram Sena.<ref name="Rediff2"/> They asserted that the event was a "pretext by the police to let loose a savage assault on the community and its sacred institutions", and that the police "conducted themselves as activists of the Bajrang Dal and not as officers of the law, under the benign gaze of the friendly state government."<ref name="Rediff2"/> The police were reported to be "more interested in interrogating the nuns than in investigating the assaults."<ref name="Rediff2"/> The [[National Commission for Minorities]] asked for a ban on the Bajrang Dal, after conducting reports into events in Orissa and Karnataka.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|p=347}}</ref>
[[File:MF Saldanha 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[M. F. Saldanha]] (''centre''), head of the Saldanha Commission]]
[[File:BK Somashekara 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px| [[B. K. Somasekhara]], who led the commission initiated by Yeddyurappa's BJP-led state government into the attacks]]
Retired Justice [[M. F. Saldanha]], formerly of the [[Bombay High Court]], was outspoken against the protests and published a report in 2011 investigating the attacks on Christian institutions and people, written up after he visited 413 locations, examined 673 witnesses and 2,114 victims of the attacks.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ktaka-minorities-attack-is-state-sponsored-terror-/articleshow/7550660.cms|title='K'taka minorities attack is state sponsored terror'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2011|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092436/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-23/mumbai/28626100_1_communal-forces-adoration-monastery-christians|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> He described the attacks as "state-sponsored terrorism", and concluded that "the attacks and incidents which took place were instigated and pre-planned. They were not only supported by the state, but were also covered up for by the state."<ref name="TOI"/> The report also stated, "The responsibility for this devolves squarely on Home Minister V. S. Acharya and the Chief Minister B S Yediyurappa".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/exjudge-blames-yeddyurappa-for-church-attac/753701/|title=Attacks on churches were sponsored by State, says Saldanha report |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 February 2011|access-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126184047/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/exjudge-blames-yeddyurappa-for-church-attac/753701/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Saldanha believes that the "communal forces" at work attacking Christian institutions are also part of an [[Islamophobia|anti-Islam]] movement on the coastal belt of India.<ref name="TOI"/> This idea was later backed by Joseph Dias of the Catholic Secular Forum, who said that the Karnataka riots were "part of a wider plan of radical Hindutva elements targeting the Christian community after the Muslim community", which had manifested in all of the BJP-ruled states of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/23/stories/2011022364181000.htm|title=Attacks on churches were sponsored by State, says Saldanha report |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 February 2011|access-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013122949/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/23/stories/2011022364181000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> Saldanha further stated, "There is 100 per cent evidence of two things: the state machinery and the police had a role in attacks on churches. There is videographic and photographic evidence of police entering places of worship."<ref name="MG"/>

The official commission enquiring into the attacks on Christians, originally constituted on 19 September 2009 for a period of three months, had been extended ten times, causing dismay amongst local Christians.<ref name="UCA1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucanews.com/2010/12/07/violence-probe-delay-dismays-christians/|title=Violence probe delay dismays Christians|publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]]|date=7 December 2010|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120213131344/http://www.ucanews.com/2010/12/07/violence-probe-delay-dismays-christians/|url-status=live|archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> Yeddyurappa initially stated that a judicial inquiry into the attacks was unnecessary, as he believed that the state police were competent enough to investigate and bring the perpetrators to justice themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/16attack.htm|title=Attacks were in areas of conversion activity: Karnataka CM|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=16 September 2008|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210045339/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/16attack.htm|url-status=live|archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> Jesuit priest Fr. M. K. George remarked that "The government does not seem to be serious about the early release of the commission report... the government is lacking the political will to act".<ref name="UCA1"/> Rev. Manohar Chandra Prasad criticised the government for "soft pedaling" and believed that the extension was an indication of the government's "step-motherly" attitude toward Christians.<ref name="UCA1"/> The official report of Justice [[B. K. Somasekhara]], initiated by Yeddyurappa's BJP-led state government was eventually made public in January 2011, in which it stated that the attacks were suspected to have been initiated by the Bajrang Dal, denying any involvement of the state government and the police, "true Hindus", or any cover-up in the attacks after collecting 2,204 exhibits and 30 materials related to the attacks, 25 spot inspections and examining attacks on 57 churches in Karnataka.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="MG">{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/554-outrage-over-panels-clean-chit-to-sangh-in-church-attacks-india|title=Outrage over panel's clean chit to Sangh in Church attacks|work=The Milli Gazette|date=17 March 2011|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523212159/http://www.milligazette.com/news/554-outrage-over-panels-clean-chit-to-sangh-in-church-attacks-india|url-status=live|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=opinion&type=48|title=Church attacks:Justice Denied?|publisher=[[Mangalore Today]]|date=21 February 2011|access-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727185136/http://www.mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=opinion&type=48|url-status=live|archive-date=27 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucanews.com/2011/01/28/true-hindus-exonerated-of-violence-charge/|title='True Hindus' absolved of violence charge|publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]]|date=28 January 2011|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218133348/http://www.ucanews.com/2011/01/28/true-hindus-exonerated-of-violence-charge|url-status=live|archive-date=18 February 2011}}</ref> The report stated, "There is no basis to apprehension of Christian petitioners that politicians, BJP, mainstream Sangh Parivar and State Government directly or indirectly are involved in the attacks. No politicians or representative of any political party in the state who politicised the incidents of attack for their benefits immediately did not come before the commission with their affidavits or to give evidence or opinion in the matter."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news/28427899_1_church-attacks-interim-report-final-report|title=True Hindus have no role to play in church attacks: Karnataka panel|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 January 2011|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092524/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news/28427899_1_church-attacks-interim-report-final-report|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The report—which cost around {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}30 million and took over 28 months, 300 sittings, and 800 pieces of recorded evidence to be realised—concluded that the district authorities and the police had, in most cases, taken the "appropriate steps regarding the Church and the people including the required protection."<ref name="The Hindu2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_somasekhara-commission-report-real-hindus-didnt-do-it_1500349|title=Somasekhara Commission report: 'Real Hindus' didn't do it|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=29 January 2011|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221191327/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_somasekhara-commission-report-real-hindus-didnt-do-it_1500349|url-status=live|archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> Somasekhara concluded that the attacks were "carried out by 'misguided elements' following circulation of literature insulting Hindu gods and reports of conversion activity by some Christian groups" and that "the Roman Catholic church and its leaders were not involved in conversion."<ref name="CNN drop">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnatka-to-drop-cases-against-300-christians/143686-3.html |title=Karnataka to drop cases against 300 Christians|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=18 February 2011|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126163419/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnatka-to-drop-cases-against-300-christians/143686-3.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> In the case of Chikkamagaluru district, Somasekhara noted that "the Government may enquire and withdraw the privileges to every people who is indulging or getting converted in such illegal activities of conversions commercially."<ref name="The Hindu2"/> The report was widely criticised by the Christian community for being "biased" and activists belonging to the Religious Christian Minority Wing of the JDS burnt a copy of the Somasekhara report.
<ref name="Hindu29">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012964000700.htm|title=Widespread dismay in Udupi |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 January 2011|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223231/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012964000700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/13/stories/2011021362070300.htm|title=Panel report has buried the truth: Saldanha |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 February 2011|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924005530/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/13/stories/2011021362070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="UCAcost">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucanews.com/2011/02/14/muslims-demand-justice-for-christians/|title=Muslims rally against Christian attacks|publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]]|access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210014324/http://www.ucanews.com/2011/02/14/muslims-demand-justice-for-christians/|url-status=live|archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/30/stories/2011013052850400.htm|title=Somasekhara Commission report burnt|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 January 2011|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203113916/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/30/stories/2011013052850400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> Archbishop of Bangalore Archdiocese Bernard Moras rejected the Somasekhara report, stating, "It has failed to address the terms of reference of the Commission and has failed to do justice to the Christian community."<ref name="MT2">{{cite web|url=http://mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mainnews_print&type=2511|title=Christians reject Somasekhara report, demand CBI probe|publisher=Mangalore Today|date=5 February 2011|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206005242/http://mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mainnews_print&type=2511|url-status=live|archive-date=6 February 2011}}</ref> He demanded that the state government launch a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] probe into the attacks, also saying that "we will make a representation to the government putting forth our demand. We will make a representation to the chief minister, the governor, various organisations including the Human Rights and the Central government".<ref name="MT2"/> Bajrang Dal State convener [[Suryanarayana (Bajrang Dal)|Suryanarayana]] also disputed the veracity of the Somasekhara report in its statements about the Bajrang Dal involvement and former Bajrang Dal state convener Mahendra Kumar. He issued a statement saying that "Bajrang Dal had no role to play in the incidents of attacks on churches and the statement given by Mr. Kumar during the attacks in 2008 were his personal views and the organisation had clarified this aspect then.<ref name="Hindu3011">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/30/stories/2011013052720400.htm|title=Panel's remarks against Mahendra Kumar 'incorrect'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 January 2011|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203113509/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/30/stories/2011013052720400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> However, Uday Kumar Shetty, the president of the district unit of the BJP, approved of the report, believing that the report was correct in its assertion that the Sangh Parivar were not involved in the attacks.<ref name="Hindu29"/>

==2011 protest==
[[File:2011 Mangalore protest.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Christians of all denominations protested against the Somasekhara Commission report in Mangalore on 20 February 2011.]]
On 20 February 2011, following the publication of Saldanha's and Somasekhara's contradictory reports on the attacks on churches, more than 100,000 Christians representing some 45 Christian denominations and secular organisations gathered in Mangalore to protest.<ref name="UCA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucanews.com/2011/02/21/christians-march-in-black-protest/|title=Christians march in 'black' protest|publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]]|date=21 February 2011| access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227195744/http://www.ucanews.com/2011/02/21/christians-march-in-black-protest/|url-status=live|archive-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> Present was Bishop Aloysius Paul D'Souza of Mangalore Diocese, Bishop Emeritus C. L. Furtado and Bishop John S. Sadananda of the CSI Karnataka Southern Diocese, AICC general secretary [[Oscar Fernandes]], Bishop Lawrence Mukkuzhy of the Catholic Syro-Malabar Diocese of Belthangady, Geevarghese Mar Divannasious of the Syro-Malankara Diocese of [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], Diocesan Vicar-General Msgr Denis M. Prabhu; and some 24 new-generation churches united under the Karnataka Missions Network (KMN) including the [[Campus Crusade for Christ]] (CCC), [[Operation Mobilization Bookstall]] (OMB), Good News Book Centre (GNBC), [[All India Catholic Union]] (AICU), [[Catholic Association of South Kanara]] (CASK), and [[International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations]] (IFKCA).<ref name="Mangaloreanprotest">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=223440|title=Mangalore: Protest against Somshekar Report — A Rare Show of Solidarity in Black|publisher=Mangalorean.com|date=21 March 2011|access-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227083147/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=223440|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> Secular organisations participating in the protest included Udupi Jilla Alpasankhyatara Vedike (UJAV), the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL), the DK District Committee, the local unit of the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] (DYFI), and the Muslim [[Vartakara Sangha]] (VS) and Muslim [[Okkoota]] groups.<ref name="Mangaloreanprotest"/> The protest rally was "organised against a backdrop of an apparent whitewash by the B. K. Somasekhara Commission concerning Hindu radicals and government agencies."<ref name="UCA"/> The protesters tied black cloths over their mouths and carried black flags as they walked silently for about a kilometre in one of the strongest Christian areas of the city.<ref name="UCA"/> George Castelino, a Catholic lay leader who guided the march, stated that the black "symbolised that the action of the government and its commission have silenced Christians."<ref name="UCA"/> Rev. Alwyn Culaso of the Full Gospel Church said that "This is a sea of Christianity that is wounded by the attacks on the churches by the fundamental groups. The government should look at the faith and patience of these people and give justice."<ref name="UCA"/> On 17 February 2011, Ronald Colaco, Chairman of IFKCA and Higher Education Minister [[V. S. Acharya]] submitted a memorandum to Yeddyurappa, demanding that the cases filed against Christian youths be dropped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=95605&n_tit=Bangalore+%3A+Colaco+Leads+Delegation+to+CM+to+Withdraw+Cases+against+Christian+Youth|title=Bangalore : Colaco Leads Delegation to CM to Withdraw Cases against Christian Youth|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|date=17 February 2011|access-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225155644/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=95605&n_tit=Bangalore+%3A+Colaco+Leads+Delegation+to+CM+to+Withdraw+Cases+against+Christian+Youth|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2011}}</ref>

Following the publications of the reports and subsequent protests, the government of Karnataka announced that it would drop 338 cases against Christians who had protested in the attacks.<ref name="CNN drop"/> In December 2011, 23 cases against Christians were dropped upon request by the Karnataka Christians International and the Mangalore Diocese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/karnataka-withdraws-cases-against-church-attack-protesters/921247.html|title=Karnataka withdraws cases against church attack protester|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=1 December 2011|access-date=2 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107112742/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/karnataka-withdraws-cases-against-church-attack-protesters/921247.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{refbegin}}

: '''a''' {{note label|a|a|none}} The report of the Somasekhara Commission appointed on January 2011 by the BJP state government to investigate the attacks.
: '''b''' {{note label|b|b|none}} BJP came to power in a coalition with JDS in January 2006. The coalition collapsed in September 2007, and BJP regained power in May 2008.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|p=55}}</ref>

{{refend}}

==See also==
*[[Anti-Christian violence in India]]
*[[2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa]]
*[[Religious violence in Orissa]]
*[[1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat]]
*[[Jhabua nuns rape case]]
*[[2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
*{{Cite book
|year=2009
|last=Chatterji
|first=Angana P.
|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji
|title=Violent gods: Hindu nationalism in India's present : narratives from Orissa
|publisher=Three Essays Collective
|location=Gurgaon, India
|isbn=978-81-88789-67-2
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/violentgodshindu00chat
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|year=1999
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|location=Bangalore
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8
}}.
*{{Cite book
|last=Varghese
|first=Alexander P.
|year=2008
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC
|title=India: History, Religion, Vision And Contribution to the World
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|access-date=10 November 2011}}
*{{cite book
|year=1973
|title=South Kanara District Gazetteer
|series=Karnataka State Gazetteer
|volume=12
|chapter-url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_2.pdf
|type=3.7 [[Megabyte|MB]]
|location=Bangalore
|oclc=311367277
|pages=33–85
|chapter=History
|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]])
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|ref=sch}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175340/http://thecsf.org/pdfs/karnataka%20report.pdf Justice M. F. Saldanha's report on Church Attacks]}}
*[https://www.webcitation.org/65TPf7lrY?url=http://www.altlawforum.org/news/Somashekara%20findings.doc Justice B. K. Somasekhara's report on Church Attacks]

{{Persecution of Christians}}
{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnataka, 2008 attacks on Christians}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 in Christianity]]
[[Category:History of Mangalore]]
[[Category:2008 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]
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Shyama Zutshi

2026-04-22T18:39:08Z

Alaminsorker: Added Some Entry More To Come

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Shyama Zutshi
| image = ShyamaZutshi1938.png
| alt = A South Asian woman with fair skin and dark hair parted center, wearing a scarf draped loosely over her head
| caption = Shyama Zutshi, from a 1938 issue of ''The Indian Listener''
| birth_name = Shyama Zutshi
| birth_date = 8 February 1910
| death_date = 1953
| birth_place = [[Anand Bhavan]], [[Allahabad]], India
| nationality =
| spouse =
| children = Bittoni, born in 1947 and died in 2009.
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| parents = Pandit Ladli Prasad Zutshi (father) Lado Rani (mother)(Only daughter of Pandit Jivan Lal Tikku)
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actress]], Freedom fighter
| years_active = 1934–1936
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| relatives = See [[Nehru-Gandhi family]]
}}
''' Shyama Zutshi ''' (8 February 1910 – 1953) was a [[Bollywood]] actress who was the first [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] woman who joined films in 1934.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/yashodhara-katju-1?ctr=103&filterBy=y&search=&people= |title=Yashodhara Katju}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shyama Zutshi was born at the [[Anand Bhavan]] in [[Allahabad]]. She was the daughter of Barrister Pandit Ladli Prasad Zutshi who was the only son of Patrani (Sister of [[Motilal Nehru]]). She was admitted to [[Sacred Heart Convent]], [[Lahore]] by her mother Lado Rani. She was fluent in [[English language|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Hindi]]. She was also proficient in [[horse riding]], singing and dancing.<ref name=Sahgal>{{cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Manmohini Zutshi |author-link1=Manmohini Zutshi Sahgal |title=An Indian Freedom Fighter Recalls Her Life |date=1994 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9781563243394 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3Wsf38G7uwC&pg=PA3&}}</ref>

==Career and personal life==
After passing her BA examination Shyama Zutshi joined Hindi cinema. Her first movie was ''Shiv Bhakti'' (1934). She later acted in many films like ''Majnu'' (1935) and ''Khooni Jadugar'' (1939). Her major hit was ''[[Karwan-E-Hayat]]'' (1935) in which she acted with [[K. L. Saigal]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Pahari Sanyal]], and [[Rattan Bai]]. <ref name=Crow>{{cite news |last1=Crow |first1=Jonathan |title=Karwan-E-Hayat 1933 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/253863/Karwan-E-Hayat/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145205/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/253863/Karwan-E-Hayat/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2014 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] & [[All Movie Guide]] |year=2014 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

She became a very successful actress, but with the influence from her elder sister [[Manmohini Zutshi Sahgal|Manmohini]] she moved out from films and focused on politics and freedom struggle. Another reason for Shyama Zutshi to quit films was the advice from a fellow Kashmiri actor Chander Mohan Wattal who was a close friend of Zutshi family. According to Chander acting in films was not meant for girls from good families like Kashmiri Pandits. So Chander Mohan Wattal always opposed the entry of Kashmiri girls to films. Later Shyama became a Women Congress leader and a frontline freedom fighter influenced by [[Gandhi]]'s non-violent struggle along with her mother and three sisters (Chandra Kumari, Manmohini and Janak) . After some time Lado Rani arranged the marriage of Shyama in a well off Chopra family. She became Shyama Chopra after marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autarmota.blogspot.com/2013/03/sh.html |title=SHYAMA ZUTSHI : FIRST KASHMIRI GIRL TO ACT IN HINDI FILMS}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| nm8707287 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zutshi, Shyama}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Lahore College for Women University alumni]]

Mughal Empire

2026-04-21T21:28:47Z

Alaminsorker: enhanced structure for clarity and added references

{{Short description|1526–1857 empire in South Asia}}
{{Hatnote group|{{distinguish|text=the [[Mongol Empire]] or [[Moghulistan]]}}
{{Other uses|Mughal (disambiguation)}}
}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Mughal Empire
| image_flag =
| flag_caption =
| ethnic_groups =
| religion = {{udl|wrap=
; State religion:
: [[Islam]]{{efn|[[Islamic schools and branches|Branch]]: [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
: School of [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]]: [[Hanafi]]}} [[Din-i Ilahi]] (1582–1605)
; Others:
: [[Hinduism]] (majority), [[Sikhism]] and more
}}
| era = Early modern
| status = [[Empire]]
| other_symbol =
| other_symbol_type =
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| life_span = {{circa|1526–1857}}
| year_start = 1526
| year_end = 1857
| event_start = [[First Battle of Panipat]]
| date_start = 21 April
| event_end = [[Siege of Delhi]]
| date_end = 21 September
| event_post = [[Mughal Emperor]] exiled to [[British Burma]]
| date_post = 7 October 1858
| event1 = [[Sur Empire|Mughal Interregnum]]
| date_event1 = 17 May 1540 – 22 June 1555
| event2 = [[Second Battle of Panipat]]
| date_event2 = 5 November 1556
| event3 = [[Mughal–Afghan Wars]]
| date_event3 = 21 April 1526 – 3 April 1752
| event4 = [[Deccan wars]]
| date_event4 = 1680–1707
| event6 = [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]]
| date_event6 = 1738–1740
| p1 = Delhi Sultanate
| p2 = Sur Empire
| s1 = British Raj
| today = {{ubl|[[India]] | [[Pakistan]] | [[Bangladesh]] | [[Afghanistan]]}}
| image_map = Joppen1907India1700a.jpg
| map_width = 250px
| image_map_caption = The empire at its greatest extent {{circa|1700}}, under [[Aurangzeb]]
| image_map_alt = Mughal
| capital = {{ubli
| [[Agra]] (1526–1530; {{nwr|1560–1571;}} {{nwr|1598–1648}})
| [[Delhi]] (1530–1540; {{nwr|1639–1857}})
| [[Fatehpur Sikri]] (1571–1585)
| [[Lahore]] (1586–1598){{sfn|Sinopoli|1994|p=294}}
}}
| common_languages = ''See [[Languages of South Asia]]''
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| currency = [[Rupee]], [[History of the taka|Taka]], [[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]]{{sfn|Richards|1995|pp=73–74}}
| leader1 = [[Babur]]
| leader2 = [[Bahadur Shah II]]
| year_leader1 = 1526–1530 (first)
| year_leader2 = 1837–1857 (last)
| title_leader = [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]]
| title_representative = [[Vakil of the Mughal Empire|Vicegerent]]
| year_representative1 = 1526–1540 (first)
| representative1 = [[Mir Khalifa]]
| year_representative2 = 1794–1818 (last)
| representative2 = [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]]
| title_deputy = [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]]
| deputy1 = [[Mir Khalifa]]
| year_deputy1 = 1526–1540 (first)
| deputy2 = [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]
| year_deputy2 = 1775–1797 (last)
| stat_year1 = {{Circa|1600}}<ref name="Roy134">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roy|2015|p=134}} "Around circa 1600, the Mughal Empire controlled 3.2 million square kilometres with a population of about 150 million."</ref>
| stat_area1 = 3,200,000
| stat_area2 = 4,000,000
| stat_year2 = 1690<ref name="TurchinAdams2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |year=2006 |title=East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=219–229 |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 |issn=1076-156X |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Taagepera">{{Cite journal |last=Rein Taagepera |author-link=Rein Taagepera |date=September 1997 |title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807 |journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=475–504 |doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053 |jstor=2600793 |access-date=6 July 2019 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807 |url-status=live |issn = 0020-8833 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
| stat_year3 = {{Circa|1600}}
| stat_year4 = {{Circa|1700}}
| stat_pop3 = 150,000,000<ref name="Roy134" />
| stat_pop4 = 158,400,000<ref name="borocz" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=70–71 |isbn=978-0-19-256430-6 |quote=We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India's population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure even could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the 17th century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707.}}</ref>
}}
The '''Mughal Empire''' was an [[Early modern period|early modern]] empire in [[South Asia]]. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the [[Indus River]] Basin in the west, northern [[Afghanistan]] in the northwest, and [[Kashmir]] in the north, to the [[highland]]s of present-day [[Assam]] and [[Bangladesh]] in the east, and the uplands of the [[Deccan Plateau]] in [[South India]].<ref name="Stein2010-12">{{harvnb|Stein|2010|pp=159–}}. Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some {{convert|750000|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}}, ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the east."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4evztAEACAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire |date=2012-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-58406-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by [[Babur]], a ruler from what is now [[Uzbekistan]], who with the help of the neighbouring [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] and [[Ottoman Empire]]s,<ref name="Gilbert2017">{{Citation |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |title=South Asia in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=62 |isbn=978-0-19-066137-3 |access-date=15 July 2019}} Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them."</ref> defeated the [[sultan of Delhi]], [[Ibrahim Lodi]], in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] and swept down the plains of [[North India]]. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, [[Akbar]].<ref name="Stein2010">{{harvnb|Stein|2010|pp=159–}}. Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600, when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur's grandson Akbar."</ref> This imperial structure lasted until 1720, shortly after the death of the last major emperor, [[Aurangzeb]],<ref name="Stein2010-1">{{harvnb|Stein|2010|pp=159–}}. Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb's later years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Richards|1995|p=xv}}. Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair."</ref> during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the [[British Raj]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare,<ref name="Stein2010-2">{{harvnb|Stein|2010|pp=159–}}. Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century, when warfare destroyed it."</ref><ref name="Robb2011">{{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=108–}}. Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of Rajasthan and the Deccan. The emperor's will be frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their account: continual pacification was required of the rulers."</ref><ref name="Gilbert2017-2">{{Citation |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |title=South Asia in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |pages=75– |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-066137-3 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }} Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to conquer lands they sought to control."</ref> it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather, it equalised and placated them through new administrative practices,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=115}}{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp=99–100}} and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardised rule.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=152–}} The basis of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, implemented by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar.<ref name="Stein2010-3">{{harvnb|Stein|2010|pp=164–}}. Quote: "The resource base of Akbar's new order was land revenue"</ref><ref name="AsherTalbot2006-1">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=158–}}. Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture."</ref> These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,<ref name="Stein2010-4">{{harvnb|Stein|2010|pp=164–}}. Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well regulated silver currency."</ref> were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=152–}} and allowed peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-3">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=152–}}. Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier."</ref>

The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-4">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=152–}}. Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion."</ref> The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and an increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-5">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=186–}}. Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts."</ref> There was [[conspicuous consumption]] among the Mughal elite,<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-6">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=186–}}. Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times."</ref> resulting in greater patronage of [[Mughal painting|painting]], literary forms, textiles, and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]], especially during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-7">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=186–}}. Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewellery, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes."</ref> Among the Mughal [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in South Asia are [[Agra Fort]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Red Fort]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Lahore Fort]], [[Shalamar Gardens, Lahore|Shalamar Gardens]], and the [[Taj Mahal]], which has been described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".<ref name="Centre" />

== Name ==
The word ''Mughal'' (also spelled ''Mogul''<ref name="persianatemogul">{{Cite book |last=John Walbridge |title=God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason |page=165 |quote=Persianate Mogul Empire.}}</ref> or ''Moghul'' in English) is the Indo-Persian form of [[Mongols|''Mongol'']]. However, the Mughal dynasty's early followers were Chagatai Turks and not Mongols.<ref name="Hodgson" /><ref name="Canfield">{{Cite book |last=Canfield |first=Robert L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA20 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |page=20}}</ref> The term ''Mughal'' was applied to them in India by association with the Mongols and to distinguish them from the Afghan elite who ruled the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Hodgson">{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall G. S. |author-link=Marshall Hodgson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COOGFSH_jUkC&pg=PA62 |title=The Venture of Islam |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-34688-5 |volume=3 |page=62}}</ref> In the West, the terms ''[[Grand Mughal]]'' and [[Mughal emperors|''Mughal'']] were used for the emperor and, by extension, the empire as a whole.<ref name="Fontana">{{Cite book |last=Fontana|first=Michela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVZU1sAQ8H4C&pg=PA32|title=Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4422-0588-8|page=32|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033421/https://books.google.com/books?id=MVZU1sAQ8H4C&pg=PA32|url-status=live}}</ref> The term remains disputed by [[Indologists]].<ref name="RA">{{Cite book |last1=Huskin |first1=Frans Husken |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVhUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Reading Asia: New Research in Asian Studies |last2=Dick van der Meij |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-136-84377-8 |page=104}}</ref> In [[Marshall Hodgson|Marshall Hodgson's]] view, the dynasty should be called ''Timurid''/''Timuri'' or ''Indo-Timurid''.<ref name="Hodgson" />

The closest to an official name for the empire was ''[[Hindustan]]'', which was documented in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]].<ref name="Vanina">{{Cite book |last=Vanina |first=Eugenia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA47 |title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man |publisher=Primus Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-80607-19-1 |page=47 |author-link=Eugenia Vanina |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033421/https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&pg=PA47 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "dominion of Hindustan" ({{Transliteration|fa|Wilāyat-i-Hindustān}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=P. |editor-last=Levtzion |editor-first=Nehemia |chapter=Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion to Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature |title=Conversion to Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37nXAAAAMAAJ&q=bilad+-+i+Hind+(+the+country+of+Hind+)+,+wilayat+-+i+Hindustan+(+the+dominion+of+Hindustan+)+,+sultanat+-+i |year=1979 |publisher=Holmes & Meier |page=69 |isbn=978-0-8419-0343-2 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403231614/https://books.google.com/books?id=37nXAAAAMAAJ&q=bilad+-+i+Hind+(+the+country+of+Hind+)+,+wilayat+-+i+Hindustan+(+the+dominion+of+Hindustan+)+,+sultanat+-+i |url-status=live}}</ref> "country of Hind" ({{Transliteration|fa|Bilād-i-Hind}}), "Sultanate of Al-Hind" ({{Transliteration|fa|Salṭanat(i) al-Hindīyyah}}) as observed in the epitaph of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf |title=Name of the Monument/ site: Tomb of Aurangzeb |website=asiaurangabad.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175254/http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> or endonymous identification from emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] as "Land of Hind" ({{Transliteration|ur|Hindostān}}) in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parvez |first1=Aslam |title=The life & poetry of Bahadur Shah Zafar |last2=Fārūqī |first2=At̤har |date=2017 |publisher=Hay House India |isbn=978-93-85827-47-1 |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=993093699}}</ref> Contemporary Chinese chronicles referred to the empire as ''Hindustan'' ({{Transliteration|zh|ISO|Héndūsītǎn}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosca |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvmix_k1XDcC&pg=PA94 |title=From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China |date=2013 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8538-9 |pages=78–94 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107203141/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvmix_k1XDcC&pg=PA94 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Mughal designation for their dynasty was ''Gurkani'' ({{Transliteration|fa|Gūrkāniyān}}), a reference to their descent from the Turco-Mongol conqueror [[Timur]], who took the title {{Transliteration|fa|Gūrkān}} 'son-in-law' after his marriage to a [[Chinggisid]] princess.<ref name="Thackston2">{{Cite book |last=Zahir ud-Din Mohammad |title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor |title-link=Baburnama |publisher=Modern Library |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-375-76137-9 |editor-last=Thackston, Wheeler M. |editor-link=Wheeler Thackston |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu/page/ xlvi] |quote=In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian {{lang|mn-Latn|kürägän}}, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess. |author-link=Babur}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Mughal dynasty}}

=== Babur and Humayun (1526–1556) ===
{{Main|Babur|Humayun}}

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Humayun and Babur (Late Shah Jahan Album) Babur detail.jpg
| image2 = Joppen map-India in 1525 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg
| footer=Portrait of Babur in the ''[[:Commons:Category:Late Shah Jahan Album|Late Shah Jahan Album]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Babur and Humayun with Courtiers, from the Late Shah Jahan Album |url=https://asia-archive.si.edu/object/S1986.401/ |website=Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art|quote=The first Mughal emperor, Babur, who reigned from 1526 to 1530, is shown seated on the right with his son and successor, Humayun.}}</ref> and map of India in 1525 just before the onset of Mughal rule
}}
The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] (the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]]) on his father's side, and from [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book |last=Berndl |first=Klaus |title=National Geographic Visual History of the World |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 |pages=318–320}}</ref> Paternally, Babur belonged to the [[Turkification|Turkicised]] [[Barlas]] tribe of [[Mongol]] origin.<ref>Gérard Chaliand, ''A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century'', [[University of California Press]], California 2014, p. 151</ref> Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=Christopher |title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant |date=1990 |isbn=0-7054-0982-1 |page=151|publisher=Time-Life Books }}</ref> He established himself in [[Kabul]] and then pushed steadily southward into India from [[Afghanistan]] through the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name="Berndl" /> Babur's forces defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]], [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]], in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. Through his use of firearms and cannons, he was able to shatter Ibrahim's armies despite being at a numerical disadvantage,{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=116}} expanding his dominion up to the mid [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=117}} After the battle, the centre of Mughal power shifted to [[Agra]].{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=8}} In the decisive [[Battle of Khanwa]], fought near Agra a year later, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the combined [[Rajput]] armies of [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]], with his native cavalry employing traditional flanking tactics.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=116}}

The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=Christopher |title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant |date=1990 |isbn=0-7054-0982-1 |page=154|publisher=Time-Life Books }}</ref> The instability of the empire became evident under his son, [[Humayun]] (reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by the rebellious [[Sher Shah Suri]] (reigned 1540–1545).<ref name="Berndl" /> Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] and Mughal courts and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=59, 65}} Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=12}}

=== Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707) ===
{{Main|Akbar|Jahangir|Shah Jahan|Aurangzeb}}

[[File:Jesuits at Akbar's court.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Akbar]] holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the [[Ibadat Khana]] in Fatehpur Sikri.]]
[[Akbar]] (reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Akbar |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |year= |last=Ballhatchet |first=Kenneth A. |author-link=Kenneth A. Ballhatchet |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar |access-date=17 July 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525120830/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akbar |url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[Umarkot Fort]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n34/mode/1up |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605 |location=Oxford |publisher=The Clarendon Press |year=1917 |pages=13–14 |author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith}}</ref> to Humayun and his wife [[Hamida Banu Begum]], a [[Persian people|Persian]] princess.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Begum |first=Gulbadan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich |title=The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-Nāma) |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |year=1902 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich/page/237 237]–239 |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=Annette S. |author-link=Gulbadan Begum |translator-link=Annette Beveridge}}</ref> Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, [[Bairam Khan]], who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=162}} Through warfare, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the [[Godavari River]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=128}} He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. He increased trade with European trading companies.<ref name="Berndl" /> India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, [[Din-i-Ilahi]], with strong characteristics of a ruler cult.<ref name="Berndl" /> He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge.<ref name="Berndl" />

[[Jahangir]] (born Salim,<ref name="Mohammada" /> reigned 1605–1627) was born to Akbar and his wife [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], an Indian princess.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=South Asia in World History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-976034-3 |page=79 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033918/https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |url-status=live }}</ref> Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint, [[Salim Chishti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad-Hadi |title=Preface to The Jahangirnama |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |page=4 |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |translator-link=Wheeler Thackston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |page=65 |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |translator-link=Wheeler Thackston}}</ref> He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques".<ref name="Berndl" /> Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. One way he did this was by bestowing many more ''madad-i-ma'ash'' (tax-free personal land revenue grants given to religiously learned or spiritually worthy individuals) than Akbar had.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-107-02217-1 |pages=268–269}}</ref> In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the [[Sikh]] guru [[Guru Arjan|Arjan]], whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal Empire and the Sikh community.{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp=97–98}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=267}}<ref name="BBC Sikhs">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2009 |title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817220705/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0874.3.jpg|thumb|right|Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from [[Babur]] to [[Aurangzeb]], with the Mughal ancestor [[Timur]] seated in the middle. On the left: [[Shah Jahan]], [[Akbar]] and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son, [[Miran Shah]]. On the right: Aurangzeb, [[Jahangir]] and [[Humayun]], and two of Timur's other offspring [[Umar Shaikh Mirza I|Umar Shaykh]] and [[Muhammad Sultan Mirza|Muhammad Sultan]]. Created {{circa|1707–12}}.]]
[[Shah Jahan]] (reigned 1628–1658) was born to Jahangir and his wife [[Jagat Gosain]].<ref name="Mohammada">{{Cite book |last=Mohammada |first=Malika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300 |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |publisher=Aakar Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-89833-18-3 |page=300}}</ref> His reign ushered in the golden age of [[Mughal architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=1984 |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |edition=2nd |volume=II |page=59 |language=en |oclc=1008395679 |orig-year=First published 1981}}</ref> During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the [[Taj Mahal]]. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in.<ref name="Berndl" /> Shah Jahan extended the Mughal Empire to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] by ending the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] and forcing the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahis]] and [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutb Shahis]] to pay tribute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhal |first=Damodar P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ag4BAAAAMAAJ&q=annexed+tribute |title=A History of the Indian People |publisher=Methuen |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-413-48730-8 |page=193 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033919/https://books.google.com/books?id=ag4BAAAAMAAJ&q=annexed+tribute |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal [[Dara Shikoh]], became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness.<ref name="Berndl"/> Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&dq=Dara+Shikoh&pg=PA194 Dara Shikoh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403231619/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&dq=Dara+Shikoh&pg=PA194 |date=3 April 2023 }} ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia'', by Josef W. Meri, Jere L Bacharach. Routledge, 2005. {{ISBN|0-415-96690-6}}. pp. 195–196.</ref> With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, [[Aurangzeb]] ({{Reign|1658|1707}}), seized the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed.<ref name="Berndl" /> Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until he died in 1666.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=68}} Aurangzeb brought the empire to its greatest territorial extent,<ref>{{EI3|title=Awrangzīb|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-23859.xml|first=Munis D.|last=Faruqui|date=2011|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23859}}</ref> and oversaw an increase in the Islamicisation of the Mughal state. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the ''[[jizya]]'' on non-Muslims, and compiled the ''[[Fatawa 'Alamgiri]]'', a collection of Islamic law. Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Tegh Bahadur]], leading to the militarisation of the Sikh community.{{sfn|Robb|2011|p=98}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=267}}<ref name="BBC Sikhs" /> From the imperial perspective, conversion to Islam integrated local elites into the king's vision of a network of shared identity that would join disparate groups throughout the empire in obedience to the Mughal emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abhishek Kaicker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNQBEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sayyids+Of+Barha&pg=PA160 |title=The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi |year=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-007067-0 |page=160 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224903/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNQBEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sayyids+Of+Barha&pg=PA160 |url-status=live}}</ref> He led campaigns from 1682 in the Deccan,<ref name="EI2"/> annexing its remaining Muslim powers of Bijapur and Golconda,{{sfn|Richards|1995|pp=220–222}}<ref name="EI2"/> though engaged in a [[Deccan wars|prolonged conflict]] in the region which had a ruinous effect on the empire.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=252}} The campaigns took a toll on the Mughal treasury, and Aurangzeb's absence led to a severe decline in governance, while stability and economic output in the Mughal Deccan plummeted.{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=252}}

Aurangzeb is considered the most controversial Mughal emperor,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=225}} with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,<ref name="Berndl" /> while other historians question this, noting that he financed or patronised the building of non-Muslim institutions,<ref name="Copland2013">{{cite book|last1=Copeland|first1=Ian|last2=Mabbett|first2=Ian|last3=Roy|first3=Asim|last4=Brittlebank|first4=Kate|last5=Bowles|first5=Adam|title=A History of State and Religion in India|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-0-415-58066-3|pages=118, 119, 154|quote=(p. 154) Even Aurengzeb, stereotyped in the popular imagination a staunch Islamic revivalist with deep anti-Hindu inclinations, was, as we demonstrated in Chapter 5, as much a sponsor of temples as a destroyer of them, and, when required, a patron of Brahmans besides (p. 119) ... the same applied to the issue of temple destruction. ... such acts of this nature occurred during the era of the Sultanate were carried out for reasons of political expediency, not as a result of religious zeal, and this was also the case under the Mughals. Even Aurengzeb, infamous in the old historiography as a destroyer of temples actually built many more temples than he destroyed. (p. 118) Like most rulers on the subcontinent, the Mughals patronised both Muslim and non-Muslim institutions. They financed the building of mosques and the funding of temples alike.}}</ref> employed significantly more [[Hindus]] in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and [[Shia Muslims]].{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=58}}

=== Decline (1707–1857) ===
{{main|Decline of the Mughal Empire}}

[[File:Farrukhsiyar Procession in front of the Great Mosque of Delhi.png|Delhi under the puppet-emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]. Effective power was held by the [[Sayyid Brothers]].|thumb|left]]

Aurangzeb's son, [[Bahadur Shah I]], repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. "However, after he died in 1712, the Mughal dynasty began to sink into chaos and violent feuds. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne",<ref name="Berndl" /> as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to the [[Islam in India|Indian Muslim]] caste known as the [[Barha Dynasty|Sadaat-e-Bara]], whose leaders, the [[Sayyid Brothers]], became the de facto sovereigns of the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Audrey Truschke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOcSEAAAQBAJ&dq=sayyid+brothers+figureheads&pg=PT146 |title=the Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule |year=2021 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-55195-3 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403222119/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOcSEAAAQBAJ&dq=sayyid+brothers+figureheads&pg=PT146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Yasin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid+barha+brotherhood |title=A Social History of Islamic India, 1605–1748 |year=1958 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |page=18 |quote=became virtual rulers and 'de facto' sovereigns when they began to make and unmake emperors. They had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224905/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid+barha+brotherhood |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the reign of [[Muhammad Shah]] (reigned 1719–1748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] hands. As the Mughals tried to suppress the independence of [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] in the Deccan, he encouraged the Marathas to invade central and northern India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Columbia University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+encouraged+marathas+invade+india&pg=PA285 |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 |page=285 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224905/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkqsAgAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+encouraged+marathas+invade+india&pg=PA285 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard M. Eaton |editor-first1=Richard M. |editor-first2=Munis D. |editor-first3=David |editor-first4=Sunil |editor-last1=Eaton |editor-last2=Faruqui |editor-last3=Gilmartin |editor-last4=Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=21 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107300002 |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/expanding-frontiers-in-south-asian-and-world-history/6A9546851A81FD60D6641F75F60956DD |quote="I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own.....I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pagadi |first=Setu Madhavarao |author-link=Setumadhavarao Pagadi |title=Maratha-Nizam Relations : Nizam-Ul-Mulk's Letters |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=51 |issue=1/4 |year=1970 |page=94 |quote=The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk..... Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat.....Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army...|url=https://archive.org/details/maratha-nizam-relations-nizam-ul-mulk-s-letters}}</ref> The [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Indian campaign]] of [[Nader Shah]], who had previously reestablished [[Afsharid Iran|Iranian]] [[suzerainty]] over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the [[Sack of Delhi]] shattering the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, and taking off all the accumulated Mughal treasury. The Mughals could no longer finance the huge armies with which they had formerly enforced their rule. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their affairs and broke away to form independent kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui|date=2011|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century|publisher=Pearson Education India |location= |page=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=Mughal+empire+got+reduced+to+a+small+kingdom |access-date= |isbn=978-8131732021 |issn= |oclc=|quote=Even more disturbing was the fact that the assertion of independence had spread to other part of the empire too, and the governors of Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh soon established independent kingdoms as well.}}</ref> But lip service continued to be paid to the Mughal Emperor as the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.<ref name="MSA2">{{Cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |url=https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-203-71253-5 |edition=2nd |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/41 41] |author-link=Sugata Bose |author-link2=Ayesha Jalal |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during conflicts such as the [[Carnatic wars]] and [[Bengal War]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

[[File:Joppen map-India in 1751 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg|thumb|right|The remnants of the empire in 1751]]
The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline. [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|Delhi was sacked]] by the Afghans, and when the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] was fought between the Maratha Empire and the [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] (led by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]) in 1761, in which the Afghans were victorious, the emperor had ignominiously taken temporary refuge with the British to the east. In 1771, the Marathas [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|recaptured Delhi]] from the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohillas]], and in 1784 the Marathas officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,<ref name="Rathod1994">{{Cite book |last=Rathod |first=N.G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8 |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-85431-52-9 |location=New Delhi |page=8}}</ref> a state of affairs that continued until the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2" /> The British East India Company took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of the British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. After a crushing defeat in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] which he nominally led, the last Mughal emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858 to [[Rangoon]], Burma.<ref name="Conermann2015">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mughal Empire |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online |year=2015 |last=Conermann |first=Stephan |publisher=Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EMHO/COM-024206.xml?rskey=YrXHKP |access-date=2022-03-28 |doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_COM_024206|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Portrait of Bahadur Shah II as calligrapher. Delhi, ca. 1850, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. - копия.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]]]

=== Causes of decline ===
Historians have offered numerous accounts of the several factors involved in the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. A succession of short-lived incompetent and weak rulers, and civil wars over the succession, created political instability at the centre. The Mughals appeared virtually unassailable during the 17th century, but, once gone, their [[imperial overstretch]] became clear, and the situation could not be recovered. The seemingly innocuous European trading companies, such as the [[British East Indies Company]], played no real part in the initial decline; they were still racing to get permission from the Mughal rulers to establish trades and factories in India.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kirsten McKenzie |author2=Robert Aldrich |title=The Routledge History of Western Empires |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317999874 |page=333 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFRJAgAAQBAJ |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref>

In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. The emperor lost authority as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities and made their deals with local men of influence. The imperial army bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], and lost its fighting spirit. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. After the execution of [[Farrukhsiyar|Emperor Farrukhsiyar]] in 1719, local [[Mughal successor states]] took power in region after region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J.F. |year=1981 |title=Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=285–308 |doi=10.1017/s0010417500013311 |jstor=178737 |s2cid=154809724}}</ref>

== Administration and state ==
{{Main|Government of the Mughal Empire}}

[[File:Joppen map-India in 1605 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg|thumb|right|India in 1605 and the end of emperor Akbar's reign; the map shows the different [[subah]]s, or provinces, of his administration.]]
The Mughal Empire had a highly centralised, bureaucratic government, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor, Akbar.<ref name="Robinson2009">{{Citation |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=Mughal Empire |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0549 |year=2009 |access-date=2022-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329002419/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0549 |url-status=live |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="EI2">{{Citation |last1=Burton-Page |first1=J. |title=Mug̲h̲als |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-COM_0778 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |access-date=2022-03-31 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0778 |last2=Islam |first2=Riazul |last3=Athar Ali |first3=M. |last4=Moosvi |first4=Shireen |last5=Moreland |first5=W. H. |last6=Bosworth |first6=C. E. |last7=Schimmel |first7=Annemarie |last8=Koch |first8=Ebba |last9=Hall |first9=Margaret |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331173633/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-COM_0778 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. The finance/revenue ministry, headed by an official called a ''[[Divan|diwan]]'', was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled ''[[mir bakhshi]]'', who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the ''[[mansabdari]]'' system. The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the ''sadr as-sudr,'' who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works, headed by the ''mir saman''. Of these ministers, the ''diwan'' held the most importance, and typically acted as the ''[[Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire|wazir]]'' (prime minister) of the empire.<ref name="Conermann2015" /><ref name="Robinson2009" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gladden |first=E.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgGaDwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-42321-5 |pages=234–236}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
[[File:A moderate-sized scan of the map.jpg|thumb|[[Ain-i-Akbari]] Subah, by Wilkinson, 1815]]
The empire was divided into ''[[Subah]]'' (provinces), each of which was headed by a provincial governor called a ''[[Subahdar|subadar]].'' The structure of the central government was mirrored at the provincial level; each ''suba'' had its own ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|bakhshi]]'', ''sadr as-sudr'', and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the ''subahdar''. ''Subas'' were subdivided into administrative units known as ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]],'' which were further divided into groups of villages known as ''[[pargana]]s''. The Mughal government in the ''pargana'' consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector.<ref name="Conermann2015" /><ref name="Robinson2009" /> ''Parganas'' were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Michael |first=Bernardo A. |title=Statemaking and Territory in South Asia |year=2012 |page=67 |publisher=Anthem Press |doi=10.7135/upo9780857285324.005 |isbn=978-0-85728-532-4}}</ref>

Mughal administrative divisions were not static. Territories were often rearranged and reconstituted for better administrative control, and to extend cultivation. For example, a ''sarkar'' could turn into a ''subah'', and ''Parganas'' were often transferred between ''sarkars''. The hierarchy of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geography—the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority to undertake detailed land surveys, and hence the geographical limits of these divisions were not formalised and maps were not created. The Mughals instead recorded detailed statistics about each division, to assess the territory's capacity for revenue, based on simpler land surveys.<ref>{{cite book |last=Michael |first=Bernardo A. |title=Statemaking and Territory in South Asia |year=2012 |pages=69, 75, 77–78 |publisher=Anthem Press |doi=10.7135/upo9780857285324.005 |isbn=978-0-85728-532-4}}</ref>

=== Capitals ===
The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established throughout their rule. These were the cities of [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Lahore]], and [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals.{{sfn|Sinopoli|1994|pp=294–295}} Sometimes this was necessitated by political and military demands, but shifts also occurred for ideological reasons (for example, Akbar's establishment of Fatehpur Sikri), or even simply because the cost of establishing a new capital was marginal.{{sfn|Sinopoli|1994|pp=304–305}} Situations where two simultaneous capitals existed happened multiple times in Mughal history. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to [[Aurangabad]] in the [[Deccan]].{{sfn|Sinopoli|1994|pp=294–295}} [[Kabul]] was the [[summer capital]] of Mughals from 1526 to 1681.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samrin |first=Farah |year=2005 |title=The City of Kabul Under the Mughals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=66 |page=1307 |jstor=44145943 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629170711/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The imperial camp, used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. All administration and governance were carried out within them. The Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps.{{sfn|Sinopoli|1994|pp=296 & 298}}

After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of [[Shahjahanabad]] (Old Delhi).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |title=Historic cities of the Islamic world |year=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15388-2 |page=127 |oclc=231801473}}</ref>

=== Law ===
[[File:Police Chuprasi, Delhi.png|Police in Delhi under Bahadur Shah II, 1842|thumb]]
The Mughal Empire's legal system was context-specific and evolved throughout the empire's rule. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the ''[[qadi]]'' (judge), ''[[mufti]]'' (jurisconsult), and ''[[muhtasib]]'' (censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. This was due to Persianate influences on Mughal ideology and the fact that the Mughal Empire governed a non-Muslim majority.<ref name="Chatterjee2019">{{Citation |last=Chatterjee |first=Nandini |title=Courts of law, Mughal |date=2019-12-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_25171 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |access-date=2021-12-13 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_25171 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213060747/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_25171 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Scholar Mouez Khalfaoui notes that legal institutions in the Mughal Empire systemically suffered from the corruption of local judges.<ref name="Khalfaoui" />

==== Legal ideology ====
The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni [[Hanafi]] system of jurisprudence. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. These included the ''[[al-Hidayah]]'' (the best guidance) and the ''Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya'' (religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). During the Mughal Empire's peak, the ''[[Fatawa 'Alamgiri]]'' was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context.<ref name="Khalfaoui">{{Cite web |last=Khalfaoui |first=Mouez |title=Mughal Empire and Law |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t349/e0066 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213062301/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t349/e0066 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Mughal Empire also drew on Persian notions of kingship. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs.<ref name="Chatterjee2019" />

==== Courts of law ====
Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal Empire. One such court was that of the ''qadi''. The Mughal ''qadi'' was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. The ''qadi'' also had additional importance in documents, as the seal of the ''qadi'' was required to validate deeds and tax records. ''Qadis'' did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. For example, the most basic kind was the ''[[pargana]]'' (district) ''qadi''. More prestigious positions were those of the ''qadi al-quddat'' (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the ''qadi-yi lashkar'' (judge of the army).<ref name="Chatterjee2019" /> ''Qadis'' were usually appointed by the emperor or the ''sadr-us-sudr'' (chief of charities).<ref name="Chatterjee2019" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Conermann |first=Stephan |title=Mughal Empire |date=2015-08-04 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_024206 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326064353/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_024206 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The jurisdiction of the ''qadi'' was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Nandini |year=2014 |title=Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2014.20 |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=396–415 |doi=10.1017/jlr.2014.20 |issn=0748-0814 |s2cid=143513602 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/15975 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034448/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/abs/reflections-on-religious-difference-and-permissive-inclusion-in-mughal-law/88E6D627704E165E241C0D3C165E3FDA |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The ''[[jagirdar]]'' (local tax collector) was another kind of official approach, especially for high-stakes cases. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials, who held more authority and punitive power than the local ''qadi''. Such officials included the ''[[kotwal]]'' (local police), the ''[[faujdar]]'' (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the ''[[subahdar]]'' (provincial governor). In some cases, the emperor dispensed justice directly.<ref name="Chatterjee2019" /> Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the [[Agra Fort]] that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate Age : 1000–1765 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-520-97423-4 |page=272 |oclc=1243310832}}</ref>

Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. For example, it is unclear how ''[[panchayats]]'' (village councils) operated in the Mughal era.<ref name="Chatterjee2019" />

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of the Mughal Empire}}

The Mughal economy was large and prosperous.<ref name="Schmidt2015">{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-47681-8 |pages=100– |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034442/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maddison2003">{{Cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA256 |title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-92-64-10414-3 |pages=256– |author-link=Angus Maddison |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120082500/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA256 |url-status=live }}</ref> India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750.<ref name="Williamson">[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]] & David Clingingsmith, [http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf7_Williamson.pdf India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329075904/http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf7_Williamson.pdf |date=29 March 2017 }}, Global Economic History Network, [[London School of Economics]]</ref><ref name="Maddison2003" /> Mughal India's economy has been described as a form of [[proto-industrialisation]], like that of 18th-century Western Europe before the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="voss" />

Modern historians and researchers generally agree that the character of the Mughal Empire's economic policy resembles the [[laissez-faire]] system in dealing with trade and billions to achieve the economic ends.{{sfn|J.J.L. Gommans|2002|p=75}}{{sfn|Streusand|2018|p="...Mughal rulers pursued a more laissez-faire economic approach, benefiting from the prosperity of..."}}<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=A. Bayly |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Fibiger Bang |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Scheidel |editor3-first=Walter |title=The Oxford World History of Empire Volume Two: The History of Empires |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197532775 |page=775 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GkLEAAAQBAJ |access-date=18 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref>{{sfn|Ali|2008}}

The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system and creating a uniform currency.{{sfn|Richards|1995|pp=185–204}} The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a [[public works]] department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct.<ref name="Schmidt2015" />

The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar.<ref name="Stein2010-3" /><ref name="AsherTalbot2006-1" /> These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,<ref name="Stein2010-4" /> were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=152–}} and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-3" /> In circa 1595, Modern historians estimated the state's annual revenues of the Mughal Empire were around 99,000,000 rupees.{{sfn|Jorge Flores|2015|p=73}}

=== Coinage ===
{{Main|Mughal currency}}

[[File:Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2.]]
The Mughals adopted and standardised the [[rupee]] (''rupiya'', or silver) and [[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]] (copper) currencies introduced by [[Sur Empire|Sur]] Emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]] during his brief rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Picture of original Mughal ''rupiya'' introduced by Sher Shah Suri |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021005231609/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |archive-date=5 October 2002 |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without [[debasement]] until the 1720s.<ref name="Richards2003">{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA27 |title=The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-93935-6 |pages=27– |author-link=John F. Richards |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034459/https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite India having its stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own but mostly minted coins from imported [[bullion]], as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of [[precious metal]]s into India.{{sfn|Richards|1995}}

=== Labour ===
The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century [[British India]], where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=433}} In terms of the urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UOKB3RwDQIC&pg=PA33 |title=Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan Since the Moghuls |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-415-38259-5 |page=33 |author-link=Angus Maddison |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035024/https://books.google.com/books?id=7UOKB3RwDQIC&pg=PA33 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=432}} This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. Compared to food per capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 1901–1910.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=450}} However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for [[manual labour]].<ref name="moosvi" /> While [[slavery]] also existed, it was limited largely to household servants.<ref name="moosvi">{{Cite journal |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |date=December 2011 |title=The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 1500–1750) |journal=International Review of Social History |volume=56 |issue=S19 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1017/S0020859011000526 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Schmidt2015" /> A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and [[barley]], and non-food [[cash crop]]s such as cotton, [[Indigofera tinctoria|indigo]] and [[opium]]. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators began to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco.<ref name="Schmidt2015" />

The Mughal administration emphasised the [[agrarian reform]] that began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. The civil administration was organised hierarchically based on merit, with promotions based on performance.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pagaza |first1=Ignacio |title=Winning the Needed Change: Saving Our Planet Earth |last2=Argyriades |first2=Demetrios |publisher=IOS Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-58603-958-5 |page=129}}</ref> The Mughal government funded the building of [[irrigation]] systems across the empire, which produced much higher [[crop yield]]s and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production.<ref name="Schmidt2015" />

A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called ''[[zabt]]''. He replaced the [[tribute]] system, previously common in India and used by [[Tokugawa Japan]] at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency.<ref name="Richards2003" /> The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, [[sugar cane]], tree crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.{{sfn|Richards|1995}} Under the ''zabt'' system, the Mughals also conducted extensive [[cadastral surveying]] to assess the area of land under [[plough]] cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation.<ref name="Richards2003" /> The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors, including Aurangzeb.<ref name="Ludden96">{{Cite book |last=Ludden |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&pg=PA96 |title=An Agrarian History of South Asia |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-36424-9 |page=96 |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034936/https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&pg=PA96 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the [[seed drill]] among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe.{{sfn|Habib|Kumar|Raychaudhuri|1987|p=214}} Geared sugar [[Roller mill|rolling mills]] first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as [[worm gear]]ing, by the 17th century.<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', p. 53] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034936/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53 |date=22 September 2023 }}, [[Pearson Education]]</ref>

=== Industrial manufacturing ===
{{see|Mughal Karkhanas}}
South Asia during the Mughal's rule was a very fertile ground for manufacturing technologies coveted by the Europeans before the [[Industrial Revolution]].{{sfn|Andrew de la Garza|2016|pp=114-115}} Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output.<ref name="williamson">{{Cite web |last=[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]], David Clingingsmith |date=August 2005 |title=India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries |url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf |access-date=18 May 2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213044056/http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Manufactured goods]] and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world.<ref name="Schmidt2015" /> The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th–18th centuries has been referred to as a form of [[proto-industrialisation]], similar to 18th-century Western Europe before the Industrial Revolution.<ref name="voss">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |title=The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7546-6428-4 |editor-last=Lex Heerma van Voss |page=255 |chapter=The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |editor-last2=Els Hiemstra-Kuperus |editor-last3=Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f95ljbhfjxIC&pg=PA255 |access-date=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121931/https://books.google.com/books?id=f95ljbhfjxIC&pg=PA255 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[early modern Europe]], there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, [[indigo]], silks, and [[saltpetre]] (for use in [[munitions]]).<ref name="Schmidt2015" /> [[1650–1700 in Western European fashion|European fashion]], for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks.<ref name="Prakash">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320 |date=18 November 2022 }}", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference US, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref>

==== Textile industry ====
{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal|Mughal clothing}}
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century.]]

The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was [[textile manufacturing]], particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of [[piece goods]], [[calico]]s, and [[muslin]]s. The cotton [[textile industry]] was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade.<ref name="Schmidt2015" /> India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century,<ref>[[Angus Maddison]] (1995), ''Monitoring the World Economy, 1820–1992'', [[OECD]], p. 30</ref> and it represented the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century.<ref name="Parthasarathi">{{Citation |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |page=2 |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |given=Prasannan |surname=Parthasarathi}}</ref> The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Eaton">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760'', p. 202] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |date=4 April 2023 }}, [[University of California Press]]</ref>

The production of cotton was advanced by the diffusion of the [[spinning wheel]] across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the [[spinning wheel]] and the incorporation of the [[worm gear]] and [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] handle into the roller [[cotton gin]] led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era.<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA54 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', p. 54] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035433/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA54 |date=22 September 2023 }}, [[Pearson Education]]</ref>

=== Bengal Subah ===
{{Main|Bengal Subah}}

{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal}}
[[File:Boro Katra 4 by Ashif Siddique.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Bara Katra|Great Caravanserai]] in [[Dhaka]]]]

The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |date=November 2011 |title=Where is Bengal? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy |journal=Past & Present |issue=213 |pages=115–146 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtr009}}</ref> Historian [[C. A. Bayly]] wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC&pg=PA51 |title=Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-38650-0 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=II.1 |page=51 |author-link=Christopher Bayly |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208030846/https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC&pg=PA51 |url-status=live }}</ref> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium.<ref name="Prakash" /> The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments.<ref name="Nanda-2005">{{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=J. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC |title=Bengal: The Unique State |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2005 |page=10 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035433/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC |url-status=live }}</ref>

After 150 years of rule by Mughal [[viceroy]]s, Bengal gained de facto independence as a dominion under [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the first [[Nawab of Bengal]] in 1717.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nitish K |first=Sengupta |title=Land of Two Rivers A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143416784 |publication-date=2011 |pages=16}}</ref> The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, which regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade.<ref name="Nanda-2005" />

==== Shipbuilding industry ====
Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates the shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<ref name="ray174">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |pages=174}}</ref> He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.<ref name="ray174" />

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Demographics of India#History}}

=== Population ===
{{see also|Mughal people}}
India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60%<ref name="mcevedy184">{{Cite book |last1=Colin McEvedy |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |title=Atlas of World Population History |last2=Richard Jones |year=1978 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=184–185 |author-link=Colin McEvedy |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011124/http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |url-status=live }}</ref> to 253% in 200 years during 1500–1700.<ref name="maddison236">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 p. 236] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 |date=11 November 2020 }}, [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref> The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in [[Indian history]] before the Mughal era.<ref name="Maddison2003" /><ref name="mcevedy184" /> By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.{{sfn|Habib|Kumar|Raychaudhuri|1987|p=170}}

The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of South Asia including the regions of modern [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]], and compared to the [[world population]]:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Mughal Empire population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Total Indian population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % of South Asian population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | World population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % of world population
|-
| 1500
| style="text-align: right;" | —
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}<ref name="mcevedy184" />
| style="text-align: right;" | —
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:425000000}}<ref name="Biraben" />
| style="text-align: right;" | —
|-
| 1600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:115000000}}{{sfn|Habib|Kumar|Raychaudhuri|1987|p=170}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130000000}}<ref name="mcevedy184" />
| style="text-align: right;" | 89
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:579000000}}<ref name="Biraben">Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| 1700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158400000}}<ref name="borocz">{{Cite book |last=József Böröcz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=The European Union and Global Social Change |year=2009 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-25580-0 |page=21 |author-link=József Böröcz |access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}<ref name="mcevedy184" />
| style="text-align: right;" | 99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:679000000}}<ref name="Biraben" />
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
|}

There was a notable presence of the [[Jewish]] [[diaspora]] in the Mughal empire. The Jewish community in the empire engaged in trading jewelry and precious stones.<ref name="IshratAlam">{{cite journal
|author= Ishrat Alam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144741
|title= Jewish Merchants In The Mughal Empire
|year=2004
|journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
|volume= 65
|pages=267–275
|jstor=44144741
|access-date=18 August 2025
}}</ref> [[Sarmad Kashani]] engaged in religious activities in the Mughal court.<ref name="Fischel">{{cite journal
|author= Walter Joseph Fischel |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3622197
|title= Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India
|year=1948
|journal= Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research
|volume= 18
|pages=139-140, 151-152, 159-161
|access-date=18 August 2025
|doi= 10.2307/3622197
|jstor=3622197
|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Urbanisation ===
According to [[Irfan Habib]], cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanisation for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres.<ref name="Eraly2007">{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&pg=PA5 |title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310262-5 |pages=5– |author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref> This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of [[British Raj|British India]] in the 19th century;<ref name="Eraly2007" /> the level of urbanisation in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malanima |first=Paolo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1Ej4VEPwSgC&pg=PA244 |title=Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17822-9 |page=244 |author-link=Paolo Malanima}}</ref>

Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,{{sfn|Habib|Kumar|Raychaudhuri|1987|p=170}} while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era.{{sfn|Habib|Kumar|Raychaudhuri|1987|p=165}} By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Broadberry |first1=Stephen |last2=Gupta |first2=Bishnupriya |year=2010 |title=Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/indiangdppre1870v4.pdf#page=23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210739/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/indiangdppre1870v4.pdf#page=23 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=12 October 2015 |publisher=[[Warwick University]] |page=23}}</ref>

Those estimates were criticised by [[Tim Dyson]], who considers them exaggerations. According to Dyson, urbanisation of the Mughal Empire was less than 9%.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |year=2018 |pages=63–65}}</ref>

The historian [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships.<ref name="Eraly2007" /> Several cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,<ref name="Eraly2007" /> with larger cities including [[Agra]] (in [[Agra Subah]]) with up to 800,000 people, [[Lahore]] (in [[Lahore Subah]]) with up to 700,000 people,{{sfn|Habib|Kumar|Raychaudhuri|1987|p=171}} [[Dhaka]] (in [[Bengal Subah]]) with over 1 million people,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rob |first1=Md. Abdur |last2=Asaduzzaman |first2=Md. |date=December 1997 |title=Historical Growth of Urbanization in Dhaka City |journal=Social Science Review |publisher=[[Dhaka University]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=126}}</ref> and Delhi (in [[Delhi Subah]]) with over 600,000 people.<ref name="Moosvi2008">{{Cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhpuAAAAMAAJ |title=People, Taxation, and Trade in Mughal India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-569315-7 |page=131}}</ref>

Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures.<ref name="Schmidt2015" /> However, several cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.<ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=K. N. |year=2008 |title=Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=77–96 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00008155 |s2cid=146558617 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See also|Indo-Persian culture||}}
[[File:Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png|thumb|250px|[[Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi]], the poet first believed to have coined the name "''Urdu''" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Faruqi |first=Shamsur Rahman |author-link=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon |editor-link=Sheldon Pollock|chapter=A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1 |title=Literary Cultures in History |year=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |page=806 |isbn=0-520-22821-9}}</ref>]]

Generally, classical historiographies depicted the Mughal Empire's origin as a sedentarised agrarian society. However, modern historians such as [[André Wink]], [[Jos J. L. Gommans]], [[Anatoly Khazanov]], Thomas J. Barfield, and others, argued the Mughals originated from nomadic culture.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|Peter Lorge|2014|p=146}} [[Pius Malekandathil]] argued instead that although it was true that the Mughal had their origin as nomadic civilisation, they became more sendentarised as time passed, as exemplified by their military tradition.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pius Malekandathil |author1-link=Pius Malekandathil |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1351997454 |page=194 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEPDQAAQBAJ |access-date=19 July 2024 |quote=...Mughal army shed most of its post-nomadic...}}</ref> The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as:

[[File:Mir Taqi Mir 1786.jpg|thumb|Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire]]

[[File:Taj mahal (1870s).jpg|thumb|The Taj Mahal in the 1870s]]
* Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mughal Empire – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564252/mughal_empire.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028022520/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564252/Mughal_Empire.html |archive-date=28 October 2009}}</ref>
* The amalgamation of [[Persian art]] and literature with [[Indian art]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650) |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/ |access-date=28 November 2012 |website=SOAS |archive-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923222924/http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Badshahi Mosque, Lahore. King's Mosque.jpg|thumb|Badshahi Mosque, [[Lahore, Punjab]], Pakistan]]
* The development of [[Mughlai cuisine]], an amalgamation of South Asian, Iranian and Central Asian culinary styles.
* The development of [[Mughal clothing]], jewellery and fashion, utilising richly decorated fabrics such as muslin, silk, brocade and velvet.
* The influence of the Persian language over [[Old Hindi]] led to the development of the [[Hindustani language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |access-date=10 June 2018 |website=Religions |publisher=BBC |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813212912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through [[Mughal gardens|Mughal gardening]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fatma |first=Sadaf |year=2012 |title=Waterworks in Mughal Gardens |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=1268–1278 |jstor=44156328}}</ref>
* The introduction of [[Turkish bath]]s into the Indian subcontinent.
* The evolution and refinement of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Indian architecture]], and, in turn, the development of later Rajput and Sikh palatial architecture. A famous Mughal landmark is the [[Taj Mahal]].
* The development of the [[Pehlwani]] style of [[Indian wrestling]], a combination of Indian [[malla-yuddha]] and Persian [[varzesh-e bastani]].<ref name="Alter1992a">{{Cite journal |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |date=May 1992 |title=The ''sannyasi'' and the Indian Wrestler: The Anatomy of a Relationship |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=317–336 |doi=10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070 |issn=0094-0496}}</ref><ref name="Alter1992b">{{Cite book |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |url=https://archive.org/details/wrestlersbodyide00alte |title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India |publisher=University of California Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-520-07697-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wrestlersbodyide00alte/page/n1 2] |quote=Wrestling in modern India is a synthesis of two different traditions: the Persian form of the art brought into South Asia by the Moguls, and an indigenous Hindu form. |author-link=Joseph Alter |url-access=limited}}</ref>
* The construction of [[Maktab (education)|Maktab]] schools, where youth were taught the [[Quran]] and [[Sharia|Islamic law]] such as the ''[[Fatawa 'Alamgiri]]'' in their indigenous languages.
* The development of [[Hindustani classical music]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2000 |title=Mughal influence on Indian music |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/mughal-influence-on-indian-music/article28000731.ece |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226071050/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/mughal-influence-on-indian-music/article28000731.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and instruments such as the [[sitar]].

[[File:Fatehput Sikiri Buland Darwaza gate 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Buland Darwaza]] in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India]]

=== Customs ===
The procession of marriage among the royals of the Mughal Empire was recorded with many reports of extravagant gifts. One occasion was during the marriage of a son of emperor [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir|Salim]], with the daughter of a ruler of [[Bijapur]], [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]], where the gift presented by Bhagwant Das consisted of many horses, 100 elephants, many male and female slaves of [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinian]], Caucasian, and native Indian origins, who brought with them various gold and silver utensils as [[dowry]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Harbans Mukhia |author1-link=Harbans Mukhia |title=The Mughals of India |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470758151 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxHTBQAAQBAJ |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Mughal architecture|Yakhchāl}}

The Mughals made a major contribution to the [[Indian subcontinent]] with the development of their distinctive architectural style. This style was derived from earlier [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] as well as from [[Iranian architecture|Iranian]] and [[Architecture of Central Asia|Central Asian]] architecture (particularly [[Timurid architecture]]), while incorporating further influences from [[Hindu architecture]].<ref name="Petersen1996">{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9781134613663 |location= |pages=199–205 |chapter=Mughals}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Blanshard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA349 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=9780521267281 |series=The New Cambridge History of India, Part I |volume=4 |pages=1–2, 15–17 |language=en}}</ref> [[Mughal architecture]] is distinguished, among other things, by [[Onion dome|bulbous domes]], [[Pointed arch|ogive arches]], carefully-composed and polished façades, and the use of hard red sandstone and marble as construction materials.<ref name="Petersen1996" /><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |volume=1 |location= |pages=182 |language=en |chapter=Architecture |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref>

Furthermore, [[William Dalrymple]] mentioned that during the final days of the Mughal [[Siege of Delhi|fall of Delhi]] in 1857, an [[Ice house (building)|ice house]] structure existed in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |author1=William Dalrymple |author1-link=William Dalrymple |title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1408806883 |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC |access-date=23 July 2024 |quote=... Ice House in which Zahir was sheltering...}}</ref> Emperor Shah Jahan has recorded establishing an ice-house in [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], north of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Keshavlal H. Kamdar |title=History of the Mughal Rule in India, 1526-1761 |year=1933 |publisher=M. C. Kothari |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pA4dAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially [[Shah Jahan]], including the [[Taj Mahal]]—a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",<ref name="Centre">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/|title=Taj Mahal|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133603/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252|url-status=live}}</ref> attracting 7–8 million unique visitors a year. The palaces, tombs, [[Mughal garden|gardens]] and forts built by the dynasty stand today in [[Agra]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Dhaka]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Jaipur]], [[Lahore]], [[Kabul]], [[Sheikhupura]], and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ross Marlay |title=Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders |last2=Clark D. Neher |year=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-8442-7 |page=269}}</ref> such as:[[File:1. লালবাগের কেল্লা.jpg|thumb|[[Lalbagh Fort]] aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!India
!Pakistan
!Bangladesh
!Afghanistan
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Taj Mahal]] in Agra, India
* [[Agra Fort]] in Agra, India
* [[Buland Darwaza]] in Agra, India
* [[Akbar's tomb]] in Sikandra, India
* [[Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani]] in Sikandra, India
* [[Humayun's Tomb]] in Delhi, India
* [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in Delhi, India
* [[Red Fort]] in Delhi, India
* [[Sunder Nursery]] in Delhi, India
* [[Purana Qila]] in Delhi, India
* [[Sher Mandal]] in Delhi, India
* [[Pinjore Gardens]] in Pinjore, India
* [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]] in Srinagar, India
* [[Nishat Bagh]] in Srinagar, India
* [[Chashme Shahi|Chasma Shahi]] in Srinagar, India
* [[Pari Mahal]] in Srinagar, India
* [[Verinag]] Gardens in Srinagar, India
* [[Allahabad Fort]] in Prayagraj, India
* [[Shahi Bridge]] in Jaunpur, India
* [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] in Aurangabad, India
* [[Kos Minar]] in Haryana, India
* Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India
|valign=top|
* [[Badshahi Mosque|Badshahi Masjid]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Lahore Fort]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Shahi Hammam]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Tomb of Jahangir]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Tomb of Anarkali]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Tomb of Asif Khan]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Begum Shahi Mosque]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Akbari Sarai]] in Lahore, Pakistan
* [[Hiran Minar]] in Sheikhpura, Pakistan
* [[Mahabat Khan Mosque]] in Peshawar, Pakistan
* [[Shahi Eid Gah Mosque]] in Multan, Pakistan
* [[Masum Shah|Mausoleum of Masum Shah]] in Sukkur, Pakistan
* [[Losar Baoli]] in Taxila, Pakistan
* [[Makli Necropolis]] in Thatta, Pakistan
* [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]] in Thatta, Pakistan
|valign=top|
* [[Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah|Mughal Eidgah]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Lalbagh Fort]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Sylhet Shahi Eidgah|Shahi Eidgah]] in Sylhet, Bangladesh
* [[Mughal Tahakhana]] in Chapai Nawabganj, Bangladesh
* [[Sat Gambuj Mosque]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah]] in Chittagong, Bangladesh
* [[Allakuri Mosque|Allakuri Masjid]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Chawk Mosque, Dhaka|Chawkbazar Shahi Masjid]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Laldighi Mosque|Laldighi Masjid]] in Rangpur, Bangladesh
* [[Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque|Khan Mohammad Mridha Masjid]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Wali Khan Mosque|Wali Khan Masjid]] in Chittagong, Bangladesh
* [[Shaista Khan Mosque|Shaista Khan Masjid]], in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Musa Khan Mosque|Musa Khan Masjid]], in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Shahbaz Khan Mosque|Shahbaz Khan Masjid]], in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Kartalab Khan Mosque|Kartalab Khan Masjid]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Azimpur Mosque|Azimpur Masjid]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Goaldi Mosque|Goaldi Masjid]] in Sonargaon, Bangladesh
* [[Atia Mosque|Atia Masjid]] in Tangail, Bangladesh
* [[Arifile Mosque|Arifail Masjid]] in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh
* [[Bajra Shahi Mosque|Bazra Shahi Masjid]] in Noakhali, Bangladesh
* [[Mosjidkur Mosque|Masjid Kur]] in Khulna, Bangladesh
* [[Nayabad Mosque|Nayabad Masjid]] in Dinajpur, Bangladesh
* [[Ghayebi Dighi Masjid]] in Sylhet, Bangladesh
* [[Hussaini Dalan]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Bara Katra]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Hajiganj Fort]] in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
* [[Idrakpur Fort]] in Munshiganj, Bangladesh
* [[Choto Katra]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh
* [[Sonakanda Fort]] in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
|valign=top|
* [[Gardens of Babur|Bagh-e-Babur]] in Kabul, Afghanistan
* Shahjahani Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan
|}

=== Art and literature ===
{{Main|Mughal painting|Mughal clothing}}

[[File:Finial in the Form of a Parrot, Mughal empire.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|Finial in the form of a parrot, Mughal Empire, 17th century]]
The [[Mughal painting|Mughal artistic tradition]], mainly expressed in painted miniatures, as well as small luxury objects, was eclectic, borrowing from Iranian, Indian, Chinese and Renaissance European stylistic and thematic elements.<ref>Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil. ''The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860'', pp. 23–27, [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]], London, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1855144095}}; [[Milo Beach|Beach, Milo Cleveland]] (1987), ''Early Mughal painting'', Harvard University Press, pp. 33–37, {{ISBN|978-0-674-22185-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmcoF12hi3AC&pg=PA33 google books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164801/https://books.google.com/books?id=MmcoF12hi3AC&pg=PA33 |date=26 March 2023 }}</ref> Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soucek |first=Priscilla |year=1987 |title=Persian Artists in Mughal India: Influences and Transformations |journal=Muqarnas |volume=4 |pages=166–181 |doi=10.2307/1523102 |jstor=1523102}}</ref> Miniatures commissioned by the Mughal emperors initially focused on large projects illustrating books with eventful historical scenes and court life, but later included more single images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings displaying a profound appreciation for the serenity and beauty of the natural world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |year=1948 |title=The Mughal Painters of Natural History |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=90 |issue=539 |pages=48–50 |jstor=869792}}</ref> For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as [[Ustad Mansur]] to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire.

The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the ''[[Razmnama]]'' (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'') to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the ''[[Baburnama]]'' and ''[[Akbarnama]]'', and ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]''. Richly finished albums (''[[muraqqa]]'') decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sardar |first=Marika |date=October 2003 |title=The Art of the Mughals After 1600 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014635/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm |archive-date=4 February 2019 |website=The MET}}</ref> Aurangzeb (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings.<ref>Losty, J. P. Roy, Malini (eds), ''Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire'', 2013, pp. 147, 149, British Library, {{ISBN|978-0712358705}}</ref>[[File:India, Mughal, early 17th century - An Illuminated Folio from the Royal Manuscript of the Farhang-i Jahangiri ( - 2013.318.a - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|right|upright|Folio from ''[[Farhang-i-Jahangiri]],'' a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.]]

=== Language ===
{{Main|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian and Urdu|Hindustani language}}

Though the Mughals were of [[Turko-Mongol]] origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the [[Persian language]] in the Indian subcontinent, and by the end of the 16th-century Turki (Chagatai) was understood by relatively few at court.{{sfn|Seyller|2011|p=329}} Accompanied by literary patronage was the institutionalisation of Persian as an official and courtly language; this led to Persian reaching nearly the status of a first language for many inhabitants of Mughal India.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=2. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan |year=2019 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520926738-007 |title=Literary Cultures in History |pages=158–167 |publisher=University of California Press |doi=10.1525/9780520926738-007 |isbn=978-0-520-92673-8 |s2cid=226770775 |access-date=2021-07-26 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035426/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520926738-007/html |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Abidi |first1=S. A. H. |chapter=Persian in South Asia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511619069.007 |title=Language in South Asia |pages=105 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-61906-9 |access-date=2021-07-26 |last2=Gargesh |first2=Ravinder |editor1-first=Braj B |editor1-last=Kachru |editor2-first=Yamuna |editor2-last=Kachru |editor3-first=S. N |editor3-last=Sridhar |year=2008 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511619069.007 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035429/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/language-in-south-asia/persian-in-south-asia/3D0A3CA09533E586A7375FAA51D5BEE8 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Historian [[Muzaffar Alam]] argues that the Mughals used Persian purposefully as the vehicle of an overarching [[Indo-Persian]] political culture, to unite their diverse empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |title=The languages of political Islam : India 1200–1800 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-01100-3 |pages=134, 144 |oclc=469379391}}</ref> Persian had a profound impact on the languages of South Asia; one such language, today known as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], developed in the imperial capital of Delhi in the late Mughal era. It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of [[Shah Jahan]], who described it as the language of his ''[[dastan]]s'' (prose romances) and replaced Persian as the informal language of the Muslim elite.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faruqi |first1=Shamsur Rahman |author-link=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon |year=2003 |chapter=A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture |title=Literary Cultures in History |publisher=University of California Press |pages=807–808, 811 |doi=10.1525/9780520926738-019 |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |s2cid=226765648}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Urdu |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |date=6 August 2014 |last=Matthews |first=David |author-link=David Matthews (academic) |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/urdu |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429160516/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/urdu |url-status=live}}</ref> According to contemporary poet [[Mir Taqi Mir]], "Urdu was the language of Hindustan by the authority of the King."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ6fCwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+amroha+court&pg=PT223 |title=Delhi:Pages From a Forgotten History |author=Arthur Dudney |year=2015 |publisher=Hay House |isbn=978-93-84544-31-7 |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609122644/https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ6fCwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+amroha+court&pg=PT223 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Life, Times and Poetry of Mir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5yfAgAAQBAJ&dq=urdu+authority+of+the+king&pg=PA4 |author=S. R. Sharma · |page=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1478-1 |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061500/https://books.google.com/books?id=W5yfAgAAQBAJ&dq=urdu+authority+of+the+king&pg=PA4 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2026}}

== Military ==
{{Further|Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal weapons|Mughal artillery}}

=== Gunpowder warfare ===
[[File:Officer of the Mughal Army, c.1585 (colour litho).jpg|thumb|Mughal [[matchlock]] rifle, 16th century]]
{{See also|Gunpowder empires|History of gunpowder#India and the Mughal Empire|l2=History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire}}Mughal India was one of the three Islamic [[gunpowder empires]], along with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Safavid Persia]].<ref name="Hodgson" />{{sfn|Streusand|2011}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles T. Evans |title=The Gunpowder Empires |url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his112/Notes/Gunpowder.html |access-date=28 December 2010 |publisher=Northern Virginia Community College |archive-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526092248/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his112/Notes/Gunpowder.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By the time he was invited by [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] governor of [[Lahore]], [[Daulat Khan Lodi|Daulat Khan]], to support his rebellion against Lodi [[Sultan]] [[Ibrahim Lodi|Ibrahim Khan]], [[Babur]] was familiar with [[gunpowder]] [[firearm]]s and [[field artillery]], and a method for deploying them. Babur had employed Ottoman expert [[Ustad Ali Quli]], who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation—artillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the [[mounted archer]]s on both wings. Babur used this formation at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526, where the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] and [[Rajput]] forces loyal to the [[Delhi Sultanate]], though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battles throughout the empire's history.{{sfn|Streusand|2011|p=255}} In India, guns made of [[bronze]] were recovered from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (1504) and [[Diu, India|Diu]] (1533).<ref name="Partington226">{{cite book |last=Partington |first=James Riddick |title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/226 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/226 226] |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1960 |place=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0 |author-link=J. R. Partington}}</ref> [[Fathullah Shirazi]] ({{Circa|1582}}), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi-gun shot. As opposed to the [[polybolos]] and [[repeating crossbow]]s used earlier in [[ancient Greece]] and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple [[gun barrel]]s that fired [[hand cannon]]s loaded with gunpowder. It may be considered a version of a [[volley gun]].<ref name="Fathullah Shirazi">{{Cite journal |last=Bag |first=A.K. |year=2005 |title=Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=431–436 |issn=0019-5235}}</ref>[[File:The Padshahnama, imperial court guards and nobles.jpg|thumb|Mughal [[musketeer]], 17th century]]

By the 17th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns, in particular, became visible in [[Tanjore]], [[Dacca]], [[Bijapur]] and [[Murshidabad]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Partington |first=James Riddick |title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/225 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part/page/225 225] |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1960 |place=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0}}</ref>

=== Rocketry and explosives ===
In the sixteenth century, [[Akbar]] was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder [[rocket]]s known as ''bans'', particularly against [[war elephant]]s, during the battle of Sanbal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Swati Shiwal |author2=Dolamani Sahu |year=2022 |title=Political History of the Mughals: Influence on South Asia |journal=IJRTS Journal of Research |volume=23 |issue=23 |page=113 |url=https://ijrtspublications.org/fileserve.php?FID=235 |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=en |issn=2347-6117}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Andrew Lambert]] and narrator Stephen Kemble |date=6 November 2008 |title=Ancient Discoveries: Ancient Tank Tech |time= |location= |publisher=History Channel |quote=Mughal Emperor Akbar ... in this battle a rocket hits one of the elephants and the inevitable happens, he stampedes, the other elephants stampede, a very large Gujarati army is defeated by a much smaller Mughal army}}</ref> In 1657, the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]] used rockets during the [[siege of Bidar]].<ref name="Yazdani15">{{cite book |author1=Ghulam Yazdani |title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=8120810716 |page=15 |edition=1 |year=1995}}</ref> Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and [[grenade]]s while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting, [[Bidar]] was captured by the Mughals.<ref name="Yazdani15" />

In ''A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder'', [[James Riddick Partington]] described Indian rockets and [[Explosive weapon|explosive]] [[Land mine|mines]]:<ref name="Partington226" />

<blockquote>The Indian war rockets ... were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket body lashed to the rod and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and [[Jahangir]].</blockquote>

== Science ==
A new curriculum for the [[madrasa]]s that stressed the importance of ''uloom-i-muqalat'' (Rational Sciences) and introduced new subjects such as [[geometry]], medicine, philosophy, and mathematics. The new curriculum produced a series of eminent scholars, engineers and architects.<ref>Khan, Nasir Raza. Art and Architectural Traditions of India and Iran: Commonality and Diversity. Routledge, 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Nasir Raza Khan |title=Art and Architectural Traditions of India and Iran Commonality and Diversity |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=9781032134819 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Art-and-Architectural-Traditions-of-India-and-Iran-Commonality-and-Diversity/Khan/p/book/9781032134819 |access-date=20 March 2024 |quote=... Shirazi and others revised the syllabi of the madrasas. In the new syllabi ...}}</ref>

=== Astronomy ===
{{See also|Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|Indian astronomy}}
{{cite check|date=March 2026|section|reason=Written by an editor later banned for persistently misrepresenting sources. Only one sentence is fully supported by the sources, four are partially supported, and three are entirely unsupported. Needs a rewrite from the ground up, as does corresponding section of [[Indian astronomy]].}}
[[File:Jantar Mantar. New Delhi (Misra Yantra). 2010.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Jantar Mantar]] in Delhi, built by [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]]]]
While there appears to have been little concern for [[theoretical astronomy]], Mughal [[astronomers]] made advances in [[observational astronomy]] and produced some ''[[Zij]]'' treatises. Humayun built a personal [[observatory]] near Delhi. According to [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], Jahangir and Shah Jahan intended to build observatories too, but were unable to do so. The [[astronomical instruments]] and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|Islamic astronomy]].<ref name="Sharma">{{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Virendra Nath |title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/sawaijaisinghandhisastronomyvirendranathsharmamlbd_214_/page/n1/mode/2up |pages=8–9 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1256-7}}</ref><ref name="Baber">{{Citation |last=Baber |first=Zaheer |title=The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India |pages=82–89 |year=1996 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-2919-8}}</ref> In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic and [[Hindu astronomy]], where Islamic observational instruments were combined with [[Indian mathematics|Hindu computational]] techniques.<ref name="Sharma" /><ref name="Baber" />

During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king [[Jai Singh II of Amber]] continued the work of Mughal [[astronomy]]. In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called [[Jantar Mantar|Yantra Mandirs]], to rival [[Ulugh Beg]]'s [[Samarkand]] [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|observatory]], and to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the ''[[Surya Siddhanta|Siddhantas]]'' and Islamic observations in ''[[Zij-i-Sultani]]''. The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.<ref name="Sharma" /><ref name="Baber" />

=== Metallurgy ===
{{See also|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent|Mughal Karkhanas}}

[[File:Mughal Celestial Globe.jpg|thumb|200px|Celestial Globe by [[Muhammad Saleh Thattvi]], c.1663<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Celestial Globe, Made by Mughal Astrolabist Muhammad Salih of Thatta, Dated 1074 AH/1663 AD |url=https://www.orientalartauctions.com/object/artothe30798-a-celestial-globe-made-by-mughal-astrolabist-muhammad-salih-of-thatta-dated-1074-ah-1663-ad |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.orientalartauctions.com}}</ref>]]The society within the Mughal Empire operated the ''Karkhanas'', which functioned as workshops for craftsmen. These Karkhanas were producing arms, ammunition, and also various items for the court and emperor's need such as clothes, shawls, turbans, jewelry, gold and silverware, perfumes, medicines, carpets, beddings, tents, and for the imperial stable-harnesses for the horses in irons, copper and other metals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Tripta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRntAAAAMAAJ |title=Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development |date=1994 |publisher=Pragati Publications |isbn=978-81-7307-021-1 |location= |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kQ5AQAAIAAJ |title=Mughal Government and Administration |date=1951 |publisher=Hind Kitabs |isbn= |location= |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sumit |title=An Eighteenth Century Survey of Jaipur "Chhapakhana" Based on Jaipur "Karkhanajat" Records |date=2012 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156233 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=421–430 |jstor=44156233 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

Another aspect of the remarkable invention in Mughal India is the [[Lost-wax casting|lost-wax cast]], hollow, seamless, [[celestial globe]]. It was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]] (1589–90 CE). Twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern [[metallurgists]] to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any [[wikt:seam|seams]].<ref>[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</ref>
A 17th-century celestial globe was also made by Diya' ad-din Muhammad in Lahore, 1668 (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celestial globe |url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/ |access-date=2020-10-15 |website=National Museums Scotland |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614075903/https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== List of emperors ==
{{Main|List of emperors of the Mughal Empire}}

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="width:8%;"| Portrait
! style="width:12%;"| Titular Name
! style="width:18%;"| Birth Name
! style="width:9%;"| Birth
! style="width:20%;"| Reign
! style="width:13%;"| Death
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 [[File:Idealized portrait of Babur (1483-1530) in Persian style, painted circa 1605-1615 in India (British Museum 1921,1011,0.3).jpg|frameless|106x106px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Babur {{Uninastaliq|بابر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|ظهیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 February 1483 [[Andijan]], Uzbekistan
| style="text-align:center;"| 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530

| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 (aged 47) [[Agra]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 [[File:Darbar of Humayun, detail, Humayun. Akbarnama, 1602-4, British Library.png|104x104px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Humayun {{Uninastaliq|همایوں}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 March 1508 [[Kabul]], Afghanistan
| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540
22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556

(10 years 3 months 25 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 [[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar {{Uninastaliq|اکبر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar|Jalal al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|15 October 1542 [[Umerkot]], Pakistan
| style="text-align:center;"|11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
(49 years 9 months 0 days)

| style="text-align:center;"|27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|107x107px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahangir {{Uninastaliq|جهانگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir|Nur al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq| نور الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|31 August 1569 Agra, India
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627
(21 years 11 months 23 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|28 October 1627 (aged 58) [[Bhimber|Bhimber, Azad Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]]<ref name="Allan 1934 p. 398">{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=Sir T. Wolsely |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |year=1934 |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA398 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=398}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 [[File:Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg|130x130px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جهان}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan|Shihab al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|شهاب الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1592 [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| style="text-align:center;"|19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658
(30 years 8 months 25 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 [[File:The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Aurangzeb {{Uninastaliq|اورنگزیب }}'''
'''Alamgir {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhi al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|محی الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1618 [[Gujarat]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
(48 years 7 months 0 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|3 March 1707 (aged 88) [[Ahmednagar]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 [[File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg|125x125px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Azam Shah {{Uninastaliq|اعظم شاه}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Azam Shah|Qutb al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|قطب الدين محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|28 June 1653 [[Burhanpur]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707

| style="text-align:center;"|20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 [[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah {{Uninastaliq|بهادر شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|قطب الدین محمد }}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India
| style="text-align:center;"|19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
(4 years, 253 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 [[File:Jahandar Shah, Mughal Emperor..jpg|131x131px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahandar Shah {{Uninastaliq|جهاندار شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahandar Shah|Muiz al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|معز الدین محمد }}
| style="text-align:center;"|9 May 1661 Deccan, India
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
(0 years, 350 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10[[File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Farrukh Siyar {{Uninastaliq|فرخ سیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Farrukhsiyar|Muin al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|موئن الدین محمد}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|20 August 1685 [[Aurangabad]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
(6 years, 48 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11[[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Rafi ud-Darajat {{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Rafi ud-Darajat|Shams al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|شمس الدین محمد}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1 December 1699
| style="text-align:center;"|28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719
(0 years, 98 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12[[File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan II {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جهان دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan II|Rafi al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|رفع الدين محمد}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1696
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719
(0 years, 105 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13[[File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shah {{Uninastaliq|محمد شاه}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Shah|Nasir al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|7 August 1702 [[Ghazni]], Afghanistan
| style="text-align:center;"|27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
(28 years, 212 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14[[File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Ahmad Shah Bahadur {{Uninastaliq|احمد شاہ بهادر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Mujahid al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|مجاهد الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|23 December 1725 Delhi, India
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
(6 years, 37 days)
| style="text-align:center"|1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15[[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Alamgir II {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Alamgir II|Aziz al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|عزیز اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India
| style="text-align:center;"|3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
(5 years, 180 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16[[File:Shah Jahan III of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan III {{Uninastaliq|شاه جهان سوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan III|Muhi al-Millat]] {{Uninastaliq|محی الملت}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1711
| style="text-align:center;"|10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
(282 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II {{Uninastaliq|شاه عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar]] {{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوهر}}
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 Delhi, India
| style="text-align:center;"|10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
(27 years, 301 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18[[File:Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahan Shah {{Uninastaliq|جهان شاه}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah]] {{Uninastaliq| بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ }} Puppet King Under Ghulam Qadir Rogilla
| style="text-align:center;"|1749 Delhi, India
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788
(63 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II {{Uninastaliq|شاه عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar]] {{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوهر}} Puppet monarch under the [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 Delhi, India
| style="text-align:center;"|16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
(18 years, 339 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|19[[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar Shah II {{Uninastaliq|اکبر شاه دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar II|Muin al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|میرزا اکبر}} Puppet King under the [[East India Company]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22 April 1760 [[Mukundpur]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
(30 years, 321 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|20[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah II Zafar {{Uninastaliq|بهادر شاه ظفر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 1775 Delhi, India
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
(19 years, 360 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon, Myanmar]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of India]]
* [[Flags of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[List of Mongol states]]
* [[Mughal-Mongol genealogy]]
* [[Islam in South Asia]]
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]

== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Warfare_in_Pre_British_India_1500BCE_to.html?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=2015-06-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58692-0 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |first1=M. Athar |last1=Ali |title=The Mughal Polity – A Critique of Revisionist Approaches |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2008 |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=699–710 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/mughal-politya-critique-of-revisionist-approaches/8C348F349F9B687B91B10C53E76F9B29 |access-date=18 April 2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00001256 |language=En |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |author1=Andrew de la Garza |title=The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605 |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-24531-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGERDAAAQBAJ |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=En}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |title=India before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-80904-5 |oclc=61303480}}

* {{cite book |author1=J.J.L. Gommans |title=Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700 |date=2002 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781134552757 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZWBAgAAQBAJ |access-date=18 April 2024 |language=En |archive-date=2 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102093702/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102714757 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |first1=Irfan |last1=Habib |url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |first2=Dharma |last2=Kumar |first3=Tapan |last3=Raychaudhuri |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1987 |volume=1 |author-link=Irfan Habib |author-link2=Dharma Kumar |author-link3=Tapan Raychaudhuri |access-date=11 August 2017 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Jorge Flores |title=The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004307537 |page=74 |series=Volume 6 of Rulers & Elites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3XsCgAAQBAJ |access-date=13 July 2024 |language=En}}
* {{cite book |author1=Kaushik Roy |author2=Peter Lorge |title=Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870 |year=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-58710-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ |access-date=5 December 2023 |language=En |format=ebook |page=196}}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAFuAAAAMAAJ |title=The economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: a statistical study |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-908549-1 |edition=2nd |orig-year=First published 1987 |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035948/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAFuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |author-link=John F. Richards }}
* {{Citation |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=A History of India |year=2011 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-0-230-34424-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNKEAAAQBAJ}}

* {{cite journal |title=A Mughal Manuscript of the "Diwan" of Nawa'i |first=John |last=Seyller |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=71 |year=2011 |issue=2 |pages=325–334 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M. |year=1994 |title=Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323 |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=293–308 |issn=0066-8435 |jstor=42928323 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501200000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323 |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |last1=Stein |first1=Burton |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Arnold (historian) |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1998 |title=A History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-india-second-edition-2010 |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E. |title=Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicgunpowder0000stre |url-access=registration |publisher=Westview Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8133-1359-7 |location=Philadelphia}}
* {{cite book |last1=Streusand |first1=Douglas E. |title=Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429979217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6HsDwAAQBAJ |access-date=24 April 2024 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Alam, Muzaffar. ''Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh & the Punjab, 1707–48'' (1988)
* {{Citation |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |title=The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=385–396 |year=1975 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00005825 |jstor=311728 |s2cid=143861682}}, on the causes of its collapse
* Black, Jeremy. "The Mughals Strike Twice", ''History Today'' (April 2012) 62#4 pp. 22–26. full text online
* {{Citation |last=Blake |first=Stephen P. |title=The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals |date=November 1979 |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=77–94 |doi=10.2307/2053505 |jstor=2053505 |s2cid=154527305}}
* Dale, Stephen F. ''The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals'' (Cambridge U.P. 2009)
* {{Cite book |last=Dalrymple, William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlEDvkhEmL8C |title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty : Delhi, 1857 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-307-26739-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |title=The Forgotten Prince: Mirza Hakim and the Formation of the Mughal Empire in India |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=487–523 |year=2005 |doi=10.1163/156852005774918813 |jstor=25165118}}, on Akbar and his brother
* Gordon, S. ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]], II, 4: The Marathas 1600–1818'' (Cambridge, 1993).
* Habib, Irfan. ''Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps'' (1982).
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |year=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |editor-last=Markovits |editor-first=Claude |edition=2nd |location=London |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne'' |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922040049/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=B. |title=A Concise History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C |year=2006 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1 |last2=Metcalf |first2=T.R. |author-link=Barbara Metcalf |author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702122602/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmagAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mughul Empire |publisher=B.V. Bhavan |year=1974}}
* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=J.F. |title=Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy |date=April 1981 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=285–308 |doi=10.1017/s0010417500013311 |jstor=178737 |s2cid=154809724}}
* {{Citation |last=Robb |first=P. |title=A History of India |year=2001 |location=London |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-0-333-69129-8}}
* Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal. ''The Mughul Empire, 1526–1803'' (1952) online.

=== Culture ===
* Berinstain, V. ''Mughal India: Splendour of the Peacock Throne'' (London, 1998).
* Busch, Allison. ''Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/Poetry-Kings-Classical-Literature-Research/dp/0199765928/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1339157925&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529164539/http://www.amazon.com/Poetry-Kings-Classical-Literature-Research/dp/0199765928/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1339157925&sr=1-2 |date=29 May 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Parodi |first1=Laura E. |title=Kabul, a Forgotten Mughal Capital: Gardens, City, and Court at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century |journal=Muqarnas Online |year=2021 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=113–153 |doi=10.1163/22118993-00381P05 |s2cid=245040517}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Diana Preston |url=https://archive.org/details/tajmahalpassiong00pres |title=Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire |last2=Michael Preston |year=2007 |publisher=Walker & Company |isbn=978-0-8027-1673-6 |url-access=registration}}
* [[Annemarie Schimmel|Schimmel, Annemarie]]. ''The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture'' (Reaktion 2006)
* {{Cite book |last=Welch, S.C. |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401 |title=The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India |publisher=The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-87099-499-9 |location=New York |display-authors=etal |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927100257/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401 |url-status=live}}

=== Society and economy ===
* {{Citation |last=Chaudhuri |first=K.N. |title=Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=77–96 |year=1978 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00008155 |jstor=311823 |s2cid=146558617}}
* Habib, Irfan. ''Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps'' (1982).
* Habib, Irfan. ''Agrarian System of Mughal India'' (1963, revised edition 1999).
* {{cite book |author1=J. C. Sharman |title=Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691182797 |language=En}}
* {{Citation |last=Heesterman |first=J.C. |title=The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=292–297 |year=2004 |doi=10.1163/1568520041974729 |jstor=25165051}}
* {{Citation |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |title=The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire |journal=Social Scientist |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=28–49 |year=1976 |doi=10.2307/3516601 |jstor=3516601}}
* {{cite book |series=世界の歴史14 |title=ムガル帝国から英領インドへ |trans-title=From the Mughal Empire to British India |author1=Masanori Sato (佐藤正哲) |author2=Nariaki Nakazato (中里成章) |author3=Tsukasa Mizushima (水島司) |publisher=中央公論社 |year=1998 |url=https://www.kinokuniya.co.jp/f/dsg-01-9784122051263 |language=Ja}}
** second publishment {{cite book |title=ムガル帝国から英領インドへ |trans-title=From the Mughal Empire to British India |series=Chuokoron-Shinsha World History 14 |year=2009}}
* Rothermund, Dietmar. ''An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991'' (1993)
* {{cite book |author1=Oleg Igorevich Krassov |author1-link=Oleg Krassov |title=Land Law in Asian Countries |date=2022 |publisher=Norma |isbn=9785001562566 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSaJEAAAQBAJ |access-date=18 April 2024 |language=En |format=ebook}}

=== Primary sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Bernier |first=Francois |url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft#page/ii/mode/2up |title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668 |location=London |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1891 |author-link=François Bernier}}
* Hiro, Dilip, ed, ''Journal of Emperor Babur'' (Penguin Classics 2007)
** ''The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor'' ed. by W.M. Thackston Jr. (2002); this was the first autobiography in Islamic literature
* Jackson, A.V. et al., eds. ''History of India'' (1907) v. 9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic, oriental, and occidental, by A.V.W. Jackson [https://archive.org/details/historyofindia09jackiala online edition]
* {{Cite book |last=Jouher |url=https://archive.org/stream/tezkerehalvakiat00jawhuoft#page/n7/mode/2up |title=The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language by Jouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty |location=London |publisher=John Murray |others=Translated by Major Charles Stewart |year=1832}}

=== Older histories ===
* Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]''; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy at [[Packard Humanities Institute]] – Other Persian Texts in Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List)
* {{Cite book |last=Adams |first=W.H. Davenport |url=https://archive.org/stream/warriorsofcresce00adamuoft#page/n9/mode/2up |title=Warriors of the Crescent |location=London |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1893}}
* {{Cite book |last=Holden |first=Edward Singleton |url=https://archive.org/stream/mogulemperorsofh00hold#page/n9/mode/2up |title=The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398–A.D. 1707 |location=New York |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |year=1895 |author-link=Edward Singleton Holden}}
* {{Cite book |last=Malleson |first=G.B. |url=https://archive.org/stream/akbarriseofmugha00mallrich#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1896}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Manucci |first1=Niccolao |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofmoguldy00manurich#page/n5/mode/2up |title=History of the Mogul dynasty in India, 1399–1657 |last2=tr. from French by [[François Catrou]] |location=London |publisher=J.M. Richardson |year=1826 |author-link=Niccolao Manucci}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofindia04jackuoft#page/n9/mode/2up |title=History of India: From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire (Vol. 4) |location=London |publisher=Grolier society |year=1906 |author-link=Stanley Lane-Poole}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Manucci |first1=Niccolao |url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm01manuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 1 |last2=tr. by [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]] |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |year=1907 |author-link=Niccolao Manucci}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Manucci |first1=Niccolao |url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm02manuuoft#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 2 |last2=tr. by William Irvine |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |year=1907 |author-link=Niccolao Manucci}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Manucci |first1=Niccolao |url=https://archive.org/stream/storiadomogororm03manuuoft#page/n9/mode/2up |title=Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 3 |last2=tr. by William Irvine |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |year=1907 |author-link=Niccolao Manucci}}
* {{Cite book |last=Owen |first=Sidney J |url=https://archive.org/stream/fallofmogulempir00owenuoft#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Fall of the Mogul Empire |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |year=1912}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|voy=Mughal Empire|n=no|d=yes}}
* [http://www.mughalindia.co.uk/index.html Mughal India] an interactive experience from the [[British Museum]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y27h The Mughal Empire], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge & Chandrika Kaul (''In Our Time'', 26 February 2004)
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05wq1fh Sunil Khilnani's "Akbar"], From BBC Radio 4's Incarnations: India in 50 Lives.

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Empires}}
{{Agra district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal Empire| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1526]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1857]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Afghan history]]
[[Category:Early modern history of India]]
[[Category:1526 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1857 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]]

Neeraj Basoya

2026-04-20T05:53:04Z

Alaminsorker: Creating a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Neeraj Basoya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|1|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]] for [[Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Kasturba Nagar]]
| predecessor = Madan Lal
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| term_end =
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2013
| predecessor1 = Sushil Choudhary
| successor1 = [[Madan Lal (politician)|Madan Lal]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| website =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (till 2024)
}}
'''Neeraj Basoya''' (born 1 January 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] to the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Kasturba Nagar]] in [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]] in 2008 and 2025.<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Kasturba Nagar">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Kasturba Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0542.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319053524/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0542.htm |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kasturba Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Kasturba Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/kasturba-nagar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319053531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/kasturba-nagar |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Two former Congress MLAs from Delhi quit party, slam alliance with AAP">{{cite news |date=1 May 2024 |title=Two former Congress MLAs from Delhi quit party, slam alliance with AAP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/two-former-congress-mlas-from-delhi-quit-party-slam-alliance-with-aap/article68128226.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301192527/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/two-former-congress-mlas-from-delhi-quit-party-slam-alliance-with-aap/article68128226.ece |archivedate=1 March 2025 |accessdate=1 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In May 2024, he, along with [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]], [[Naseeb Singh]] and other former [[Indian National Congress]] MLAs, resigned from the Congress party and joined the BJP, citing their dissatisfaction over the Congress alliance with the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-02 |title=2 more senior Delhi Congress leaders Naseeb Singh and Neeraj Basoya join Arvinder Singh Lovely list |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/2-more-senior-delhi-congress-leaders-naseeb-singh-and-neeraj-basoya-join-arvinder-singh-lovely-list/articleshow/109762768.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2024-05-01 |title=Ex-Congress MLAs Neeraj Basoya, Nasseb Singh resign from party over AAP pact |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pact-with-aap-extremely-humiliating-ex-congress-mlas-neeraj-basoya-nasseb-singh-resign-from-party-11714536203220.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503055133/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pact-with-aap-extremely-humiliating-ex-congress-mlas-neeraj-basoya-nasseb-singh-resign-from-party-11714536203220.html |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2008}}
{{#section:Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2013}}
{{#section:Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2015}}

=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Kasturba Nagar<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Kasturba Nagar" /><ref name="Kasturba Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Neeraj Basoya|votes=38,067|percentage=45.06|change=+8.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Abhishek Dutt|votes=27,019|percentage=31.98|change=+10.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Ramesh Pehalwan|votes=18,617|percentage=22.04|change=-18.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=472|percentage=0.56|change=+0.06}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,048|percentage=13.08|change=+9.62}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=84,483|percentage=54.10|change=-5.77}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = BJP
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =+8.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basoya, Neeraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Malur Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T01:36:38Z

Alaminsorker:

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 149
| map_image = 149-Malur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| electors = {{formatnum:192717}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = K. Y. Nanje Gowda
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = K. S. Manjunath Gowda
}}

'''Malur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | H. C. Linga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[S. V. Rame Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || H. C. L. Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || A. V. Muniswamy
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || P. N. Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || A. Nagaraju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || H. B. Dyavarappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || A. Nagaraju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || H. B. Dyavarappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || A. Nagaraju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || S. N. Krishnaiah Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || S. N. Krishnaiah Shetty
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || K. S. Manjunathagowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[K. Y. Nanjegowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref name =election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Malur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Malur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10149.htm?ac=149 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411090935/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10149.htm?ac=149 |archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Y. Nanjegowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,955 |percentage = 29.40% |change = {{decrease}}17.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Manjunathagowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,707 |percentage = 29.26% |change = {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hoodi Vijayakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 49,362 |percentage = 28.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. E. Ramegowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 17,627 |percentage = 10.17% |change = {{decrease}}25.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Vijaya Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,370 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 647 |percentage = 0.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 248 |percentage = 0.14% |change = {{decrease}}10.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,489 |percentage = 90.02% |change = {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,292}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,717 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref name="Malur Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Malur Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/malur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99813721.cms |accessdate=11 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411101043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/malur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99813721.cms |archivedate=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Y. Nanjegowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 75,677 |percentage = 46.90% |change = {{increase}}36.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Manjunathagowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 57,762 |percentage = 35.80% |change = {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Es. En. Krisshnaiah Setty Malur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,889 |percentage = 14.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gopalappa |party = Indian New Congress Party |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 696 |percentage = 0.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,915 |percentage = 11.10% |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,385 |percentage = 89.11% |change = {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,362}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,112 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}17.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Manjunathagowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 57,645 |percentage = 29.39% |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krisshnaiah Setty Es. En. Maluru |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,876 |percentage = 19.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channa Keshava |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,159 |percentage = 10.28% |change = {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. E. Ramegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,480 |percentage = 9.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Krishnaiah Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,283 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,769 |percentage = 9.57% |change = {{decrease}}34.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,182 |percentage = 87.37% |change = {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,147}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,889 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}36.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Krishnaiah Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,280 |percentage = 65.83% |change = {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Prabhakar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,879 |percentage = 21.76% |change = {{increase}}20.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Krishna Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,496 |percentage = 7.99% |change = {{decrease}}28.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. R. S. Kumar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,571 |percentage = 1.32% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,049 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Prabhakar |party = Independent politician |votes = 837 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Munirajappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 778 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 52,401 |percentage = 44.07% |change = {{increase}}20.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,958 |percentage = 81.81% |change = {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,415 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaiah Shetty. H. M |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,120 |percentage = 59.44% |change = {{increase}}46.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,264 |percentage = 36.35% |change = {{decrease}}16.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad Anvar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,468 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa. J |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,199 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraj. K. A |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,068 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,856 |percentage = 23.10% |change = {{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,291 |percentage = 77.27% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,281}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,495 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,762 |percentage = 53.13% |change = {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Ragunatha |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,474 |percentage = 34.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Krishnaiah Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,954 |percentage = 12.80% |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,288 |percentage = 19.06% |change = {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,314 |percentage = 78.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,190}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,069 |percentage = 4.77% |change = {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,481 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Dyavarappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 40,828 |percentage = 43.03% |change = {{increase}}20.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,194 |percentage = 39.20% |change = {{decrease}}14.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Krishnaiah Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,015 |percentage = 9.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Rajagopala Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,055 |percentage = 5.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Lakshminarayana |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,824 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,634 |percentage = 3.83% |change = {{decrease}}27.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,448 |percentage = 79.25% |change = {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,876}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,429 |percentage = 1.48% |change = {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,697 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,788 |percentage = 53.42% |change = {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 17,680 |percentage = 22.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Dyavarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,924 |percentage = 19.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,772 |percentage = 3.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,108 |percentage = 31.35% |change = {{increase}}24.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,916 |percentage = 78.18% |change = {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,099}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,817 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,063 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Dyavarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,663 |percentage = 52.42% |change = {{increase}}40.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,660 |percentage = 45.99% |change = {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Rajasekar Kasave |party = Independent politician |votes = 720 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,003 |percentage = 6.42% |change = {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,269 |percentage = 74.71% |change = {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,316}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 953 |percentage = 1.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,689 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,371 |percentage = 43.12% |change = {{increase}}19.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Dyavarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,235 |percentage = 33.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanaswamy. B. A |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,459 |percentage = 11.92% |change = {{decrease}}16.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaswamy. H. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,495 |percentage = 10.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,136 |percentage = 9.48% |change = {{decrease}}7.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,312 |percentage = 71.08% |change = {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,202}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,110 |percentage = 2.01% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,818 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. Reddy |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,656 |percentage = 45.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmidevi Ramanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,866 |percentage = 28.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Muniswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,282 |percentage = 23.56% |change = {{decrease}}34.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Nanjunda Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 838 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,790 |percentage = 16.86% |change = {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,446 |percentage = 74.94% |change = {{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,141}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,305 |percentage = 2.44% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,318 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Muniswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,581 |percentage = 58.30% |change = {{decrease}}12.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Linga Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,605 |percentage = 38.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanaswamy. B. A |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,039 |percentage = 2.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,976 |percentage = 19.72% |change = {{decrease}}28.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,452 |percentage = 64.56% |change = {{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,451}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,202 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. L. Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,284 |percentage = 71.25% |change = {{increase}}24.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Ramanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,340 |percentage = 22.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,854 |percentage = 5.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 411 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,944 |percentage = 48.64% |change = {{increase}}44.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,593 |percentage = 69.00% |change = {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,889}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,928 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}20.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. V. Rame Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,135 |percentage = 51.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Linga Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,723 |percentage = 46.94% |change = {{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Vinodha Doss |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 639 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,412 |percentage = 4.22% |change = {{decrease}}6.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,479 |percentage = 67.65% |change = {{increase}}25.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,497}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,444 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Linga Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,490 |percentage = 55.43% |change = {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,434 |percentage = 44.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,056 |percentage = 10.86% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,924 |percentage = 42.63% |change = {{increase}}5.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,924}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,396 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Malur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Linga Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,560 |percentage = 42.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Venkataramanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,672 |percentage = 30.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Venkatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,543 |percentage = 16.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. B. Venkatarame Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 919 |percentage = 5.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Narayanaswamy |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 837 |percentage = 5.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,888 |percentage = 12.16% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 15,531 |percentage = 36.92% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 15,531}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,066 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Kolar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|13.00|77.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kolar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Top Chingtha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:01Z

Alaminsorker: Added Basic Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Top Chingtha
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 12,558
|mla = Loitongbam Amujou Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Top Chingtha''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Ali || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Loitongbam Amujou Singh
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Top Chingtha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Manipur%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080938/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Manipur%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Amujou Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,194 |percentage=31.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashraf Ali |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,944 |percentage=29.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Haque |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,630 |percentage=16.08% |change={{decrease}}3.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Vaiphei |party=Independent politician |votes=1,363 |percentage=13.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Dhaneshwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=760 |percentage=7.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=250 |percentage=2.47% |change= {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,138 |percentage=80.73% |change= {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,558 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}34.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Top Chingtha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=3,726 |percentage=26.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. P. Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,783 |percentage=19.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. N. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,745 |percentage=19.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,536 |percentage=17.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamkhogin |party=Independent politician |votes=784 |percentage=5.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. B. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=444 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. G. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=943 |percentage=6.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,321 |percentage=74.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,203 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.69|94.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Robertsonpet Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:50Z

Alaminsorker: New

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Robertsonpet
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1962
| reservation =
| abolished = 1967
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| electors =
}}
'''Robertsonpet Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Mysore state assembly]] in India until 1967 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || D. Venkata Ramiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Robertsonpet <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Venkata Ramiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,536 |percentage = 69.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. M. Govindan |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,935 |percentage = 14.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Nazeer Ahmed |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,534 |percentage = 12.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Pillapa |party = Independent politician |votes = 841 |percentage = 4.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,601 |percentage = 55.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,205 |percentage = 60.81% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,846}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,518 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.961012|78.258923|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kolar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Tilhar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:34Z

Alaminsorker: Added Basic Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tilhar
| constituency_no = 133
| map_image = 133-Tilhar.svg
| mla = [[Salona Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:355825}}<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type= SLA
}}
'''Tilhar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=16 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 133.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 16 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/tilhar.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Tilhar Assembly constituency is KC Badagaon of Powayan Tehsil; KCs Tilhar, Nigohi & Tilhar MB of Tilhar Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || - || - || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Balak Ram || rowspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Bhagwan Sahai || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Surendra Vikram || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="4" | [[Satyapal Singh Yadav|Satya Pal Singh Yadav]]|| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party (Secular)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Lok Dal]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Surendra Vikram || [[Indian National Congress]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Satyapal Singh Yadav|Satya Pal Singh Yadav]]|| [[Janata Dal]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | Virendra Pratap Singh || rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rajesh Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Yadav]]|| [[Samajwadi Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan = "2" |[[Roshan Lal Verma]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || - || - ||
|-
|18
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]]
|[[Salona Kushwaha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Mar-2022
|
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/><section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tilhar<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Salona Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:102307}}
|percentage = 47.93
|change = {{increase}}7.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Roshan Lal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:89030}}
|percentage = 41.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nawab Faizan Ali Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:12290}}
|percentage = 5.76
|change = {{decrease}}9.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajnish Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:3082}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change = {{decrease}}35.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:772}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change = {{decrease}}0.47
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13277}}
|percentage = 6.22
|change = {{increase}}3.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213455}}
|percentage = 59.99
|change = {{decrease}}1.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/><section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tilhar<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Roshan Lal Verma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:81770}}
|percentage = 40.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kunwar Jitin Prasada]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:76065}}
|percentage = 37.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Avadhesh Kumar Verma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31418}}
|percentage = 15.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pradip Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:3983}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1683}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5705}}
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204249}}
|percentage = 61.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = +3.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Assembly Election, 2012: Tilhar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Roshan Lal Verma]]
|votes = 71,122
|percentage = 36.28
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anwar Ali Rahman
|votes = 60,415
|percentage = 30.82
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sunita Kovid
|votes = 37,113
|percentage = 18.93
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ragini Singh
|votes = 6,905
|percentage = 3.52
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Shiv Sharma
|party = [[Mahan Dal|MD]]
|votes = 6,185
|percentage = 3.16
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Seema Kumari
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 6,159
|percentage = 3.14
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,707
|percentage = 5.46
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,96,030
|percentage = 65.57
|change = -
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:298,950}}
|ref=<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>

==See also==

*[[Shahjahanpur district]]
*[[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shahjahanpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Nizamabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:15Z

Alaminsorker: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nizamabad
| map_image = 348-Nizamabad.svg
| mla = [[Alambadi Azmi]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,27,480
| constituency_no = 348
}}
'''Nizamabad''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Nizamabad in the [[Azamgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Nizamabad is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 348 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Elections: Nizamabad<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24348.htm?ac=348|title=Uttar Pradesh 2022 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Alambadi Azmi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79835}}
|percentage = 43.22
|change = +3.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoj Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:45648}}
|percentage = 24.71
|change = -1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Piyush Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:44657}}
|percentage = 24.18
|change = -4.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Abdur Rahman Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:6100}}
|percentage = 3.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anil Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2297}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1067}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34187}}
|percentage = 18.51
|change = +7.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184712}}
|percentage = 56.4
|change = +1.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Nizamabad<ref name="election2017">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Alambadi Azmi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:67274}}
|percentage = 40.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandra Dev Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:48745}}
|percentage = 29.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinod Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:43786}}
|percentage = 26.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1243}}
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18529}}
|percentage = 11.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167475}}
|percentage = 55.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Scope=col|#
!scope=col|Term
!scope=col|Member of Legislative Assembly
!scope=col|Party
!scope=col|From
!scope=col|To
!scope=col|Days
!scope=col|Comment
|-
| 01|| [[2nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|2nd Vidhan Sabha]] ||Chandra Bali Brahmachari||rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]||April 1957|| March 1962||1,800||
|-
| 02|| [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|3rd Vidhan Sabha]] ||Amjad Ali|| March 1962|| March 1967 ||1,828 ||
|-
| 03|| [[6th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|6th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"|Mohd. Masud||[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|| March 1974 ||April 1977 || 1,153||<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04|| [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|7th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Janata Party]] || June 1977 ||February 1980 || 969||<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05|| [[8th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|8th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Chandra Bali Bramchari|| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] || June 1980 ||March 1985 ||1,735||<ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06|| [[9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|9th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Mohd. Masud|| [[Lok Dal]] || March 1985 ||November 1989 || 1,725||<ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07|| [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] ||'''Ram bachan yadav'''|| [[Indian National Congress]] ||December 1989 ||April 1991 ||488||<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08|| [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]]||rowspan="2"|Angad Yadav|| rowspan="2"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| June 1991 ||December 1992 ||533||<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09|| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]]||December 1993 ||October 1995 ||693||<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10|| [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Alambadi (politician)|Alam Badi]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]] || October 1996 ||March 2002 || 1,967||<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11|| [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] ||February 2002 ||May 2007 || 1,902||<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12|| [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Angad Yadav||[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| May 2007 ||March 2012 ||1,736||<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13|| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Alambadi (politician)|Alam Badi]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]] || March 2012 ||March 2017 || 1,829||<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=10 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14|| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]]|| March 2017 ||Incumbent ||{{age in days|2017|03|19}}||<ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.06|83.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Vadda Ghallughara

2026-04-10T21:33:26Z

Alaminsorker: Added Initial Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|1762 massacre of Sikhs by the Durranis}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Vadda Ghalughara
| location = 45–50 kilometre stretch of a route from Kup-Rahira to [[Barnala]], passing through the villages of Kup, Rahira, Kutba, Bahmania, Gehal and Hathur<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amrit |date=8 February 2018 |title=Vadda Sikh Ghallughara - The Bigger Holocaust |work=Punjab Khabar |url=http://www.punjabkhabar.com/news/13139-vadda-sikh-ghallughara-the-bigger-holocaust.aspx |access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>
| date = 5–6 February 1762
| partof = [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]] and [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| native_name = ਵੱਡਾ ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ ("Greater Massacre")
| native_name_lang = pa
| fatalities = 10,000 to 50,000 Sikh men, women, and children
| victims = [[Sikhs|Sikh]] non-combatants
| perpetrators = [[Durrani Empire|Afghan Durrani Empire]], [[Malerkotla State]]
| assailants = [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]], [[Zain Khan Sirhindi|Zain Khan]], [[Malerkotla State#Rulers|Bikhan Khan]], Kasim Khan, Tahmas Khan Miskin, Wazir Shah Wali Khan, Dewan Lachhmi Narayan
| assailant =
| dfens = Eleven ''[[Sikh Confederacy|Misldars]]'', including [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and [[Charat Singh|Charat Singh Sukerchakia]]
}}
'''''Vadda Ghalughara''''' ({{langx|pa|ਵੱਡਾ ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ}} {{IPA|pa|ʋəɖɖäː kəl˨luːkäː˨ɾäː|lit=Greater Massacre}}; alternatively spelt as '''''Wadda Ghalughara''''') was a [[Ghallughara (Sikhism)|massacre]] of [[Sikhs]] by the Afghan forces of the [[Durrani Empire]] during the years of Afghan influence in the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] owing to the repeated incursions of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in February 1762.<ref>According to the Punjabi-English Dictionary, eds. S.S. Joshi, Mukhtiar Singh Gill, (Patiala, India: Punjabi University Publication Bureau, 1994) the definitions of "Ghalughara" are as follows: "holocaust, massacre, great destruction, deluge, genocide, slaughter, (historically) the great loss of life suffered by Sikhs at the hands of their rulers, particularly on 1 May 1746 and 5 February 1762" (p. 293).</ref> It is distinguished from the ''[[Chhota Ghalughara]]'' (the Smaller Massacre). Mostly non-combatants were killed in the event,<ref>Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA26 p.26], Routledge, Pritam Singh</ref> and an estimated that 5,000 to 50,000 Sikhs were killed on 5–6 February 1762.<ref name="landford">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&dq=1762+sikhs+afghans&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|page=21|author=Lansford, Tom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|year=2017}}</ref><ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia pp. 396">Sardar Singh Bhatia, "Vadda Ghalughara", The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume IV, Patiala, Punjabi University, 1998, pp. 396; Syad Muhammad Latif, The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time, New Delhi, Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd., 1964, p. 283.</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT104 |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |date=6 December 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-10188-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gian Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIa2EAAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT101 |title=Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People |date=28 March 2023 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=978-1-6657-3953-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=91 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Kamal |first=Neel |date=6 February 2012 |title=Lest We Forget |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lest-we-forget/articleshow/11773920.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |work=Times of India}}</ref> The massacre occurred in what is present-day [[Ludhiana district]].<ref name=":05" /> The killings began in Kup-Rohira and ended at Gehal, as the invader's forces passed through village Kutba.<ref name=":7" /> Much of the killings occurred in a dense-jungle environment.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=Sikh Legacy: Remembering Vadda Ghallughara |url=https://sikhri.org/inspiration/sikh-legacy-remembering-vadda-ghallughara |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=Sikh Research Institute}}</ref>

The {{Lang|pa-latn|Vadda Ghalūghārā}} was a dramatic and bloody massacre during the campaign of Afghanistan's ([[Durrani Empire]]) provincial government based at [[Lahore]] to wipe out the Sikhs, an offensive that had begun with the Mughals and lasted several decades.<ref>[[Khushwant Singh]], A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 127–129</ref> The Sikhs extracting tribute from the Sirhind region due to the ineffectiveness of Zain Khan Sirhindi, attacking the ''diwan'' Lakshami Narain and stealing the funds from the revenue-collection, and the killing of Khwaja Obed at Lahore were all immediate contributing factors that motivated Ahmad Shah Abdali to embark on a punitive expedition against the Sikhs.<ref name=":722">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=74–77}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Persecution of the Sikhs (1746–1762) ===
Through much of the early eighteenth century, the Khalsa were outlawed by the government and survived in the safety of remote forests, deserts, and swamplands of the [[Punjab region]] and neighbouring [[Kashmir]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, A History of the Sikhs from Nadir Shah's Invasion to the Rise of Ranjit Singh (1739–1799); Volume I: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1739–1768), Simla, Minerva Book Shop, 1952, p. 10</ref><ref>Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 121</ref> In the 18 years following the [[Chhota Ghalughara]], Punjab was roiled with five invasions and had several years of rebellions and civil war. Under these unsettled circumstances, it was difficult for any authority to carry on a campaign of oppression against the Sikhs; instead the Sikhs were often sought and valued as useful allies in the various struggles for power.<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, A History of the Sikhs from Nadir Shah's Invasion to the Rise of Ranjit Singh (1739–1799); Volume I: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1739–1768), Simla, Minerva Book Shop, 1952, pp. 68–69, 115–23, 139–43.</ref>

In these times of relative calm,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Journal of Research: (humanities)|date=1966|volume=1|issue=1–2|page=63|journal=Journal of Research: (Humanities)}}</ref> however, [[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Shah Nawaz]], the governor at [[Lahore Subah|Lahore]] in 1747 and his Afghan allies resumed their brutal campaigns against the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Bhagat|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|date=1993|publisher=Punjabi University|location=Patiala|page=55}}</ref> This period was characterised by the desecration of Sikh places of worship and the organised capture, torture and merciless execution of tens of thousands of Sikh men, women and children.<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, A History of the Sikhs from Nadir Shah's Invasion to the Rise of Ranjit Singh (1739–1799); Volume I: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1739–1768), Simla, Minerva Book Shop, 1952, pp. 79–83.</ref>

=== The governorship of Mir Mannu ===
{{Main|Moin-ul-Mulk's campaign against Sikhs}}
[[Moin-ul-Mulk|Mir Mannu]] (Mu'in ul-Mulk)<ref name="McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP">{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Suzanne|title=Mothers of Heroes, Mothers of Martyrs: World War I and the Politics of Grief|date=2007|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=9780773560239|page=36}}</ref> became governor of [[Lahore Subah|Lahore]] and the surrounding provinces in 1748 and, continued to hold that position for the next five years until 1753 through his exploits in battle against the Afghan army. His first act as governor was to take control of Ram Rauni, the Sikh fort at [[Amritsar]], where 500 Sikhs had taken shelter. To take control of the fort and defeat the Sikhs, Mir sent word to Adina Beg, the commander of the army of Jalandhar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=27 January 2014|title=Brutality of Mir Mannu|url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-history/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-brutality-of-mir-mannu/|access-date=3 October 2021|website=Gateway to Sikhism|language=en-US}}</ref> Both the armies of Lahore and Jalandhar eventually laid siege to the fort, and despite much resistance from the Sikhs, it eventually fell to them. Mir Mannu then stationed detachments of troops in all parts of Punjab with any Sikh inhabitants with orders to capture them and shave their heads and beards.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agarwal |first1=Krishna Prakash |title=British Take-over of India: Modus Operandi: an Original Study of the Policies and Methods Adopted by the British While Taking Over India, Based on Treaties and Other Official Documents, Volume 2 |date=1979 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |page=141}}</ref> His oppression was such that large numbers of Sikhs moved to relatively inaccessible mountains and forests. The governor ordered the apprehending of Sikhs who were sent in irons to Lahore. Hundreds were thus taken to Lahore and executed in the horse market before crowds of onlookers.<ref name="Bhagat Singh 1997, p. 130">Bhagat Singh, "Mu'in ul-Mulk", ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'', Volume III, Patiala, Punjabi University, 1997, p. 130.</ref><ref name="Dhanpat Rai & Sons">{{cite book|last1=Seetal|first1=Sohan|title=Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|date=1971|publisher=Dhanpat Rai & Sons|page=269}}</ref> According to the historian Nur Ahmed Chishti, Mir Mannu ordered the execution of more than 1,100 Sikhs at the horse market of Shahidganj during [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Kharak|last2=Singh|first2=Daljeet|title=Sikhism: its philosophy and history|date=1997|publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies|location=Chandigarh|isbn=9788185815039|page=467}}</ref>

Partly through the influence of his Hindu minister, [[Kaura Mal]]l, who was sympathetic to the Sikhs, and partly because of the threat of another Afghan invasion, Mir Mannu made peace with the Sikhs the next year. They were granted a piece of land near Patti. This truce did not last long as in the next Afghan invasion the artillery of Lahore attacked the Sikhs of Dal Khalsa under [[Sukha Singh]].<ref name=":1" /> The Sikh army left promptly after this attack, which led to the eventual defeat and fall of Lahore to Durrani. Kaura Mall was also eventually murdered by [[Adina Beg]] at the hands of a Pathan in the battle against the Afghans in 1752. Lahore was soon surrendered to the invader [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]].<ref name="Bhagat Singh 1997, p. 130"/> The land given to the Sikhs was also seized back from them.

In his new role as governor for the Afghans, Mir Mannu was able to resume his persecution of the Sikhs. Moreover, he had arranged for new artillery to be forged and a unit of 900 men assigned especially to the hunting down of the "infidels".<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, ''A History of the Sikhs from Nadir Shah's Invasion to the Rise of Ranjit Singh (1739–1799)''; Volume I: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1739–1768), Simla, Minerva Book Shop, 1952, pp. 63–64, 66.</ref> In the words of an eyewitness: "Muin appointed most of the gunmen to the task of chastising the Sikhs. They ran after these wretches up to {{convert|67|km|mi|sp=us}} a day and slew them wherever they stood up to oppose them. Anybody who brought a Sikh head received a reward of ten rupees per head."<ref name="Syed Hasan Askari 1998, p. 300">Syed Hasan Askari, "Tahmasnamah". ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'', Volume IV, Patiala, Punjabi University, 1998, p. 300.</ref>

According to that same account: "The Sikhs who were captured alive were sent to hell by being beaten with wooden mallets. At times, Adina Beg Khan sent 40 to 50 Sikh captives from the Doab. They were as a rule killed with the strokes of wooden hammers."<ref name="Syed Hasan Askari 1998, p. 300"/>
[[File:Illustration of Sikh women and children toiling away grinding flour at Mir Mannu's death camp, by Gian Singh Naqqash, ca.1930.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Sikh women and children toiling away grinding flour at Mir Mannu's death camp, by [[Gian Singh Naqqash]], ca.1930. The event depicted likely occurred between 1748-1753.]]
Mir Mannu explicitly ordered his troops to seize and torture the Sikh women and children.<ref name="McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP"/><ref name="Dhanpat Rai & Sons"/> The women were seized from their homes and forced to grind grain in prison with the detainees forced to grind about 1.25 [[Maund (unit)|maunds]] of grain<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ganda|title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|date=1990|publisher=Punjabi University|location=Patiala|page=71}}</ref> (46 kilograms of grain) to grind in a day. According to a Sikh account, "Many of the women were given merciless lashing, working all day exhausted from thirst and hunger, they plied their stone-mills and while they plied their stone-mills they sang their Guru's hymns. The Hindu or the Muslim, or in fact anyone who saw them and listened to their songs was utterly astonished. As their children, hungry and thirsty, wailed and writhed on the ground for a morsel, the helpless prisoners in the hands of the prisoners could do little except solace them with their affection until wearied from crying the hungry children would go to sleep."<ref>Harbans Singh, ''The Heritage of the Sikhs'', Delhi, Manohar Books, 1983, pp. 135–36</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Seetal|first1=Sohan|title=Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|date=1971|publisher=Dhanpat Rai & Sons|page=271}}</ref>

Mir Mannu's cruel reign, however, did not stop the spread of Sikhism. According to a popular saying of that time "Mannu is our sickle, We the fodder for him to mow. The more he cuts, the more we grow." The continued harassment by Mir Mannu only helped strengthen the numbers and faith of the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1762 Wadda Ghallughara {{!}} Discover Sikhism|url=http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_genocide/1762_wadda_ghallughara.html|access-date=2 October 2021|website=www.discoversikhism.com}}</ref><ref>Bhagat Singh, "Mu'in ul-Mulk", ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume III'', Patiala, Punjabi University, 1997, p. 131.</ref>

=== Baba Deep Singh ===
{{Main|Baba Deep Singh}}

In 1756 Ahmad Shah Durrani started his fourth raid on India for plunder. He managed to successfully raid the city of Delhi and captured gold, jewellery and thousands of Hindu women as slaves. But on his way back his baggage train was repetitively ambushed and attacked by the Sikh forces, who liberated the slaves and returned the plunder. Durrani managed to escape and vowed to take revenge against the Sikhs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Pahal|first=Inderjit|date=28 May 2017|title=BABA DEEP SINGH JI STORY|url=https://sikhexpo.com/blogs/news/baba-deep-singh-ji-story|access-date=2 October 2021|website=Sikhexpo|language=en}}</ref> Because Durrani could not lay his hands on the elusive bands of Sikhs, he determined to attack their holy city [[Amritsar]], the [[Harimandir Sahib]] was blown up, and the surrounding pool filled with the entrails of slaughtered cows.<ref>Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 144–45.</ref>

[[File:Akali Deep Singh.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Baba Deep Singh]] a prominent Sikh ''[[Sant (religion)|Sant]]'']]
Hearing of this event [[Baba Deep Singh]], an elderly scholar of the Sikhs living at [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Damdama Sahib]], {{convert|160|km|mi}} south of Amritsar, was stirred to action. As the leader of one of the Sikh divisions entrusted with the care of the temple, he felt responsible for the damage that had been done to it and announced his intention of rebuilding the Harmandir Sahib. He set out his forces Sikhs toward the Amritsar and along the way, many other Sikhs joined, eventually numbering about 5,000 when they reached the outskirts of Amritsar. In the nearby town of [[Tarn Taran Sahib]] they prepared themselves for martyrdom by sprinkling saffron on each other's turbans.<ref>Khushwant Singh, ''A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839'', Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 145; Hari Ram Gupta, ''A History of the Sikhs from Nadir Shah's Invasion to the Rise of Ranjit Singh (1739–1799); Volume I: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1739–1768)'', Shimla, Minerva Book Shop, 1952, p. 109.</ref>

When word reached Lahore that a large body of Sikhs had arrived near Amritsar a Janam Khan mobilised an army of 20,000 soldiers.<ref name=":0" /> Two large forces were sent. Approaching Amritsar, Baba Deep Singh and his companions encountered them and a fierce battle ensued.<ref>Khushwant Singh, ''A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839'', Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 145; Hari Ram Gupta, A History of the Sikhs from Nadir Shah's Invasion to the Rise of Ranjit Singh (1739–1799); Volume I: Evolution of the Sikh Confederacies (1739–1768), Simla, Minerva Book Shop, 1952, pp. 109–110.</ref> The Sikh forces battled valiantly but the superior numbers of the enemies and continuous reinforcements led to their eventual defeat.<ref name=":0" />

Wielding his [[Khanda (sword)|khanda (double-edged sword)]], the 75-year-old Sikh sustained many wounds but managed to kill the general Janam Khan beheading him in the process.<ref name=":0" /> Deep Singh was also mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his {{cvt|15|kg}}{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} khanda "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the [[Bandi Chhor Divas]] of 1757 in Harmandir Sahib".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|title=Shaheed Baba Deep Singh|publisher=Santokh Singh Jagdev – Bed Time Stories-7.|access-date=16 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602004008/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|archive-date=2 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== The massacre of 1762 ==

=== Lead-up ===
The Sikhs had [[Chhota Ghallughara|suffered a large massacre in 1746]], with the Mughals officially restarting their [[Anti-Sikh sentiment|anti-Sikh campaign]] with the appointment of [[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Shah Nawaz]] as [[subahdar]] in 1747.<ref name=":042">{{Cite web |last=Singh|first=Harinder|date=31 December 2024|title=Ghallugharas & Raj: Exterminations to Sovereignty|url=https://sikhri.org/articles/ghallugharas-raj|access-date=22 February 2026|website=Sikh Research Institute}}</ref> Between 1748–53, Mir Mannu had conducted his own persecution of the Sikhs and captured five-hundred Sikhs at Ram Rauni through the assistance of Adina Beg.<ref name=":042" /> These Sikhs were tortured and executed at a place now known as [[Gurdwara Shahid Ganj Singh Singhania|Shahidganj]] in Lahore on the occasion of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]].<ref name=":042" />

The Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Abdali, who came to power in 1747, had [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|invaded the Indian subcontinent]] at-least nine times between the years 1747–69, with him targeting Sikhs in five of his invasions when his army passed through the Punjab.<ref name=":042" /> On 14 January 1761, in the aftermath of the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], the Afghans were returning to their native country with the spoils of war, including 2,200 imprisoned unwed Hindu [[Marathi people|Marathi]] girls and women.''<ref name=":5" />'' Whilst the Afghans were crossing the Sutlej River, suddenly Sikh forces fell upon them and rescued the captured Marathi women, saving them from their captors, and returning them to their parents and families.''<ref name=":5" />'' The act of valour made Abdali consider the Sikhs as a greater threat than he had previously and he began thinking that he needed to wipe out the Sikhs from Punjab in-order to firmly establish Afghani control over the territory.''<ref name=":5" />''

From June to September 1761, the Sikhs had routed the forces of the ''[[faujdar]]'' of [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Jaggi |first=Rattan Singh |date=9 March 2015 |title=ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ ਵੱਡਾ (digitized entry from Sikh Panth Encyclopedia) |trans-title=Vadda Ghalughara |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%20%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Punjabipedia |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |language=pa}}</ref> The Sikhs proceeded to loot Sirhind and Malerkotla.<ref name=":4" /> After routing Afghan forces, they also briefly captured and occupied the city of Lahore.<ref name=":4" />

The annual [[Diwali]] convening of the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] at Amritsar on 27 October 1761 had passed a [[Gurmata|''gurmatta'']] that supporters of the Durranis must be eliminated, beginning with [[Aqil Das]] (based in Jandiala), to prepare to establish independence of the region from invading and occupying Afghan forces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Teja |last2=Singh |first2=Ganda |date=13 August 2018 |title=ਵੱਡਾ ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ |trans-title=Vadda Ghalughara |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%20%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Punjabipedia (extracted entry from Punjab Kosh, vol.1) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala (Department of Languages) |language=pa}}</ref> After coming to know about this judgement made against him, Aqil Das sought out the help of Abdali.<ref name=":2" /> Another decision passed in the gurmatta was that Sikhs should take Lahore and occupy it.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=17 March 2016 |title=Punjabi Vishwa Kosh [Punjabi World Dictionary] Vol.IX (republished on Punjabipedia by Punjabi University, Patiala) |script-title=pa:ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ |trans-title=Ghalughara |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=Punjabipedia |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |language=pa}}</ref>

Sikhs shortly after would attack Lahore.<ref name=":6" /> During this attack the local ruler of Lahore, Ubaid Khan, locked himself in the fort of the city to avoid the Sikhs.<ref name=":6" /> This allowed the Sikh forces to take control of the outer areas of the city.<ref name=":6" /> [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] then placed [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] on the throne at Lahore, proclaiming him as the emperor.<ref name=":6" /> Thereafter, Sikhs began to refer to him as a king.<ref name=":6" /> Sikhs also gained control of the local Lahori mint and issued their own coinage.<ref name=":6" /> The Sikhs could not establish an enduring occupation of the city so they decided to leave and attack Jandiala next.<ref name=":6" />

In January 1762, Sikh fighters then converged onto Jandiala, {{convert|18|km|mi}} east of [[Amritsar]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> The Sikh forces were laying siege against the stronghold of the heretical Hindali sect led by Aqil Das.<ref name=":2" /> The place was the home of Aqil Das, the head of the heretical Nirinjania ([[Sects of Sikhism|Hindali]]) sect, an ally of the Afghans, and an inveterate enemy of the Sikhs.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396">Sardar Singh Bhatia, "Vadda Ghalughara", ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume IV'', Patiala, Punjabi University, 1998, pp. 396.</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=4: S-Z |pages=395–397}}</ref> He was a known informant for the Islamic governments working against the Sikhs.<ref name=":6" /> Due to his past actions, many Sikhs had been killed.<ref name=":6" />

Aqil sent messengers to Durrani pleading for his help against the Sikhs.<ref name=":2" /> The envoys of Aqil met with Abdali at [[Rohtas Fort|Rohtas]] when the latter was advancing to begin his sixth invasion, with the goal of annihilating the Sikhs.<ref name=":2" />''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />'' After coming to learn of the trouble his ally was in, Abdali's forces hurried to Lahore and the next day reached Jandiala to relieve the siege, but by the time they arrived the siege had been lifted and the Sikh besiegers were already gone.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />

The Sikh fighters had retreated with the view of taking their families to safety in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] desert before returning to confront the invader.<ref name=":02" /> Another reason for the Sikh retreat is they left to avenge the recent death of Dyal Singh Brar at the hands of Zain Khan of Sirhind.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Teja |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |last2=Singh |first2=Ganda |publisher=Publication Bureau of Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2006 |isbn=8173800073 |volume=1 (1469–1765) |pages=162–164 |chapter=Sixth invasion of Durrani and second Holocaust}}</ref> The Sikhs began to encamp at the villages of Raipur and Gujjarawal.''<ref name=":5" />'' At this time, the Sikhs were encamped at Kup, Rahira, Dehlon, and Gurm villages, with all of them just a short distance from Malerkotla.<ref name=":2" />''<ref name=":5" />'' This region was known as the ''juh'' (uncultivated, waste or open land used as a pasture).''<ref name=":5" />'' Dehlon was a Sikh-populated village at that time and the surrounding area consisted of a landscape of sand dunes and heavy forrestation.''<ref name=":5" />'' There was a large and dense jungle located near Gurm in-which the Sikhs took shelter within.''<ref name=":5" />''

Bikhan Khan, ruler of Malerkotla State, discovered that Sikh forces and their families were taking shelter in villages surrounding his city, to which he alerted Abdali about and reached out to Zain Khan for a joint-operation against the Sikhs.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Jahan Khan, commander of Sirhind, was also present at Malerkotla at this time.<ref name=":6" /> When the Afghan leader came to know of the whereabouts of the Sikhs he sent word ahead to his allies, [[Zain Khan Sirhindi|Zain Khan]] (''[[faujdar]]'' of Sirhind) and [[Malerkotla State#Rulers|Bikhan Khan]] (chief or ''[[nawab]]'' of [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]]) to stop their advance.<ref name=":02" /> Abdali instructed Zain Khan to attack the Sikhs with his forces from the front whilst Abdali would attack them from the rear.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The attacks of Zain and Bikhan against the Sikhs were ineffective but the main force of Abdali was yet to arrive on the scene.<ref name=":02" /> Abdali further gave orders to Zain Khan that his troops, who were local Indians, should hang green leaves from their turbans to distinguish themselves from the Sikhs to prevent [[Friendly fire|friendly-fire]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Durrani departed on 3 February from Lahore to reach the Malwa region, he set about on a rapid march, covering the distance of {{convert|240|km|mi}} and including two river crossings in less than 48 hours.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> On 4 February, he sent word to Zain Khan that he would arrive tomorrow with his forces and that their two forces should launch a joint attack on the Sikhs in the early morning the following day.''<ref name=":5" />'' At that time, an estimated 150,000 Sikhs had set up bivouac in the ''rohi'' (uncultivated land) of the Sirhind region. They consisted of 50,000–60,000 able-bodied fighting men (both infantry and cavalry), with the larger remainder being their accompanying families.''<ref name=":5" />'' At Malerkotla, Zain Khan camped out with a force of 10,000–15,000 men, of both infantry and mounted-types, under his command.''<ref name=":5" />''

Eventually Abdali was only within 15–20 kilometres from the main Sikh body.''<ref name=":5" />'' When his army embarked away from the dock on the Sutlej, they were immediately attacked by Sikhs and a battle ensued.''<ref name=":5" />'' Zain Khan also agitated to attack the SIkhs on early 5 February.''<ref name=":5" />'' The Sikhs came to learn of this design and therefore started marching towards the Sutlej.''<ref name=":5" />'' Zain Khan dispatched a scouting party to follow the Sikhs, consisting of Kasim Khan and Tahmas Khan Miskin, the latter giving this account in his writing:''<ref name=":5" />''

{{Blockquote|text="I was also in the contingent of Kasim Khan. When we went in front of the Sikhs they ran away. We followed them for half a ''koh'' (2 kms). All of a sudden the Sikhs who were running stopped quickly and returned towards us and attacked us. Kasim Khan could not counter them and ran away, although I asked him not to run away. He did not accept my suggestion. Taking his army along with him he ran away towards Malerkotla and encamped there. I (Miskeen) alone went towards the village Kup. In the meantime those Sikhs had disappeared".|author=Tahmas Khan Miskin|title=''Tahmasnama''}}

The forces of Miskin were ineffective in battle against the Sikhs in the early hours of 5 February and Kasim Khan had abandoned the mission for now and camped at Malerkotla.''<ref name=":5" />'' Abdali caught up with the encamped Sikhs at Kup-Rahira, approximately twelve kilometres north of [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]].<ref name=":02" />

=== Massacre ===
In the twilight of 5 February 1762, Durrani and his allies surprised the Sikhs who numbered about 30,000 at Kup village alone,<ref name=":3" /><ref name="landford" /> with most of them noncombatants being women, children, and elderly men.<ref name=":02" /> Also present in the group of Sikhs were 11 ''Misldars'' (leader of a Misl) of the [[Sikh Confederacy]], including [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] of the [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia Misl]] and [[Charat Singh]] of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]].<ref name=":02" /> The officials of the Sikh chiefdoms of the Malwa region were also present.<ref name=":02" /> Abdali gave the order to his forces to slaughter anyone found wearing "[[Clothing in India|Indian clothing]]".<ref name=":2" /> Abdali split his army into two factions: one commanded by him and the other commanded by Shah Wali Khan.<ref name=":6" /> The army of Shah Wali Khan was ordered to attack the encamped Sikh families.<ref name=":6" /> The first person to attack the Sikhs was Qasim Khan.<ref name=":6" /> At Kup village alone, several thousand Sikhs were killed, with most of the fatalities being women and children.<ref name=":3" /> Abdali then ordered two other generals of his forces, Jahan Khan and Buland Khan, to attack the Sikhs.<ref name=":6" /> The army of Shah Wali Khan slew a lot of Sikh non-combatants, with many women and children being taken as prisoners.<ref name=":6" />

At-first, a pitched battle ensued in the first phase of hostilities between the Sikh army and Abdali's army near the banks of the Sutlej, whilst the ''vāhir'' convoy, consisting of Sikh non-combatants, had distanced themselves 10–12 kilometres from the battlefield and were passing through the villages of Kup and Rahira (these two localities are distanced apart from each-other by around 4 km and were both Muslim-dominated demographically in this period of time).''<ref name=":5" />'' Suddenly whilst the convoy were passing through this area, the two armies of Zain Khan Sirhindi and Bhikhan Khan of Malerkotla fell upon them unexpectedly.''<ref name=":5" />'' Many Sikh children and women were slaughtered in the ensuing drama.''<ref name=":5" />'' The Dal Khalsa forces, whom were engaging Abdali's army in a pitched battle, came to learn of the carnage enacted upon their kin and decided to send a ''[[jatha]]'' under the command of Sham Singh [[Singh Krora Misl|Karorsinghia]], Karo Singh, Karam Singh, Nahar Singh, and some other ''[[sardar]]s'' to assist the ''vāhir''.''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />'' The jatha was able to repel the armies of Zain Khan Sirhindi and Bikhan Khan temporarily and the convoy continued its journey to Barnala.''<ref name=":5" />'' They also managed to free the captured Sikh women and children abducted by the army of Shah Wali Khan.<ref name=":6" /> Shah Wali Khan decided to give-up on capturing the Sikh women and children and the faction of the army he commanded re-joined the main Afghan army.<ref name=":6" /> The main Dal Khalsa forced withdrew from the pitched battle near the Sutlej as they now knew their women, children, and elderly were vulnerable to further attacks so they reunited with the ''vāhir'' convoy in the region of Kup-Rahira.''<ref name=":5" />'' Whilst withdrawing from the battlefield near the Sutlej to reunite with the vahir convoy, the Sikh army continued attacking the main force of Abdali even when in retreat, whilst Zain Khan and Bikhan Khan attempted to attack the vahir convoy from the frontward direction.''<ref name=":5" />'' Sukhdial Singh described the actions of the Sikh forces as follows: "... the Dal Khalsa had drifted away Abdali's forces as if they were a dry stalk of grass".''<ref name=":5" />'' Charat Singh managed to wound Buland Khan in the ensuing fight.<ref name=":6" /> After doing so, Jahan Khan managed to wound Charat Singh but then Jassa Singh Ahluwalia managed to strike a wound on Jahan Khan.<ref name=":6" />

Bhangu recounts that many enemy cavalrymen were killed but their mounts remained living, so these horses were captured and used by the Sikhs in their defence.''<ref name=":5" />'' Wazir Shah Wali Khan wielded an army of 4,000 cavalry warriors whilst Zain Khan Sirhindi had a force of 4,000 [[Mounted archery|mounted archers]].''<ref name=":5" />'' Zain Khan was also accompanied by Dewan Lachhmi Narayan.''<ref name=":5" />'' Some Sikhs surrendered during the hostilities in the Kup-Rahira region and were subsequently arrested.''<ref name=":5" />''

The reunited vahir convoy and their Dal Khalsa protectors held their ground more-or-less for an hour and a half from the harassing forces of their nemeses.''<ref name=":5" />'' However, Abdali then sent two armed contingents of his army to attack the convoy and the Sikhs began to slip up in their defence and exposure points opened.''<ref name=":5" />'' Sukhdial Singh describes that when the Sikh armies engaged their enemy one-on-one, they discovered the advancing vahir had left them behind, which made the convoy vulnerable, so they had to catch-up with the convoy and were unable to stay stationary.''<ref name=":5" />'' Eventually, after one hour of heavy combat, the Sikhs were able to repel even the two armed contingents sent by Abdali so the Afghan king decided to engage the convoy directly with his own reserve army and be directly present in the carnage.''<ref name=":5" />'' Abdali's army consisted of four contingents, which included 12,000 armed men in total.''<ref name=":5" />'' This attack by Abdali managed to separate the main defending body of Sikh warriors from the vahir convoy, which left it exposed.''<ref name=":5" />''

The Sikhs were outnumbered four-to-one, facing three hostile armies, and the Afghans brought [[Large-calibre artillery|heavy artillery]] with them, which the Sikhs completely lacked.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> It was decided by the Sikhs that they should fight even if they would all perish as a result.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The tactic devised was that the Sikh fighters would form a cordon around the slow-moving baggage train (''vāhir'') consisting of women, children and old men.<ref name=":02" /> The ''vāhir'' began in the villages of Dehlon and Gurm and would travel to Barnala.''<ref name=":5" />'' The Sikh leaders decided to traverse in the direction of Barnala because Barnala was Sikh-dominated in population and they would assist in repelling the Afghans.''<ref name=":5" />'' Three Sikhs who were Malwa chieftains, them namely being Bhai Sangu Singh Vakil of Bhai Ke Daraj, Bhai Sekhu Singh of Humblke Waas Wala (official of [[Ala Singh]]) and Bhai Buddha Singh, were chosen to lead the ''vāhir'' from the front through the use of large cloths, called a ''chaadra'', at the top of their spears.''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />'' This was to provide a sense of direction and order to the convoy of Sikh families behind them.''<ref name=":5" />''<gallery mode="packed" caption="19th century depictions of carriages used by Sikhs">
File:Bullock cart pulling carriage with Maharaja Dalip Singh and Rani Jindan, mid-19th century.jpg|alt=
File:Painting of a Punjabi scene of a carriage driver and 2 women passengers, circa mid-19th century.jpg|alt=
File:Bejewelled Sikh Ladies in a bullock carriage.jpg|alt=
</gallery>The Sikh forces could not make use of their usual [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla]] [[hit-and-run tactics]] due to the presence of their non-combatants amongst them, which made them vulnerable.<ref name=":02" /> A stationary battle would be suicidal for the Sikhs as they were vastly outnumbered and out-equipped.<ref name=":02" /> Charat Singh suggested that the Sikhs form a [[Infantry square|square formation]], with forces of four misls facing the front directly in line with the enemy whilst the forces of two misls would protect the flanks of the convoy and the remainder acting as reserve.<ref name=":02" /> Jassa Singh Ahluwalia turned down Charat's suggestion and thought it was better if all the misls united as a single, mobile fighting body against the enemy, with the Sikh warriors cordoned around the ''vāhir'' convoy to protect it from enemy attack, and head in the direction of [[Barnala]], which was forty kilometres southwest of their current location.<ref name=":02" /> They expected their ally [[Ala Singh]] and the guides of his [[Phulkian Misl]] to come to their rescue once they arrived near their intended destination.<ref>Syad Muhammad Latif, The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time, New Delhi, Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd., 1964, p. 283;
Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 154.</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" /> If that failed, they expected to lose their enemy in the parched, waterless, arid areas of [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]].<ref name=":3" />

As per Tahmas Khan Miskin's account, the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]] forces decided to enact the same methods used in the earlier ''[[Chhota Ghallughara|Chotta Ghalughara]]'', where 2½ gash steps were used to tackle the army.''<ref name=":5" />'' The tactic is as follows: first gash attacks the opposing force quickly when the hostile forces are under full control, second gash consists of a quick withdrawal, and the half gash was essentially to die in battle rather than [[Prisoner of war|being captured]] by your opponent.''<ref name=":5" />''

Sukhdial Singh surreally describes the sort of landscape the mobile slaughter and battle occurred in: sandy mounds, little or no bodies of water to re-hydrate oneself, Sikh stragglers who fell behind were abandoned.''<ref name=":5" />'' If a Sikh fell down in battle, he would be trampled by the hoofs of horses.''<ref name=":5" />'' When the Sikh warriors witnessed their women, children, and elders being mercilessly slaughtered when the convoy's defence was breached, it reinvigorated their fighting spirit to protect the survivors from the same fate.''<ref name=":5" />'' Abdali is said to have been surprised by how gravely and mortally injured Sikhs, who were drenched in blood, would continue to fight-on.''<ref name=":5" />''

As per Bhangu, Abdali then reprimanded Zain Khan Sirhindi for his failure at breaching the convoy from the front:''<ref name=":5" />''

{{Blockquote|text="... as yet you have not done what you had promised. You have not been able to besiege the Singhs from the front. You have 20,000 horse riders. Have the Singhs decreased this number by killing them? You also have the army of ''Malle Riya'' pathans of Lachchmi Narayan. Even then you have not been able to encircle these ''kafirs'' [non-believers in God or Islam]. If you can hold them out only for four ''gharian'' (two hours) I will finish them all. Without surrounding them, it is not possible to kill them'.|author=Rattan Singh Bhangu quoting Abdali|title=''Panth Prakash''}}

Zain Khan then responded: "it is not possible to besiege them from the front. To look at they seem very few but I don't know why during the fight they seem too many".''<ref name=":5" />'' Zain Khan then advised Abdali to also attack the vahir convoy from the frontward direction, which the latter started doing.''<ref name=":5" />'' Abdali would attack the Sikh convoy from the front whilst the vahir traversed a distance of six kilometres.''<ref name=":5" />'' Charat Singh Sukerchakia was managing the defence of the convoy from the frontward direction and came face-to-face with the army of Abdali.''<ref name=":5" />'' At some point, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's own horse was slain by the enemy so he had to take the horse of another fellow Sikh.''<ref name=":5" />'' This led to Sikh warriors going backward to protect the life of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, who was in a vulnerable position.''<ref name=":5" />''

Abdali wanted to halt the Sikh mobility and fight them in a pitched battle but the Sikhs did not relent their moving convoy towards Barnala, fighting village-to-village along the way.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Early 19th century Sikh writer, [[Ratan Singh Bhangu|Rattan Singh Bhangu]], records eyewitness testimonies on the events of that day, sourced from his father and uncle who partook in the defence against the Afghans:<ref name=":02" /><ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396" />

{{Blockquote|text="... fighting while moving and moving while fighting ... they kept the vahir marching, covering it as a hen covers its chickens under its wings."|author=[[Rattan Singh Bhangu]]|title=''[[Prachin Panth Prakash]]''}}

More than once, the troops of the invader broke the cordon and mercilessly butchered the women, children and elderly inside, but each time the Sikh warriors regrouped and managed to push back the attackers.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396" />

At some point during the trek, a major breakthrough of the cordon was achieved by the Afghan forces, where they proceeded to slaughter thousands upon thousands of Sikhs.<ref name=":3" />

The slaughter of Sikhs by the Afghans started in the twilight hours and continued until the afternoon.<ref name=":02" />

=== Hostility of local Muslim villagers ===
After the incident involving the death of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's horse, the Sikhs reached the villages of Kutba and Bahmania (both villages are approximately 1½ km apart from each-other), whose local Hindu and Sikh residents had long vacated the localities and only Muslim residents were remaining.''<ref name=":5" />'' The Muslim residents of these places fiercely attacked the Sikhs who sought help and shelter from them to escape their slaughter, with the Muslim residents killing many of these pleading Sikhs in the process.''<ref name=":5" />''

Local residents from many villages along the route, such as Qutab-Bahmani and Gahal, attacked the Sikhs who attempted to seek shelter with them as the locals fear retaliation by the Afghans and becoming a target themselves.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> All the local residents of the villages (Kup, Rahira, Kutba, Bahmania, and Hathur) the Sikhs sought help and shelter from were populated by Muslims at that time, aside from Gehal village.<ref name=":2" />

Some Sikh women, children, and elders tried to escape their certain doom by hiding out in the minarets of cow dung, ''jawar'' (sorghum'')'', millet, and corn located outside these villages.''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />'' The hostile forces and Muslim locals set these minarets on fire whilst the Sikhs were inside them to burn them alive.''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />''

In retaliation for the local residents slaughtering pleading Sikhs, some Sikh warriors killed some residents of Kutba and Bahmania villages.''<ref name=":5" />'' After Charat Singh Sukerchakia learnt that the local villagers of Kutba were ruthlessly slaughtering fleeing Sikhs in this manner, he departed with a jatha of warriors who proceeded to kill the local residents.''<ref name=":5" />'' He razed to the ground the houses of the local people who murdered Sikhs and destroyed all of their agricultural production.''<ref name=":5" />'' This led the local Muslims to plead to the Afghan army for protection.''<ref name=":5" />'' However, the Afghans could do little to help as they were already focused on attacking the main Sikh convoy.''<ref name=":5" />''

=== Cessation of hostilities ===
By early afternoon, the fighting cavalcade reached a large pond, known in the local vernacular as a ''dhab'', at Hathur (as per [[Giani Gian Singh|Gian Singh]]) or Kutba (as per Rattan Singh Bhangu), the first they had come across since morning.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amrit |date=8 February 2018 |title=Vadda Sikh Ghallughara - The Bigger Holocaust |url=http://www.punjabkhabar.com/news/13139-vadda-sikh-ghallughara-the-bigger-holocaust.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704212219/https://www.punjabkhabar.com/news/13139-vadda-sikh-ghallughara-the-bigger-holocaust.aspx |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=Punjab Khabar}}</ref> Suddenly the bloodshed ceased as the two forces went to the water to quench their thirst and relax their tired limbs.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396"/> The Afghans and their horses rested at the banks of the pond.<ref name=":5" />

Abdali ceased hostilities at Kutba and Bahmania villages.''<ref name=":5" />'' As per local lore, cries (''[[Battle cry|jaikaras]]'') of '[[Bole So Nihal]] - [[Sat Sri Akaal|Sat Sri Akal]]' could be heard being yelled from the Malwa, which were Malwai Sikh reinforcements.<ref name=":5" /> The Afghans retreated on hearing these battle cries of fresh bodies of Sikhs.<ref name=":5" /> Another reason for their withdrawal was that the Durranis were warned by the local populace that the upcoming area of Punjab they would have to traverse through to continue assailing the Sikhs was heavily dominated by Sikh-populated villages with few bodies of water to be found.<ref name=":5" /> It is also said that some Afghans tried attacking the re-hydrated Sikhs but were repelled.<ref name=":6" />

From that point on the two forces went their separate ways.<ref name=":02" /> The Afghan forces had inflicted great losses on the Sikh nation and had in turn many of them killed and wounded; they were exhausted having not had any rest in two days.<ref name=":02" /> Abdali was also wary of following them in the little-ventured, semi-arid lands of the Malwa region.<ref name=":02" /> The Malwai ''[[jatha]]s'' then assisted the surviving Sikhs and led them to safety to the Malwai villages.''<ref name=":5" />'' The remainder of the Sikhs proceeded into the semi-desert toward [[Barnala]].<ref name=":02" /> From there on, the surviving Sikhs took advantage of the cover of night and proceeded to [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]], [[Kotkapura]], and [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> The local Malwai Sikhs provided the survivors with varied foods and milk and allowed them to rest at their localities.''<ref name=":5" />'' Some writers postulate that the fighting continued all the way until Gehal village in [[Barnala district]].''<ref name=":5" />''

Even just after being slaughtered, the Sikhs remained in high-spirits (''[[chardi kala]]'') after the hostilities ceased, with a [[Nihang]] proclaiming in the evening of the same day:<ref name=":02" />

{{Blockquote|text="... the fake [referring to the slaughtered Sikhs] has been shed. The true Khalsa remains intact."|author=Rattan Singh Bhangu|title=''Prachin Panth Prakash''}}Jassa Singh Ahluwalia personally suffered 22 wounds on his body from this day whilst Charat Singh sustained 16 wounds.<ref name=":4" /> Both survived, however.<ref name=":4" />

The massacre was not only a physical loss of life for the Sikhs but also a religious and cultural loss since the original manuscript of the ''[[Sikh scriptures|Damdami Bir]]'' of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], which had been compiled by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and [[Bhai Mani Singh]] themselves, was lost during the carnage of this day.<ref name=":3" />

The roads of the route were littered with dead Sikh bodies after the massacre.<ref name=":6" /> Abdali instructed his forces to dismember the heads of the corpses and load them onto carts to take back to Lahore.<ref name=":6" />

Abdali returned to Lahore on 3 March 1762 with fifty carts full of Sikh heads obtained from the massacre to invoke fear into the local Sikh inhabitants of the city.<ref name=":3" /> Many Sikh captives were also brought with him.<ref name=":3" /> Pyramids of the severed Sikh heads were erected outside [[Delhi Gate, Lahore|Delhi Gate]] and the blood of Sikhs was used to "wash" the walls of mosques in the city to "cleanse" them.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ahmad Shah Durrani's army returned to the capital of [[Lahore]] with hundreds of Sikhs in chains. From the capital, Durrani returned to Amritsar and blew up the [[Harmandir Sahib]] on 10 April 1762 on the day of the [[Vaisakhi]] festival, which since 1757 the Sikhs had rebuilt.<ref name=":3" /> As a deliberate act of sacrilege, the pool around it was filled with cow carcasses.<ref>Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 154-55.</ref><ref name=":3" /> However, when Abdali blew up the temple this time around, a flying brick from the explosion is said to have struck him on his nose and he received an injury he would never recover from.<ref name=":3" />

=== Neutrality of Ala Singh ===
[[File:Painting depicting Baba Ala Singh, founder of Patiala state, inscribed below in Perso-Arabic script.png|thumb|Painting depicting [[Ala Singh]] of the [[Phulkian Misl]], founder of [[Patiala State]], inscribed below in Perso-Arabic script.]]
Ala Singh failed to assist his religious kin.<ref name=":3" /> He stayed neutral during the events and did not initiate hostilities against the Durranis.<ref name=":3" /> However, this neutrality would not save Ala Singh as Abdali, whom had been told that Ala Singh was a "secret ally of the [[Majha|Majhi]] Sikhs" by Zain Khan and Bikhan Khan, would later burn down Barnala and advanced upon [[Bhawanigarh]], where Ala Singh was holed up.<ref name=":3" /> Ala Singh sought out the help of [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] and was forced to pay a humiliating fee of "five lakhs of rupees as tribute and a hundred and twenty-five thousand rupees more for permission to appear before him with his [[Kesh (Sikhism)|long hair]] intact" to placate Abdali.<ref name=":3" /> After this, Ala Singh was detained for a short-while but was released on the promise that his polity would pay an annual tribute to the Durranis.<ref name=":3" />

Kirpal Singh argues that Ala Singh did assist his co-religionists during the massacre.<ref name=":7223">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=72–77}}</ref> He states that the ''[[vakil]]'' of Ala Singh, named Sekhu Singh Hambalka, was with the surrounded Sikhs during the massacre at Kup.<ref name=":7223"/> He claims that Sekhu Singh and Sangu Singh were ordered to lead the Sikh women and children to Barnala and Thikriwala for safety, which were within Ala Singh's territory.<ref name=":7223"/> This is evidenced in the ''Khazana-i-Amara'', which states that a report of 200,000 fleeing Sikhs sought safety in Sirhind and near the territory of "Ala Singh Jat" was made when Abdali reached Lahore.<ref name=":7223"/> By the time Abdali reached Barnala, Ala Singh had already managed to escape.<ref name=":7223"/> This damaged Ala Singh's relations with Abadali, whom was already being told negativities about Ala Singh by the diwan Lakhshami Narain.<ref name=":7223"/> Thus, Ala Singh was arrested and nearly had his ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' (uncut hair of Sikhs) cut-off but managed to pay a fee instead.<ref name=":7223"/>

== Estimate of total Sikh dead ==
Estimates for the number of Sikh dead range from a lower estimate of 5,000 to a higher figure of 50,000.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="landford" /><ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia pp. 396" /><ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name=":3" />

A contemporary Muslim chronicler named Tahmas Khan Miskin, who was a commander of a contingent in Abdali's army, estimated that 25,000 Sikhs were killed, which ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'' believes is more reliable.<ref name=":02" />''<ref name=":5" />'' [[Ratan Singh Bhangu]] gives a higher figure of 30,000.<ref name=":02" />''<ref name=":5" />''<ref name=":7" /> [[Jadunath Sarkar]] gives a much smaller estimate of 10,000, a figure which Teja Singh and [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]] affirm.''<ref name=":5" />'' Kirpal Singh stated that 12,000–15,000 Sikh men were killed during the event.<ref name=":7223"/> [[Kahn Singh Nabha]] believed 15,000–20,000 Sikhs were killed but also stated an equal number of enemy forces (including hostile local villagers) had suffered the same number of dead.''<ref name=":5" />'' Beant Singh Bajwa gave a figure of 25,000–30,000 Sikh dead and 10,000 injured Sikhs.''<ref name=":5" />'' Trilochan Singh claims 35,000-40,000 Sikhs had died.''<ref name=":5" />'' Amrit Kaur states a figure of 40,000.''<ref name=":5" />'' Ratan Singh Jaggi estimates 20,000 Sikhs were killed.<ref name=":4" /> Rattan Singh Bhangu gave a figure of 50,000 Sikhs killed in his ''Panth Prakash'', whilst his uncle (firsthand witness) claimed 30,000 Sikhs were killed.<ref name=":6" /> [[Muhammad Latif Ansari]] gives an estimate range between 12,000–30,000 for the number of Sikh dead.<ref name=":6" /> [[Joseph Davey Cunningham]] gave an estimate between 12,000–20,000.<ref name=":6" /> N. K. Sinha states 25,000 Sikh deaths whilst H. R. Gupta believes 12,000 Sikhs died.<ref name=":7" /> A local Gurdwara, built in memory of the day, published a booklet which asserted that "approximately 35,000 Singhs [Sikh men], Singhnia [Sikh women] and Bhujangis ['little snakes', referring to Sikh children]" had been killed that day.''<ref name=":5" />'' [[J. S. Grewal]] gave a lower figure of 5,000 Sikh men (referred to him as ''Singhs'') dying during the carnage.<ref name=":05" />

==Aftermath==
After two months Sikh again assembled and defeated Afghans in [[Battle of Harnaulgarh]]. Within three months of the massacre, the Sikhs attacked Zain Khan, who had participated in the slaughter.<ref name=":02" /> Zain Khan ended up bribing the Sikhs with a 50,000 ruppee payment in May.<ref name=":02" /> The Sikhs lay wreck on the [[Lahore Division|Lahore region]] and [[Doaba|Jalandhar Doab]] during July and August of the same year (1762), Ahmad Shah Abdali was powerless to stop them.<ref name=":02" /> The Sikhs were victorious in the 17 October 1762.<ref name=":8" />

The Sikh warriors did not forget the local residents of the villages of Kup, Rahira, Kutba, and Bahmania turning away and even slaughtering pleading Sikhs seeking shelter with them.''<ref name=":5" />'' In revenge, they would raze these villages to the ground.''<ref name=":5" />'' There remains ruins of the former structures of Rahira to this day, near Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj Vadda Ghuallughara Sahib.''<ref name=":5" />'' Later, a 125-foot high [[Nishan Sahib]] was erected on-top of the ruins.''<ref name=":5" />''

== Historiography ==
A first-hand account of the ''Vadda Ghalughara'' is presented in the ''Tahmasnama'', written by Tahmas Khan Miskin, a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] commander of Zain Khan of Sirhind's army and a scholar who was present during the massacre.''<ref name=":5" />'' A Sikh account of the genocide can be found in Rattan Singh Bhangu's 19th century work ''[[Prachin Panth Prakash|Panth Prakash]]'', specifically in the episode ''Sakhi Ghallughare au Malerahi au Kuparhirai ki'' ("Eye-witness account of Kup-Rahira-Malerkotla Ghallughara") found in the work.<ref name=":042" /> Rattan Singh had a number of eyewitnesses within his social-circle he consulted in-order to prepare his account of the event.<ref name=":042" />

== Legacy ==
{{Further|Vadda Ghallughara Memorial}}
For a long time, no memorial was constructed commemorating the massacre due to the local population of Kup, Rahira, Kutba, and Bahmania villages being heavily dominated by Muslims originally, descendants of the same villagers who slaughtered Sikhs who sought shelter from them during the massacre.''<ref name=":5" />'' After the [[Partition of India|1947 partition of Punjab]], a monument was constructed and several [[gurdwara]]s were built along the route of the massacre, such as two named 'Gurdwara Shahid Ganj Vadda Ghallughara Sahib' at Rahira village with a monument constructed nearby commemorating the event.''<ref name=":5" />'' A local railway station was renamed 'Ghallughara Rahira Railway Station' in-memory of the history of the area.''<ref name=":5" />'' At Kutba village, a gurdwara named 'Gurdwara Att Vadda Ghallughara Sahib' was established and a ''[[Nishan Sahib]]'' (Sikh religious flag) was erected on the bank of the historical ''dhab'' (body of water) that both forces stopped and rested at to replenish their thirst in-midst of the action of that day.''<ref name=":5" />'' However, in 1970–1971, the historical ''dhab'' was filled with earth admixed with ploughable soil and was distributed as agricultural land to local farmers, so the historical body of water no longer exists.''<ref name=":5" />'' A gurdwara named 'Gurdwara Dhab Sahib' was constructed on the former location of the ''dhab''.''<ref name=":5" />'' At Gehal village, a gurdwara commemorating the event was erected within the complex of the local 'Gurdwara Sri [[Guru Har Rai]] Sahib'.''<ref name=":5" />'' [[Vadda Ghallughara Memorial|A memorial]] was inaugurated by [[Parkash Singh Badal]] in 2011 at Kup-Rahira in [[Sangrur district]] but it faces mismanagement and neglect, receiving few visitors.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Sharma|first=Mahesh|date=7 June 2025|title=Wadda Ghallughara Memorial yet to get recognition it deserves|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/wadda-ghallughara-memorial-yet-to-get-recognition-it-deserves/|access-date=21 February 2026|work=The Tribune}}</ref> The Kutba Ghallughara Yadgari Gurdwara Committee operates in Kutba.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Kamal|first=Neel|date=6 February 2012|title=Lest We Forget|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lest-we-forget/articleshow/11773920.cms|access-date=21 February 2026|work=Times of India}}</ref>
[[File:Folios of a claimed master-copy of the Damdami Bir recension rescued during the Vadda Ghallughara, kept at Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Sudha Singh Ji in Kuthala, Punjab.jpg|thumb|Folios of a claimed master-copy of the Damdami Bir recension rescued during the Vadda Ghallughara, kept at Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Sudha Singh Ji in Kuthala, Punjab]]
There is a handwritten bir (Sikh scriptural manuscript), supposedly one of five master copies of the Damdama Bir recension, present at Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Sudha Singh Ji in Kuthala that was saved by Baba Sudha Singh during the massacre, who had lost all nineteen of his followers during the killings.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=Neel |date=12 February 2024 |title=Vadda Ghallughara: A Saga of Sikhs' Unyielding Spirit and Sacrifice |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/vadda-ghallughara-saga-sikhs-unyielding-spirit-and-sacrifice |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=SikhNet}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chhota Ghallughara]]
* [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
* [[Patharighat#Massacre|Patharighat massacre]]
* [[List of massacres in India]]
* [[Battle of Kup]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadda Ghalughara}}
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:1760s in the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:Barnala district]]

Girdhar Singh

2026-04-10T14:13:00Z

Alaminsorker: starting new biography.

{{Short description|Maharawal of Jaisalmer (1949–1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Chhatrala Yadupati]] Rukn-ud-Daula Maharajadhiraja Raj-Rajeshwar Parama Bhattarak Muzaffar Jang Bijaimand
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
| reign = 17 February 1949 – 27 August 1950
| predecessor = [[Jawahir Singh]]
| successor = [[Raghunath Singh Bahadur|Raghunath Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|11|13|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1950|08|27|1907|11|13|df=yes}}
| spouse = {{ubl|Damayanti Devi|Hawa Kanwar}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Raghunath Singh Bahadur|Raghunath Singh]]|Chandra Vir Singh|Rukmani Devi|Hemant Devi}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Jaisalmer_Flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| dynasty = [[Bhati]]
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = [[Mayo College]]}}
}}
Lt. Col. '''Girdhar Singh''' was the [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] from 1949 until his death in 1950.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 13 November 1907 to [[Jawahir Singh]] and his wife Sodhiji.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.52031 |title=Rajputana and Ajmer (1931) |date=1931 |publisher=Government Of India. |pages=86}}</ref> He was educated at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Manager of Publications Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275348 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |pages=301–302}}</ref> He married twice: firstly, in 1926, to Damayanti Devi, daughter of Arjun Singh, [[Raja]] of [[Narsinghgarh State|Narsinghgarh]]; and secondly, in 1927, to Hawa Kanwar, daughter of Bher Singh, [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Amarkot]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JAISALMER |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718093208/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-date=2017-07-18 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2023-11-24 |title=Narsinghgarh (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/narsinghgarh/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> He had two sons, Raghunath Singh and Chandra Vir Singh, and two daughters, Rukmani Devi and Hemant Devi.<ref name=":0" />

He raised an irregular camel unit, called the Jaisalmer Risala, in 1948.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palsokar |first=R. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqTQAAAAMAAJ |title=The Grenadiers, a Tradition of Valour |date=1980 |publisher=Grenadiers Regimental Centre |pages=301 |language=en}}</ref> This unit was later amalgamated with [[Bikaner Camel Corps|Ganga Risala]] to form the Ganga Jaisalmer Risala in 1951.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrTzZd0j1kC |title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army |date=1990 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-140-0 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father, he succeeded him as the [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] on 17 February 1949.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. k |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120390 |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Jaisalmer |date=1961 |pages=50}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 27 August 1950 and was succeeded by his son [[Raghunath Singh Bahadur|Raghunath Singh]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category: 1907 births]]
[[Category: 1950 deaths]]
[[Category: People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category: Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category: Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer]]

Kewat people

2026-04-08T13:52:08Z

Alaminsorker: Adding The Page Basic Info - done

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Ethnic group and caste found in India and Nepal}}
{{About|the Hindu caste found in North India|the Ramayana character|Kewat (Ramayana)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group =
| image =
| caption =
| popplace = India
| region1 = Bihar
| pop1 = 937,861 (0.7174% of Bihar's population)<ref name="Bihar_census"/>
| region2 = West Bengal
| pop2 = 88,530
| langs = [[Kewat language]]
| rels = Hinduism
| related =
}}

The '''Kewat''', also spelled '''Kevat''', is an ethnic group and [[Hindu]] [[caste]], found in the states of [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Tripura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]] in India. They are the traditional boatmen of northern [[India]], and also in neighbouring country [[Nepal]]. They natively speak the [[Kewat language|Kewat]] language, an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan language]]. But the language is now declining as they have begun to speak the languages commonly used in the regions where they live.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kewat language resources |url=https://joshuaproject.net/languages/kyv |publisher=Joshua Project |access-date=2026-02-15}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The name "Kevata" first appeared in the [[Delhi-Topra pillar|Pillar Edict V]] of Emperor [[Ashoka]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ&q=sudarshana+bhaumik |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931 |date=26 August 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64143-1 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref>

==In India: Present circumstances==
The Kewat are among the 17 OBC communities of [[Uttar Pradesh]] that have been proposed for [[Scheduled Caste]] status by the [[Samajwadi Party]]-controlled [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Government]]. However, this proposal, which relates to [[votebank politics]] and has been made in the past, has been stayed by the courts; a prior attempt was also rejected by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/setback-for-akhilesh-government-as-high-court-stays-their-order-to-include-17-sub-castes-in-the-sc-category-520325/ |title=Setback for Akhilesh government as High Court stays their order to include 17 sub-castes in the SC category |work=Financial Express |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UP govt to include 17 other backward castes in SC list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-to-include-17-other-backward-castes-in-sc-list/story-jQWfybFAcSJTnwj2k4NxqO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 December 2016 |agency=PTI |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>

Kewats are recognised as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] in the states of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]] as Keot, Keyot or Jalkeot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheduled Caste list of Assam, India |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0002.jpg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheduled Caste list of West Bengal, India |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0020636052301055616230.jpg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scheduled Caste list of Tripura, India |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0018.jpg}}</ref>

With a population of 937,861, Kewats constitute 0.7174% of [[Bihar]]'s population in the [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey|2023 caste census]].<ref name="Bihar_census">{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Ritesh |date=2 October 2023 |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-caste-survey-counting-census-full-list-population-share-percent-obc-ebc-upper-caste-muslim-hindu-sc-st-8792660.html |title=List of caste wise population of Bihar |work=Hindustan| access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==In Nepal==
Some Kewats in [[Nepal]] speak the [[Kewat language|Kewat]] language alongside [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. Most Kewat speakers are found in Nepal, since many Kewats in [[India]] or [[Bangladesh]] usually speak the dominant regional languages of the areas they live in.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kewat Language (KYV) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kyv/ |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=2026-02-15}}</ref>
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Kewat as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] Other Caste.<ref>[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 153,772 people (0.6% of the population of Nepal) were Kewat. The frequency of Kewat by province was as follows:
* [[Madhesh Province]] (1.4%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (1.0%)
* [[Koshi Province]] (0.6%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Kewat was higher than national average (0.6%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] (6.1%)
* [[Parasi District|Parasi]] (3.5%)
* [[Morang District|Morang]] (2.7%)
* [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] (2.5%)
* [[Siraha District|Siraha]] (2.2%)
* [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (2.1%)
* [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] (1.1%)

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]

Chef Damu

2026-04-03T17:15:08Z

Alaminsorker: starting details.

{{Short description|Indian chef (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chef Damu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Damodharan Kothandaraman
| other_names = Damu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|9|3}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Chef, Television personality
| known_for = Television cooking shows, Guinness World Record
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}

'''Damodharan Kothandaraman''', professionally known as '''Chef Damu''', is an Indian celebrity chef. He is known for hosting numerous cooking shows and serving as a judge on popular Tamil language television programs, most notably ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'' on [[Star Vijay]]. He holds the Guinness World Record for the longest cooking marathon by an individual, achieved in 2010. In recognition of his contributions to the culinary arts, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India’s fourth-highest civilian award, in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Chef Damodharan: Tamil Nadu's culinary maestro who was felicitated with Padma Shri by President Droupadi Murmu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/news/meet-chef-damodharan-tamil-nadus-culinary-maestro-who-was-felicitated-with-padma-shri-by-presidentdroupadimurmu-article-151548514 |website=Times Now News |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

He is also known for being the first Indian chef to receive a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in Hotel Management and Catering Technology, awarded by the [[University of Madras]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Umachandran |first=Shalini |date=11 July 2009 |title=Chef Damu's Recipe For Success |url=http://www.cookatease.com/uploads/files/Chef_Damu_News.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712091601/http://www.cookatease.com/uploads/files/Chef_Damu_News.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=1 August 2020 |via=cookatease.com |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
In December 2010, Chef Damu cooked 617 dishes weighing a total of 190 kilograms over a continuous cooking session that lasted 24 hours, 30 minutes, and 12 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2010 |title=Damu's day-long dhamaka! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Damus-day-long-dhamaka/article11641437.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220234056/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Damus-day-long-dhamaka/article11641437.ece |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=The Hindu |first=Chithira |last=Vijayakumar}}</ref>

He has authored several cookbooks and conducted culinary workshops to promote traditional South Indian cuisine. He also served as a judge in food competitions such as ''Our State Our Taste'' conducted by ''[[The Hindu]]'' across various cities in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |date=31 August 2019 |title=How chef Damu went around Tamil Nadu in 60 days |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/how-chef-damu-went-around-tamil-nadu-in-60-days/article29308732.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220235848/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/how-chef-damu-went-around-tamil-nadu-in-60-days/article29308732.ece |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2025, Chef Damu was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India for his contributions to culinary science.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025: 139 Distinguished Personalities Conferred Prestigious Awards, 7 Padma Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan And 113 Padma Shri; See Full List |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/padma-awards-2025-139-distinguished-personalities-conferred-prestigious-awards-7-padma-vibhushan-19-padma-bhushan-and-113-padma-shri-see-full-list/articleshow/117558881.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=PIB India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times}}</ref>

== Film and television appearances ==

=== Films ===
* ''[[Kallappadam]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Ulkuthu]]'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2015 |title=Chef Dhamu to make his Kollywood debut? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Chef-Dhamu-to-make-his-Kollywood-debut/articleshow/48422195.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Mrs & Mr]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Server Sundaram (upcoming film)|Server Sundaram]]'' (TBA)

=== Web series ===
* ''[[Kalyanam Conditions Apply]]'' (2018)

=== Television ===
* ''Arusuvai Neram'' – Jaya TV
* ''Dhe Chef'' – Mazhavil Manorama
* ''Athu Ithu Yethu'' – Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2015 |title=Chef Dhamu on Adhu Idhu Yedhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Chef-Dhamu-on-Adhu-ldhuYedhu/articleshow/49957995.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* ''Chocolate'' – Cameo appearance
* ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'' – Seasons 1 to 7 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cook with Comali Season 6 set to premiere soon; here's all you need to know about the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cook-with-comali-season-6-set-to-premiere-soon-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-show/articleshow/119869386.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 May 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooku with Comali Season 5 Grand Finale: Priyanka Deshpande lifts the trophy, wins cash reward Rs 5 lakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-season-5-grand-finale-priyanka-deshpande-lifts-the-trophy-wins-cash-reward-rs-5-lakh/articleshow/113807820.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 February 2024 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
* ''Colors Kitchen''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7207687|name=Damodharan K.}}
* [https://twitter.com/chefdamu?lang=en Chef Damu on Twitter]
* [https://www.facebook.com/DrChefDamodaran/ Chef Damodaran on Facebook]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in "Others" Category|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali|+]]

Murderbaad

2026-03-31T23:27:35Z

Alaminsorker: Creating new info

{{Multiple issues|
{{lead too short|date=July 2025}}
{{No plot|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language romantic-thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Murderbaad.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Arnab Chatterjee
| producer = Arnab Chatterjee
| writer = Arnab Chatterjee
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nakul Roshan Sahdev]]
* [[Kanikka Kapur]]
* [[Sharib Hashmi]]
* [[Manish Chaudhari]]
* [[Saloni Batra]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing = Dev Rao Jadhav
| music = Rickie
| studio = ACJEE Entertainment
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|18|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Murderbaad''''' is a 2025 [[India]]n [[Hindi-language]] romantic-thriller film directed and produced by Arnab Chatterjee starring [[Nakul Roshan Sahdev]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Murderbaad trailer out: Sharib Hashmi, Amole Gupte-starrer marks 25-year-old Arnab Chatterjee's directorial debut, watch : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/murderbaad-trailer-sharib-hashmi-amole-gupte-starrer-marks-25-year-old-arnab-chatterjees-directorial-debut-watch/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kanikka Kapur]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title=Arnab Chatterjee's debut Hindi feature Murderbaad has crime, romance, and thrill, packed in a box |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Jul/07/arnab-chatterjees-debut-hindi-feature-murderbaad-has-crime-romance-and-thrill-packed-in-a-box |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulgexpress]] |date=7 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title='Murderbaad' trailer: A tourist goes missing in Arnab Chatterjee's haunting romantic thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/trailer-out-for-murderbaad-starring-nakul-roshan-sahadev-and-sharib-hashmi/cid/2111891 |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Murderbaad Trailer: This Whodunit Asks Just One Question, 'Where Is The Guest?' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/murderbaad-trailer-this-whodunit-asks-just-one-question-where-is-the-guest-ws-l-aa-aa-9425989.html |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> It is released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Guest Is Gone! Murderbaad Trailer Unfolds A Gripping Whodunit - Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/bollywood/news/murderbaad-trailer-gripping-whodunit-sharib-hashmi/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=Glamsham |date=7 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Murderbaad - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/murderbaad-official-trailer/videoshow/122445246.cms |access-date=15 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Nakul Roshan Sahdev]] as Jayesh Madnani/Jogesh Mallick
* [[Kanikka Kapur]] as Isabelle Sharma
* [[Sharib Hashmi]] as Maqsood Ghaziabadi
* [[Manish Chaudhari]] as Suryakant Maheshwari
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Sabbir Jalan
* [[Saloni Batra]] as Shaili Pandey
* [[Amole Gupte]] as Biresh
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Ashok Gupta
* Masood Akhtar as Anwar Alam
* [[Subrat Dutta]] as Inspector Das
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Sukanto Bandopadhyay
* [[Vibha Chibber]] as Nirmala
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Commissioner Kumar
* Ravina Sharma as Aditia Rawat
* [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]] as SP Bakshi

==Release==
The film is released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title='Murderbaad' trailer starring Sharib Hashmi promises a taut whodunit thriller |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/murderbaad-trailer-starring-sharib-hashmi-promises-taut-whodunit-thriller-426232 |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |date=7 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Murderbaad is an earnest attempt from a first-time director, and Arnab Chatterjee deserves credit for crafting a story that, despite its flaws, keeps the viewer curious."<ref>{{cite news |first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Murderbaad Movie Review: A wobbly yet watchable debut by teen director Arnab Chatterjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/murderbaad/movie-review/122674451.cms|access-date=18 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Titas Chowdhury of ''[[News18]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said that "Murderbaad is not for everyone. It’s too quiet for those expecting fireworks. But actors Nakul Roshan Sahdev, Sharib Hashmi, Manish Chaudhari and Amole Gupte shine."<ref>{{cite news |first=Titas|last=Chowdhury|title=Murderbaad Movie Review: Sharib Hashmi, Amole Gupte Shine In This Layered But Overly Ambitious Whodunit Film|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/murderbaad-movie-review-sharib-hashmi-amole-gupte-shine-in-this-layered-but-overly-ambitious-whodunit-film-ws-l-9449755.html|access-date=18 July 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Priyanka Gupta id ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'' awarded 4 stars and said that "Murderbaad is a daring, layered thriller that’s not afraid to get its hands dirty. It delivers a genuine shock in its final moments, and leaves you thinking long after the credits roll."<ref>{{cite news |first=Priyanka|last=Gupta|title=Movie Review: Murderbaad – Its Dark, Intriguing And Shockingly Refreshing|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-murderbaad-a-gritty-genre-bending-mystery-that-surprises-3169835|access-date=18 July 2025 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Kritika Vaid of ''[[India.com]]'' obserevd that "Murderbaad offers a rewarding experience for viewers who appreciate bold and intelligent storytelling."<ref>{{cite news |first=Kritika|last=Vaid|title=Murderbaad movie review: Nakul Roshan Sahdev-Kanikka Kapur's gritty, genre-bending thriller keeps you guessing
|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/murderbaad-movie-review-nakul-roshan-sahdev-kanikka-kapurs-gritty-genre-bending-thriller-keeps-you-guessing-7955045/|access-date=18 July 2025 |work=[[India.com]]|date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt37392885}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|murderbaad}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]

Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:39:41Z

Alaminsorker: Adding Basic Biography More To Come - done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Jagatsinghpur (SC) {{Small|OD-16}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Jagatsinghpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = SC
| electors = 17,03,489{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image = Bibhu Prasad Tarai MP 2024.jpg
| mp = [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali]] [[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]] [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]] [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda-Erasama]] [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]] [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]] [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
}}

'''Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha Constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliamentary) Constituencies in [[Odisha]] state in Eastern [[India]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

== Assembly segments ==
Assembly Constituencies which constitute this Parliamentary Constituency, after delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|92
|[[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali]] (SC)
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|[[Chhabi Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|101
|[[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|[[Sampad Chandra Swain]]
|-
|102
|[[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]] (SC)
|[[Ramakanta Bhoi]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|103
|[[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda-Erasama]]
|[[Sarada Prasanna Jena]]
|-
|104
|[[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|[[Amarendra Das]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|105
|[[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|[[Tusharkanti Behera]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|106
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
|[[Pravati Parida]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

Assembly Constituencies which constituted this Parliamentary Constituency, before delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2008-09-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108040424/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |archivedate=2005-11-08 }}</ref> [[Tirtol]], [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda, Erasama]], [[Jagatsinghpur]], Gobindpur, [[Nimapada]] and [[Kakatpur]].

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.80}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.41}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.64}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|31.42}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.34}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.00}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.84}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.07}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|48.09}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|59.48}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.19}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|50.97}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|57.3}}
}}

Since its formation in 1977, 13 elections have been held till date.

List of members elected from Jagatsinghpur constituency are

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Pradyumna Kishore Bal
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lakshman Mallick]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lokanath Choudhary]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranjib Biswal]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Trilochan Kanungo]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Brahmananda Panda]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Jagatsinghpur 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=15&pcname=Jagatsinghpur&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Kulamani Samal]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Jagatsinghpur 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&pcname=Jagatsinghpur&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Rajashree Mallick]]
|-
||[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Jagatsinghpur lok sabha election results 2024: Jagatsinghpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/jagatsinghpur-constituency-result-18516 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rajashree Mallick]] by a margin of 40,696 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Jagatsinghpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|votes = 5,89,093
|percentage = 45.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajashree Mallick]]
|votes = 5,48,397
|percentage = 42.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]
|votes = 1,23,570
|percentage = 9.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,882
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,696
|percentage = 3.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,91,326
|percentage = 75.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rajashree Mallick]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]] by a margin of 2,71,655 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Jagatsinghpur]]<ref name="FP Par Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-IV) (PC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase4/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%284th%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019 candidate list for Odisha |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |accessdate=18 April 2019 |work=Business Insider India |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080632/https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajashree Mallick]]
|votes = 6,19,985
|percentage = 50.44
|change = {{decrease}}4.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|votes = 3,48,330
|percentage = 28.34
|change = {{increase}}17.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pratima Mallick
|votes = 2,39,684
|percentage = 19.5
|change = {{decrease}}11.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bibhuti Bhusan Majhi
|votes = 5,244
|percentage = 0.43
|change = {{decrease}}0.17
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JPJD
|candidate = Jagannath Megh
|votes = 1,237
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Das
|votes = 1,503
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Peeyuush Das
|votes = 1,751
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = FPI
|candidate = Anil Kumar Behera
|votes = 3,586
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sasmita Das
|votes = 1,813
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,057
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,71,655
|percentage = 22.10
|change = {{decrease}}2.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,29,827
|percentage = 74.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = {{decrease}}6.62
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Kulamani Samal]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]] by a margin of 2,76,394 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Odisha Result Status|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011759/http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jagatsinghpur]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1816.htm?ac=16 |title = Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Kulamani Samal]]
|votes = 6,24,492
|percentage = 55.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|votes = 3,48,098
|percentage = 30.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baidhar Mallik
|votes = 1,17,448
|percentage = 10.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ajaya Kumar Behera
|votes = 18,099
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Mallik
|votes = 6,895
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Anupam Sethi
|votes = 5,929
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manas Kumar Behera
|votes = 3,347
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,624
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,76,394
|percentage = 24.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,32,868
|percentage = 75.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Communist Party of India
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Communist Party of India]] candidate [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]] by a margin of 76,735 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Jagatsinghpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|votes = 4,57,234
|percentage = 31.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]
|votes = 3,80,499
|percentage = 26.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baidhar Malick
|votes = 99,100
|percentage = 6.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 76,735
|percentage = 7.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,83,314
|percentage = 67.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|20.210605|86.168113|display=title}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Jagatsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Puri district]]

Nirupa Shankar

2026-03-19T21:09:37Z

Alaminsorker: Stub

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{COI|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nirupa Shankar
| image = Nirupa Shankar (cropped).jpg
| father = M. R. Jaishankar
| family = [[Pavitra Shankar]] (sister)
| awards =
| website = {{Official website|https://www.brigadegroup.com/about-us/board-of-directors}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnakata, India
| birth_date =
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[Hospitality management studies|Masters in Hospitality Management]] [[Bachelor of Economics]]
| alma_mater = [[Cornell University]] [[University of Virginia]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Entrepreneur|sportswoman|Joint Managing Director, [[Brigade Group]]|Founder, Brigade REAP}}
| organization = [[Brigade Group]]
}}

'''Nirupa Shankar''' is an Indian entrepreneur and [[athlete]]. She serves as joint managing director of [[Brigade Group]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandala |first=Satya |date=2014-08-01 |title=Adventure sports helps me face my fears: Brigade Hospitality's director Nirupa Shankar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/adventure-sports-helps-me-face-my-fears-brigade-hospitalitys-director-nirupa-shankar/articleshow/39410319.cms |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=2025-04-11 |title=She means business: How women are conquering unconventional industries |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/she-means-business-how-women-are-conquering-unconventionalindustries/121706 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref> a [[Bengaluru]]-based real estate company founded by her father, M. R. Jaishankar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Building a Symphony |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/network/story/building-a-symphony-297008-2021-05-26 |access-date= |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Prior to this role, she was the company's executive director. In 2016, she oversaw the launch of the Brigade Real Estate Accelerator Program (REAP), an initiative aimed at supporting tech startups in real estate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-13 |title=Brigade REAP wants to be the go-to accelerator for realty-tech startups in India |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2018/11/13/brigade-reap-wants-to-be-the-go-to-accelerator-for-realty-tech-startups-in-india |access-date= |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref>

Shankar was honored as a Young Turk on [[CNBC]] and included in [[the Economic Times|Economic Times]]' 40 under 40 list.<ref name="campdenfb"/><ref name="economictimes"/>

She is also an athlete and has competed in [[marathon]]s and [[triathlon]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The triathlete in the corner office |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-triathlete-in-the-corner-office/articleshow/65182009.cms |access-date= |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> including the 2021 [[Ironman Triathlon|Ironman triathlon]] in [[Copenhagen|Copenhagen, Denmark]], where she was the sole female participant from India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gowda |first=Dese |date=29 August 2023 |title=Nirupa Shankar: The Ironwoman |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/aug/29/nirupa-shankar-theironwoman-2609596.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Rashmi |title=Bengaluru athlete successfully completes Copenhagen Ironman |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-athlete-successfully-completes-copenhagen-ironman-2674394 |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born and brought up in [[Bangalore]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Rolling out the red carpet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20140317-rolling-out-the-red-carpet-800410-1999-11-29 |access-date=|website=India Today |date=30 November 1999 |language=en}}</ref> Shankar graduated with a bachelor's degree in economics from the [[University of Virginia]] and pursued a master's in management in hospitality from [[Cornell University]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Brigade Hospitality |work=Hotelier India |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/lists/6938-nirupa-shankar}}</ref> Shankar worked as a senior business analyst with [[Ernst & Young|Ernst & Young LLP]] in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], and [[North Carolina]].<ref name=":5" />

== Career ==
Shankar joined the family business, [[Brigade Group]], a publicly traded real estate and property development firm founded in 1986 by her father, M. R. Jaishankar, who serves as its [[Chair (officer)|executive chairman]].<ref name=":4" /> She is responsible for overseeing operations related to hospitality, office, and retail properties, in addition to managing human resources, public relations, and innovation functions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=With quality products, Brigade transforms real estate |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/with-quality-products-brigade-transforms-real-estate |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=businessindia.co |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, she was appointed Joint Managing Director,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-18 |title=Nikhil Kamath's Gruhas and Brigade Group launch ₹200 cr Earth Fund for real-estate, urban innovation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nikhil-kamaths-gruhas-and-brigade-group-launch-200-cr-earth-fund-for-real-estate-urban-innovation/article69344473.ece |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> while her sister, [[Pavitra Shankar]], became the managing director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Brigade Group succession plan {{!}} Pavitra Shankar appointed as MD; Nirupa Shankar is Joint MD |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/brigade-group-succession-plan-pavitra-shankar-appointed-as-md-nirupa-shankar-is-new-joint-md-9312491.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2022 |title=Brigade announces elevation of top management |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/operations/brigade-announces-elevation-of-top-management |work=Hotelier India}}</ref> Brigade Group operates in several cities, including [[Bengaluru]], [[Mangalore]], [[Mysore]], [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chikmagalur]], and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=The Brigade Group: Building unique spaces across a diverse real estate portfolio |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-brigade-group-building-unique-spaces-across-a-diverse-real-estate-portfolio-1.1660578074912 |access-date= |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

Shankar is also a trustee of the Brigade Foundation, a not-for-profit trust established by the Brigade Group.<ref name=":3" />

In 2025, Shankar co-founded Earth Fund, a [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]]-registered [[Alternative investment|alternative investment fund]] created as a joint venture between Brigade Group and Gruhas. The fund invests in early-stage startups in property technology, construction technology, and sustainability sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikhil Kamath's Gruhas, Brigade launch Rs 300 cr realty-focused fund |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/brigade-group-nikhil-kamath-s-gruhas-launch-rs-300-crore-earth-fund-125031800882_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Sobia |date=2025-03-18 |title=Brigade and Gruhas launch Rs 300 cr Earth Fund to drive real estate tech and sustainability solutions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/brigade-and-gruhas-launch-rs-300-cr-earth-fund-to-drive-real-estate-tech-and-sustainability-solutions/articleshow/119158960.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

She also serves as managing director of Brigade Hotel Ventures Limited, the hospitality subsidiary of Brigade Enterprises, established in 2016. As of 2025, the subsidiary operates nine hotels across South India. In July 2025, Brigade Hotel Ventures launched an initial public offering and was subsequently listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Brigade Hotels IPO opens; MD Nirupa Shankar details luxury expansion and zero debt plan - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/brigade-hotels-ipo-opens-md-nirupa-shankar-details-luxury-expansion-and-zero-debt-plan-19642963.htm |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Brigade Hotel Ventures IPO Plans: Joint MD Nirupa Shankar on expansion plans in Kerala, growth strategy – What investors should watch out for |url=https://www.etnownews.com/markets/brigade-hotel-ventures-ipo-plans-joint-md-nirupa-shankar-on-expansion-plans-in-kerala-growth-strategy-what-investors-should-watch-out-for-article-151234016 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sport career ===
Following the birth of her first child, Nirupa Shankar started pursuing running in 2015 and joined a local joggers' club,<ref name=":1" /> where she discovered the challenges of endurance races.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The triathlete in the corner office |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/the-triathlete-in-the-corner-office/articleshow/65180588.cms |access-date= |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Simran |title=Driven by determination |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/apr/08/driven-by-determination-2287153.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express|date=8 April 2021 }}</ref>

Shankar has taken part in [[marathon]]s and [[triathlon]] events. In 2021, she participated in a sprint (short-distance) triathlon in [[Croatia]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Sanath |title=Bangalore-based real estate professional to compete in Croatia Ironman triathlon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/oct/10/bangalore-based-real-estate-professional-to-compete-in-croatia-ironman-triathlon-2368927.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express|date=11 October 2021 }}</ref> beginning her training six months after the birth of her second child.<ref name=":1" />

In March of the same year, she also joined the [[Ironman 70.3|half Ironman]] in [[Dubai]]. Her training for the 2023 Ironman commenced in January of that year.<ref name=":1" />

In 2023, she competed in the annual [[Ironman Triathlon|Ironman triathlon]] in [[Copenhagen|Copenhagen, Denmark]], held in August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title=The Ironwoman |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/newspaper/The-Morning-Standard/THE-IRONWOMAN |access-date= |website=Magzter |language=en}}</ref> Shankar was the only Indian female participant in this triathlon, which comprised a 3.8-kilometre swim, a 180-kilometre cycle ride, and a full marathon distance of 42.2 kilometers. In her first attempt at the Ironman, Shankar crossed the finish line in 14 hours, 47 minutes, and 41 seconds.<ref name=":2" />

== Recognition ==
* '''2016''': Restaurant Owner of the Year at the Hospitality Leaders’ Industry Choice Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Nirupa Shankar - Author Biography |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/author/nirupa-shankar |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2020''': Her company, Brigade REAP, won the National Startup Awards in the Incubators & Accelerators category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incubators & Accelerators-National Startup Awards 2020 |url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/nsa/incubators-accelerators.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.startupindia.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''2021''': Received ‘ET 40 Under Forty:’ India Inc's Top Young Leaders 2021<ref name="economictimes">{{Cite web |title=ET 40 Under Forty: India Inc's Top Young Leaders 2021 - Top Young Leaders 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-40-under-forty-india-incs-top-young-leaders-2021/ankit-agarwal-38/slideshow/90744257.cms |access-date= |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* '''2023''': Listed in the Power List 2023 by Hotelier India<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2020 |title=Power List 2020 - Hotelier India |work=Hotelier India |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/list/power-list-2020}}</ref>
* She received recognition from [[CNBC]] as a Young Turk.<ref name="campdenfb">{{Cite web |title=Nirupa Shankar: The art of learning by doing {{!}} Campden FB |url=https://www.campdenfb.com/article/nirupa-shankar-interview-the-art-of-learning-by-doing |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=campdenfb}}</ref>
* '''2024''': [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'s Most Powerful Women 2024 list<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=Trailblazers on Business Today's Most Powerful Women 2024 list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/trailblazers-on-business-today-most-powerful-women-2024-list-2630545-2024-11-08 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* '''2025''': Shankar was included in [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'' India]]'s list of the Most Powerful Women in Business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Powerful Women 2025: This Year's Top Women in Business |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/rankings/most-powerful-women/2025 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Nirupa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Athletes from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian female triathletes]]
[[Category:Indian women marathon runners]]

Maldivian language

2026-03-17T23:21:50Z

Alaminsorker: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Dhivehi language]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative name}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Veerappan

2026-03-16T21:48:50Z

Alaminsorker: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian criminal (1952–2004)}}
{{About|the person|the 2016 Kannada film|Killing Veerappan|the Bollywood film|Veerappan (2016 film)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Veerappan
| image = Veerappan, Chasing the Brigand (Book, 2017) 01 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Veerappan's portrait on the book Chasing the Brigand
| birth_name = Koose Munusamy Veerappan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1952|01|18}}
| birth_place = [[Gopinatham]], [[Kollegal]] Taluk, [[Chamarajanagar District]], [[Karnataka]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2004|10|18|1952|1|18}}
| death_place = [[Papparapatti, Dharmapuri]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Gunshot wound|Ballistic trauma]]
| resting_place = Moolakadu, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| known_for = {{ubl|
*Kidnapping politicians
*[[Sandalwood]] smuggling
*[[Poaching]]
*[[Banditry]]
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Muthulakshmi]]|1990|2004}}
| children = 2
| reward_amount = {{INRConvert|52|c|year=2002}}
| capture_status = Deceased
| escaped = 1986
| escape_end = 2004
| comments = {{INRConvert|784|c|year=2002}} spent to capture
| beginyear = 1962
| endyear = 2002
| country = India
| states = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
}}

'''Koose Munisamy Veerappan'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farmers-turned-Veerappans-killer-aides/articleshow/18493017.cms|title=Farmers turned Veerappan's killer aides|last=Karthick|first=S|date=14 February 2013|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Unravelling-an-Enigma/articleshow/892009.cms|title=Unravelling an Enigma|last=Singh|first=Shivani|date=19 October 2004|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref> (18 January 1952 – 18 October 2004) was an Indian [[poacher]], [[smuggler]], [[domestic terrorist]] and [[Banditry|bandit]] who was active for 36 years, and kidnapped major politicians for ransom. He was charged with [[sandalwood]] smuggling and [[Crime in India#Poaching and wildlife trafficking|poaching]] of [[Indian elephant|elephants]] in the scrub lands and forests in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. He was wanted for killing around 184 people, about half of whom were police officers and forest officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/cop-who-eliminated-veerappan-pens-book-on-the-forest-brigand-1785864/|title=Cop who eliminated Veerappan pens book on the forest brigand|agency=Press Trust of India|date=26 January 2017|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2024}} He was also responsible for poaching approximately 500 of the 2,000 elephants killed in the peninsular region where he was active<ref name="frontline-pile">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30225505.ece|title=How he made his pile|first=RAVI|last=SHARMA|website=Frontline|date=18 November 2004 }}</ref> and for [[Ivory trade|smuggling ivory]] worth US$2.6 million (₹16 crore)<ref name="frontline-pile" /> and about 65 tons of sandalwood<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/indepth/the-most-famous-of-them-all-31758|title=The most famous of them all|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|archive-date=29 September 2020|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929043527/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/indepth/the-most-famous-of-them-all-31758|url-status=dead}}</ref> worth approximately US$22 million (₹143 crore).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wages of Impunity: Power, Justice, and Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1eD4bGpqvMC&q=veerappan&pg=PA322|last=K.G.|first=Kannabiran|ref=KG|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2004|isbn=9788125026389}}</ref>

The battle to capture Veerappan cost the governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over ₹100 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/19veer18.htm|title=India's biggest, costliest manhunt|website=Rediff}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Veerappan was born into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Vanniyar]] family in Gopinatham, [[Kollegal]]a, [[Chamarajanagar District]], [[Karnataka]], formerly known as [[Madras state]], in 1952.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odGoFF2HqQAC&q=veerappan+vanniyar&pg=PA197|title=In Search of the Rain Forest|last=Slater|first=Candace|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822385279|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Caste-politics-may-bail-out-Veerappan/articleshow/1849977436.cms|title=Caste politics may bail out Veerappan|last=Ramachandran Ramesh|date=6 August 2000|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1723/17230100.htm|title=A desperate alliance|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=11 November 2000|website=Frontline|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In 1990, he was married to [[Muthulakshmi]], who reportedly married him because of his "notoriety and moustache".<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/19/india.markoliver|title=Death of a 'demon'|last=Oliver|first=Mark|date=19 October 2004|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 December 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Muthulakshmi-to-bring-out-book-on-lsquopolice-atrocities/article14697917.ece|title=Muthulakshmi to bring out book on 'police atrocities'|last=Kumar|first=M. T. Shiva|date=26 April 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 December 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of 2004, his two daughters, Vidya Rani (born in 1990) and Prabha (born in 1993), were studying in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Illangovan|first=R|title=Leave us in peace, say Veerappan's daughters|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/22/stories/2004102211001400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112072605/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/22/stories/2004102211001400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2005|access-date=24 May 2013|website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
He had support from the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] party which openly sought for clemency on behalf of Veerappan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Caste-politics-may-bail-out-Veerappan/articleshow/1849977436.cms|title = Caste politics may bail out Veerappan | India News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=6 August 2000 }}</ref>

== Criminal history==
Veerappan began his criminal career by assisting his uncle Sevi Gounder, a notorious poacher and [[sandalwood]] smuggler.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |first=Luke |last=Harding |title=In the lair of India's asthmatic bandit king |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/aug/05/india.kashmir|work=The Guardian|location=London |date=5 August 2000 |access-date=27 August 2012 }}</ref> Veerappan initially worked as a sandalwood and [[ivory]] smuggler, killing elephants for their tusks.<ref name="how"/> He later broke away from his uncle. Over the next 25 years, Veerappan and other poachers together killed 2,000 to 3,000 elephants, with Veerappan and his gang responsible for approximately 500 of them.<ref name="frontline-pile" /> He was first arrested in 1972.<ref name=gua>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/19/india.markoliver|title = Death of a 'demon'|work = The Guardian|first= Mark|last= Oliver|date = 2004}}</ref>

After committing his first murder, at the age of 17, he began killing those who resisted his illegal activities. His victims tended to be police officers, forest officials, and informants.<ref name="how">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/india/27165183_1_tamil-nadu-wily-brigand-special-task-forces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417001205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/india/27165183_1_tamil-nadu-wily-brigand-special-task-forces|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2013|title=How Veerappan was shot dead|date=19 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>

In 1987, Veerappan kidnapped and murdered a [[Sathyamangalam]] Taluka forest officer named Chidambaram from Tamil Nadu. This brought his activities to the attention of the Indian Government.<ref name=village/><ref name="end">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veerappan-End-of-three-decades-of-terror/articleshow/890585.cms|title=Veerappan: End of three decades of terror|date=19 October 2004|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>
He drew further attention by murdering a senior [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]] officer, [[P. Srinivas|Pandillapalli Srinivas]], in November 1991. Next, there was the August 1992 ambush of a police party, which included a senior IPS officer, Harikrishna.

Veerappan was not averse to killing civilians, and killed a man from his native village for traveling in a police jeep.<ref name=village/> He regularly killed anyone suspected of being a police informer. Because of political instability, Veerappan could easily escape from one state to another. State jurisdiction problems also prevented police officers from entering other states to apprehend Veerappan.<ref name=benita>{{cite book |last1=Estevez |first1=Benita |title=Smugglers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLqYgJHuuHMC&q=veerappan+politicians&pg=PT75 |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=R.W.Press |isbn=978-1-909284-08-1 }}</ref>

=== Palar blast ===
{{Main|Palar blast}}
In Govindapadi, [[Mettur]], Veerappan killed a Bandari person whom he suspected of being a police informer. As a result, a 41-member team of police officers and forestry officials were called in to investigate. On 9 April 1993, landmines were detonated underneath the two vehicles in which the team was traveling. The blast occurred at Palar, near [[Mahadeswara Hills|Malai Mahadeswara Hills]] (present-day [[Chamarajanagar District]], Karnataka) and killed 22 members of the team. Known as the Palar blast, this was Veerappan's single largest mass killing.<ref name=palar>{{cite news|last=Aravind|first=H M|title=Why Veerappan planned the Palar blast|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Why-Veerappan-planned-the-Palar-blast/articleshow/18493078.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602162807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-14/mysore/37099133_1_veerappan-gang-karnataka-stf-palar-blast|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2013|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Special Task Force ===

In 1992, the Karnataka and the Tamil Nadu Governments formed a [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] to catch Veerappan.<ref name=how/> It was headed in Tamil Nadu by [[Sanjay Arora (officer)|Sanjay Arora]] and in Karnataka by [[Shankar Bidari]] with [[Walter Devaram]] as the joint chief. In February 1992, his lieutenant Gurunathan was killed by the Karnataka task force, with [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Shakeel Ahmed single-handedly responsible for the capture. Three months later, Veerappan attacked the [[Ramapura, Chamarajanagar|Ramapura]] police station in [[Kollegal]], killing several policemen and capturing arms and ammunition. In August 1992, Veerappan laid a trap for SI Shakeel Ahmed, killing him along with five others. The Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Special Task Forces then began intensified combing operations along the two states' border areas and also around Gopinatham village, Veerappan's birthplace.<ref name=stf>{{cite news | first = V. S. | last = Palaniyappan | title = STF planning to corner Veerappan near Gopinatham | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 27 January 2003}}</ref>

Through these operations, under charge of [[Sanjay Arora (officer)|Sanjay Arora]] and Shankar Bidari, the gang was reduced to 5 members.<ref name=stf/><ref name="lure">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/STF-tries-to-lure-villagers/articleshow/35703041.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602160546/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-28/bangalore/27286243_1_veerappan-gang-karnataka-stf-gopinatham|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2013|title=STF tries to lure villagers|date=28 January 2003|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
Meetings with Gopinatham villagers were held, and the 5-[[crore]] bounty was announced.<ref name=lure/> In 1993, the task force arrested Veerappan's wife, Muthulakshmi, and charged her with aiding, but she was acquitted of all charges.<ref name=":1" />

=== Kidnapping of Rajkumar ===
{{Main|Kidnapping of Rajkumar}}
On 30 June 2000, Veerappan abducted [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]] actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and three others from Dodda Gajanur, a village in Sathyamangalam taluk Erode district near the Tamil Nadu-Karnataka border, where the film star was attending his housewarming ceremony.<ref name=acquit>{{cite news | title = Veerappan's widow Muthulakshmi acquitted in actor Rajkumar kidnap case| newspaper =India Today | date =30 October 2012 | url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/veerappan-widow-muthulkshmi-actor-rajkumar-kidnap-case-120071-2012-10-29 |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3943969.stm | work=BBC News | title='Treasure hunt' for bandit's loot | date=22 October 2004 | access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="frontline">{{cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1716/17161310.htm|title=Veerappan's Prize Catch|last=Ravi|first=Sharma|date=5–18 August 2000|newspaper=Frontline Magazine, Chennai|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>
Public outcry and violence ensued in [[Bangalore]] as well as other parts of Karnataka.<ref name=frontline/> A [[bandh]], or strike, also occurred on 22 September in Bangalore. Karnataka's Chief Minister and police personnel sought the help of Tamil Nadu Government and visited [[Chennai]] seeking help.<ref name=frontline/> Negotiations were conducted and [[R. Gopal]], an editor of the Tamil magazine ''Nakkeeran'', was involved in several rounds of talks with Veerappan.<ref>{{cite news|title=I have tried to be as truthful as possible|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3813967.ece|access-date=26 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2012}}</ref> Gopal had earlier visited Veerappan for similar negotiations,<ref name=guardian/>
and visited the forest several times for videotaped discussions. Veerappan demanded justice for Tamil Nadu in the [[Cauvery Dispute|Cauvery Water dispute]], as well as making [[Tamil language|Tamil]] the second official language of Karnataka and the release of certain Tamil political prisoners jailed in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=nambath/> Rajkumar was held for 108 days and finally released without harm in November 2000. A police official later revealed that 20 crore [[Indian rupee|rupee]]s had been paid by Karnataka government for his release.<ref name=bbc /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Govt-not-Rajkumar-family-paid-ransom-Ex-DGP/articleshow/29005840.cms|title=Govt, not Rajkumar family, paid ransom: Ex-DGP|date=22 November 2002|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsarchives.indiainfo.com/spotlight/rajkumar/veerappan.html|title=Veerappan -- still calling the shots|first=M.K.|last=Madhusoodan|access-date=16 July 2001|website=newsarchives.indiainfo.com|archive-date=16 July 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010716062605/http://newsarchives.indiainfo.com/spotlight/rajkumar/veerappan.html}}</ref>

=== Kidnapping of Nagappa ===

On 25 August 2002, Veerappan abducted [[H. Nagappa]], a former minister of Karnataka, from his village in Kamagere, [[Chamarajanagar district]].<ref name=nagappa>{{cite news |title=Veerappan sends cassette |work=Express India |date=26 August 2002 |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=14148 |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Nagappa had been a minister for Agricultural Marketing from 1996 to 1999.<ref name=nagappa/> The Joint Special task forces of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu worked with the [[Kerala]] police to help release Nagappa.<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Kerala Police to help STF in operation against Veerappan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kerala-police-to-help-STF-in-operation-against-Veerappan/articleshow/20496587.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602155447/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-28/thiruvananthapuram/27304596_1_kerala-police-veerappan-stf|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2013|access-date=27 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 August 2002}}</ref>
The [[Police encounter|encounter]] to release him failed, and Nagappa was found dead three months later in a Karnataka forest.<ref name="death2"/> The reward offered by the Karnataka state government was then increased to 15 crore rupees.

=== Ransom demands ===

For several years during the 1990s, Veerappan kidnapped police officials and other personalities and demanded ransom money. It is believed that ransoms were often unofficially paid.<ref name=frontline/> In July 1997, he kidnapped nine forest officials in the Burude forests in [[Chamarajanagar district]]. In that case, the hostages were released unharmed a few years later even though his ransom demand was not met. It is also believed that Veerappan buried large amounts of money in various parts of the forest; in 2002 police recovered 3.3 million rupees from his gang members.<ref name=cash>{{cite news | last =K.T. | first =Sangameswaran | title ='Ransoms' remain a mystery | date =21 October 2004 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102113590400.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20041031144505/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102113590400.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =31 October 2004 | newspaper =[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2013}}</ref>

Banned organisations like the [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops]] (TNRT) and [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]] helped Veerappan to secure a [[Robin Hood]] image and to draft terms of negotiations when he kidnapped prominent people.<ref name=nambath>{{cite news | last =Nambath | first =Suresh | title =Veerappan as "Robin Hood" | date =20 October 2004 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007931200.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041128164443/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007931200.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 28 November 2004| newspaper =[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> [[Kolathur Mani]], president of [[Dravidar Viduthalai Kazhagam]], formerly the [[Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam]] (PDK) party,<ref name=PDK>{{cite news | last =TNN | title = Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam (PDK) splits into two parties| date =19 August 2012 | url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Periyar-Dravidar-Kazhagam-PDK-splits-into-two-parties/articleshow/15551553.cms | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130602163000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/coimbatore/33272337_1_kolathur-mani-pdk-periyar-dravidar-kazhagam | url-status =live | archive-date =2 June 2013 | newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref> was arrested and brought to trial as an accomplice in several of Veerappan's crimes, although later acquitted due to lack of evidence.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Muthulakshmi-acquitted-in-Palar-bomb-blast-case/article14950243.ece|title=Muthulakshmi acquitted in Palar bomb blast case|date=17 March 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 December 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Operation Cocoon}}On 18 October 2004, Veerappan and three of his associates were killed by the Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Special Task Force<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/19/stories/2004101916450100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203070323/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/19/stories/2004101916450100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2014|title=Veerappan shot dead|date=19 October 2004|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> and N. K. Senthamarai Kannan under the leadership of [[Shankar Bidari]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veerappan died 40 mins before stage-managed encounter: Author P Sivasubramaniam |date=12 December 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Dec/02/veerappan-died-40-mins-before-stage-managed-encounter-authorp-sivasubramaniam-2638004.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Veerappan ghost returns to haunt Shankar Bidari|date= 17 March 2012|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/veerappan-ghost-returns-haunt-shankar-2320362}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Shankar Bidari IPS: Not only Veerappan, but also the killer of Andhra | Police Story | National TV |website= [[YouTube]] |date= 18 June 2023 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcT87Fe4hxY }}</ref> and [[K. Vijay Kumar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Birds, Beasts and Bandits: 14 Days with Veerappan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmRmgC5keFUC&q=veerappan|last1=Krupakar|first1=Krupakar |last2=Senani|first2=Senani |publisher=Penguin UK|year=2011|isbn=9788184754803|ref=Krupakar }}</ref>
The [[Encounter killing|encounter]] happened near the village of [[Papparapatti, Dharmapuri|Papparapatti]]<ref name="death2" /><ref name="death">{{cite news | last =M.B.Maramkal | first =Bansy Kalappa | title = Veerappan Brigand's last run| date =20 October 2004 |url =http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-20/india/27158275_1_dharmapuri-veerappan-ambulance|archive-url =https://archive.today/20130126235954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-20/india/27158275_1_dharmapuri-veerappan-ambulance|url-status =dead|archive-date =26 January 2013| newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>
in [[Dharmapuri]] district, Tamil Nadu. Veerappan and his men were lured into an ambulance by an undercover policeman under the pretext of taking them to Dharmapuri for medical treatment.<ref name="death" /> The Tamil Nadu Special Task Force, which had been observing his movements for several months, surrounded the ambulance, and the gangsters were killed in the ensuing gunfight.<ref name="death2">{{cite news |title=How Veerappan was shot dead |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Veerappan-was-shot-dead/890783.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 October 2004 |access-date=11 September 2012}}</ref>

The entire operation was named [[Operation Cocoon]]. Veerappan's associates Sethukuli Govindan, Chandre Gowdar and Sethumani were also killed in the operation.<ref name="drama">{{cite news|last=Nambath|first=Suresh|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109093219/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2004|title=Jungle Drama|date=31 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref>

His death was described as the "death of a demon".<ref name=":0" /> The villagers of [[Gopinatham]] celebrated with firecrackers on hearing the news.<ref name=village>{{cite news | first = R. | last = Ilangovan | title = A relieved Gopinatham breathes easy | date =20 October 2004 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007981200.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20041112092111/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007981200.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =12 November 2004 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 13 September 2012 }}</ref>

Several human rights activists, who rallied under the banner of the Centre for Protection of Civil Liberties (CPCL), claimed that circumstantial evidence indicated that Veerappan was murdered in custody by police after being tortured.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/19/stories/2005011914970500.htm|title=Veerappan killed in fake encounter: activists|date=19 January 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 February 2017}} {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Veerappan was buried at [[Moolakkadu]] near Mettur in Tamil Nadu, as his family members were more attached to it, and most of his relatives in Gopinatham had left.<ref name=burial>{{cite news | first = R. | last = Illangovan | title = Veerappan buried after wrangling | date = 21 October 2004 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102108640100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041023022008/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102108640100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 October 2004 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref> The police had planned a cremation but decided on a burial after objections from Veerappan's relatives.<ref name=burial/> Thousands of people turned out for the burial, while others were kept away by heavy security.<ref name=burial/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/koose-muniswamy-veerappan-the-bandit-king-544362.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/koose-muniswamy-veerappan-the-bandit-king-544362.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Koose Muniswamy Veerappan: The Bandit King|date=20 October 2004|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Timeline of Veerappan's activities
!Year
!Veerappan's Activities
|-
|1962
|Veerappan's first crime. He was just 10 when he gunned down a tusker with the help of his mentor Sevi Gounder at Gopinatham. Nabbed three forest officials and killed them.
|-
|1970
|Joined a gang of poachers.
|-
|27 August 1983
|Killed K. M. Prithvi (age 25), a forest guard, near Mavukal, Ponnampet, Kodagu, Karnataka when the guard tried to prevent elephant poaching by the gang.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007080400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127151026/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007080400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2004|title=Police had 15 encounters with brigand|last=Subrahmanya|first=K.V.|date=20 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|1986
|Arrested and lodged at Boodipada forest guest house but escaped under mysterious circumstances (reportedly bribed a police officer).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/20veer3.htm|title=The man who caught Veerappan alive|last=Jafri|first=S.A.|date=20 October 2004|newspaper=Reddif India News|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|26 August 1986
|Killed Siddarama Naik, a forest watcher at Alegowdana Katte, [[Gundlupet]], Karnataka.<ref name="fifteen" />
|-
|1987
|Kidnapped and hacked Tamil Nadu forest officer Chidambaram.<ref name="end" />
|-
|5 January 1989
|Kidnapped and killed five members of a rival gang.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendonca |first1=Allen J. |last2=Gopinath |first2=Kamal |title=Killer on the run |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jYBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1404%2C2154369 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=30 August 1992 |page=18}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|Killed three forest personnel after 15 days of abducting them from Begur forest range.<ref name="end" />
|-
|9 April 1990
|Killed three police SI Dinesh, Jagannath, Ramalingu and police constable Shankara Rao near Hogenakal. Shot and beheaded Karnataka deputy conservator of forests, Srinivas,<ref name="village" /> as revenge for Veerappan's sister Mala's suicide (the victim's head was traced three years later).
|-
|1991
|Abducted son of a granite quarry owner and demanded ransom of Rs. 1 crore; released him for a ransom of Rs. 15 lakhs.<ref name="end" />
|-
|10 November 1991
|Murdered former forestry official, [[P. Srinivas]], by luring him to an ambush site. Veerappan had offered to surrender, if Srinivas came unaccompanied and unarmed. Srinivas was shot while crossing a nullah 6 kilometers from Gopinatham village.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/88fc/pdf/P.Srinivas%20Brochure.pdf|title= A Tribute to a Martyr: P.Srinivas|website= mcrhrdi.gov.in|access-date= 29 September 2020|archive-date= 24 November 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191124053206/http://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/88fc/pdf/P.Srinivas%20Brochure.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|Attacked a police station in Ramapura, killing five policemen, injuring two and stealing arms and ammunition.<ref name="dinakar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GloWAQAAMAAJ&q=killed|title=Veerappan's prize catch: Rajkumar|last=Dinakar|first=C.|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt ltd.|year=2003|isbn=978-81-220-0644-5|location=Delhi|page=145}}</ref> STF killed two gang members in retaliation.
|-
|14 August 1992
|Meenyam Ambush: Trapped and killed Mysore District SP, T. Harikrishna, SI Shakeel Ahmed and four constables named Benegonda, C. M. Kalappa, Sundara and M. P. Appachu, through a false informant near Meenyam in Karnataka.<ref name="fifteen" />
|-
|25 January 1993
|Veerappan and his gang had a close encounter and missed by a whisker the police team headed by "Rambo" Gopalakrishnan, Police officer from Tamil Nadu; one of his gang members and close associate Antony Raj was gunned down.<ref name="justice">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3f4sNPHuMgC&q=veerappan+politicians&pg=PA145|title=Criminal Justice, India series, Vol.16|last1=N. R. Madhava Menon|first1=D. Banerjea|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7764-519-4|volume=16|location=New Delhi|pages=146, 147}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|Border Security force (BSF) was deployed to hunt Veerappan but felt that language was the main barrier to carry out a successful operation.<ref name="justice" /> Deployment of Border Security Force (of Central Government) was disliked by Tamil Nadu Government.<ref name="justice" /> Veerappan killed about 20 combatants of BSF.<ref name="justice" />
|-
|April 1993
|Trapped and blew up a Tamil Nadu bus carrying police, forest officials and civilians, using a landmine, which killed 22 civilians and police<ref name="end" /> in [[Palar blast]] incident.<ref name="palar" />
|-
|24 May 1993
|Killed 6 policemen K. M. Uthappa, Prabhakara, Poovaiah, Machaiah, Swamy and Narasappa of STF commander Gopal Hosur's party and injured the police commander near Rangaswamy Vaddu, M. M. Hills, Karnataka.<ref name="end" /><ref name="fifteen" /> Tamil Nadu government deploys [[Border Security Force]] (BSF). Joint operations of BSF and STF arrested 9 gang members and killed 6. Three policemen were killed. Veerappan requested [[amnesty]]. Victim's relatives opposed any type of government negotiations.
|-
|1994
|Abducted Chidambaranathan, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Coimbatore and two others.<ref name="frontline" />
|-
|1995
|In November, kidnapped three forest department officials of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="frontline" />
|-
|1996
|Killed a police informer. Killed another 19 police personnel. Wounded police official Tamilselvan and killed a constable as revenge for the suicide of Veerappan's brother Arjunan in police custody.
|-
|1997
|The gang kidnapped wildlife photographers Senani and Krupakar. Veerappan apparently killed 'Baby Veerappan', a gang member, who had visions to succeed Veerappan.<ref name="drama" /> Kidnapped and released other photographers Senani and Krupakar. Kidnapped and executed nine Karnataka forest officials from Burude forests.
|-
|1998
|Kidnapped Prof. Krishnasamy, A. S. Mani – editor "Netikan", Payumpuli – reporter and Richard Mohan – photographer. Special Task Force released them after combing operation.<ref name="hindu3">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042961161000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917190249/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042961161000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2011|title="Nakeeran" Gopal acquitted|author=Staff Reporter|date=29 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2000
|Kidnapped [[Kannada film]] actor Dr. [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. Released him after 108 days (ransomed).
|-
|2002
|Kidnapped and allegedly killed former Karnataka minister H. Nagappa. There are other sources, including police of Karnataka who claims that the bullet in the body of the former minister was from a rifle used by the Tamil Nadu Special Task Force (possibly the rifle used was stolen from Tamil Nadu task force or crossfire could have caused his death).
|-
|18 October 2004
|Killed by Tamil Nadu Special Task Force members at a checkpoint, when the bandit was travelling in an ambulance driven by a disguised policeman.<ref name="death2" />
|}

==Legacy==
On April 25, 2013, the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] and the Vanniyar Sangam called Veerappan a youth icon at the Vanniyar Youth Cultural Festival at Mamallapuram. The incident was condemned by [[Jayalalithaa]], the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/329376/pmk-projects-veerappan-icon-jaya.html| title = PMK projects Veerappan as icon, Jaya fumes {{!}} Deccan Herald -| date = 30 April 2013}}</ref>

== In media ==

=== Film and television ===
*''Veerappan'' – a 1991 Indian Kannada-language crime action film by Raveendranath, starring [[Devaraj]] in the titular role of the bandit.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devaraj was the first to do Veerappan's role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/devaraj-was-the-first-to-do-veerappans-role/articleshow/44836338.cms|access-date=2021-06-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Attahasa]]'' – a 2012 Kannada film, is based on Veerappan's life and death. The movie highlights the STF operations on Veerappan, kidnapping of Dr. Rajkumar and ultimately the Operation Cocoon. The film was also dubbed to Telugu and Malayalam in 2013 titled as ''Veerappan'' and in Tamil as ''Vana Yuddham''.
*''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' – a 2016 Kannada film, written and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] based on [[Operation Cocoon]]. The film was also released in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam consequently with the same title.
* ''[[Veerappan (film)|Veerappan]]'' – a 2016 Hindi full length biographical feature film written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma. The film was also released in Tamil as ''Villathi Villan Veerappan'''.'''''
*''Sandhanakaadu –'' a 2007 Tamil television series aired on [[Makkal TV]], based on Veerappan's life starring [[Karate Raja]] as Veerappan.
*''[[The Hunt for Veerappan]] –'' A docuseries directed by Selvamani Selvaraj which premiered on [[Netflix]] in 4 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=ವೀರಪ್ಪನ್ ಡಾಕ್ಯುಮೆಂಟರಿ ಟೀಸರ್ ಔಟ್‌! |url=https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/ashwini-puneeth-rajkumaraachar-and-co-on-july-28/410952.html |website=Vistara News |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727071442/https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/ashwini-puneeth-rajkumaraachar-and-co-on-july-28/410952.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[Koose Munisamy Veerappan (TV series)|Koose Munisamy Veerappan]]'' - A documentary series explores the life of Veerappan using footage shot by [[Nakkeeran Gopal]] and archived by [[Nakkheeran]].

=== Books ===
[[File:The Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh releasing the book titled ‘Veerappan, Chasing the Brigand’, written by Shri K. Vijay Kumar, Senior Security Adviser, Ministry of Home Affairs, in New Delhi on February 08, 2017.jpg|thumb|right|Government of India inaugurating a book ''′Veerappan, Chasing the Brigand′'', written by Senior Security Adviser K. Vijay Kumar, on 8 February 2017]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Author
!Language
!Translations
|-
|''Veerappan: India's Most Wanted Man''
|Sunaad Raghuram
|English
|Marathi: ''Veerappan: The Untold Story''
|-
|''Sereyalli Kaleda Hadinalku Dinagalu''
|Krupakar & Senani
|Kannada
|English: ''Birds, Beasts and Bandits: 14 days with Veerappan''
|-
|''Huliya Nenapugalu''
|[[B. B. Ashok Kumar]]
|Kannada
|English: ''Memories of Tiger: Hunting Veerappan''
|-
|''Veerappan's Prize Catch: Rajkumar''
|C. Dinakar
|English
|
|-
|''Veerappan: Chasing the Brigand''
|[[K. Vijay Kumar]]
|English
|Tamil: ''Veerappan''
Kannada: ''Veerappan: Dantachorana Bennatti''

Hindi: ''Veerappana: Ek Satya Katha''

Marathi: ''Veerappan Viruddh Vijay Kumar''
|-
|''Veerappan''
|[[Nakkeeran Gopal]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''Veerappan Valnthathum Veelnthathum''
|Sivasubramaniam Periyasamy
|Tamil
|Veerappan's Saga - Rise and Fall
|-
|''Veerapan Death Warrant''
|[[S. K. Umesh]]
|Kannada
|
|-
|''Veerapan Blood Warrant''
|[[S. K. Umesh]]
|Kannada
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Lampiao]]
* [[Paan Singh Tomar]]
* [[Phoolan Devi]]
* [[Seema Parihar]]
* [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]

{{commons category}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/veerapan.htm The Veerappan Saga] ''Rediff.com''. 14 July 1997 – 20 October 2004.
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian kidnappers]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian smugglers]]
[[Category:Indian hunters]]
[[Category:Poachers]]
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters killed in encounters]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:Illegal logging in India]]

Siege of Alorna

2026-03-16T19:26:53Z

Alaminsorker: Added Basic Pg W/ Infobox

{{coord|15.700|73.905|display=title}}

{{Short description|1746 conflict between the Portuguese and Maratha Empires in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Alorna
| partof = [[Novas Conquistas]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 4 May 1746<ref name="arqnet"/>
| place = [[Pernem taluka|Pernem]], [[Goa]]
| result = Portuguese victory<ref name="arqnet"/>
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|border|25px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
*[[Sawantwadi State]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|25px]] [[Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos|Dom Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos]]
* Colonel Pierripont<ref name="studies">:Surendranath Sen, Surendra Nath Sen ''Studies in Indian History: Historical Records at Goa'', Asian Educational Services, 1993, p. 190.</ref>
* Fleet general António de Figueiredo e Utra
| commander2 = Gomo Saunto<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.15</ref>
| strength1 = 1,500 infantry, 900 cavalry<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.13</ref>
| strength2 = 1,100 infantry, 300 cavalry.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.15</ref>
| casualties1 = 36 dead.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.20</ref>
| casualties2 = 500 dead.<ref>Manoel A. de Meirelles: ''Relação da conquista das praças de Alorna, Bicholim, Avaro, Morly, Satarem, Tiracol, e Rary pelo Pedro Miguel de Almeida e Portugal'', Coelho Amado, 1747, p.21.</ref>
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''siege of Alorna''' in 1746 was a military engagement that took place in India, between Portuguese forces under the command of the Viceroy of India, Dom Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal, and those of the [[Sawantwadi State]] then part of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], which were defeated. It was the crowning achievement in the career of Dom Pedro Miguel as Viceroy of India, and as a reward for his services to the Portuguese Crown he was later attributed the title [[Marquis of Alorna]].<ref name="fonseca">José Nicolau da Fonseca: ''An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa'' p.50.</ref>

==Context==
In 1741, the Marathas overran the Bardez and [[Salcette]] districts of [[Portuguese Goa]], being later forced to withdraw by the Viceroy, Marquis of Louriçal.<ref name="gazeteer">William Wilson Hunter: ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', 1885, Volume 5, Trübner & Company, p. 164.</ref> An enemy of the Portuguese, the neighbouring [[Bhonsle]]s of Sawantwadi, who were part of the Maratha Confederacy, were forced to make peace, but shortly afterwards renewed the hostilities against Goa, harassing its shipping and raiding its border territories.<ref name="gazeteer"/>

The fort of [[Alorna Fort|Alorna]] is located by the Arondem river, close to the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="arqnet"/> Although erected in a disfavourable low territory, the quality and extension of its fortification works made it an important position, from which the Bhonsles launched successive raids on Portuguese territory, around Goa.<ref name="arqnet">''[https://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/alornapr.html Alorna (Praça de)]'', in João Romano Torres: ''Portugal - Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico'', Volume 1, p.331, at arqnet.pt</ref>

Considering the capture of the fort necessary to ensure the security of the hinterland around [[Portuguese India|Goa]], particularly the district of [[Bicholim taluk|Bicholim]], the Portuguese [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy of India]] Dom Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos determined to capture it in 1746. The fort was commanded by a close relative of the Sardesai.<ref name="studies"/>

Portuguese forces numbered 900 men divided in 6 companies of grenadiers and 17 light companies, 900 horsemen, 150 men in 2 companies of artillery, 250 ''[[caçadores]]'' from Bardez and Salcette divided in 2 companies, and 1200 sepoys.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.13</ref>

==The siege==
[[File:D. Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal, 1.º Marquês de Alorna (Fundação das Casas de Fronteira e Alorna).png|thumb|The Marquis of Alorna.]]
On the morning of May 4th 1746, Portuguese forces marched to Alorna by land and via the river, the Viceroy travelling on light ships up the river. By 10am, Portuguese boats bombarded a set of timber and earthen stockade the Bhonsles had erected by the river banks upstream and garrisoned with 300 men, which was captured by grenadiers.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.14</ref> Once the infantry and cavalry was across, they marched to Alorna.

The fort of Alorna was built next to the river and consisted of an outer moat, outer walls with a single gate, inner moat and a square citadel with five towers.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.15-16</ref> The entire complex was surrounded by thick bamboo woods.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.15</ref>

The Portuguese began the siege by attacking the forts outer front gate with axes and gunpowder explosives, which were breached.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.17</ref> Before they could assault the inner citadel, 300 horsemen of the Bhonsles attempted to attack the Portuguese artillery and baggage trains, however they were repulsed.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.18</ref>

Meanwhile, the Bhonsles attempted to attack the Portuguese vessels stationed in the [[Chapora River]] with 15 ''galvetas'', however they were unable to sail up the river due to two Portuguese warships deployed by the rivermouth.

After five hours of fighting, the fort was stormed by the Portuguese grenadiers, both via its gate, which was breached by gunpowder explosives, and taken by ladder assault.<ref name="studies"/><ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.19-20</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:GoaConquistas.png|thumb|Novas Conquistas and Velhas Conquistas of Goa, Portuguese India.]]
The use of gunpowder explosives (''petardos'') to blast open the doors of Alorna proved decisive, as such weapons had never been seen or used in the region before.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.25</ref>

After its capture, the fort was named ''Santa Cruz'' by the Portuguese soldiers.<ref>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India'', W.H. Allen & Company, 1894, pp.420-421.</ref> Subsequently, the forts of Bicholim and Sanquelim were also captured.<ref>Meirelles, 1747, p.24</ref><ref>Denvers, 1894, p.417.</ref> Later that same year, between November and December the Portuguese captured the forts of Tiracol and Rarim.<ref>Denver, 1894, p.418.</ref> Two years later Neutim was captured.

In 1758, the Bhonsles attacked Alorna, Bicholim and Sanquelim, but failed to capture them.<ref>Danvers, 1894, p.432.</ref>

After signing a treaty, the Portuguese government restored the fort of Alorna to the Bhonsles in 1761.<ref name="arqnet"/><ref>José Nicolau da Fonseca: ''An Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa'' Asian Educational Services, 1986, p. 86.</ref> Raids on Portuguese territory however, resumed after the fort was handed back to the Marathas and since the peace treaty would not be respected, the fort was once more captured by orders of Viceroy Dom Frederico Guilherme de Sousa, on 25th of August 1781.<ref name="fonseca"/>

==See also==
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Alorna fort]]
*[[Siege of Tiracol]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sieges involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1746 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1746]]
[[Category:1740s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]

Saroj Kumari Gaurihar

2026-03-15T04:20:05Z

Alaminsorker: Added Basic Bio From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian writer and politician (1929–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saroj Kumari Gaurihar
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| birth_name = Saroj Kumari
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1929}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2022|08|28|93|df=y}}
| death_place = Agra, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
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| education = MA, LLB
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Writer, Politician
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| notable_works = ''Anand Chhalia'' ''Mandvi Ek Vismrita''
| style =
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| title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla]]
| term = 1967—1972
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| movement = [[Quit India Movement]] (1943)
| opponents =
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[[Rani]] '''Saroj Kumari Gaurihar''' (1929 – 28 August 2022) was an Indian writer, politician and freedom fighter. She hailed from the former princely state of [[Gaurihar State|Gaurihar]]. She served as a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Chandla Assembly constituency]] from 1967 to 1972. She participated in India's movement of freedom struggle and was jailed once during the freedom movement.<ref name=B>{{cite news |title=Freedom fighter Gaurihar dead in UP’s Agra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/freedom-fighter-gaurihar-dead-in-up-s-agra-101661711357745.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 August 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Saroj Gaurihar Speaking About 'Wake Up India' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRWIieZA9M8 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=15 March 2016 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031121458/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRWIieZA9M8 |archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Freedom fighters who are known for their fire power |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/Read/145588/Freedom-fighters-who-are-known-for-their-fire-power |last=Geeta |first=Prasad |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=31 October 2022 |publisher=India Herald}}</ref> She died on 28 August 2022, at the age of 93. She was the last [[Rajmata]] and last queen of [[Gaurihar State]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gite |first1=Manish |title=गौरिहार स्टेट की अंतिम महारानी सरोज कुमारी का निधन, प्रदेश में शोक की लहर |trans-title=Gaurihar State's last Queen Saroj Kumari passes away, wave of grief in the state |url=https://www.patrika.com/chhatarpur-news/freedom-fighter-saroj-kumari-gorihar-passed-away-7739357/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref> Her notable works include ''Anand Chhalia'' and ''Mandvi Ek Vismrita'', both poetry collections.<ref name=A/><ref name=C/>

== Early life and education ==
Gaurihar was born in 1929 to Jagan Prasad Rawat and Satyavati Rawat in Kacheri Ghat locality of [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She completed her education with an MA and LLB.<ref name=A/>

== Career ==
In 1968, Gaurihar was the President of the All India Braj Sahitya Parishad.<ref name=A/> She was elected as an MLA from [[Chandla Assembly constituency]], where she held her legislator post from 1967 to 1972. He also made a lot of efforts to develop the area during her tenure as an MLA.<ref name=B/>

Her parents were freedom fighters. She participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. She was imprisoned for a year in 1943, along with her parents. Saroj Kumari was chairperson of [[Nagari Pracharini Sabha|Nagari Pracharni ]] in [[Agra]].<ref name=B/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Tanu |title=Independence Day Celebration Agra: 90 की उम्र में भी समाज को दिशा देने का काम कर रहीं आगरा की ये स्वतंत्रता सेनानी |trans-title=Independence Day Celebration Agra: This freedom fighter from Agra is working to give direction to the society even at the age of 90 |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-independence-day-celebration-agra-freedom-fighter-saroj-gaurihar-said-dreams-of-martyrs-are-fulfilled-20630301.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=15 August 2020 |access-date=31 October 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

As a litterateur, she published a series of books through the [[Udayan Sharma]] Foundation Trust. She composed poetic works like ''Anand Chhalia'' and ''Mandvi Ek Vismrita''.<ref name=A/><ref name=C/>

== Personal life and death ==
Gaurihar was married to Raja Pratap Singh Bhudev of [[Gaurihar State|Gaurihar]], a small princely state of [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name=B/> Her father Jagan Prasad Rawat was a freedom fighter who later served as a minister in the [[Uttar Pradesh government]].<ref name=C>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Tanu |title=रामायण का एक अनछुआ पात्र, आगरा की सरोज गौरिहार ने हजारों वर्ष बाद शब्दों में उकेरा |trans-title=An untouched character of Ramayana, Saroj Gaurihar of Agra carved in words thousands of years later |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-agra-writer-saroj-gaurihar-book-written-on-the-life-of-untouched-character-of-ramayana-21164637.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=14 December 2020 |access-date=31 October 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Gaurihar died in [[Agra]] on 28 August 2022, at the age of 93.<ref name=B/> The [[Chief Minister Of Madhya Pradesh]], [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan|Shivraj Singh Chauhan]], conveyed his condolences and said, "Rani Saroj did yeoman service in the field of literature for a long time by remaining associated with a standard magazine like "Mamuliya" and Bundeli literature, which is inspiring".<ref>{{cite news |title=CM condoles death of ex-MLA, writer Rani Saroj Kumari |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/cm-condoles-death-of-ex-mla--writer-rani-saroj-kumari.html |publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> BJP MLA and Minister [[Vishvas Sarang|Vishwas Sarang]] also expressed his condolences on her death. The Union Minister of State for Law and Justice, Prof. [[S. P. Singh Baghel]], Cabinet Minister [[Baby Rani Maurya]] and MLA [[Purshottam Khandelwal]] reached her home to pay her tribute.<ref name=A>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Abhishek |title=Agra: बुझ गई शहर में अगस्त क्रांति की अंतिम मशाल, स्वतंत्रता संग्रमा सेनानी सरोज गौरिहार को बेटी ने दी मुखाग्नि |trans-title=Agra: The last torch of the August revolution in the extinguished city, the daughter gave the freedom fighter Saroj Gaurihar a face |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-freedom-fighter-rani-saroj-gaurihar-passed-way-know-about-him-23021726.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=28 August 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |language=Hindi }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaurihar, Saroj Kumari}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]

Tagore family

2026-03-10T21:13:34Z

Alaminsorker: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Bengali family}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox noble family
| name = Tagore family
| native_name = Thakur
| image = Jorasanko Thakur Bari.jpg
| image_caption = [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], the [[Zamindar|Zamindari]] seat of the Tagore family
| image_size = 350 px
| type = [[Zamindar]]
| origin = [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| parent_family = Kushari [[Shandilya]] ''(Claimed)''<ref name="Tagores in Sen Dynasty">{{cite book|author=James Wyburd Furrell|title=The Tagore Family: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA17|accessdate=5 April 2017|year=1882}}</ref>
| founded = 17th century<ref name="Tagores in Sen Dynasty">{{cite book|author=James Wyburd Furrell|title=The Tagore Family: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA17|accessdate=5 April 2017|year=1882}}</ref>
| founder = Jaganath Kushari
| connected_members = [[Pataudi family]] [[Arain|Arain Family]] [[Pratapaditya|Pratapaditya Family]] [[Kapoor family]] [[Jitendra Prasada|Prasada Family]]
| estate = [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]]
| titles = [[Raja]] of [[Pathuriaghata]]
| styles = [[Raja]]
| cadet_branches = Tagore-[[Pathuriaghata]] family branch Tagore-[[Jorasanko]] family branch Tagore-Koilaghata family branch Tagore-Chorbagan family branch
}}

The '''Thakur family''', anglicized as '''Tagore family'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|ঠাকুর পরিবার}} {{Transliteration|bn|Ṭhakur poribar}}}}<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news/from-thakur-to-tagore From Thakur to Tagore, Syed Ashraf Ali, The Star May 04, 2013]</ref> was a prominent family from [[Bengal]] who were regarded as one of the consequential benefactors during the [[Bengali Renaissance]]. They were best known for their contribution substantially in the fields of business, social and religious reformation, literature, art, politics and music.<ref name="Deb, Chitra, pp 64-65">Deb, Chitra, pp 64–65.</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.rabindrabharatiuniversity.net/museum/tagore_family/tagore_society.htm
| title = The Tagores and Society
| access-date = 24 April 2007
| publisher = Rabindra Baharati University
}}</ref> The influence of Tagore family carried a significant amelioration in Bengali societies and is regarded as one of the reverenced families in modern day [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/ | title=Celebrating Tagore - the Man, the Poet and the Musician }}</ref>

== Family history ==
They were [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Hindu]] [[Pirali Brahmin]] ('Pirali' historically carried a stigmatized and pejorative connotation) and originally belonged to a village named Pithabhog in what is now [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]]. They were the descendants of Deen Kushari who was granted a village named Kush in [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] of [[West Bengal]] by [[Maharaja]] Kshitisura. Deen became its chief and came to be known as Kushari. The Tagores came to [[Calcutta]] from [[Khulna]] and started various business enterprises. The name 'Tagore' is an anglicized version of the Bengali name 'Thakur' which means 'Teacher' or 'God', and denotes respect since they were of a [[Brahmin]] caste.<ref name = "tagore3">Mukhopadhyaya, Prabhatkumar, ''Rabindrajibani o Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak'', 1985, Visva Bharati, p 3</ref>

==Background==
Tagores were [[Bengali Brahmins]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Edward|title=Rabindranath Tagore : Poet And Dramatist|year=1948|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=13}}</ref> However, Debendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) was one of the founding members of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] (Brahmo religion) along with Raja Rammohun Roy. Europeans started coming to Bengal in the 16th century, resulting in the founding of Ugulim ([[Hooghly-Chinsura]]) by the Portuguese in 1579.<ref>Sengupta, Nitish, pp 119–126</ref> The Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century was a remarkable period of societal transformation in which a whole range of creative activities – literary, cultural, social and economic – flourished.<ref>Sengupta, Nitish, pp 209–216</ref> The Bengal Renaissance was the culmination of the process of emergence of the cultural characteristics of the Bengali people that had started in the age of [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Hussein Shah]] (1493–1519).<ref>Sengupta, Nitish, "History of the Bengali-speaking People", 2001/2002, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|81-7476-355-4}} p 210, 212–213.</ref> This spread over, covering around three centuries, and had a tremendous impact on Bengali society. The Tagore family attained prominence during this period through its unusual social positioning between Indian and European influences.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

==The Pathuriaghata family==
Among the family which settled in [[Pathuriaghata]] was that of Raja [[Gopi Mohan Tagore]]. He was a noted zamindar and philanthropist. His oldest son [[Hara Kumar Tagore]] was a [[Sanskrit]] scholar, writer and musician. Among Hara Kumar's children, [[Jatindramohan Tagore|Maharaja Sir Jatinodro Mohun Tagore]] and [[Sourindra Mohun Tagore|Sir Sourindro Mohun]] became famous.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==The Jorasanko family==
===The business base===
[[Dwarakanath Tagore]] (1794-1846) was the son of [[Nilmoni Tagore]]'s second son, Rammani Tagore, but was adopted by the childless first son, Ramlochan Tagore. He inherited the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Jorasanko]] property and Ramlochan's vast wealth. Dwarakanath was involved in multifarious activities ranging from being an agent of Mackintosh & Co. to being a serestadar, collector and [[dewan]] in the [[24 Parganas]] collectorate. However, it was his business prowess that brought him both wealth and fame. In partnership with William Carr, he established [[Carr, Tagore and Company]], the first equal partnership between European and Indian businessmen and the initiator of the managing agency system in India.<ref>Deb, Chitra, ''Jorasanko and the Tagore Family'', Pages 64-65, in ''Calcutta: The Living City'', Volume I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_3_4_SSarkar.pdf | title = Bengali Entrepreneurs and Western Technology in the Nineteenth Century: A Social Perspective| first= Suvobrata| last= Sarkar | publisher = Indian Journal of History of Science, 48.3 (2013) 447-475 | access-date = 2 August 2018}}</ref>

===Creative outpourings===
Debendranath's third son, [[Hemendranath Tagore]] was a strict disciplinarian who was entrusted with the responsibility of looking after the education of his younger brothers as well as administering the large family estates. Like most of Debendranath's children, he had varied interests in different fields. On one hand, he composed a number of "Bromhosangeets" and on the other, wrote articles on physical science which he planned to compile and edit into a textbook for school students. He was known for his physical strength and wrestling skills. Exceptionally for the times, he insisted on formal education for his daughters. He not only put them through school but trained them in music, arts and European languages such as French and German. It was another mark of his forward thinking that he actively sought out eligible grooms from different provinces of India for his daughters and married them off in places as far away as Uttar Pradesh and Assam.<ref name="Culinary Culture in Colonial India">Utsa Ray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fDXJBAAAQBAJ&dq=Pragna%20Sundari%20Devi&pg=PA63 ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India''] (Cambridge University Press 2015): 63. {{ISBN|9781107042810}}</ref>

[[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941) was Debendranath's penultimate son. He was the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize. He also wrote what became the national anthems of India and [[Bangladesh]] and coined the title ''[[Mahatma]]'' for Indian nationalist leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976/1998), ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, in Bengali, Sahitya Sansad {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}} pp 454–455.</ref> The youngest son of Debendranath Tagore was Budhendranath, who died at a very young age.

===The artists===
===The younger generation===
Rabindranath Tagore's son, [[Rathindranath Tagore|Rathindranath]] (1888–1961), was a multi-talented person. Besides being an agriculturist educated in the US, a talented architect, designer, master-carpenter, painter and writer, he was also the first 'upacharya' of Visva-Bharati University.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-new-book-discloses-rabindranath-tagore-sons-untold-story-1618088| title = New book discloses Rabindranath Tagore son's untold story | publisher = DNA |access-date = 1 August 2019}}</ref> Rathindranath Tagore's wife, [[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima Devi]] (1893–1969), was an artist associated with Shilpa Sadan, Visva Bharati and also with dance and dance-drama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/PratimaDevi.html|title=Pratima Devi (1893–1969)|publisher=Visva-Bharati|access-date= 1 August 2019}}</ref> [[Sharmila Tagore]], a well-known Mumbai actress who is connected with Rabindranath Tagore, said that her mother's mother, Latika Tagore, was the granddaughter of Rabindranath Tagore's brother, Dwijendranath.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/The-Tagore-connection/articleshow/9681840.cms|title=The Tagore connection!|work=The Times of India|date=21 August 2011 }}</ref> [[Pragnasundari Debi]], granddaughter of Maharshi Debendranath Tagore, married a famous Assam author, [[Laxminath Bezbarua]]. She was a literary phenomenon in her own right: her cookbook ''Aamish O Niramish Ahar'' (1900, reprinted 1995) was a standard given to every Bengali bride with her trousseau, and earned her the appellation "India's Mrs Beeton".<ref name="Culinary Culture in Colonial India"/> Nandita, daughter of Mira Devi, the youngest daughter of Rabindranath Tagore, married [[Krishna Kripalani]], a freedom fighter, author and parliamentarian.<ref name="Culinary Culture in Colonial India"/>

===The family environment===
The environment at Jorasanko was filled with literature, music, painting, and theatre. They had their own education system. In the earlier days, the women educated at home. Swarnakumari Debi has recalled how in her early days the governess would write something on a slate which the girls then had to copy. When Debedranath discovered this, he at once stopped such a mindless and mechanical method and brought in a better teacher, Ajodhyanath Pakrashi – a male outsider in the women's quarters. Some of the sons like Ganendra, Gunendra and Jyoitrindra set up their own private theatre. To start with men played in the role of women, but over a period of time the women participated.<ref>Jorasanko and the Tagore Family by Chitra Deb in Calcutta, the Living City, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Vol I, page 66</ref> The family environment played a major role in the development of its members. Even Rabindranath Tagore, who went to win the Nobel Prize in literature, had very little formal education.<ref name="Culinary Culture in Colonial India"/>

==Family tree==
{{see also|Tagore (name)}}
{{Tree list}}
* Jaganath Kushari, m. Sundari Devi<ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{cite book|author=Amit Chaudhuri|title=Clearing a Space: Reflections on India, Literature and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA75|accessdate=5 April 2017|year=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-906165-01-7|page=75}}</ref><ref name=f>{{cite book|author=James Wyburd Furrell|title=The Tagore Family: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA17|accessdate=5 April 2017|year=1882|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, & Company|page=17}}</ref>
** Balaram Kushari
*** Harihar Kushari
**** Ramananda Kushari
***** Moheswar Kushari
****** Sukdev Kushari
****** Panchanan Kushari
******* Joyram Tagore, m. Ganga Tagore<ref name=c>{{cite book|author=Biren Roy|title=1481–1981: Marshes to Metropolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5d4cAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=5 April 2017|year=1982|publisher=National Council of Education}}</ref>
******** [[Nilmoni Tagore]], m. Lalita Debee Ghosal (''Jorasanko family branch'')
********* Rammoni Tagore, m. Menaka Tagore (first wife), Durga Tagore (Second wife) and Alokasundori Tagore (third wife)
********** Radhanath Tagore, m. Parvati Devi Tagore
********** Rama Nath Tagore, m. Kumudini Tagore
********** [[Dwarkanath Tagore]], m. Digambari Devi Tagore
*********** Girindranath Tagore, m. Suhasini Devi Tagore
************ Ganendranath Tagore, m. Swarnakumari Devi Tagore
************ Gunendranath Tagore, m. Saudamini Devi
************* [[Gaganendranath Tagore]], m. Promod Kumari Tagore
************** Nabendranath Tagore
************** Gahendranath Tagore, m. Mrinalini Tagore
************** Kanakendranath Tagore, m. Suramasundari Tagore (first wife) and Latika Tagore (second wife)
*************** Gitindranath Tagore, m. Ira Tagore
**************** [[Sharmila Tagore]] (Rinku), m. [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]]
***************** [[Saif Ali Khan]], m. [[Amrita Singh]] (divorced), m. [[Kareena Kapoor]]
****************** [[Sara Ali Khan]]
****************** Ibrahim Ali Khan Pataudi
****************** Taimur Ali Khan Pataudi
****************** Jehangir Ali Khan Pataudi
***************** [[Saba Ali Khan]]
***************** [[Soha Ali Khan]], m. [[Kunal Khemu]]
****************** Inaaya Naumi Khemu
**************** Oindrila Tagore Kundu (Tinku), m. Dilip Kundu
***************** Mickey Kundu
**************** Romila Sen, m. Nikhil Sen
************* [[Abanindranath Tagore]], m. Suhasini Devi
************* Samarendranath Tagore
************* [[Sunayani Devi]], m. Rajanimohan Chattopadhyay
************* Binayani Devi, m. Seshendra Bhushan Chattopadhyay
************** [[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima Devi]], m. Nilanath Mukhopadhyay
*********** [[Debendranath Tagore]], m. Sarada Devi Tagore
************ [[Rabindranath Tagore]], m. [[Mrinalini Devi|Mrinalini Devi Tagore]]
************* [[Rathindranath Tagore]], m. [[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima Devi]]
************** Nandini Devi, m. Giridhari Lala
************** Tulika Tagore
*************** Shomik Bose
*************** Sohini Bose
************* Shamindranath Tagore (died at the age of 11)
************* Renuka Devi (died at the age of 12)
************* Meera Devi, m. Nagendranath Ganguly Ganguli
************** Nitindranath Ganguli (diead at the age of 20)
************** Nandita Kriplani, m. [[Krishna Kripalani]] (died childless)
************* Madhurilata Devi (Bela), m. Saratchandra Chak Chakravarti (Bela died childless at the age of 32 due to [[tuberculosis]])
************ Saudamini Devi Gangopadhyay, m. Saradprasad Gangopadhyay
************* Indumati Devi Chattopadhyay, m. Nityaranjan Chattopadhyay
************** Leela Devi Chaudhuri, m Manmathanath Chaudhuri
*************** [[Devika Rani]], m. [[Himanshu Rai]] (first husband) and [[Svetoslav Roerich]] (second husband)
*************** Nikhil Chaudhuri
*************** Mahim Chaudhuri
************ [[Satyendranath Tagore]], m. [[Jnanadanandini Devi|Jnanadanandini Devi Tagore]]
************* Surendranath Tagore, m. Shonga Devi
************** Jaya Tagore, m. Kulprasad Sen (Motru)
************** Manjusri Tagore, m. K.P Chattopadhyay
*************** Sunando Tagore, m. Pranati Tagore
*************** Gautam Chattopadhyay, m. Jayasri Chattapadhyay
**************** Dhiman Chattopadhyay
************* Kabindranath Tagore, m. Shalini Debi Tagore
************* [[Surendranath Tagore]]
************** [[Saumyendranath Tagore]], m. Srimati Hutheesing
************* [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]], m. [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]]
************** Supriyo Tagore
************ [[Hemendranath Tagore]], m. Tripura Sundari Devi
************* Hitendranath Tagore
************* Kshitindranath Tagore
************* Ritendranath Tagore, m. Shobha Debi Tagore
************* [[Pragyasundari Devi]], m. [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]
************* [[Purnima Devi]] (Sudakshina), m. Sir Jwala Prasada
************** Kunwar Jyoti Prasad, m. Pamela Devi
*************** Kunwar [[Jitendra Prasada]], m. Kanta Prasada
**************** Kunwar [[Jitin Prasada]], m. Neha Seth
***************** Kunwar Janav Prasada
***************** Kunwari Jananya Prasada
**************** Jahnavi Prasada
************* Pratibha Devi, m. Ashutosh Chaudhuri
************** Arya Chaudhuri
************* Abhi Devi
************* Manisha Devi, m. D.N. Chatterjee
************** Dipty Chaudhuri, m. Pandit Navin Chandra Ray
************* Manisha Devi
************* [[Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay|Shovana Devi]], m. Nagendranath Mukhopadhyay
************* Sushama Devi
************* Sunrita Devi
************ Dwijendranath Tagore, m. Sarbasundari Tagore
************* Sudhindranath Tagore, m. Lata devi Tagore
************** Latika Tagore , m. Kanakendranath Tagore
************* Saroja Devi Chatterji
************** [[Saumyendranath Tagore]], m. Srimati Hutheesingh
************* Dwipendranath Tagore, m. Hemlata Tagore (first wife) and Sushila Tagore (Second wife)
************** Dinendranath Tagore (Dinu Thakur), m. Binapani Devi (first wife) and Kamala Devi (second wife)
************** Nalini Chowdhury, m. Suhrit Nath Chowdhury
*************** Purnima Chowdhury, m. Subir Tagore
**************** Maitreya Tagore
************* Arunendranath Tagore
************* Nitindranath Tagore
************* Kritindranath Tagore
************ Birendranath Tagore
************* Balendranath Tagore
************ [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]], m. Kadambari Devi
************ Somendranath Tagore, m. Suchita Devi Tagore
************ [[Swarnakumari Devi]], m. Janakinath Sur
************* Jyotsnanath Sur
************* [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], m. Rambhuj Dutt Sur
************* Tapasi Sur
************ Saratkumari Devi, m. Jadugopal Mukherjee
************* Supravasundari Devi Haldar, m. Sukumar Haldar
************ Barnakumari Devi
************ Sukumari Devi Chaudhuri, m. Durgadas Chaudhuri
************* Ashutosh Chaudhuri, m. Pratibha Devi Chaudhuri
************ Punyendranath Tagore
************ Budhendranath Tagore
************* Rekha Menon Tagore, m. Dr. V. K. Narayana Menon
*********** Nagendranath Tagore
********* Ramlochan Tagore (adopted son)
********* Rambullav Tagore
******** [[Darpanarayan Tagore]] (''Pathuriaghata family branch'')
********* [[Gopi Mohan Tagore]], m. Rukmani Tagore (first wife) and Sarla Tagore (second wife)
********** [[Hara Kumar Tagore]], m. Shibsundari Devi
*********** [[Jatindramohan Tagore]]
*********** [[Sourindra Mohun Tagore]]
************ [[Prodyot Coomar Tagore]]
********** Prasanna Coomar Tagore
*********** Suhasini Devi, m. [[Abanindranath Tagore]]
*********** Gnanendramohan Tagore, m. Kamalmani Tagore
********** Kali kumar Tagore
********** Surji Kumar Tagore
********** Chandra Kumar Tagore
********** Nanda Kumar Tagore
********* Harimohan Tagore
********** Nandalal Tagore
*********** Lalit Mohan Tagore
*********** Upendra Mohan Tagore
*********** Brasendra Mohan Tagore
********* Radha Mohan Tagore
********* Krishna Mohan Tagore
********* Pyare Mohan Tagore
********* Ladli Mohan Tagore
********** Harolal Tagore
********** Shamlal Tagore
********* Mohini Mohan Tagore
********** Kanailal Tagore
********** Gopal Lal Tagore
*********** Kali Kishan Tagore
******** Anunderam Tagore (''Koilaghata family branch'')
******** Gobinderam Tagore (''Chorbagan family branch'')
{{Tree list/end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Dwarkanath Tagore.jpg|[[Dwarkanath Tagore]]
File:Debendranath Tagore.jpg|[[Debendranath Tagore]]
File:Gopeemohan Tagore.jpg|[[Gopi Mohan Tagore]]
File:Dwijendranath Tagore.jpg|[[Dwijendranath Tagore]]
File:JyotirindranathTagore.jpg|[[Jyotirindranath Tagore]]
File:Rabindranath Tagore portrait (9).jpg|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]
File:Mrinalini Devi.jpg|[[Mrinalini Devi|Mrinalini Devi Tagore]]
File:Swarnakumari Devi.jpg|[[Swarnakumari Devi]]
File:Jatindramohan Tagore portrait.jpg|[[Jatindramohan Tagore]]
File:Sarala Devi Chaudhurani.jpg|[[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]]
File:Satyendranath Tagore.JPG|[[Satyendranath Tagore]]
File:Gaganendranath Tagore.jpg|[[Gaganendranath Tagore]]
File:Abanindranath Tagore photo.jpg|[[Abanindranath Tagore]]
File:Sunayani Devi 01.jpg|[[Sunayani Devi]]
File:Rathindranath Tagore.jpg|[[Rathindranath Tagore]]
File:PratimaDevi1921.jpg|[[Pratima Devi (painter)|Pratima Devi]]
File:Devika Rani in Anjaan (1941).jpg|[[Devika Rani]]
File:Artist Svetoslav Roerich.jpg|[[Svetoslav Roerich]]
File:Pramatha chaudhury.jpg|[[Pramatha Chaudhuri]]
File:Prajnasundari Bezbaroa.jpg|[[Pragyasundari Devi]]
File:Lakhminath Bezbarua.jpg|[[Lakhminath Bezbarua]]
File:Saumyendranath Tagore.jpg|[[Saumyendranath Tagore]]
File:Shovona Devi Tagore.jpg|[[Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay]]
File:Sharmila T Lux-Award 2016.jpg|[[Sharmila Tagore]]
File:Soha Ali Khan at Jaypore store launch in Bandra.jpg|[[Soha Ali Khan]]
File:Kunal Khemu.jpg|[[Kunal Khemu]]
File:Saif Ali Khan At The 5th Anniversary Celebration Of Chevrolet (cropped).jpg|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
File:Amrita Singh & Sara Ali Khan at Shaadi By Marriott showcase (08) (cropped) 2.jpg|[[Amrita Singh]]
File:Kareena Kapoor Khan in 2023 (1) (cropped).jpg|[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
File:Sara Ali Khan graces Akash Ambani and Shloka Mehta’s engagement party (01) (cropped).jpg|[[Sara Ali Khan]]
File:Jitin Prasada crop.jpg|[[Jitin Prasada]]
</gallery>

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Chitra Deb|title=Women of The Tagore Household|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5214-187-6}}

==External links==
* [http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/misc/tagore.html Tagore family genealogy] [[Queensland University]]
* [http://museum.rabindrabharatiuniversity.net/tagore_family/family_data.htm Rabindra Bharati Museum, Kolkata – family chronology]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329050409/http://museum.rabindrabharatiuniversity.net/tagore_family/family_data.htm |date=29 March 2012 }}
* [https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/ Celebrating Tagore]

{{Tagore family}}
{{Bengal Renaissance |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore Family}}
[[Category:Tagore family| ]]
[[Category:Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Rabindranath Tagore|Family]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

Paka (River of Blood)

2026-03-07T05:11:24Z

Alaminsorker: Stub

{{Short description|Upcoming film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paka (The River of Blood)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Nithin Lukose]]
| producer = Raj Rachakonda [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| writer = [[Nithin Lukose]]
| starring = {{ubl|Basil Paulose| [[Vinitha Koshy]]| Nithin George| Abhilash Nair| Athul John| Jose Kizhakkkan| Joseph Manikkal}}
| cinematography = Srikanth Kabothu
| editing = Arunima Shankar
| studio = Studio 99
| music = Faizal Ahamed
| distributor = Studio 99
| released = {{film date|2021|9|17|TIFF}}
| runtime = 101 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paka (River of Blood)''''' is a 2021 Indian Malayalam language drama film written and directed by [[Nithin Lukose]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filmmaker-nithin-lukose-on-making-his-malayalam-dbut-feature-pakathe-river-of-blood/article33969589.ece|title = Filmmaker Nithin Lukose on 'Paka:The River of Blood'|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 March 2021|last1 = Philip|first1 = Susan Joe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/feb/12/breaking-with-traditionnithin-lukose-on-the-journey-of-his-film-paka-the-river-of-blood-22794.html|title=Breaking with tradition: Nithin Lukose on the journey of his film Paka: The River of Blood|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 February 2021 }}</ref> The film stars Basil Paulose in lead role while [[Vinitha Koshy]], Nithin George, Abhilash Nair, Jose Kizhakkkan, Athul John, Joseph Manikkal and Mariyakkutty are in supporting roles. The film is produced by Raj Rachakonda and [[Anurag Kashyap]]. The film premiered at the [[2021 Toronto International Film Festival]] in Discovery Section.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ftii-alumni-nithin-lukoses-debut-feature-paka-to-be-screened-at-the-toronto-international-film-festival/articleshow/84829273.cms?from=mdr|title = FTII alumni Nithin Lukose's debut feature Paka to be screened at the Toronto International Film Festival - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| last1=Lal | first1=Niharika }}</ref> It is also selected in the [[Red Sea International Film Festival]] as Part of Competition section- 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-kapoor-congratulates-the-entire-team-of-paka-for-its-selection-to-the-international-film-festival/articleshow/87681616.cms|title = Arjun Kapoor congratulates the entire team of 'Paka' for its selection for the International Film Festival - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/paka-movie-goes-to-red-sea-international-film-festival-r2lf2y|title=Paka movie |'പക' റെഡ് സീ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ചലച്ചിത്ര മേളയിലേക്ക്; ആശംസയുമായി അര്‍ജുന്‍ കപൂർ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/549616/saudi/jeddah-film-festival?fbclid=IwAR3uuzyXLTqSo17Qt7mSFL3rimvaXM2I15FSlOjga0vm884PaUM7mo-rqUo|title = ജിദ്ദ ചലച്ചിത്രോത്സവത്തിൽ ഏക ഇന്ത്യൻ സംവിധായക സാന്നിധ്യമായി നിതിൻ ലൂക്കോസ്, പക ഇന്ന് പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കും|date = 9 December 2021}}</ref>

==Premise==
A couple in patriarchal rural Kerala decides to put an end to the cycle of vengeance by the banks of a river that has more blood in it than water. The bloodthirsty river bears witness to everything.

==Production and release==
The principal photography of the film was completed in February 2021 and post production works has done in the time of Covid -19 pandemic. The film got selected and premiered at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in Discovery Section.

== Cast ==
* Basil Paulose as Johnny
* [[Vinitha Koshy]] as Anna
* Nithin George as Joey
* Athul John as Paachi
* Jose Kizhakkkan as Kocheppu
* Abhilash Nair as Thankan
* Joseph Manikkal as Varkey
* Mariyakkutty as Grandmother
* Jose Ashariyott as Swimmer Jose

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15125812}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films about violence]]

List of English words of Dravidian origin

2026-03-05T02:56:32Z

Alaminsorker: enhance structure for accuracy and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:Dravidian_map.svg|thumb|300px|Current distribution of [[Dravidian languages]].]]
This is a list of [[English language|English]] words that are [[Loanword|borrowed]] directly or ultimately from [[Dravidian languages]]. Dravidian languages include [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and a number of other languages spoken mainly in [[South Asia]]. The list is by no means exhaustive.

Some of the words can be traced to specific languages, but others have disputed or uncertain origins. Words of disputed or less certain origin are in the "Dravidian languages" list. Where [[lexicographer]]s generally agree on a source language, the words are listed by language.

==From unknown or disputed Dravidian languages==
*[[wikt:aiyo|Aiyo]], a word used to express distress, regret and fear, perhaps from Tamil ''aiyō'',<ref>{{cite web|title=AIYO|website=Lexico|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/aiyo |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825154618/https://www.lexico.com/definition/aiyo|archivedate=2022-08-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kannada ''ayyo'', Malayalam ''aiyyo''(അയ്യോ) or Telugu ayyo, but perhaps from (not Dravidian) [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] ayiyō.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aiyo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010194122/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aiyo|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2016|title=aiyo|website=Oxford Dictionaries - English}}</ref>
*[[Betel]], a leaf of a vine belonging to the family Piperaceae; from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''betel'', which probably comes from Tamil ''vettrilai'' (வெற்றிலை) or Malayalam ''vettila'' (വെറ്റില).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=betel|title=Betel |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>
*[[Candy]], crystallized sugar or confection made from sugar; via Persian ''qand'', which is probably from a Dravidian language, ultimately stemming from the Sanskrit root word 'Khanda' meaning 'pieces of something'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=candy&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Candy |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>
*[[Cash]], physical money; possibly from Middle French ''caisse'' or Portuguese ''caixa'', though sometimes linked to Tamil ''kācu/kāsu'' (காசு) “small coin,” among other proposed origins.
* [[Coir]], cord/rope, fibre from husk of coconut; from Malayalam ''kayar'' (കയർ)<ref name="Coir">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=coir|title=Coir |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> or Tamil ''kayiru'' (கயிறு).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coir |title=Coir |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=2015-07-26}}</ref> The origin of this word cannot be conclusively attributed to Malayalam or Tamil.
*[[Coolie]], a labourer or slave, a South Asian person; possibly from Tamil ''cooli'' (கூலி)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coolie|title=Coolie; Define Coolie at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> or Malayalam ''kooli'' (കൂലി) "labour", or possibly from ''Koḷī'' "[[Gujarati people]]" in Gujarati.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=coolie (''n.''), Etymology|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |date=July 2023 |doi=10.1093/OED/9875843370 }}</ref>
*[[Bed frame|Cot]], a bedstead or a portable bed; via [[Hindi]] from [[Sanskrit]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=cot (''n.4''), Etymology|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |date=July 2023 |doi=10.1093/OED/8551104118 }}</ref> which in turn may have come from a Dravidian source such as Tamil ''kattil'' (கட்டில்)/''patukkai'' (படுக்கை),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cot&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref> Malayalam ''kattil''(കട്ടിൽ), or Kannada ''Kaata'' (ಕಾಟ).
*[[Cowry]], the shells of certain sea snails, or the snails themselves; via Hindi and [[Urdu]] from Sanskrit ''kaparda'' (कपर्द),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=cowry (''n''.), Etymology|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |date=July 2023 |doi=10.1093/OED/4018863654 }}</ref> which may be related to Tamil ''kotu'' (கோது) "shell".<ref name="etymonline1">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cowrie&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>
*[[Dosa (food)|Dosa]], a savory pancake-like dish made from rice flour and ground pulses; possibly from [[Sangam literature|Sangam Tamil]] ''tōcai'' (தோசை)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dosa: A timeless breakfast staple rooted in Tamil heritage|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dosa-a-timeless-breakfast-staple-rooted-in-tamil-heritage/articleshow/109682727.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2024-04-29|access-date=2025-12-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> or from Kannada and [[Tulu language|Tulu]] ''dōse'' (ದೋಸೆ),<ref>{{cite book|author=P. Thankappan Nair|title=South Indians in Kolkata|year=2004|publisher=Punthi Pustak|isbn=978-81-86791-50-9}}</ref> from Malalayam ''dōśa'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Dosa Definition & Meaning|publisher=Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dosa|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref> or from other Dravidian sources.
*[[Ginger]], a fragrant spice; exact route from Dravidian is uncertain, but possibly from [[Old Tamil]] ''inchiver'' (இஞ்சிவேர்) or Malayalam ''inchi'' (ഇഞ്ചി)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSGOJB2lwmUC|title=Origins of Plant Names-D.A. Patil|isbn=978-81-7035-460-4 |last1=Patil |first1=Dinkarrao Amrutrao |date=2007 |publisher=Daya Publishing House }}</ref>
* [[Godown]], synonym to warehouse; English from Malay, which in turn may have borrowed it from Telugu ''giḍḍangi'' or Tamil ''kiṭanku''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Define Godown at Dictionary.com|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/godown|access-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Gunny sack|Gunny]], an inexpensive bag; from Sanskrit via Hindi and [[Marathi language|Marathi]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=gunny, (''n''.), Etymology|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |date=2024 |doi=10.1093/OED/3675613444 }}</ref> probably ultimately from a Dravidian language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gunny |title=gunny| publisher=Merriam-Webster online|access-date=2020-10-13}}</ref>
*[[Hot toddy]], beverage made of alcoholic liquor with hot water, sugar, and spices; from Hindi ''tari'' "palm sap", probably from a Dravidian language<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=toddy |title=toddy |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>
*[[Idli]], a south Indian steamed cake of rice, usually served with sambhar. From Malayalam and Kannada iḍḍali.<ref>{{cite web|title=Idli|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries Lexico|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/idli|access-date=2021-01-12}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*[[Jaggery]], coarse brown sugar made from palm and sugarcane; via Portuguese jágara<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jaggery|title=Jaggery|publisher=Merriam Webster Dictionary}}</ref> probably from Tamil ''charkkarai/carkkarai'' (சர்க்கரை)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?1767-Some-tamil-words-in-world-languages/page3|title=English words that have roots in Tamil}}</ref> or Malayalam ''chakkara/sharkkara'' (ചക്കര/ശർക്കര)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memidex.com/jaggery|title=Jaggery Etymology}}</ref> or Kannada ''sakkare'', having its origins in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=jaggery, (''n''.), Etymology|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |date=July 2023 |doi=10.1093/OED/8735564976}}</ref>
*[[Mango]], A tropical fruit; origin probably from Tamil ''maangaay'' (மாங்காய்) or Malayalam ''maanga'' (മാങ്ങ)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mango|title=Mango; Define Mango at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mango|title=Mango |website=Merriam-Webster.com|date=9 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mango |title=mango (n.) |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2014-07-19}}</ref><ref>Achaya, K.T. (2003). The Story of Our Food. Universities Press. p. 7. {{ISBN|9788173712937}}.</ref>
*[[Mongoose]], a small carnivorous mammal from southern Eurasia or Africa, known for killing snakes; probably ultimately from a Dravidian language, with spelling influenced by the English word ''goose''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mongoose |title=mongoose |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>
*[[Mung bean|Mung]], a type of bean; ultimately from Sanskrit ''mudga'' (मुद्ग), which is the name of the bean and the plant, perhaps via Tamil ''mūngu'' (முங்கு) "soak",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mung+bean |title=Mung bean | Define Mung bean at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref> or Malayalam ''mudra'' (മുദ്ര). Alternately, perhaps from ''mũg'' (मूँग), the name of the bean in Hindi,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=mung (''n.2''), Etymology|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |date=July 2023 |doi=10.1093/OED/1105896161 }}</ref> which is not a Dravidian language.
*[[Orange (word)|Orange]], a citrus fruit, or a color named for the fruit; cognates exist in several Dravidian languages,<ref name=OED>{{cite encyclopedia | year = 2013 | title = orange ''n''.1 and ''adj''.1 | encyclopedia = Oxford English Dictionary online | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | url =http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132163 |access-date=2013-09-30}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Tamil ''naaram'' (நாரம்) or Telugu ''naarinja'' (నారింజ) and others.
*[[Pagoda]], a religious building; etymology uncertain but perhaps influenced by Tamil ''pagavadi'' (பகாவடி) "house belonging to a deity".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pagoda&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>
*Pariah, a social outcast; partially from Tamil ''paṟaiyar'' (பறையர்) and partially from Malayalam ''paṟayan''(പറയൻ), "drummer".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=pariah, (''n''.), Etymology|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |date=July 2023 |doi=10.1093/OED/1105896161 }}</ref>
*[[Peacock]], a type of bird; from [[Old English]] ''pawa'', the earlier etymology is uncertain, but one possible source is Tamil ''thōkei'' (தோகை) "peacock feather", via [[Latin]] or [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=peacock&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>
*[[Sambal]], a spicy condiment; from [[Malay language|Malay]], which may have borrowed the word from a Dravidian language<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sambal|title=Sambal; Define Sambal at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> such as Tamil ''Campal'' (சம்பல்) or Telugu (సంబల్).
*[[Teak]], a tropical hardwood tree; called ''thekku'' (தேக்கு) in Tamil, ''thekku'' (തേക്ക്) in Malayalam,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Teak |title=Teak |website=Merriam-Webster.com|date=11 March 2024 }}</ref> Telugu ''teku'', and Kannada ''tegu'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=teak |title=teak |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref> via Portuguese ''teca''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=teak, ''n.'' |encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |year=1910 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref>

==Tamil==

Gregory James, a professor with the language center of Hong Kong university believes that more than 100 words in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' have Tamil origin, and there could be even more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-21/chennai/28371883_1_dictionaries-words-english-language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418065353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-21/chennai/28371883_1_dictionaries-words-english-language |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-04-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=For this professor, tracking Tamil words in English is a passion|access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!English word||Tamil word||Transliteration||Meaning in Tamil
|-
|[[Catamaran]]||கட்டுமரம்||kattumaram||tied wood<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/catamaran|title=Catamaran; Define Catamaran at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cheroot]]||சுருட்டு||suruṭṭu||roll<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cheroot|title=Cheroot; Define Cheroot at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Congee]]
|கஞ்சி
|kañci
|boiled rice water<ref>{{Cite web|title=The history of congee - and how it connects me to my family roots|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/the-history-of-congee-and-how-it-connects-me-to-my-family-roots/e9wq48xdx|website=SBS Food|date=2020-11-23|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Corundum]]||குருந்தம்/குருவிந்தம்||kuruntham/kuruvintham||ruby<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/corundum|title=Corundum; Define Corundum at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Curry]]||கறி||kari||meat, sauce, relish<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/curry|title=Curry definition & meaning|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=2021-10-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mulligatawny]]||மிளகுத்தண்ணீர்||milagu-taṇṇīr||pepper water<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=mulligatawny, ''n''. |encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref>
|-
|[[Patchouli]]||பச்சை இலை||pachchai ilai||green leaf<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=patchouli+&searchmode=none |title=patchouli |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pandal]]||பந்தல்||pandhal||temporary shelter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pandal|title=Pandal; Define Pandal at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chrysopogon zizanioides|Vetiver]]
|வெட்டிவேர்
|vetiver/vettiver
|literally “cut root”<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of VETIVER|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vetiver|website=www.merriam-webster.com|date=2025-11-21|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Malayalam==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!English word
!Word
!Transliteration
!Meaning in Malayalam
|-
|[[Areca]]
|അടയ്ക്ക
|aḍaykka
|areca nut <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/areca|title=Areca |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Catechu]]
|കശൂ
|kaśū
|astringent made from acacia <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/catechu|title=Catechu |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/definition/catechu|title=Catechu |website=WordReference.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Copra]]
|കൊപ്ര
|kopra
|copra: kernel of coconut <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=copra&searchmode=none |title=Copra |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>
|-
|[[Calico]]
|കോഴിക്കോട്
|kōḻikkōḍŭ
|name of the place it originates from (Calicut) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/calico|title=Calico |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jackfruit]]
|ചക്ക
|chakka
|jackfruit <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jackfruit|title=Jackfruit |website=Merriam-Webster.com|date=24 February 2024 }}</ref>
|}

==Telugu==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!English word||Telugu word||Transliteration||Meaning in Telugu
|-
|[[Bandicoot]] || పందికొక్కు || pandi-kokku || "pig-rat"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bandicoot |title=bandicoot |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pitta]] ||పిట్ట || pitta || young bird<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pitta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022213011/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pitta |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |title=pitta |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref>
|}

== Kannada ==
{| class="wikitable"
!English word
!Kannada word
!Transliteration
!Meaning in Kannada
|-
|[[Bamboo]]{{refn|group=notes|The origin of ''bamboo'' is uncertain. It is thought to have entered English from [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]], which borrowed it from Kannada.<ref name="bamboo"/>}}
|ಬಂಬು
|baṃbu
|bamboo<ref name="bamboo">{{Cite book|title=Illustrated Oxford Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1998|isbn=140532029-X|location=Great Britain}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dhole]]{{refn|group=notes|The origin of ''dhole'' is unknown, but some sources suggest a connection to Kannada ''tōḷa'' (ತೋಳ).<ref name="dhole"/>}}
|ತೋಳ
|tōḷa
|wolf<ref name="dhole">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dhole |title=dhole |date=n.d. |website=Merriam-Webster.com |access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]
|ಹೆಣ್ಣಿಗ
|Heṇṇiga
|impotent man, effeminate man<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=hijra, ''n''.|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=third |year=2009}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Indian English]]
*[[List of English words of Indian origin]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{English words of foreign origin}}

[[Category:Lists of English words of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Lists of English words of foreign origin|Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists|English]]

Apaaratha

2026-03-03T21:25:42Z

Alaminsorker: correct article per sources based on references

{{Short description|1992 Malayalam film directed by I. V. Sasi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apaaratha
| image = Apaaratha-1992.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = Anu Enterprises [[I. V. Sasi]]
| writer = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| starring = [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] [[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[M. G. Soman]]
| music = [[Ilayaraja]]
| cinematography = V. Jayaram
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|04|09}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
}}

'''''Apaaratha''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film produced and directed by [[I. V. Sasi]]. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] (in her Malayalam debut), [[Urvasi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[M. G. Soman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Apaaratha|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2534|publisher=malayalachalachithram|access-date=2013-12-29}}</ref> The plot follows a person who is trying to find a job and the hardships he has to face after managing it later.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Prathapan
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Surya
*[[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]] as Prabha
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Suresh
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Minnal Baby
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as K. P. Menon
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Singapore Pillai
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Theeppori Madhavan
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Jamal
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Lonappan
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Arival Kochammini
*[[Shanthi Krishna]] as Soumini
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Phalgunan
*[[Sreenath]] as Sudhakaran
*[[Unni Mary]] as Nalini
*Roshni as Renuka
*[[Geetha Vijayan]]
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Mary
*[[Karan (actor)|Raghu]] as Hari
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Jayapalan Panicker
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Abdullah
*[[Lalu Alex]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Songs were composed by Ilaiyaraaja and lyrics by Sreekumaran Thampi. Ilayaraja later reused the song "Melle Melle Vannu" as "Valli Valli Ena" for Tamil film ''[[Deiva Vaakku]]''.

#"Karthaavuyarthezhunnetta" - [[P Jayachandran]]
#"Melle Melle Vannu (male)" - [[KJ Yesudas]]
#"Melle Melle Vannu (duet)" - [[KJ Yesudas]], [[KS Chithra]]
#"Pullankuzhal Nadham - [[KS Chithra]]
#"Melle Melle (female)" - [[KS Chithra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0317089|Apaaratha}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Elektra (2010 film)

2026-03-03T20:46:23Z

Alaminsorker: starting new post.

{{short description|2010 film by Shyamaprasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Elektra
| image = Elektra_film.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Shyamaprasad]]
| producer = N. B. Vindhyan
| screenplay = Shyamaprasad Kiran Prabhakar
| starring = [[Nayanthara]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Biju Menon]] [[Skanda Ashok]]
| music = [[Alphons Joseph]]
| cinematography = [[Sanu Varghese]]
| editing = [[Vinod Sukumaran]]
| studio =
| distributor = Rasika Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|11|24|[[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]]}}

| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Elektra''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2010|2010]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[psychological drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Shyamaprasad]], starring [[Nayanthara]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Biju Menon]], and [[Skanda Ashok]].<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2010 |title=Shyamaprasad casts Nayantara with Manisha Koirala for 'Electra' |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/shyamaprasad-casts-nayantara-with-manisha-koirala-for-electra/30510/story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103050241/https://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/shyamaprasad-casts-nayantara-with-manisha-koirala-for-electra/30510/story.htm |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=8 May 2010 |publisher=Nowrunning}}</ref> It was produced by N. B. Vindhyan, who also produced Shyamaprasad's ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' (2007).

The film is based on the story of the [[Greek mythology|Greek mythological]] character [[Electra]],<ref name="TOIIFFI">{{Cite news |date=28 November 2010 |title=Regional films steal the show at Goa film festival |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-28/india/28213420_1_ore-kadal-goa-film-festival-iffi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104075444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-28/india/28213420_1_ore-kadal-goa-film-festival-iffi |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=2010-12-27 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> although it has a contemporary setting in an aristocratic family in [[Kerala]]. It draws strongly on four adaptations of the myth: ''[[Electra (Sophocles)|Electra]]'' by [[Sophocles]], ''[[Electra (Euripides)|Electra]]'' by [[Euripides]], ''[[Oresteia]]'' by [[Aeschylus]] and ''[[Mourning Becomes Electra]]'' by [[Eugene O’Neill]] (1931). Key to the film is the concept of the [[Electra complex]]; a daughter's psychosexual competition with her mother for her father's affection.

The film premiered at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in November 2010. It made its international premiere at the [[Dubai International Film Festival|7th Dubai International Film Festival]].

==Cast==
* [[Nayanthara]] as Elektra Alexander
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Diana
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Abraham and Jossya Issac (Double Role)
* [[Skanda Ashok]] as Edwin
* [[Biju Menon]] as Peter
* [[P. Sreekumar]] as Fr. Ulhannan
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Fr. Ulahannan's wife
* [[Shruthy Menon]] as Laura
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Man in Cemetery
* Amby as Doctor

==Dubbing==
[[Prakash Raj]] himself dubbed for the character Jossya Issac, while [[Shobi Thilakan]] dubbed for the former's role of Abraham. [[Manisha Koirala]]'s role was dubbed by famous Malayalam actress [[Praveena]]. [[Nayanthara]] dubbed her own voice for her character and [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] gave voice to [[Skanda Ashok]]'s character, Edwin.

==Production==
===Development===
The film is based on the story of the Greek mythological character [[Electra]]. Set in the city of [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] a few years after the [[Trojan War]], that story revolves around the vengeance that Electra and her brother [[Orestes]] take on their mother [[Clytemnestra]] and step father [[Aegisthus]] for the murder of their father, [[Agamemnon]]. There are many adaptations of the story. This film is particularly inspired by the plays ''[[Electra (Sophocles)|Electra]]'' by [[Sophocles]], ''[[Electra (Euripides)|Electra]]'' by [[Euripides]], ''[[Oresteia]]'' by [[Aeschylus]] and ''[[Mourning Becomes Electra]]'' by [[Eugene O’Neill]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha Swaroop |date=21 January 2011 |title=My world: Shyamaprasad Rajagopal |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/people/my-world-shyamaprasad-rajagopal-1.747254 |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraswathy Nagarajan |date=11 September 2009 |title=Waves of applause |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article18627.ece |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Shyamaprasad said that ''Electra'' is a play that has stayed with him since his student days in the Thrissur School of Drama.<ref name="darkness">{{Cite news |last=Saraswathy Nagarajan |date=3 December 2010 |title=Heart of Darkness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article927454.ece? |access-date=2010-12-03 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In a December 2010 interview, he said: {{blockquote|"It was a long cherished dream. I had this in my mind even when I was studying at the School of Drama. I was really very much influenced by the Greek drama, the strong female character, her love towards her father, her piousness, how she uses her brother to kill her stepfather, etc. I often felt that it has got the entire recipe for a good film. After Ritu, when I was thinking about my next film, this Greek drama resurfaced. Nayantara showed interest in working with me. That was when I thought adapting Electra for the silver screen would be a challenge worth taking.<ref name="Shyamaprasad interview" />}}

Shyamaprasad was assisted in the script writing by Kiran Prabhakar. Rather than focusing on the essence of revenge in the myth, they tried to include the theme of Elektra's obsessive love for her father. Most of Shyamaprasad's previous works were adaptations of published novels or plays. About the adaptation of ''Elektra'', Shyamaprasad said: "My film is a modern retelling of the Greek classic in a Malayali setting. But it closely follows the philosophy of the ancient text and the Grecian theory of drama that intense fear and pity lead to a purification of the emotions of the audience, making it a cathartic experience."<ref name="darkness" /><ref name="elektracomplex">{{Cite news |last=Saraswathy Nagarajan |date=28 May 2010 |title=The 'Elektra' complex |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/28/stories/2010052850790100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108145809/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/28/stories/2010052850790100.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |access-date=2010-12-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
The film, though adapted from a Greek myth, has a contemporary setting in an aristocratic family in Kerala.<ref name="iffi">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2010 |title=Manisha Koirala's Elektra screened at IFFI |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=17342 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310040903/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=17342 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=2010-12-03 |publisher=Businessofcinema |df=dmy}}</ref> The making of the film was also inspired by [[K. G. George]]'s magnum opus film, ''[[Irakal]]''.<ref name="darkness" />

===Casting===
{{quote box|width=40%|align=right|bgcolor=lightblue|quote="My films are about very strong individuals who are caught in a vicious cycle of relationships. To portray those characters, I want actors who are capable of understanding that emotional intensity. I want actors who have proved themselves and are capable of diving into the depths of the characters. Not someone who is just beautiful. ''Elektra'' is minimalistic in its setting and cast. There are only five main characters and it is a frugal, no-frills mood that pervades the film."<ref name="darkness" />|source= – [[Shyamaprasad]] in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]''}}
''Elektra'' is minimalistic in its setting and cast, with only five main characters. Nayantara plays Elektra, the lead character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayantara turns to do art films |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/nayantara-art-films-250110.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714125113/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/nayantara-art-films-250110.html |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=25 January 2010 |publisher=One India}}</ref> She was cast after she expressed a desire to work with Shyamaprasad. While filming, Nayantara said, "I am doing this film purely for creative satisfaction, as it offers me an opportunity to showcase my histrionics skills. I am excited that I am going to explore a new genre and the director is insisting on spontaneity. So, I intend to go to the sets with an open mind."<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.V.S. Prakash |date=29 April 2010 |title=Nayanthara excited for 'Electra' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-29/news-interviews/28136767_1_malayalam-film-kannada-film-small-budget-films |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913043152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-29/news-interviews/28136767_1_malayalam-film-kannada-film-small-budget-films |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> When asked the reason for entrusting such a strong role to Nayantara, Shyamaprasad said, "Everyone has this question. To be frank, after ''Ritu'', I happened to meet Nayantara and she said she was really interested in doing movies with me. She was very keen on doing a meaningful role, something with substance. Usually she does those, you know, the glamorous, superficial roles which I guess supports her career. But she nursed the desire to do much deeper roles. Thus ''Elektra'' happened."<ref name="Shyamaprasad interview">{{Cite web |last=Reshmi Padma |date=27 December 2010 |title=Women are perfect human beings |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-elekrta-electrifies-the-festivals/20101227.htm |access-date=20 July 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Nayantara also gave voice to the character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraswathy Nagarajan |date=20 May 2010 |title=Electrifying Elektra |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/20/stories/2010052050550100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603014030/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/20/stories/2010052050550100.htm |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=2010-12-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Prakash Raj plays Elektra's father, and Bollywood actress Manisha Koirala plays her mother, who is also the main antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2010 |title=Manisha Koirala to play Nayan's mom! |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14935129 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726205114/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14935129 |archive-date=26 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film is Koirala's debut in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2010 |title=Manisha Koirala goes to Malayalam! |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14935130 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714063810/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14935130 |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> About her casting, Shyamaprasad says: "At the initial stages of scripting itself, I had drawn a picture of the character in my mind and I wanted somebody very attractive yet very powerful to do the role. There was nobody I could think of other than Manisha. In terms of beauty, the inner quality of the character she identifies with and her experience in films, she was the perfect choice for me as Diana. When I approached her, she loved the script. She said she wanted to work with me and said would definitely be part of my dream project. I appreciate her move, as Malayalam as a language is really tough to learn and pronounce for an actor. But she pulled it off so gracefully. I have full admiration towards her and her work."<ref name="Shyamaprasad interview" /> Koirala says that she was advised by many not to do the film, as her character has an extramarital affair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2010 |title=Manisha takes to painting, to hold her first exhibition |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/118844/manisha-takes-painting-hold-her.html |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Film actress [[Praveena]] dubbed for Koirala's character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavithra Srinivasan |date=5 January 2011 |title=Praveena conquers Tamil TV |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-tv-praveena-conquers-tamil-tv/20110105.htm |access-date=20 July 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Sakhi Thomas]] was the costume designer for this movie.

Kannada actor Skanda Ashok (Sooraj Skanda), who had a notable debut in Malayalam through [[Roshan Andrews]]'s ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' (2006), plays the role of Edwin, Elektra's brother, who is a neurotic, and according to him, "a sort of an underdog who goes on to save the day."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liza George |date=11 May 2010 |title=Unconventional actor |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/05/stories/2010110551020200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108145834/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/05/stories/2010110551020200.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |access-date=2010-12-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Biju Menon]], Srikumar and Sruthi Menon also play important roles in the film.<ref name="darkness" /> There were reports that Tamil actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] was also cast in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya Aiyappan |date=28 July 2009 |title=Arya – Nayantara in Shyamaprasad's Electra |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/shyamaprasad-nayantara-arya-280709.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022161224/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2009/shyamaprasad-nayantara-arya-280709.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=20 July 2011 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal production for the film started on 23 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2010 |title=Nayantara's Electra to kick off soon |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/nayantara-movie-electra-130410.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708191618/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/nayantara-movie-electra-130410.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |publisher=One India}}</ref> Major portions of filming were held at an old mansion, Kalapurackal House in [[Edakochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="filming">{{Cite news |last=Priyadeshini. S |date=20 May 2010 |title=Method acting and 'waiting for talents' |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/20/stories/2010052051490400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603024932/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/20/stories/2010052051490400.htm |archive-date=3 June 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by Sanu George Varghese, making his debut in Malayalam.<ref name="elektracomplex" /> He made his feature film debut the same year with ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]''.<ref name="elektracomplex" />

==Release==
The film premiered at the [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) on 24 November 2010, where the lead performances were widely praised. It was the fifth Shyamaprasad film to be screened at the IFFI, and was one of the five Malayalam films selected to be screened that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2010 |title=Elektra Dazzles IFFI with Its Electrifying Performances |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=67541 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Soyesh H. Rawther |date=19 October 2010 |title=Malayalam film makers plan alternative screening outside IFFI venues |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article837968.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> It was screened at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] on 14 December, where it also received overwhelmingly positive responses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2010 |title='Elektra' draws big crowds at IFFK |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article170325.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616133437/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article170325.ece |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=2010-12-14 |website=Express News Service |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> However, the film provoked protests at both these festivals for its sensuous themes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautaman Bhaskaran |date=23 December 2010 |title=Movies of substance |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/cinema-reviews/review-elektra-1.747732 |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> ''Elektra'' made its international premiere at the [[Dubai International Film Festival|7th Dubai International Film Festival]], where it was the only South Indian film to be selected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2010 |title=Elektra at DIFF |url=http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/index.php/en/movie_details/elektra/8981/2010/1_a-e_i-88 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724061541/http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/index.php/en/movie_details/elektra/8981/2010/1_a-e_i-88 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=14 December 2010 |publisher=[[Dubai International Film Festival|DIFF]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Dubai premiere for Manisha Koirala's "Elektra" |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/dubai-premiere-for-manisha-koirala-s-elektra-2010-11-14-1.317224 |publisher=Emirates247.com}}</ref> ''Elektra'' was the second Shyamaprasad film to be screened at this festival (the other being ''Ore Kadal'') and the film received rave reviews there.<ref name="DIFF">{{Cite news |date=24 December 2010 |title=Electrifying the crowd |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/12/24/stories/2010122451260200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143913/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/12/24/stories/2010122451260200.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In September 2010, the Ernakulam Principal Munisif Court stayed the release and distribution of the film, following an allegation by the film's original distributor Martin Sebastin that the producer Vindhyan and his Rasika Entertainment were trying to release it on their own.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2010 |title=Shyamaprasad's Electra stayed |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shyamaprasads-electra-stayed-news-malayalam-kkguBBehbgc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021222335/http://www.sify.com/movies/shyamaprasads-electra-stayed-news-malayalam-kkguBBehbgc.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=20 July 2011 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was slated for a theatrical release on 3 December 2010,<ref name="iffi" /> but the date was postponed many times.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110402180322/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/three-big-releases-molly-fans-coming-three-weeks-806 "Three big releases for Molly fans in coming three weeks"]. ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''. Retrieved 2011-04-22.</ref> The film was finally released on 11 November 2016, after much delay.<ref>[https://m3db.com/film/electra "Elektra"]. ''m3db''. Retrieved 2021-09-27.</ref>

==Accolades==
; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* 2011: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]: [[Shyamaprasad]]
* 2011: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]: [[Praveena]]

; Official Selections
* [[International Film Festival of India]], 2010
* [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], 2010
* [[Dubai International Film Festival]], 2010
* Gandhinagar International Film Festival, 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last=GIFF |title=Gandhinagar International Film Festival 2011 |url=http://www.giff.co.in/movies/electra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330160732/http://www.giff.co.in/movies/electra.html |archive-date=30 March 2012 |access-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>
* Indian Film Festival 'Bollywood and Beyond', Stuttgart (Germany), 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elektra |url=http://www.bollywood-festival.de/en/film-programme/programme/film-programme-sunday-24-july-2010/elektra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005141052/http://www.bollywood-festival.de/en/film-programme/programme/film-programme-sunday-24-july-2010/elektra.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[River to River. Florence Indian Film Festival|River to River Film Festival]], Florence (Italy), 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elektra - River to River. Florence Indian Film Festival |url=http://www.rivertoriver.it/schede_film2011/Elektra_en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001901/http://www.rivertoriver.it/schede_film2011/Elektra_en.php |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=25 November 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Ouseppachan]] was signed to do music for the film,<ref name="Cast" /> but was replaced by [[Alphons Joseph]], who became well known in India for the song "[[Aaromale]]". The film is Joseph's first collaboration with Shyamaprasad. The lyrics were penned by Rafeeq Ahmed and Shelton Pinhiro. The soundtrack includes three songs.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Arikil Varu | extra1 = [[Gayatri Asokan|Gayatri]] | length1 = 3:34
| title2 = Ekakiyaayi | extra2 = Sayanora | length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Let's Dance | extra3 = [[Alphons Joseph]] | length3 = 3:47
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1920913}}
{{Shyamaprasad}}
{{Electra}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Euripides]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sophocles]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Eugene O'Neill]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyamaprasad]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Alphons Joseph]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by Sophocles]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by Euripides]]
[[Category:Works based on The Libation Bearers]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by Aeschylus]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Aeschylus]]

Mirza Ghiyas Beg

2026-02-28T17:34:02Z

Alaminsorker:

{{Short description|Mughal administrator (1544–1621)}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]
| name = Ghiyas
| honorific-suffix = [[Bey|Beg]]
| image = A portrait of Mirza Ghiyas Beg aka 'I'timād-ud-Daulah', 18th century.jpg
| caption = An 18th-century portrait of Mirza Ghiyas Beg. Color and gold over gold-sprinkled black ground on paper.
| office1 = [[Vakil of the Mughal Empire]] ([[Grand Vizier]])
| monarch1 = [[Jahangir]]
| term_start1 = 1611
| term_end1 = January 1621
| predecessor1 = Asaf Khan Qazvini
| successor1 = [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1544
| birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Safavid Iran]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1621|01||1544|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| party =
| spouse = [[Asmat Begam]]
| relations = [[Khvajeh Mohammad-Sharif]] (father) Mohammad-Taher Wasli (brother) [[Ahmad Tehrani]] (uncle) [[Amin Razi]] (cousin) [[Jahangir]] (son-in-law)
| children = Muhammad Sharif{{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=9}} Shapur Itiqad Khan{{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=44}} [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]{{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=9}} Manija Begum{{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=45}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The Riverside Mansions and Tombs of Agra: New Evidence from a Panoramic Scroll Recently Acquired by The British Library|url=https://www.bl.uk/eblj/2017articles/pdf/ebljarticle92017.pdf|last1=Koch|first1=Ebba|last2=Losty|first2=JP}}</ref> [[Nur Jahan]] Khadija Begum{{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=45}}
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes = 
| allegiance = [[Mughal Empire]]
| serviceyears = 1577–1621
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
}}
[[File:"Jahangir and His Vizier, I'timad al-Daula", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album MET DP234021.jpg | right | thumb |Emperor [[Jahangir]] and Mirza Ghiyas Beg]]

'''Mirza Ghiyas Beg''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|مرزا غياث بيگ}}}}; {{circa|1544}} – January 1621<ref name="f389">{{cite web | title=India Medieval History | last=Chopra | first=P. N. | url=https://ia801609.us.archive.org/25/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.219987/2015.219987.India-Medieval_text.pdf | access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref>), also known by his title '''I'timad-ud-Daulah''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|اعتماد الدوله}}}}), was an important official in the [[Mughal Empire]], whose children included the generals, wives and mothers of the Mughal emperors.

Born in [[Tehran]], Mirza Ghiyas Beg belonged to a family of poets and high officials. Nevertheless, his fortunes fell into disfavor after the death of his father in 1576. Along with his pregnant wife Ismat Begum, and his three children, [[Emigration of Iranians to India during the 16-18th centuries|they immigrated to India]]. There he was received by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] (r. 1556-1605), and was enrolled into his service. During the latter's reign, Mirza Ghiyas Beg was appointed treasurer for the province of [[Kabul]].

His fortunes further increased during the reign of Akbar's son and successor [[Jahangir]] (r. 1605–1627), who in 1611 married his daughter [[Nur Jahan]] and appointed Mirza Ghiyas Beg as his prime minister. By 1615, Mirza Ghiyas Beg had risen to further prominence, when he was given the status of 6,000 men and was given a standard and drums, a prestige normally restricted for distinguished princes.

==Family==
Mirza Ghiyas Beg was a native of [[Tehran]], and was the youngest son of [[Khvajeh Mohammad-Sharif]], a poet and [[vizier]] of Mohammad Khan Tekkelu and his son Tatar Soltan, who was the governor of the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] province of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Mohammad-Sharif was later listed under the service of [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp I]] (r. 1524–1576), where he initially served as the vizier of [[Yazd]], [[Abarkuh]], and Biabanak for seven years. Thereafter he was appointed as the vizier of [[Isfahan]], and died there in 1576.{{sfn|Shokoohy|2001|pp=594–595}} Ghiyas Beg's elder brother, Mohammad-Taher Wasli, was a learned man who composed poetry under the pen name of Wasli.{{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=9}}

==Immigration to India==
After the death of Ghiyas' father, his family fell on hard times. Hoping to improve his family's fortunes, Ghiyas Beg chose to [[Emigration of Iranians to India during the 16-18th centuries|relocate to India]] where the Emperor [[Akbar]]'s court was said to be at the centre of the growing trade, industry and cultural scene.<ref name="Gold148">{{harvnb|Gold|2008|p=148}}</ref> During their journey, the family was attacked by robbers who took from them whatever meager possessions they had.<ref name="Chandra4">{{harvnb|Pant|1978|p=4}}</ref>

Left with only two mules, Ghiyas Beg, his pregnant wife, and their three children (Mohammad-Sharif, [[Asaf Khan IV|Asaf Khan]] and a daughter){{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=9}} were forced to take turns riding on the backs of the animals for the rest of their journey. When the family arrived in [[Kandahar]], [[Asmat Begum]] gave birth to their second daughter. The family was so impoverished, they feared they would be unable to take care of the newborn baby. Fortunately, the family was taken in by a caravan led by the merchant noble Malik Masud, who would later assist Ghiyas Beg in finding a job in the service of Emperor Akbar. Believing that the child had signaled a change in the family's fate, she was named [[Nur Jahan|Mihr-un-Nissa]], meaning "sun among women".<ref name="Nath 1990 66">{{harvnb|Nath|1990|p=66}}</ref> Ghiyas Beg was not the first member of his family to move to India—his cousin Asaf Khan Jafar Beg and the uncle of Asmat Begum, Mirza Ghiyasuddin Ali Asaf Khan, had been enrolled into the provincial assignments of Akbar.{{sfn|Banks Findley|1993|p=8}}

==Service under the Mughal Empire==
Mirza Ghiyas Beg was later appointed ''diwan'' (treasurer) for the province of Kabul. Due to his astute skills at conducting business he quickly rose through the ranks of the high administrative officials. For his excellent work he was awarded the title of ‘‘Itimad-ud-Daula‘‘ (‘Pillar of the State’) by the emperor.<ref name="Chandra4"/> As a result of his work and promotions, Ghiyas Beg was able to ensure that Mehrunnisa (the future Nur Jahan) would have the best possible education. She became well versed in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. She also became well versed in [[art]], [[literature]], [[music]] and [[dance]].<ref name="Nath 1990 66"/>
[[File:I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra.jpg|right|thumb|[[Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb|Mirza Ghiyas Beg's tomb]] in [[Agra]]]]

Ghiyas' daughter, Mihr-un-Nissa Begum (later [[Nur Jahan]]) married Akbar's son Jahangir in 1611, and his son [[Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan]] served as a general to Jahangir and as a grand vizier to his successor [[Shah Jahan]].

Ghiyas was also the grandfather of [[Mumtaz Mahal]] (originally named Arjumand Banu, daughter of [[Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan]]), the wife of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]], responsible for the building of the [[Taj Mahal]]. Jahangir was succeeded by his son Shah Jahan, and Abdul Hasan served as one of Shah Jahan's closest advisors. Shah Jahan married Abdul Hasan's daughter [[Mumtaz Mahal|Arjumand Banu Begum]], Mumtāz Mahal, who was the mother of his four sons, including his successor [[Aurangzeb]]. Shah Jahan built the [[Taj Mahal]] to serve as Mumtaz Mahal's tomb.

== Death and burial ==
Mirza Ghiyas Beg died near [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] in 1621 while the Mughal camp was moving towards its summer residence in [[Kashmir]]. His body was carried back to Agra and buried on the left bank of the [[Yamuna river]], where the [[Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah|Tomb of I'timad-ud-Daulah]] stand to this day.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Agra beyond the Taj: Exploring tombs and gardens on the left bank of Yamuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agra-beyond-the-taj-exploring-tombs-and-gardens-on-the-left-bank-of-yamuna/cid/2031729 |access-date=18 July 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Banks Findley|first=Ellison|date=11 Feb 1993|title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Nur Jahan : Empress of Mughal India|isbn=9780195074888}}
* {{cite book|last=Gold|first=Claudia|title=Queen, Empress, Concubine: Fifty Women Rulers from Cleopatra to Catherine the Great |year=2008 |publisher=Quercus |location=London|isbn=978-1-84724-542-7}}
* Keay, John (2000). ''India: A History''. Grove Press, New York.
* {{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Ruby |title=The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan |date=2018 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-35767-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Nath|first=Renuka|title=Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D.|year=1990|publisher=Inter-India Publ. |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788121002417}}
* {{cite book |last=Pant |first=Chandra |title=Nur Jahan and Her Family |location=Allahabad |publisher=Dandewal Publishing House |date=1978}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = GĪĀṮ BEG, ʿEʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA | last = Shokoohy | first = Mehrdad | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gia-beg- | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 6 | pages = 594–595 | location = | publisher = | year = 2001 | isbn = }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghiyas Beg, Mirza}}
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tehran]]
[[Category:1622 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century births]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Mohammad Nurul Haque

2026-02-13T22:05:24Z

Alaminsorker:

{{short description|Bangladesh Awami League politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{distinguish|Muhammad Nurul Haque}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Nurul Huq
| native_name = মোহম্মদ নূরুল হক
| native_name_lang = bn
| office = Member of the 3rd [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| constituency = [[Meherpur-2]]
| term_start = 7 May 1986
| term_end = 3 March 1988
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Bazlul Huda]]
| birth_date = 1 August 1915
| birth_place = [[Gangni Upazila|Mohammadpur]], [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]], [[Nadia district]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|8|27|1915|8|1|df=y}}
| death_place = Mohammadpur, [[Meherpur District]], Bangladesh
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| parents =
| relations =
| children =
| office2 = Member of the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]]
| termstart2 = 1970
| termend2 = 1971
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| education = [[Edward College, Pabna]] [[Meherpur Government High School|Meherpur High School]]
}}
'''Mohammad Nurul Haque''' ({{langx|bn|মোহম্মদ নূরুল হক}}; 1 August 1915 – 27 August 1998) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a retired officer of the [[British Indian Army]] and the [[Pakistan Army]]. He was elected a member of the East Pakistan Provincial Council in 1970 and elected to parliament from [[Meherpur-2]] in 1986.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2014-03-23-11-53-31 |script-title=bn:৩য় জাতীয় সংসদ সদস্য তালিকা (বাংলা) |last= |first= |date= |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-18 |access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.meherpur.gov.bd/site/page/07b377e9-1c4b-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC |title=Renowned personality of Meherpur District. |last= |first= |date= |website=Bangladesh National Portal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191130172912/http://www.meherpur.gov.bd/site/page/07b377e9-1c4b-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC |archive-date=30 November 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

== Birth and early life ==
Mohammad Nurul Haque was born on 1 August 1915 to the [[Bengali Muslim]] [[Biswas|Bishwas]] family of Mohammadpur, a village in [[Gangni Upazila|Gangni]], [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]], then located in the [[Nadia district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. His parents were Mujibuddin Bishwas and Musammat Zia-un-Nesa. He completed his [[matriculation]] from [[Meherpur Government High School|Meherpur High School]] in 1931 and then studied at the [[Edward College, Pabna]] until 1933. He graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.<ref name=gangni>Gangi Itihas O Aitihya</ref>{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Career ==
Nurul Haque began his career at the postal department at [[Fort William, Calcutta]]. He transferred to the [[British Indian Army|military]] in 1939. After completing a nine-months training programme at the [[Katni district|Katni centre]] in the [[Central Provinces]] of India, he served as a commissioned officer in New Delhi, [[Pune]], [[Lucknow]], [[Bombay]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Lahore]] and other depots. After partition in 1947, Nurul Haque joined the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] but resigned in December of the same year to establish the Haji Bharas Uddin Institution in Hogalbaria-Mohammadpur. He served as its headteacher for 35 years.<ref name=gangni/>

He was elected a member of the East Pakistan Provincial Council Awami League candidate in 1970 and elected to parliament from Meherpur-2 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 1986.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Nurul Haque died on 27 August 1998.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Jatiya Sangsad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf List of 3rd Parliament Members] -[[Jatiya Sangsad]] (In [[Bengali language|Bangla]])

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haque, Mohammad Nurul}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Meherpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Pabna Edward College alumni]]
[[Category:Meherpur Government High School alumni]]

{{Khulna-AL-politician-stub}}

Sriram Adittya

2026-02-12T02:53:24Z

Alaminsorker: Added First Pg Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sriram Adittya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sriram Adittya Turlapati
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]]
| years_active = 2015–present
}}

'''Sriram Adittya''' is an Indian film [[Film director|director]] and screenwriter who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-27|title='Devadas' review: This Nagarjuna-Nani film is funny, but not nuanced enough|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/devadas-review-nagarjuna-nani-film-funny-not-nuanced-enough-89065|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> He made his directorial debut in 2015 with ''[[Bhale Manchi Roju]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=August 7, 2018 |title=Devadas first look: Nani and Nagarjuna are sloshed|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-nagarjuna-film-devadas-first-look-out-1307783-2018-08-07|access-date=2022-01-21|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Bhale Manchi Roju]]''
|{{yes}} || {{yes}}
|Directorial debut
|-
|2017
|''[[Shamantakamani (film)|Shamantakamani]]''
|{{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''
|{{yes}} || {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-14|title=Nani wraps up shooting for 'Devadas'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-wraps-shooting-devadas-88336|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]''
|{{yes}} || {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahesh Babu's nephew Ashok Galla to make acting debut with Sriram Aditya's next; film goes on floors today|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/mahesh-babus-nephew-ashok-galla-to-make-acting-debut-with-sriram-adityas-next-film-goes-on-floors-today/514611|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Manamey]]''
|{{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Sharwanand announces next with Sriram Aditya; Pens heartfelt note on completing 20 years |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sharwanand-announces-next-with-sriram-aditya-pens-heartfelt-note-on-completing-20-years-1211565 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm7807500|name=Sriram Adittya}}
{{Sriram Adittya}}

[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Chennai Port

2026-02-04T20:52:25Z

Alaminsorker: starting a article.

{{Short description|Container port in India}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Port
| name = Chennai Port
| image = Madras Port In 1996.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Chennai Port in 1996
| country = India
| location = [[Chennai]] (Madras)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.08441|N|80.2899|E|display=title,inline}}
| locode = IN MAA
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1881}}
| operated = Chennai Port Trust
| owner = Chennai Port Trust, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, [[Government of India]]
| type = Coastal breakwater, artificial, large seaport
| sizewater = {{convert|169.97|ha|abbr=on}}
| sizeland = {{convert|237.54|ha|abbr=on}}
| size = {{convert|407.51|ha|abbr=on}}
| berths = 27
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees = 2,846 (2023-24)<ref name="Chennai Port">{{cite web | url = https://chennaiport.gov.in/api/static/default/inner_content/ar270325.pdf | title = Administration Report 2023-24 | publisher = chennaiport.gov.in. | date = 29 October 2024| access-date = 29 October 2024}}</ref>
| leadershiptitle = Chairman
| leader = Shri Sunil Paliwal, I.A.S.
| blankdetailstitle1 = Main trades
| blankdetails1 = Automobiles, motorcycles and general industrial cargo including iron ore, granite, coal, fertilizers, petroleum products, and containers '''Major exports:''' Iron ore, leather, cotton textiles, Automobiles '''Major imports:''' Wheat, raw cotton, machinery, iron & steel
| blankdetailstitle2 = World Port Index Number
| blankdetails2 = 49450<ref>{{cite web
|title=World Port Index Eighteenth Edition (2005), Pub.150
|publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, Maryland
|url=http://www.captaingreg.net/pdf/prinavpub-150.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402111721/http://www.captaingreg.net/pdf/prinavpub-150.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 April 2012
|access-date=22 October 2011
}}</ref>
| blankdetailstitle3 = UN/LOCODE
| blankdetails3 = INMAA
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage = {{increase}} 51.60 Million (2023–24) <ref name="Chennai Port"/>
| containervolume = {{increase}} {{formatnum:1589540}} [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] (2023–24) <ref name="Chennai Port"/>
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic = {{decrease}} 58,257 (2023–24) <ref name="Chennai Port"/>
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1051.67|c}} (2023–24) <ref name="Chennai Port"/>
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|116.21|c}} (2023–24) <ref name="Chennai Port"/>
| blankstatstitle1 = Vessels handled
| blankstats1 = 2,675 (2023-24) <ref name="Chennai Port"/>
| blankstatstitle2 =
| blankstats2 =
| blankstatstitle3 =
| blankstats3 =
| website = [https://www.chennaiport.gov.in/ www.chennaiport.gov.in]
}}

'''Chennai Port''', formerly known as '''Madras Port''', is the second largest [[container port]] of India, behind [[Mumbai]]'s Jawaharlal Nehru Port also known as [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Nhava Sheva]]. The port is the largest one in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is the third-oldest port among the 12 major ports of India with official port operations beginning in 1881, although [[Maritime transport|maritime trade]] started much earlier in 1639 on the undeveloped shore. It is an artificial and all-weather port with [[Dock (maritime)|wet docks]]. Once a major travel port, it became a major container port in the [[Post-independence History of India|post-Independence era]]. An established port of trade of [[British India]] since the 1600s, the port remains a primary reason for the economic growth of [[Tamil Nadu]], especially for the manufacturing boom in [[South India]], and has contributed greatly to the development of the city of [[Chennai]].<ref name="TOI_CenturyOldStoriesWashUp"/> It is due to the existence of the port that the city of [[Chennai]] eventually became known as the ''Gateway of South India''.

The port has become a hub port for containers, cars and project cargo in the [[Coromandel Coast|east coast of India]]. From handling a meagre volume of cargo in the early years of its existence, consisting chiefly of imports of oil and motors and the export of groundnuts, granite and ores, the port has started handling more than 60 million tonnes of cargo in recent years. In 2008, the port's container traffic crossed 1 million [[twenty-foot equivalent units]] (TEUs). As of 2011, the Chennai Port was ranked the 86th largest container port in the world with plans to expand the capacity to about 140 million tonnes per annum.<ref>{{cite conference
| title = Chennai
| book-title = CS Top 100 Container Ports 2010
| pages = 69
| publisher = Cargo Systems
| date = August 2010
| url = http://content.yudu.com/A1oyq4/CSTop100Aug10/resources/44.htm
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2011|title=Chennai Port capacity to be expanded with Rs. 100 billion|newspaper=The Siasat Daily|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/chennai-port-capacity-be-expanded-rs100-billion-157369/|access-date=23 October 2011}}</ref> It is an [[ISO]] 14001:2004 and [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code|ISPS]]-certified port and has become a main line port having direct connectivity to more than 50 ports around the world.

==History==

=== Before the 1800s ===
[[File:KITLV 92070 - Unknown - Port at Madras, India, seen from the lighthouse - Around 1870.tif|thumb|210px|The port around 1870]]
Although the settlement of Madras did not form until after the mid-17th century, the region surrounding the present-day port remained an important center for military, administrative, and economic activities since the 1st century CE under various South Indian dynasties, namely, the [[Pallava]], the [[Pandya]], the [[Chola]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] empires.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1908, Vol 16, pp. 247–248</ref> Chief among them was the Pallava dynasty, which reigned from the 6th to 9th centuries CE. The ancient town of [[Mylapore]], known to [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] traders as "Meliapor", was an important port of the Pallavas and is now part of Chennai.

[[File:Madras city and harbor in the 1910s.JPG|thumb|210px|The harbour as viewed from the city in the 1910s]]

The region also attracted many distant civilisations, with the Christian [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostle]] [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/thomas.html |title=Saint Thomas the Apostle |publisher=D. C. Kandathil |access-date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606161624/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/thomas.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="missick">Stephen Andrew Missick (2000). [http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India.] Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. '''XIV'''.2 pgs. 34-61. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227170937/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf|date=27 February 2008}}.</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://nasrani.net/2007/02/16/references-about-the-apostolate-of-saint-thomas-in-india-records-of-indian-tradition-of-thomas-statements/
|title=Early references about the Apostolate of Saint Thomas in India, Records about the Indian tradition, Saint Thomas Christians & Statements by Indian Statesmen
|date=16 February 2007
|publisher=Nasrani Syrian Christians Network
|access-date=27 October 2009}}
</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Saint Thomas (Christian Apostle)|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592851/Saint-Thomas|access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref> In 1522, the Portuguese built the São Tomé harbour, named after St. Thomas, on the site of today's port and the São Tomé church on the grave of Saint Thomas. The following years saw the arrival of other Europeans, namely, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] arriving at [[Pulicat]] in 1613 and the British arriving in 1639. In 1639, the [[British East India Company]] bought a three-mile long strip of land lying along the coast between the [[Cooum]] delta and the Egmore River encompassing an area of about five square kilometres from the Vijayanagara King [[Peda Venkata Rayalu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/08/21/stories/2006082100560500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227143540/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/08/21/stories/2006082100560500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2007|title=Founders' Day, Madras |author=[[S. Muthiah]]|date=21 August 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 January 2009}}</ref> Soon obtaining permission from the regional ruler, Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, the British built a warehouse and factory on the site, and in 1640, the British expanded the occupation by building the [[Fort St. George]] and establishing a colony on the site of the future port of Madras.<ref name="oldentimeIp26">Madras in the Olden Time, Vol I, p. 26</ref>

In 1746, under the leadership of Admiral [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|La Bourdonnais]], French forces captured and plundered Madras, the fort and surrounding villages. However, they returned the town along with the port to the British under the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] in 1748.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11186/Treaty-of-Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]</ref><ref>Sosin, Jack M., "Louisburg and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748," ''[[William and Mary Quarterly|The William and Mary Quarterly]].'' Third Series, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct. 1957): 516–535</ref> The British then strengthened the fort to defend the port not only from the French but also from the increasingly powerful [[Tipu Sultan|Sultan of Mysore]] and other regional rulers.<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of the British army, Volume 3|first=John William|last=Fortescue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA546|publisher=Macmillan|year=1902|pages=431–432}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
[[File:Madras view from the harbor 1895.png|thumb|210px|A view from the Madras harbour in 1895]]
[[File:Bombardment of Madras by S.S. Emden 1914.jpg|thumb|left|Oil tanks on fire in the Madras Harbour following the bombardment by German light cruiser ''[[SMS Emden|Emden]]'' on 22 September 1914]]
By the late 18th century, most of the southern region of India had been conquered by the British and Madras was established as the capital of the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="oldentimeI">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Madras in the Olden Time]], Vol I, pp. 281–282</ref> During this period, the port flourished under the British rule, becoming an important naval base and urban center. A port at Madras was first suggested by [[Warren Hastings]] in 1770 when he was posted here, who later became the first Governor General of India.<ref name="TOI_CenturyOldStoriesWashUp"/><ref name="CityFromTheSea">{{cite news
| title = City from the sea
| location = Chennai

| date = 5 September 2011
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/City-from-the-sea/articleshow/9865209.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120502144400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-05/chennai/30115049_1_chennai-port-madras-port-trust-rohini-rau
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 2 May 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 24 November 2011}}</ref> However, it was not until the 1850s that work began on a pier to berth vessels following suggestions from the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Till 1815, it was an open roadstead and exposed sandy coast, swept by occasional storms and monsoons. At the time, the natural harbour was so shallow that ships had to anchor over {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} offshore, and cargo was delivered to and from the shore in [[Masoola boat|masula boats]]<ref>{{cite web
| last = Fiebig
| first = Frederick
| title = Masula boat, Madras
| work = Online Gallery
| publisher = The British Library
| year = 1851
| url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho000000248u00032000.html
| access-date = 27 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Anonymous
| title = Masula boat
| work = Online Gallery
| publisher = The British Library
| year = 1787
| url = http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019jzz0000063c5u00000000.html
| access-date = 27 October 2011}}</ref> and [[catamarans]].<ref name="RMYC"/> Cargo losses were high, close to 90 percent, in addition to pilfering with several goods from the ships often taken to the nearby evening bazaar.<ref name="TOI_CenturyOldStoriesWashUp"/> A {{convert|335|m|abbr=on}} iron-screw pile [[pier]] capable of berthing larger vessels was built perpendicular to the shore in 1861.<ref name="scribdprofile">{{cite web
| title = Profile of Chennai Port Trust
| via = Scribd
| url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/25429462/profile-of-chennai-port-trust
| access-date = 28 October 2011}}</ref> However, the storms of 1868 and 1872 made the initial piers inoperative. In 1875, [[Edward VII]] laid the foundation stone for a new port,<ref name="TOI_CenturyOldStoriesWashUp">{{cite news
| title = Century-old stories wash up on heritage tour of Chennai port
| location = Chennai

| date = 27 August 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-27/chennai/33423875_1_madras-week-celebrations-madras-port-trust-heritage-tour
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-27/chennai/33423875_1_madras-week-celebrations-madras-port-trust-heritage-tour
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 May 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 6 November 2012}}</ref> and the masonry work for L-shaped breakwaters was started in 1876. The northern and southern groynes of the harbour were constructed, to create a still water enclosure that would be unaffected by storm and surf water. However, the groynes collapsed in 1877. The same year, construction of the south pier was commenced with concrete blocks weighing 33 tonnes each brought from [[Pallavaram]],<ref name="TOI_CenturyOldStoriesWashUp"/> and the port started handling ships inside the harbour from 1881. However, again the storm of 12 November 1881 completely washed the almost-completed harbour, breaching over half a mile of breakwater.<ref name="scribdprofile"/> An artificial harbour was then built and the operations were started in 1881, and the pier was rebuilt in 1885, although there was a demand for relocating the entrance. Work on the harbour was completed in 1911.<ref name="CityFromTheSea"/> The Chennai Port Trust has taken the year 1881, the year of rebuilding, as the starting year. The cargo operations were carried out on the northern pier, located on the northeastern side of Fort St. George in Chennai. In the first couple of years the port registered traffic of 300,000 tonnes of cargo handling 600 ships. The first railway line in South India was laid between Madras and Arcot which started operating in 1856. By the late 19th century, the port was well connected to the other two important cities in the British colony, viz. Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]).<ref name = Hurd>{{cite book |last=Hurd |first=John |editor= Kerr, Ian J. |title= Railways in Modern India |year= 2005 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= New Delhi |isbn= 0-19-567292-5 |pages= 147–172–96 |chapter= Railways}}</ref> In 1904, a new northeastern entrance was added to control siltation in the basin, after closing the original eastern entrance. The port's quays (berths) were constructed at different periods—the South Quay I in 1913, the five west quay berths between 1916 and 1920, the north quay in 1931 and the South Quay II in 1936, in the Inner Harbour, later christened Dr. Ambedkar Dock.<ref name="scribdprofile"/> Chennai was the only Indian city to be [[Bombardment of Madras|attacked]] by the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Central Powers]] during [[World War I]]<ref name="Bennet">''Naval Battles of the First World War'', Capt. Geoffrey Bennet, Penguin Books, reprint 2001</ref> when a German cruiser, {{SMS|Emden|1908|6}}, shelled the oil depot within the port belonging to the [[Burmah Oil Company]] and raided vessels in 1914 disrupting trade, resulting in the death of at least 5 sailors.<ref name="TOI_CenturyOldStoriesWashUp"/> Other than Calcutta, which was practically taken over by the American army,<ref>{{cite book|title=CALCUTTA PORT : AGELESS ANNALS – Reflections in Print and Memory|date=2010|publisher=KOLKATA PORT TRUST|location=KOLKATA|page=221}}</ref> Chennai port was the only other operational one in eastern waters during the Second World War.<ref name="RMYC">{{cite news
| last = Sreevatsan
| first = Ajai
| title = Booming Chennai has a lot to do with port
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 5 September 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article2425907.ece
| access-date = 27 October 2011}}</ref> In 1911, the Royal Madras Yacht Club (RMYC), which is based within the Chennai Port premises, was founded by [[Francis Spring|Sir Francis Joseph Edward Spring]], the first chairman on the Madras Port Trust who was responsible for Chennai becoming a trading hub, especially during World War II.<ref name="CityFromTheSea"/><ref name="RMYC"/> In 1916, the harbour office building was constructed.<ref name="scribdprofile"/>
[[File:SMS Emden Plague.JPG|thumb|left|A plaque near Madras High Court]]

From 1905 to 1919, major improvements took place in the port under the stewardship of the visionary [[Francis Spring|Sir Francis Spring]]. Being an artificial harbour, the port was vulnerable to [[cyclone]]s and accretion of sand inside the basin due to [[Ocean current|underwater currents]], which reduced the draft. To charter the course of the port development, Spring, who assumed charge as the chief engineer of the port in 1906, drew a long-term plan in a scientific manner to overcome challenges, both artificial and natural. The shifting of the entrance of the port from eastern side to the northeastern side protected the port to a large extent from the natural vulnerabilities. By this time, the port covered an area of 400 acres.<ref name="TOI_CenturyOldStoriesWashUp"/> By the end of 1920, the port had a dock consisting of four berths in the west quays, one each in the east and south quay along with the transit sheds, warehouses and a marshalling yard to facilitate the transfer of cargo from land to sea and vice versa. In 1929, the Mercantile Marine Department, which was working directly under the Ministry of Shipping till the establishment of the Directorate General of Shipping at Mumbai in 1949, was established to implement the first SOLAS and Load Line conventions.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Mercantile Marine Department, Chennai
| publisher = Directorate General of Shipping
| url = http://www.dgshipping.com/dgship/final/chn_mmd1.HTM
| access-date = 9 October 2011}}</ref> Additional berths were added in the 1940s with a berth at south quay and another between WQ2 and WQ3. The year 1946 saw the establishment of the Port Health Organisation.<ref name="PHOEstablishment"/> In 1947, when India gained independence, Chennai became the capital of the [[Madras State]], renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1969.

=== Post-Independence ===
[[File:Entrance of the Chennai Port in Chennai 03.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the Chennai Port]]
Post-[[Partition of India|Independence]], the development of the port gained momentum. In 1959, a passenger station on the first floor of the transit shed at north quay was commissioned. In 1961, construction of signal station at north quay was completed.<ref name="scribdprofile"/> In the same year, the port's Jawahar Dock was inaugurated by the then prime minister of India, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. In 1964, the Jawahar dock with capacity to berth 6 vessels to handle dry bulk cargoes such as coal, iron ore, fertiliser and non-hazardous liquid cargoes was created on the southern side changing the topography of the port. To handle vessels with as much as {{convert|16.2|m|abbr=on}} draft, the port developed the outer harbour, named Bharathi Dock, for handling petroleum in 1972 and for mechanised handling of iron ore in 1974. In 1972, the first oil jetty was constructed at Bharathi Dock-I capable of handling tankers up to 100,000 DWT to handle imports of crude oil destined for the Manali Oil Refinery (later named the [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited]]).<ref name="CPT_FacilitiesAtPort"/> In 1974, the iron ore berth was added to the port for exports to Japan and other countries in the Far East. The second oil jetty was added at Bharathi Dock-III in 1986 capable of handling tankers up to 140,000 DWT to meet increasing demands for crude oil and petroleum products.<ref name="CPT_FacilitiesAtPort"/> The iron ore terminal is equipped with mechanised ore-handling plant commissioned in 1977 at Bharathi Dock-II capable of handling ore carriers of maximum size 1,45,000 DWT, one of the three such facility in the country, with a capacity of handling 8 million tonnes and a loading rate of 6,000 tonnes per hour.<ref name="CPT_FacilitiesAtPort"/> The port's share of iron ore export from India is 12 percent. The dedicated facility for oil led to the development of oil refinery in the hinterland. This oil terminal is capable of handling [[Suezmax]] vessels.<ref name="Hindu_LargeCarrierDocks"/>

In the 1970s, containerisation started in India in a limited way with the creation of interim container handling facilities at Mumbai and Cochin ports in 1973.<ref name="PerformanceOfMajorPort">{{cite web
| title = Performance of Major Port
| publisher = Ministry of Shipping, Government of India
| url = http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/l892s/PerformanceofMajorPorts-24060860.pdf
| access-date = 22 October 2011
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During the same period, Chennai Port began handling containerised cargoes. In 1983, a container terminal was built at the Bharathi Dock with a {{convert|380|m|adj=on}} quay, a {{convert|51000|m2|adj=on}} container yard, and a {{convert|6000|m2|adj=on}} container freight station, which was commissioned by the then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 18 December 1983 as the country's first dedicated container terminal facility. The terminal was provided with tow-shore cranes and other shore facilities. In 1991, the port's container terminal quay was lengthened by {{convert|220|m|abbr=on}} with two additional tow shore cranes. In November 2001, the container terminal and back-up area was privatised through a 30-year concession with Chennai Container Terminal Private Limited. Continually increasing container traffic resulted in another {{convert|285|m|adj=on}} extension of the quay in 2002, bringing the total berth length to {{convert|885|m|adj=off}}.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Raman
| first = T M A
| title = Chennai Port Trust to invite BOT bids for container berth expansion
| newspaper = Express India
| date = 23 December 1999
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19991223/fin23072.html
| access-date = 28 October 2011}}</ref> During 2008–09, the port recorded a 17.2-percent share of container traffic in India. Having the capability of handling fourth-generation vessels, the terminal is ranked among the top 100 container ports in the world.<ref name="TFE_ChairmanInterview"/> To meet the demand in container handling, the port is added with the second container terminal with a capacity to handle 1.5 million TEUs. The port is also planning a mega container terminal, capable of handling 4 million TEUs per annum expected to be operational from 2013, when the first phase of the project will be completed. The full project will be completed by 2017.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Mega container terminal for Chennai port approved
| newspaper = Thaindian News
| date = 12 October 2010
| url = http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/mega-container-terminal-for-chennai-port-approved_100443423.html
| access-date = 29 October 2011}}</ref>

When the city of Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996, the Madras Port Trust followed suit and was renamed as Chennai Port Trust. In 2000, the port began to handle pure-car-carrier shipments of automobiles. In 2003, the 200 m naval berth was given for 30-year lease.<ref name="scribdprofile"/> The [[Indian Ocean tsunami|2004 tsunami]] devastated the shores of the port, taking many lives and permanently altering the coastline.

==Location and geography==
{{See also|Geography of Chennai}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" align=right
|-
! Tide
! Height (m)<ref name="ShorelineManagementPlanForEnnore"/>
|-
| Highest high water level (HHWL) || 1.50
|-
| Mean high water spring (MHWS) || 1.10
|-
| Mean high water neap (MHWN) || 0.80
|-
| Mean sea level (MSL) || 0.54
|-
| Mean low water neap (MLWN) || 0.40
|-
| Mean low water spring (MLWS) || 0.10
|-
| Indian springs low water level (CD) || 0.00
|-
| Mean spring range || 1.00
|-
| Mean neap range || 0.40
|}

Chennai Port lies on a flat coastal plain known as the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] on the east coast of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian peninsula]] known as the [[Coromandel Coast]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The bed slope is fairly flat. The port is situated on the [[thermal equator]] and is also coastal, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The climate is tropical, specifically [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry]], and for most of the year, the weather is hot and humid, with temperatures ranging from a maximum of 42 °C in May to a minimum of 18 °C in January. The mean minimum temperature is 18 °C in January and 26.8 °C in May. The mean highest temperature is 29.3 °C in December and 39.6 °C in May. The port gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds, from mid-September to mid-December. Occasionally, cyclones in the Bay of Bengal hit the coast. The average annual rainfall in the region is about 1298.11 mm, with 443.5 mm during southwest monsoon (June–September), 753.1 mm during northeast monsoon (October–December), 37.3 mm during winter season (January–February) and 64.2 mm during hot weather (March–May). The monthly average varies from 7 mm in April to 308 mm in November. Humidity ranges from 63 to 83 percent during January–March, from 57 to 72 percent during April–June and from 70 to 81 percent during October–December.

The tides in the port area are [[semi-diurnal]] in nature, that is, occurrence of two high and two low waters every day. The [[spring tide]]s are up to {{convert|1.2|m|abbr=on}}. The mean tidal range varies from 0.914 m to 1.219 m at spring and from 0.805 m to 0.610 m at [[neap tide]]s.<ref name="DPWorldTerminalInfrastructure">{{cite web
|title=DP World Chennai, Terminal Infrastructure
|publisher=DP World, Chennai
|url=http://www.dpworldchennai.com/php/contentManagement.php?categoryId=68
|access-date=29 October 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327002015/http://www.dpworldchennai.com/php/contentManagement.php?categoryId=68
|archive-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> The change in water levels combined due to [[astronomical tide]], [[wind setup]], [[wave setup]], [[barometric pressure]], [[seiches]] and [[global sea level rise]] are estimated as 1.57 m, 1.68 m and 1.8 m at 15 m, 10 m and 5 m depth contours, respectively.<ref name="ShorelineManagementPlanForEnnore"/> Waves ranging from 0.4 m to 2.0 m in the deep water around Chennai harbour have been experienced with the predominant being 0.4 m to 1.2 m with wave periods predominantly in the order of 4 to 10 seconds. During cyclone season, waves of height exceeding 2.5 m are common. The predominant wave directions during southwest and northeast monsoons are 145° from north and 65° from north, respectively.<ref name="PIM_RoRoTerminal"/>

[[File:Chennai port and Georgetown.jpg|thumb|left|390px|Chennai Port from the air]]
The most prevailing winds in the region are the southwesterly between April and October<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2402/es2402page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization |title=NASA climate data visualized |publisher=Classzone.com |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> and the northeasterly during the rest of the year. The predominant wind direction is mostly from W and SW direction during the rainy season and SW and NW during post-monsoon month. However, during January to March, winds from NE and E direction are predominant. During the northeast monsoon, that is, between October and January, the direction of wind is generally NE and NNE. During depressions in northeast monsoon, the wind velocity goes up to 50 km/h and up to 105 km/h during cyclones of duration 2 to 3 days. Gusts of 160 km/h have been occasionally experienced. During southwest monsoon between March and September, the wind blows predominantly from the south. During June, July and August, strong wind is experienced from southwest direction in mornings, from south during afternoons, and from southeast during nights. Wind direction is between 153° and 263° relative to the north, and the wind speed varies from 2 to 12 m/s.<ref name="PIM_RoRoTerminal"/>

Situated on a coast that constitutes chiefly of sandy shelving [[Breaking wave|breaker]]-swept beaches, the region surrounding the port falls under [[Seismic hazard|Seismic Zone III]] indicating a moderate risk of earthquake.<ref>{{cite news
| last = John
| first = Ekatha Ann
| title = Disaster body for panel to monitor highrises in Chennai
| location = Chennai

| date = 29 September 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Disaster-body-for-panel-to-monitor-highrises-in-Chennai/articleshow/16596651.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130429200323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/chennai/34162823_1_ndma-cmda-highrise-buildings
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 29 April 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 1 October 2012}}</ref> The port was developed into the sea by reclaiming land as there is no sheltered harbour. The depth of the [[Draft (hull)|draft]] is up to 17 m, and the soil in the entrance channel is predominantly sandy and silt. The port is bordered by the [[Cooum]] delta in the south and [[Royapuram fishing harbour]] in the north. Visibility in the harbour region is good throughout the year and low visibility is commonly associated with heavy rains during the northeast monsoon.

Historically, the port was responsible for the shoreline changes in the region, where the area south of the port has accreted significantly, resulting in the formation of the [[Marina Beach]], whereas the coast in the northern region has undergone severe erosion.<ref name="WasteLoadAllocationNorthChennaiWaters"/><ref name="ObservingOurEnviron">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81|title=Observing Our Environment from Space – New Solutions for a New Millennium: Proceedings of the 21st EARSel Symposium, Paris, France, 14–16 May 2001|author=EARSeL|year=2002|isbn=90-5809-254-2|publisher=A. A. Balakema}}</ref> Ever since the harbour was constructed, the coast north of the harbour has been experiencing erosion at the rate of about 8 m annually. The shoreline has recessed by about 1,000 m with respect to the original shoreline in 1876. It is estimated that 500 m of beach has been lost between 1876 and 1975 and another 200 m between 1978 and 1995. About 350 ha land in the coast north of the port is lost into sea.<ref name="ShorelineManagementPlanForEnnore">{{cite web
| last = Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Project Directorate, Chennai
| title = Shoreline Management Plan for Ennore Coast (Tamilnadu)
| publisher = Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
| date = November 2006
| url = http://www.icmam.gov.in/slmennore.pdf
| access-date = 29 October 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120401221501/http://www.icmam.gov.in/slmennore.pdf
| archive-date = 1 April 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> On the other hand, the area south of the port is increasing 40 sq m every year due to the [[progradation]].<ref name="ObservingOurEnviron"/>

==Traffic growth==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" align="right"
|-
! Year
! Cargo (million tonnes)<ref>{{cite web
| title = Traffic Handled at Major Ports (Last 7 Years) 2004–05 to 2010–11
| publisher = Ministry of Shipping, Government of India
| url = http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/l892s/7yearsTRAFFIC-42175832.pdf
| access-date = 29 October 2011
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
! Cars exported<ref name="PIM_RoRoTerminal">{{cite web
|title=Project Information Memorandum – Development of Ro-Ro cum Multipurpose Berth and Multilevel Car Park at Chennai Port on DBFOT basis
|publisher=Chennai Port Trust
|date=January 2012
|url=http://www.chennaiport.gov.in/downloads/mp3-2b.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429193035/http://chennaiport.gov.in/downloads/mp3-2b.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-04-29
|access-date=13 April 2012
}}</ref>
|-
| 2000–01 || 41.22 || 5,260
|-
| 2001–02 || 36.12 || 4,635
|-
| 2002–03 || 33.69 || 8,482
|-
| 2003–04 || 36.71 || 39,874
|-
| 2004–05 || 43.80 || 83,121
|-
| 2005–06 || 47.25 || 102,692
|-
| 2006–07 || 53.41 || 114,756
|-
| 2007–08 || 57.15 || 137,971
|-
| 2008–09 || 57.49 || 248,697
|-
| 2009–10 || 61.06 || 273,917
|-
| 2010–11 || 61.46 || 234,762
|-
| 2011–12 || 55.71 || 252,640
|-
| 2012–13 || 53.40 || 272,345
|-
| 2015–16 || 50.06 ||
|-
| 2016–17 || 50.21 ||
|-
| 2017–18 || 51.88 ||
|-
| 2018–19 || 53.01 <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways Annual Report 2019-20|url=http://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Shipping%20Annual%20Report%20English_compressed.pdf|access-date=|website=}}</ref> ||
|-
|2019-20
|46.76 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Administration Report and Annual Accounts with Audit Report and Action Taken Notes 2019-20|url=https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Chennai.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705040704/https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Chennai.pdf|archive-date=July 5, 2021|website=Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways}}</ref>
|
|-
|2020-21
|43.55 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Port of Chennai Annual Accounts|url=https://www.chennaiport.gov.in/sites/all/themes/nexus/files/pdf/DOWNLOADS/ar21.pdf|website=Administration Report 2020-21}}</ref>
|
|-
|2021-22
|48.56<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2021-22 |url=https://www.chennaiport.gov.in/sites/all/themes/nexus/files/pdf/DOWNLOADS/ar23.pdf |website=Port of Chennai}}</ref>
|
|}

From 1881 to 1945, the cargo handled in Madras port varied from 0.5 million tonnes to 1 million tonnes. By 1979–80, the traffic touched 10 million tonnes and increased to 15 million tonnes in 1984–85. By 1991–92, the volume was 25 million tonnes, touching 41 million tonnes in 2000–01. Though there was a slump in the next three years, mainly due to the transfer of about 9 million tonnes of thermal coal to the [[Ennore Port]],<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai port handles 30 million tonnes of cargo in 10 days
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 February 2004
| url = http://hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405070500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040324040908/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405070500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 24 March 2004
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 29 October 2011}}</ref> the port recovered to handle 47.25 million tonnes in 2005–06. In 2009–10, the port handled 61.06 million tonnes of cargo against 57.49 million tonnes in 2008–09 marking an increase of 6.20 percent and has set a target to handle 75 million tonnes in 2011–12 and 100 million tonnes in 2015–16. In 2010–11, the port handled 61.46 million tonnes, a 0.66 percent increase over the previous fiscal.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sanyal
| first = Santanu
| title = Major ports traffic at 569.9 mt in 2010–11; post meagre 1.57% growth
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 5 April 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article1602360.ece
| access-date = 29 October 2011}}</ref> The target set for the port for 2010–11 is 65.51 million tonnes against a target of 64.00 million tonnes during the previous fiscal.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Traffic Targets
| publisher = Ministry of Shipping, Government of India
| url = http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/l892s/69638610-Traffic%20Targets.pdf
| access-date = 29 October 2011
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The terminal's throughput has increased from around 829,000 TEUs in 2006 to around 1.19 million TEUs in 2008.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Manoj
| first = P.
| title = Container cargo traffic at major Indian ports rises 19% in 2008
| newspaper = livemint.com
| date = 9 April 2008
| url = http://www.livemint.com/2008/04/09232040/Container-cargo-traffic-at-maj.html
| access-date = 29 October 2011}}</ref> Crane productivity has been improved from 22 moves per hour per quay crane in 2006 to over 27 in 2009.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Narasimhan
| first = T.E.
| title = Tariff authority orders 35 pc cut in terminal charges
| newspaper = Business Standard
| date = 12 May 2011
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tariff-authority-orders-35-pc-cut-in-terminal-charges/435219/
| access-date = 29 October 2011}}</ref> The port annually handles nearly 20 million tonnes of both coal (8 million tonnes) and iron ore (12 million tonnes).<ref>{{cite news
| last = Simhan
| first = T. E. Raja
| title = Chennai port ordered to stop handling polluting coal, iron ore
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 11 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2009687.ece
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref>

During 2009–10, the container traffic from the first terminal reached 1.216 million TEUs against 1.14 million TEUs in the previous fiscal. In 2010–11, this increased to 1.523 million TEUs, a 25 percent growth over the previous year. The second terminal handled over 300,000 TEUs during the calendar year 2010—up from 26,000 TEUs handled in the 3 months of operations since start up in 2009.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Simhan
| first = T.E. Raja
| title = 2010–11, bumper year for Chennai port container traffic
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 22 April 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article1718515.ece
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref> The car exports from this port touched 273,917 units in 2009–10, 10.14 percent more than the previous year's 248,697 units, despite the recession.

The annual growth for container volumes handled by the Chennai port during the last 5 years till 2009–10 was 13 to 14 percent, while the average annual container growth in Indian ports is in the order of 8 percent. The growth increased to 25 percent during 2010–11, the largest growth rate among the top three container ports comprising [[JNPT]], Chennai and [[Tuticorin Port Trust|Tuticorin]].<ref>{{cite news| title =An Indian first| newspaper =Port Strategy| date =8 June 2011| url =http://www.portstrategy.com/insight-and-opinion101/post-script/An-Indian-first| access-date =6 November 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111005060921/http://www.portstrategy.com/insight-and-opinion101/post-script/An-Indian-first| archive-date =5 October 2011}}</ref> This is primarily due to capacity addition with the second terminal commencing operations coupled with new services starting to call the Chennai port.

The port currently has the capacity to handle 3,000,000 TEUs and with the commissioning of the third mega container terminal being planned, the capacity would go up to 8,000,000 TEUs.

Due to excessive pollution from coal dust, the port for a brief period of time suspended shipping food grain. However, following the transfer of coal shipments to the neighbouring Ennore Port since 2002, handling of food grain was resumed after about 9 years in 2003. The port hopes to handle 4 million tonnes of food grain annually over the next few years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2012 |title=Have bid for mega-container terminal project at Chennai port: Rajiv Agarwal, Essar Ports |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/have-bid-for-mega-container-terminal-project-at-chennai-port-rajiv-agarwal-essar-ports/articleshow/14295836.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The following table lists the number of vessels handled in the past:<ref>{{cite web
| title = Port of Chennai: Performance Indicators
| publisher = Ministry of Shipping, Government of India
| url = https://www.chennaiport.gov.in/content/performance-indicators
| access-date = 15 December 2020
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Commodity
! 2017–18
! 2018–19
! 2019–20
!2020-21<ref>{{Cite web|title=Port of Chennai {{!}} Annual Accounts|url=https://www.chennaiport.gov.in/sites/all/themes/nexus/files/pdf/DOWNLOADS/ar21.pdf|website=Administration Report 2020-21}}</ref>
|-
| Liquid bulk || 478 || 478 || 430
|385
|-
| Dry bulk || 127 || 120 || 88
|87
|-
| Break bulk || 326 || 325 || 352
|234
|-
| Containers || 669 || 683 || 594
|604
|- class="sortbottom"
| Total || 1,600 || 1,606 || 1,464
|1310
|}

As of 2017, about 800 trailers entered the port on a daily basis.<ref name="Hindu_PortToPepUpCarExp"/>

[[File:Chennai Port panorama.jpg|750px|thumb|center|A panoramic view of the container terminal at the port]]

==Port layout and infrastructure==
[[File:INS Shivalik and INS Betwa at Chennai port during Malabar 2015.jpg|thumb|250px|[[INS Shivalik]] and [[INS Betwa]] docked at the port in 2015]]
[[File:Chennai Port aerial view.jpg|alt=Chennai Port aerial view|thumb|Chennai Port aerial view]]
Chennai port is the second smallest in the country measured by surface area, encompassing only 274 hectares.<ref name="ToBeMajorTransshipmentHub"/> Chennai port area is divided into north, central and south zones and fishing harbours.<ref name="AedesAegyptiSurvey"/> The port has 26 alongside [[Berth (moorings)|berths]], including 21 deep-drafted berths and 2 oil jetties, in the 3 [[Dock (maritime)|docks]], viz., Dr. Ambedkar Dock, Satabt Jawahar Dock, and Bharathi Dock along with the container terminal, and draft ranging from {{convert|12|-|16.5|m|abbr=on}}. Dr. Ambedkar Dock has 12 berths, Jawahar Dock has 6 berths, Bharathi Dock has 3 berths (for oil and iron ore), the container terminal has 3 berths and the moorings has 1 berth. The berths can handle containers as well as liquid and dry bulk and breakbulk cargoes. The approach channel to the port is {{convert|6700|m|abbr=on}} long, and the [[turning basin]] is {{convert|560|m|abbr=on}} in length.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Table 1.3: Topography of Major Ports
| publisher = Ministry of Shipping, Government of India
| url = http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/l892s/Tab3-70151193.pdf
| access-date = 6 November 2011
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A total of 9 channels marks buoys for the approach channel.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Region
! Water spread
! Land area
! No. of berths
|-
| Inner harbour || 218 acres || 413 acres || 16
|-
| Outer harbour || 200 acres || 100 acres || 7
|-
| Total || 418 acres || 513 acres || 23
|}

The Jawahar Dock has six berths with a total length of {{convert|1310|m|abbr=on}} and maximum permissible draft of {{convert|10.4|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}}. All berths are {{convert|218.3|m|abbr=on}}, and half of them have maximum draft of {{convert|10.4|m|abbr=on}}. The dock mainly handles coal, fertiliser, iron ore lumps, pellets, edible oil, and phosperic acid. The Dr. Ambedkar Dock has 13 berths with a total length of {{convert|1676|m|abbr=on}} and maximum permissible drafts from {{convert|8.5|-|12|m|abbr=on}}. The longest berth is {{convert|246|m|abbr=on}} long with maximum draft of {{convert|9.5|m|abbr=on}}. Berth No. 7 is {{convert|198|m|abbr=on}} long with maximum draft of {{convert|8.5|m|abbr=on}}, whereas Berths 8, through 12 are each {{convert|170.6|m|abbr=on}} and have maximum draft of {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}}. Berth 14 is {{convert|179|m|abbr=on}} long with maximum draft of {{convert|9.5|m|abbr=on}}. Berths 18 and 19 are naval berths. The dock has car and cruise terminals and chiefly handles general cargo, cars, granite steel, and food grains. The Bharathi Dock contains three berths with total [[quay]] length of {{convert|917.2|m|abbr=on}}, with berths ranging from {{convert|274.3|m|abbr=on}} in length with maximum permissible draft of {{convert|16.5|to|338.9|m|abbr=on}} in length with maximum draft of {{convert|14.6|m|abbr=on}}. The dock has three terminals, namely, container terminal, iron ore terminal, and oil terminal. It mainly handles containers, iron ore, and POL (petroleum, oil and lubricants).<ref name="scribdprofile"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" align=right
|-
! Dock/Terminal
! No.
! Name of berth
! Type
! Length (m)
! Permissible draft (m)
! Remarks
|-
| Jawahar Dock || 1 || JD-1 || general/Project Cargo || 218.33 || 11.50 || 12.0 m on HW subject to the vessel reducing the draft to permissible draft of the berth below low tide. Transit shed attached
|-
| || 2 || JD-3 || Project Cargo/general || 218.33 || 11.50 || Transit shed attached
|-
| || 3 || JD-5 || Project Cargo/general || 218.33 || 11.50 || Transit shed attached
|-
| || 4 || JD-2 || general/other liquid bulk || 218.33 || 11.50 ||
|-
| || 5 || JD-4 || general/other liquid bulk || 218.33 || 11.00 ||
|-
| || 6 || JD-6 || No operations/berthing vessel || 218.33 || 11.00 ||
|-
|Dr. Ambedkar Dock || 7 || NQ || Passenger/general/other liquid bulk || 198.00 || 8.50 ||
|-
| || 8 || WQ-1 || General/other liquid bulk || 170.60 || 11.00 ||
|-
| || 9 || WQ-2 || General/RO-RO operations || 170.60 || 12.00 ||
|-
| || 10 || CB || General || 170.60 || 12.00 || Transit shed attached
|-
| || 11 || WQ-3 || General || 170.60 || 12.00 ||
|-
| || 12 || WQ-4 || Fertilizer/general || 170.60 || 11.00 || 11 m up to 795 m; 9.5 m up to 810 m
|-
| || 13 || SQ-1 || Fertilizer/general || 246.00 || 9.50 ||
|-
| || 14 || SQ-2 || Fertilizer/general/other liquid bulk || 179.00 || 9.50 ||
|-
| || 15 || 2nd CT-1 || || – || 12.0 ||
|-
| || 16 || 2nd CT-2 || || – || 12.0 ||
|-
| || 17 || 2nd CT-3 || || – || 12.0 ||
|-
| || 18 || Naval Berth North || || 60.00 || 09.00 ||
|-
| || 19 || Naval Berth South || || 140.00 || 12.00 ||
|-
|Bharathi Dock (oil & iron ore) || 20 || BD-1 || Oil || 338.94 || 14.0 ||
|-
| || 21 || BD-3 || Oil || 304.00 || 16.50 || 17.0 m during HW; Between extreme dolphins
|-
| || 22 || BD-2 || Iron ore || 274.32 || 16.50 ||
|-
|Container Terminal || 23 || CT-1 || Containers || 200.00 || 13.40 || Container freight station
|-
| || 24 || CT-2 || Containers || 200.00 || 13.40 || Container freight station
|-
| || 25 || CT-3 || Containers || 200.00 || 13.40 ||
|-
| || 26 || CT-4 || Containers || 285.00 || 13.40 ||
|-
|Approach Channel || || Zone I || || 750.00 || ||
|-
| || || Zone II to Zone VII || || 5950.00 || ||
|-
| || || Turning Circle || || 560.00 || ||
|}

The oil terminals at the port's Bharathi Dock (BD1 and BD3) can accommodate tankers to 100,000 dead weight tonnage (DWT), and a third berth can handle tankers up to {{convert|280.4|m|abbr=on}} and 140,000 DWT. Berth BD1 can accommodate ships to {{convert|108.1|m|abbr=on}} long. The oil terminals have capacity to handle 12 million tons of cargo per year and to pump 3,000 tons of crude oil and 1,000 tons of petroleum products per hour. Each berth is equipped with five marine loading arms, and the berths have pipelines to convey crude oil, white oil, and furnace oil.

The port handles [[Suezmax]] oil tankers (mid-sized cargo vessels) of up to a draft of 17 m at BD3 during day light, high tide as the per the present navigational practice and also during night hours subject to fulfilment of safety considerations on a ship-to-ship basis. As of 2018, the port can handle tankers with a capacity of 150,000 dead weight tonnage (DWT).<ref name="Hindu_LargeCarrierDocks"/>

The iron ore terminal, which can handle 6 million tons per year and can load iron ore at a rate of 6,000 tons per hour, is also located at the Bharathi Dock. Berth BD2 can accommodate ore carriers up to {{convert|280.4|m|abbr=on}} in length. The terminal's separate receiving and shipping lines can function as an interconnected system. The terminal is served by rail lines and includes an ore stock yard with capacity for 544,000 metric tons.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Karnataka ban on iron ore exports hits Chennai
| newspaper = Maritime News
| url = http://bestshippingnews.com/shipping-news/karnataka-ban-on-iron-ore-exports-hits-chennai-port/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191228225334/http://bestshippingnews.com/shipping-news/karnataka-ban-on-iron-ore-exports-hits-chennai-port/
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 28 December 2019
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref>

The container terminal has four berths with a total quay length of {{convert|885|m|abbr=on}} and maximum permissible draft of {{convert|13.4|m|abbr=on}}. With capacity to handle fifth-generation container vessels, three of the four berths are {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} long, and one is {{convert|285|m|abbr=on}} long. The berths are served by seven quay cranes, including five [[Container crane|super-post-Panamax]] and two [[post-Panamax]] cranes, and 24 [[gantry crane]]s. Operated by Chennai Container Terminal Private Limited, the container terminal has capacity for 950,000 TEUs. The container yard has 3,960 ground slots and 240 reefer plug points. The terminal contains 24 container freight stations with warehouse storage and offers 24-hr customs inspection and clearance facilities. The container terminal has direct services to Europe, China, the United States, [[Korea]], [[Thailand]], the [[Mediterranean]] region, and West Africa.<ref name="WPSPortDetails">{{cite web
| title = Port Detail
| publisher = World Port Source
| url = http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/IND_Port_of_Chennai_495.php
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref>

The warehousing and storage capacity available at the port is as follows:<ref name="steelexchangeindia"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Type
! Nos.
! Area (sq.m)
|-
| '''Covered''' || ||
|-
|   Warehouses || 12 || 65,686
|-
|   Transit sheds || 8 || 36,000
|-
|   Covered area for FCI || 6 || 43,450
|-
|   Container freight stations || 2 || 12,600
|-
| '''Open''' || ||
|-
|   Open space || || {{formatnum:325000}}
|-
|   Container parking area || || {{formatnum:130000}}
|}

The port handles a variety of cargo including iron ore, coal, [[granite]], [[fertiliser]]s, [[Petroleum|petroleum products]], containers, [[automobiles]] and several other types of general cargo items. Due to the increase in container traffic, a second container terminal was planned and tender works given to [[Port of Singapore Authority|PSA]] [[Sical Logistics|Sical]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sanjai
| first = P. R.
| title = Chennai port project to go to Singapore
| newspaper = Business Standard
| date = 5 September 2006
| url = http://www.businessstandard.com/india/news/chennai-port-project-to-go-to-singapore/254364/
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref> It has asked for support for a mega container terminal. The terminal would be the first deep-water terminal of its kind in India and would be able to handle ultra-large container ships of 13,000–15,000 TEUs capacity and length exceeding {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Rao
|first=Lalitha
|title=Chennai Port to build Rs 5,500 cr projects
|newspaper=Projects Monitor
|date=14–20 April 2008
|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=15901
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521065841/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=15901
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=21 May 2008
|access-date=6 November 2011 }}</ref> The management of the container terminal was taken over by [[P&O|P&O Ports of Australia]]. This has a volume growth of 20 percent per year and has 59 percent of the market share of South India. It has services to Singapore, [[Malaysia]], Thailand, [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]], Korea, China, Mediterranean, Europe, Australia and the United States.

The port has a current depth of {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}} and is capable of handling fourth-generation vessels up to 150,000 DWT.<ref name="WasteLoadAllocationNorthChennaiWaters">{{Citation
|url=http://www.icmam.gov.in/EnnoreWLA.PDF
|title=Waste Load Allocation & Waster Assimilative Capacity Studies for Ennore Creek & North Chennai Coastal Waters
|publisher=[[National Institute of Ocean Technology]]
|access-date=28 September 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401221353/http://www.icmam.gov.in/EnnoreWLA.PDF
|archive-date=1 April 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> It is going through an expansion and will have a depth of {{convert|18|-|22|m|abbr=on}}, a continuous quay length of {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} and back-up area of around {{convert|100|ha|abbr=on}}. Two new breakwaters for a total length of {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} will be constructed – one as extension of the existing outer arm and the other extending from the fishing harbour breakwater. The consequent silting will reclaim about {{convert|300|ha|abbr=on}} of land. The mega terminal will be built on a {{convert|100|ha|adj=on}} portion of this land.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Simhan
| first = T.E. Raja
| title = Chennai port mega terminal Connectivity still an issue 
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1666891.ece
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref> The terminal will have a continuous quay length of {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} with {{convert|18|-|22|m|abbr=on}} side along draft, capable of handling ultra-large container ships carrying over 15,000 TEUs. This will help it handle the latest generation vessels. Though the port is largely a container port, it has strategic importance as 3 service berths are allotted to the [[Indian Navy]].

The approach channel to the port has two sections—the entrance channel within the protection of outer arm and the outer channel beyond the protection of outer arm. The total length of the entrance channel is 7 km. The width of channel gradually increased from 244 m to 419 m at the bent portion, then maintains a constant width of 305 m. The depth of the inner and the outer channels are 18.6 m and 19.2 m, respectively, below chart datum, with a swell allowances of 3 m.<ref>{{cite web
| title = India—Chennai Port
| publisher = AsiaTradeHub.com
| url = http://www.asiatradehub.com/india/portmadras.asp
| access-date = 6 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111001005050/http://www.asiatradehub.com/india/portmadras.asp
| archive-date = 1 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The entrance is 350 m in Bharathi Dock and 125 m in Dr. Ambedkar Dock. The draught in the navigational channel is maintained by [[dredging]] approximately 1 million cubic metres annually.<ref name="WasteLoadAllocationNorthChennaiWaters"/>

==Terminals==
===Container terminals===
[[File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|A terminal at the Chennai Port]]

The port has two container terminals, run separately by [[DP World]] Pvt. Ltd and Singapore's [[PSA International]] Pte Ltd, with a combined capacity to handle 2.8 million standard containers a year. The two terminals loaded 1.11 million standard containers between April and December 2010, up from 886,000 containers a year earlier. Both the terminals have daily trains to Inland Container Depots (ICDs). There are plans to build a mega container terminal, the third one at the port, with private funds worth {{INR}} 36,860 million.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai Port confirms construction of Rs 3,686 crore mega terminal
| newspaper = Dredging Today
| date = 12 January 2010
| url = http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2010/01/12/chennai-port-confirms-construction-of-rs-3686-crore-mega-terminal/
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Manoj
| first = P.
| title = No takers for mega container terminal at Chennai port
| newspaper = Live Mint
| publisher = LiveMint.com
| date = 29 January 2011
| url = http://www.livemint.com/2011/01/28201929/No-takers-for-mega-container-t.html?atype=tp
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Development of India's First Mega Container Terminal at Chennai Port on BOT Basis|url=http://investingintamilnadu.com/tamilnadu/doc/infra_struct/mega_container_terminal_Chennai_port.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119201859/http://www.investingintamilnadu.com/tamilnadu/doc/infra_struct/mega_container_terminal_Chennai_port.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2010|access-date=6 November 2011}}</ref> The port is served by various container liner services, namely, [[American President Lines|APL]], [[K Line]], [[Maersk|Maersk Line]], [[Mitsui O.S.K. Lines|MOL]], [[Nippon Yusen|NYK]], [[Pacific International Lines|PIL]] and several regional container lines.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Port of Chennai, Container Liner Service
| publisher = World Port Source
| url = http://www.worldportsource.com/shipping/ports/IND_Port_of_Chennai_495.php
| access-date = 7 November 2011}}</ref>

;Chennai Container Terminal
Chennai Container Terminal (CCT) is the first [[container terminal]] in Chennai port built in 1983. The container terminal was privatised in 2001 and is operated by DP World since 30 November 2001 with a capacity of 1.2 million TEUs. CCT is managed under a 30-year [[build-operate-transfer]] agreement set up with the Chennai Port Trust of the Government of India. The terminal is capable of handling fifth-generation vessels up to 6,400 TEU and has direct services to China, West Africa, Europe and the United States. The terminal crossed the "one million TEU" mark in 2007.<ref>{{cite web
| title = DP World Chennai, Welcome
| publisher = DP World Chennai
| url = http://www.dpworldchennai.com/
| access-date = 7 November 2011}}</ref> In 2011, it handled 1.12 million TEUs.<ref name="MPSEZSoleBidderForMegaTerminal"/> It has a [[quay]] length of {{convert|885|m|abbr=on}} and has 4 berths with an alongside depth of {{convert|13.4|m|abbr=on}}, height (ISLW to Top of Cope) of {{convert|34|m|abbr=on}}, channel length of {{convert|6700|m|abbr=on}} and channel depth of {{convert|19.2|m|abbr=on}}. The total terminal area covers 21.1 hectares, and yard stacking area covers {{convert|17|ha}}. The terminal has an on-site rail track.<ref name="DPWorldTerminalInfrastructure"/> It has a berth productivity of 22 moves per hour and an average turnaround of 26 hours. The operator has invested around US$128 million to get new equipment at the terminal. At present, 7 quay cranes with Super Post [[Panamax]] handling capacity and 24 rubber-tyred [[gantry cranes]] (RTGs) form part of the inventory. The operator has also taken over from Chennai Port 4 quay cranes, 10 RTGs, 3 reach stackers, 240 reefer plugs, and 2 top lifters and one empty container handler.<ref name="chportpriv">[http://www.timesb2b.com/shipping/feb2003/spotlight02.html Chennai Port Expansion] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425051326/http://www.timesb2b.com/shipping/feb2003/spotlight02.html |date=25 April 2005 }}</ref> CCT is ranked at the 79th position among the top 100 container terminals in the world.<ref name="DPWorldCEOMessage"/> It is one of the fastest growing terminals in India with a [[Compound annual growth rate|CAGR]] of 20 percent.<ref name="DPWorldCEOMessage"/> It presently has four mainline services with direct connectivity to Mediterranean, Europe, Thailand, Vietnam, China and Korea. The mainline services are complemented by seven weekly feeder services and one coastal service to [[Colombo]], [[Vizag]], [[Penang]], [[Port of Port Klang|Port Klang]], Singapore, [[Yangon]] and [[Port Blair]], respectively. Presently, CCT is connected to 50+ ports worldwide.<ref name="DPWorldCEOMessage">{{cite web
|title=DP World Chennai, CEO's Message
|publisher=DP World, Chennai
|url=http://www.dpworldchennai.com/php/contentManagement.php?categoryId=162&cat=CEO%27s
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511042617/http://www.dpworldchennai.com/php/contentManagement.php?categoryId=162&cat=CEO%27s
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=11 May 2013
|access-date=7 November 2011
}}</ref> A container freight station, with a covered area of {{convert|6500|m2|abbr=on}}, operates within the port offering such services as inspection, LCL de-stuffing and delivery of import cargo. CCT has plans to invest {{INR}} 1 billion to install two quay cranes.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Chennai Container Terminal to invest Rs. 1000 million on cranes
|publisher=port.industry-focus.net
|url=http://port.industry-focus.net/index.php/chennai-port/91-chennai-container-terminal-to-invest-rs1000-million-on-cranes.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213224706/http://port.industry-focus.net/index.php/chennai-port/91-chennai-container-terminal-to-invest-rs1000-million-on-cranes.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 February 2016
|access-date=9 November 2011
}}</ref>

;Chennai International Terminal
[[File:Chennai Port Container terminal.JPG|thumb|right|Chennai International Container Terminal view from the [[Marina Beach]]]]
Chennai International Terminal Pvt Ltd (CITPL) is the second [[container terminal]] that started operations from 22 June 2009 with berths SCB1, SCB2 and SCB3. The build-operate-transfer facility, built at a cost of about US$110 million, is a joint venture between PSA International and Chennai-based Sical Logistics Ltd.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Sical Logistics sells stake in Chennai port
| publisher = Global Supply Chain Council
| date = 22 April 2010
| url = http://www.supplychain.cn/en/art/3607/
| access-date = 9 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004194515/http://www.supplychain.cn/en/art/3607/
| archive-date = 4 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> With {{convert|35|ha|abbr=on}} of yard space and three berths with a total quay length of {{convert|832|m|abbr=on}}, the terminal offers an annual capacity of 1.5 million TEUs. With the addition of 4 post-Panamax quay cranes, capable of lifting two 20-ft containers per move, and 8 RTGs, it now has 7 rail-mounted quay crane (RMQC), 18 RTGs, 6 reach stacker and 120 reefer plugs.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSA Chennai—Equipments|publisher=PSA Chennai|url=http://www.citpl.co.in/equipments.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531083118/http://www.citpl.co.in/equipments.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2009|access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai container terminals gets new cranes
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3287999.ece
| access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref> Once fully commissioned, CITPL would be able to accommodate 8,000-TEU vessels with drafts up to {{convert|15.5|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSA Chennai—Infrastructure|publisher=PSA Chennai|url=http://www.citpl.co.in/infrastructure.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221111601/http://citpl.co.in/infrastructure.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2009|access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Chennai International Terminals
|publisher=PSA – The World's Port of Call
|url=http://www.citpl.co.in/pdf/CITPL-brochure.pdf
|access-date=10 November 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018085331/http://www.citpl.co.in/pdf/CITPL-brochure.pdf
|archive-date=18 October 2012 }}</ref>

===Ro-ro car terminal===
Often called the ''[[Detroit]] of Asia'',<ref name="USDept1997">{{cite book|title=Business America|date=1997|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Devonshire">{{cite book|author=Chris Devonshire-Ellis|title=Doing Business in India|year=2012|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-3-642-27617-0|page=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIx9E5I9LB8C&pg=PA218}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=U.S. International Trade Commission|title=Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30|year=2007|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4578-1829-5|pages=2–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|publisher=Economist Newspaper Ltd.|title=The economist|year=2004|volume=370|issue=8361–8364|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhjQAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Chennai is base to several international car makers, namely, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Co.]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor Co.]], [[Nissan Motors|Nissan Motor Co.]], [[Renault|Renault SA]], [[Daimler AG]] and [[BMW|BMW AG]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Bellman
| first = Eric
| title = A New Detroit Rises in India's South
| newspaper = The Wall Street Journal
| date = 8 July 2010
| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704111704575354853980451636
| access-date = 10 November 2011}}</ref> Car export (mainly [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]) increased by 80.25 percent to touch {{formatnum:248697}} during 2008–09 as against {{formatnum:137971}} in the previous year. The port handled 65 car carriers compared with 40 in the previous year. In 2009, the port shipped nearly 274,000 cars, 10 percent more than the previous year.<ref name="TFE_ChairmanInterview">{{cite news
| last = Venkatraman
| first = Kavitha
| title = Chennai Port plans upgrade to meet growing mkt demand
| newspaper = The Financial Express
| date = 10 July 2010
| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/chennai-port-plans-upgrade-to-meet-growing-mkt-demand/644432/0
| access-date = 28 October 2011}}</ref> The port is now the number one [[ro-ro]] car terminal in the country. After Hyundai, the port have started attracting global manufacturers like [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]], [[Toyota]], and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]. Ford has decided to move exports to Chennai Port by 2010.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Ford to start full exports from Chennai Port next year
| newspaper = The Economic Times
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 August 2009
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-18/news/28449135_1_car-segment-small-car-ford-claims
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104134053/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-18/news/28449135_1_car-segment-small-car-ford-claims
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 January 2013
| access-date = 10 November 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hyundai Cars at the port.jpg|thumb|Hyundai cars lined up for shipment at the Chennai Port]]
Hyundai Motor India is coming up with a first-of-its-kind dedicated [[automobile]] [[Port|terminal]] at the Chennai port. The Chennai port facility is expected to be on the lines of its [[Ulsan]] Port, from where it exports half of [[Korea]]'s 1,500,000 vehicles annually. The export terminal at the Chennai port would cater to its total export target of 300,000 cars, which would be 50 percent of its total production by 2009–10. The company has plans to develop the land into a dedicated terminal to serve as an export base. It is believed that the terminal would basically cater to its export of compact cars from India. The new terminal, coming up at the southern end of the container terminal, would be spread over {{convert|10000|m2|abbr=on}} of land and includes a 300 m long, 30 m wide, and 12 m deep ro-ro berth. It would have two six-storey multi-level dedicated parking yard for 6,000 cars each, estimated at a cost of {{INR}} 400 million, where one ship load of cars can be stacked.<ref>{{cite news| title =Chennai Port to create capacity to facilitate car exports| newspaper =Projects Monitor| date =24 February 2010| url =http://www.projectsmonitor.com/PORT/chennai-port-to-create-capacity-to-facilitate-car-exports| access-date =10 November 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110928130238/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/PORT/chennai-port-to-create-capacity-to-facilitate-car-exports| archive-date =28 September 2011}}</ref> The terminal, being developed at a cost of {{INR}} 800 million, would cater to other car exporters also<ref name="RoroTerminal_MultiLevelPark">{{cite news
|last=Bhattacharya
|first=Pradip
|title=Multi-level car park at Chennai Port to boost auto exports
|newspaper=Projects Monitor
|date=19 October 2009
|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/PORT/multilevel-car-park-at-chennai-port-to-boost-auto-exports
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127173837/http://projectsmonitor.com/PORT/multilevel-car-park-at-chennai-port-to-boost-auto-exports
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 November 2010
|access-date=10 November 2011
}}</ref> and is expected to be completed by the end of 2012.

By 2017, the port handled less than 150,000 cars, chiefly by [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], with [[Nissan]] and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] moving out to the neighbouring Ennore Port.<ref name="Hindu_PortToPepUpCarExp">{{cite news
| last = Anand
| first = N.
| title = Chennai Port to pep up car exports
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 29 October 2017
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/chennai-port-to-pep-up-car-exports/article19939995.ece
| access-date = 29 October 2017}}</ref>

===Cruise terminal===
Chennai Port is the only port on the East Coast of India with a cruise terminal.<ref name="IE_ModernCruiseTerminal"/> Chennai Port is one of the five major ports in the country that have been identified by the Ministry of Shipping for development of cruise terminals, the other four being [[Goa]], [[Kochi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Mangaluru]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Developing Cruise Shipping
| work = MG/AS–PQ1–usq 1185 (Release ID: 77989)
| publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India
| date = 1 December 2011
| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=77989
| access-date = 2 December 2011}}</ref> As of 2018, the port receives an average of 4 to 5 cruise ships annually.<ref name="Hindu_NewCruiseTerminal"/> The port has had passenger and tourist services to [[Burma]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], Singapore, [[Manila]], London, [[Suez]], [[Aden]] and [[Colombo]] for over 100 years. There was regular passenger traffic during the British rule. Per official records, the port had an annual passenger traffic of 60,000 in 1956. In 1959, the port built a dedicated passenger terminal for coastal and cruise vessels. The passenger cruise terminal is located in the West Quay. The Shipping Corporation of India operated regular Chennai–Singapore services till 1984. On an average, 10 international cruise vessels dock in the port each year. The number of tourists visiting the port in 2008–09 was 2,616, which rose to 3,401 in 2009–10.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = City Port to Harbour Cruise Dreams
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai

| date = 8 June 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=More Cruise Ships Favouring Chennai Port
|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle
|publisher=ChennaiBest.com
|url=http://www.chennaibest.com/Articles/More_Cruise_Favours_Chennai.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021134754/http://chennaibest.com/Articles/More_Cruise_Favours_Chennai.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=21 October 2011
|access-date=10 November 2011
}}</ref> The country's first cruise ship, AMET Majesty, is registered in Chennai and started operations from Chennai on 8 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news
| title = India's first cruise ship to visit Chennai on June 8
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 20 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2035450.ece
| access-date = 10 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Fredeick
| first = Prince
| title = Cruising around
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 7 June 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/article2084699.ece
| access-date = 10 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110810081607/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/article2084699.ece
| archive-date = 10 August 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The modernised cruise terminal at the port was inaugurated on 12 October 2018 at a cost of {{INR}} 172.4 million.<ref name="Hindu_NewCruiseTerminal">{{cite news
| title = Chennai Port gets a new cruise terminal
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 13 October 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-port-gets-a-new-cruise-terminal/article25209718.ece
| access-date = 14 October 2018}}</ref> Spread over 2,880 square meters with ground, mezzanine, and first floors,<ref name="IE_ModernCruiseTerminal">{{cite news
| last = Shivakumar
| first = C.
| title = Modernised cruise terminal at Chennai Port to be inaugurated by Union Minister of State for Shipping Pon Radhakrishnan
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 12 October 2018
| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/oct/12/modernised-cruise-terminal-at-chennai-port-to-be-inaugurated-by-union-minister-of-state-for-shipping-1884463.html
| access-date = 14 October 2018}}</ref> the terminal has 10 immigration counters, with plans to increasing it to 20. It is equipped with four escalators and a cafeteria on the mezzanine floor.<ref name="IE_ModernCruiseTerminal"/> It has a capacity to seat 168 passengers on the first floor and 132 on the ground floor, with three-seater airport chairs. The building is powered by a 250-kw solar power panel provided at the rooftop.<ref name="IE_ModernCruiseTerminal"/>

==Operations==
[[File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Bunker Hill is moored pier side in Chennai, India..jpg|thumb|left|USS Bunker Hill is moored pier side at Chennai Port]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" align=right
|-
! Cargo-Handling Equipments
! Total Units
|-
| Locos (diesel) Chittaranjan || 8
|-
| BHEL loco || 10
|-
| Diesel/electric loco || 2
|-
| Mobile cranes || 12
|-
| Fork lift trucks || 55
|-
| Floating crane || 1
|-
| Electrical forklift trucks || 24
|-
| Pay loaders || 7
|-
| Shore electric cranes || 25
|-
| Transfer cranes || 10
|-
| Tractor head || 34
|-
| Container quay cranes (35.5T/40T capacity) || 4
|-
| Toplift trucks (25T and 35T capacity) || 5
|-
| Trailers || 32
|-
| Crawler-mounted cranes || 3
|-
| Empty container handler || 1
|-
| Reach stackers || 3
|-
| 10T/3T FLT || 7
|}

The port handles around 8 million tonnes of coal for clients such as the Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board, Karnataka Power Corporation, cement plants of Tamil Nadu and independent power producers in northern Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh. The coal handling for the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board was transferred to the Ennore Port. In 2005, as part of pollution-control measure, the port has installed wind curtains made of ultraviolet resistant fabric along the harbour's beachfront for over 1.5 km to the east of the coal terminal to prevent wind carrying coal dust into the city at a cost of {{INR}} 3.7 million. In 2008, the port has also installed a semi-mechanised closed coal conveyor system comprising two streams with a capacity of 15 million metric tons/annum and a handling rated capacity of 1,500 metric tons/hour/stream and running for a length of 5 km at two berths, namely, Jawahar Dock IV and VI, at a cost of {{INR}} 430 million to transfer the coal to the individual coal plots at the southern end of the port, from where the cargo will be transported by rail to respective destinations, thus preventing pollution from coal dust and eliminating movement of coal-carrying trucks within the port. The conveyor runs at an elevation of 10–13 m and has provision for longitudinal movement along the road to the plots and transverse movement for stacking coal at individual plots. Coal discharged into the hoppers located at the two docks is conveyed to coal plots through conveyors or tripper cars and is equipped with belt weigher.<ref name="CPT_FacilitiesAtPort">{{Cite web
|last=CPT
|title=Facilities at port
|publisher=Chennai Port Trust
|date=n.d.
|url=http://www.chennaiport.gov.in/Abt_FacilitiesAtPort.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601114627/http://www.chennaiport.gov.in/Abt_FacilitiesAtPort.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=1 June 2008
|access-date=2 October 2011 }}</ref> The conveyor system is expected to remain functional for about 5 years, till Ennore Port is ready to handle coal for all the clients.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Simhan
| first = T.E. Raja
| title = Chennai port to have closed coal conveyor system
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 5 December 2007
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1676597.ece
| access-date = 12 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai Port in pollution promise
| newspaper = Port Technology International
| date = 14 March 2011
| url = http://www.porttechnology.org/news/chennai_port_in_pollution_promise
| access-date = 12 November 2011}}</ref>

Bunkering at the port is currently carried out through the barge jetty in the extreme northern end of the Bharathi Dock. This is a 30 m temporary facility with a draft of 2.5 to 3.0 m. This jetty is used exclusively by [[Indian Oil Corporation]] for bunkering of Navy, Coast Guard, bulk carriers and container ships—both coastal and foreign ships. However, the demand for bunker has outpaced the supply of infrastructure needed for bunkering in recent years.<ref name="NewBargeHandlingFacility"/>

In 2007, a fully automated, round-the-clock helpline for providing information on the ships berthed and waiting, the scale of rates and facilities available at the port, the first of its kind in the country, was established.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Baalu inaugurates Chennai port's helpline
| location = Chennai
| date = 25 January 2007
| url = http://hindu.com/2007/01/25/stories/2007012516360800.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006134035/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/25/stories/2007012516360800.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 October 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 12 November 2011}}</ref> In the same year, the Indian government agreed to lift restrictions on concessionary [[Tea production in Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan tea]] and apparel exports at the port.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sirimanna
| first = Bandula
| title = Chennai port open to Lankan tea, garments
| newspaper = The Sunday Times Online
| date = 1 April 2007
| url = http://sundaytimes.lk/070401/News/108news.html
| access-date = 12 November 2011}}</ref>

On 11 May 2011, the [[Madras High Court]] directed the Shipping Secretary that only clean cargo such as containers and cars be allotted to the port for handling from 1 October 2011. All dusty cargo such as coal and iron ore will be allotted to the Ennore Port.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sangameswaran
| first = K.T.
| title = Chennai port will handle only clean cargo: court
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 12 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2009851.ece
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Anand
| first = N.
| title = Chennai Port Trust seeks review of High Court order
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 June 2011
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/28/stories/2011062863650900.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629222310/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/28/stories/2011062863650900.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 29 June 2011
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref>

The port is one of the six ports in India through which drugs are permitted to be imported, which is handled by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), the other ports being [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[Mumbai Harbour|Mumbai]], [[Nhava Sheva]], [[Port of Cochin|Kochi]] and [[Kandla]] ports.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sivan
| first = Jayaraj
| title = China to Chennai is the new route for spurious medicines
| location = Chennai

| date = 17 June 2009
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-17/chennai/28209242_1_cdsco-assistant-drug-controller-sheetal-pharma/2
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120922083916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-17/chennai/28209242_1_cdsco-assistant-drug-controller-sheetal-pharma/2
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 22 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref>

As of 2011, cargo movement to the port is increasing by 21 percent.<ref name="ToBeMajorTransshipmentHub"/> Over 5,000 container trucks move through the port every day. However, the number of containers coming into the port has dropped by 30 percent in the same year.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Sluggish cargo traffic: Shippers avoid city port
| location = Chennai

| date = 24 September 2011
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sluggish-cargo-traffic-Shippers-avoid-city-port/articleshow/10099827.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106145031/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-24/chennai/30198022_1_chennai-port-trust-atulya-mishra-container-traffic
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 6 November 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref>

In July 2012, a vessel traffic management system was installed at the port to track vessel movements for nearly 2 km, which can be extended to 48 nautical miles.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Simhan
| first = T. E. Raja
| title = Chennai port gets vessel traffic management system
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 6 July 2012
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3609416.ece
| access-date = 6 July 2012}}</ref>

As of 2012, the port consumed 38 MW of power every year, spending about {{INR}} 290 million per annum on electricity charges.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Sujatha
|first=S.
|title=Chennai Port Trust to produce power from wind, wave
|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle
|location=Chennai
|date=14 April 2012
|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-port-trust-produce-power-wind-wave-276
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414080134/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-port-trust-produce-power-wind-wave-276
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 April 2012
|access-date=16 April 2012
}}</ref>

In November 2019, a {{INR}} 540-million paved storage area for handling export cargoes was opened covering 11.32 hectares.<ref name="TH_HostOfProjAtPort"/> A coastal berth covering 260 meters was also opened at a cost of {{INR}} 800 million.<ref name="TH_HostOfProjAtPort">{{cite news
| title = Minister inaugurates a host of projects at Chennai Port
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 15 November 2019
| url = https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20191115/281603832293975
| access-date = 5 January 2020}}</ref>

==Auxiliary functions==
===Meteorological functions===
[[File:ChennaiPortTrustTower FromBeachStation.jpg|thumb|Centenary Building, the Port's administrative building]]
The cyclone detection radar station of the [[Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai|Southern Regional Meteorological Centre]] is located at the [[Chennai Port Trust Centenary Building|Centenary Building]], the administrative building of the port.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Regional Meteorological Centre open for public today
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 February 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/27/stories/2009022757670200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303044830/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/27/stories/2009022757670200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 March 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref> It is located atop the building at a height of about 53 m above sea level in a dome weighing 18 tonnes. The radar scans the atmosphere within a radius of 500 km.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Doppler radar completes 10 years too
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 22 February 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2917442.ece
| access-date = 23 February 2012}}</ref> The Port Meteorological Office also functions from the same building.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Address Port Meteorological Offices (PMOs)
| publisher = imdpune.gov.in
| url = http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/Marine/suburl/pdf/PmoAdd.pdf
| access-date = 14 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313041111/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/Marine/suburl/pdf/PmoAdd.pdf
| archive-date = 13 March 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) maintains Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF) through the Port Meteorological Office comprising ships of Merchant Navy, Indian Navy and foreign agencies through which meteorological observations from the ocean area are collected on real-time basis for operational forecasting and climatological purpose.<ref>{{cite web| title =Annual Report 2003 – 2004| publisher =Department of Science & Technology, Government of India| url =http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar03-04scientific-ser.htm| access-date =14 November 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111216151919/http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar03-04scientific-ser.htm| archive-date =16 December 2011}}</ref>

===Disease control===
The Port Health Organisation, Chennai, functioning under the Director General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, [[Government of India]], was established in 1946 with an objective of preventing entry of [[yellow fever]] and other quarantinable and communicable diseases from abroad.<ref name="PHOEstablishment">{{cite web
| title = Port Health Organization, Chennai
| publisher = Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
| url = http://mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/rtophochennai-28867919.pdf
| access-date = 28 October 2011
| archive-date = 28 September 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928010125/http://mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/rtophochennai-28867919.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> [[Mosquito control]] in the port area is being undertaken by two agencies, namely, the Chennai Port Trust and the Port Health Organisation. Anti-mosquito measures are undertaken by the Port Trust while the issuance of yellow fever certificates, ship deratting and overall supervision of mosquito control is undertaken by the Port Health Organisation.<ref name="AedesAegyptiSurvey">Kuldip Singh Gill et al., (2000). [http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section332/Section522_2523.htm Aedes aegypti survey of Chennai Port/Airport, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630053958/http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section332/Section522_2523.htm |date=30 June 2007 }}, ''Dengue Bulletin'', Vol. 24</ref>

==Connectivity==

===Extra-port connectivity===
The foundation stone for the {{INR}} 6,000-million Chennai Port-Ennore road connectivity project was laid in January 2011. The Ennore Manali Road Improvement Project (EMRIP) is expected to be completed in 2 years.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Chabra
| first = Pawan
| title = Chennai-Ennore Port road connectivity project to be completed in two years
| publisher = India Transport Portal
| date = 8 March 2011
| url = http://indiatransportportal.com/2011/03/chennai-ennore-port-road-connectivity-project-to-be-completed-in-two-years/
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126231616/http://indiatransportportal.com/2011/03/chennai-ennore-port-road-connectivity-project-to-be-completed-in-two-years/
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 26 January 2013
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref> Of the total cost of {{INR}} 6,000 million, {{INR}} 2,500 million would be contributed each by the National Highways Authority of India and the Chennai Port Trust while {{INR}} 582 million would come from the Tamil Nadu government and rest by Ennore Port Ltd. EMRIP, which was conceived in 1998, has been under implementation for the past 10 years. The project envisages improvement of a {{convert|30.1|km|adj=on}} road network in north Chennai that connects all the container freight station handling containers for Chennai port. This includes {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} of Ennore Expressway, {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} of Thiruvotriyur–Ponneri–Pancheti Road, {{convert|5.4|km|abbr=on}} of Manali Oil Refinery Road, {{convert|8.1|km|abbr=on}} of the northern segment of Inner Ring Road, and {{convert|1.6|km|abbr=on}} of Chennai Port Trust Fishing Harbour Road, in addition to shore protection measures comprising 13 groins along the Ennore coast.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Chennai-Ennore Port Road Connectivity Project
| publisher = DP World Chennai
| url = http://70.40.216.149/dpworldchennai/admin/homeFiles/ennore%20port%20road%20connectivity.pdf
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref> The original cost of the project was {{INR}} 1,500 million but was revised due to addition of service road to the four lanes of Thiruvotriyur–Ponneri–Pancheti road, provision of underpass on Ennore Expressway Road and drainage on Manali Oil Refinery Road besides escalation of cost during the intervening period.<ref>{{cite news
| title = 29 new projects for Chennai port
| newspaper = Business Standard
| date = 20 January 2011
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/29-new-projects-for-chennai-port/422297/
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Ennore-Manali project: Chennai port to invest Rs 139.80 crore
|newspaper=Maritime Gateway
|date=10 February 2009
|url=http://www.maritimegateway.com/mgw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=163%3Aennore-manali-project-chennai-port-to-invest-rs-13980-crore-&catid=45%3Aport-news&Itemid=105
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182947/http://www.maritimegateway.com/mgw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=163%3Aennore-manali-project-chennai-port-to-invest-rs-13980-crore-&catid=45%3Aport-news&Itemid=105
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 April 2014
|access-date=7 November 2012
}}</ref> The project completion is expected by June 2013.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Narasimhan
| first = T. E.
| title = Rs 600 crore road project may be ready by 2013
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 October 2011
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/rs-600-crore-road-project-may-be-ready-by-2013/451962/
| access-date = 23 October 2011}}</ref>

An {{convert|18.3|km|adj=on}} long, {{convert|20|m|adj=on}} wide [[Chennai Port – Maduravoyal Expressway|elevated road project]] connecting the port with Maduravoyal is under construction at a cost of {{INR}} 16,550 million. Upon completion, this will be the country's longest four-way elevated expressway. The project was sanctioned in June 2007, and the foundation stone was laid in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Vasan urges speedy execution of Chennai port-Maduravayol expressway
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 27 February 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article1495625.ece
| access-date = 14 November 2011}}</ref> The expressway starts from Gate No. 10 of the Chennai Port near the [[Victory War Memorial|War Memorial]] and ends before Maduravoyal Interchange. It would run along the banks of the Cooum up to Koyambedu and would end along the Cooum near the Koyambedu grade separator. From there for a distance of three km up to Maduravoyal the elevated expressway would come up on Poonamallee High Road. There would be a total of four entry and exit ramps as part of the project. While the entry ramps would come up on Sivananda Salai and College Road, the exit points would be provided on Spurtank Road and Kamaraj Salai. The work at the Maduravoyal end began in December 2010. The project was initially expected to be completed by end of 2013.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Preliminary work on elevated expressway along the Cooum begins
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 5 May 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1991734.ece
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> However, the project had been put on hold for years.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Deepa H.
| title = Under one govt it's go, under another it's stop
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 7 November 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/under-one-govt-its-go-under-another-its-stop/article4071595.ece
| access-date = 7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Deepa H.
| author2 = N. Anand
| title = PM's adviser to meet CM for talks on pending projects
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 7 November 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/pms-adviser-to-meet-cm-for-talks-on-pending-projects/article4071593.ece
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130204031722/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/pms-adviser-to-meet-cm-for-talks-on-pending-projects/article4071593.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 February 2013
| access-date = 7 November 2012}}</ref> In February 2014, the Madras High Court quashed the stop-work order of the state PWD and ordered the completion of the project.<ref>{{cite news
| last = The Hindu Bureau
| title = Start work on port expressway project, court tells Tamil Nadu
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 20 February 2014
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/start-work-on-port-expressway-project-court-tells-tamil-nadu/article5710327.ece
| access-date = 20 February 2014}}</ref>

===Intra-port connectivity===
The total port roads run to a length of 27.5 km with a minimum width of 6 m and a maximum width of 26 m.<ref name="steelexchangeindia">{{cite web
|title=Chennai Port
|publisher=Steel Exchange India
|url=http://www.steelexchangeindia.com/insidesteel/ports/chennai.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020615211343/http://steelexchangeindia.com/insidesteel/ports/chennai.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2002
|access-date=6 November 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:BeachStationLinesServingChennaiPort.jpg|thumb|right|Lines at [[Chennai Beach]] railway station serving the Chennai Port. The port is visible at the background.]]

The port is served by the [[Chennai Beach]] railway terminus in the [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban Railway Network]] of the [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]], chiefly handling suburban trains on the [[Chennai Beach]]-[[Tambaram]] section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network. The port is one among the major ports having terminal shunting yard and running its own railway operations inside the harbour. There are two lines at the port.<ref name="TwoMoreRailwayLines">{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Two more railway lines to come up inside port soon
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 May 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Two-more-railway-lines-to-come-up-inside-port-soon/articleshow/13280537.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130617073722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-19/chennai/31777732_1_railway-lines-railway-project-railway-board
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 17 June 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 19 May 2012}}</ref> The port has [[broad gauge]] railway lines running up to {{convert|68.8|km|abbr=on}} and handled 25 percent of the total volume of the cargo, 4,360 rakes (239,412 wagons) during 2009–10.

As part of the port development, internal railway lines are being augmented for the evacuation of containers from the port. Third and fourth railway lines are being developed by the Southern Railway to improve connectivity to the port and the rail share of container movement to 30 percent from the current 7 percent. The rest will be moved by road.<ref name="TwoMoreRailwayLines"/><ref>{{cite news
| title = No slowdown impact on traffic at Chennai port
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 23 January 2010
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/01/23/stories/2010012351621100.htm
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Singapore firms keen on infrastructure projects in TN
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 25 March 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article1571471.ece
| access-date = 3 February 2012}}</ref>

Per the 2004 statistics, 11 percent of the containers arrived by train and the rest by road.<ref name="NewChief2004">{{cite news
| last = Ramanathan
| first = S Kalyana
| title = New chief likely for Chennai port
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 April 2004
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/new-chief-likely-for-chennai-port/149031/
| access-date = 22 October 2011}}</ref>

Every month, nearly 150,000 container-laden vehicles (both import and export) transit through the port's only available gate (Zero Gate) at [[Royapuram]], north of the port.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai port will to spend additional INR 1 crore every day
| newspaper = Business Line
| publisher = Steel Guru
| date = 21 August 2011
| url = http://www.steelguru.com/indian_news/Chennai_port_will_to_spend_additional_INR_1_crore_every_day/221240.html
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref>

===Pipelines===
Crude is transported from oil tankers berthed at the port through a pipeline and then by road or rail.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sharma
| first = Pratul
| title = CPCL project no more in pipeline
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 10 April 2013
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/nation/CPCL-project-no-more-in-pipeline/2013/04/10/article1538215.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074524/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/CPCL-project-no-more-in-pipeline/2013/04/10/article1538215.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref> Since 1969, the port is connected to the Chennai Petroleum Corporation's (CPCL) refinery in [[Manali, Tamil Nadu|Manali]] via a 30-inch-diameter pipeline running for a length of 17 km.<ref name="Hindu_OptionsToReplacePipeline">{{cite news
| last = Kumar
| first = N. Ravi
| title = CPCL mulls options to replace ageing pipeline
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 9 February 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cpcl-mulls-options-to-replace-ageing-pipeline/article4394391.ece
| access-date = 11 February 2013}}</ref> CPCL is planning to replace this with 42-inch-diameter pipeline at a cost of {{INR}} 1,260 million along the proposed Quadrilateral Road Network from Chennai Port to Ennore-Manali Highway.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai Port Signs MoU With CPCL For Crude Handling
| newspaper = The Financial Express
| date = 21 May 2003
| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/chennai-port-signs-mou-with-cpcl-for-crude-handling/83921/0
| access-date = 28 October 2011}}</ref> However, citing threats to habitation, the government has refused clearance to the project.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Environment Ministry refuses clearance to Chennai Petro pipeline
| newspaper = The Economic Times

| date = 28 October 2011
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/indl-goods-/-svs/petrochem/environment-ministry-refuses-clearance-to-chennai-petro-pipeline/articleshow/10518519.cms
| access-date = 28 October 2011}}</ref>

In September 2018, the port completed work on the 42-inch-diameter crude pipeline with a length of 17 km and a carrying capacity of around 5,000 KL per hour (against 2,600 KL of the old pipeline) at a cost of {{INR}} 2,500 million.<ref name="Hindu_LargeCarrierDocks"/>

==Natural disasters==
The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004]], one of the deadliest in the recorded history, had a devastating effect all over the region and, of course, damaged the port's infrastructure, including cranes, wharfs, moorings and some part of the ship channel and hindered the operations of the port for a brief period. Some of the ships hit the wharves close to where they were berthed. Other damages at the port include collision of three ships while being towed to deep sea resulting in the loss of about 1,500 tonnes of sugar and damages to some of the cars that awaited export. The port suspended operations for two days.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jagannath
| first = Venkatachari
| title = Chennai Port suffers Rs. 10-crore damage
| newspaper = domain-b.com
| date = 27 December 2004
| url = http://www.domainb.com/economy/general/200412dec/20041227_damage.html
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The total damage to property, infrastructure and equipment at the port due to the tsunami stood at {{INR}} 129.6 million. Rebuilding the entry channels and affected areas incurred another {{INR}} 100 million. The port suffered a loss of {{INR}} 30 million due to operational halt on 26 and 27 December 2004, during which around 250,000 tonnes of container could not be serviced, with trade of 15 vessels on sail and 10 vessels at berth affected. This was in addition to the loss due to waiving of marine charges owing to the disaster.<ref name="IndianExpressTsunamiEffects">[https://archive.today/20130126065045/http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/63566/ Tsunami-hit Chennai port bounces back]</ref>

As a consequence of the [[tsunami]], the port trust is planning to create an artificial beach from left of the [[Cooum river]] (next to the [[Napier bridge]]) right up to [[Royapuram fishing harbour|fishing harbour]] in North Chennai covering about 10 km to protect the port from seaside from similar natural calamities. The beach is planned within the port's territory before the east breakwater on the seaside and would not be accessible to the public. In addition, the port is also planning to reclaim the land adjacent to the Cooum during the Tenth Plan.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Simhan
| first = T.E. Raja
| title = Tsunami effect: Chennai Port Trust plans artificial beach
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 1 January 2005
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/01/01/stories/2005010102230700.htm
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref>

On the flip side, the disaster has made the port the deepest on the east coast. A [[Bathymetry|bathymetry survey]] conducted by the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] (NIOT) to measure the depth of the sea has revealed the entry channel to the port has deepened enabling the berthing of vessels of deeper drafts. The high current generated by the tsunami waves dredged about 0.4 to 0.5 million cubic metres of sediments, which has deepened the 17.4 m-deep harbour by 1 to 2 m more, especially along the Dr. Ambedkar Dock and the Barathi Dock. Similarly, the depth of the entry channel, which was 18.6 m, has deepened by a metre.<ref name="IndianExpressTsunamiEffects"/><ref>[https://archive.today/20130126031352/http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/62409/ Post-tsunami, Chennai is east coast’s deepest port]</ref>

==Lights and lighthouses==
[[File:Light House (Present), Chennai.jpg|thumb|180px|The present lighthouse in Chennai]]
{{Main|Chennai Lighthouse}}

There are both historic and modern [[lighthouse]]s in and around the port, some of which have been decommissioned. The port is the location of one of Chennai's earliest lighthouses—the entrance channel tower. The 24 m (79 ft) tall tower with a focal plane of 26 m (85 ft), flashing white, red and green lights, is located north of the port. It is visible only from around the entrance channel. This tower is still active. However, the first lighthouse of the city is located just outside the port, in [[Fort St. George]] campus. It was active from 1796 till 1844.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse">{{Cite news | last = Padmanabhan | first = Geeta | title = To the lighthouse | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 19 September 2017 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/to-the-lighthouse/article19712372.ece | access-date = 29 September 2017}}</ref> The second and third lighthouses are located in the [[Madras High Court]] campus near the port.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse" /><ref>{{cite web | title = High Court Building | publisher = Chennai-Directory.com | date = n.d. | url = http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23 | access-date = 27 November 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605225809/http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23 | archive-date = 5 June 2013}}</ref>

The present lighthouse is located about 6 km south of the port on the [[Marina Beach]]. It is a 46 m (151 ft) tall, 11-storied triangular cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and double gallery, attached to a 3-story circular harbour-control building, emitting light from a height of 57 m (187 ft) from the [[mean sea level]]. This lighthouse, which is active since 1977, is powered by a 440V, 50 Hz main supply.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse" />

==The future==
A third box terminal has been approved by the Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure. This will require investment of US$800 million and will be offered as a build-operate-transfer project, as part of a 30-year concession. Construction will take seven years to complete and the deep-water container terminal will have a capacity of 4 million TEU.<ref>{{cite news
|title= Third Chennai box terminal approved
|newspaper= PortStrategy
|date=8 December 2010
|url=http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/asia/third-chennai-box-terminal-approved
|access-date=15 November 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005060339/http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/asia/third-chennai-box-terminal-approved
|archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Chennai Port to expand its container terminal
|publisher=Port.industry-focus.net
|date=n.d.
|url=http://port.industry-focus.net/index.php/chennai-port/102--chennai-port-to-expand-its-container-terminal.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213224706/http://port.industry-focus.net/index.php/chennai-port/102--chennai-port-to-expand-its-container-terminal.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2016-02-13
|access-date=15 November 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Mega Container Terminal Project at Chennai Port Approved
| newspaper = Dredging Today
| publisher = DredgingToday.com
| date = 18 October 2010
| url = http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2010/10/18/mega-container-terminal-project-at-chennai-port-approved-india/
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The mega container terminal project, expected to be the single largest terminal ever built in India,<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai Port Trust to build massive container terminal
| newspaper = The Financial Express
| publisher = Dredging News Online
| date = 5 July 2010
| url = http://www.sandandgravel.com/news/article.asp?v1=13288
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> is to be developed north of existing Bharathi Dock with two new breakwaters (total length of {{convert|4.23|km|abbr=on}}), continuous quay length of {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} with {{convert|22|m|abbr=on}} alongside depth (ultimate) and a basin area of 300 hectares and back up area of 100 hectares.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Venkatraman
| first = Kavitha
| title = India: Decision on Chennai Port Development Will be Made Within Month
| newspaper = The Financial Express
| publisher = DredgingToday.com
| date = 4 July 2010
| url = http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2010/07/04/india-decision-on-chennai-port-development-will-be-made-within-month/
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The gigantic proportions will feature 2 km quay length in a straight line at the new outer harbour, with a 2.75 km extension of the existing outer arm breakwater and a new northern breakwater of 1.73 km emanating from the eastern breakwater of the fishing harbour.<ref>{{cite news
| title = India: Chennai Port to Build Imposing Container Terminal
| newspaper = Worldnews
| publisher = DredgingToday.com
| date = 14 May 2010
| url = http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2010/05/14/india-chennai-port-to-build-imposing-container-terminal/
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The project also involves converting waterfront into 225 acres of land. The other side of breakwater would be used by the port as a berth to handle oil vessels.<ref name="MPSEZSoleBidderForMegaTerminal">{{Cite news
| last = Anand
| first = N.
| title = MPSEZ, sole bidder for Mega Container Terminal Project at ChPT
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 5 October 2008
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2513393.ece
| access-date = 5 October 2011}}</ref> The project will be the first deep-water terminal of its kind in India and can handle ultra-large container ships of capacity over 15,000 TEUs and length of {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}}. Overall project completion is expected by 2018. In September 2011, Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone Ltd (MPSEZ) emerged as the sole and lowest bidder for constructing the mega terminal.<ref name="MPSEZSoleBidderForMegaTerminal"/><ref>{{cite news
| last = Manoj
| first = P.
| title = Chennai port yet to decide on MPSEZ bid
| newspaper = LiveMint.com
| date = 25 November 2011
| url = http://www.livemint.com/2011/11/25230054/Chennai-port-yet-to-decide-on.html | access-date = 27 November 2011}}</ref> Based on earlier projections, Chennai is expected to handle 5 million TEUs by 2017.

[[File:Chennai port galleryfull (1).jpg|thumb|left|A portion of the port visible from the surrounding buildings]]
Chennai Port Trust has plans to build a [[marina]] along a {{convert|200|m|adj=on}} stretch in the west quay to berth a dozen [[yachts]]. The marina will provide lockers, separate berths and other facilities to these sailors, who come in small boats. The sailors can then proceed inland for sightseeing. However, the plan still remains on paper. Although the plan to build a large-scale marina is at the proposal stage, the port cannot have a marina till the coal yard is vacated. After coal handling is moved out, the port will reclaim land by constructing groynes—rigid hydraulic structures built from an ocean shore that interrupt water flow and limit the movement of sediment.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Sailors skip Chennai as plans to build marina go at slow pace
| location = Chennai

| date = 8 March 2011
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sailors-skip-Chennai-as-plans-to-build-marina-go-at-slow-pace/articleshow/7650881.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105005222/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-08/chennai/28667787_1_sailors-marina-yachts
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 5 November 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref>

The Rajiv Gandhi dry port (container freight station) and multi-modal logistics hub near [[Sriperumbudur]] special economic zone (SEZ) is under development at an estimated cost of {{INR}} 3,800 million, including land cost of {{INR}} 1,001.6 million. Proposed components include ICD/off-dock CFS, container yard, rail and road connectivity to national rail and road network, trade centre, warehouses for containerised cargos like leather garments, textiles, automotive components and electronic hardware. A total of 125 acres of land at Mappedu in the Sriperumbudur SEZ allotted by [[SIPCOT]] of the Government of Tamil Nadu is being acquired for the project on a 99-year lease basis. The first-of-its-kind project<ref name="ToBeMajorTransshipmentHub">{{cite news
|title=Chennai port to become major transshipment hub
|newspaper=TOS
|publisher=Dredgingtoday.com
|date=28 February 2011
|url=http://www.tos.nl/en/news/2011/2
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009025246/http://www.tos.nl/en/news/2011/2
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=9 October 2011
|access-date=6 November 2011
}}</ref> is expected to be completed by 2014. The distance between Chennai Port and the dry port is about {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}. About {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} would be covered by the elevated corridor, {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} by [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 4]] and balance by a single-line state highway that would be converted into two-lane soon. The dry port would consist of {{convert|75|acre|abbr=on}} of custom-bound area and {{convert|50|acre|abbr=on}} of non-custom bound area and would accommodate containers, hazardous and non-hazardous materials. A barge jetty-cum-liquid cargo terminal at an outlay of {{INR}} 250 million is also being proposed on PPP mode. This is one of the three container freight stations planned by Chennai Port Trust.<ref name="CPTAchievesRecordTurnOver">{{cite news
| title = Chennai Port achieves record turnover of Rs 890 cr in 07-08
| newspaper = One India News
| date = 25 June 2008
| url = http://www.oneindia.com/2008/06/25/chennai-port-achieves-record-turnover-of-rs-890-cr-in-07-08-1214397494.html
| access-date = 22 October 2011}}</ref>

A barge handling facility at the Bharathi Dock is being developed at a cost of {{INR}} 250 million. The project is expected to be completed by 2013. The 200 m long barge jetty is being developed with a depth of 10 m and back area of 7,500 m. The jetty is proposed to be constructed between the iron ore berth and oil terminal so as to cater to barges and bunkers and similar vessels handling liquid cargo.<ref name="RoroTerminal_MultiLevelPark"/>

The port is planning to construct a parking facility on an 11-acre stretch in Thiruvottiyur for container trucks.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai-Ennore Port project finally gets rolling
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 January 2011
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/chennai-ennore-port-project-finally-gets-rolling-786
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110121000257/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/chennai-ennore-port-project-finally-gets-rolling-786
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 January 2011
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The port is also investing {{INR}} 500 million to have more berths exclusively for bunkering.<ref name="TFE_ChairmanInterview"/>

The port has decided to have a 7.5 MW wind energy farm in [[Tirunelveli district]] at an outlay of {{INR}} 493.1 million.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Shipping ministry calls meeting for Chennai port road project
| newspaper = Thaindian News
| publisher = Theindian News
| date = 12 January 2010
| url = http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/shipping-ministry-calls-meeting-for-chennai-port-road-project_100302724.html
| access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref>

To reduce congestion at the harbour, which has two bays (two each for entry and two for exit of containers), the port plans to modernise zero gate and open one more bay and widen the roads that lead to zero gate and to lay six to eight lanes from the zero gate to avoid stranding of vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Anand
| first = N.
| title = Vasan orders action to reduce congestion at Chennai Port
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 5 October 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2513392.ece
| access-date = 8 October 2011}}</ref>

In December 2011, as part of security measures, the Directorate of Logistics, Customs and Central Excise planned to get a fixed mega container scanner within the next few months at a location near the Zero Gate of the port at a cost of {{INR}} 600 million from a U.S.-based company.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Chennai Port to get scanner for containers
| newspaper = IBN Live
| publisher = ibnlive.in.com
| date = 4 December 2011
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-port-to-get-scanner-for-containers/208467-60-120.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126111358/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-port-to-get-scanner-for-containers/208467-60-120.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 January 2013
| access-date = 4 December 2011}}</ref>

The Chennai Port Trust plans to develop a barge handling facility inside the port at a cost of {{INR}} 260 million in Bharathi Dock through public-private partnership to meet the increase in demand for bunkering – fuel oil used aboard ships. The need for barge facility is also due to the increasing vessel movements and vessel size. The proposed length of the jetty will be three times the length of the present facility. The jetty could accommodate barges with carrying capacity of 1,000 tonne to 3,000 tonne. In addition to bunkering fuel and edible oil, other cargoes that are envisaged to be handled at the proposed facility include vegetable oil (crude and refined), furnace oil and molasses.<ref name="NewBargeHandlingFacility">{{cite news
| last = Rajasimhan
| first = T.E.
| title = Chennai port plans new barge facility for bunkering
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 13 January 2012
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2798942.ece
| access-date = 13 January 2012}}</ref>

==Records==
On the night of 30 August 2018, vessel MT New Diamond, with 160,079 gross registered tonnage arrived at the port from the Basra oil terminal in Iraq, carrying 133,719 tonnes of light crude oil and was docked in the oil docks. This is the first time for an Indian port in an enclosed harbour to see berthing of a very large crude carrier (VLCC).<ref name="Hindu_LargeCarrierDocks">{{cite news
| title = Large crude carrier to dock at port
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 29 August 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/large-crude-carrier-to-dock-at-port/article24804905.ece
| access-date = 2 September 2018}}</ref>

==Sister ports==
The port has sister port agreements with the following ports to co-operate in maritime transportation and port development. This also covers technical expertise, cruise knowledge, container terminal and tourism between the sister ports.

{| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"|
|-
! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Country
! ! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; width:160px;"| Port
! ! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; width:160px;"| State / Region
! ! style="background:#659ec7; color:white; width:100px;"| Since
|- style="color:black; background:white;"
|! !| {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
|! !| [[File:BruggeVlag.png|25px]] [[Port of Zeebrugge]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessstandard.in/india/news/chennai-port-in-pactcanada-port/347345/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720135823/http://www.businessstandard.in/india/news/chennai-port-in-pactcanada-port/347345/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |title=Chennai port in pact with Canada port |newspaper=Business Standard |date=29 January 2009 |access-date=5 September 2011 }}</ref>
|! !| {{flagu|West Flanders}}
|! !| November 2008
|- style="color:black; background:white;"
|! !| {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
|! !| [[Port of Halifax]]<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1040805.ece | title = Chennai Port signs pact with Canada's Port of Halifax | newspaper=The Hindu | date = 29 January 2009 | access-date =5 September 2011 }}</ref>
|! !| [[File:Flag of Nova Scotia.svg|25px]] [[Nova Scotia]]
|! !| January 2009
|}

==Notable employees==
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], Indian mathematician (1912)<ref name="Janaki">{{cite web|title= Ramanujan's wife: Janakiammal (Janaki)|url= https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/janaki.pdf|publisher= Institute of Mathematical Sciences|place= Chennai|access-date= 10 November 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121224003120/https://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/janaki.pdf|archive-date= 24 December 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

* [[Ennore Port]]
* [[Kattupalli Shipyard]]
* [[Ports in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.chennaiport.gov.in/ Official website]
*[http://www.dpworldchennai.com/ DP World Chennai]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013074124/http://www.businessline.in/cgi-bin/print.pl?file=2006120502400700.htm&date=2006%2F12%2F05%2F&prd=bl& Chennai port makes it to top 100 ports]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223621/http://www.mol.co.jp/opensea/0701_nlsdo.html New container service at Chennai port]

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Major ports in India}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:Economy of Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 1881]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in India]]

Sandhya Suri

2026-01-28T11:58:08Z

Alaminsorker: Added Initial Stub First Draft...

{{Short description|British-Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]]
| years_active = 2005–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Santosh (2024 film)|Santosh]]''
}}

'''Sandhya Suri''' is a British-Indian film director and documentarian.<ref name="sun">{{cite web |title=Sundance Institute Selects Eight First-Time Filmmakers for Directors Lab, May 30-June 23 |url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2016-directors-lab/ |website=Sundance |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> She is known for her debut feature film ''[[Santosh (2024 film)|Santosh]]'' (2024),which she wrote and directed.

== Early life and education ==
Sandhya Suri was born in [[England]] and raised in [[Darlington, England|Darlington]].<ref name="stars">{{cite web |last1=Dalton |first1=Ben |title=Stars of Tomorrow 2023: Sandhya Suri (writer-director) |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/stars-of-tomorrow-2023-sandhya-suri-writer-director/5183306.article |website=Screen Daily |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> Her father, Yash Pal Suri, had emigrated from [[India]] to work at a hospital in [[Teesside]].<ref name="guard">{{cite news |last1=French |first1=Philip |title=I for India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/aug/05/drama.worldcinema |access-date=2 May 2024 |agency=The Guardian}}</ref>

After earning a degree in mathematics, Suri worked as a teacher in Japan. Her experiences documenting this period on camera inspired her to study [[documentary film]]making at the [[National Film and Television School]] in [[Buckinghamshire]].<ref name="sun" /><ref name="stars" />

== Career ==
In 2005, Suri released the documentary ''[[I for India]]'', detailing her father's experiences as a 20th-century [[Indian diaspora|Indian immigrant]] in the United Kingdom, based on his own [[Tape recorder|tape recordings]].<ref name="guard" /> ''I for India'' was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the [[2006 Sundance Film Festival]].<ref name="imubi">{{cite web |title=I for India - Awards & Festivals |url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/i-for-india |website=MUBI |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref>

Suri's second film, the silent 2018 documentary ''Around India with a Movie Camera'', used archival [[British Film Institute]] footage to explore life in [[British India]].<ref name="camera">{{cite web |last1=Kripalani |first1=Coonoor |title=Around India with a Movie Camera: Film Review Essay by Coonoor Kripalani |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/around-india-with-a-movie-camera/ |website=Association for Asian Studies |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> That same year, Suri released the narrative [[short film]] ''[[The Field (2018 film)|The Field]]'',<ref name="field">{{cite web |last1=Bartlett |first1=Penelope |title=Love at Harvest Time: A Conversation with Sandhya Suri |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6962-love-at-harvest-time-a-conversation-with-sandhya-suri |website=Criterion |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> which was nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Short Film]] in 2019.<ref name="stars" />

Suri's narrative feature debut, ''[[Santosh (2024 film)|Santosh]]'' was selected to screen in the ''[[Un Certain Regard]]'' portion of the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="forbes">{{cite news |last1=Kaushal |first1=Sweta |title=Two Indian Films In Official Selection At Cannes Film Festival 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/04/12/two-indian-films-are-official-selection-at-cannes-film-festival-2024/?sh=7a207d0226cb |access-date=2 May 2024 |agency=Forbes}}</ref> She first began work on Santosh in 2016 when she was accepted to the [[Sundance Institute]] Director's Lab.<ref name="sun" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" | 2005
| ''[[I for India]]''
| Documentary
| align="center" | <ref name="guard" />
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''Around India with a Movie Camera''
| Documentary
| align="center" | <ref name="camera" />
|-
| ''[[The Field (2018 film)|The Field]]''
| Short film
| align="center" | <ref name="field" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2024
| ''[[Santosh (2024 film)|Santosh]]''
| {{N/a}}
| align="center" | <ref name="forbes" /><ref name="PIO Sandhya Suri's thriller 'Santosh', shot in UP, named UK's Oscar entry">{{cite news |title=PIO Sandhya Suri's thriller 'Santosh', shot in UP, named UK's Oscar entry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pio-sandhya-suris-thriller-santosh-shot-in-up-named-uks-oscar-entry/articleshow/113683623.cms |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314095826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pio-sandhya-suris-thriller-santosh-shot-in-up-named-uks-oscar-entry/articleshow/113683623.cms |archive-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" | 2006
| [[Sundance Film Festival]]
| [[Sundance Grand Jury Prize|Grand Jury Prize]]
| ''[[I for India]]''
| {{Nominated}}
| align="center" | <ref name="imubi" />
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2018
| [[British Independent Film Awards]]
| Best Short Film
| rowspan="6" | ''[[The Field (2018 film)|The Field]]''
| {{Nominated}}
| align="center" | <ref name="fmubi">{{cite web |title=The Field (2018) - Awards & Festivals |url=https://mubi.com/en/films/the-field-2018/awards |website=MUBI |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[London Film Festival]]
| Best Short Film
| {{Nominated}}
| align="center" | <ref name="fmubi" />
|-
| [[Toronto International Film Festival]]
| [[Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best International Short Film|Best International Short Film]]
| {{Won}}
| align="center" | <ref name="fmubi" />
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2019
| [[BAFTA Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Short Film|Best Short Film]]
| {{Nominated}}
| align="center" | <ref name="fmubi" />
|-
| [[Melbourne International Film Festival]]
| Best Fiction Short Film
| {{Won}}
| align="center" | <ref name="fmubi" />
|-
| [[Sundance Film Festival]]
| Grand Jury Prize for Best Short Film
| {{Nominated}}
| align="center" | <ref name="fmubi" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2024
| [[Cannes Film Festival]]
| [[Un Certain Regard]]
| ''[[Santosh (2024 film)|Santosh]]''
| {{Nominated}}
| align="center" | <ref name="forbes" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm2119066}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Sandhya}}
[[Category:British women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:English documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:English women film directors]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Darlington]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nisoi railway station

2026-01-25T08:30:40Z

Alaminsorker: typo fix

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nisoi railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = Nisoi , [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.1539306|79.2240812|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| line = [[Lucknow–Moradabad line]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|167|m|ft}}<ref>{{cite web |title=NSU / Nisoi |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/nsu/ |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |access-date=5 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NSU
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
}}
'''Nisoi railway station''' (station code: '''NSU''') is a railway station on the [[Chandausi loop]] of the [[Lucknow–Moradabad line]]. It is located in village Nisoi in [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The station is under the administrative control of the [[Moradabad railway division|Moradabad Division]] of the [[Northern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Railway Map of Moradabad Division |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1472209779946-Divnl%20Map%202016%20A%203%20PCE-MB%20Divn%20Map.pdf |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422210624/https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1472209779946-Divnl%20Map%202016%20A%203%20PCE-MB%20Divn%20Map.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The station consists of one platform, and is located at a distance of {{convert|20|km|mi}} from [[Bareilly Junction railway station|Bareilly Junction]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bareilly-city-bc/1073| title=NSU/Nisoi (1 PF) | website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Six trains (Five Passenger / One Express) stop at the station.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nisoi Railway Station (NSU) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/nisoi-nsu-station |website=www.ndtv.com |access-date=5 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bareilly district]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Rajasthani peoples

2026-01-18T07:25:14Z

Alaminsorker: Stub

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Rajasthanis
| image =
| caption =
| population = {{circa|68,548,437 }} (2011)<ref>{{Cite web| title=State Profile Rajasthan | url=https://apfstatic.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Rajasthan_0.pdf?YvBqKD65v6PMQYrPTcZWuRzuqZNg1nww | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020052636/https://apfstatic.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/Rajasthan_0.pdf?YvBqKD65v6PMQYrPTcZWuRzuqZNg1nww | archive-date=2022-10-20}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| languages = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Hindi]]
| religions = '''Majority:''' [[Hinduism]] '''Minority:''' [[Islam]] and [[Jainism]]
| related_groups = Other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Rajasthani peoples''' or '''Rajasthanis''' are a group of [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] native to [[Rajasthan]] ("the land of kings"),<ref>The Territories and States of India By Tara Boland-Crewe, David Lea, pg 208</ref> a [[states of India|state]] in [[Northern India]]. Their languages, [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], is a part of the western group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].

== History ==
{{main|History of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthanis}}
The first mention of the word ''Rajasthan'' comes from the works of George Thomas (''Military Memories'') and [[James Tod]] (''Annals''). Rajasthan literally means the ''Land of Kingdoms''. However, western Rajasthan and eastern [[Gujarat]] were part of "Gurjaratra".<ref>[[R. C. Majumdar|Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]]; Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, A. K. Majumdar, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1977). [[The History and Culture of the Indian People]]: The classical age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 153</ref> The local dialects of the time use the expression ''Rājwār'', the place or land of kings, later ''Rajputana''.<ref name="GuptaBakshi2008">{{cite book|author1=R.K. Gupta|author2=S.R. Bakshi|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC&pg=PA143|access-date=30 October 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-841-8|pages=143–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = India: a history| author = John Keay| publisher = Grove Press| year= 2001| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ibLUu6RlvqwC&pg=PA231 |pages=231–232 |isbn=0-8021-3797-0}}</ref>
[[File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|thumb|left|120px|[[Maharana Pratap]], a ruler and great warrior of his time.]]
Although the history of Rajasthan goes back as far as the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], the foundation of the Rajasthani community took shape with the rise of ''Western Middle Kingdoms'' such as [[Western Kshatrapas]]. ''Western Kshatrapas'' (35-405 CE) were rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern [[Gujarat]], [[Southern Sindh]], [[Maharashtra]], Rajasthan). They were the successors to the [[Indo-Scythians]] who invaded the area of [[Ujjain]] and established the [[Saka era]] (with [[Saka calendar]]), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka [[Western Satraps]] kingdom.<ref>"The dynastic art of the [[Kushans]], John Rosenfield, p 130</ref> ''Saka calendar'' (also been adopted as Indian national calendar) is used by the Rajasthani community and adjoining areas such as [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]. With time, their social structures received stronger reorganisations, thus giving birth to several ''martial'' sub ethnic groups (previously called as ''[[Martial race]]'' but the term is now obsolete ). Rajasthanis emerged as major merchants during medieval India. Rajasthan was among the important centres of trade with [[Rome]], eastern [[Mediterranean]] and southeast [[Asia]].<ref>A brief history of India By Judith E. Walsh,43</ref>

===Romani people===
{{main|Romani people}}

The “roma” apparently derives from a form ''[[Domba|ḍōmba]]'' ("man living by singing and music").<ref>Cf. Ralph L. Turner, ''A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages'', p. 314. London: Oxford University Press, 1962-6.</ref> Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romanies originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]], emigrating from the northwest of India.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

== Origin ==
[[File:Men with turbans and a camel, Rajasthan (6376103649).jpg|thumb|Rajasthani people]]Like other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]], modern day Rajasthanis and their ancestors have inhabited Rajasthan since ancient times. The erstwhile state of Alwar, in north-eastern Rajasthan, is possibly the oldest kingdom in Rajasthan. Around 1500 BC, it formed a part of the [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]] territories of Viratnagar (present-day Bairat) encompassing [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], Dholpur, and Karauli.<ref>[http://journeymart.com /de/India/rajasthan-people-society.aspx]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2020}}

== Religion ==
Rajasthani society is a blend of predominantly [[Hindu]]s with sizeable minorities of [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]] and [[Jainism|Jains]].

===Hinduism===
''[[Shaivism]]'' and ''[[Vaishnavism]]'' is followed by majority of the people; however, ''[[Shaktism]]'' is followed in the form of [[Bhavani]] and her avatars are equally worshiped throughout Rajasthan.<ref>The Jains By Paul Dundas, Pg 148</ref>

[[Meenas]] of Rajasthan till date strongly follow [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic culture]] which usually includes worship of ''[[Bhairava|Bhainroon]]'' (Shiva) and ''Krishna'' as well as the ''Durga''.<ref name="Kishwar 1994">{{Cite book |title=Codified Hindu Law. Myth and Reality |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu |year=1994 |publisher=Economics and political weekly,.}}</ref>

The [[Charan]]s worship various forms and [[incarnation]]s of [[Shakti]] such as [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=14 March 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 |pages=224 |language=en |quote="Charans regard themselves as devotees of a goddess named Hinglaj, a mahashakti, who herself was a Charani born to Charan Haridas of Gaviya lineage in Nagar Thatta."}}</ref> or [[Durga]], [[Avad Mata]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Friedrich Max |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmM8AAAAMAAJ |title=German Scholars on India: Contributions to Indian Studies |date=1973 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office |pages=390 |language=en |quote="This Avad is believed to be an incarnation of the mother and stands second in the Charan worship, the first being Durga."}}</ref> [[Karni Mata]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhākara |first=Manohara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXcSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22 |title=A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas |date=1976 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |language=en |quote=Karni : Presiding Deity of Rajputs and Cāraņas}}</ref> and [[Khodiyar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padma |first=Sree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ |title=Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities on the Move |date=3 July 2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9002-9 |pages=189 |language=en |quote="For Charans, Khodiyar is the kuldevi for obvious reasons. In her iconic images, her attire—long skirt, long jacket, and a scarf covering her head and front of the jacket—clearly reflects her Charan identity."}}</ref>

The [[Rajputs]] generally worship the [[Karni Mata]], Sun, Shiva, Vishnu, and [[Bhavani]] (Goddess ''Durga'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schaflechner |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ&dq=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22&pg=PA66 |title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-085052-4 |language=en |quote=Among the crowds are many Rajputs who link their community's existence, or survival, to the help of Karni Mata.}}</ref><ref name="Govt of Rajasthan">{{cite web |url=http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt/misc/ourpeople.html |title=Our People |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207020223/http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt/misc/ourpeople.html |archive-date=7 February 2008}}</ref> [[Meerabai]] was an important figure who was devoted Krishna.

The '''Bishnoi''', also spelled as '''Vishnoi''', is a [[Sampradaya#Hindu sampradayas|Hindu Vaishnava community]] or [[panth]] found in the [[Thar Desert|Western Thar Desert]] and northern states of India. Bishnoi community is turned into a Hindu [[Indian caste|caste]] with time. It has a set of 29 [[Niyama|Niyamas]] (principles/commandments) given by [[Guru Jambheshwar]].<ref name=bisjat3>Akash Kapur, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/08/world/asia/08iht-letter.html A Hindu Sect Devoted to the Environment], New York Times, 8 October 2010.</ref>

The [[Gujars]] worship the [[Devnarayan]], [[Shiva]], and Goddess [[Durga|Bhavani]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bards, ballads and boundaries: an ethnographic atlas of music traditions in West Rajasthan|author=Daniel Neuman|author2=Shubha Chaudhuri|author3=Komal Kothari|publisher=Seagull|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905422-07-4|quote=[[Devnarayan]] is worshiped as an avatar or incarnation of [[Vishnu]]. This epic is associated with the Gujar caste|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bardsballadsboun00neum}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian studies: past & present, Volume 11|publisher=Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers|year=1970|page=385|quote=The Gujars of Punjab, North Gujarat and Western Rajasthan worship Sitala and Bhavani}}</ref><ref name="Lālatā Prasāda Pāṇḍeya 1971 245">{{cite book|title=Sun-worship in ancient India|author=Lālatā Prasāda Pāṇḍeya|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass|year=1971|page=245}}</ref> Historically, the Gujars were Sun-worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun-god.<ref name="Lālatā Prasāda Pāṇḍeya 1971 245"/><gallery heights="200" caption="Hinduism in Rajasthan">
File:MET DP227587.jpg|[[Hanuman]]
File:Samadhishvara - Chittor Fort - Rajasthan -DSC 4615.jpg|[[Shiva]] temple at [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor Fort]]
File:Shri Karni Mata Deshnoke-2.png|[[Karni Mata]]
File:MET DP152346.jpg|[[Krishna]] in the form of [[Shrinathji|Shri Nathji]]
File:Kodamdesar bheruji.JPG|Bheruji Temple ([[Bhairava]])
</gallery>

===Islam===
{{See also|Rajasthani Muslims}}
Rajasthani Muslims are predominantly [[Sunnis]]. They are mainly [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]], Mirasi, Khanzada, Qaimkhani, Manganiar, Muslim [[Ranghar]], Merat, Sindhi-Sipahi, Rath, and Pathans.<ref>Muslim Communities of Rajasthan, {{ISBN|1-155-46883-X}}, 9781155468839</ref> Converts to [[Islam]] still maintained many of their earlier traditions. They share lot of socio-ritual elements. Rajasthani Muslim communities, after their conversion, continued to follow pre-conversion practices (Rajasthani rituals and customs) which is not the case in other parts of the country. This exhibits the strong cultural identity of Rajasthani people as opposed to religious identity.<ref>Rajasthan, Volume 1 By K. S. Singh, B. K. Lavanta, Dipak Kumar Samanta, S. K. Mandal, Anthropological Survey of India, N. N. Vyas, p 19</ref> According to 2001 census, Muslim population of Rajasthan is 4,788,227, accounting for around 9% of the total population.<ref name="Indian Census 2001 - Religion">[http://demotemp257.nic.in/httpdoc/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm Indian Census 2001 – Religion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312153215/http://demotemp257.nic.in/httpdoc/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |date=12 March 2007 }}</ref>

===Other religions===
Some other religions are also prevalent such as [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], [[Parsi]] religion and others.<ref name="Govt of Rajasthan"/> Over time, there has been an increase in the number of followers of Sikh religion.<ref name="Govt of Rajasthan"/> Though [[Buddhism]] emerged as a major religion during 321-184 BC in ''Mauryan Empire'', it had no influence in Rajasthan for the fact that Mauryan Empire had minimal impact on Rajasthan and its culture.<ref>Land and people of Indian states and union territories:Rajasthan by Gopal K. Bhargava, Shankarlal C. Bhatt, p 18</ref> Although [[Jainism]] is not that prevalent in Rajasthan today, Rajasthan and Gujarat areas were historically strong centres of Jainism in India.<ref>Jainism: the world of conquerors, Volume 1 By Natubhai Shah, p 68</ref>

== Castes and communities ==
[[File:Rajasthan jaipur 1875.jpg|thumb|Noblemen from Jaipur 1875]]
Rajasthanis form an ethno-linguistic group that is distinct in its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature, and art. However, there are many different castes and communities, with diversified traditions of their own. Major sub ethnic groups are [[Rajput]]s, [[Rabari|Raika]]s,
[[Rajpurohit|Rajpurohits]], [[Brahmin|Brahman]]s, [[Bishnoi]]s, [[Jat]]s, [[Gurjar]]s, [[Yadav]]s, [[Meena]]s, [[Berwa]]s, [[Chamar]], [[Charan]]s, [[Meghwal]]s, [[Mali caste|Mali]]s, [[Koli people|Koli]]s, [[Agrawal]]s, [[Barnwal]]s, [[Kumhar]]s, [[Kumawat]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/rajasthan-assembly-elections/Rajasthan-polls-Its-caste-politics-all-the-way/articleshow/24064494.cms|title=Rajasthan polls: It's caste politics all the way - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Rajasthans-castes-were-first-classified-by-British/articleshow/24272494.cms|title=Rajasthan's castes were first classified by British - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 October 2013 |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/in-poll-battle-for-rajasthan-bjp-fights-rajput-woes/articleshow/66883829.cms|title=In poll battle for Rajasthan, BJP fights Rajput woes|date=30 November 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref>

* [[Bania (caste)|'''Bania''']] are the trading communities which includes [[Aggarwal]]s, [[Barnwal]]s, [[Khandelwal Vaishya|Khandelwal]]s and [[Maheshwari]]s. Agarwals trace their origin to Agroha, a historic town near Hisar in Haryana and Barnwal (also spelled Baranwal, Burnwal, Varnwal, Warnwal or Barnawal) is an Indian toponymic Marwari surname from Baran in Rajasthan, India, while Khandelwal and Maheshwari communities are said to be originated from Khandela, near Jaipur. Baniya community is known for their excellent trading techniques and business acumen.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

* '''[[Bishnoi]]''' (also Vishnoi) is a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community which follow [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic culture]] and live in well organised social structure. Most of them are agricultural landowners, but many of them are opting for service sector. Also, Bishnois from south-western Rajasthan are business oriented people. Bishnois predominantly live the districts of Anupgarh, Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Balotra, Sanchore, Jodhpur, Jodhpur rural, Phalodi, Pali but can also be found throughout Rajasthan in smaller numbers. They are categorised as a [[forward caste]] in all the states of India except in Rajasthan, where they are categorised under OBC.<ref name="sje.rajasthan.gov.in" />

* '''[[Brahmin]]''' (alternately Brahman) are mostly [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaurs]], [[Gaur Brahmins|Paliwals]], [[Dadheech Brahmins|Dadheechs]], [[Nagar Brahmin|Nagars]], [[Bias Brahmin|Vyasas]], Pareeks, Rankawats, [[Audichya Brahmin]],[https://www.pareeksamaj.com/vishesh/brahmin-samaj/sikhwal-samaj.html Sikhwals], [[Saraswat|Saraswats]], [[Sanadhya Brahmin|Sanadhyas]], [[Shrimali Brahmins|Shrimalis]], [[Garga (sage)|Gargas]], [[Aboti Brahmin|Abotis]], Pushkarna Brahmins, Bhutia Brahmins. Brahmins, along with the [[Rajpurohit]] and Charan, are the only castes other than the Rajput who were granted [[Jagir|jagirs]] in Rajasthan.<ref name="Saksena2">{{Cite journal |last=Saksena |first=B. S. |date=1965 |title=The Phenomenon Of Feudal Loyalty : A Case Study In Sirohi State |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854129 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=121–128 |issn=0019-5510 |jstor=41854129 |quote=Among jagirdars, all were not Rajputs. Jagirs were also granted to Charans and Brahmins. They were also known as thakurs.}}</ref>

*'''[[Charan]]''' is a caste engaging in diverse occupations like poets, litterateurs, as well as warriors, traders and [[jagirdar]]s. Charan, along with the Brahmins, are the only castes other than the Rajput who were granted [[jagir]]s and were allowed to use the title [[Thakur (title)|thakur]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palriwala |first1=Rajni |title=Economics and Patriliny: Consumption and Authority within the Household |journal=Social Scientist |date=1993 |volume=21 |issue=9/11 |pages=47–73 |doi=10.2307/3520426 |jstor=3520426 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520426 |issn=0970-0293|quote=Charans are a caste peculiar to Gujarat and Rajasthan and their ranking is controversial. In Rajasthan, they were bards and 'literateurs', but also warriors and jagirdars, holders of land and power over men; the dependents of Rajputs, their equals and their teachers. There were no Rajputs in this village, though one of my original criteria in selecting a study village was the presence of Rajputs. On my initial visit and subsequently, I was assured of this fact vis-a-vis Panchwas and introduced to the thakurs, who in life-style, the practice of female seclusion, and various reference points they alluded to appeared as Rajputs. While other villagers insisted that Rajputs and Charans were all the same to them, the Charans, were not trying to pass themselves off as Rajputs, but indicating that they were as good as Rajputs if not ritually superior.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Saksena">{{Cite journal|last=Saksena|first=B. S.|date=1965|title=The Phenomenon Of Feudal Loyalty : A Case Study In Sirohi State|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854129|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=26|issue=4|pages=121–128|issn=0019-5510|jstor=41854129|quote=Among jagirdars, all were not Rajputs. Jagirs were also granted to Charans and Brahmins. They were also known as thakurs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ |title=Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-39396-6 |language=en |quote=Charans received lands in jagir for their services, and in parts of Marwar, certain Charan families were effectively Darbars.}}</ref>

* [[Gurjar|'''Gurjars''']] are an animal rearing caste, this caste is included in the Backward Classes group in most of the states of India. They are also found in some states like Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in good number. They were added in criminal tribe by britishers for revolting against them in various parts which is one of the main reason they were left behind in education and this tribe is generally known for its bravery.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

* '''[[Jats]]''' are traditionally an agricultural caste and are listed under [[Other Backward Class]] of Rajasthan State. In east Rajasthan, [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Ram Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYRRDwAAQBAJ&dq=jat+kingdom+of+bharatpur&pg=PT105 |title=Colonialism in India: Roots of Underdevelopment |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |year=1985 |isbn=9789352664344}}</ref> and [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. H. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jF9uAAAAMAAJ&q=dholpur |title=Mina, the Ruling Tribe of Rajasthan: Socio-biological Appraisal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1987 |isbn=9788170184478 |page=29}}</ref> were ruled by [[Jat]] rulers. Jats of these two districts were removed from central OBC list after a order by [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2015.<ref name="Khan 20202">{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Hamza |date=19 November 2020 |title=Rajasthan: Jats seek central OBC quota, threaten stir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-jats-seek-central-obc-quota-threaten-stir-7056545/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Rajasthan state government added them back in the state's OBC list but did not send the recommendation to central government, since they were removed by the Supreme Court.<ref name="The Wire 20192">{{cite web |date=20 November 2019 |title=Jats of Two Rajasthan Districts Demand Reservation Under Central OBC Quota |url=https://thewire.in/caste/jats-obc-quota-reservation-centre |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

* '''[[Khatik]]''' word is derived from the Sanskrit language word Khat. Khatik means "butcher". In ancient times the main profession of Khatik Caste was to slaughter and prepare sheep and goats. Found throughout India, the Khatik community began as hunters and butchers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

* [[Kumawat|'''Kumawats''']] are also found all over Rajasthan with majority in Jaipur, Pali, Bikaner, Jodhpur Churu hanumangarh jaisalmer Sri ganganagar etc. . Kumawat's main profession is related to agriculture and now even they are into business all over the country like Indore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai etc.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

* '''[[Meghwal]]''' The Meghwal or Meghwar (also known as Megh and Meghraj) people live primarily in northwest India, with a small population in Pakistan. Their traditional occupation was agricultural farming.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

* [[Nai (caste)|'''Sain Nai''']] mostly lives in Alwar, Dausa, Bharatpur, Jaipur & some other district of Rajasthan. They worship their kuldevi ''sati Narayani Mata'' (Temple in Alwar).<ref name="Jibraeil 2006, p. 223">Jibraeil: "Position of Jats in Churu Region", The Jats - Vol. II, Ed Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2006, p. 223</ref>

* [[Rajput|'''Rajputs''']] are various patrilineal clans historically associated with warriorhood. An aristocratic class in Rajasthan, they are descendants of ancient ruling dynasties of the region. Rajput is a [[Forward caste|Forward or General caste]] in India.
* '''[[Rajpurohit]]''' is a caste with traditions similar to both Rajputs and Brahmins. They are the descendants of Saptrishis. They are engaged in diverse occupations like Gurus of Rajput kings, warriors, traders and jagirdars. Rajpurohit, along with the Brahmins and Charan, are the only castes other than the Rajput who were granted [[Jagir|jagirs]] and were allowed to use the title [[Thakur (title)|thakur]]. Rajpurohits, [[Rajput|Rajputs]] and [[Charan]] are considered to be identical for their political ideology.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

* '''[[Seervi]]''' are mainly in agriculture business in Jodhpur and Pali District of Rajasthan. Major population of Seervi's are followers of [[Aai Mata]] which has main temple at [[Bilara]]. These days Seervi have migrated from Rajasthan to Southern part of India and became good business community.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

* '''[[Sunar]]''' (alternately, Sonar or Swarnkar, Soni) is a community of people who work as [[goldsmith]]s.<ref>''People of India'': Uttar Pradesh (Volume XLII) edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1500 to 150</ref> The community is primarily [[Hindu]], and found all over Rajasthan. The Sunar caste is in central<ref>{{cite journal |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |website=www.ncbc.nic.in |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv31HvqDjLo2b6bRBzpX69AoP2QYNS1c%2bG5fYPaeM7PeVCET3GMjhgG}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |website=www.ncbc.nic.in |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/2635221884005388474.pdf |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |website=www.ncbc.nic.in |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/note17635288548297625558.pdf |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> as well as the state<ref name="sje.rajasthan.gov.in">{{cite web |title=List of Caste OBC |url=https://sje.rajasthan.gov.in/Default.aspx?PageID=67 |website=Government of Rajasthan Social Justice and Empowerment Department |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> OBC list in Rajasthan.

There are few other [[tribal]] communities in Rajasthan, such as [[Meenas|Meena]] and [[Bhils]]. Meena ruled on [[Dhundhar]] near 10th century. The [[Ghoomar]] dance is one well-known aspect of Bhil tribe. Meena and Bhils were employed as soldiers by the Rajputs. During colonial rule, the British government declared 250 groups<ref name="Ratna G. Revankar 1971, pp.239">The Indian constitution--: a case study of backward classes by Ratna G. Revankar, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1971, pp.239</ref> which included Meenas, Gujars, etc.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DShuAAAAMAAJ&q=gujars+ | title = Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Alwar | last1 = (India) | first1 = Rajasthan | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7kBuAAAAMAAJ&q=gujars+ | title = The historiography of the Indian revolt of 1857 | isbn = 978-81-85094-52-6 | last1 = Sen | first1 = Snigdha | year = 1992| publisher = Punthi-Pustak }}</ref> as "criminal tribes". Any group or community that took arms and opposed [[British Raj|British rule]] were branded as criminal by the British government in 1871.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnography of a denotified tribe: the Laman Banjara|author=J. J. Roy Burman|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai57G7ei0tIC&pg=PA8|page=8|isbn=978-81-8324-345-2}}</ref> This Act was repealed in 1952 by Government of India.<ref name="Ratna G. Revankar 1971, pp.239"/> Sahariyas, the jungle dwellers, who are believed to be of Bhil origin, inhabit the areas of Kota, Dungarpur and Sawai Madhopur in the southeast of Rajasthan. Their main occupations include working as shifting cultivators, hunters and fishermen.<ref name="bharatonline.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-culture/tribes.html|title = Rajasthan Tribes - Tribes of Rajasthan India - Rajasthan Tribals}}</ref><ref name="travel-in-rajasthan.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.travel-in-rajasthan.com/rajasthan-travel/tribes.htm |title=Tribal Areas of Rajasthan - Villages of Rajasthan |website=www.travel-in-rajasthan.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219182000/http://travel-in-rajasthan.com/rajasthan-travel/tribes.htm |archive-date=19 February 2006}}</ref> Garasias is a small Rajput tribe inhabiting Abu Road area of southern Rajasthan.<ref name="bharatonline.com"/><ref name="travel-in-rajasthan.com"/>

There are a few other colourful folks, groups like those of [[Gadia Lohar|Gadia Luhar]], [[Banjara]], [[Nat caste|Nat]], [[Kalbelia]], and [[Sansi people|Saansi]], who criss-cross the countryside with their animals. The [[Gadia Lohar|Gadia Luhars]] are said to be once associated with [[Maharana Pratap]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Social strains of globalization in India: case examples |author2=Sushma Batra|publisher=New Concepts|year= 1996|page=152|author=Merlin A. Taber}}</ref>

== Rajasthani literature ==
Scholars agree on the fact that during 10th-12th century, a common language was spoken in western Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. This language was known as [[Old Gujarati language|Old Gujarati]] ''(1100 AD — 1500 AD)'' (also called ''Old Western Rajasthani'', ''Gujjar Bhakha'', ''Maru-Gurjar''). The language derived its name from Gurjara and its people, who were residing and ruling in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajputana]], central [[India]], and various parts of Gujarat at that time.<ref name="K.Ayyappapanicker">{{cite book|title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3|author=K. Ayyappapanicker|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA91|page=91|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5}}</ref> It is said that [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] has evolved from this ''Gurjar Bhakha'' later.<ref>{{cite book|title=Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology|author=Ajay Mitra Shastri|author2=R. K. Sharma |author3=Devendra Handa |publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7305-287-3|page=227|quote=It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha..}}</ref> The language was used as a literary language as early as the 12th century. Poet [[Bhoja]] has referred to ''[[Gojri|Gaurjar Apabhramsha]]'' in 1014 AD.<ref name="K.Ayyappapanicker"/> Formal grammar of Rajasthani was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. Rajasthani was recognised by the State Assembly as an official Indian language in 2004. Recognition is still pending from the government of India.<ref>Casting Kings: Bards and Indian Modernity by JEFFREY G. SNODGRASS, p 20</ref>

First mention of Rajasthani literature comes from the 778 CE novel ''[[Kuvalayamala]]'', composed in the town of Jalor in south-eastern [[Marwar]] by Jain acharya Udyotana Suri. Udyotan Suri referred it as ''Maru Bhasha'' or ''Maru Vani''. Modern Rajasthani literature began with the works of '''''[[Suryamal Misran]]a'''''.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/385338/Suryamal-Misrama Suryamal Misrama:britannica]</ref> His most important works are the ''Vamsa Bhaskara'' and the ''Vira satsaī''. The ''Vira satsaī'' is a collection of couplets dealing with historical heroes. Two other important poets in this traditional style are ''Bakhtavara Ji'' and [[Kaviraja Muraridan|Kaviraja Murari Dan]]. Apart from academic literature, there exists folk literature as well. Folk literature consists of ballads, songs, proverbs, folk tales, and panegyrics. The heroic and ethical poetry were the two major components of Rajasthani literature throughout its history. The development of Rajasthani literature, as well as ''virkavya'' (heroic poetry), from the ''[[Dingal]]'' language took form during the early formation of medieval social and political establishments in Rajasthan. ''Maharaja Chatur Singh'' (1879–1929) was a devotional poet from [[Mewar]]. His contributions were poetry style that was essentially a bardic tradition in nature. Another important poet was Hinglaj Dan Kaviya (1861–1948). His contributions are largely of the heroic poetry style.<ref>History of Indian Literature: .1911-1956, struggle for freedom By Sisir Kumar Das, p 188</ref>

Developmental progression and growth of Rajasthani literature cand be divided into 3 stages<ref>Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3 By K. Ayyappapanicker, Sahitya Akademi, p 454</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical stages of Rajasthani literature
|-
|bgcolor="#F6F6F6"|900 to 1400 AD ||''The Early Period''
|-
|bgcolor="#F6F6F6"|1400 to 1857 AD ||''Medieval Period''
|-
|bgcolor="#F6F6F6"|1857 to present day ||''Modern Period''
|}

== Culture and tradition ==
[[File:4_Radha_(Bani_Thani),_Kishangarh,_ca._1750,_National_Museum_New_Delhi.jpg|thumb|Bani Thani]]

=== Dress ===
[[File:Man jaisalmer turban.jpg|thumb|170px|Rajasthani man wearing a ''paggar'' style of turban.]]Traditionally men wear [[earring]]s, ''[[apadravya]]'', [[moustache]]s, ''[[dhotis]]'', ''[[kurta]]'', ''[[angarkha]]'', and ''paggar'' or ''safa'' (headgear resembling a [[turban]])( Safa wearing style,colour,etc. vary by caste, age factors,etc)([https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/rajasthan-ki-paag-pagadiyan-uaa049/ Different styles of Safa]). Traditional ''chudidar payjama'' (puckered trousers) frequently replaces ''dhoti'' in different regions. Women wear dress according to their caste culture. Poshak is worn by Rajput, Rajpurohit and Charan women only(As per tradition). However, dress style changes with lengths and breaths of vast Rajasthan. ''Dhoti'' is worn in different ways in Marwar (Jodhpur area) or Shekhawati (Jaipur area) or Hadoti (Bundi area). Similarly, there are a few differences pagri and ''safa'' despite both being Rajasthani headgear. Mewar has the tradition of ''paggar'', whereas Marwar has the tradition of ''safa''.

[[File:Traditional Rajasthan Lakh jewellery.png|thumb|170px|Traditional Rajasthani Jewelry]]
Rajasthan is also famous for its amazing ornaments. From ancient times, Rajasthani people have been wearing jewellery of various metals and materials. Traditionally, women wore Gems-studded [[gold]] and [[silver]] ornaments. Historically, silver or gold ornaments were used for interior decoration stitched on curtains, seat cushions, handy-crafts, etc. Wealthy Rajasthanis used Gems-studded [[gold]] and [[silver]] on swords, shields, knives, pistols, cannon, doors, thrones, etc., which reflects the importance of ornaments in lives of Rajasthanis.<ref>Rajasthan, Part 1 By K. S. Singh, p 15</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Rich [[Rajasthani culture]] reflects in the tradition of hospitality which is one of its own kind. Rajasthan region varies from arid desert districts to the greener eastern areas. Varying degree of geography has resulted in a rich cuisine involving both vegetarian and non vegetarian dishes. Rajasthani food is characterised by the use of [[Jowar]], [[Bajri]], legumes and lentils, its distinct aroma and flavor achieved by the blending of spices including [[curry leaves]], [[tamarind]], [[coriander]], [[ginger]], garlic, chili, pepper, [[cinnamon]], cloves, [[cardamom]], [[cumin]], and rosewater.

The major crops of Rajasthan are [[jowar]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]], [[maize]], [[Finger millet|ragi]], rice, wheat, barley, gram, tur, pulses, ground nut, [[sesamum]], etc. Millets, lentils, and beans are the most basic ingredients in food.

The majority of Hindu and Jain Rajasthanis are vegetarian. Rajasthani Jains do not eat after sundown and their food does not contain garlic and onions. Rajputs are usually meat eaters; however, eating beef is a taboo within the majority of the culture.<ref name=raj>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajastha|year=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176481182|pages=184(see pages 47–50)}}</ref><ref>Serving Empire, Serving Nation by Glenn J. Ames, The University of Toledo, Pg 26</ref>

Rajasthani cuisine has many varieties, varying regionally between the arid desert districts and the greener eastern areas. The most famous dish is [[Baati|Dal-Baati-Churma]]. It is a little bread full of clarified butter roasted over hot coals and served with a dry, flaky sweet made of gram flour, and ''Ker-Songri'' made with a desert fruit and beans.

== Art ==
{{main|Art of Rajasthan}}
[[File:Rajasthani Artists.jpg|thumb|centre|500px]]

=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Rajasthan}}
[[File:Rajasthani folk musician.jpg|thumb|A Rajasthani folk singer with his [[Ravanahatha]] instrument at the Akhyan Festival at the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] (IGNCA), near India Gate, New Delhi.]]
Rajasthani Music has a diverse collection of musicians. Major schools of music includes [[Udaipur, Rajasthan|Udaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], and [[Jaipur]]. Jaipur is a major Gharanas which is well known for its reverence for rare ragas. ''[[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana]]'' is associated with ''Alladiya Khan'' (1855–1943), who was among the great singers of the late 19th and early 20th century. [[Alladiya Khan]] was trained both in ''Dhrupad'' and ''Khyal styles'', though his ancestors were Dhrupad singers.<ref>Tradition of Hindustani music By Manorma Sharma, p 49</ref> The most distinguishing feature of Jaipur ''Gharana'' is its complex and lilting melodic form.

=== Rajasthani paintings ===
The colourful tradition of Rajasthani people reflects in art of paintings as well. This painting style is called '''''Maru-Gurjar painting'''''. It throws light on the royal heritage of ancient Rajasthan. Under the Royal patronage, various styles of paintings developed, cultivated, and practised in Rajasthan, and painting styles reached their pinnacle of glory by 15th to 17th centuries. The major painting styles are ''[[phad painting]]s'', ''miniature paintings'', ''kajali paintings'', ''gemstone paintings'', etc. There is incredible diversity and imaginative creativity found in Rajasthani paintings. Major schools of art are ''[[Mewar]]'', ''[[Marwar]]'', ''Kishangarh'', ''Bundi'', ''[[Kota district|Kota]]'', ''[[Jaipur]]'', and ''[[Alwar]]''.
[[File:Rajasthani Painting.jpg|thumb|left|250px]]

'''Development of ''Maru-Gurjar painting'''''<ref>Art and artists of Rajasthan by R.K. Vaśishṭha</ref>
* Western Indian painting style - 700 AD
* Mewar Jain painting style - 1250 AD
* Blend of Sultanate Maru-Gurjar painting style - 1550 AD
* Mewar, Marwar, Dhundar, and Harothi styles - 1585 AD

'''[[Phad painting]]s''' ("'''Mewar'''-style of painting") is the most ancient Rajasthani art form. Phad paintings, essentially a scroll painting done on cloth, are beautiful specimen of the Indian cloth paintings. These have their own styles and patterns and are very popular due to their vibrant colours and historic themes. The ''[[Devnarayan Ki Phad|Phad of God Devnarayan]]'' is largest among the popular Pars in Rajasthan. The painted area of God [[Devnarayan]] Ki Phad is 170 square feet (i.e. 34' x 5').<ref name="Lord Devnarayan Legend">{{cite book|title=Painted Folklore and Folklore Painters of India|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUjjBHmHMXEC&pg=PA57|year=1976}}</ref> Some other Pars are also prevalent in Rajasthan, but being of recent origin, they are not classical in composition.<ref name="Lord Devnarayan Legend"/> Another famous Par painting is ''[[Pabuji Ki Phad]]''. [[Pabuji]] Ki Phad is painted on a 15 x 5 ft. canvas.<ref name="Lord Devnarayan Legend"/> Other famous heroes of Phad paintings are ''[[Gogaji]]'', ''[[Prithviraj Chauhan]]'', ''[[Amar Singh Rathore]]'', etc.<ref>Indian Murals and Paintings By Nayanthara S, p 15</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{main|Architecture of Rajasthan}}
<gallery>
File:Ranakpur Jain Temple Ceiling detail.jpg|Interior shows stone work Adisvara temple
File:Worshippers leaving the temple in Ranakpur.jpg|Jain temple at Ranakpur
File:Nagda2.jpg|Nagda Temple
File:Dev Somnath Temple, Dungarpur.jpg|Dev Somnath Temple
</gallery>

The rich tradition of Rajasthanis also reflect in the [[architecture of Rajasthan|architecture of the region]]. There is a connecting link between [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] and [[Hoysala]] temple architecture. In both of these styles, architecture is treated sculpturally.<ref>The legacy of G.S. Ghurye: a centennial festschrift By Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, A. R. Momin, p-205</ref>

== Occupation ==
[[Agriculture]] is the main occupation of Rajasthani people in Rajasthan. Major crops of Rajasthan are [[jowar]], [[Pearl millet|bajri]], [[maize]], [[Finger millet|ragi]], rice, wheat, barley, gram, tur, pulses, ground nut, sesamum, etc. Agriculture was the most important element in the economic life of the people of medieval ''Rajasthan''.<ref>Rajasthan through the Ages the Heritage of By R.K. Gupta, p 56</ref> In early medieval times, the land that could be irrigated by one well was called ''Kashavah'', which is a land that could be irrigated by one ''Knsha'' or leather bucket.<ref>Rajasthan studies by Gopi Nath Sharma</ref> Historically, there were a whole range of communities in Rajasthan at different stages of economy, from hunting to settled agriculture. The ''Van Baoria'', ''Tirgar'', ''Kanjar'', ''vagri'', etc. were traditionally ''hunters'' and gatherers. Now, only the ''Van Baoria'' are hunters, while others have shifted to agriculture related occupations.<ref>Rajasthan, Volume 1, Anthropological Survey of India, p 19</ref> There are a number of [[artisans]], such as ''Lohar'' and ''Sikligar''. ''Lohar'' are blacksmiths while Sikligar do specific work of making and polishing of arms used in war. Now, they create tools used for agriculture.

{{main|Marwaris}}

=== Trade and business ===

Historically, ''Rajasthani'' business community (also called '''Marwaris''', ''{{langx|raj|मारवाड़ी}}'') conducted business successfully throughout India and outside of India. Their business was organised around the "joint-family system", in which the grandfather, father, sons, their sons, and other family members or close relatives worked together and shared responsibilities of business work.<ref>The rise of business corporations in India By Shyam Rungta, p 165</ref> The success of Rajasthanis in business, that too outside of Rajasthan, is the outcome of feeling of oneness within the community.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} ''Rajasthanis'' tend to help community members, and this strengthens the kinship bondage, oneness, and trust within community. Another fact is that they have the ability to adapt to the region they migrate. They assimilate with others so well and respect the regional culture, customs, and people.<ref>Business history of India By Chittabrata Palit, Pranjal Kumar Bhattacharyya, p 278, 280</ref> It is a rare and most revered quality for any successful businessman. Today, they are among the major business classes in India. The term ''Marwari'' has come to mean a canny businessman from the State of Rajasthan. The Bachhawats, Birlas, Goenkas, Bajajs, Ruias, Piramels and Singhanias are among the top business groups of India. They are the famous marwaris from Rajasthan.<ref>History, Religion and Culture of India By S. Gajrani</ref>

== Diaspora ==
The [[Marwaris|Marwari]] group of Rajasthanis have a substantial diaspora throughout India, where they have been established as traders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm_KCE4XXPMC&q=Rajasthani+people&pg=PR27 |title=People of India: Rajasthan |first1=Lavania |last1=Singh |first2=Mandal Vyas |last2=Samanta |page=xxvii-xxviii |isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 |year=1998|publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref> Marwari migration to the rest of India is essentially a movement in search of opportunities for trade and commerce. In most cases, Rajasthanis migrate to other places as traders.<ref>Business history of India By Chittabrata Palit, Pranjal Kumar Bhattacharyya, p 280</ref>

=== Maharashtra ===
In [[Maharashtra]], Rajasthanis are mainly merchants and own large to mid-sized business houses. [[Maheshwari]]s are mainly Hindus (some are also Jains), who migrated from ''Rājputāna'' in the olden days. They usually worship all Gods and Goddesses along with their village deities.<ref>People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 2 By Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Bhanu, Anthropological Survey of India</ref>

== Images ==
<gallery>
file:Carved elephants on the walls of Jagdish Mandir.jpg|Carved elephants on the walls of Jagdish Temple that was built by Maharana Jagat Singh Ist in 1651 A.D.
file:Aravali range inside Ranthambhore, Rajasthan.jpg|The region surrounding Aravalli hills near Ranthambore, Rajasthan, India.
file:Deshnoke Karni Mata.jpg|Detailed stone work, Karni Mata Temple, Bikaner Rajasthan.
file:Jaisalmer Jain Temple 6.jpg|Marble stone work, Jaisalmer Jain Temple, Rajasthan.
file:Seated Ganesha, India, Rajasthan, 9th century, sandstone, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|Seated Ganesha, sandstone sculpture from Rajasthan, India, 9th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.
file:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 019.jpg|Yellow sandstone sculpture of a standing deity, 11th century CE, Rajasthan.
File:Armor coat Rajasthan01.jpg|Armor coat, 18th century, Rajasthan.
file:WLA lacma Celestial Nymph ca 1450 Rajasthan.jpg|Marble sculpture of a female, ca 1450, Rajasthan.
file:Bani Thani painting.jpg|Bani Thani painting, Rajasthan.
file:Thar Khuri.jpg|Camel ride in sand dunes, Thar desert, [[Jaisalmer]].
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Rajasthan]]
* [[Culture of Rajasthan]]
* [[Mandore]]
* [[Suthar]]
* [[Kathputli (Puppet)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt/misc/ourpeople.html People of Rajasthan] ''[[Government of Rajasthan]]''
* [https://www.thegyan.org/2015/06/12-myths-that-every-rajasthani-has-to.html Some Myths that every Rajasthani has to deal in rest of the part of India] People from Rajasthan migrate to different parts of India for the purpose of business, work, Education etc. and during their stay outside they experience various myths about their native place that are prevalent in the rest of India. Those myths are clarified here with reasons.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zirn1H4vE0Y "Jaisalmer Ayo! Gateway of the Gypsies"] sheds light on the lifestyle, culture and politics of nomadic life in Rajasthan as it followsa group of snake charmers, storytellers, musicians, dancers and blacksmiths as they make their way across the Thar Desert to Jaisalmer.

{{Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasthani People}}
[[Category:Rajasthani peoples| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan|*]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]

Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)

2026-01-15T06:02:33Z

Alaminsorker: page fix

{{short description|1974 novel by Satyajit Ray}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox book 
| name = Royal Bengal Rahasya (The Royal Bengal Mystery)
| image = Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel).jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| cover_artist = Satyajit Ray
| genre = [[Detective fiction]]
| publisher = [[Ananda Publishers]]
| release_date = 1974
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by = Kailashey Kelenkari
| followed_by = Joi Baba Felunath
}}
'''''Royal Bengal Rahashya''''' is a novel in Feluda Series created by the eminent author and director Satyajit Ray. It is of 88 pages and is published by Ananda Publishers Pvt. Ltd. in 1975. It was preceded by ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]'' and followed by ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (novel)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''.

==Plot summary==
On an invitation by Mahitosh Singha Ray, Lalmohon Babu takes Feluda and Topshe to a forest near Bhutan where Feluda is given a puzzle to solve. He solves that successfully, unearths hidden secrets of the Sinha Ray family, solves a murder and kills a man-eating [[tiger]] in the process. At the end of the story, he is rewarded with the Tiger-skin. This story tells about Feluda 's impressive reflex skills and his spear sharp mind with its unbeatable craze for mysteries.

==Adaptations==
* A [[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|film with same name]] based on this novel was released in 2011, directed by [[Sandip Ray]].
* The story adapted into 2013 short film ''Feluda'', directed by Shailesh Singh.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3526464/ ''Feluda'', 2013 film]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Feluda}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1974 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Feluda (novel series)]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Novels set in West Bengal]]

{{1970s-mystery-novel-stub}}

Saubhagya scheme

2026-01-11T02:24:57Z

Alaminsorker: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian government project}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
''' Saubhagya Scheme''' or '''Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana''' was an [[Indian government]] project to provide [[electricity]] to some households.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM launches 'Saubhagya' scheme to provide power to all.|work=The Hindu Business Online|date=25 September 2017|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-launches-saubhagya-scheme-to-provide-power-to-all/article9872678.ece}}</ref><ref name="brook">{{cite web|title=Can the Saubhagya scheme work?|author= Rahul Tongia|date=31 October 2017|publisher=Brookings|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/can-the-saubhagya-scheme-work/}}</ref> The project was announced in September 2017 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who said that the aim was to complete the electrification process by December 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government launches Saubhagya scheme for household electrification|work=The Economic Times|date=25 September 2017|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-launches-saubhagya-scheme-for-household-electrification/articleshow/60828887.cms}}</ref> Certain households identified via the [[Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011|Socio-economic and Caste Census (SECC) of 2011]] will be eligible for free electricity connections, while others will be charged Rs. 500.<ref name="prs">{{cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/electrification-india-%E2%80%98saubhagya%E2%80%99-scheme|title=Electrification in India: 'Saubhagya' scheme|author=E Prachee Mishra|date=5 October 2017|publisher=The PRS Blog|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217043307/https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/electrification-india-%25E2%2580%2598saubhagya%25E2%2580%2599-scheme|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi's 16,000-Crore Power Point: Free Electricity Connections For Poor|date=26 September 2017|publisher=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/saubhagya-scheme-pm-narendra-modis-16-000-crore-power-point-free-electricity-connections-for-poor-1754991}}</ref> On 16 November 2017, the government launched a website [https://saubhagya.gov.in saubhagya.gov.in] to disseminate information about the scheme.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Today|date=25 November 2017|title=Govt launches Saubhagya scheme web portal to register citizens for free electricity|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/saubhagya-portal-launched-by-government-1090097-2017-11-20|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225154006/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/saubhagya-portal-launched-by-government/1/1093139.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The total outlay of the project is Rs. 16, 320 crore while the Gross Budgetary Support (GBS) is Rs. 12,320 crore.
The beneficiary household will get One [[LED lights]], one DC power plug. It also includes the Repair and Maintenance of Meter Only (R&M) for 5 years. The scheme was closed in March 2022 since the target of 100% electrification was met.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Various schemes implemented by Government of India to achieve uninterrupted power supply to all households |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1845839 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Responses==
91% of rural Indian households have received electricity access by June 2019. Commentators have noted that while the scheme would provide the capacity for electricity in poor and rural households, it did not solve the problem of [[power outage]]s<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Shedding light on Saubhagya: on electrification scheme|date=25 October 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/shedding-light-on-saubhagya/article19913598.ece}}</ref><ref name="brook" /> and made no provision for cases where households could not afford electricity bills.<ref name="hindu" /> In October 2018, Bihar completed its target of 100 per cent electrification of willing households under Saubhagya scheme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-completes-100-electrification-two-months-before-deadline/articleshow/66356109.cms|title=Bihar completes 100% electrification two months before deadline|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=25 October 2018 |last1=Sharma |first1=Aman }}</ref> As it completed 4 years of implementation, 2.82 crore households have been given electricity access as of March 2021.

In 2022, the Jammu and Kashmir administration was awarded by the Government of India for providing electricity ahead of the deadline to all the villages under the Saubhagya scheme. But for Kamach, a remote hamlet in Chatroo tehsil of [[Kishtwar district]] electricity continues to remain a distant dream.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K: Projects in Kishtwar Light Up Homes in Other States, But Not This Hamlet in the Region |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jk-projects-in-kishtwar-light-up-homes-in-other-states-but-not-this-hamlet-in-the-region |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana]], the rural electrification scheme implemented by the Singh Government

* Common man empowerment:
** [[DigiLocker]] (easier access to online identity proof and services)
** [[Har ghar jal]] (water connection for each house)
** [[Ration card (India)|One Nation, One Ration Card]] (food security card's national portability)
** [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] (affordable housing for all)
** [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan|Swachh Bharat]] (toilet for all houses)
** [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana|Ujjwala Yojana]] (clean cooking gas connections for all)
**Mohid Ahmad design logo of [https://saubhagya.gov.in/ Saubhagya] scheme.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://saubhagya.gov.in/ Official website]
* [https://hargarbijli.com/ har ghar bijli.bsphcl.co.in status]
{{Government schemes in India}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana Saubhagya}}
[[Category:Electric power in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]

Satish Kumar Phagna

2026-01-05T13:22:57Z

Alaminsorker: Added Initial Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Faridabad NIT Assembly constituency|Faridabad NIT]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Neeraj Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Satish Kumar Phagna''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] elected in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 elections]], representing [[Faridabad NIT Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Faridabad NIT Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Satish Kumar Phagna of BJP Leading by Over 27,000 Votes |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/faridabad-nit-election-result-2024-live-update-9077373.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Faridabad Nit, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Satish Kumar Phagna defeats INC's Neeraj Sharma with 33217 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/faridabad-nit-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612862-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phagna, Satish Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Prema Adhei Akhyara

2025-12-29T02:15:33Z

Alaminsorker: Stub

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Prema Adhei Akhyara.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Sudhakar Basant]]
| writer = Rajani Ranjan
| screenplay = Sudhakar Basant
| story = Sunita Narendra Singh [[Selvaraghavan]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| producer = Narayan Nayak
| starring = [[Babushaan Mohanty]] [[Riya Dey]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = Sarbana
| music = Malay Misra
| studio = Umamani Visual Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|10|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Oriya
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Prema Adhei Akhyara''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Oriya language|Oriya]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Sudhakar Basant]]. A remake of the 2007 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/13-years-of-aadavari-matalaku-arthale-verule-some-rare-and-interesting-trivia-about-the-venkatesh-and-trisha-starrer/photostory/75403143.cms|title=13 Years of Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule: Some rare and interesting trivia about the Venkatesh and Trisha starrer|date=27 April 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> the film stars [[Babushaan Mohanty]] and [[Riya Dey]] in her debut.

== Plot ==
Amar is from a middle-class family. He makes several bids to obtain employment, but all go in vain due to his poor language skills and inadequate educational qualifications. All his friends settled in life, but he continues to struggle to find employment. Amar has two best friends, Raja and Pintu. His father is a teacher and is always critical of him for being an irresponsible person, only adding to his already long list of woes.

At this juncture, Amar catches a glimpse of Chandini and immediately falls in love with her. He learns that she works for a software solutions firm. Luckily, Amar eventually secured employment in the same firm. Chandini, however, turns out to be short-tempered. On a business trip, Amar accompanies her along with other colleagues to Australia. There, he reveals his feelings of love to her. She declines, saying that she comes from an orthodox family, and her marriage has already been arranged with her cousin.

Amar returns to India in a depressed manner. Unable to see his son in depression, his father tries to convince Chandini, but she insults him for recommending his son's love and accidentally slaps both Amar and his father. Later that night, Amar's father dies of a heart attack. Amar again goes into depression. To ease Amar's mood, Raja persuades him to come along to his family's house in the countryside. Coincidentally, on the train journey, Chandini is revealed to be Raja's fiancée. However, their grandfather's intention of getting them married earlier is put aside because Raja and Chandini leave the house to make their own identity. This causes heartache to their grandfather.

With the passing of a few days, the parents of Chandini and Raja decide to marry to appease their grandfather. After several turns of events, Chandini realizes that she is in love with Amar instead. Amar asks her to forget him, during a late-night meeting, because he believes that it would create problems in their happy family. Chandini's grandfather notices them conversing and admonishes Chandini for bringing disrepute to their family and asks Amar to leave his village. Amar gets ready to leave when he sees everyone putting up decorations for the wedding. Raja furiously asks him to get out but Amar responds that they have misunderstood Chandini all along. While Amar is on his way, a bunch of goons he saved the family from stabbed him in the stomach, and he is hospitalized.

However, Raja and Chandini's wedding is taking place that morning. Upon knowing Amar's condition, Pintu asks Raja to come and help. Though initially reluctant, Raja abandons his wedding to help Amar. Everyone else slowly leaves for the hospital, except Chandini and her grandfather. Chandini says that she would never disobey her grandfather. Afterward, her grandfather takes Chandini to the hospital. While Amar recovers and wakes up to leave, he sees that everyone in the family is outside his room, including Chandini and her grandfather.

In time, Chandini's family comes to stay with Amar for a few days. The film ends when Amar and Chandini become a couple and live together.<ref name="O">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/fun-games-on-the-sets-of-rom-com-the-movie-is-similar-to-kismat-konnection-but-has-many-twists-and-turns/cid/504250|title=Fun & games on the sets of rom com - The movie is similar to Kismat Konnection but has many twists and turns|date=31 July 2010|last=Panda|first=Namita|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Babushaan Mohanty]] as Amar
*[[Riya Dey]] as Chandini / Kusum
* Subashish Sharma as Raja
* Priya Mahapatra as Puja / Susama
*[[Mihir Das]] as Amar's father
*[[Namrata Das]] as Jeje Maa
*[[Bijay Mohanty]] as Bikram Choudhury
*[[Pintu Nanda]] as Pintu
*[[Harihara Mahapatra]] as Hari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/comedian-hari-to-play-lead-in-ollywood-flick-dho-re-baya-dho/|title=Comedian Hari To Play Lead In Ollywood Flick 'Dho Re Baya Dho'|work=OdishaBytes|date=28 January 2021|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602154106/https://odishabytes.com/comedian-hari-to-play-lead-in-ollywood-flick-dho-re-baya-dho/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Samaresh Routray]] as Dina
*Pratibha Sahu as Chandini's mother
*Pushpa Panda as Raja's mother
*Ankit Anurag<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/little-star-shines-at-awards-child-actor-ankit-anurag-is-part-of-the-first-odia-3d-film/cid/475733|title=Little star shines at awards - Child actor Ankit Anurag is part of the first Odia 3D film|date=26 December 2011|last=Maitra|first=Chandrima|work=The Telegraph|access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>
* Sreela Tripathy as an [[item number]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/sreela-tripathy-from-a-bengali-dancer-to-an-odia-actress-wife/|title=Sreela Tripathy: From A Bengali Dancer To An Odia Actress & Wife|work=OdishaBytes|date=24 October 2019|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822130700/https://odishabytes.com/sreela-tripathy-from-a-bengali-dancer-to-an-odia-actress-wife/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Dancer [[Riya Dey]] made her film debut through this film after an event manager told director [[Sudhakar Basant]] about her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/Feb/17/face-in-the-crowd-340857.html|title=Face in the crowd|date=16 May 2012|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822015907/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/Feb/17/face-in-the-crowd-340857.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The twists in the plot were revealed to be similar to the ones in ''[[Kismat Konnection]]'' (2008).<ref name="O"/> Part of the film was shot in Bhingarpur, Odisha.<ref name="O"/> [[Babushaan Mohanty]] got injured in an action sequence.<ref name="O"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Malay Misra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wynk.in/music/album/prema-adhei-aksyara/un_UNI3845|title=Prema Adhei Aksyara - Play & Download All MP3 Songs @WynkMusic|website=Wynk Music|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822130801/https://wynk.in/music/album/prema-adhei-aksyara/un_UNI3845|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Megharu Tu Jharilu" is based on "Yemaindi Ee Vela" from the original.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/odia-film-songs-copied-from-other-songs/|title=Odia film songs copied from Telugu, Kannada, Bengali songs|date=10 November 2015|work=IncredibleOrissa|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822130700/https://incredibleorissa.com/odia-film-songs-copied-from-other-songs/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aakashaku Udijibi
| length1 = 3:44
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Munna Aziz
| title2 = Aasena Pakkhaku
| length2 = 5:07
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Vinod Rathod]]
| title3 = Baanra Chadhel
| length3 = 4:25
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = T. Souri
| title4 = Dekha Hela
| length4 = 4:52
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| title5 = Dura Aakashare Janha
| length5 = 4:41
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Babushaan Mohanty]]
| title6 = Megharu Tu Jharilu
| length6 = 5:24
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Babushaan Mohanty
| total_length = 28:13
}}

== Box office ==
The film was a box office success,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/the-brothers-are-back/articleshow/18478579.cms|title=The brothers are back|date=13 February 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822012624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/the-brothers-are-back/articleshow/18478579.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> but the producer did not make money off of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/Jun/06/realtor-held-for-plotting-schemes-and-minting-money-in-bhubaneswar-484161.html|title=Realtor held for plotting schemes and minting money in Bhubaneswar|date=6 June 2013|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822130845/https://adgebra.co.in/AdServing/PushNativeAds?pid=5826&mkeys=&dcid=9&nads=1&deviceId=1&uid=1231311231&pnToken=ERBqGdwyZH62a3Lrr8Pq&inApp=&slotId=&templateId=&articleTitle=&articleDescp=&chToken=ERBqGdwyZH62a3Lrr8Pq&url=prnh-www.newindianexpress.com&refUrl=prnh-www.newindianexpress.com|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film was telecast on [[Tarang TV]] on 2 p.m. on 12 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/tarangtv/photos/dekhantu-super-hit-movie-prema-adhei-akhyara-aji-dina-2ta-re-kebala-tarang-tv-re/1671421769582476/?_rdr|title=Dekhantu super hit movie "Prema Adhei Akhyara" aji dina 2ta re, Kebala Tarang TV re.|language=Odia|trans-title=Watch the super hit movie 'Prema Adhei Akhyara' today at 2 PM on Tarang TV|work=[[Tarang TV]]|via=[[Facebook]]|date=12 November 2017|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822130839/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftarangtv%2Fphotos%2Fdekhantu-super-hit-movie-prema-adhei-akhyara-aji-dina-2ta-re-kebala-tarang-tv-re%2F1671421769582476%2F|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accolades==
;[[Odisha State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/state-film-awards-announced/articleshow/11076544.cms|title=State film awards announced|date=12 December 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 August 2024|archive-date=22 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822130829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/state-film-awards-announced/articleshow/11076544.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Odisha State Film Awards#Odisha State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Babushaan Mohanty]]<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/double-honour-for-babushan-state-film-awards-2010-announced-newcomer-riya-bags-best-actress-award/cid/475993|title=Double honour for Babushan - State film Awards 2010 announced, newcomer Riya bags Best Actress award|last=Panda|first=Namita|work=The Telegraph|date=12 December 2011|access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>
*[[Odisha State Film Awards#Odisha State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Riya Dey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/old-plot-with-new-edge/cid/414494|title=Old plot with new edge|date=8 June 2012|work=The Telegraph|access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>
*[[Odisha State Film Awards#Odisha State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Singer]] - Babushaan Mohanty<ref name="T"/>
*[[Odisha State Film Awards#Odisha State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Mihir Das]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sambadenglish.com/mihir-das-veteran-ollywood-actor-passes-away/|title=Mihir Das, veteran Ollywood actor, passes away|work=[[Sambad]]|date=11 January 2022|access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1745790}}

{{Sudhakar Basant}}

[[Category:Odia remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Rachana Ring Road Junction metro station

2025-12-19T18:18:42Z

Alaminsorker: Stub

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rachana Ring Road Junction
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Rachana Ring Road Junction metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Rajendra Nagar, Takli Seem, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440016
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.12143|79.02922|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|12|09}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=Subhash Nagar|right=Vasudev Nagar}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Rachana Ring Road Junction''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India. It was opened on 9 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shankar Nagar & Rachana Ring Road Junction Stations open for Public at Nagpur |url=https://www.punemetrorail.org/download/Newsletter/MahaMetroConnect_January2021.pdf |website=Pune Metro |publisher=Mahametro |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shankar Nagar, Rachna Ring Road Junction Metro station to be functional from tomorrow|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2020/12/08/shankar-nagar-rachna-ring-road-junction-metro-station-to-be-functional-from-tomorrow/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Live Nagpur|date=8 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Rachana Ring Road Junction track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Vasudev Nagar metro station|Vasudev Nagar]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Subhash Nagar metro station (Nagpur)|Subhash Nagar]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Subhash Nagar metro station (Nagpur)|Subhash Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Vasudev Nagar metro station|Vasudev Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

Kot Lakhpat Jail

2025-12-15T16:23:43Z

Alaminsorker:

{{short description|Prison in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox prison
| prison_name = Central Jail Lahore
| image =
| location = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| coordinates =
| status =
| classification = Maximum
| capacity = 4000<ref name=capacity/>
| population =
| populationdate = February 2014
| opened = 1965
| closed =
| managed_by = [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan]]
| director =
Ijaz Asghar<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/28-Aug-2010/human-hand-found-in-sehri-for-prisoners |title=Human hand found in sehri for prisoners |access-date=2022-05-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901084131/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/28-Aug-2010/Human-hand-found-in-sehri-for-prisoners |archive-date=2010-09-01|newspaper=The Nation}}</ref>
| prisoners = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] [[Sardar Bhagat Singh]] [[Rasool Bux Palijo]] [[Javed Iqbal (serial killer)|Javed Iqbal]] Yusuf Kazzab [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[Imran Khan]] [[Jatindra Nath Das]] [[Saad Hussain Rizvi]] [[Hafiz Saeed]]
}}

'''Kot Lakhpat Jail''', officially known as '''Central Jail Lahore''', is a [[prison]] located at [[Kot Lakhpat]] in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]].

The jail houses more than four times the 4,000 prisoner capacity it was built for.

==History==
Some prisoners died in the prison in the past, including [[Indian people|Indian]] prisoner [[Sarabjit Singh]], who was convicted of [[terrorism]].<ref name=capacity>{{cite news | title = Sarabjit Singh critical after Lahore jail attack |date =26 April 2013 | url = https://www.gulf-times.com/india/185/details/350512/sarabjit-singh-critical-after-lahore-jail-attack | work = Gulf Times | access-date =2022-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punjabprisons.gov.pk/ |title=Inspector General of Prisons (Punjab) |access-date=2022-05-15 |archive-date=2010-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326071006/http://www.punjabprisons.gov.pk/ |url-status=dead|website=Punjab Prisons (Pakistan) website}}</ref>

== Notable prisoners ==
* [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
* [[Sardar Bhagat Singh]]
* [[Rasool Bux Palijo]]
* [[Javed Iqbal (serial killer)|Javed Iqbal]]
* Yusuf Kazzab
* [[Nawaz Sharif]], imprisoned in 2018 after conviction in [[Panama Papers case]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1453509 | title=Nawaz Sharif shifted to Lahore's Kot Lakhpat jail | date=25 December 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Jatindra Nath Das]]
* [[Saad Hussain Rizvi]]
* [[Hafiz Saeed]]
* [[Imran Khan]], imprisoned in 2023 after conviction in [[Cypher No. I-0678]]

==See also==
* [[Headquarter Jail]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Prisons in Pakistan}}

{{coord|31|26|48|N|74|20|07|E|region:PK-PB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:1965 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Prisons in Pakistan]]

Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering

2025-12-12T20:38:38Z

Alaminsorker: minor expand intro as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Private engineering college in Karjat, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering
| image_name =
| established = 1994
| type = Private
| principal = Dr. Ronit Vardhave
| city = [[Karjat]]
| undergrad = 1,700 approx.
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|18.916457|73.343114|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = 31 acres approx.
| affiliations = [[University of Mumbai]]
| free_label = Acronym
| free = KGCE
| website = [http://www.kgce.edu.in www.kgce.edu.in]
}}

'''Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering''' ('''KGCE''') is a [[Private university|private]] engineering college located in [[Karjat]], Maharashtra, India. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]] and approved by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3198 |title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai :: |access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912212939/http://dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3198 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maharashtra State and [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE), New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/List_of_Approved_Institutes_2015-2016.pdf | title=List of AICTE approved institutions (A.Y. 2015-16) as on 30th April 2015 | access-date=26 November 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064207/http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/List_of_Approved_Institutes_2015-2016.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The college was established in 1994, by Prabhakar Narayan (Appasaheb) Dharkar, Ex-Minister of Maharashtra Government. The College was initially started with Computer Engineering, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering and Instrumentation Engineering, later consolidated by adding branches, namely Mechanical Engineering (1996), Production Engineering (1999) and Information Technology (2001). The college is still consolidating in with an added intake of 60 in Mechanical Engineering branch from academic year 2010.

==Academics==
KGCE offers undergraduate courses of study in engineering. The four year undergraduate programme leads to the degree of [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (BE). The institute has 6 academic departments. The courses offered are:<ref name=":0"/>
* Mechanical Engineering
* [[Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering]]
* [[Computer Engineering]]
* [[Production Engineering]]
* [[Instrumentation Engineering]]
* Information Technology

Two academic departments have supporting roles and conduct foundation courses for various degree programs, but do not offer any programs of their own. These are:
* Mathematics Department
* Science & [[Humanities]] Department

==Campus==
[[File:Seminar Hall KGCE.jpg|thumb|right|Seminar Hall]]
[[File:Kgce building.jpg|thumb|KGCE Building, Karjat.]]
The campus is spread over an area of over 31 acres includes a main building which has 18 classrooms, 3 drawing halls, 2 tutorial rooms, one library consisting of over 32,000 books and around 55 different periodicals – both international as well as domestic, Digital Library, NPTEL Video Lectures Hall, Reference Section, a cyber-cafe which has 70 computer terminals and 2 servers, along with Broadband Internet Connectivity for use of staff and college students. Well equipped laboratories for each and every departments and also workshops to enable the students to supplement their practicals.

The college has Separate Hostel for Girls and Boys. Boys Hostel is of 60 students capacity and Girls Hostel is of 40 students capacity. Along with facilities like basket-ball court, a foot-ball ground, a cricket field, a volley-ball court and indoor recreation activities like a badminton court and tennis-tables. Campus also a fully equipped Canteen facility which is for the use of the college staff and students. For transport, buses are provided for the use of the students.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Library | url=http://kgce.org/facilities.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117232459/http://www.kgce.org:80/facilities.htm | access-date=2025-11-24 | archive-date=2013-01-17}}</ref>

==Admission==
* Admissions for undergraduate degree courses are based on the Maharashtra Health Science And Technical - Common Entrance Test ([[MHT-CET]]) and [[Joint Entrance Examination]] (JEE) scores.

==Student organizations==
* MESA-PESA - Mechanical Engineering Students Association-Production Engineering Students Association
* ITSA - Information Technology Student Association
* CSI - Computer Society Of India
* IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
* ISA - International Society Of Automation
* IETE - Institute of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers (India)

==Annual festivals==
*An inter-collegiate technical festival called ''Hyper-kube'' is held in September/October every year. Registrations for various events open in mid-February. Events include Robotics, Quizzes, Open Software competitions, Stock Market Simulation competitions etc.
*An intra-collegiate cultural festival called ''Spring-Fiesta'' is held in February/March every year. Some events like Dance Competitions, Fashion Show, Singing Competitions, etc.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Extra Curricular Activities | url=http://kgce.org/culture.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117232454/http://www.kgce.org:80/culture.htm | access-date=2025-11-24 | archive-date=2013-01-17}}</ref>
*Every February, an intra-collegiate sports festival is held in the college campus, including both indoor and outdoor sports like Cricket and Football. It also includes intra-collegiate competitions in volleyball, box-cricket, Computer games, carrom, chess etc.<ref>{{cite web | title=NameBright - Domain Expired | url=http://kgce.org/sports.htm }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[University of Mumbai]]
* [[List of Mumbai Colleges]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Education in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Dukhiram Majumder

2025-12-03T21:48:26Z

Alaminsorker: starting new details

{{short description|Indian football coach and manager (1875–1929)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Dukhiram Majumder
| fullname = Dukhiram Majumder
| birth_date = 1875
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 16 June 1929
| death_place = Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
| position = [[Centre-back]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Wellington Club
| manageryears1 =
| managerclubs1 = Students Union
| manageryears2 = ?–1928
| managerclubs2 = [[Aryan FC|Aryan Club]]
}}

'''Dukhiram Majumder''' (born '''Oomesh Chandra Majumder'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Swami Vivekananda claimed seven wickets and other Eden Gardens tales|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|access-date=17 November 2021|website=newindianexpress.com|agency=Express News Service|date=4 May 2019|location=Kolkata|first1=Atreyo|last1=Mukhopadhyay|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|archive-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|উমেশচন্দ্র মজুমদার}}); also '''Mazumdar'''; 1875 – 16 June 1929) was an Indian footballer, football manager, scout and club official, who is regarded as the first football coach in the country. He first understood the importance of Indian players wearing boots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-the-tale-of-the-unbeatable-mohammedan/1loskn0qvp1qj1e9u5uuucokf4|title=Indian football: The tale of the unbeatable Mohammedan Sporting side of 1930s|website=Goal.com|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419165931/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-the-tale-of-the-unbeatable-mohammedan/1loskn0qvp1qj1e9u5uuucokf4|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=30 March 2020}}</ref> During his coaching days, Majumder managed [[Calcutta Football League]] side [[Aryan FC|Aryans Club]], alongside nurturing talents like [[Gostha Pal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ekhonkhobor.com/2019/08/20/prachirer-naam-gostho-pal-rana-chakraborty/|title=প্রাচীরের নাম গোষ্ঠ পাল|first=Rana|last=Chakraborty|website=ekhonkhobor.com|publisher=Ekhon Khobor Bangla|language=bn|trans-title=The Wall Named Gostha Pal|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=20 August 2019|access-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022164143/https://ekhonkhobor.com/2019/08/20/prachirer-naam-gostho-pal-rana-chakraborty/|archive-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> [[Shibdas Bhaduri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samakal.com/opinion/article/2207124048/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F|title=ইংরেজের বিপক্ষে বাঙালি ফুটবল দলের প্রথম বিজয়|trans-title=The first victory of Bengali football team against Britishers|website=samakal.com|publisher=সমকাল বাংলা|date=29 July 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|location=Dhaka|author=Ikramujjaman|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729112358/https://samakal.com/opinion/article/2207124048/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F|archive-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> [[Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)|Syed Abdus Samad]], [[Karuna Bhattacharya]], and [[Balaidas Chatterjee]].<ref name="BAP">{{cite web|url=https://banglaamarpran567383012.wpcomstaging.com/untold-story-of-first-football-coach-of-bengal-sir-dukhiram-majumdar/|title=শিবদাস ভাদুড়ী, গোষ্ঠ পাল সকলেই তাঁর ছাত্র, বাঙালি মনে রাখেনি বাংলার ফুটবলের প্রথম কোচ দুখীরাম মজুমদারকে|website=banglaamarpran567383012.wpcomstaging.com|publisher=Bangla Amar Pran – The glorious hub for the Bengal|date=4 December 2020|access-date=13 April 2022|first1=Avik|last1=Mondal|first2=Koustav|last2=Biswas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413052022/https://banglaamarpran567383012.wpcomstaging.com/untold-story-of-first-football-coach-of-bengal-sir-dukhiram-majumdar/|archive-date=13 April 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2–3–5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}</ref>

==Early life and playing career==
Dukhiram Majumder was born in a Bengali middle class family in Bosepara, [[Bagbazar]], North Calcutta, in 1875.<ref name="Parabaas"/> During the age of associations in [[Bengal]], he became involved in football organizations and started playing.

A well-known centre-half during his time, he played barefoot against [[British Army|British army]] teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/sir-dukhiram-majumder-kicked-his-nephew-by-tieing-up-with-a-lamp-post/|title=ভাইপোকে পোস্টে বেঁধে লাথি মেরে ছিলেন স্যার দুখিরাম মজুমদার…|first=Xtratime Bangla|last=Webdesk|website=xtratimebangla.in|publisher=Xtratime Bangla|language=bn|trans-title=Sir Dukhiram Majumdar tied his nephew to a post and kicked him...|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021061329/https://xtratimebangla.in/sir-dukhiram-majumder-kicked-his-nephew-by-tieing-up-with-a-lamp-post/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/852994/a-19th-century-visionary-the-legend-behind-one-of-indias-first-football-scouts|title=A 19th century visionary: The legend behind one of India's first football scouts|first=Atanu|last=Mitra|website=scroll.in|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=9 October 2017|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023142230/https://scroll.in/field/852994/a-19th-century-visionary-the-legend-behind-one-of-indias-first-football-scouts}}</ref> He later went on to play for Wellington Club, which was formed as merger of three native clubs: Boys Club, [[Friends Club]], and Presidency Club — all founded by [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiobanglanet.com/golondaaj-dev-dhrubo-banerjee-director/|title=বাঙালির ফুটবল প্রেমকে উস্কে দিয়ে|trans-title=By inciting Bengali's love of football|website=radiobanglanet.com|publisher=Radio Bangla Net|date=10 October 2021|access-date=21 October 2022|first=Swati|location=Kolkata|language=bn|last=Chatterjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019024354/https://radiobanglanet.com/golondaaj-dev-dhrubo-banerjee-director/|archive-date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref>

==Foundation of Aryan==
Majumder was one of the pupils (other being Kalicharan Mitra,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari/|title=IFAWB: Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari|access-date=23 October 2022|location=Kolkata|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|website=ifawb.org|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922044307/https://ifawb.org/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari/}}</ref> Manmatha Ganguly and Haridas Seal) in the 1880s, who took football as part of life following [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]], the "father of Indian football".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meghbangla.com/2020/07/mohunbagan/|title=মোহনবাগান এবং ভারতীয় ফুটবলের শুরুর কথা|trans-title=Mohun Bagan and the beginning of Indian football|website=meghbangla.com|publisher=Megh Bangla Internet Magazine|date=29 July 2020|access-date=24 October 2022|first=Goutamranjan|last=Basu|language=bn|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405175744/https://meghbangla.com/2020/07/mohunbagan/|archive-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/|title=Nagendra Prasad — The father of Indian football who removed prejudice from the sport|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|date=25 January 2020|access-date=24 October 2022|first=Sarah|last=Waris|location=Kolkata|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024082132/https://thebridge.in/amp/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first1=Utathya|last1=Nag|title='Golondaaj' Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari: the father of Indian football|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-father-of-indian-football|date=1 November 2021|access-date=6 September 2021|website=Olympics.com|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144939/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-father-of-indian-football}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=নগেন্দ্র প্রসাদ সর্বাধিকারীর জীবনের জানা-অজানা কাহিনী লেন্সবন্দি|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/golondaaj-movie-review-superstar-dev-gives-brilliant-performance-as-father-of-indian-football-nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari/moviereview/86925875.cms|access-date=21 October 2021|website=eisamay.com|publisher=এই সময়|language=bn|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011133317/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/golondaaj-movie-review-superstar-dev-gives-brilliant-performance-as-father-of-indian-football-nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari/moviereview/86925875.cms}}</ref> As a youth, he formed Luner Club in Shyampukur. Majumder later founded a sporting organization named "Students Union" with his friends within Kirti Mitter's (also Mitra) marble palace named Mohun Bagan Villa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Beginning – 1889 to 1909 |url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |website=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150505103851/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anita |title=MOHUN BAGAN VILLA – GONE, BUT NOT FORGOTTEN |url=https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ |website=Breathing Roots |date=10 July 2021 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050014/https://breathingroots.co.in/2020/10/10/mohun-bagan-villa-gone-but-not-forgotten/ }}</ref> That organization broke up due to disagreements over wearing boots and Majumder left Mohun Bagan Villa and went on to form Aryans Club in [[Maharaja]] Durga Charan Laha's Telipara field in Shyampukur.<ref name="Scout">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sillypoint.co.in/post/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-'%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F'--%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0/id/kOpqLOAmVzO0ia7T0rhE|title=বাংলার ফুটবলে প্রথম 'স্কাউট': ফুটবলার গড়ার কারিগর দুখীরাম মজুমদার|trans-title=Bengal's first 'scout' in football: Dukhiram Majumdar, the craftsman of making footballers|website=www.sillypoint.co.in|publisher=Silly Point|date=24 August 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|first=Mrinalini|location=Kolkata|language=bn|last=Ghoshal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021175746/https://www.sillypoint.co.in/post/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%27%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%27--%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0/id/kOpqLOAmVzO0ia7T0rhE|archive-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=History Of Mohun Bagan (Part 1): The Success That Changed Indian Football |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ |website=The Hard Tackle |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025110131/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/history-of-mohun-bagan-chapter-1-the-origin-and-the-success-that-changed-indian-football/ }}</ref> Some of those who were against Majumder's Students Union, also left Mohun Bagan Villa and established Bagbazar Club. Those who were outside these two sides, continued to play without boots until the foundation of [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan Athletic Club]] by Bengali aristocratic families of [[North Kolkata|North Calcutta]] presided over by [[Bhupendra Nath Bose]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themohunbaganac.com/timeline/the-beginning-of-the-journey-1889-1903/|title=The first "Home Ground" of the Club on the spacious ground of Mohun Bagan Villa|website=themohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|access-date=26 October 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026104426/https://www.themohunbaganac.com/timeline/the-beginning-of-the-journey-1889-1903/|archive-date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

[[Aryan FC|Aryans Club]], now known as Aryan FC, began its journey as a multi-sports club in 1884, became one of the oldest football clubs in the country.<ref>{{cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=https://www.thehardtackle.com/index.php/aryan-club-rising-from-the-ashes/|title=Aryan Club — Rising From the Ashes|date=16 December 2010|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114063049/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/aryan-club-rising-from-the-ashes/|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> They soon gained elite status and fought against British teams consecutively.<ref>{{cite web|title=FOOTBALL IN BENGAL|url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|website=www.ifawb.com|publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Majumdar, Boria |author2=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Arjun |last=Wadwha |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |title=History of Football in India |website=thesportscampus.com |publisher=TheSportsCampus |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015957/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |archive-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Eventful Journey Through Red & Gold Trails – The East Bengal Story (Part 1) |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608132423/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/an-eventful-journey-through-red-gold-trails-the-east-bengal-story-part-1/|archive-date=8 June 2020|date=2 August 2010 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
===Scouting and coaching===
{{Cquote|''What I have heard about him is a fairy tale. When I hear the name of Sir Dukhiram, I think that Sir Dukhiram is standing with a football in his hand, with a hat on his head, wearing a jersey, and a dhoti. Students sitting in front of him on the field are listening attentively.''|source=Former Indian international and coach [[P. K. Banerjee]] on Dukhiram Majumder.<ref name="Majumder 1">{{cite web|url=https://justnews24x7official.com/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%83-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE/|title=প্রসঙ্গঃ স্যার দুখীরাম মজুমদার|trans-title=Context: Sir Dukhiram Majumdar|language=bn|date=11 October 2020|access-date=21 October 2022|first=Biplab|last=Dasgupta|location=Kolkata|website=justnews24x7official.com|publisher=Just News 24×7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021165636/https://justnews24x7official.com/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%83-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE/|archive-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>}}
Majumdar was the father figure of Indian football during the [[British India|pre-independence era]]. He made huge impact in the history of the sport in the country by bringing up India's earliest known legends. Among his students, [[India national football team]]'s first captain [[Gostha Pal]] is the iconic name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|title=The Golden Years of Indian Football|website=www.chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|location=Kolkata|first=Rounak|last=Majumdar|date=22 April 2019|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230046/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=Indian Legendary Football Players Profile: GOSTHO PAL — THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA — GREAT ICON OF KOLKATA FOOTBALL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|date=14 September 2008|archive-date=14 September 2008|access-date=25 January 2011|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prohor.in/gostho-pal-left-football-as-a-protest-against-british-raj|title='জেল না-খাটা স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী' গোষ্ঠ পাল; ব্রিটিশদের অন্যায়ের প্রতিবাদে ছেড়েছিলেন ফুটবলও|first=Arpan|last=Gupta|website=prohor.in|publisher=Prohor Bengali|language=bn|trans-title='Freedom fighter who was never in jail' – Gostha Pal; He also left football to protest the injustice of the British|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=29 July 2021|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925071244/https://www.prohor.in/gostho-pal-left-football-as-a-protest-against-british-raj}}</ref> Known for [[Scout (association football)|scouting]] players from various parts of [[Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesports.in/archives/1892|title=ফুটবলার তুলে আনতে জেলামুখী জর্জ টেলিগ্রাফ স্পোর্টস ক্লাব|website=insidesports.in|publisher=Inside Sports Bengali|language=bn|trans-title=District oriented George Telegraph Sports Club to pick up footballers|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=18 July 2021|access-date=22 October 2022|archive-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022070623/https://insidesports.in/archives/1892}}</ref> he gave formal training to "football jadukar" [[Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)|Syed Abdus Samad]] from Purnia,<ref name="The Pioneers"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/the-unsung-hero-33593|title=The Unsung Hero – The story of a forgotten football star of our own|date=18 July 2014|work=The Daily Star|access-date=25 July 2018|language=en|first=Md Shahnawaz|last=Khan Chandan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318154950/https://www.thedailystar.net/the-unsung-hero-33593|archive-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> two brothers [[Shibdas Bhaduri|Shibdas]] and Bijoydas Bhaduri from Shyambazar,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecalcuttamirror.com/daily-news/kolkata/2245/|title=বিপ্র-কুটিরের 'পঞ্চম পাণ্ডব' শিবদাস|first=Nirmal Kumar|last=Saha|website=thecalcuttamirror.com|publisher=The Calcutta Mirror|language=bn|trans-title='Fifth Pandava' Shibdas of Bipra-Kutir|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=29 July 2020|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021164919/https://thecalcuttamirror.com/daily-news/kolkata/2245/|archive-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> Surya Chakraborty from Jalpaiguri, Habla Bhattacharya ([[Karuna Bhattacharya]]) from Behrampore.<ref name="Majumder 1"/> He emphasized the physical toughness of players and team cohesion. Majumder guided and had taken care of his players in every way. To protect Samad from the fierce [[Religious violence in India|communal situation of the time]], he arranged for him to stay in a [[Hindu]] family, naming him 'Santosh'.<ref name="Scout"/> He also used to cycle daily a distance of about 15 kilometers to deliver purified drinking water to the home of a [[tuberculosis]]-affected player. [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] was one of the clubs that kept an eye on his scouting.<ref name="Scout"/> Some forgotten gems of Indian football, goalkeeper Purnadas, Haran Saha, Fakir Seal, Kshirprasad, all were scouted and trained by Majumder.<ref name="Majumder 1"/>

Majumder wrote a book named ''Hints to the Young Footballer'', published in 1916, to properly guide and make the Indian youth enthusiastic about the sport.<ref name="Parabaas">{{cite web|url=https://www.parabaas.com/article.php?id=2610|title=গ্রন্থ-সমালোচনা: ইস্টবেঙ্গল প্রথম একশো বছর, সংবাদ-সাময়িকপত্রে উনিশ শতকের বাঙালি মুসলমান সমাজ, বাঙালি অনতিঅতীতচারণ, স্যর দুখীরাম|first=Bhababhuti|last=Bhattacharya|website=www.parabaas.com|publisher=Parabaas|language=bn|trans-title=Book Review: East Bengal First Hundred Years, Nineteenth Century Bengali Muslim Society in Newspapers, Bengali Transcendentalism, Sir Dukhiram|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=27 January 2021|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124014017/https://www.parabaas.com/article.php?id=2610}}</ref> He is also known for coaching some of India's best [[cricket]] talents during his time, including the "grand old man of Indian cricket" [[Kamal Bhattacharya]].<ref name="third eye">{{cite web|url=https://www.prohor.in/robbaranda-prasenjit-datta-paye-paye-maidane-12|title=ময়দানের তৃতীয় নয়ন|trans-title=The Third Eye of Kolkata Maidan|website=prohor.in|publisher=Prohor News|first1=Prasenjit|last1=Dutta|language=bn|location=Kolkata|date=22 May 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205002504/https://www.prohor.in/robbaranda-prasenjit-datta-paye-paye-maidane-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27474.html |title=Kamal Bhattacharya |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407010110/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27474.html }}</ref>

===In charge of Aryan===
Majumder became team coach of [[Aryan FC|Aryan]] in the late 1890s. With limited resources and facilities, the club became prominent in fighting against then European sides [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]], [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]] and other British regimental teams.<ref name="Scout"/> He started Aryan's famous policy of bringing up unknown talented footballers, who subsequently established themselves in Calcutta maidan. When the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) permitted only two native clubs to join CFL Second Division in 1914,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |website=olympics.com |publisher=The Olympics Football |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}</ref> Majumder guided Aryan in the season, and they were promoted to the top division two years later.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Atanu|last=Mitra|url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark|date=8 November 2017|access-date=16 March 2021|title=How Asia's oldest football league made its mark|website=www.redbull.com|publisher=RedBull|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181447/https://www.redbull.com/in-en/how-asias-oldest-football-league-made-its-mark}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-18|title=Kingfisher East Bengal FC {{!}} Legacy-History|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|access-date=2021-03-16|website=eastbengalfootballclub.com|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> He helped the team achieving fourth place in 1920–21 season of [[Calcutta Football League]]. Aryan with players like [[Balaidas Chatterjee]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Balaidas Chatterjee posthumously awarded Mohun Bagan Ratna|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Balaidas-Chatterjee-posthumously-awarded-Mohun-Bagan-Ratna/articleshow/21465335.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 July 2013|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|location=Kolkata|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414235115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Balaidas-Chatterjee-posthumously-awarded-Mohun-Bagan-Ratna/articleshow/21465335.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Ratna — Late Balaidas Chatterjee to receive the award posthumously|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-ratna-late-balaidas-chatterjee-to-receive-the-award-posthumousl|website=www.mohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|date=26 July 2013|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035503/http://www.mohunbaganac.com/interview-detail/mohun-bagan-ratna-late-balaidas-chatterjee-to-receive-the-award-posthumousl|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> later broke into the semi-finals of historic [[Rovers Cup]] in 1928.

He formed a coaching centre within the club which became the foremost pillar of Aryan. After the passing away of Majumder in 1929, the club followed the path shown by him, and his nephew Chone Majumder (who also became Aryan coach) succeeded him to run the centre.<ref name="third eye"/> The club later in 1940, went on to clinch [[IFA Shield]] title defeating Mohun Bagan 4–1, their first major title.<ref name="Bongodorshon">{{cite web|url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/story-of-legendary-football-coach-dukkhiram|first=Chandak|last=Guha|website=bongodorshon.com|publisher=Bongodorshon Information Desk|language=bn|trans-title=The Englishmen too feared Bengal's legendary first football coach|title=ইংরেজরাও ভয় পেত বাংলার প্রথম কিংবদন্তি ফুটবল কোচকে|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=5 September 2019|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908122903/https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/story-of-legendary-football-coach-dukkhiram}}</ref>

==Legacy==
After the death of Majumder, his nephew Santosh Kumar "Chone" Majumder took over the responsibility of coaching in Aryans Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://banglaamarpran.in/footballer-md-selim-the-first-indian-footballer-who-played-for-foreign-club/|title=মেটিয়াবুরুজের এই ফুটবলারই প্রথম ভারতীয় যিনি বিদেশী ক্লাবের হয়ে খেলেছিলেন, প্রাপ্য সম্মান পাননি সেলিম|trans-title=This football player from Metiaburoz was the first Indian to play for a foreign club, Salim did not get the honor he deserved|language=bn|date=21 November 2020|first=Avik|last=Mondal|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821151950/https://banglaamarpran.in/footballer-md-selim-the-first-indian-footballer-who-played-for-foreign-club/|archive-date=21 August 2021|website=banglaamarpran.in|access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> The 'Majumdar Trophy', named after him, was once awarded to the winning district in the inter-district football competition in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Scout"/>

A statue of Majumder was unveiled at the club tent of Aryan in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="The Pioneers">{{Cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|title=Legends Of Indian Football: The Pioneers|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=24 April 2012|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053626/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> Notable coach Achyut Banerjee began the "Dukhiram Football Coaching Scheme" in memory of him, which was incorporated in 1976 at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] before shifting to Aryan.<ref name="The Pioneers"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/atk-mohun-bagan-footballer-kiyan-nassiri-mother-dreams-the-hattrick-of-his-son-even-today-in-kolkata-derby-match-against-sc-east-bengal/articleshow/89249105.cms|title=ছেলের হ্যাটট্রিক এখনও স্বপ্ন মনে হচ্ছে কিয়ানের মায়ের|trans-title=His son's hat-trick is still a dream of Kiyan's mother|language=bn|date=31 January 2022|first=Partha|last=Dutta|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131162518/https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/atk-mohun-bagan-footballer-kiyan-nassiri-mother-dreams-the-hattrick-of-his-son-even-today-in-kolkata-derby-match-against-sc-east-bengal/articleshow/89249105.cms|archive-date=31 January 2022|website=eisamay.com|publisher=Ei Samay|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Association football}}
* {{Annotated link|Football in Kolkata}}
* {{Annotated link|History of Indian football}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite book |title=THE BEST WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA'S FOOTBALL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}
*{{cite web |title=Football in Bengali culture and society: a study in the social history of football in Bengal 1911–1980 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 |publisher=University of Calcutta |website=[[Shodhganga]] |page=35 |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Kausik |date=2008 |hdl=10603/174532 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174156/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 ''From recreation to competition: Early history of Indian football'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 |date=9 July 2021 }}. pp. 124–141. Published online: 6 Aug 2006. ''Taylor & Francis''. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
*{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2–3–5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129163914/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Bolsmann |first1=Chris |last2=Vahed |first2=Goolam |date=2017-11-02 |title='They Are Fine Specimens of the Illustrious Indian Settler': Sporting Contact between India and South Africa, 1914–1955 |url=https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2017.1379689 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1273–1291 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2017.1379689 |s2cid=148862123 |issn=0305-7070 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050545/https://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070.2017.1379689?cookieSet=1 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite web |title=The Introduction of Football in Colonial Calcutta- Part 1 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ |date=25 March 2015 |first=Ankan |last=Banerjee |access-date=25 March 2015 |website=footballcounter.com |publisher=Football Counter |location=Kolkata |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123195412/http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ }}
*{{cite web|title=Football — the passion play in Kolkata|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|website=ibnlive.in|publisher=IBN Live|date=13 December 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/|title=Kick, Score, Scream! The History of Football in Dhaka|first=Dhrubo|last=Alam|location=Dhaka|date=16 July 2018|publisher=Ice Today|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101015051/http://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |title=History of Mohun Bagan – Presented by MohunBaganClub.com {{*}} The Beginning: 1889–1909 |website=mohunbaganclub.com |access-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505103851/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1889-1909/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 |location=Kolkata }}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|title=Mad about football|access-date=22 February 2024|date=22 August 2023|agency=TNN|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|first1=Nilesh|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823180930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mad-about-football/articleshow/102933485.cms|archive-date=23 August 2023}}
*{{cite web|url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/8849/download|work=digital.la84.org|title=Football and the Big Fight in Kolkata|format=PDF|first1=Amitabha|last1=Das Sharma|access-date=31 October 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103082722/https://digital.la84.org/digital/api/collection/p17103coll10/id/8849/download}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://roar.media/bangla/main/sports/samad-wizard-of-football|title=জাদুকর সামাদ: বাংলার একজন অতিমানব|website=roar.media|publisher=Roar Media News|trans-title=Magician Samad: The Wizard from Bengal|date=1 February 2019|access-date=17 December 2023|location=Dhaka|language=bn|first=Rasel|last=Ahmed|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117025029/https://roar.media/bangla/main/sports/samad-wizard-of-football}}

[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Men's association football central defenders]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]