Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Mangolpuri Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T09:27:54Z

Al202xis0:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangolpuri
| established = 1993
| state =
| union_territory = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North West Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 12
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}
'''Mangolpuri''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India. Mangolpuri assembly constituency is a part of [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Rakhi Birla]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]<ref name="Mangol Puri Election Result: Raj Kumar Chauhan Of BJP Wins">{{cite news |title=Mangol Puri Election Result: Raj Kumar Chauhan Of BJP Wins |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/mangol-puri-election-result-raj-kumar-chauhan-of-bjp-is-leading |accessdate=8 March 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308155809/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/mangol-puri-election-result-raj-kumar-chauhan-of-bjp-is-leading |archivedate=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mangolpuri">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mangolpuri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0512.htm |accessdate=8 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308162236/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0512.htm |archivedate=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Mangol Puri Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Mangol Puri Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mangol-puri |accessdate=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308162245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mangol-puri |archivedate=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
| votes = 62,007
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Rakesh Jatav
| votes = 55,752
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Hanuman Chauhan
| votes = 3784
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 762
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6255
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,23,450
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Mangolpuri <ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028052307/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/|archivedate=2021-10-28|url-status=live|title=General Legislative Election 2020|website=Election Commission of India|date=27 May 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Rakhi Birla]]
| votes = 74,154
| percentage = 58.53
| change = +11.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karam Singh Karma
| votes = 44,038
| percentage = 34.76
| change = +13.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Lilothia]]
| votes = 4,073
| percentage = 3.22
| change = -26.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Murari Lal
| votes = 2,491
| percentage = 1.97
| change = +0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 657
| percentage = 0.52
| change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 30,116
| percentage = 23.77
| change = +6.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,26,798
| percentage = 66.48
| change = -5.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +11.59
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Mangolpuri <ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0512.htm?ac=12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511104217/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0512.htm?ac=12|archivedate=2015-05-11|url-status=dead|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY TRENDS & RESULT 2015|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Rakhi Birla]]|votes=60,534|percentage=46.94|change=+8.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raj Kumar Chauhan|votes=37,835|percentage=29.34|change=+0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Surjeet Kumar|votes=27,889|percentage=21.63|change=-5.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Devender Kumar|votes=1,659|percentage=1.29|change=-1.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=534|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=22,699|percentage=17.60|change=+8.44}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,29,045|percentage=72.12|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +8.52
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Mangolpuri<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3877-delhi-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Rakhi Birla]]|votes=44,383|percentage=38.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raj Kumar Chauhan|votes=33,798|percentage=29.25|change=-25.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ram Kishor Navariya|votes=31,232|percentage=27.03|change=+4.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=839|percentage=0.73|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10,585|percentage=9.16|change=-23.05}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=115,719|percentage=69.73|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Mangolpuri<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3876-delhi-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raj Kumar Chauhan|votes=50,448|percentage=54.41|change=-13.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Yogesh Aatray|votes=20,585|percentage=22.20|change=+7.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat|votes=19,971|percentage=21.54|change=+6.12}}
{{Election box majority|votes=29,863|percentage=32.19|change=-10.73}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=92,712|percentage=64.7|change=+7.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -13.93
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Mangolpuri<ref>[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3875-delhi-2003/ 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Raj Kumar Chauhan
| votes = 39,147
| percentage = 68.34
| change = +7.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Megh Singh
| votes = 8,832
| percentage = 15.42
| change = +3.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Raju Balmiki
| votes = 8,670
| percentage = 15.14
| change = -6.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha
| candidate = Shyam Kaur
| votes = 633
| percentage = 1.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 30,315
| percentage = 52.92
| change = +13.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 57,282
| percentage = 57.14
| change = +0.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +7.54
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003" />

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Mangolpuri<ref>[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3873-delhi-1998/ 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raj Kumar Chauhan|votes=32,372|percentage=60.80|change=+19.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Lakshmi Narayan|votes=11,358|percentage=21.33|change=-5.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mahender Singh|votes=6,707|percentage=12.60|change=+1.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Suraj Pal|votes=1,500|percentage=2.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal|candidate=Tej Singh|votes=844|percentage=1.59|change=+12.42}}
{{Election box majority|votes=21,014|percentage=39.47|change=+24.57}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=53,240|percentage=56.25|change=-9.52}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +19.30
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998" />

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Mangolpuri<ref>[https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3872-delhi-1993/ 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raj Kumar Chauhan|votes=21,344|percentage=41.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Soran Singh Nirala|votes=13,681|percentage=26.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal|candidate=Tej SIngh|votes=7,207|percentage=14.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Daya Ram|votes=5,569|percentage=10.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Kameshwar Prasad|votes=814|percentage=1.58|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=7,663|percentage=14.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=51,428|percentage=66.77|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.69|77.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T04:45:24Z

Al202xis0: adding some info w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cossipore Belgachhia
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kashipur-Belgachhia.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kashipur Belgachhia Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ritesh Tiwari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 168
| established = 1951
| electors = 223,702
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Cossipore Belgachhia Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 1, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|1]], [[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|2]], [[Ward No. 3, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|3]], [[Ward No. 4, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|4]], [[Ward No. 5, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|5]] and [[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|6]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 22 February 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=6|I
|[[Ward No. 1, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|1]]
|Kartick Chandra Manna
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|2]]
|Kakali Sen
|-
|[[Ward No. 3, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|3]]
|Debika Chakraborty
|-
|[[Ward No. 4, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|4]]
|Goutam Haldar
|-
|[[Ward No. 5, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|5]]
|Tarun Saha
|-
|[[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|6]]
|Suman Singh
|}

Kashipur Belgachhia Assembly constituency is part of No. 24 [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Biswanath Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Deben Sen
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sunil Kumar Dasgupta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S.K. Roy
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Vishnu Gopal Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Prafulla Kanti Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Prafulla Kanti Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Dipak Chanda
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|Tarak Bandyopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|Mala Saha
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Atin Ghosh
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Ritesh Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kashipur-Belgachhia}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ritesh Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68,368
|percentage = 45.41
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Atin Ghosh
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 66,717
|percentage = 44.32
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajinder Gupta
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 11,151{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 7.41
|change = {{decrease}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tarak Pal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,340{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,250{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|
title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Cossipore-Belgachhia}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Atin Ghosh]]
|votes = 76,182
|percentage = 56.48
|change = +6.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shibaji Singha Roy
|votes = 40,792
|percentage = 30.24
|change = +16.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pratip Dasgupta
|votes = 14,757
|percentage = 10.94
|change = -21.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,577
|percentage = 1.17
|change = -0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shio Kumar Khatik
|votes = 539
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,390
|percentage = 26.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,34,970
|percentage =60.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Cossipore-Belgachhia}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Mala Saha
|votes = 72,264
|percentage = 50.40
|change = -11.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kaninika Ghosh Bose
|votes = 46,454
|percentage = 32.40
|change = -0.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Aditya Tandon
|votes = 19,293
|percentage = 13.45
|change = +10.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,646
|percentage = 1.84
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Md Azimullah
|votes = 989
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,810
|percentage = 18.00
|change = -10.43
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,391
|percentage = 64.84
|change = -2.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -11.28
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Cossipore-Belgachhia}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Mala Saha
|votes = 87,408
|percentage = 61.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kaninika Ghosh Bose
|votes = 47,124
|percentage = 33.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Aditya Tandon
|votes = 4,420
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Kori
|votes = 1,241
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,284
|percentage = 28.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,41,721
|percentage = 67.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box win|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Chadayamangalam Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T12:10:06Z

Al202xis0: added pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chadayamangalam
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 122
| map_image = File:Jatayu Earth Centre.jpg
| map_caption = [[Jatayu Earth’s Center|Jatayu Park]] in Chadayamangalam Assembly constituency
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,01,716 (2026)
| mla = M. M. Naseer
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
}}
'''Chadayamangalam''' is the 122nd [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the southeast of [[Kollam district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Chadayamangalam Assembly Constituency is a part of '''Kollam Lok Sabha Constituency, Kottarakkara Taluk, Punalur Taluk, Chadayamangalam Block Panchayat, Anchal Block Panchayat and the Punalur Revenue Division'''. It is one among the evening assembly constituencies in the [[Kollam district|district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=CONSTITUENCIES IN KERALA |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[M. M. Naseer]] of [[Indian National Congress]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Chadayamangalam Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
!width="60px" |[[2025 Kerala local elections|Ruling alliance]]

|-
|1
|[[Alayamon]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Punalur]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']]

|-
|2
|[[Chadayamangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']]

|-
|3
|[[Chithara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']]

|-
|4
|[[Elamad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']]

|-
|5
|[[Ittiva]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']]

|-
|6
|[[Kadakkal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']]

|-
|7
|[[Kummil]]
|Grama Panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']]

|-
|8
|[[Nilamel]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']]

|-
|9
|[[Velinalloor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kottarakkara]]
| style="text-align: center; background-color:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']]
|}

==Electoral history==
===[[Travancore-Cochin]] Legislative Assembly Elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
!Vote Margin
!Coalition
|-
|rowspan=2|1951
|Kesava Pillai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,703
|Right
|-
||Kochukunju
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|642
|NA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |title=Election to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly-1951 and to the Madras Assembly Constituencies in the Malabar Area |page=37 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2019-07-30 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080302/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|1954
|V. Gangadharan
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|9,634
|NA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954 to the Legislative Assembly of Travancore-Cochin |page=37 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!|Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |[[Veliyam Bharghavan|Veliyam Bhargavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|1957–1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960–1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| D. D. Potti
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| 1967–1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|[[M. N. Govindan Nair]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=7}}
|1970–1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="2" |[[E. Chandrasekharan Nair]]
|1977–1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980–1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="3" |[[K. R. Chandramohan]]
|1982–1984
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987–1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991–1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|[[R. Latha Devi]]
|1996–2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| [[Prayar Gopalakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2001–2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| rowspan="3" |[[Mullakkara Ratnakaran|Mullakara Ratnakaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
| 2006–2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| 2011–2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[J. Chinchu Rani]]
| 2021 - 2026
|-
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
| [[M. M. Naseer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2026 -
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
There are 2,01,716 registered voters in the constituency for the 2026 Kerala Assembly election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chadayamangalam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = '''M M Naseer'''
|votes = '''68,281'''
|percentage = '''44.55'''
|change = '''{{increase}}8.15'''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[J. Chinchu Rani]]
|votes = 60,795
|percentage = 39.67
|change = {{decrease}}6.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate =R S Arun raj
|votes = 20,971
|percentage = 13.68
|change = {{decrease}}1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Sharafath Mallam
|votes = 1,674
|percentage = 1.09
|change = {{decrease}}0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India
|candidate = Aji Kadassery
|votes = 381
|percentage = 0.25
|change = {{increase}}0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = G Jayan Moonlight Chithara
|votes = 277
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 881
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{increase}}0.10
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,486
|percentage = 4.88
|change = {{decrease}}2.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,53,260
|percentage = 75.97
|change = {{increase}}1.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}8.15}}{{Election box end}}

===2021 ===
There were 1,97,285 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title="Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results May 2021, Election commission of India"|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS11122|website=eci.gov.in|access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chadayamangalam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[J. Chinchu Rani]]|votes=67252|percentage=45.69|change={{decrease}}3.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M.M.Naseer|votes=53,574|percentage=36.40|change={{increase}}2.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vishnu Pattathanam|votes=22,238|percentage=15.11|change={{increase}}1.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sharafath Mallam|votes=1,879|percentage=1.28|change={{increase}}0.28}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=685|percentage=0.47|change={{decrease}}0.01}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Archana Prajith|votes=605|percentage=0.41|change={{decrease}}0.07}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Lalu|votes=406|percentage=0.28|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India|candidate=Ratheesh Kadakkal|votes=280|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shibu.K.Chadayamangalam|votes=258|percentage=0.18|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=13,678|percentage=9.29|change={{decrease}}5.82}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,47,177|percentage=74.60|change={{increase}}0.82}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}3.41}}{{Election box end}}

===2016 ===
There were 1,96,733 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chadayamangalam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Mullakkara Ratnakaran]]|votes=71,262|percentage=49.10|change={{decrease}}6.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[M. M. Hassan]]|votes=49,334|percentage=33.99|change={{decrease}}3.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Sivadasan|votes=19,259|percentage=13.27|change={{increase}}10.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jaleel Kadakkal|votes=1,445|percentage=1.00|change={{decrease}}0.41}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Sajeed Khaleedu|votes=1,222|percentage=0.84|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=699|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunny Itriva|votes=538|percentage=0.37|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Sreejith S.|votes=284|percentage=0.20|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=21,928|percentage=15.11|change={{decrease}}3.43}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,141|percentage=73.78|change={{increase}}2.03}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}6.80}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,77,610 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chadayamangalam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Mullakkara Ratnakaran]]|votes=71,231|percentage=55.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shahida Kamal|votes=47,607|percentage=37.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. C. Saju Kumar|votes=4,160|percentage=3.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jaleel Kadakkal|votes=1,800|percentage=1.41|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shibu K. Chadayamangalam|votes=1,078|percentage=0.85|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kootukkal Prasad|votes=996|percentage=0.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Oyoor Nazeer|votes=557|percentage=0.44|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=23,624|percentage=18.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,429|percentage=71.75|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chadayamangalam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Mullakkara Ratnakaran]]|votes=47,284|percentage=49.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Prayar Gopalakrishnan]]|votes=42,631|percentage=45.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Yeroor Anil|votes=2,533|percentage=2.67|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=4,653|percentage=4.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=94,749|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,43,376 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chadayamangalam}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Prayar Gopalakrishnan]]|votes=49,683|percentage=49.33|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[R. Latha Devi]]|votes=47,764|percentage=47.43|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. S. Unnikrishnan|votes=3,263|percentage=3.24|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,919|percentage=1.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,00,710|percentage=70.25|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 1,31,047 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chadayamangalam}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[R. Latha Devi]]|votes=42,550|percentage=48.74|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Prayar Gopalakrishnan]]|votes=39,804|percentage=45.59|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Abdul Rasheed|votes=3,258|percentage=3.73|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,746|percentage=3.19|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=87,306|percentage=68.00|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:Politics of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Thapaswini Poonacha

2026-05-05T09:42:34Z

Al202xis0: Added a info basic info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thapaswini Poonacha
| image = Thapaswinipoonancha (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = Vigrajpett, [[Kodagu]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = 
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2022–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Hari Kathe Alla Giri Kathe'' (2022) ''Gajarama'' (2025)
| awards = Chittara Promising Star Award
| website = 
}}

'''Thapaswini Poonacha''' is an Indian actress born in [[Virajpet]], Kodagu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Rajavardhan-Starrer 'Gajarama' Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/rajavardhan-starrer-gajarama-gets-a-release-date-article-117027073 |author=Shashiprasad SM |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> She is known for her roles in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films [[Harikathe Alla Girikathe|''Hari Kathe Alla Giri Kathe'']] (2022) and ''[[Gajarama]]'' (2025).

== Career ==
Thapaswini Poonacha made her acting debut in 2022 with the Kannada film [[Harikathe Alla Girikathe|''Hari Kathe Alla Giri Kathe'']],<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's not just about money, roles have to make my soul happy: Thapaswini Poonacha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/its-not-just-about-money-roles-have-to-make-my-soul-happy-thapaswini-poonacha/articleshow/116399113.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |first=Vinay |last=Lokesh |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> where she starred opposite [[Rishab Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=vaishnavi@suvarnanews.in |title=ನನಗೆ ಇಷ್ಟವಿಲ್ಲ ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಹಣದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಯೋಚನೆ ಮಾಡದೆ No ಅನ್ನುತ್ತೀನಿ: 'ರಿಷಬ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ' ನಾಯಕಿ ತಪಸ್ವಿ ಪೂಣಚ್ಚ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ವೈರಲ್ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/will-study-more-about-coffee-once-i-finish-film-shooting-says-thapaswini-poonacha-vcs-soqbew |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref> A mixed review of the film in ''[[Cinema Express]]'' found that "Thapaswini’s role [was] the soul of the film, and it also aid[ed] in bringing out the romantic side of Giri [the character played by Shetty]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-06-25 |title=Harikathe Alla Girikathe Movie Review: A fun satire on the inside workings of cinema |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/Jun/25/harikathe-alla-girikathe-movie-review-a-fun-satire-on-the-inside-workings-of-cinema-32325.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Her second film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-09-22 |title=Thapaswini Poonacha roped in for Rajavardan's Gajarama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Sep/22/thapaswini-poonacha-roped-in-for-rajavardans-gajarama-34970.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Gajarama]]'' was released on 7 February 2025; Thapaswini played the character of Anjali, the female lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gajarama Movie Review : Gajarama review: A template commercial entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gajarama/movie-review/118054177.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-02-10 |title='Gajarama' movie review: Lacks strength to wrestle with emotions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/10/gajarama-movie-review-lacks-strength-to-wrestle-with-emotions |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maheswara |first=Reddy |title=Gajarama Movie Review: A Rollercoaster of Love, Wrestling, and Drama |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/gajarama-movie-review-a-rollercoaster-of-love-wrestling-and-drama/articleshow/118037923.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-05 |title=I have no interest in chasing attention: Thapaswini Poonacha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Feb/05/i-have-no-interest-in-chasing-attention-thapaswini-poonacha |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' reported that Thapaswini Poonacha had signed for a lead role in a new project ''Mr. Jack,'' starring [[Gurunandan]].<ref name="MJ">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/04/guru-nandan-to-play-a-stand-up-comedian-in-mr-jack |title=Guru Nandan to play a stand-up comedian in 'Mr Jack' |date=January 4, 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> The same year she stated in an interview that she was also part of another project "''Rukmini Vasantha'', which star[red] Shri and [[Rangayana Raghu]] in key roles".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-02-05 |title=Thapaswini Poonacha: I have no interest in chasing attention |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Feb/05/thapaswini-poonachai-have-no-interest-in-chasing-attention |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Chittara Promising Star Award: for her promising role in the Kannada film industry.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9K5W4a5F-fk |title=Thapaswini Poonacha shines bright as she clinches the Promising Star Award{{!}}Chittara Star Awards 2023 |date=2023-11-11 |last=Chittara |access-date=2025-04-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Harikathe Alla Girikathe|Hari Kathe Alla Giri Kathe]]'' || Kushi || Debut film
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Gajarama]]'' || Anjali ||
|-
| {{TBA}} || ''Premada Oorali'' || {{TBA}} || Filming
|-
| {{TBA}} || ''Mr. Jack'' || {{TBA}} || Filming<ref name="MJ"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwlku2Ex7qo YouTube video: Interview with Thapaswini Poonacha]

[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of national highways in India by state

2026-05-01T17:10:30Z

Al202xis0:

{{Short description|None}}
{{for-multi|old national highways by state|List of national highways in India by state (old numbering)|national highways numbers|List of national highways in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

List of the new [[National highways in India|national highway]] numbers (state-wise).<ref name="renumber1">{{cite web| url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf| title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways| publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]| access-date=2 September 2012| location=New Delhi| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf| archive-date=16 August 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{TOC right}}

== Andhra Pradesh ==
There are 55 national highways including [[Bangalore–Chennai Expressway|one national expressway]] (NE7) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] with a total length of 8683.15 km as of 31 Dec 2022.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annual report 2022-23 |publisher=MORTH |year=2023 |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/MoRTH%20Annual%20Report%20for%20the%20Year%202022-23%20in%20English.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|121}}<ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
These are administered by NHAI agencies or the state R&B department. Apart from these, [[Narketpally–Addanki–Medarametla Road]], which began its life as state highway, is now a national highway, following the bifurcation of united Andhra Pradesh into [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] in 2014. It is administered by the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for their respective segments.

{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 16
| length_km = 1024.1
| beltway = Orissa- Ichapuram - Palasa - Narasannapeta - Srikakulam - Ranastalam -Anandapuram Pendurthi, Anakapalli, Rajahmundary, Deverapalli, Gondugolanu, Vijayawada, Guntur, Nellore-Tamil Nadu Border // Anandapuramu-Visakhapatnam-Anakapalli
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 26
| length_km = 90.3
| beltway = Odisha Border, Salur, Vizianagaram - junction with NH-16 near Thagarapuvalasa (Visakhapatnam)
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 30
| length_km = 134.8
| beltway = Chhattisgarh Border-Nellipaka, Bhadrachalam, Paloncha, Kottagudam, Tiravuru, Mailavaram-junction with NH-65 near Kondapalle (Vijayawada)
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 40
| length_km = 381.0
| beltway = Junction with NH-44 near Kurnool -Nandyal, Cuddapah, Pileru, Putalapattu and Chittoor-Tamil Nadu Border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 42
| length_km = 378.3
| beltway = Junction with NH-67 - Urvakonda, Anantapur, Kadiri, Madanapalle, Kuppam-Tamil Nadu Border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 44
| length_km = 261.0
| beltway = Maharashtra Border-Adilabad, Nirmal, Ramayampet, Hyderabad, Kurnool, Gooty, Anantapur, Penukonda, Karnataka Border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 65
| length_km = 150.1
| beltway = Karnataka Border- Hyderabad, Vijayawada Vuyyuru, Pamarru - junction with NH-216 at Machllipatnam
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 67
| length_km = 404.6
| beltway = Karnataka Border- Gooty, Tadapatri, Muddanru, Jammalamadugu, Proddatur, Mydukuru, Badvel, Atmakur, Nellore on NH-16- Krishnapatnam Port
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 69
| length_km = 63.0
| beltway = Karnataka Border- Palmaner -junction with NH-40 near Chittoor
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 71
| length_km = 190.6
| beltway = Madanpalle on NH-42-Pileru, Tirupati, Renigunta, Erpedu-junction with NH-16 near Nayudupeta
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 75
| length_km = 24.6
| beltway = Karnataka Border- Venkatagirikota-Tamil Nadu Border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 130CD
| length_km =
| beltway = Raipur- Visakhapatnam
| notes = [https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-raipur-visakhapatnam-economic-corridor-information-route-map-status/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 140
| length_km = 58.9
| beltway = Junction with NH-40 near Putalpattu - junction with NH-71 near Tirupati
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 150A
| length_km = 9.2
| terminus_a = [[Jewargi]]
| terminus_b = [[Chamarajanagar]]
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 150C
| length_km =
| beltway = Solapur – [[Kurnool]] – [[Chennai]] Economic Corridor (EC-17)
| notes = [https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-solapur-chennai-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 163G
| length_km = 405
| beltway = Nagpur-[[Vijayawada]]
| notes = [https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-nagpur-vijayawada-economic-corridor-information-route-map-status/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 165
| length_km = 107.8
| beltway = Junction with NH-65 near Pamarru -Mandavalli, Pallevada, Digamarru - junction with NH-216 near Narsapur
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167
| length_km = 110.2
| beltway = Haggari, Adoni, Yemmiganur, Mantralayam, Raichur, Mahbubnagar, Jadcherla Road
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167A
| length_km = 107.0
| beltway = junction with AP/Telangana border - Piduguralla, Narsaraopet, Chilakaluripet, Chirala on NH-216 -Vodarevu
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167AD
| length_km =
| beltway = Macherla - Dachepalli
| notes = [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-centre-allots-rs-403-crore-for-highway-development-in-palnadu/articleshow/89053110.cms Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167AG
| length_km =
| beltway = Kondamodu - Perecherla(Guntur)
| notes = [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-centre-allots-rs-403-crore-for-highway-development-in-palnadu/articleshow/89053110.cms Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167B
| length_km = 195.0
| terminus_a = [[Mydukuru|Mydukuru, YSR District]]
| terminus_b = [[Singarayakonda]]
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167BG
| length_km = 104.4
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with new NH No. 167B at Seetharampuram connecting Udaygiri, Dathuluru and terminating at its junction with new NH No. 16 near Kavali in the State of Andhra Pradesh.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167K
| length_km = 164
| beltway = Kalvakurti, Nagar kurnool district, TG - Jammalamadugu, YSR district, AP
| notes = {{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 216
| length_km = 391.3
| beltway = Kathipudi, Gollaprolu, Pithapuram, Kakinada, Yanam, Mummidivaram, Amalapuram, Razole, Digamarru (Palakollu), Narsapuram, Pedana, Machilipatnam, Repalle, Cherukupalle, Bapatla, Chirala, Ongole
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 216A
| length_km = 120.7
| beltway = Rajamahendravaram - Ravulapalem - Tanuku - Tadepalligudem - Eluru
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 216E
| length_km = 30
| beltway = Amalapuram - Ravulapalem
| notes = [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/amalapuram-ravulapalem-road-made-national-highway/article36726450.ece Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 216H
| length_km = 119.95
| beltway = Pedana - Nuzveedu -Vissannapet - Lakshmipuram Road
| notes = [https://www.tendersontime.com/india/details/short-term-maintenance-a-km-0000-km-119950-nh-216h-pedana---nuzveedu--vissannapet---lakshmipuram-4158caa/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 326
| length_km = 13.6
| beltway = Odisha Border- N.H-30 near Chinturu
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 326A
| length_km = 41.0
| beltway = Odisha Border-Kotabommali-junction with NH-16 near Narasannapeta
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 340
| length_km = 60.2
| beltway = Rayachoti on NH-40 -Chinnamandem, Gurrramkonda - junction with NH-42 near Kurabalakota
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 340B
| length_km = 56.2
| beltway = NH40 near Somayajulapalli - Betamcherla - RS Rangapuram - Chinna Malkapuram -NH44 near Dhone
| notes = [https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/circulars_document/Approval%20and%20Expenditure%20on%20Projects.pdf Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 340C
| length_km = 131.4
| beltway = Kurnool on NH No-40 - Nandikotkur - Atmakur - Dornala on NH No-765.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 342
| length_km = 79.65
| beltway = Junction with NH-42 near Mudigubba connecting Puttaparthi and Terminating at its Junction with NH-44 near Koduru in the State of Andhra Pradesh
| notes = [https://www.tendersontime.com/india/details/annual-maintenance-national-highway-342-km44850-79650-ie-mamillakunta-cross-koduru-section-m-326c37a/ Link] [https://projectxindia.com/2021/04/26/pmc-for-nh-342-upgradation-works/ Link2]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 365BB
| length_km = 86.4
| beltway = Telangana-Jeelugumilli, Buttaigudem, Kannapuram, Pattiseema, Tallapudi, -junction of NH-16 near Kovvur
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 365BG
| length_km = 70.587
| beltway = Khammam in Telangana’s Khammam district - Devarapalle in Andhra Pradesh’s West Godavari district via Wyra, Kalluru, Tiruvuru, Sattupalli, Jangamreddy Gudem.
| notes = [https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-khammam-devarapalli-expressway-route-map-status-update/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 440
| length_km =
| beltway = Rayachoti Vempalli, Yerraguntla and Proddutur, Chagalamarri
| notes = [https://www.indiantenders.in/tenderdetail/project-management-consultancy-services-upgradation-newly-declared-nh-440-rayachoti-chagalamarri-via-c785213/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 516B
| length_km =
| beltway = Pendurthi near Visakhapatnam, Sringavarapukota, Bowdara
| notes = [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150323/gadkari-assures-two-national-highways-for-araku.html Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 516C
| length_km = 12.7
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-16 at Sabbavaram bypass connecting Amruthapuram, Narava, Sathivani palem, Gopalpatanam rural and terminating near Sheelanagar in the State of Andhra Pradesh.
| notes = [https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 516D
| length_km = 57.7
| beltway = Junction with NH 16 near Deverapalli Bypass - Golladgudem, Gopalapuram, Jaganathapuram, Atchyutapuram, Koyyalgudem, Bayyanagudem, Seetampeta, Narasannapalem, Jangareddigudam, Vegavaram, Taduvai, Darbhagudem- Jeelugumilli near Andhra Pradesh/Telangana border.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 516E
| length_km = 406.2
| beltway = junction with NH No. 16 near Rajamundry - Bhupatiapalem Road (connecting SH-38 near Rampachodavaram), Koyyuru, Chintapalli, Lambasingi, Paderu, Aruku, Bowadara, Tadipudi - junction of NH-26 at Vizianagaram
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 516F
| length_km =
| beltway = Kakinada - Annavaram
| notes = [http://www.uniindia.com/new-national-highway-516-f-with-four-lane-sanctioned-from-kakinada-to-annavaram-mp-geeta/south/news/2620780.html Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 516W
| length_km =
| beltway = Chillakuru Cross Road (Tirupati district), Turpu Kanupur, Naidupeta
| notes = [https://www.projectstoday.com/News/NHAI-floats-tender-for-four-laning-of-Chillakuru-Cross-Road-to-Turpu-Kanupur Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 544D
| length_km = 417.1
| beltway = Anantapur on NH No-44-Tadipatr - Kolimigundla-Owk-Banaganapalli- Gajualapalli, Giddalur - Cumbum - Thokapalli - Vinukonda - Narasaraopet - Guntur on NH No-16
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 544DD
| length_km = 105.0
| beltway = Junction with NH No. 44 near Anantapur -Rayadurg-Karnataka Border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 544E
| length_km = 103.5
| beltway = Junction with NH No. 44 near Kodikonda checkpost - Lepakshi, Hindupur, Madakasira, Rolla, Agali -Karnataka Border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 544F
| length_km = 384
| beltway = NH-44 near Maruru (Raptadu), Itukalapalli, Husenapuram (Tadipatri), Nagireddipalli,
Nallagatla, Diddalur, Kagitaalagudem (Cumbum), Rayayaram, Nuzendla,
Kommalapadu, Kavuru, Phirangipuram, medikonduru, Velavarthipadu, junction with Vijaywada Inner Ring road near Pedda parimi
| notes = [https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 544G
| length_km = 624
| beltway = Bengaluru – Kodikonda, Pulivendula, Mallepali, Vangapadu, Addanki, Chilakaluripet, Guntur, Vijayawada.
| notes = [https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-bengaluru-vijayawada-expressway-route-map-status-update/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 565
| length_km = 409.9
| beltway = Nakrekal on NH-65 - Nalgonda, Macherla, Erragondapalam, Kanigiri, Rapur, Venkatagiri -junction with NH-71 near Erpedu
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 716
| length_km = 237.8
| beltway = Tamil Nadu Border-Reniguta, Mamanduru, Settigunta, Koduru, Pullampeta, Rajampet, Nandalur, Madhavaram, Vonimitta, Bhakarapet, Kadapa (Cuddapah), Kuarunipalli, Vellore, Thapetla, Kothapalli, Chidipirala, Pandillapalle, Thiparulu, Yeragunttla, Nidizivve, Chillamakuru, and terminating at its junction with NH-67 near Muddanuru
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 716A
| length_km = 42.6
| beltway = Junction with NH-716 near Puttur connecting, Narayana Vanam, Thumburu, Koppedu, Harijan, Vada, Ramagiri, Krishnapuram, Utthukottai -Tamil Nadu.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 716B
| length_km = 20.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-16 near Thachur in the state of Tamil Nadu and terminating at its junction with NH-40 near Chittoor in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
| notes = [https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-chittoor-thathchur-expressway-information-route-map-status/ Link]
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 716G
| length_km =
| beltway = Junction of NH 716 at Muddanur, a small town in Kadapa district, Pulivendula, Kadiri (junction with NH 42), ObulaDevaraCheruvu, Gorantla, Palasamudram, Junction of NH 544E near Hindupur.
| notes =
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 765
| length_km = 77.6
| beltway = Hyderabad (Junction of NH-44 & 40) - Maisaram, Amangal, Veldanda, Kalvakurti, Achampet, Srisailam, Doranala - junction with NH-565 near Tokapalle
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=13
|length_km=1293.0
|terminus_a=[[Tawang]]
|terminus_b=[[Wakro]], [[Lohit district|Lohit]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=15
|length_km=79.0
|beltway=Mahadevpur/Dirak (Assam Border) to junction with NH-13 near Wakro
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=113
|length_km=165.0
|beltway=NH-13 near Hawacamp - Hayuliang - Hawai.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=115
|length_km=19.5
|beltway=Shantipur (Assam border) to Meka junction near Roing (NH-13)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=215
|length_km=266.6
|beltway=Junction with NH-15 near Mahadevpur - Bordumsa, Namchik, Lalpul, Manmao, Changlang, Khonsa, Kanubari- Assam Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=313
|length_km=235.0
|beltway=NH-13 near Meka - Anini.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=315
|length_km=32.5
|beltway=Assam border - Jairampur - Nampong - Myanmar border (Stilwell road)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=315A
|length_km=35.0
|beltway=Khonsa on NH-215 - Hukanjuri - Assam Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=415
|length_km=50.8
|beltway=Holongi (Assam border) - Itanagar - Banderdewa (Assam border)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=513
|length_km=140.0
|beltway=NH-13 near Passighat - Mariyang -Yingkiong.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=515
|length_km=28.0
|beltway=Jonai (Assam Border) - junction with NH-13 near Pasighat
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=713
|length_km=158.0
|beltway=NH-13 near Joram - Palin- Sangram- Koloriang.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=713A
|length_km=35.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-13 near Hoj - Yupia - NH-415 at Pappu (near Nahurlagun)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Assam==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=2
|length_km=112.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-15 near Dibrugarh in the State of Assam connecting Sibsagar and Amguri in the State of Assam- Nagaland
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=6
|length_km=117.7
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-27 near [[Jorabat]] in the State of Assam-Meghalaya.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=8
|length_km=61.1
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-37 near Karimganj in the State of Assam connecting Patharkandi, Churaibari, Ambasa, Teliamura, Agartala, Udaipur, Sabrum and terminating at Indo/Bangladesh Border in the State of Tripura.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=15
|length_km=586.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-27 near Baihata-Charali connecting Mangaldai, Dhekiajuli, Tezpur, Banderdeva, North Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Dum Duma in the State of Assam-Arunachal Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=17
|length_km=294.2
|beltway=West Bengal-Golakganj, Bilasipara-North Salmara, Goalpara, Boko and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Guwahati in the State of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=27
|length_km=724.8
|beltway=West Bengal, Bongaigaon, Bijini, Patacharkuchi, Nalbari, Dishpur, Nagaon, Lumding, Haflong and terminating at its junction with NH-37 near Silchar in the State of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=29
|length_km=124.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Dabaka, (Sutargaon), Amlakhi, in Assam - Nagaland
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=37
|length_km=110.0
|beltway=Manipur-Jirighat, Lakhipur, Silchar, Badarpur, Bhanga, Karimganj in the State of Assam and terminates at Indo/Bangladesh Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=115
|length_km=59.1
|beltway=Junction with NH-15 near Dum Duma - Saikhoaghat, Kundil Bazar-Arunachal Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=117
|length_km=15.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-17 near North Salmara - junction with NH-27 near Bijni.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=117A
|length_km=39.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-17 near Bilasipara - Kokrajhar - junction with New NH-27 near Garubhasa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=127
|length_km=43.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Nagaon - Samaguri - junction with NH-715 near Jakhalabandha
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=127A
|length_km=38.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Patacharkuchi - Hajua - Indo/Bhutan Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=127B
|length_km=74.0
|beltway=Srimrampur on N.H-27, Dhuburi -Meghalaya.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=127C
|length_km=40.0
|beltway=NH- 27 in Chirang District, Assam - India / Bhutan Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=127D
|length_km=48.6
|beltway=NH- 27 in the district of Kamrup, Assam - India / Bhutan Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=127E
|length_km=40.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Barama - Baska, Subankhata -Indo/Bhutan border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=129
|length_km=106.0
|beltway=Nagaland - Bokajan, Golaghat - junction with NH-715 near Numaligarh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=208A
|length_km=17.9
|beltway=Tripura-Kathaltali, Kukital and terminating at its junction with NH- 8 (Old NH-44)near Chankhera in the state of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=215
|length_km=63.4
|beltway=Arunachal Pradesh - junction with NH-15 near Dibrugarh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=217
|length_km=30.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-17 near Paikan in the State of Assam -Meghalaya and terminating at its junction with NH-17 near Dudhnai in the State of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=306
|length_km=40.3
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-6 near Kanpui in the State of Mizoram and terminating at its junction with NH-37 near Silchar in the State of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=315
|length_km=80.1
|beltway=Junction with NH-15 near Makum - Ledo, Lekhapani in the State of Assam, Licok near NH and terminating at India/Myanmar Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=315A
|length_km=64.2
|beltway=Tinsukia on N.H-15 - Naharkatia-Arunachal Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=329
|length_km=52.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-29 near Manja - Diphu - junction with new NH No. 27 near Lumding
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=329A
|length_km=38.0
|beltway=Junction with NH No-329 near Diphu-Nagaland.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=415
|length_km=9.7
|beltway=Junction with NH-15 near Ghopur in the State of Assam connecting Itanagar in the State of Arunachal Pradesh, Daimukh and terminating at its junction with NH-15 near Banderdeva in the State of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=427
|length_km=92.2
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Howli - Barpeta, Hajo - junction with new NH No. 27 near Jalukbari
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=515
|length_km=73.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-15 near Kulajan - Jonai-Arunachal Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=627
|length_km=244.2
|beltway=Junction with new NH-27 near Nelle (Amsoi Gate) - Rajagaon, Doyangmukh, Umrangso, Khobak - NH-27 near [[Harangajao]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=702
|length_km=28.4
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-2 near Chantongia connecting Longling, Lonhching, Mon, Lapa, Tizit in the State of Nagaland, Sonari and terminating at its junction with new NH No. 215 near Sapekhati in the State of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=702C
|length_km=52.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with Sibasagar on NH-2 connecting Simalguri and terminating at its junction with new NH No. 702 at Sonari in the State of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=702D
|length_km=49.6
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH No 2 near Mokokchung in the state of Nagaland connecting Mariami and terminating at NH-715 near Jorhat in the state of Assam.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=715
|length_km=195.1
|beltway=Junction with NH-15 near Tejpur - Jakhalabandha, Bokakhat, Jorhat - junction with NH-2 near Jhanji
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=715A
|length_km=142.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Nakhola - Jagiroad, Marigaon, Kaupati, Rowta, Udalguri, Khoirabari - Indo/Bhutan border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Bihar==
[[Bihar]] has length of 5,358 km [[National highways of India|National highways]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.nhai.org/nh.asp | title =National Highways and their lengths | accessdate =2010-02-12 | work =Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India | publisher =[[National Highways Authority of India]] | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100210021118/http://www.nhai.org/nh.asp | archive-date =10 February 2010 | url-status =dead }}</ref>
{{National Highways in Bihar}}

==Chhattisgarh==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=30
|length_km=631.4
|beltway=Madhya Pradesh, Chilpi, Simga, Raipur, Dhamtari, Kanker, Kondagaon, Keskal, Jagdalpur and Konta in the State of Chhattisgarh-Andhra Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=43
|length_km=353.0
|beltway=Madhya Pradesh-Nagar, Ambikapur, Pathalgaon, Jashpurnagar-Jharkhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=45
|length_km=98.3
|beltway=Madhya Pradesh - Keonchi (Kionchi) - junction with NH-130 near Bilaspur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=49
|length_km=197.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-130 at Bilaspur connecting Pamgarh, Raigarh-Orissa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=53
|length_km=322.0
|beltway=Maharashtra-Rajnandgaon, Durg, Raipur, Arang, Saraipali-Orissa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=63
|length_km=234.2
|beltway=Maharashtra - Bijapur, Jagdalpur-Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130
|length_km=389.9
|beltway=Junction with NH-30 near Simga - Bilaspur, Kathgora - junction with NH-43 near Ambikapur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130A
|length_km=279.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-30 near Pondi - Pandaria, Mungeli, Bilaspur, Sipat, Dhania, Baloda, Panthora, Urga, Hasti, Bhaisma, Nonbira, Dharamjayagarh - junction with NH-130 near Pathalgaon
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130B
|length_km=188.0
|beltway=Raipur on NH-30 - Palari, Baloda Bazar, Kasdol - junction with NH No. 153 near Sarangarh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130C
|length_km=195.6
|beltway=NH-30 near Abhanpur - Rajim, Gariaband, Bardula, Deobhog- Odisha Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130D
|length_km=98.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-30 near Kondagaon - Narainpur, Kutul -Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143B
|length_km=15.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-43 near Jashpurnagar in the state of Chhattisgarh connecting Gobindpur, Dumri and terminating near Mahuandanr in the State of Jharkhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=149B
|length_km=70.0
|beltway=NH-49 near Champa - Korba, Chhuri -Junction with new NH No. 130 near Katghora
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=153
|length_km=86.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 at Saraipali - Sarangarh - junction with NH-49 at Raigarh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=163
|length_km=36.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-63 near Bhopalpatnam -Telangana
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=163A
|length_km=12.0
|beltway=Geedam(Gidam) on NH-63- Dantewara
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=343
|length_km=110.0
|beltway=Ambikapur (NH-78) - Semarsot - Ramanujganj - Jharkhand border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353
|length_km=65.6
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Ghorai - Mahasamund, Bagbahra -Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=930
|length_km=115.3
|beltway=NH-30 near Purur - Balod, Kusumkasa, Kumhari, Manpur- Maharastra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130CD
|length_km=108.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-30 (Kurud Bypass), Umarda, Megha, Bijhuli, Singhpur, Dugli, Dongardula, Nagari, Sonamagar, Sihawa, Ratawa-Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Goa==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=66
|length_km=30.9
|beltway=Karnataka- Poriem, Matnee - Sanquelim (near Shri Dattaraya Mandir)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=366
|length_km=137.6
|beltway=Maharashtra Border - Pernem - Mapusa - Panaji - Cortalim - Verna - Margao - Cuncolim - Chaudi (Chauri) - Polem - Karnataka Boader
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=566
|length_km=16.5
|beltway=Cortalim (Kortali) - Sancoale - Chicalim - Murmugao
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=748
|length_km=69.6
|beltway=Karnataka Border - Darbandora - Ponda - Bhoma - Banastari - Panaji
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=748AA
|length_km=38.5
|beltway=Ponda - Verna - Vasco de Gama
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Gujarat==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NE
|route=1
|length_km=93.4
|beltway=Ahmadabad - Vadodara Expressway
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=27
|length_km=974.6
|beltway=Porbandar in the State of Gujarat connecting Bamanbore, Morbi, Samakhiali, Radhanpur, Palanpur-Rajasthan
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=41
|length_km=290.0
|beltway=Samakhiyali connecting Gandhidham, Mandvi, Naliya and terminating at Narayan Sarovar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=47
|length_km=388.2
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Bamanbore connecting Limbdi, Ahmedabad, Godhra, Dahod-Madhya Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=48
|length_km=488.7
|beltway=Rajasthan Border - Himatnagar - Ahmedabad - Nadiad - Anand - Vadodara - Karjan - Bharuch - Ankleshwar - Navsari - Valsad - Vapi - Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=51
|length_km=731.0
|beltway=Bet Dwarka including Signature Bridge - Okha- Dwarka, Bhogat, Porbandar, Navibander, Shil, Mangrol, Somnath, Kodinar, Una, Mahuva, Talaja, Bhavnagar, Songadh, Gadhada, Botad, ranpur, Limbdi, Surendranagar, Dhrangadhra- Kuda
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=53
|length_km=137.6
|beltway=Hajira - Surat - Bardoli - Vyara - Songadh - Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=56
|length_km=429.0
|beltway=Rajasthan Border.-Zalod-Limbi-Dahod - Madhya Pradesh border-Chhota Udaipur - Rajpipla - Netrang - Vyara - Bansda - Dharampur - Vapi (NH-48)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=58
|length_km=152.0
|beltway=Rajasthan Border -Idar (NH-58) - Vadali - Dharoi - Satlasana - Palanpur (NH-27 )
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=64
|length_km=386.0
|beltway=Ahmedabad - Dandi route (Dandi Heritage route)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=68
|length_km=268.0
|beltway=Tharad-Bhabar- Radhanpur- Kamalpur- Khakhal- Roda- Dunawada- Patan- Chansama- Mahesana- Kherva- Gojariya- Sama- Churada- Kuvadara - junction with NH-48 near Prantij.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=141
|length_km=14.0
|beltway=Gandhi Dham and terminating at Kandla Port
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=147
|length_km=46.0
|beltway=Junction with NH No. 47 near Sarkhej - Gandhinagar - junction with NH-48 near Chilloda
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=147D
|length_km=47.3
|beltway=Junction with NH-47 near Limkheda connecting Hathidhara, Fulpari, Limdi and terminating at Gujarat/ Madhya Pradesh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148M
|length_km=56.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-48 near Vadodara connecting Bhaili, Samiyala, Laxmipura, Sangam, Padra, Dabhasa, Mahuvad, Kinkhlod, Pakiza Society in Borsad, Nisraya, Alarsa, Kosindra Indiranagar and terminating at Anklav
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148N
|length_km=200.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Dodka (Vadodara) connecting Godhra, Dahod in the state of Gujarat, Ratlam, Jaora in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Jhalawar, Kota, Sawai Madhopur, Lalsot, Dausa in the state of Rajasthan, Firozpur Jhirka and terminating at its junction with NH-248A near Sohna in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=151
|length_km=127.8
|beltway=Jetpur - Junagadh -Maliya - Somnath
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=151A
|length_km=290.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH 51 near Dwarka connecting Khambaliya, Jamnagar, Dhrol, Amran and terminating at its junction at NH 27 near Maliya in the State of Gujrat (excluding from existing km 125 to Dhrol Junction (77.80 km) and from Pipaliya junction-Maliya Junction (24 km.).
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=168
|length_km=74.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-68 near Tharad - Dhanera, Panthvada
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=168A
|length_km=66.0
|beltway=Dhanera -junction with NH- 27 near Deesa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=251
|length_km=20.0
|beltway=NH-51 near Una - Ghoghla in the Union Territory of Daman and Diu - NH-51 near Kesaria in the State of Gujarat.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=341
|length_km=152.0
|beltway=NH-41 near Bhimsar - Anjar- Bhuj- Khavda - Dharmshala
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=351
|length_km=143.0
|beltway=NH-51 near Mahuva- Saverkundla- Amreli- Bagasara - Jetpur on NH-27.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=351F
|length_km=54.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-351 near Amreli connecting ishvariya, Varasda, Pipariya, Toda, Lathy, Mahavirnagar, Chavand and terminating at its junction with NH-51 near Dhasa Chowk
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=751
|length_km=121.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-51 (Nari Junction) near Bhavnagar connecting Bhavaliyari, Dholera, Ambi, Valinda, Pimpali, Anandpur, Bholad, Saragval, Vejalka, Keshargadh, Rupgadh, Kariyana, Sarandhi, Jalalpur (Godhneshwar), Lana, Sindhrej, Roopavati, Juval, Chaloda, Kavitha, Vasna Chacharavadi, Bhat, Tajpur, Visalpur and terminating at Sardar Patel Ring road near Sarkhej (Ahemedabad)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=751D
|length_km=44.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-751 near Vataman Chowk connecting Fatepura, Valandapura, Indranaj, Tarapur, Lakulesh Nagar and terminating at its junction with NH-64 near Dharmaj
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=751DD
|length_km=27.3
|beltway=Junction with new NH-751D near Tarapur connecting Sojitra, Piplav, Sunav and terminating near Bandhani Chowk
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753B
|length_km=70.0
|beltway=Dediapada - Netrang on NH-56
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=754K
|length_km=385.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-54 near Sangariya connecting Hanumangarh, Suratgarh, Loonkarasar, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Thob, Pachpadra, Balotra, Sanchore in the state of Rajasthan, Tharad, Vav, Santalpur, Gadkabet, Mauvana, Dholavira, Khavada, Odama, Hajipur, Gadhuli and terminating at Lakhpat in the state of Gujarat.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=756
|length_km=48.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-56 near Bodeli connecting Jambugodha, Pavagarh and terminating at Halol bypass in Halol
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=848
|length_km=67.6
|beltway=Maharashtra border - Kaprada - Pardi (NH-48)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=848A
|length_km=7.0
|beltway=Zaroli (NH-48) - Dadra Nagar Haveli border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=848B
|length_km=14.0
|beltway=NH-48 near Karembali Phatak - Bamanpunja, Dholar Road- Daman & Diu
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=927D
|length_km=108.0
|beltway=NH-27 near Dhoraji- Jamkandoma- Kalavad -Jamnagar.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=953
|length_km=113.0
|beltway=NH-53 near Songudh - Ahwa- Gujarat-Maharashtra border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Haryana==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NE
|route=2
|length_km=44.0
|beltway=Eastern Peripheral Expressway around in UP and Haryana (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=5
|length_km=28.3
|beltway=Ambala - Punjab border-Strech in Punjab-Punjab border - Panchkula - Chandi Mandir - Pinjaur - Kalka - H.P. Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=7
|length_km=39.5
|beltway=Punjab, Panchkula, Raipur Rani, Dhanana in the State of Haryana-Himachal Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=9
|length_km=285.9
|beltway=Delhi Border - Bahadurgarh - Rohtak - Maham - Hansi - Hissar - Agroha - Bodopal - Fatehabad - Sirsa - Odhan - Dabwali - Punjab border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=11
|length_km=88.0
|beltway=Narnaul - junction with new NH No.-352 near Rewari
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=257.8
|beltway=Punjab border- Ambala -Shahbad-Pipli-Karnal-Panipat-Samalkha-Murthal-Kundli-Delhi border - Delhi - Faridabad - Ballabgarh - Palwal - Rundhi - Hodal - UP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=48
|length_km=83.3
|beltway=Delhi Border - Gurgaon - Dharuhera - Bawal - Rajasthan Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=52
|length_km=143.2
|beltway=Punjab -Narwana, Hisar in the State of Haryana-Rajasthan
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=54
|length_km=38.5
|beltway=Dabwali - Punjab border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=105
|length_km=17.5
|beltway=Pinjaur - Karanpur - H.P. Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148A
|length_km=6.0
|beltway=Delhi border - Gurgaon (Jn. of NH-8)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148B
|length_km=226.0
|beltway=Rajasthan Border-Narnaul-Mahendergarh-Charkhi Dadri-Bhiwani-Hansi-Barwala-Yohana-Punjab Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148N
|length_km=80.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Dodka (Vadodara) connecting Godhra, Dahod in the state of Gujarat, Ratlam, Jaora in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Jhalawar, Kota, Sawai Madhopur, Lalsot, Dausa in the state of Rajasthan, Firozpur Jhirka and terminating at its junction with NH-248A near Sohna in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=152
|length_km=122.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-52 near Narwana, Kaithal, Ambala and terminating at its junction with NH-7 near Panchkula in the State of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=152A
|length_km=19.4
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-52 near Khanauri, Shergarh, Amo in the state of Punjab, Sangatpura, Nand, Sighwala, Sanghan, Mahal Kheri, Padala, Gandhi and terminating at its junction with NH-152 near Kaithal in the State of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=152D
|length_km=230.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-152 near Gangheri (near Ismailabad), Kaul Dhatrath, Lakhan Majra, Kalanaur, Charkhi Dadri and terminating at its junction with NH-148B (Narnaul bypass) in the State of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=248A
|length_km=111.0
|beltway=NH-48 near Sahpura - Alwar, Ramgarh, Haryana/Rajasthan border in the state of Rajasthan, Nuh and terminating at its junction with new NH No. 48 near Gurgaon
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=248BB
|length_km=18.1
|beltway=Junction with NH No. 48 near Shiv Murti - Bharthal Chowk, Delhi/Haryana border in the Union Territory of National Capital Territory of Delhi and terminating near Kherki Daula on NH-48 in the State of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=254
|length_km=47.0
|beltway=Punjab Border- Near Dabwali (NH No.-54)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334B
|length_km=180.0
|beltway=Sonipat, Kharkhauda, Sampla, Jhajjar, Charkhi Dadri- junction with NH 709 near Loharu
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334D
|length_km=17.0
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh Border- junction with NH-44 near Palwal
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=344
|length_km=109.4
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-44 near Ambala connecting Dhanana, Saha, Yamunanagar in the State of Haryana-Uttar Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=352
|length_km=186.1
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-52 near Narwana connecting Jind, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Rewari and terminating at its junction with NH-48 near Bawal in the State of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=352A
|length_km=80.0
|beltway=Jind (NH-352)-Gohana-sonipat (NH-334 B)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=352R
|length_km=22.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-352 (Jhajjar Bypass) connecting Dulhera, Daboda Khurd, Nuna Majra and terminating at its junction with NH- 9 (Bahadurgarh Bypass) in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=352W
|length_km=43.2
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-352 near Vijay Nagar (Rewari) connecting Kakoria, Jaitpur, Pataudi, Jamalpur, Wazirpur, Harsaru and terminating at its junction with NH- 48 near Shaktinagar (Gurugram) in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=444A
|length_km=42.0
|beltway=Junction with NH No. 44 near Ambala-Saha -junction with NH No. 44 at Sahabad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=703
|length_km=15.0
|beltway=Sardulgarh - junction with new NH No. 9 near Sirsa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=709
|length_km=188.3
|beltway=Rohtak - Gohana - Israna - Panipat // Rohtak – Bhiwani – Lohani - Loharu - Rajasthan Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=709A
|length_km=170.0
|beltway=Bhiwani (NH-709) - Mundal- Jind- Karnal- Uttar Pradesh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=709AD
|length_km=30.0
|beltway=junction with NH-709 near Panipat -UP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=907
|length_km=45.9
|beltway=Yamuna Nagar (NH-73) - Jagadhri Chowk (Jn with NH-73) - Chhachhrauli - Ledi - Darpur - H.P. border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=907G
|length_km=14.9
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH No- 907 near Jagadhri connecting Jaroda, Budheri, Bherthal, Mahmoodpur, Salempur Banger and terminating near Bilaspur in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=919
|length_km=67.9
|beltway=Rewari - Dharuhera - Raj. Border/Raj. Border - Taoru - Sohna - Palwal
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Himachal Pradesh==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=3
|length_km=542.6
|beltway=Nadaun- Hamirpur- Tauni Devi- Awa Devi- Mandi- Kullu- Manali- Gramphoo- Kyelong
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=5
|length_km=405.0
|beltway=Haryana Border-Solan, Shimla, Theog, Narkanda, Rampur, Chini and proceeding to the Border between India and Tibet near Shipkila
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=7
|length_km=57.0
|beltway=Haryana Border-Ponta-Sahib- Uttarakhand Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44NS
|length_km=11.1
|beltway=Punjab Border near Pathankot- Nangal- Punjab Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=103
|length_km=76.6
|beltway=junction with NH-3 near Hamirpur and connecting Bhota, Ghumarwain and terminating near Ghaghas on NH 154
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=105
|length_km=48.9
|beltway=Junction with NH-5 near Pinjore in Haryana connecting Baddi, Nalagarh and terminating at its junction with NH-205 near Swarghat
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=154
|length_km=267.9
|beltway=Punjab Border- Nurpur, Palampur, Jogindarnagar, Mandi, Sundar Nagar Ghaghas, Bilaspur -junction with NH-205 near Nauni
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=154A
|length_km=133.0
|beltway=Punjab Border- Banikhet- Chamba -Bharmour
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=205
|length_km=114.0
|beltway=Punjab Border- Swarghat, Nauni, Darlaghat- junction with NH-5 near Shimla
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=303
|length_km=70.4
|beltway=Junction of NH-154 connecting Ranital, Jawalamukhi - Nadaun on NH-3
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=305
|length_km=97.0
|beltway=Aut (NH-21) - Banjar - Ani - Luhri - Sainj (NH-22)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=503
|length_km=140.2
|beltway=Punjab Border-Dehlan-Una-Amb-Junction with NH-3 at Mubarakpur connecting Dera Gopipur, Ranital, Kangra, Mataur, Dharamshala - Macleodganj
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=503A
|length_km=72.0
|beltway=Punjab, Una, Basoli, Barsar, Salooni and terminating at its junction with NH-103 near Bhota
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=505
|length_km=282.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-5 near Khab Sangam - Chango- Sumdo- Tabo- Attargo- Kaza- Morang- Hanse- Losar- Lachu- Chhota Dhara -Gramphoo
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=505A
|length_km=17.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-5 near Powari - Reckong Peo - Kalpa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=705
|length_km=68.0
|beltway=Theong (New NH-5)-Kotkhai-Jubbal-Hatkoti (NH-707)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=707
|length_km=118.8
|beltway=Uttrakhand Border- terminating at Hatkoti in Himachal Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=907
|length_km=7.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-7 near Paonta Sahib-Haryana Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=907A
|length_km=78.0
|beltway=Starting from its junction with NH No.-7 near Nahan Banethi-Sarahan & terminating at its junction with NH No.-5 near Kumarhatti in the state of Himachal Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Jharkhand==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=18
|length_km=215.5
|beltway=Govindpur (NH-2) - Dhanbad - Chas - Kumardega - West Bengal Border/West Bengal border - Chandil - Jamshedpur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=19
|length_km=199.8
|beltway=Bihar Border - Chauparan - Barhi - Barakatha - Bagodar - Dumri - Topchanchi - Gobindpur - Nirsa - West Bengal Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=20
|length_km=391.6
|beltway=Bihar border- Kodarama-Barhi (NH-2) - Hazaribag - Ramgarh - Ranchi--Khunti - Murhu - Bandgaon - Chakraharpur - Chaibasa - Jayantgarh - Odisha border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=22
|length_km=106
|beltway=Chandwa - Balumath - Chatra - Hunterganj - Bihar Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=33
|length_km=92.9
|beltway=Bihar Border - Sahibganj - Talihari - Tinpahar - Rajmahal - Barharwa - West Bengal Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=39
|length_km=261
|beltway=U.P. Border - Nagar untari - Garhwa - Daltenganj - Latehar - Chandwa - Kuru - Mandar - Ranchi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=43
|length_km=274
|beltway=Chhattisgarh Border - Raidih - Gumla- Ranchi-Bundu- Chandil- Manikul- Saraikela - Chaibasa (NH-20)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=49
|length_km=23.6
|beltway=Odisha Border - Baharagora - W.B. Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=114A
|length_km=298
|beltway=Dumri - Giridih - Madhupur Sarath - Deoghar - Choupa More - Jarmundi - Jamua - Lakrapahari - Dumka - Shikaripara - West Bengal Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=118
|length_km=17
|beltway=Junction with NH-18 near Asanbani connecting Jamshedpur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=133
|length_km=123
|beltway=Bihar border - Godda - Choupa More on NH-114A
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=133A
|length_km=25
|beltway=Baharwa -Pakur - West Bengal Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=133B
|length_km=11
|beltway=Sahibgang (NH-33)- Bihar Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=139
|length_km=55.4
|beltway=Bihar Border - Hariharganj - Chhatarpur - Rajhara (NH-75)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143
|length_km=122
|beltway=Gumla - Palkot - Kolebira - Simdega - Thethaitanagar - Odisha Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143A
|length_km=71
|beltway=Gumla -Ghaghra- Lohardaga -Kuru (NH-39)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143AG
|length_km=134.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH- 143A Near Lohardaga connecting Bhandra, Bero, Karra, Khunti and terminating at its junction with NH-43 near Tamar in the State of Jharkhand..
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143B
|length_km=52.8
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-43 near Jashpurnagar in the state of Chhattisgarh connecting Gobindpur, Dumri and terminating near Mahuandanr in the State of Jharkhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143D
|length_km=81.7
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-143 near Jamtoli connecting Basia, Kamadara, Torpa and terminating at its junction with NH-20 near Khunthi in the State of Jharkhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143H
|length_km=6.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-143 near Joram connecting Ambapani in the state of Odisha further connecting Salangabahal, Bihabandh and terminating at Litebeda in the State of Jharkhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=218
|length_km=44.4
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-18 near Purulia in the state of West Bengal connecting Chandakyari, Jhariya and terminating at its junction with NH- 18 near Dhanbad in the State of Jharkhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=220
|length_km=54
|beltway=Chaibasa (NH-1)- Gobindpur - Hata - Odisha border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=320
|length_km=80.3
|beltway=Ramgarh-Gola-Chas
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=320D
|length_km=99.7
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-20 near Chakradharpur connecting Sonua, Goelkera, Manoharpur, Jaraikela in the state of Jharkhand and terminating at its junction with NH- 143 (Raurkela Bypass) in the state of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=320G
|length_km=180
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-20 near Hat Gamaria connecting Jagannathpur, Baraiburu, Saddle, Manoharpur, Anandpur, Bano and terminating at its junction with NH- 143 near Kolebira in the state of Jharkhand..
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=333
|length_km=20
|beltway=Bihar Border - Devgarh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=333A
|length_km=97.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-33 near Bar Bigha connecting Shekhpura, Sikandra, Jamui, Jha- Jha, Banka in the State of Bihar, Godda, Suderpahari, Litipara and terminating at its junction with NH-133A near Pakur in the State of Jharkhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=343
|length_km=48.5
|beltway=Chhattisgarh border - Ranka Kalan - Garhwa (NH-75)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=419
|length_km=60
|beltway=Chittaranjan- Jamtara -Gobindpur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=522
|length_km=120
|beltway=Chatra - Simariya - Udaipur - Hazaribagh - Meru - Daru - Kharika - Bagodar
|notes=none
}}

{{Routelist bottom}}

==Karnataka==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=42
|length_km=4.4
|beltway=(NH63) NH 67 near Joladaraashi, Andrapradesh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=134.02
|beltway=Andhra Pradesh border - - Chikkaballapur- - Bangalore - Tamil Nadu border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=48
|length_km=699.58
|beltway=Maharashtra Border - Belgam, Hubli, Chitradurga, Tumakuru, (old NH7) Bengaluru, - Andhra Pradesh border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=648
|length_km=130.13
|beltway=(NH207) NH 48 near Nelamangla, Dodaballapur, Devenhalli (NH44), Sarajpur, Bagalur, NH 48 near Hosur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=748
|length_km=84.12
|beltway=(NH4A) NH 48 near Belgaum, Anmod, Panda, NH 66 near Panaji
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=948
|length_km=203.52
|beltway=Tamil Nadu Border - Punjur - Chamrajnagar - Yelandur - Kollegal - Malavalli - Sathnur - Kanakaapura - Bangalore
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=50
|length_km=544
|beltway=Bidar, Homanabad near (NH218) NH 65, Gulbarga, Jevargi, (NH13) Bijapur, Hospet, NH 48 in Chitradurga.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=150
|length_km=137
|beltway=NH 50 near Gulbarga, Yadagiri, NH 167 near Devasuguru
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=150A
|length_km=618
|beltway=NH 50 near Jewargi, Shahapur, Surpur, Lingasugur, Sindhanur, Siruguppa, Bellary, Challakere, Hiriyur, Chikkanayakanahalli, K.B.Cross, Nagamangala, Srirangapatna, Mysore, Nanjangud, NH - 948 near Chamarajnagar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=150E
|length_km=73
|beltway=NH - 50 near Gulbarga, Chowdapur, Afzalpur, Maharashtra border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=52
|length_km=401
|beltway=NH - 66 near Ankola, Hubli, Bijapura, Maharashtra border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=65
|length_km=75.01
|beltway=Telangana border to Maharashtra border via Homanabad (NH - 9)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=66
|length_km=301.1
|beltway=(NH17)Goa border Karwar, Honavar, Udupi, Mangalore, Kerala border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=766
|length_km=151
|beltway=(NH212) Kerala border, Gundlulpet, Mysore, NH 948 near Kollegal
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=766C
|length_km=198
|beltway=Junction with NH - 66 near Byndur (Baindur) connecting Kollur, Hosanagara, Anandapura, Ananthapura, Shikarpur, Masur and terminating at its junction with NH - 48 near Ranibennur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=67
|length_km=265
|beltway=Hubli(NH 48), Gadag, Koppal, Hosapete (NH 50), Bellary(NH 150A), KA/AP border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=367
|length_km=157
|beltway=NH 67 near Bhanapur, Kukunur, Yelburga, Gajendragad, Badami, Guledagudda, Bagalkot, NH 52 near Gadankeri
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=367A
|length_km=28.73
|beltway=(NH 67) Koppal, Irkalgada, Methagal(NH 50)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=167
|length_km=71.4
|beltway=NH 67 near Bellary karekal, AP border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=69
|length_km=545

|beltway=(NH206) NH 66 near Honnavar, Shimoga, (NH234) Banavar, Hulyar, Sira, Madhugiri, Chintamani, (NH4) Mulbagal,
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=169
|length_km=215
|beltway=(NH13) NH 69 near Shimoga, Tirthahalli, Kopa, Karkal, NH 66 near Mangalore
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=169A
|length_km=87
|beltway=NH - 169 near Thirthahali, Agumbe, Hebri, NH - 66 near Udupi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=369
|length_km=105
|beltway=(NH13) NH 69 near Shimoga, Channagiri, Holalkere, NH 48 near Chitradurga
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=73
|length_km=316
|beltway=(NH234) NH 66 near Mangaluru, Beluru, Halebeedu, Javagal, (NH206) Banavara, Arasikere, Tiptur, Nittur, NH 48 near Tumakuru
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=173
|length_km=72
|beltway=NH73 near Mudigere, Chikmagalur, NH69 near Kadur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=75
|length_km=453
|beltway=(NH48) NH 73 near Bantval, Hassan, (NH4) Nelamangala, Bengaluru, Kolar, (NH234) Mulbagal
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=275
|length_km=367
|beltway=NH - 75 near Bantwal, Puttur, Sullia, Madikeri, Kushalanagar, Bylakuppe, Hunsur, Mysuru, Srirangapatna, Mandya, Ramanagara, Kengeri, Nayandahalli NH75 near Bengaluru (Bangalore)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=181
|length_km=26.01
|beltway=NH - 766 near Gundlupet to Tamil Nadu border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=948A
|length_km=185
|beltway=NH - 48 near Dabaspete, Soluru, Magadi, Chowdanakuppe, Doddagangawadi gate, Ramanagara, Kanakapura, Tally, Hosuru, NH648 near Hosuru (Tamil Nadu)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=161A
|length_km=507
|beltway=Akot, Akola, Barshitakli, Mangrulpir, Manora, Digras, Arni, Mahur, Kinwat, Himayatnagar, Mudkhed, Waghala, Mukhed, Aurad, Bidar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Kerala==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=66
|length_km=669.437
|terminus_a=Thalapadi
|terminus_b= [[Kaliyakkavilai|Kaliyakkavila]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5828181}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=85
|length_km=167.61
|terminus_a=[[Bodimettu]]
|terminus_b=[[Kundannoor]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5830968}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=183
|length_km=190.3
|terminus_a=[[Kollam]]
|terminus_b=[[Kumily]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5830952}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=183A
|length_km=145
|terminus_a=[[Panmana|Kollam Titanium Jn.]] (Panmana)
|terminus_b=[[Vandiperiyar]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5830954}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=185
|length_km=98
|terminus_a=[[Adimali]]
|terminus_b=[[Kumily]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5830973}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=544
|length_km=160
|terminus_a=[[Walayar|Valayar]]
|terminus_b=[[Edappally]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5804290}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=744
|length_km=81.28
|terminus_a=[[Kollam]]
|terminus_b=[[Kazhuthurutty railway station|Kazhuthuritty]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5804338}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=766
|length_km=117.6
|terminus_a=[[Kozhikode]]
|terminus_b=[[Muthanga]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5828352}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=966
|length_km=125.304
|terminus_a=[[Ferokh]]
|terminus_b=[[Palakkad]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5828374}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=966A
|length_km=17
|terminus_a=[[Kalamassery]]
|terminus_b=[[Vallarpadam]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5828385}}
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=966B
|length_km=5.92
|terminus_a=[[Kundannoor]]
|terminus_b= [[Willington Island]]
|notes={{OpenStreetMap link|relation=5828387}}
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Madhya Pradesh==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=27
|length_km=121.9
|beltway=Rajasthan Border/Rajasthan border - Kota - Kolras - Karera - Shivpuri - UP border// Shivpuri - Karera - UP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=30
|length_km=493.7
|beltway=UP Border - Mangawan, Rewa, Katni, Jabalpur (excluding Jabalpur to Damoh) Section 101 Km), Mandla-CG Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=34
|length_km=369
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh Border- Chattarpur, Hirapur, Damoh, Jabalpur - junction with NH-44 near Lakhnadon
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=39
|length_km=392.8
|beltway=UP border - Alipura - Nowgaon - Chhatarpur - Ganj - Panna - Baroura - Nagod - Satna - Madhogarh - Rewa (NH-7)
- Churhat - Sidhi - Deosar - Sohar - Singroli - UP border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=43
|length_km=435.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-34 near Gulganj - Amanganj, Pawai, Katni, Umaria, Shahdol-Chhattisgarh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=571.9
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh Border-Sagar, Narsmhapur, Lakhnadon - Seoni-Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=45
|length_km=495.2
|beltway=Amarkantak- dindori-shahpura-Jabalpur - Shahpura - Deori - Bareli - Bari - Goharganj - Obaidullaganj - Bhopal - Duraha - Shampur - Narsinghgarh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=46
|length_km=634
|beltway=Junction with NH-44 near Gwalior in the State of Madhya Pradesh, Shivpuri, Guna, Biora, Bhopal, Obeddullaganj, Narmadapuram -junction with NH-47 at Betul
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=47
|length_km=558.6
|beltway=Gujarat Border - Jhabua - Rama - Rajgarh - Bhandheri - Dhar - Ghat Bilod - Betma - Indore - Chapra - Kannod - Khategaon - Nemawar - Handia - Harda - Sodalpur - Bori - Chirapatla - Chicholi - Betul- Multai - Tigaon - Pandhurna - Chicholi - Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=52
|length_km=454.2
|beltway=Rajasthan Border- Rajgarh, Biora, Sarangpur - Shajapur - Dewas - Indore - Mhow - Thikri - Julwania - Sendhwa - Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=56
|length_km=52
|beltway=Gujarat border - Bhabra - Alirajpur[excluding Alirajpur-chandpur-Jobat Section ] - Gujrat border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135
|length_km=65.4
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh Border- its junction with NH-30 near Mangawan
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=146
|length_km=167.6
|beltway=Junction with NH-46 near Bhopal - Vidisha - junction with NH-44 near Sagar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=339
|length_km=15
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-39 near Nowgong in the State of Madhya Pradesh and terminating at its junction with NH-34 near Srinagar in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=346
|length_km=222
|beltway=Junction with NH-46 near Jharkheda - Berasia, Vidisha, Kurwai, Mungawali -Chanderi.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=347
|length_km=152.3
|beltway=Junction with NH-47 near Multai connecting Chikhli, Dunawa, Chhindwara, Chaurai and terminating at its junction with NH-44 near Seoni in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=539
|length_km=150
|beltway=UP Border - Orchha - Pithipur - Tikamgarh - Shahgarh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=543
|length_km=359
|beltway=Junction with NH-43 near Shahdol - Dindori, Mandla, Nainpur, Lamta - Balaghat -Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=547
|length_km=267
|beltway=Narsinghpur (NH-26) - Harrrari - Amarwada - Chhindwara - Saunsar - Maharashtra border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=552
|length_km=402
|beltway=Rajasthan Border- Sheopur, Goras, Shampur, Sabalgarh, Morena, Porsa, Ater, Bhind (excluding stretch from Bhind to Mihona) Mihona, Bhander-Uttar Pradesh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=719
|length_km=108
|beltway=UP Border - Phup Kolan - Bhind - Mahgawan - Gwalior
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=934
|length_km=170.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-34 near Hirapur connecting Banda, Sagar, Jeruwakhera, Khurai - Bina
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=943
|length_km=70
|beltway=Junction with NH-43 near Pawai co-nnecting Saleha (Jaso) Jassu - junction with NH-39 near Nagod
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135B
|length_km=80
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh Border- Dabhoura, Sirmaur -junction with NH-39 near Rewa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135BB
|length_km=7.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-35 (Bargarh More) near Jamira - Bargarh, Gahur in the state of Uttar Pradesh connecting Dubi, Magdaur - junction with NH-135B near Dabhoura
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135BD
|length_km=36
|beltway=Junction with NH-135B near Sirmaur, Kolha, Rajgarh, Kyoti, Bagahaiya, Lalgaon, Pangadi -junction with NH-30 near Kalwari
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135BG
|length_km=121.4
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh Border - Majhgawa, Satna - junction with NH-30 near Maihar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135C
|length_km=72
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh Border- Awadhadam, Pipra, Manigarha, Karondiya, Bagdara, Chtrangi, Singrauli and terminating at its junction with NH-39 near Waidhan
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=146B
|length_km=50
|beltway=Junction with NH-46 near Budhni - Kosmi, Rehti -Nasrullahganj
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=147E
|length_km=34
|beltway=Junction with NH- 47 near Jhabua (Bypass) - Nawagaon - Raipuriya
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148N
|length_km=255
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Dodka (Vadodara) connecting Godhra, Dahod in the state of Gujarat, Ratlam, Jaora in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Jhalawar, Kota, Sawai Madhopur, Lalsot, Dausa in the state of Rajasthan, Firozpur Jhirka and terminating at its junction with NH-248A near Sohna in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=161G
|length_km=20
|beltway=Jamod in the state of Maharashtra- junction with NH- 930 near Khaknar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=339B
|length_km=9
|beltway=Junction with NH No.-39 at Bamitha -Khajuraho
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=347A
|length_km=23
|beltway=junction with NH-47 near Multai in the State of Madhya Pradesh -Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=347B
|length_km=287
|beltway=Junction with NH-47 near Kheri - Asapur (excluding strtech from Ashapur to Khandwa) Khandwa, Chhegaon Makhan (excluding stretch from Chhegaon Makhan to Deshgaon ) Deshgaon, Khargon, Julwania, Thikri, Anjad- Barwani
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=347BG
|length_km=106
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-347B near Deshgaon connecting Sanawad, Barwah and terminating at its junction with NH-52 (Bhawarkua Chowk) at Indore in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=347C
|length_km=201
|beltway=Junction with NH-47 near Dhar - Gujri, Kalghat, Kasarwad, Khargaon, Bistan, Baner in the state of Madhya Pradesh Palpadlya, Raver in the state of Maharashtra - Burhanpur in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548C
|length_km=78
|beltway=Wadgaon in the State of Maharashtra - junction with NH-47 near Baitul
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=552G
|length_km=192
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-52 near Jhalarapatan connecting Beenda, Dawal in the state of Rajasthan further connecting Soyat, Susner, Agar, Ghosla, Ghatia and terminating at Ujjain in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752B
|length_km=151
|beltway=Rajasthan/Madhya Pradesh Border - Susner, Khilchipur, Biaora on NH-52, Maksundangarh -Sironj
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752C
|length_km=139
|beltway=Junction with NH-752B near Zirapur - (Pacher) Pachor, Shujalpur-Ashta
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752G
|length_km=53
|beltway=junction with NH-52 near Sendwa-Khetia in the State of Madhya Pradesh, Shahada, Prakasha-Maharashtra Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753L
|length_km=93
|beltway=Muktainagar in the state of Maharashtra = Burhanpur -Junction with NH-347B near Khandwa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=927A
|length_km=37
|beltway=Ratlam [excluding Ratlam to Rajasthan/MP Border near Banswara] - Rajasthan Border.
|notes=none
}}

{{Routelist bottom}}

==Maharashtra==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=268.4
|beltway=MP Border - Bandra - Mansar - Nagpur - Butibori - Sonegaon - Jamb - Hinganghat - Wadner - Pohna - Wadki - Kinhi - Pandharkawada - Bori - Andhra Pradesh Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=47
|length_km=59.0
|beltway=Nagpur - Koradi - Saoner - MP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=48
|length_km=501.0
|beltway=Gujarat Border - Amgaon - Talasar - Karakhu - Mandvi - Thane - Boriyali - Malad - Andheri - Greater Mumbai-Thane - Mumbra - Panvel - Chauk - Lonavla - Pune - Khed - Bhatgaon - Khandla - Satara - Valase - Borgaon - Umbraj - Karad - Itakare - Wadgaon - Kolhapur - Kagal - Karnataka Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=50
|length_km=110.0
|beltway=Junction with new NH No.-161 at Nanded in the state of Maharasthra- Karnataka Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=52
|length_km=573.4
|beltway=Karnataka Border-Nanandi-Hattur-Solapur - Tuljapur - Osmanabad - Terkhed - Samarkundi - Pali - Beed - Pachegaon - Gevrai - Warigodri - Adul - Aurangabad - Daulatabad - Khuldabad - Ellora - Kannad - Bhamarvadi - Chalisgaon - Vinchur - Dhule-Songir-Nardana-Shivpur0Sangvi-MP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=53
|length_km=797.0
|beltway=Gujarat Border - Navapur - Visarwadi - Kondaibari - Sakri - Shevali - Kusumbe - Dhule - Parola - Erandol - Varad - Jalgaon - Bhusawal - Edalabad - Malkapur - Nandura - Khamgaon - Balapur - Akola - Murtazpur - Amravati - Nandgaon - Panjara - Nagpur - Bhandara - Lakhni - Sakoli - Duggipar - Deori - Chhattisgarh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=60
|length_km=360.6
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Dhule - Arvi - Malegaon - Saundane - Chandvad - Ojhar - Nashik, Nashik - Sinnar - Sangamner - Ale - Bote - Pimpalwandi - Narayangaon - Peth - Khed - Chakan - junction with NH-48 near Pune
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=61
|length_km=605.7
|beltway=Kalyan (NH-3) - Murbad - - Alephata - Ahmadnagar - Pathardi - Yeli - Gevrai - Majalgaon - Pathri - Prabhani - Nanded - Bhokar - Andhra Pradesh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=63
|length_km=293.1
|beltway=Junction with NH-548C near Barshi and connecting to Yedshi, Dhoki, Murud, Latur, Renapur, Nalegaon, Dighoi, Udgir, Deglur, Adampur, Khatgoan, Sagroli-Telangana Border-//Telangana Border-, Sironcha-Chhattisgarh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=65
|length_km=349.2
|beltway=Pune - Loni Kalbhor - Yevat - Bhigvan - Indapur - Tembhurni - Varawadi - Mohol - Solapur - Naldurg - Yenugur - Umarga - Andhra Pradesh Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=66
|length_km=475.2
|beltway=Panvel - Pen - Negothane - Indapur - Kolad - Mangaon - Dasgaon - Mahad - Ambavli - Poladpur - Khed - Asurda - Ankhali - Udgi - Lanja - Vaked - Rajpura - [[Wargaon]] - Nandgaon - Kankavli - Kasal - Vengurla - Goa Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130D
|length_km=84.0
|beltway=Chhattisgarh Border- Bingunda, Laheri, Dhodraj, Bhamragard, Hemalkasa - junction with NH-353C near Allapalli
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=150
|length_km=69.0
|beltway=Dudhani- Akkalkote- Sholapur (new NH-52)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=160
|length_km=440.2
|beltway=Junction with NH-60 near Sinnar - Shirdi, Ahmadnagar, Kolgaon, Daund, Phaltan, Dahiwandi, Vita, Tasgaon, Miraj - Chikhodi -junction with NH-48
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=160A
|length_km=170.0
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-60 near Sinner connecting Ghoti, Trimbakeshwar, Mokhada, Jawhar, Vikramgad, Manor near NH48 and terminating at Palghar in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=160B
|length_km=7.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-160 near Zagade Phata and terminating at its junction with NH-752G near Kopargaon in the state Maharshtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=160C
|length_km=26.2
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-160 near Rahuri and terminating at its junction with NH-753 near Shani Shinganapur in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=160D
|length_km=48.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-60 near Nandur Shingote connecting Dighe, Talegaon, Loni and terminating at its junction with NH-160 near Kolhar in the state Maharshtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=160H
|length_km=124.0
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-60 near Malegaon connecting to Chaugaon, Kusumbe, Mehargaon, Khwathi, Lamkhani, Shewade, Dondaicha, Sarangkheda, Sawalde and terminating at its junction with NH-752G near Shahada in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=161
|length_km=290.7
|beltway=Akola on NH-53 connecting Washim, Hingoli, Nanded, Diglur-AP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=161A
|length_km=489.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-548C Akot, Patsul, Bhod- Akola, Barshi Takli, Shelu bazaar, Mangrulpir, Manora, Digras, Arni, Dhanoda (Overlap), Mahur, Sarkhani, Kinvat, Islapur, Himayatnagar, Bhokar, Mudkhed (Overlap), Nanded, Osmanpur, Kautha, Mukhed, Barhali, Mukrabad, Lakhmapur, Sawarmal, Nangarga, vazzar -junction with NH-161C near Aurad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=161E
|length_km=113.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-161 near Washim - Bhoyar, Shelgaon, Mangrulpir, Poghat, Karanja, Kamargaon -Hivra Bk on NH- 53
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=161G
|length_km=134.2
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-161 near Patur connecting Balapur, Shegaon, Sangrampur, Jalgaon Jamod in the state of Maharashtra and terminating at its junction with NH- 930 near Khaknar in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=161H
|length_km=28.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-161G near Jalgaon Jamod - junction with NH-53 near Nandura
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=166
|length_km=369.8
|beltway=Ratnagiri - Tink - Pali - Sakharpa - Malkapur - Shahuwadi - Kolhapur on NH-48 - Miraj - Sangole - Solapur.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=166A
|length_km=29.0
|beltway=Vadkhal (NH-66) - Alibag
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=166D
|length_km=33.3
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-66 near Pen and connecting to Ransai and terminating at its junction with NH-548A near Madh (Mahad Ashtvinayak) in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=166E
|length_km=289.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-166C near Guhagar - Chiplun, Patan, Karad, Kadegaon, Vita, Khanapur, Nagaj, Jat -Karanataka Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=166F
|length_km=25.6
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-66 near Mahad and terminating at Raigad Fort in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=166G
|length_km=84.0
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-66 near Talere (Talera) connecting Vaibhavawadi, Gaganbawada (Bavda) and terminating at its junction with NH-48 near Kolhapur in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=166H
|length_km=55.0
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-166 near Sangli and terminating at its junction with NH- 48 near Peth Naka in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=247
|length_km=195.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-47 near Dahegaon - Kamthi, Kuhi, Umred, Bhiwapur, Paoni, Adhyal, Pahela, Bhandara- junction with NH-753 near Ramtek
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=266
|length_km=166.0
|beltway=Jat on NH-166E - Jat, Kavathe Mahnkal, Shirdhona, Tasgaon, Palus - Karad on NH-166E
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=347A
|length_km=231.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-47 near Multai - Warud, Ashti, Arvi, Pulgaon, Wardha, Sevagram, Sonegaon, Hinganghat, Jamb - junction with NH-930 near Warora
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=347C
|length_km=36.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-47 near Dhar - Gujri, Kalghat, Kasarwad, Khargaon, Bistan, Baner in the state of Madhya Pradesh Palpadlya, Raver-Madhya Pradesh Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=348
|length_km=38.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-48 near Palspe - JNPT
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=348A
|length_km=17.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-348 near Jawahar Lal Nehru Port Trust - Gavanphata section of SH-54 (Km. 5.300 to Km. 14.550), Amara Marg (Km. 0.000 to Km. 6.500) -junction with Palm Beach Road
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=348B
|length_km=20.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-348 near Ulwe (Padeghar) connecting Hambhulpad, Kauli Belodak, Chirner, Sai and terminating at its junction with NH-66 near Raigad (Barapada) in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=348BB
|length_km=6.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-348B near Chirner connecting Koproli and terminating at Khopta Creek in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353B
|length_km=108.0
|beltway=Telangana border- Korpana, Vansadi, Gadchandur, Bamawada, Rajura, Gondpimpri -junction with NH-353C near Ashti
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353C
|length_km=325.0
|beltway=junction with NH-53 near Sakoli - Warda, Armori, Gadchiroli, Chamorsi, Ashti, Allapalli, Repanpalli, Sironcha
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353D
|length_km=137.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Nagpur - Umred, Nagbhir, Brahmapuri -junction with NH-353C near Armori
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353E
|length_km=90.0
|beltway=Junction with NH- 353D at Umred - Bhisi Chimur, Anandvan -Warora (Waroda)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353I
|length_km=72.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Wadi - Hingana, T point, Essasani, Mihan, Outer Ring road, Gumgaon, Gumgaon, Salaidhabha, Butibori MIDC, Takalghat, Kapri Moreshwar, Asola, Dry Port at Sindi Railway - junction with NH-361 near Pavnar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353J
|length_km=172.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Nagpur - Kalmeshwar, Katol, Bharsingi, Jalaikheda, Warud, Chandur Bazar, Achalpur - Paratwada on NH-548C
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353K
|length_km=95.7
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Nandgaon Peth - Shirkhed, Morshi -junction with NH-347A near Warud
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=361
|length_km=478.6
|beltway=Solapur - Nanded - Yavatmal - Boti Bori on NH-44
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=361B
|length_km=77.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-361 near Kalamb road -Ralegaon - Kapsi -Sirasgaon -Vadner - junction with NH-44 near Wadki
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=361C
|length_km=88.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-361 near Digras- Donad, Darwha, Karanja, Mozor - junction with NH-53 near Murtijapur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=361F
|length_km=220.0
|beltway=The Highway starting from its juinction with NH-361 near Loha connecting Palam, Gangakhed, Parli Vaijnath, Telgaon, Wadvani, Beed, Arvi and terminating at Kharwandi in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=361H
|length_km=52.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-752F near Parali Vaijnath - Dharmapuri, Pangaon - Renapur Phata
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=461B
|length_km=97.5
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-161 near Hingoli connecting Narsi-Namdev, Sengaon, Sakhara, Risod and terminating at its junction with NH-161 near Malegaon in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=465
|length_km=105.6
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-65 near Mohol connecting Kurul, Kamthi, Mandrup, Walsang and Terminating at its junction with NH-65 near Tandulwadi in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=543
|length_km=204.0
|beltway=Madhya Pradesh Border- Rajegaon, Dhamangaon, Rawandi, Gondia, Amgaon, Deori, Korchi, Kurkheda, Wadsa (Desaiganj - junction with NH-353D near Bramhapuri
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=547
|length_km=13.0
|beltway=MP border - junction with NH-47 near Saoner
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=547E
|length_km=35.0
|beltway=junction with NH-48 near Saoner - Dhapewada, Kalmeshwar -junction with NH-53 near Gondakheri
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548
|length_km=36.9
|beltway=Junction with NH- 48 near Kalamboli - junction with NH-348 near km 5.67
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548A
|length_km=168.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-848A near Shahapur -Murbad, Karjat, Khalapur, Pali, Tale, Manmad - Agardanda
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548B
|length_km=404.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-548C near Mantha - Deogoan Fata, Selu, Pathari, Sonpeth, Parali Vaijnath, Ambajogai, Renapurphata, Latur (NH-361), Ausa, Omarga, Yenegur, Murum, Alur, Akkalkot, Nagasur -junction with NH-52 near Bijapur (Vijapur)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548C
|length_km=589.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-48 near Satara-Koregaon, Mhaswad, Malshiras, Akluj – Tembhurni – Kurudwadi, Barshi, Yermala, Kalamb, Kaij, Dharur, Majalgaon – Partur – Watur – Mantha – Lonar – Mehkar – Janephal – Khamgaon – Shegaon – Akot – Anjangaon – Wadgaon - junction with NH-47 near Baitul
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548CC
|length_km=101.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-548C near Mantha - Lonar, Mehkar, Chikhali -junction with NH-53 near Khamgaon
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548D
|length_km=391.9
|beltway=Junction with NH-48 near Talegaon Dabhade- Chakan, Shikrapur, Nhavare, Srigonda, Jalgaon, Jamkhed, Patoda, Manjarsumba, Kaij, Ambajogai, Kingaon -Junction with NH-361 at [[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548DD
|length_km=44.4
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Vadgaon connecting to Katraj, Kondwa, Undri, (Mantarwadi Chowk), Vadki, Loni-Kalbhor, Theurphata, Kesanand and terminating at junction of NH-753F near Lonikand in the State of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548E
|length_km=53.1
|beltway=Junction with NH-548C near Mhasvad- Piliv - junction with NH-965 near Pandharpur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=548H
|length_km=90.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Sankeshwar in the state of Karnataka, Gadhinglaj, Ajara, Amboli, Madkhol, Sawantwadi, Insuli and terminating at its junction with NH-66 near Banda in the state of Maharshtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=561
|length_km=75.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-61 near Ahmednagar - Ashti, Chinkodi, Patil Kada, Rajuri, -junction with NH-548D near Jamkhed
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=561
|length_km=35.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-548D near Tamba Rajuri, Otherla, Pitthi, Shirapur - junction with NH-52 near Beed
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=561A
|length_km=235.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-61 near Ahmednagar - Karmala, Tembhurni, Parite, Karkamb, Pandharpur, Mangalwedha- Karnataka Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=647
|length_km=53.7
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-347A near Arvi connecting to Pimpalsuta, Kharangna, Anji, Pavnar and terminating at its junction with NH-347A near Wardha in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=652
|length_km=70.7
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-52 near Tuljapur connecting to Andur, Naldurg, Hannur and terminating at its junction with NH-150 near Akkalkot in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752E
|length_km=161.2
|beltway=Junction with NH-52 (Beed Bypass) near Aurangabad - Bidkin, Dhorkin, Paithan, Mungi, Bodhegaon, Ghoanaspargaon, Ukhanda Chakla, Midsangvi, Shirur Kasar, Rakshasbhuwan, Kholyachiwadi, Kharegaon, Dongarkinhi, Chumbli, Patoda, Pargaon, Ghumbra, Gighol - Kharad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752G
|length_km=350.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Sendwa - Khetia in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Shahada, Prakasha, Nandurbar, Visarwadi, Sakri, Satana, Deola, Chandvad, Manmad, Yeola, Kopargaon -junction with NH-160 near Shirdi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752H
|length_km=202.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-752G near Yevla -Andarsul Rotegaon, Shivur, Devgaon Ranagari, Dewashi, Daultabad, Khultabad, Phulambri Dabhadi, Rajur -junction with NH-753A near Deulgaon
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752I
|length_km=406.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-752G near Kopargaon -Vaijapur, Lasur, Aurangabad, Jalana Watur, Mantha, Jintur, Aunda Nagnath, Basmat, Ardhapur, Tamsa, Himayatnagar, Dhanki Phulsawangi, Mahur -junction with NH-361 near Dhanoda
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752K
|length_km=223.6
|beltway=Junction with NH-752I near Jintur - Bori, Zari, Parbhani, Gangakhed, Isad, Kingaon, Dhanora, Wadval, Nagnath, Gharani, Nalegoan, Latur, Nitur, Nilanga, Sirshi, Aurad Shajani -Karnataka Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753
|length_km=208.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Duggipar - Goregaon, Gondia, Tirora, Tumsar, Usara, Jamb, Shiv, Ramtek, Parsheoni, Khapa-junction with NH-47 near Savner
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753A
|length_km=205.0
|beltway=Malkapur- Buldhana- Chikhli- Deulgaon Raja- Jalna - Aurangabad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753AB
|length_km=81.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-753A at Shendra MIDC ROB connecting Bhalgaon, Ghadivat, Bidkin, Shendurvada, Bargaon and terminating near Kasab Kheda Phata at junction of proposed Aurangabad Bypass on NH-52 in the State of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753B
|length_km=108.0
|beltway=Shevali- Nizampur- Chhadvel- Nundurbar- Taloda- Akkalkura- Gujarat Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753BB
|length_km=72.0
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-753B Nadurbar (Devmogra) connecting Ghotane, Dondaicha, Bamne, Chillane, Kasbe, Shindkheda and terminating at its junction with NH-52 near Songir Phata in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753C
|length_km=285.5
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-753A (Jalna Bypass) connecting Sindhkhed Raja, Dusrabid, Bibi, Sultanpur, Mehkar, Dongaon, kenwad, Malegaon Jahangir, Shelu bazar, Karanja, Bramhankhed, Kherda, Pimpalgaon, Vaghoda, Dashasar, Talegaon and terminating at its junction with NH-347A near Pulgaon in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753E
|length_km=100.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-753F near Ajanta - Buldana - junction with NH-53 near Khamgaon
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753F
|length_km=538.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 nea Jalgaon - Pahur, Ajanta, Sillod, Phulambri, Aurangabad, Newasa, Wadala Bahiroba, Ghodegaon, Ahmednagar, Shirur, Ranjangaon, Shikrapur, Pune, Paud, Mulshi, Tamhini, Nijampur, Mangaon, Mhasla - Dighi Port on NH-166C
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753H
|length_km=118.3
|beltway=The Highway starting from NH-753F near Sillod and connecting to Bhokardan, Hasnabad, Rajur, Bawnepangri, Jalna, Ambad and terminating at its junction with NH-52 near Wadigodri (Warigodri) in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753J
|length_km=235.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 Jalgaon, Mehrun, Shiroli, Samner, Lasgaon, Pachora, Bhadgaon, Chalisgaon, Tambora, Nyaydongri, Pimperkhed, Nandgaon, Hisvahal -junction with NH-752G near Manmad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753L
|length_km=158.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-753F near Pahur - Jamner, Bodvad, Muktainagar-Madhya Pradesh Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=753M
|length_km=67.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-753A near Chikhali- Dhad, Mahora, Bhokardan, Hasanbad - NH-752H
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=761
|length_km=49.1
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-61 near Belhe and Connecting Alkuti, Devibhoyare, Nighoj and Terminating at its junction with NH-753F near Shirur in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=848
|length_km=206.0
|beltway=Thane (NH-48) - Nasik - Peint - Gujarat border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=848A
|length_km=5.2
|beltway=Union Territory of Dadra Nagar Haveli / Maharashtra Border - Sutrakar -junction with NH-48 near Talasari
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=930
|length_km=280.0
|beltway=Muramgaon- Dhanora- Gadchiroli- Mul- Chandrapur- Warora- Wani- Karanji (NH-44)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=930D
|length_km=63.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-930 near Chandarpur - Visapur, Ballarpur, Bamni, Rajura, Warur, Dewada, Lakkdkot - Maharashtra / Telangana Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=953
|length_km=85.0
|beltway=Savad- Vani -junction with NH-60 near Pimpalgaon Baswant.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=965
|length_km=277.0
|beltway=Mohl on NH No.-65 -Pandharpur-Malshiras-Pjaltan-Nira-Jejuri-Saswad near Pune-Alandi near NH No.-60
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=965C
|length_km=48.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-965 near Pandharpur - Shetphal - junction with NH-548C near Kurudwadi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=965D
|length_km=95.0
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with NH-65 near Kedagaon connecting Supe, Morgaon, Nira, Lonand, Wathar and terminating at its junction with NH-48 near Wade Phata (Satara) in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=965DD
|length_km=168.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-965D near Lonand and connecting Andori, Shirwal, Bhor, Apti and terminsatin at Pune / Raigad District border in the state of Maharashtra.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=965G
|length_km=223.5
|beltway=Junction with NH-65 near Patas, Baramati, Indapur, Akluj, Velapur, Sangola, Bhalwani, Kadlas -junction with NH- 166E near Jat
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Manipur==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=2
|length_km=459.6
|beltway=Nagaland Border - Maosongsang - Maram - Karong - Kangpokpi - Imphal and Churachandpur-Mizoram Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=29
|length_km=11.6
|beltway=Nagaland Border- terminating at its junction with NH-202 near Jessami
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=37
|length_km=221.1
|beltway=Junction with NH-2 near Imphal-Nungba -Oinamlong- Jiribam-Assam Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=102
|length_km=107.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-2 near Imphal - Thoubal - Wangling - Palel - Sibong - Moreh - Indo/Myanmar Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=102A
|length_km=321.0
|beltway=From Tadubi on N.H 2 - Paomata, Ukhrul, Finchcorner, Phungyar Kasom Khullen, Kampang -junction with NH-102 near Thengnoupal
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=102B
|length_km=183.0
|beltway=Churachandpur on N.H-2 - Singhat, Sinzawl, Tuivai Road - Myanmar Road
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=102C
|length_km=20.0
|beltway=Palel (new NH No. 102)- Chandel
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=129A
|length_km=108.0
|beltway=Maram (NH-2) - Nagaland Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=137
|length_km=65.0
|beltway=Rengpang on N.H-37, Khongsang -Tamenglong (Tenglong)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=137A
|length_km=46.0
|beltway=Wahengbam Leikai (Junction of Imphal - Mayang Imphal Road & Nh No. 37) -Hiyangthang-Wangol-Mayang Imphal- Wabagai-Kakching- junction with new NH no. 102 at Kakching Lamkhai
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=202
|length_km=208.0
|beltway=Nagaland Border- Jessami, Ukhrul and terminating at its junction with NH-2 near Imphal
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

== Mizoram ==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=2
|length_km=483.5
|beltway=Manipur Border-Seling, Serchhip, Lawngtla -Tuipang
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=6
|length_km=266.0
|beltway=Assam Border- Shillong, Dhaleshwar, Kanpui, Aizawal, Selling, Lumtui, Khawthlir, Tuisen, Neihdawn, Champai - Zokhawthar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=102B
|length_km=140.0
|beltway=Nagopa, Hliappui, Saichal - new NH No- 6 near Keifang
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=108
|length_km=165.0
|beltway=Tripura Border - Tukkalh - Mamit - Sairang - Aizawl
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=302
|length_km=109.0
|beltway=Lunglei - Theriat- Lunglei- Lungseni- Tuiehong - Demagiri
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=306
|length_km=72.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-6 near Kanpui-Assam Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=306A
|length_km=60.0
|beltway=Vairengte - Saiphai, Zonmun -junction with NH-2 near New Vertek
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=502
|length_km=27.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-2 near Venus Saddle-Saiha
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=502A
|length_km=100.0
|beltway=Lawngtlai - Myanmar Border (Kaladan road)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

== Meghalaya ==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 6
| length_km = 252.8
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-27 near Jorabat in the State of Assam connecting Shillong, Dhaleshwar, Kanpui, Aizawal, Selling, Lumtui, Khawthlir, Tuisen, Neihdawn, Champai and terminating at Zokhawthar in the State of Mizoram.
| notes = none
| state =
| length_ref =
| terminus_a =
| terminus_b =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 106
| length_km = 93.1
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-6 near Shillong and terminating at Nongstoin in the State of Meghalaya.
| notes = none
| state =
| length_ref =
| terminus_a =
| terminus_b =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 127B
| length_km = 361.0
| terminus_a = [[Nongstoin]]
| terminus_b = [[Phulbari, West Garo Hills]]
| notes = none
| state =
| length_ref =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 206
| length_km = 126.9
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-6 near Jowai connecting Dauki and terminating at its junction with NH-106 near Mylliem in the State of Meghalaya.
| notes = none
| state =
| length_ref =
| terminus_a =
| terminus_b =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 217
| length_km = 321.8
| beltway = Assam border- Tura, Dalu, Baghmara, Rongjeng-Damra-Assam Border
| notes = none
| state =
| length_ref =
| terminus_a =
| terminus_b =
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

== Nagaland ==
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://npwd.nagaland.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/AAR-2016-17-NH.pdf|title=Annual Administrative Report 2016 - 17 (National Highways)|website=Nagaland Public Works Department|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226081221/https://npwd.nagaland.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/AAR-2016-17-NH.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=2
|length_km=270.5
|terminus_a=[[Mokokchung]]
|terminus_b=[[Wokha]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=29
|length_km=202.9
|terminus_a=[[Dimapur]]
|terminus_b=[[Chizami, Nagaland|Chizami]], [[Phek district|Phek District]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=129
|length_km=1.8
|terminus_a=[[Dimapur]]
|terminus_b=[[Dimapur]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=129A
|length_km=71.0
|terminus_a=[[Peren (town)|Peren]]
|terminus_b=[[Dimapur]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=202
|length_km=326.5
|terminus_a=[[Mokokchung]]
|terminus_b=[[Meluri]], Phek District
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=229
|length_km=19.0
|terminus_a=[[Thahekhü]], Dimapur District
|terminus_b= [[Chümoukedima]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=329A
|length_km=30.0
|terminus_a=[[Diphu]]
|terminus_b=[[Pimla]], Chümoukedima District
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=702
|length_km=177.0
|terminus_a=[[Changtongya]], [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]]
|terminus_b=[[Tizit]], [[Mon district|Mon District]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=702A
|length_km=260.0
|terminus_a=[[Mokokchung]]
|terminus_b=[[Meluri]], Phek District
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=702B
|length_km=104.0
|terminus_a=[[Tuensang]]
|terminus_b=[[Longleng]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=702D
|length_km=85.0
|terminus_a=[[Mokokchung]]
|terminus_b=[[Tzürang]] Bridge
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

== Odisha ==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=18
|length_km=80.1
|beltway=Jharkhand, T. junction with NH-49, Baripada, Betnoti and terminating at its junction with NH-16 near Baleshwar in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=20
|length_km=283.4
|beltway=Jharkhand, Parsora, Kendujhargarh, Panikholi, Kualhia, Jajpur, Aradi, Chandbali, Raj Kanika and terminating at Satabhaya in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=26
|length_km=434.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Bargarh connecting Barapali, Balangir, Bhawanipatna, Boriguma, Koraput in the State of Orissa-Andhra Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=49
|length_km=429.3
|beltway=Chhattisgarh, Kanaktora, Jharsuguda, Kuchinda, Pravasuni, Deogarh, Barakot, Palalaharha, Kendujhargarh, Bangriposhi in the State of Orissa-Jharkhand
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=53
|length_km=524.5
|beltway=Chhattisgarh, Bargarh, Sambalpur, Deogarh, Kanniah, Talcher, Kamakhyanagar, Sukinda, Dubri, Chandhikhol and Paradip Port in the State of Orissa
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=55
|length_km=370.2
|beltway=Junction with NH-53 near Sambalpur connecting Redhakhol, Angul, Banarpal, (Nuahata), Dhenkanal, Cuttack, Jagatsighpur, Balikuda, and terminating at Naugaon in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=57
|length_km=299.9
|beltway=Junction with NH-26 near Balangir connecting Sonapur, Bauda, Dashapalla, Nayagarh and terminating at its junction with NH-16 near Khordha in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=59
|length_km=351.1
|beltway=Junction with NH-353 near Khariar, Titlagarh, Lankagarh, Baligurha, Sorada, Asika and terminating at its junction with NH-16 near Brahmapur in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=63
|length_km=41.1
|beltway=Chhattisgarh-Kotapad and terminating at its junction with NH-26 near Boriguma in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=126
|length_km=23.6
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-26 near Barapali connecting Dhaurakhanda, Panimora, Chichinda and terminating at its junction with NH-53 near Sohela in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143
|length_km=125.8
|beltway=Jharkhand Panposh, Rajamunda and terminating at its junction with NH-49 near Barakot in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=149
|length_km=84
|beltway=Junction with NH-49 near Palalaharha connecting Talcher and terminating at its junction with NH-55 at Banarpal (Nuahata) in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=157
|length_km=159
|beltway=Junction with N.H- 57 near Purunakatak connecting Phulbani, Kalinga, Bhanjanagar and terminating near Asika on N.H-59 in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=220
|length_km=125.4
|beltway=Jharkhand and connecting Tiringidihi, Rairangpur (Rairangnagar), Jashipur and terminating at its junction with N.H- 20 near Dhenkikot in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=316
|length_km=152.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-16 near Bhubaneshwar connecting Puri-Konark and Puri-Satpada in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=326
|length_km=513.7
|beltway=Junction with N.H-59 near Asika connecting Rayagada, Koraput, Jaypore, Malkangiri, Motu in the State of Odisha - Andhra Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=353
|length_km=80.2
|beltway=Chhattisgarh, Nauparha and terminating at its junction with NH-59 at Khariar in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=516
|length_km=5.9
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-16 near Chhatrapur and terminating at Gopalpur in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=520
|length_km=108.4
|beltway=Junction with NH-20 near Parsora and terminating at its junction with NH-143 near Rajamunda in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=655
|length_km=86
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-55 near Angul (Angul stadium) connecting Mahidharpur, Satmile, Rasol, Bhapur, Athagarh, Gopinathapur, Totapada and terminating at its junction with NH-55 near Krushnashyampur in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=720
|length_km=89
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-20 near Keonjhar connecting Basantpur, Deobandha, Bhagamunda, Brahmanipal, Dhanurjoypur and terminating at its junction with NH-53 at Duburi Chak in the State of Orissa.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=126A
|length_km=57
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-26 near Barapali connecting Rampur, Singhijuba, Bisalpalii, Nagapalli and terminating at its junction with NH-57 near Sonapur in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130C
|length_km=22.8
|beltway=Chhattisgarh and terminating at its junction with new NH No. 201 near Baldhimal in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=130CD
|length_km=105.4
|beltway=Chhattisgarh Border- Ghutkel, Kundei, Hatabharandi, Raighar, Beheda, Umerkote, Dhodra, Dhamanaguda, Dabugaon - junction with new NH No. 26 near Papdahandii
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=143H
|length_km=28.7
|beltway=Junction with NH-143 near Joram - Ambapani -Jharkhand Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=153B
|length_km=116
|beltway=Sarapal on N.H -53 connecting Naktideul, Redhakhol on N, H- 55 and terminating at Bauda on N.H- 57 in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=157A
|length_km=36
|beltway=The Highway starting from its junction with N.H- 157 near Phulbani connecting Jamujhari, Dutimendi, Khajuripada and terminating at its junction with NH-57 near Madhapur in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=16GQ
|length_km=444
|beltway=West Bengal, Baleshwar and Bhubaneshwar in the State of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=316A
|length_km=348.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-316 near Konark connecting Ratanpur, Satabhaya, Dhamra, Basudevpur, Talapada, Chandipur, Chandaneswar in state of Odisha and terminating at Digha in the State of West Bengal.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=320D
|length_km=34.1
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-20 near Chakradharpur connecting Sonua, Goelkera, Manoharpur, Jaraikela in the state of Jharkhand and terminating at its junction with NH- 143 (Raurkela Bypass) in the state of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=326A
|length_km=102.9
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH No. 326 near Mohana connecting Chandiput, Chheligada, Ramagiri Udayagiri, Raygarh, Parlakimidi, in the state of Odisha-Andhra Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=516A
|length_km=98
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-516 near Gopalpur Port and terminating at its junction with NH-316 near Satpada in the State of Odisha.
|notes=none
}}

{{Routelist bottom}}

==Punjab==
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref>Punjab Works Department, Punjab, State Government of Punjab, India https://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RNationalHighway?languageid=1&pageid=1394&linkid=198</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=3
|length_km=177
|beltway=Attari (starting point)-Amritsar-Jalandhar-Hoshiarpur- Kullu-Manali (up to Himachal Border) (Jalandhar-Hoshiarpur up to HP Km 118.465 to 177.00 with PWD)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=5
|length_km=223.25
|beltway=Ferozepur (starting Point) - Moga - Jagraon - Ludhiana - Kharar - Chandigarh - Kalka - Shimla up to HP Border (RD. 221.570 to 236.845= 15.275 km in UT) (Hussiniwal to Ferozepur Km 0.00 to 17.97 with PWD)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=7
|length_km=344.17
|beltway=Sulemanka Border-Fazilka (starting point) - Abohar - Malout - Bathinda - Barnala - Sangrur - Patiala - Zirakpur - Panchkula - Paonta Sahib - Rishikesh - Ruderpurag-Manna up to Haryana (Sulemanka Border-Fazilka- Abohar Km 0.00 to 48.713 with PWD)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=9
|length_km=33.05
|beltway=Malout (starting point) - Dabwali -up to Haryana border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=274.39
|beltway=Sri Nagar - Jammu - Pathankot - Mukerian - Jalandhar - Ludhiana - Rajpura - Delhi up to Shambu border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=52
|length_km=56.84
|beltway=Sangrur (Starting point) -Patran - Khanouri - Hissar up to Haryana border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=54
|length_km=327.65
|beltway=Pathankot (Starting point) - Amritsar - Zira - Faridkot - Bathinda - Dabwali up to junction with NH-9 (Amritsar-Bathinda-Jodhpur Rupana Km 112.575 to 299.065 with PWD)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=62
|length_km=32.37
|beltway=Abohar bypass (Starting point) - Saduwali- Sri Ganga Nagar up to Rajasthan border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=105B
|length_km=49
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-5 near Dhillon Nagar (Moga), connecting Bagha Purana (NH-254) and terminating at its junction with NH-54 near Bajakhana in the State of Punjab.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148B
|length_km=122.14
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-48 at Kotputli in the State of Rajasthan connecting Narnaul, Mahendergarh, Charkhi Dadri, Bhiwani, Hansi, Barwala, Tohana in the State of Haryana, Moonak-Jakhal-Budhlada-Bhikhi-Mansa and terminating at its junction with NH-54 near Bathinda
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148BB
|length_km=61.1
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-148B near Moonak connecting Lehra Gaga and terminating at Sunam in the State of Punjab.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=152
|length_km=30.99
|beltway=Ambala-Zirakpur-Kalka road up to Haryana border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=152A
|length_km=12
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-54 near Khanauri, Shergarh, Amo in the State of Punjab.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=154
|length_km=11.97
|beltway=Pathankot - Nurpur - Mandi (up to HP border)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=154A
|length_km=39.36
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-154 near Chakki, Dhar in the State of Punjab connecting Banikhet, Chamba and terminating at Bharmour in the State of Himachal Pradesh. (Km 0.00 to 39.360)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=205
|length_km=65.6
|beltway=Kharar (Starting point) - Ropar - Kiratpur Sahib- Swarghat - Nauni- Shimla (up to HP border)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=205A
|length_km=39.53
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-5 at Kharar connecting Banur and terminating at its junction with NH-44 at Tepla in the State of Punjab.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=254
|length_km=155.17
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-54 at Mudki connecting Baghapurana, Salabatpura, Rampura, Maur, Takth Sri Damdama Sahib in the State of Punjab and terminating at its junction with NH-54 near Dabwali in the State of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=344
|length_km=4.52
|beltway=Ambala-Naraingarh-Paunta Sahib road Km. 9.230 to 13.750
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=344A
|length_km=88
|beltway=Phagwara bypass, Banga, Nawanshahr, Balachaur- Ropar (Ropar city portion Km 81.900 to 88.00 with PWD)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=344B
|length_km=35
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-44 at Phagwara and terminating at its junction with NH-3 at Hoshiarpur in the State of Punjab.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=354
|length_km=305.39
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-54 near Gurdaspur connecting Derababa Nanak, Ramdas, Ajnala, Amritsar (NH-3), Chabal Kalan, Bhikhiwind, Amarkot, Khem Karan (Indo-Pak Border) Arifke, Ferozepur (NH-5), Sadiq, Sri Muktsar Sahib (NH-754), Rupana and terminating at its junction with NH-7
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=354B
|length_km=6
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-354 near Dera Baba Nanak and termination at Indo-Pak Border in the State of Punjab.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=354E
|length_km=50.88
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-09 near Dabwali connecting Sito Gunno and terminating near Abohar on NH-07
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=503A
|length_km=126.77
|beltway=Amritsar-Mehta-Sri Hargobindpur-Tanda- Hoshiarpur in the State of Punjab (RD. 8.27 to 135.040)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=503
|length_km=35.72
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-3 near Mubarakpur connecting Amb, Una, Dehlan in the State of Himachal Pradesh, Anandpur Sahib, Kiratpur Sahib and terminating at its junction with NH-205.
|notes=Extension
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=703
|length_km=234.72
|beltway=Jalandhar (Starting point) - Nakodar - Moga - Barnala, Handiaya, Mansa, Jhunir in the State of Punjab, Sardulgarh and terminating at its junction with new NH-9 near Sirsa in the State of Haryana. (Km 0.00 to 12.00 & Km 149.00 to 234.720 with PWD)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=703A
|length_km=101.18
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-3 near Jalandhar connecting Kapurthala, Sultanpur Lodhi, Pindi, Makhu, Mallanwala and terminating at its junction with New NH-354 near Arifke
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=703B
|length_km=75.16
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-703 near Moga connecting Harike and terminating at Khalra in the State of Punjab .{ RD 0.00 to 86.236 (RD 33.611 to 44.680 is overlap)}
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=754
|length_km=74.49
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-54 near Bathinda connecting Muktsar and terminating at Jalalabad in the State of Punjab
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=703AA
|length_km=50.25
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-703A near Kapurthala connecting Gonidwal Sahib and terminating at its junction with NH-54 near Tarantarn in the State of Punjab.
|notes=none
}}
{{routelist bottom}}

==Rajasthan==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=11
|length_km=759.7
|beltway=Junction with NH-70 near Myajlar connecting Jaisalmer, Pokharan, Bikaner, Sri Dungarpur, Ratangarh, Fatehpur, Jhunjhunu, Chirawa -Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=21
|length_km=200.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-48 near Jaipur connecting Dausa, Bharatpur-Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=23
|length_km=228.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-52 near Kothum connecting Lalsot, Karauli, Bari and terminating at its junction with NH-44 near Dhaulpur in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=25
|length_km=383.8
|beltway=Munabao Road- Ramsar- Barmer - Kawas, Madhasar, Dhudhwa, Bagundi, kher, Tilwara, Balotra, Pachpadra, Kalyanpur, Jodhpur, Kaparda, Bilara, Jaitaran, Bar-junction with NH-58
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=27
|length_km=640.9
|beltway=Pindwara - Wekria - Tarawaligarh - Gogunda - Iswal - Udaipur - Debari - Bhatevar - Mungarwar - Chittaurgarh - Anwalhera - Kalunda - Ladpura - Menal - Kheri - Bijolia - Dabi - Kharipur - Kota - Bhonra - Anta - Baran - Kishanganj - Kelwara - Shahbad - Deori - Thana Kasba - MP Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=28.3
|beltway=UP Border - Maniyan - Dhaulpur - MP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=48
|length_km=732.0
|beltway=Haryana Border- Kotputli, near Jaipur, Kishangarh, Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Udaipur in the State of Rajasthan- Gujarat Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=52
|length_km=706.6
|beltway=MP Border - Ghatoli - Aklera - Ameta - Jhalawar - Khemai - Darrah - Mandara - Kota - Talera - Bundi - Sathur - Hindoli - Umar - Devli - Mendwas - Tonk - Baroni - Newai - Chaksu - Sheodaspura - Sanganer - Jaipur-Fatehpur- Haryana Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=54
|length_km=60.0
|beltway=Hanumangarh- Paka- Samoka- Goluwala- Kenchiya
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=56
|length_km=235.2
|beltway=Nimahera (NH-48) - Bari - Chhoti Sadri - Dhamotar - Pratapgarh - Pipalkhunt - Khamera - Ghatol - Banswara - Kalingera - Gujarat Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=58
|length_km=526.7
|beltway=Junction with NH-52 near Fatehpur connecting Ladnun, Nagaur, Merta City, Ajmer, Beawar, Devgarh, Udaipur - Kumdal - Naya Kheda - Jhadol - Som - Nalwa Daiya - Gujarat Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=62
|length_km=699.0
|beltway=Punjab-Ganganagar, Suratgarh, Lunkaransar, Bikaner, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Pindwara
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=68
|length_km=421.9
|beltway=Junction with NH-11 near Jaisalmer connecting Barmer, Sanchorn-Gujarat Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=70
|length_km=323.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-25 near Munabao connecting Sundra, Myajlar, Dhanana, Asutar, Ghotaru, Loghewala, -junction with NH-68 near Tanot
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=123
|length_km=60.2
|beltway=Dhaulpur (NH-3) - Sepau - UP border / UP border - Ghatoli - Rupbas - Khanuawa - Uncha Nagla (NH-11)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=125
|length_km=176.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-25 near Jodhpur connecting Balesar, Dechhu and terminating at its junction with NH-11 near Pokaran in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148
|length_km=102.7
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Manoharpur connecting Dausa and terminating at its junction with NH-23 near Lalsot in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148B
|length_km=20.0
|beltway=Junction with NH no. 48 at Kotputli- Haryana Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148C
|length_km=47.0
|beltway=Junction with NH 48 at Km 280.300 intersecting NH-52 and terminating at its junction with NH-21 at km 222.750
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148D
|length_km=256.0
|beltway=Uniara (NH-552)-Nainwa - Hindoli - Jahajpur - Shahpura - Gulabpura (NH-48) - Parasoli - Bheem (NH-58)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=148N
|length_km=345.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-48 near Dodka (Vadodara) connecting Godhra, Dahod in the state of Gujarat, Ratlam, Jaora in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Jhalawar, Kota, Sawai Madhopur, Lalsot, Dausa in the state of Rajasthan, Firozpur Jhirka and terminating at its junction with NH-248A near Sohna in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=156
|length_km=9.3
|beltway=junction with NH-56 near Nimbahera in the State of Rajasthan and up to Rajasthan / Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=158
|length_km=134.8
|beltway=Merta (NH 89) - Lambia - Ras - Bawra - Bayawar - Badnor - Asind - Mandal (NH-79)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=162
|length_km=309.9
|beltway=Pali - Jadan - Khamal - Sojat - Chandawal - Raipur - Bayawar.// Pali (N.H-14) - Marwad - Nadol - Desuri - Kumbalgarh - Haldighati - Nathdwara - Mavli - Bhatevar.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=162A
|length_km=50.5
|beltway=Mavli (NH-162) - Fatehnagar - Dariba - Railmagra - Khandel (NH-758)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=168
|length_km=70.0
|beltway=Revdar, Anandra - junction with NH-62 near Sirohi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=168A
|length_km=10.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-68 near Sanchore
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=248
|length_km=28.0
|beltway=Old alignment of NH no. 8 passing through Jaipur from km 220 to 273.50
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=248A
|length_km=102.0
|beltway=Sahpura - Alwar- Ramgarh- Haryana/Rajasthan border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=311
|length_km=46.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-11 near Singhana connecting Khetri Nagar, Jasrapur, Nangli, Saledisingh, Bhatiwar, Chhawasari, and terminating at Titanwara in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=325
|length_km=135.0
|beltway=Balotra - Siwana- Jalore- Ahor- Sandera
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=448
|length_km=57.1
|beltway=junction with NH-48 near Kishangarh connecting Ajmer and terminating at its junction with NH-48 near Nasirabad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=458
|length_km=224.0
|beltway=Junction with NH-58 at Ladnu connecting Khaatu, Degana, Merta City, Lambia, Jaitran, Raipur and terminating at Bheem on NH-58
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=552
|length_km=77.5
|beltway=Tonk - Kakor - Uniara - Sawai Madhopur.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=552G
|length_km=30.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-52 near Jhalarapatan connecting Beenda, Dawal in the state of Rajasthan further connecting Soyat, Susner, Agar, Ghosla, Ghatia and terminating at Ujjain in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=709
|length_km=60.3
|beltway=Haryana - Pilani - Rajgarh Road (NH-65)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=752
|length_km=93.5
|beltway=Baran - Atru - Chippa - Barod - Aklera (NH 12)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=754K
|length_km=630.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-54 near Sangariya connecting Hanumangarh, Suratgarh, Loonkarasar, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Thob, Pachpadra, Balotra, Sanchore in the state of Rajasthan, Tharad, Vav and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Santalpur in the state of Gujarat.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=758
|length_km=156.0
|beltway=Rajsamand (NH-58) - Gangapur - Bhilwara - Ladpura (NH-27)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=911
|length_km=184.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-11 near Bap connecting Naukh, Charanwala, Ranjitpura, Godu, Gokul, Tawarwala, Jaggasar, Dantour, and terminating at Poogal in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=911A
|length_km=30.8
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-31 near Machhlishahar connecting Janghai, Durgaganj, Bhadohi, Kapsethi and terminating at its junction with Lahartara- Mohansaray road (ODR) near Varanasi in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=919
|length_km=5.0
|beltway=Haryana Border - Bhiwadi - Haryana Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=921
|length_km=48.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-21 near Mahwa connecting Mandwar, Nangal Sumer Singh, Almarpur, Kheda, Mangalsinh, Ghadi, Antapuar, Piana, Doroli, Machedi Mode, and terminating at Rajgarh bypass in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=925
|length_km=134.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-25 near Gagaria connecting Baori kalan, Serwa and terminating at Bakhasar in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=925A
|length_km=63.1
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-925 near Satta and terminating at its junction with new NH No.- 68 near Gandhav in the State of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=927A
|length_km=313.0
|beltway=Madhya Pradesh Border - Banswara - Sagwara - Doongarpur - Kherwara - Kotra - Sawarupganj (N.H-14)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=954
|length_km=44.6
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-54 near Pakka Saharaha connecting Morjanda Khari, Mamakhera, Lalgarh Jattan, Banwala, 4LNP and terminating at its junction with NH-62 near Kaluwala in the state of Rajasthan.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Sikkim==
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref name="nh">{{cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf|title=State-wise length of National Highways in India |date=30 November 2018|publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=9 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929205249/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf| archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=10
|length_km=52
|beltway=Gangtok - Singtam - Rangpo - West Bengal Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=310
|length_km=87
|beltway=Ranipaul (NH-31A) - Burduk - Menla - Nathula
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=310A
|length_km=55
|beltway=Tashiview point - Phodang - Mangan
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=510
|length_km=70
|beltway=Singtham - Damthang- Legship - Gyalshing
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=710
|length_km=45
|beltway=Melli- Manpur- Namchi- Damthang- Tarku
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=717A
|length_km=112
|beltway=West Bengal Border- Rhenok, Pakyong a-junction with new NH No. 10 near Gangtok
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=717B
|length_km=42
|beltway=Junction with NH No. 717A at Rhenok - Aritar, Rolep -junction with NH No. 310 near Menla
|notes=none
}}

{{Routelist bottom}}

==Tamil Nadu==
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref name="nh" />}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=32
|length_km=673
|beltway=Chennai - Tindivanam - Puducherry - Cuddalore - Chidambaram - Nagapattinam - Thiruthuraipoondi - Ramanathapuram - Thoothukkudi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=36
|length_km=349
|beltway=Vikravandi - Panruti - Sethiyathope - Kumbakonam - Thanjavur - Pudukottai - Thirupathur - Sivagangai - Manamadurai
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=38
|length_km=568.1
|beltway=Vellore - Villupuram - Perambalur - Trichy - Madurai - Aruppukottai - Thoothukkudi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=627.2
|beltway=Hosur-Krishnagiri-Dharmapuri-Salem-Karur-Dindigul-Madurai-Virudhunagar-Tirunelveli-Kanniyakumari
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=48
|length_km=237.6
|beltway=Chennai - Kanchipuram - Ranipet - Vellore - Vaniyambadi - Hosur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=77
|length_km=176.3
|beltway=Krishnagiri - Uthangarai - Tiruvannamalai - Gingee - Tindivanam
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=79
|length_km=134.2
|beltway=Salem - Attur - Ulundurpet
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=81
|length_km=321.4
|beltway=Coimbatore - Kangeyam - Karur - Trichy - Lalgudi - Jayamkondacholapuram - Kattumannarkoil - Chidambaram
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=83
|length_km=389
|beltway=Coimbatore - Pollachi - Palani - Oddanchatram - Dindigul - Trichy - Thanjavur - Tiruvarur - Nagapattinam
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=85
|length_km=225.2
|beltway=Theni - Madurai - Thiruppuvanam - Sivagangai - Thondi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=87
|length_km=174.3
|beltway=Thiruppuvanam - Manamadurai - Ramanathapuram - Rameshwaram - Dhanushkodi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=181
|length_km=171.8
|beltway=Coimbatore - Mettupalayam - Ooty - Gudalur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=183
|length_km=133.8
|beltway=Dindigul - Batlagundu - Theni - Cumbum - Kumily
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=536
|length_km=109.4
|beltway=Thirumayam - Devakottai - Thirvadanai - Ramanathapuram
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=544
|length_km=182
|beltway=Salem - Erode - Coimbatore - Walayar
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=544H
|length_km=94
|beltway=Thoppur - Mettur - Bhavani - Erode
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=744
|length_km=150
|beltway=Thirumangalam - Srivilliputhur - Rajapalayam - Tenkasi - Sengottai - Puliyarai
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=948
|length_km=119.7
|beltway=Hassanur - Bannari - Sathyamangalam - Annur - Coimbatore
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=136
|length_km=140
|beltway=Thanjavur - Paluvur - Ariyalur - Kunnam - Perambalur - Veppanthattai - Attur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=179A
|length_km=141
|beltway=Salem - Harur - Uttangarai - Tirupathur - Vaniyambadi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=381A
|length_km=72
|beltway=Vellakoil - Muthur - Erode - Sankagiri
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=381B
|length_km=46
|beltway=Musiri - Namakkal
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=383
|length_km=105
|beltway=Dindigul - Natham - Kottampatty - Karaikudi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=785
|length_km=39
|beltway=Madurai - Natham
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=844
|length_km=90
|beltway=Hosur - Rayakottai - Palakode - Adhiyamankottai
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

== Telangana ==
{{Routelist top|unit=km|length_ref=<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=National Highways in Telangana State|url=http://www.nhai.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/StateWiseLengthNHsIndia.pdf|website=Roads and Buildings Department – Gov|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128081526/https://nhai.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/StateWiseLengthNHsIndia.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 30
| length_km = 100.4
| beltway = Vijayawada - Jagdalpur road
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 44
| length_km = 512.65
| beltway = Nagpur - Hyderabad - Jadchrla - Kurnool - Ananthapur - Bangalore
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 61
| length_km = 57.3
| beltway = Maharashtra Border- Nirmal, Khanapur, Mallapuram, Raikal -junction with NH-63 near Jagityal
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 161
| length_km = 140.5
| beltway = Sangareddy-Jogipet - Pitlam-madnoor - (Maharashtra Border)
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 161B
| length_km = 60
| beltway = Junction with NH-161 near Nizampet - Moodguntal, Narayanakhed, Manoor, Bellapur, Pulkurthi, Ibrahimpur, Athnoor, Dappur Telangana/Karnataka border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 63
| length_km = 264.5
| beltway = Jagadalpur road -Nizamabad - Bodhan - Maharashtra border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 163
| length_km = 298
| beltway = Chhattisgarh Border- Warangal - Jangaon - Bhuvanagiri - Hyderabad
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 363
| length_km = 90
| beltway = Mancherial-Wankidi
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 563
| length_km = 248.8
| beltway = Jagityal - Karimnagar - Warangal - Khammam
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 65
| length_km = 276.8
| beltway = Pune - Hyderabad - Suryapet - Vijayawada
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 365
| length_km = 187
| beltway = Nakrekal-Thungathurthi - Mahbubabad-Mallampalli Road
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 365B
| length_km = 184
| beltway = Suryapet-Thirumalagiri-Jangaon-Siddipet-Siricilla
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 365BB
| length_km = 168
| beltway = Suryapet - Mothey- Khammam- Wyra-Sattupalli-Aswaraopeta- Andhra Pradesh Border- Rajamahendravaram
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 565
| length_km = 86.1
| beltway = Nakrekal - Nagarjuna Sagar Road
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 765
| length_km = 186.8
| beltway = Hyderabad - Amangal - Kalwakurthy - Achampeta - AP border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 150
| length_km = 12.24
| beltway = Kalaburgi - Yadgir - Krishna Road
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167
| length_km = 311.9
| beltway = Haggari - Raichur -Mahbubnagar -Jadcherla Road - Mirialaguda - Kodad
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 353C
| length_km = 99.2
| beltway = Sironcha- Atmakur
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 365A
| length_km = 76
| beltway = Kodad - Khammam - Kuravi Road
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 353B
| length_km = 33
| beltway = Adilabad - [[Bela, Adilabad]] - Vansadi road
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 765D
| length_km = 54
| beltway = Hyderabad (junction at outer ring road) - Narsapur- Rampur, - Medak
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 161AA
| length_km = 157.5
| beltway = Junction with NH No. 161 near Sangareddy(NH 65) - Narsapur, Toopran(NH 44), Gajwel(SH 1), Jagdevpur, Bhuvanagiri(NH 163)-junction with NH-65 near Choutuppal
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 161BB
| length_km = 157.5
| beltway = Junction with NH 161 near Madnoor -Sonala, Thadi Hipperga, Limboor, Sirpur, Kotagiri, Rudrur - junction at NH-63 near Bodhan
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 167N
| length_km = 120
| beltway = Junction with NH 167 near Mahabubnagar -Raichur, Kosgi Kodangal, Kodangal Tandur, Tandur Vikarabad
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Tripura==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=8
|length_km=331.9
|beltway=Assam Border - Churai Bari - Manu - Ambasa - Teliamura-Agaratala - Visalgarh - Barjala - Udaipur - Sabrum-Indo Bangladesh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=108
|length_km=134.0
|beltway=Mizoram Border - Sakhan - Manu
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=108A
|length_km=22.9
|terminus_a=[[Jolaibari]]
|terminus_b=[[Belonia, India|Belonia]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=108B
|length_km=55.0
|terminus_a=[[Agartala]]
|terminus_b=[[Khowai]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=208
|length_km=265.0
|terminus_a=[[Kumarghat]]
|terminus_b=[[Teliamura]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=208A
|length_km=45.0
|terminus_a=[[Agartala]]
|terminus_b=[[Khowai]]
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==Uttar Pradesh==

{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NE
|route=2
|length_km=90
|beltway=Eastern Peripheral Expressway around in UP and Haryana
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=9
|length_km=147.6
|beltway=Delhi Border - Ghaziabad - Hapur - Rajabpur - Didauli - Pakbara - Moradabad - Rampur -Bilaspur - Uttrakhand Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=19
|length_km=655.2
|beltway=Agra - Firozabad - Shikohabad - Sirsaganj - Jaswantnagar - Etawah - Sarai - Muradganj - Sikandra - Rasdhan - Bara - Sachendi - Kanpur - Moharajganj - Aung - Fatehpur - Haswa - Sat Narain - Khaga - Palhana - Kaushambi - Allahabad - Saidabad - Handia - Gopiganj - Mirza Murad - Varanasi - Chandauli - Saiyad Raja - Bihar border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=21
|length_km=265
|beltway=Rajasthan-Agra, Jalesar, Sikandra Rao and terminating at its junction with NH 30 near Bareilly
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=24
|length_km=275.2
|beltway=Sonauli - Kolhu - Pharenda - Rawatganj - Gorakhpur - Bhaurapur - Kauriram - Ghosipur - Mardah - Ghazipur - Zamania - Saiyad Raja
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=27
|length_km=581
|beltway=MP Border - Jhansi - Baragaon - Ghirgaon - Amargarh - Moth - Pirauna - Orai - Usargaon - Kalpi - Bara - Kanpur - Unnao - Ajgain - Lucknow.Bara Banki - Ramsanehighat - Faizabad - Haraiya - Basti - Khalilabad - Piprauli - Gorakhpur - Hata - Kasia - Fazilnagar - Pawanagar - Tamkuhi - Bihar Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=28
|length_km=292
|beltway=Indo/Nepal Border, Naugarh, Sidarth Nagar, Bansi, Basti Tanda, Azamgarh - junction with NH-31 at Varanasi
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=30
|length_km=624
|beltway=Uttrakahnd Border - Najibabad - Nagina - Afzalgarh - Rehar - Uttrakahnd Border-- Jahanbad - Pilibhit - Bareilly - Banthra - Sahjanpur - Uncholia - Neri - Mohli - Sitapur - Lucknow., Raebareli and Allahabad in the State of Uttar Pradesh-Madhya Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=31
|length_km=522.8
|beltway=Junction with NH-27 near Unnao connecting Lalganj, Raebareli, Salon, Pratapgarh, Machhlishahr, Jaunpur, Varanasi, Ghazipur - Ballia - Rudrapur - Bakutha - Bihar Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=34
|length_km=723.4
|beltway=Uttrakhand border-Najibabad - Kiratpur -Bijnor -Bahsuma - Mawana -Meerut (NH-58) -Hapur -Gulawthi - Bulandshahar- Khurja - Amiya - Aligarh - Etah - Kurawali - Sultanganj - Bewar - Nabiganj - Chhibramau - Gurusahayganj - Kannauj - Araul - Bilhaur -Kanpur - Ghatampur - Sajet - Hamirpur - Sumerpur - Maudeha - Khanna Kabrai - Mahoba - Srinager - MP Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=35
|length_km=629.2
|beltway=Kabrai- Banda - Khuhand - Attarra - Badausa - Karwi - Raipura -Mau - Shankargarh - Bara - Jasra - Allahabad - Naini - Astabhuja - Mirzapur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=39
|length_km=91.7
|beltway=Jhansi - Barwa Sagar - Sakrar - Mauranipur - MP border // MP Border - Dudhinagar - Wyndhamganj - Jharkhand border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=44
|length_km=269.1
|beltway=Haryana Border - Kosi - Chhata - Mathura - Farah - Agra- MP Border // MP Border - Jhansi //MP Border - Karari - Jhansi - MP Border // MP Border - Babina - Talbehat - Bansi - Lalitpur - Birdha - Gona - MP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=123
|length_km=14
|beltway=Rajasthan Border - Sarendhi - Rajasthan Border.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=124C
|length_km=38
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-24 near Tarighat, connecting Bara in the state of Uttar Pradesh and terminating at its junction with NH-922 near Buxar in the state of Uttar Pradsesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=124D
|length_km=58.4
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-24 near Mardah connecting Jakhania, Sadat, and terminating at its junction with NH-31 near Saidpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh..
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=128
|length_km=156.9
|beltway=Ambedkarnagar (Tanda) - Sultanpur - Amethi - Raibareli -
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=128A
|length_km=72
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-28 near Mohammadpur connecting to Badshapur and terminating at its junction with NH-31 Jaunpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=128B
|length_km=100
|beltway=The highway statrting from its junction with NH-28 near Azamgarh connecting Mau, Teekha and terminating at its junction with NH-31 near Phephna (Ballia) in the state of Uttar Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=128C
|length_km=50
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-28 near Azamgarh and terminating at its junction with NH-24 near Dohrighat in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135
|length_km=64.8
|beltway=Mirzapur - Lalganj - MP Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135A
|length_km=256
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-35 near Mirzapur connecting to Aura, Bhadohi, Jaunpur, Shahganj Akbarpur and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135B
|length_km=10
|beltway=Junction with NH-35 near Mau- Madhya Pradesh Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135BB
|length_km=12.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-35 (Bargarh More) near Jamira connecting Bargarh, Gahur in the state of Uttar Pradesh connecting Dubi, Magdaur and terminating at its junction with NH-135B near Dabhoura in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=135C
|length_km=104
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-35 near Allahabad connecting to Koraon, Drumanodganj, Haliya in the state of Uttar Pradesh, Awadhadam, Pipra, Manigarha, Karondiya, Bagdara, Chtrangi, Singrauli and terminating at its junction with NH-39 near Waidhan in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=219
|length_km=5
|beltway=Bihar Border- Chandauli (NH-19)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=227A
|length_km=218
|beltway=Ayodhya (NH-27)- Chhawni- Kalwadi- Barhalganj- Barhaj- Bihar Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=230
|length_km=74
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-30 near Bakshi-ka-Talab connecting Chenhat, junction with NH-27, NH-731, NH-30, NH-27and terminating at its junction with NH-30 near Bakshi-ka-Talab in the State of Uttar Pradesh..
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=234
|length_km=176.4
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-34 near Kannauj connecting Bela, Etawah, Kishni and terminating at its junction with NH-34 at Bhongaon in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=307
|length_km=30
|beltway=Uttrakhand Border - Chhutmalpur - Biharigarh - Uttrakahnd Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=319D
|length_km=48
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-19 near Allahabad and terminating at its junction with NH-31 near Mungra Badshahpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=321
|length_km=15
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-2 near Kiraoli connecting Mori, Vamanpura, Jhengera and terminating at Kagarol in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=321G
|length_km=41
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH 21 near Jalesar, to connecting Awagarh and terminating at its junction with NH 34 near Etah in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=328
|length_km=92
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-28 near Basti and connecting to Mehdawal, Karmaini (junction on NH-24 near Campierganj)-and terminating at its junction with NH-730 near Partawal (Kaptanganj) in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=328A
|length_km=98
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-328 Mehdalwal, Kahliabad, Dhanghata, Ramnagar and terminating at its junction with NH-28 near Nyori in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=330
|length_km=248
|beltway=Balrampur - Gonda - Navabganj - Ayodhya - Bilharghat - Bikapur - Sultanpur - Bhada - Piparpur - Khundaur - Bela - Soraon - Allahabad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=330A
|length_km=110
|beltway=The highway starting from Rai Baraily N.H-30 connecting Jagdishpur and terminating at Faizabad on N.H-27 in the state of Uttar Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=330B
|length_km=48
|beltway=Near Gonda (NH-330)- Near Jaewal (NH-927)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=330D
|length_km=129
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-30 near Sitapur connecting to Misrikh, Baghauli, Hardoi, Bilgram and terminating at its junction with NH-34 near Kannauj in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334
|length_km=118.4
|beltway=Meerut - MujjafarNagar - Uttrakhand Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334A
|length_km=15
|beltway=Junction with NH-334 near Purkazi-Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334B
|length_km=60
|beltway=Meerut - Haryana Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334C
|length_km=52.6
|beltway=Ghaziabad - Dadri - Sikanderabad - Bulandshahr -
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334D
|length_km=66
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-34 near Aligarh and connecting Khair, Jewar in the state of Uttar Pradesh and terminating at its junction with NH-44 near Palwal in the state of Haryana.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334DD
|length_km=46.7
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-334D near Hamidpur and connecting Jewar, Jhajhar, Kakod, Dhanaura and terminating at its junction with NH-34 near Bulandshahar in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=335
|length_km=116
|beltway=Lalganj-Fatehpur-Banda
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=339
|length_km=21
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-39 near Nowgong in the State of Madhya Pradesh and terminating at its junction with NH-34 near Srinagar in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=344
|length_km=49
|beltway=Haryana Border - Sarsawa - Pilkhani - Saharanpur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=509
|length_km=220
|beltway=Agra - Khandauli - Sadabad - Hathras - Mandrak - Daud Khan - Aligarh - Danpur - Dibal - Babrala - Bahjoi - Chandausi - Bilari - Moradbad
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=519
|length_km=25
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-19 near Sikandara and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Bhognipur in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=530
|length_km=66.4
|beltway=junction with NH-30 near Bareily and terminating at its junction with NH-9 near Rampur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=530B
|length_km=215
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-30 near Bareilly connecting to Budaun, Hathras, and terminating at its junction with NH-44 near Mathura in the state of Uttar Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=534
|length_km=23
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-34 near Najibabad in the State of Uttar Pradesh connecting Kotdwar, Satpauli and terminating near Bubakhal in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=539
|length_km=7
|beltway=MP Border - Jhansi (NH 26)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=552
|length_km=4
|beltway=Madhya Pradesh Border - junction with NH-27
|notes= Ext.
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=709A
|length_km=141
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-9 near Garhmukteswar connecting Meerut, Budhana, Shamli, Karnal, Jind, Mundal and terminating at its junction with NH-709 near Bhiwani in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=709B
|length_km=170
|beltway=Junction with NH-9 near Loni (Delhi) connecting Baghpat, Baraut, Shamli and terminating at its junction with NH- 344 near Saharanpur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=709AD
|length_km=143.6
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-709 near Panipat in the state of Haryana connecting to Shamli, Muzaffarnagar, Bhopa, Bijnor and terminating at its junction with NH-734 near Nagina in the state of Uttar Pradesh
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=719
|length_km=14.6
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-19 near Etawah in the State of Uttar Pradesh connecting Bhind and terminating at its junction with NH-44 near Gwalior in the State of Madhya Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=727
|length_km=29
|beltway=Bihar Border - Nibua Raiganj - Padrauna - Kasia
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=727A
|length_km=100
|beltway=Gorakhpur (NH-27)- Deoria- Salempur- Bihar Border
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=727AA
|length_km=26
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-727 near Manuapul connecting Patzirwa, Paknaha in the state of Bihar, Pipraghat and terminating at its junction with NH-730 near Sevrahi in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=727B
|length_km=129.4
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH- 27 near Fazilnagar Connecting Tamkuhi, Salempur, Esharou, Bhagalpur, Ubhaon, Sikandrapur, Baheri, Sukhpura, Hanumanganj and terminating at its junction with NH-31 near Ballia in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=727BB
|length_km=31
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-27 near Gorakhpur and terminating at its junction with NH-730 near Partawal in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=727G
|length_km=70
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-27 near Haraiya connecting to Bhabhnana, Swaminarayan, Manakpur and terminating at its junction with NH-330 near Gonda in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=727H
|length_km=139
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-27 near Barabanki connecting Dewa Sharif, Fatehpur, Mahmudabad, Biswan, Laharpur and terminating at its junction with NH-730 near Lakhimpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=730
|length_km=568
|beltway=The highway starting from Pilibhit on NH-30 connecting Puranpur, Kutar, Gola Gorakhnath, Lakhimpur, Isanagar, Nanpara (on NH-927), Bahraich (on NH 927), Balrampur, Maharajganj, Padrauna, Sewarhi, and terminating at NH- 27 near Salemgarh in the state of Uttar Pradesh. ..
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=730A
|length_km=109
|beltway=The highway starting from Maigalganj on N.H–30 connecting Pawayan and terminating at Puranpur on NH- 730 in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=730B
|length_km=36
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-30 near Bareilly, Bhutah and terminating at its junction with NH–731K near Bisalpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=730C
|length_km=156
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-730B near Bisalpur, Miranpur Katra, Fatehgarh and terminating at its junction with NH- 34 near Bewar in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=730H
|length_km=48
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-730 near Kudwa connecting Mihinpurwa, Motipur, Nishangarh, Bichia and terminating at Katarnighat in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=730S
|length_km=40
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-730 near Maharajganj, Nichlaul, Thuthibari and up to Indo / Nepal Border in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=731
|length_km=557.1
|beltway=Paliya-Shahjahanpur-Hardoi-Lucknow - Gosainganj - Amethi - Bhetwa - Haidargarh - Inhauna - Jagdishpur - Musafir Khana - Hasanpur - Sultanpur - Singramau - Bakhsha - Jaunpur-Khuthan-junction with NH-31 near Saidpur
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=731A
|length_km=160
|beltway=Near Pratapgarh (NH-31)- Jethwada- Shrangverpur- Manjhanpur- Rajapur- Near Chitrakoot (NH-35)
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=731AG
|length_km=17.8
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-731A near Rajapur connecting Ramtekra and terminating at its junction with NH-35 near Raipura in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=731B
|length_km=86
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-31 near Machhlishahar connecting Janghai, Durgaganj, Bhadohi, Kapsethi and terminating at its junction with Lahartara- Mohansaray road (ODR) near Varanasi in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=731K
|length_km=109
|beltway=The highway starting from NH-731 near Shahjahanpur connecting Bisalpur, Barkheda, Pilibhit, Neoria Husainpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh connecting Majhola, Chanda, Mundeli and terminating at its junction with NH-9 near Khatima in the state of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=734
|length_km=53
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-34 near Najibabad connecting Nagina in the State of Uttar Pradesh, Kashipur in the State of Uttarakhand and terminating at its junction with NH-9 near Moradabad in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=927
|length_km=140
|beltway=Lucknow-Bara Banki - Ramnagar - Jarwal - Krisarganj - Fakharpur - Bahraich - Matera Bazar - Nanpara - Babaganj Rupidiha - Nepalganj.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=931
|length_km=68
|beltway=Jagdishpur - Musafirkhana - Gauriganj - Amethi - Pratapgarh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=931A
|length_km=55
|beltway=Jagdishpur - Jais - Salon
|notes=none
}}

{{Routelist bottom}}

==Uttarakhand==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=7
|length_km=402.6
|beltway=Himachal Pradesh, near [[Dehradun]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Devprayag]], [[Rudraprayag]], [[Karnaprayag]], [[Chamoli Gopeshwar|Gopeshwar]], [[Badrinath]], [[Mana, India|Mana]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=9
|length_km=255.0
|beltway=Uttar Pradesh, near [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Sitarganj]], [[Khatima]], [[Tanakpur]], [[Pithoragarh]], [[Ogla]], and terminating at [[Askot]], in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=34
|length_km=390.4
|beltway=The highway starting from [[Gangotri]] connecting [[Bhatwari]], [[Uttarkashi]], [[Dharasu]], [[New Tehri]], [[Ampata]], [[Rishikesh]] and [[Haridwar]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=107
|length_km=76.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-7 near [[Rudraprayag]] and connecting [[Guptakashi]], [[Phata]] and terminating at [[Gauri Kund|Gaurikund]] near [[Kedarnath]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=107A
|length_km=84.2
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-7 near [[Chamoli Gopeshwar|Gopeshwar]] connecting [[Ukhimath]] and terminating at its junction on NH-107 near [[Baramwari]] in the State of Uttrakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=109
|length_km=314.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-9 and connecting [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Haldwani]], [[Nainital]], [[Bhowali]], [[Almora]], [[Ranikhet]], [[Dwarahat]], [[Chaukhutia]], [[Gairsain]], [[Adi Badri, Uttarakhand|Adi Badri]] and terminating at its junction with NH-7 near [[Karnaprayag]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=307
|length_km=7.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-7 near [[Dehradun]] in the State of Uttarakhand and connecting [[Mohand, India|Mohand]], [[Biharigarh]], and terminating its junction with NH-344 near [[Chhutmalpur]] in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=309
|length_km=264.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-9 near [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]] connecting [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], [[Dhumakot]], [[Thalisain]], [[Tripalisain]], [[Bubakhal]], [[Pauri]] and terminating at its junction with NH-7 near [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=309A
|length_km=208.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with new NH-9 near [[Rameshwar, Uttarakhand|Rameshwar]] connecting [[Gangolihat]], [[Berinag]], [[Chaukori]], [[Kanda, Uttarakhand|Kanda]], [[Bageshwar]], [[Takula]] and terminating at its junction with new NH-109 near [[Almora]] in the State of Uttrakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=309B
|length_km=82.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-109 near [[Almora]] and terminating at its junction with NH-9 at [[Rameshwar, Uttarakhand|Rameshwar]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334
|length_km=66.2
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-34 near [[Haridwar]] connecting [[Roorkee]] in the State of Uttarakhand, [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Meerut]] and terminating at its junction with NH-34 near [[Meerut]] in the State of Uttar Pradesh.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=334A
|length_km=46.5
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-334 near [[Purkazi]] in the State of Uttar Pradesh connecting [[Laksar]] and terminating at its junction NH-34 near [[Haridwar]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=344
|length_km=22.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-44 near [[Ambala]] connecting [[Dhanana]], [[Saha, Haryana|Saha]], [[Yamunanagar]] in the State of Haryana, [[Saharanpur]] in the State of Uttar Pradesh, and terminating at its junction with NH-334 near [[Roorkee]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=507
|length_km=111.4
|beltway=The highway starting from NH-7 near [[Herbertpur]] connecting [[Vikasnagar]], [[Kalsi, Uttarakhand|Kalsi]], [[Barkot, Uttarakhand|Barkot]] and terminating at its junction with NH-134 in State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=534
|length_km=137.1
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-34 near [[Najibabad]] in the State of Uttar Pradesh connecting [[Kotdwar]], [[Satpuli]] and terminating near [[Bubakhal]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=707
|length_km=40.5
|beltway=Himachal Pradesh and passing through [[Minus, India|Minus]]–[[Tyuni]] in Himachal Pradesh–Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=707A
|length_km=310.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-707 at [[Tyuni]] connecting [[Chakrata]], [[Bhediyana]], [[Mussoorie]], [[New Tehri]] and terminating at its junction with NH-7 at [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Sringar]] in the state of Uttarakhand
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist row
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route=734
|length_km=132.0
|beltway=The highway starting from its junction with NH-34 near [[Najibabad]] connecting [[Nagina]] in the State of Uttar Pradesh and terminating at its junction with NH-309 near [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] in the State of Uttarakhand.
|notes=none
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

== West Bengal ==
{{Routelist top|unit=km}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 10
| length_km = 66.0
| beltway = Indo/Bangladesh border connecting Fulbari, Siliguri-Sikkim Border near Sevoke
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 12
| length_km = 432.3
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-27 near Dalkola connecting Raiganj, Gajol, Maldah, Farakka, Morgram, Baharampur, Krishananagar, Ranaghat, Barasat, Kolkata, Kakdwip and terminating at Bok-Khali in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 14
| length_km = 373.1
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-12 near Morgram connecting Rampur Hat, Siuri, Raniganj, Bankura, Garhbeta, Salbani and terminating at its junction with NH-16 near Kharagpur in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 16
| length_km = 111.7
| beltway = junction with NH-19 near Kolkata connecting Kharagpur-Odisha Border
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 17
| length_km = 175.0
| beltway = Junction with NH-10 near Sivok connecting Bagrakot, Chalsa, Nagarkata, Goyerkata, Birpara, Falakata, Sonarpur, Coochbehar, Tufanganj-Assam.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 18
| length_km = 63.9
| beltway = Jharkhand, Puruliya, Balarampur in the State of West Bengal-Jharkhand
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 19
| length_km = 208.7
| beltway = Jharkhand Border- Asansol, Palsit and terminating at its junction with NH-16 near Kolkata
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 27
| length_km = 582.4
| beltway = Bihar-Dalkola, Islampur, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, Maynaguri, Dhupguri, Falakata, Sonapur, Salsabari in the State of West Bengal,-Assam.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 31
| length_km = 62.2
| beltway = Bihar-Harishchanderpur and terminating at its junction with NH-12 near Pandua in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 33
| length_km = 13.4
| beltway = Jharkhand and terminating at its junction with NH-12 near Farakka in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 49
| length_km = 55.9
| beltway = Jharkhand and terminating at its junction with NH-16 at Kharagpur
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 110
| length_km = 77.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-10 near Siliguri connecting Kurseong and terminating at Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 112
| length_km = 59.6
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-12 near Barasat connecting Gaighata, Bangaon and terminating at Indo/Bangladesh Border in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 114
| length_km = 119.2
| beltway = junction with NH-14 near Mallarpur connecting Mayureswar, Prantik, Bolpur, Bhedia, Guskhara, Talit and terminating at its junction with NH-19 near Barddhaman
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 114A
| length_km = 13.6
| beltway = The highway starting from Rampurhat on N.H-14 connecting Sunrichua in the state of West Bengal-Jharkhand.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 116
| length_km = 52.7
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-16 near Kolaghat and connecting Mecheda, Tamluk, Nandakumar and terminating at Haldia Port in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 116A
| length_km = 242.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-16 near Mechogram (Panskura) and connecting Daspur, Bandar, Gourhati, Arambagh, Uchalan, Sehara Bazar, Burdwan, Karjana, Mangalkot, Panchgram and terminating at its junction with NH-12 near Moregram in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 116B
| length_km = 90.8
| beltway = The highway starting from Nandakumar on N.H-116 connecting Contai, Digha and terminating at Chandaneswar in the state of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 131A
| length_km = 55.2
| beltway = The Highway starting from Malda, connecting Ratua and Debpur in the State of West Bengal-Bihar.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 133A
| length_km = 4.4
| beltway = Jharkhand and terminating with NH-12 near Nimtala in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 218
| length_km = 8.6
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-18 near Purulia in the state of West Bengal connecting Chandakyari, Jhariya and terminating at its junction with NH- 18 near Dhanbad in the State of Jharkhand.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 312
| length_km = 329.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-12 near Jangipur connecting Omarpur, Murshidabad, Chunakhali, Jalangi, Karimpur, Tehatta, Krishangar, Hanskhali, Duttaphulia, Helencha, Bongoan, Panchpota, Berigopalpur Ghat, Ichamati, Tarnipur Ghat, Swarupnagar and terminating at Basirhat (Ghojadanga) in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 314
| length_km = 83.6
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-14 near Bankura and terminating at its junction with NH-18 near Puruliya in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 316A
| length_km = 6.5
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-316 near Konark connecting Ratanpur, Satabhaya, Dhamra, Basudevpur, Talapada, Chandipur, Chandaneswar in state of Odisha and terminating at Digha in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 317
| length_km = 70.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-17 near Birpara connecting Madarihat, Rajabaht Khawa terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Salsabari in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 317A
| length_km = 18.2
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-317 near Hasimara connecting Jaigaon in the state of West Bengal and terminating at Indo / Bhutan Border.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 327
| length_km = 36.0
| beltway = Junction with NH-27 near Bagdogra - Nuxalbari - Galgalia
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 327B
| length_km = 1.2
| beltway = The Highway statrting from its junction with NH-327 near Panitanki connecting Mechi Bridge in the state of West Bengal and terminating at Indo / Nepal Border.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 327C
| length_km = 11.0
| beltway = The Highway statrting from its junction with NH-327 near Khoribari and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Ghoshpukur in the state of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 419
| length_km = 9.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-19 near Kulti in the State of West Bengal connecting Chittaranjan, Jamtara and terminating at Gobindpur in the State of Jharkhand.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 512
| length_km = 107.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-12 near Gajol connecting Daulatpur, Bansihari, Gangarampur, Harsura, Balurghat and terminating at Hilli in the State of West Bengal near Indo/Bangladesh Border.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 517
| length_km = 13.0
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-17 near Goyerkata and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Dhupgari in the State of West Bengal.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 717
| length_km = 20.4
| beltway = The highway starting from its junction with NH-17 near Baradighi and terminating at its junction with NH-27 near Maynaguri, Cangrabandha in the State of West Bengal and terminating at Indo / Bangladesh Border.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist row
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 717A
| length_km = 92.0
| beltway = Junction of new NH-17 near Bagrakot connecting Rhenock in the state of West Bengal-Sikkim.
| notes = none
| state =
}}
{{Routelist bottom}}

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state (old numbering)]]
* [[List of national highways in India by union territory]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf New NH Notification]
* [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/India:National_Highways_%28statewise%29 OSM NH list]

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|National Highways]]

Dinabandhu Sahoo

2026-04-29T07:55:34Z

Al202xis0: added article

{{Short description|Indian botanist and academic administrator}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Promotional|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dinabandhu Sahoo
| image = Dinabandhu_Sahoo_2026.jpg
| caption =
| fields = Botany, marine biology, sustainable development
| workplaces = University of Delhi
| alma_mater =
| known_for = Seaweed research, Blue Revolution concept in India, sustainable development initiatives, Carbon Garden, Cherry Blossom Festival in India
| awards = Top Sustainability Laureate Award (2023), Distinguished Leadership Honour (2026)
| honors = D.Sc. (Honoris Causa), FNASc, FNAAS, FBRS
}}

'''Professor Dinabandhu Sahoo''' is an Indian botanist, scientist, environmentalist, and academic administrator. He is the Chairperson of the Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Council and the Head of the Department of Botany at the [[University of Delhi]]. He is widely known for his work in marine bioresources, sustainable development, the introduction of the Cherry Blossom Festival in India, and the grassroots application of science and technology in coastal and rural India.<ref name="glimpse">{{cite web |url=https://botany.du.ac.in/botany/userfiles/downloads/Prof.%20Dinabandhu%20Sahoo.pdf |title=Professor Dinabandhu Sahoo - A Glimpse |website=Department of Botany, University of Delhi |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="janta2026">{{cite news |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/odisha/cherry-blossom-founder-deenbandhu-sahu-honoured-with-times-foundations-distinguished-leadership-honour-4600895 |title=Cherry blossom founder Deenbandhu Sahu honoured with Times Foundation's distinguished leadership honour |work=Janta Serishta |date=2026}}</ref>

He is an elected Fellow of multiple Indian science academies, including the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc) and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (FNAAS).<ref name="glimpse" />

== Early life and expeditions ==
Sahoo was part of the 7th Indian Scientific Expedition to [[Antarctica]] in 1987 and holds the distinction of being the first Indian student to visit the continent. During the expedition, he hoisted the Indian flag and contributed to the foundational work for India’s permanent research station, ''[[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]]''.<ref name="glimpse" /><ref name="janta2026" />

By the age of 27, he had travelled across all seven continents and five oceans within a record time of 18 months. Subsequently, he undertook two scientific expeditions to the [[Arctic]].<ref name="glimpse" />

== Academic and administrative career ==
Sahoo has held several key academic and administrative roles, primarily at the University of Delhi, including:
* Chairperson, Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Council<ref name="janta2026" />
* Head, Department of Botany<ref name="janta2026" />
* Founder Director, Centre for Himalayan Studies
* Director, Cluster Innovation Centre

He also served as the Vice Chancellor of [[Fakir Mohan University]], Odisha.

At the national level, he served as the Director of the [[Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development]] (IBSD), [[Department of Biotechnology]], Government of India (2014–2019), overseeing biodiversity conservation and bioresources management in the northeastern region of India.<ref name="sangai2024">{{cite news |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/1/16/IMPHAL-Jan-15Professor-Dinabandhu-Sahoo-from-University-of-Delhi-also-known-as-the-founder-of-Cherry-Bloss.html |title=Professor Dinabandhu Sahoo from University of Delhi also known as the founder of Cherry Blossom receives Top Sustainability Laureate Award |work=The Sangai Express |date=16 January 2024}}</ref> Sahoo has additionally held adjunct academic positions at the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar.

== Government advisory roles ==
He has served in advisory capacities to several Indian state governments, including:
* Scientific Adviser to the Chief Minister of [[Meghalaya]] (2019–2024)
* Adviser on Higher Education and Research, Government of [[Manipur]]
* Adviser on Climate Change, Government of Manipur

On 19 August 2015, he was part of a scientific delegation that presented on the sustainable development of Northeast India before the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].<ref name="glimpse" />

== Scientific contributions ==
Sahoo is recognized for promoting the application of science and technology at the grassroots level, particularly in coastal and rural communities. Actively involved in seaweed cultivation and utilization, he trained villagers in coastal states, a movement often referred to as a “Blue Revolution” in India.<ref name="glimpse" />

His inspirational journey and societal impact, titled ''Teach a Man to Fish'', was featured in the best-selling book ''I Have a Dream'', which has been translated into several Indian languages.<ref name="glimpse" />

== Public initiatives ==
=== Cherry Blossom Festival and Biodiversity ===
Sahoo is widely known as the "Cherry Blossom Man of India" for conceptualizing and organizing India’s first Cherry Blossom Festival in [[Shillong]] starting in 2016.<ref name="glimpse" /><ref name="janta2026" /> His efforts sparked a movement in the North East Himalayas that led to the planting of approximately 60,000 cherry blossom trees across the northeastern states. This initiative aimed to inspire environmental protection in fragile ecosystems, alongside boosting local economies and tourism.<ref name="sangai2024" /><ref name="janta2026" /> He was also instrumental in establishing a state-of-the-art orchidarium in Shillong.<ref name="glimpse" />

=== Carbon Garden ===
At the University of Delhi, Sahoo developed India’s first "Carbon Garden", an urban ecosystem model designed as a scalable, scientific response to toxic air pollution and declining soil quality. Occupying a compact 2,000 square feet, the garden features 45 to 50 perennial plant species, including hydrophytes and xerophytes, as well as a Kadamba tree airlifted from Bhubaneswar.<ref name="indiatoday2026">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/indias-first-carbon-garden-built-at-du-how-it-cleans-air-and-restores-soil-2866495-2026-02-11 |title=India's first Carbon Garden built at DU: How it cleans air and restores soil |work=India Today |date=11 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="toi2026">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dus-carbon-garden-offers-new-weapon-against-toxic-air/articleshow/129808068.cms |title=DU's Carbon Garden offers new weapon against toxic air |work=The Times of India |date=25 March 2026}}</ref>

Unlike traditional parks, the Carbon Garden functions as a self-sustaining natural filtration system year-round. It relies on microorganisms like algae, fungi, and bacteria living on plant surfaces to actively break down toxic gases such as methane and carbon monoxide.<ref name="indiatoday2026" /><ref name="toi2026" /> The model has been promoted at a national conference as a blueprint for creating "mini biodiversity parks" in densely populated, land-starved cities to mitigate health risks and serve as ecological fencing.<ref name="indiatoday2026" /><ref name="toi2026" />

Sahoo has delivered public talks on global warming and sustainability, including a [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] talk at IIM Shillong and a presentation at the National Assembly of South Korea.<ref name="glimpse" />

== Publications, awards, and honours ==
Sahoo has authored 13 books and published multiple research papers in botany and sustainability.<ref name="glimpse" /> For his contributions to applied science and technology, he was conferred with an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] (D.Sc.).<ref name="glimpse" />

His major recent awards include:
* '''Top Sustainability Laureate Award (2023):''' Presented by India Green Awards in Udaipur, for his work in sustainable development, climate change, and bioresources management.<ref name="sangai2024" />
* '''Distinguished Leadership Honour (2026):''' Conferred by the Times Foundation at the Times of India National CSR Summit in New Delhi, recognizing his outstanding impact and innovation in driving inclusive social change.<ref name="janta2026" />

=== Eponyms ===
In recognition of his extensive scientific contributions, several taxa have been named in his honour:
* ''Prunus dinabandhuana'' (a cherry blossom species)<ref name="janta2026" /><ref name="sangai2024" />
* ''Caulokaempferia dinabandhuensis'' (a new ginger species)<ref name="janta2026" /><ref name="glimpse" />
* ''Papilionanda Dinabandhu Sahoo'' (an orchid hybrid registered in the United Kingdom)<ref name="glimpse" />

== International engagement ==
Sahoo has engaged heavily in international academic and scientific collaborations, visiting as many as 38 countries and presenting or collaborating at over 80 institutions globally. His travels have spanned Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas.<ref name="glimpse" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Dinabandhu}}
[[Category:Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aegle marmelos

2026-04-25T17:07:52Z

Al202xis0: Created A Data

{{Short description|Species of tree, considered sacred by Hindus}}
{{About|the bael tree|the demon|Bael (demon)|the professional wrestler|Bael (wrestler)|other uses|Bael (disambiguation){{!}}Bael}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Bael
| image = Bael (Aegle marmelos) tree at Narendrapur W IMG 4116.jpg
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Aegle
| parent_authority = [[José Correia da Serra|Corrêa]]<ref>{{GRIN genus | name = ''Aegle'' | id = 228 | access-date = 20 June 2017}}</ref>
| species = marmelos
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[José Correia da Serra|Corrêa]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=1560|title=Taxon: ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa|publisher=GRIN Global, National Plant Germplasm System, US Department of Agriculture|date=19 September 2017|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Belou marmelos'' {{Au|(L.) A.Lyons}}
* ''Crateva marmelos'' {{Au|L.}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=GRIN/>
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>Plummer, J. (2020). ''Aegle marmelos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'' 2020: e.T156233789A156238207. {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T156233789A156238207.en}}. Downloaded on 07 March 2021.</ref>
}}

'''''Aegle marmelos''''', commonly known as '''bael''' ({{aka}} ''bel'', ''beli'', or ''bhel''),<ref name="FOI">{{cite web|url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bel.html|title=Aegle marmelos - Bel|website=Flowers of India|access-date=5 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521022522/http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bel.html|archive-date=21 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Wilder GP |year=2020 |title=Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands (original 1907) |publisher=Hawaiian Gazette, Library of Alexandria |isbn=1465583092 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRN1DZJPhuMC}}</ref> also '''Bengal quince''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''golden apple''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''Japanese bitter orange''',<ref name=UMelb>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Aegle.html|title=M.M.P.N.D. - Sorting Aegle names|work=unimelb.edu.au|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> '''stone apple'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bael: ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa |work=Philippine Medicinal Plants |url=http://www.stuartxchange.org/Bael}}</ref><ref name="Orwa" /> or '''wood apple''',<ref name=UMelb /> is a species of tree native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=GRIN/> It is present in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]],<ref name="hort" /> [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]] as a [[introduced species|naturalized species]].<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=hort>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/bael.html|title=Bael|author=Misra KK|date=1999|publisher=NewCROP, the New Crop Resource Online Program, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> The tree is considered to be sacred by [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]]. Bael is the only member of the monotypic genus '''''Aegle'''''.<ref name="hort" />

== Common names ==
The fruit has various common names, such as ''bael fruit'', ''Indian bael'', ''golden apple'', ''elephant apple'', ''Indian quince'', and ''stone apple''.<ref>Vijai Selvaraj, K.S. et al. (2024). ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa. In: Máthé, Á., Khan, I.A. (eds.). ''Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of India''. Vol. 3. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 11. Springer, Cham. p. 19. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-031-75661-0_2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lim |first=TK |date=2012 |chapter=''Aegle marmelos'' |title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants |publisher=Springer, Dordrecht |page=594 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_70|isbn=978-94-007-4052-5 }}</ref>

== Description ==

''Aegle marmelos'' is a [[deciduous]] shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to {{Convert|13|m|abbr=off}} tall with slender drooping branches and rather open, irregular crown.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Field guide to forest trees of Northern Thailand|last=Gardner|first=Simon|publisher=Kobfai Publishing Project|year=2007|isbn=978-974-8367-29-3|location=Bangkok|pages=102}}</ref>

=== Bark ===
The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is pale brown or grayish, smooth or finely fissured and flaking, armed with long straight spines, {{Convert|1.2–2.5|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} singly or in pairs, often with slimy sap oozing out from cut parts. The gum is also described as a clear, gummy sap, resembling gum arabic, which exudes from wounded branches and hangs down in long strands, becoming gradually solid. It is sweet at first taste and then irritating to the throat.<ref name="Orwa">{{Cite web|title=Aegle marmelos |work=Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0|last=Orwa|first=C|date=2009 |url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Aegle_marmelos.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095056/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Aegle_marmelos.PDF |archive-date=9 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Leaves ===
The [[leaf]] is trifoliate, alternate, each leaflet {{Convert|5–14|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} x {{Convert|2–6|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}}, ovate with tapering or pointed tip and rounded base, untoothed or with shallow rounded teeth. Young leaves are pale green or pinkish, finely hairy while mature leaves are dark green and completely smooth. Each leaf has 4–12 pairs of side veins which are joined at the margin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Padekar GS, Gughe DR, et al.|year=2023 |title=To Study Anthaelmintic Actiity of Aegle Marmalos |url=https://www.ijres.org/papers/Volume-11/Issue-6/1106314318.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science |volume=11 |issue=6 |issn=2320-9356 |eissn=2320-9364}}</ref>

=== Flowers ===
The flowers are 1.5 to 2 cm, pale green or yellowish, sweetly scented, bisexual, in short drooping unbranched clusters at the end of twigs and leaf axils. They usually appear with young leaves. The calyx is flat with 4(5) small teeth. The four or five petals of {{Convert|6–8|mm|frac=8}} overlap in the bud. Many stamens have short filaments and pale brown, short style anthers. The ovary is bright green with an inconspicuous disc.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Fruits ===
The fruit typically has a diameter of between {{Convert|5 and 10|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]], United States Department of the Army|year=2009 |isbn=9781493018642 |location=New York |pages=23 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> It is globose or slightly pear-shaped with a thick, hard rind and does not split upon ripening. The woody shell is smooth and green, gray until it is fully ripe when it turns yellow. Inside are 8 to 15 or 20 sections filled with aromatic orange pulp, each section with 6 (8) to 10 (15) flattened-oblong seeds each about 1 cm long, bearing woolly hairs and each enclosed in a sac of adhesive, transparent mucilage that solidifies on drying. The exact number of seeds varies in different publications. The fruit takes about 11 months to ripen on the tree, reaching maturity in December.<ref name=":0" /> It can reach the size of a large [[grapefruit]] or [[pomelo]], and some are even larger. The shell is so hard it must be cracked with a [[hammer]] or [[machete]]. The fibrous yellow pulp is aromatic. It has been described as tasting of [[marmalade]] and smelling of roses. Boning (2006) indicates that the flavor is "sweet, aromatic and pleasant, although tangy and slightly astringent in some varieties. It resembles a marmalade made, in part, with citrus and, in part, with tamarind."<ref>{{cite book|last=Boning|first=Charles|title=Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines|year=2006|publisher=Pineapple Press, Inc.|location=Sarasota, Florida|page=35}}</ref> Numerous hairy seeds are encapsulated in a slimy [[mucilage]].

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Bili Tree CM Farm Saldi.jpg|Tree
|Aegle marmelos plant.jpg|Small plant
|Bael (Aegle marmelos) leaf.jpg|Leaf
|Aegle marmelos bhel goldenApple JapaneseBbitterOrange stoneApple WoodApple 03.jpg|Leaves and fruit
|Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit at Narendrapur W IMG 4099.jpg|Ripe fruit, India
|Bael15 Mounts Asit.jpg|Fruit interior
|Bael fruit (Aegle marmelos) seeds.jpg|Ripe fruit dried seeds
|Dry Aegle marmelos--.jpg|Dry fruit slices
}}

=== Chemistry ===
The bael tree contains [[furocoumarins]], including [[xanthotoxol]] and the methyl ester of alloimperatorin, as well as [[flavonoid]]s, [[rutin]] and [[marmesin]]; a number of essential oils; and, among its alkaloids, ''á''-fargarine(=[[allocryptopine]]), ''O''-isopentenylhalfordinol, ''O''-methylhafordinol.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Rasadah Mat Ali |url=http://www.asean.org/uploads/archive/publications/aseanherbal2010.pdf |title=Aegle marmelos (L.): In ASEAN Herbal and Medicinal Plants (page 107) |author2=Zainon Abu Samah |author3=Nik Musaadah Mustapha |author4=Norhara Hussein |publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations |year=2010 |isbn=978-979-3496-92-4 |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |page=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612173850/http://www.asean.org/uploads/archive/publications/aseanherbal2010.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref> Aegeline (N-[2-hydroxy-2(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide) is a constituent that can be [[extract]]ed from bael leaves.<ref name="drugtest">{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Chatham-Stephens K, Taylor E, Chang A, Peterson A, Daniel J, Martin C, Deuster P, Noe R, Kieszak S, Schier J, Klontz K, Lewis L |year=2017 |title=Hepatotoxicity associated with weight loss or sports dietary supplements, including OxyELITE Pro - United States, 2013 |journal=Drug Test Anal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1002/dta.2036 |pmc=5579712 |pmid=27367536}}</ref><ref name="avula">{{cite journal |last1=Avula |first1=B |last2=Chittiboyina |first2=A. G |last3=Wang |first3=Y. H |last4=Sagi |first4=S |last5=Raman |first5=V |last6=Wang |first6=M |last7=Khan |first7=I. A |display-authors=3 |year=2016 |title=Simultaneous Determination of Aegeline and Six Coumarins from Different Parts of the Plant ''Aegle marmelos'' Using UHPLC-PDA-MS and Chiral Separation of Aegeline Enantiomers Using HPLC-ToF-MS |journal=Planta Medica |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=580–8 |doi=10.1055/s-0042-103160 |pmid=27054911 |bibcode=2016PlMed..82..580A |s2cid=205000525}}</ref> Aeglemarmelosine has been isolated as an orange viscous oil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laphookhieo |first=Surat |year=2011 |title=Chemical constituents from ''Aegle marmelos'' |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-50532011000100024&lng=en&nrm=iso |journal=J. Braz. Chem. Soc. [online] |volume=22 |pages=176–178}}</ref>

== Habit and habitat ==

[[File:Trunks and leaves of Indian bael (Aegle marmelos).jpg|thumb|200px|Trunks and leaves of Indian bael (Aegle marmelos) in [[West Bengal]], India.]]
''Aegle marmelos'' is native across the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]], and is cultivated throughout [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tamilnadu]], Thailand, and [[Malesia]].<ref name="GRIN" /> Studies indicate the origin of the bael fruit in India, in the [[Eastern Ghats]] and in the [[Central India|central]] to [[Northern India|northern]] parts of the country.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Arid fruits |first1=P. L. |last1=Saroj |first2=R. |last2=Kumar |title=Fruit and Nut Crops |series=Handbooks of Crop Diversity: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources |editor1=P. E. Rajasekharan |editor2=V. Ramanatha Rao |publisher=Springer Nature |date=2024 |pages=619 |isbn=9789819953486}}</ref><ref>Vijai Selvaraj, K.S. et al. (2024). "Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa". In: Máthé, Á., Khan, I.A. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of India, Vol. 3. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 11. Springer, Cham. pp. 21-22. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-031-75661-0_2}}</ref><ref>Bobade, H., Sharma, S., Singh, A. (2020). "Indian Bael". In: Nayik, G.A., Gull, A. (eds) Antioxidants in Fruits: Properties and Health Benefits. Springer, Singapore. p. 137. {{doi|10.1007/978-981-15-7285-2_8}}</ref> In this country, states where the bael fruit is grown include Uttar Pradesh, states in Eastern India (Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Orissa), as well as in the Himalayan foothills, the Deccan plateau and the Indo-Gangetic plains.<ref>Vijai Selvaraj, K.S. et al. (2024). "Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa". In: Máthé, Á., Khan, I.A. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of India, Vol. 3. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 11. Springer, Cham. pp. 21-22. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-031-75661-0_2}}</ref><ref>Bobade, H., Sharma, S., Singh, A. (2020). "Indian Bael". In: Nayik, G.A., Gull, A. (eds) Antioxidants in Fruits: Properties and Health Benefits. Springer, Singapore. p. 137. {{doi|10.1007/978-981-15-7285-2_8}}</ref>

It occurs in dry, open [[forests]] on hills and plains at altitudes from {{convert|0|–|1,200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} with mean annual rainfall of {{convert|570|-|2,000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Orwa" /><ref name="hort" /> It has a reputation in India for being able to grow in places that other trees cannot. It copes with a wide range of soil conditions ([[pH]] range 5–10), is tolerant of waterlogging and has an unusually wide temperature tolerance from {{convert|-7|–|48|C|F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="hort" /> It requires a pronounced dry season to give fruit.

== Toxicity ==

Aegeline is a known constituent of the bael leaf and consumed as a [[dietary supplement]] with the intent to produce weight loss.<ref name="drugtest" /><ref name="avula" /> In 2013, the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), the Department of Defense Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, and [[Hawaii]] state and local health officials identified an outbreak of 97 persons with acute non-viral [[hepatitis]] that first emerged in Hawaii. Seventy-two of these persons had reported using the [[dietary supplement]] OxyElite Pro, containing aegeline, which was manufactured by the [[Dallas]]-based company USPlabs.<ref name="drugtest" /><ref name="FDA2014">{{cite web |date=30 July 2014 |title=FDA Investigation Summary: Acute Hepatitis Illnesses Linked to Certain OxyElite Pro Products |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Outbreaks/ucm370849.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114154924/https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Outbreaks/ucm370849.htm |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> FDA had previously taken action against an earlier formulation of OxyElite Pro because it contained [[dimethylamylamine]], a stimulant that FDA had determined to be an [[adulterant]] when included in dietary supplements, and could cause high blood pressure and lead to heart attacks, seizures, psychiatric disorders, and death.<ref name="FDA2014" /> USPlabs subsequently reformulated this product without informing the FDA or submitting the required safety data for a new dietary ingredient.<ref name="FDA2014" />

Doctors at the Liver Center at [[The Queen's Medical Center]] investigating the first cases in Hawaii reported that between May and September 2013, eight previously healthy individuals presented themselves at their center suffering from a drug-induced liver injury.<ref name="drugtest" /><ref name="Roytman2014">{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Roytman MM, Pörzgen P, Lee CL, Huddleston L, Kuo TT, Bryant-Greenwood P, Wong LL, Tsai N |date=August 2014 |title=Outbreak of severe hepatitis linked to weight-loss supplement OxyELITE Pro |journal=Am J Gastroenterol |volume=109 |issue=8 |pages=1296–8 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2014.159 |pmid=25091255 |s2cid=28252720}}</ref> All of these patients had been using the reformulated OxyElite Pro, which they had purchased from different sources, and which had different lot numbers and expiration dates, at doses within the manufacturer's recommendation.<ref name="drugtest" /><ref name="Roytman2014" /> Three of these patients developed fulminant liver failure, two underwent urgent liver transplantation, and one died.<ref name="drugtest" /><ref name="Roytman2014" /> The number of such cases ultimately rose to 44 in Hawaii.<ref name="drugtest" /><ref name="Roytman2014" /> In January 2014, leaders from the Queen's Liver Center informed state lawmakers that they were almost certain that aegeline was the agent responsible for these cases,<ref name="Daysong2014">{{cite news |last1=Daysong |first1=Rick |date=January 28, 2014 |title=Months after recall, new OxyElite Pro illnesses reported |work=Hawaii News Now |url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/24561216/exclusive |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> but the [[mechanism of action|mechanism]] of how aegeline may damage the liver has not been isolated.<ref name="drugtest" />

== Uses ==

=== Culinary ===
Rich in [[vitamin C]],<ref name=":0" /> the fruits can be eaten either fresh from trees or after being [[drying|dried]] and produced into candy, [[toffee]], pulp powder or [[nectar]].<ref name="hort" /> If fresh, the juice is [[strainer|strained]] and [[Food sweetening|sweetened]] to make a drink similar to [[lemonade]].<ref name=":0" /> The juice can be made into [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]], also called ''[[Bela Pana|bela pana]]''.

=== Traditional medicine ===

The leaves, bark, roots, fruits, and seeds are used in [[traditional medicine]] to treat various illnesses.<ref name="hort" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Dev |first=S. |date=2023 |chapter=Aegle marmelos |title=Prime Ayurvedic Plant Drugs |publisher=Springer, Cham |page=77 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-22075-3_7|isbn=978-3-031-22074-6 }}</ref>

==In culture==
[[File:Aikya Linga in Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Leaves used in the worship of a [[lingam]], the icon of Shiva]]

Bael is considered to be one of the sacred trees of Hindus,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panda|first1=H|title=Medicinal Plants Cultivation & Their Uses|date=2002|publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.|isbn=9788178330969|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYyuAwAAQBAJ}}</ref> (known in [[Sanskrit]] as बिल्व {{IAST|bilva}}<ref name=SED>{{cite dictionary |year=1981 |title=बिल ''bil'' |dictionary=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |place=Delhi, Varanasi, Patna |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW72&page=0684-c |page=684 |last1=Monier-Williams |first1=Monier}}</ref>), and thus they are used in Hindu rites.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peg|first1=Streep|title=Spiritual Gardening: Creating Sacred Space Outdoors|date=2003|publisher=New World Library|isbn=9781930722248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olAvkAfA3zIC}}</ref><ref name=bakh>{{cite book|last1=Bakhru|first1=HK|title=Foods That Heal|date=1995|publisher=Orient Paperbacks|isbn=9788122200331|pages=28–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyqzV-tcDRQC}}</ref> Earliest evidence of the religious importance of bael appears in the ''[[Śrī Sūkta|Sri Sukta]]'' of the [[Rig Veda|Rigveda]], which reveres this plant as the residence of goddess [[Lakshmi]], the deity of wealth and prosperity.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Astrological Magazine, Volume 92|date=2003|publisher=Raman Publications|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7Z-AAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Bael trees are also considered an incarnation of the goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp1BCwAAQBAJ&q=bel+tree+parvati&pg=PT70|isbn = 9780834824232|date = 2003-10-14| publisher=Shambhala Publications }}</ref> Bael trees can be usually seen near Hindu temples and home gardens.<ref>{{cite book|last1=S.M. Jain|first1=K. Ishii|title=Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits Volume 75 of Forestry Sciences|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789401001250}}</ref> It is believed that [[Shiva]] is fond of bael trees, to a point of having earned the epithet बिल्वदण्ड ''Bilvadaṇḍa'' or "bel-[[staff of office|staff]]ed".<ref name=SED/> Its leaves and fruit still play a main role in his worship, because the leaf's trifoliate shape is seen to symbolise his [[Trishula|trident]]. Another belief is that the trifoliate shape of Bael leaf is symbolic representation of three eyes of [[Lord Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lim|first1=T. K.|title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, F0000000000ruits Volume 4 of Edible Medicinal and Non-medicinal Plants: Fruits|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400740532|page=613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4KuB3iGmbwC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Aegle marmelos, Bilva |title=Plant myths and traditions in India |last=Gupta |first=Shakti M. |date=1971 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page=21}}</ref>

In the traditional practice of the Hindu and Buddhist religions by people of the [[Newar people|Newar]] culture of [[Nepal]], the bael tree is part of a [[fertility]] ritual for [[girl]]s known as the ''[[Ehee|Bel Bibaaha]]''. Girls are "married" to the bael fruit; as long as the fruit is kept safe and never cracks, the girl can never become widowed, even if her human husband dies. This is a ritual that guarantees the high status of widows in the Newar community compared to other women in Nepal.<ref>{{cite book | author = Gutschow, Niels | author2 = Michaels, Axel | author3 = Bau, Christian | name-list-style = amp | year = 2008 | chapter = The Girl's Hindu Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi ''and'' The Girl's Buddhist Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DK-eoCXM_WsC | title = Growing Up—Hindu and Buddhist Initiation Ritual among Newar Children in Bhaktapur, Nepal | location = Wiesbaden, GER | publisher = Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | isbn = 978-3447057523 | pages = 93–173 }}</ref>

The fruit appears in the Buddhist scriptures as the ''Daddabha [[Jataka]]'' (J 322). In it, [[the Buddha]] tells an early version of the [[Henny Penny]] story, in which a hare is frighted by the fruit falling on a palm leaf.

== See also ==
* [[The Belbati Princess]]
* [[The Story of a Fairy and a Prince (Shan folktale)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Akbar |first=Shahid |date=2020 |chapter=Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa (Rutaceae) |title=Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants |publisher=Springer, Cham |pages=109–122 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-16807-0_12|isbn=978-3-030-16806-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Blancke |first=Rolf |title=Tropical Fruits and Other Edible Plants of the World: An Illustrated Guide |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=2016 |page=10 |doi=10.7591/9781501704284-002}}
* Bobade, H., Sharma, S., Singh, A. (2020). "Indian Bael". In: Nayik, G.A., Gull, A. (eds) Antioxidants in Fruits: Properties and Health Benefits. Springer, Singapore. pp. 135-161. {{doi|10.1007/978-981-15-7285-2_8}}
* {{cite book |last=Dev |first=S. |date=2023 |chapter=Aegle marmelos |title=Prime Ayurvedic Plant Drugs |publisher=Springer, Cham |pages=75–82 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-22075-3_7|isbn=978-3-031-22074-6 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Aegle marmelos, Bilva |title=Plant myths and traditions in India |last=Gupta |first=Shakti M. |date=1971 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |pages=21–24}}
* {{cite book |last=Lim |first=T.K. |date=2012 |chapter=Aegle marmelos |title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants |publisher=Springer, Dordrecht |pages=594–618 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_70|isbn=978-94-007-4052-5 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Arid fruits |first1=P. L. |last1=Saroj |first2=R. |last2=Kumar |title=Fruit and Nut Crops |series=Handbooks of Crop Diversity: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources |editor1=P. E. Rajasekharan |editor2=V. Ramanatha Rao |publisher=Springer Nature |date=2024 |pages=611–636 [619–620] |isbn=9789819953486}}
* Vijai Selvaraj, K.S. et al. (2024). "Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa". In: Máthé, Á., Khan, I.A. (eds.). ''Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of India''. Vol. 3. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 11. Springer, Cham. pp. 17-29. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-031-75661-0_2}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q234126|from2=Q3090671}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aurantioideae]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Crops originating from India]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Trees of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of the Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Plants in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]

Kakinada Urban Development Authority

2026-04-23T08:30:37Z

Al202xis0: adding some info basic info

{{Short description|Urban planning agency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Kakinada Urban Development Authority (KAUDA)
| nativename =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 4 November 2016
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| headquarters = [[Kakinada]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|57|58|N|82|15|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = R. C. Deepthi
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| agency_type = Urban Planning Agency
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|kauda.ap.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Kakinada Urban Development Authority''' (KAUDA), previously known as '''Godavari Urban Development Authority''' (GUDA), is an [[urban planning]] agency spread over the district of Kakinada in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Godavari Urban Development Authority with headquarters at Godavari|url=http://urban.ap.gov.in/MAUD/Gazettee%20No.818.pdf|website=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118222806/http://urban.ap.gov.in/MAUD/Gazettee%20No.818.pdf|archivedate=18 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Godavari urban authority being formed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Godavari-urban-authority-being-formed/article16672836.ece|accessdate=18 January 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> It was constituted on 4 November 2016, under Andhra Pradesh Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authority Act, 2020 with the headquarters located at [[Kakinada]]. R. C. Deepthi as Chairperson.<ref name="profile" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Four urban development authorities on the way|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/four-urban-development-authorities-on-the-way/article9236596.ece|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=19 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==
The jurisdictional area of KAUDA is spread over an area of {{convert|4387.66|sqkm|abbr=on}} and it covers 598 villages in 53 [[mandal]]s of the district. The urban local bodies in the jurisdiction covers, two municipal corporations of [[Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation|Rajahmundry]] and [[Kakinada Municipal Corporation|Kakinada]]; municipalities viz., [[Samalkot]], [[Peddapuram]] [[Pithapuram]], Ramachandrapuram, Mandapeta, Yeleswaram, Amalapuram, Mummidivaram, Tuni.<ref name="profile" />

Recent notification by Govt. (28/01/2020) which increase the purview of KAUDA.

ULBs:{{clarify|What are ULBs?|date=October 2020}}

1 [[Amalapuram]]

2 [[Mandapeta]]

3 [[Mummidivaram Mandal|Mummidivaram]]

4 [[Yeleswaram]]

No. of Villages and Areas (km2) Covered Recently in Different Mandals.

1 Kadiam 3 villages 20.12

2 Mandapeta 6 villages 44.51

3 Anaparti 6 villages 29.99

4 Biccavolu 6 villages 31.88

5 Pedapudi 10 villages 45.17

6 Yeleswaram (Part) 5 villages 32.60

7 Alamuru 15 villages 78.32

8 Kapileswararapuram 15 villages 104.25

9 Rayavaram 10 villages 79.83

10 Pamarru 24 villages 98.62

11 Kajuluru 20 villages 116.36

12 Amalapuram 16 villages 75.14

13 Kakinada Rural (Part) 2 villages (Part) 5.18

14 Thondangi (Part) 1 village (Part) 8.87

15 Mummidivaram 10 villages 70.69

16 Uppalaguptam (Part) 3 villages 19.08

17 Gokavaram 15 villages 166.34

18 Razole (Part) 9 villages 54.07

19 I.Polavaram 11 villages 128.19

20 Tuni 11 villages 65.20

21 Allavaram (Part) 3 villages 21.35

22 Mamidikuduru (Part) 14 villages 58.25

23 Seethanagaram 12 villages 138.87

24 Korukonda 9 villages 91.78

24. Pithapuram Rural 25 villages 197.9
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]

Guntur East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:03Z

Al202xis0: added new details!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guntur East
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (95- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Guntur East Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Mohammed Naseer Ahmed]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| reservation = None
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 95
| electors = 2,50,790<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2024|title=AC Wise Number of Electors|date=2024|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| type = SLA
}}

'''Guntur East''' is a constituency in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Mohammed Naseer Ahmed]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 2,50,790 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors"/> The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<ref>{{cite web|title=DELIMITATION COMMISSION OF INDIA |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Draft/AndhraPradesh/AP_Draft_Notification.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=15|format=pdf}}</ref>{{Rp|15}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Susarla|first1=Ramesh|title=Delimitation proposals: Guntur district to lose 2 Assembly seats |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/19/stories/2005071915870300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141011060459/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/19/stories/2005071915870300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=11 October 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 July 2005}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
It covers [[Guntur mandal]] (Part), [[Guntur]] ([[Municipal corporation|M.Corp]]) (Part) and [[Guntur]] ([[Municipal corporation|M.Corp]]) – Ward No.7 to 23.<ref>{{cite web|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008
|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22|format=pdf}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Guntur mandal]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Shaik Mastan Vali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Mohammad Musthafa Shaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Mohammed Naseer Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Mohammed Naseer Ahmed]]
|votes = 1,00,815
|percentage = 56.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Noori Fathima
|votes = 68,853
|percentage = 38.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shaik Mastan Valli
|votes = 5,239
|percentage = 2.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes= 1,215|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,962
|percentage = 17.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,491
|percentage = 70.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Mohammad Musthafa Shaik]]
|votes = 77,047
|percentage = 47.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Mohammad Nazeer
|votes = 54,956
|percentage = 34.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Zia Ur Rahman Shaik
|votes = 21,508
|percentage = 13.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,091
|percentage = 13.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,522
|percentage = 70.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Mohammad Musthafa Shaik]]|votes=74,131|percentage=47.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Maddali Giridhar Rao]]|votes=70,980|percentage=45.63|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,151|percentage=2.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,55,549|percentage=68.59|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shaik Mastan Vali|votes=45,586|percentage=38.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Shaik Showkat|votes=36,574|percentage=30.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=SM Ziyauddin|votes=29,926|percentage=25.24|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,012|percentage=7.60|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=118831|percentage=64.69|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|16.30|80.45|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Guntur]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Abdul Khaleque (scholar)

2026-04-18T19:36:52Z

Al202xis0: Created New Article

{{Short description|Pakistani Islamic preacher and politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] [[Mawlānā]]
| name = Abdul Khaleque
| honorific_suffix = Chhaturavi
| image =
| assembly = East Bengal Legislative
| governor = [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] [[Iskander Mirza]] [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1blankdata =
| 1namedata = [[Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq|A.K. Fazlul Huq]] [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]
| constituency_AM = Brahmanbaria South-East Muslim
| term_start = 1954
| term_end = 1955
| predecessor = ''constituency created''
| successor =
| birth_date = 1892
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Meghna Division|Tipperah District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1955|4|2|1892|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dacca]], [[East Bengal]], Dominion of Pakistan
| death_cause =
| spouse =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| parents =
| resting_place = [[Chhatura]]
| citizenship = [[Pakistan]]
| children = Two sons
| alma_mater = [[Comilla Hossamia Madrasa]] [[Ishwar Pathshala]] [[Comilla Victoria Government College]] [[University of Dhaka]]{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}
| occupation = [[Professor]], [[Translator]], [[Islamic scholar]]
| awards =
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox religious biography | embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| education = [[Fazil examination|Jamiyat-e-Ula]] [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Master of Arts]]
| teachers =
| order = Chhatura Sharif
| disciple_of = [[Sadr Uddin Ahmad Shaheed]], [[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique|Abu Bakr Siddique]]
| influenced = Burhanuddin
}}
}}

'''Abdul Khaleque''' was a social reformer, Islamic preacher, educator, philosopher, Sufi personality, politician, and writer. He was born in 1892 in the village of Chhatura, in the [[Meghna Division|Tipperah District]] of [[Bengal Presidency]], British India (now in [[Akhaura Upazila]], [[Brahmanbaria District]], Bangladesh).

== Career ==
He began his career as a Persian professor at [[Feni Government College]]. Later, he served as a professor and administrator at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College, Kolkata]], [[Lady Brabourne College]], and [[Eden Mohila College|Dhaka Eden Girls' College]]. Between 1925 and 1949, he worked at various educational institutions.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Mawlana Khaleque was also the chief disciple of [[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique|Mawlana Abu Bakr Siddique]] of [[Furfura Sharif]] and actively preached Islam across different regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

He was master of [[Noor Muhammad Nizampuri]]. After Pakistan's independence in 1947, the Taleemat-e-Islami Board was formed to adapt Islamic legal structure to the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first Pakistani constitution]]. He was a member of it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://parwana.net/nijampuri/|title=মর্দে মুজাহিদ সূফী নূর মুহাম্মাদ নিজামপুরী (র.) : জীবন ও অবদান|trans-title=Marde Mujahid Sufi Noor Muhammad Nizampuri (R.A.): Life and Contributions|language=bn|first=Masuk|last=Ahmed|date=6 May 2021|newspaper=Parwana}}</ref>

In the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly election]] of 1954, he contested as an independent candidate and defeated opponents from both the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] and the [[Muslim League (1947-1958)|Pakistan Muslim League]] to secure a seat in the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news|title=নির্ব্বাচনের ফলাফল|trans-title=Election Results|language=bn|newspaper=[[The Azad]]|page=5|date=18 March 1954}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Mawlana Abdul Khaleq authored many books, including the renowned ''Sirajus Salikin'' and ''[[Sayyidul Mursalin]]''. He translated ''Munabbihat'' into Bengali and wrote ''Guncha-e-Farsi'' and ''Durratul Adab'', which were once part of the Kolkata Education Board curriculum.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Personal life ==
He had two sons. One, Abdul Quddus, retired as a Brigadier from the [[Bangladesh Army]], while the other was Mosabber Hossain Kawsar.<ref>{{cite web |title=ছতুরা দরবার শরীফের মাহফিলে মানুষের ঢল| trans-title=Mass Gathering at Chhatura Sharif's Mahfil |language=bn| website= [[Daily Inqilab]] | date=18 February 2018 | url=https://old.dailyinqilab.com/article/117823/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%B2 }}</ref> His grandson Jahid Quddus was the chairman of [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://amaderbrahmanbaria.com/2015/02/15/47287.htm|title=ছতুরা দরবার শরীফের মাহফিল সোমবার|trans-title=Chhatura Darbar Sharif's Mahfil on Monday|language=bn|date=15 February 2015|work=Amader Brahmanbaria}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
He died on 2 April 1955, at his residence in [[Bakshi Bazar, Dhaka]]. After his death, his shrine was established in chhaturaura, which is now known as the Chhatura Darbar Sharif Complex.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

According to legends, water from of his residence mixed with the pond situated near his shrine is believed to have healing properties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://jamuna.tv/news/459842|title=আখাউড়ায় পুকুরের পানি পানেই রোগমুক্তির দাবি! চিকিৎসকরা বলছেন ভিন্ন কথা|trans-title=Healing Claims Surrounding Akhaura's Pond Water! Contradicted by Medical Experts |language=bn|date=27 May 2023|work=[[Jamuna TV]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalek (Pir), Abdul}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Death in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Translators from Persian]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Eden Mohila College]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:People from Brahmanbaria District]]
[[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1954–1958]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]

Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti

2026-04-15T07:38:51Z

Al202xis0: Added new details w/ refs

{{Short description|Sufi tomb of Moinuddin Chishti at Ajmer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti
| native_lang =
| native_lang_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| sect = [[Sufism]]
| festivals = ''[[Urs festival, Ajmer]]'' {{small|(''[[Rajab]]'')}}
| image = Dargah of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti Ajmer India (5).JPG
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The tomb of [[Moinuddin Chishti]]
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|26.45613|N|74.62817|E|region:IN-RJ_type:landmark|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the ''[[dargah]]'' complex in [[Rajasthan]]
| location = [[Ajmer]], [[Ajmer district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| administration = Ajmer Dargah Committee
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Dargah|Sufi mausoleum]] and [[mosque]]
| leadership =
| ownership = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| website = {{URL|ajmerdargahsharif.com}}
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| established =
| year_completed = 1236 [[common era|CE]]
| construction_cost =
| facade_direction = West
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = One
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = One
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| shrine_quantity = {{ubl|One {{small|([[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Chishti]])}};|{{nowrap|8 additional tombs}}}}
| materials =
| image_size =
| year_construction begins =
| Tomb_quantity =
}}

The '''Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti''', also known as the '''Ajmer Dargah Shareef''', is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[dargah]] complex incorporating the [[Sufi shrine|shrine]] of [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]], several tombs, and a [[mosque]], located at [[Ajmer]], in the state of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2015 |title=Barack Obama offers 'chadar' at Ajmer Dargah Sharif for Chishty's 803rd Urs |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-barack-obama-offers-chadar-at-ajmer-dargah-sharif-for-chishty-s-803rd-urs-2078728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101195107/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-barack-obama-offers-chadar-at-ajmer-dargah-sharif-for-chishty-s-803rd-urs-2078728 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2018 |work=DNA India}}</ref> The shrine is significant and it is one of the most popular sites of religious visitation for Sunni Muslims in the Indian subcontinent that can attract up to 20,000 pilgrims per day, swelling to hundred of thousands on Chishti's ''[[urs]]''.

== Background ==
{{Main|Mu'in al-Din Chishti}}
Moinuddin Chishti was a 13th-century [[Sufi saint]] and philosopher. Born in [[Sanjar, Iran|Sanjar]] (of modern-day [[Iran]]), or in [[Sistan]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Ashirbadi Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVU1AQAAIAAJ|title=Medieval Indian Culture|date=1964|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=80|quote=Born in Sijistan about 1141.|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519162709/https://books.google.com/books?id=vVU1AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> he arrived in [[Delhi]] during the reign of the [[Sultan]] [[Iltutmish]] (d. 1236). Moinuddin moved from Delhi to [[Ajmer]] shortly thereafter, at which point he became increasingly influenced by the writings of the famous [[Sunni]] [[Hanbali]] [[Ulama|scholar]] and [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari|ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī]] (d. 1088), whose famous work on the lives of the early Islamic saints, the ''Ṭabāqāt al-ṣūfiyya'', may have played a role in shaping Moinuddin's worldview. It was during his time in Ajmer that Moinuddin acquired the reputation of being a charismatic and compassionate spiritual preacher and teacher; biographical accounts of his life written after his death report that he received the gifts of many "spiritual marvels (''karāmāt''), such as miraculous travel, clairvoyance, and visions of angels" in these years of his life.

==History==
[[File:Basawan - Akbar visits the tomb of Khwajah Mu'in ad-Din Chishti at Ajmer - Google Art Project.jpg|left|thumb|[[Akbar]] visiting the tomb of Khwajah Mu'in ad-Din Chishti at Ajmer - 16th century painting by [[Basawan]]]]
Moinuddin seems to have been unanimously regarded as a great saint after his passing. The tomb (''dargāh'') of Muʿīn al-Dīn became a deeply venerated site in the century following the preacher's death in March 1236. Honoured by members of all social classes, the tomb was treated with great respect by the era's most important Sunni rulers. The 13th-century [[Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]] paid a famous visit to the tomb in 1232 to commemorate the memory of the saint. In a similar way, the later [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] (d. 1605) visited the shrine no less than fourteen times during his reign. He also made a pilgrimage to this tomb in 1566, with his Hindu consort, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] barefoot in the hopes of having sons born to them.<ref>{{harvnb|Findly|1993|p=189}}: "Jahangir opened his memoirs with a tribute to the Sufi, calling him 'the fountainhead of most of the saints of India', and in late 1608 he recalled his father's pilgrimage with Mariam-uz-Zamani to Khawja Moinuddin Chisti's shrine in hopes of sons by making his own pilgrimage to Akbar's tomb in Sikandra."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Si0KAQAAIAAJ |title=Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment |date=1964 |publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> He also reconstructed the tomb's [[sanctum sanctorum]] in 1579. Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Jahanara later renovated the structure.<ref name="HinduFuture19">{{Cite news|last=Tankha|first=Madhur|date=3 September 2019|title=The future of the Ajmer dargah|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-future-of-the-ajmer-dargah/article29322057.ece|access-date=25 July 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725200136/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-future-of-the-ajmer-dargah/article29322057.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar Rao Scindia added residences as he believed the khwaja had blessed him with a son. Structures were also built by [[Baiza Bai|Maharani Baiza Bai Scindia]] in the 18th century and [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] of Jodhpur in 1709. An elegant covering over the ''dargah'' was constructed in 1800 by the [[Maharaja of Baroda]].<ref name="HudaPage64">{{harvp|Huda|2003|page=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Safvi |first=Rana |title=In Search of the Divine: Living Histories of Sufism in India |publisher=Hachette India |year=2022 |isbn=9789393701114 |language=English}}</ref>

Local and national rulers came to pray here, the ''dargah'' grew in popularity and size over the years.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Rippin|editor-first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUu04ozMXOcC|title=The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7844-0|page=357|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519162710/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUu04ozMXOcC|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Razia Sultana]], [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], [[Sher Shah Suri]], and Akbar, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] and his descendants [[Jahangir]], [[Shah Jahan]], [[Aurangzeb]], [[Dara Shikoh]] and [[Jahanara Begum]] were known to have visited the shrine.<ref name="HinduInShrine19">{{Cite news|last=Safvi|first=Rana|date=17 February 2019|title=In the Chishti shrine in Ajmer|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/in-the-chishti-shrine-in-ajmer/article26292437.ece|access-date=26 July 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081201/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/in-the-chishti-shrine-in-ajmer/article26292437.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Dewan_Syed_Zainul_Abedin_Chisti_Ajmeri.JPG|thumb|Head priest of the shrine, Dewan Syed Zainul Abedin Chisti Ajmeri]]
In the present day, the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti continues to be one of the most popular sites of religious visitation for Sunni Muslims in the Indian subcontinent, with over "hundreds of thousands of people from all over the Indian sub-continent assembling there on the occasion of [the saint's] ''ʿurs'' or death anniversary." Additionally, the site also attracts many [[Hindu]]s, who have also venerated the Islamic saint since the medieval period.

In 2019, the [[Hindustan Zinc Limited]] decided to renovate the complex under the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]], including many plans specifically targeted at sanitation and hygiene.<ref name="HinduFuture19" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Rakhi|title=Ajmer Sharif Dargah to be revamped into a Swacch Iconic Place|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ajmer-sharif-dargah-to-be-revamped-into-a-swacch-iconic-place/articleshow/65637939.cms|date=1 September 2018|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112155400/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ajmer-sharif-dargah-to-be-revamped-into-a-swacch-iconic-place/articleshow/65637939.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The white marble dome of Chishti's shrine, as seen today, was built in 1532. This date is inscribed in golden letters on the Northern wall of the dargah. It is an example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] and the dome features a lotus and a crown of gold, donated by Rampur's Nawab Haider Ali Khan.<ref name="HinduInShrine19" /> It is located in the Ihaata Noorani ({{Translation|Quarter of Light}}) of the complex.<ref name="HinduInShrine19" /> Materials used to build it include marble, brick and sandstone. The dargah has a royal darbar, Mehfil Khana, that was constructed in 1888. It is a square structure and has a patterned ceiling.<ref name="HinduFuture19" /> Jahanara Begum donated the dargah's left facet (Begumi Dalaan),<ref name="OutlookTravellerQuickGuide15" /> the railing around the dargah and also constructed a small platform, the Begumi Chabutra. The sanctum of the dargah has two doors. The canopy made of [[mother-of-pearl]] and silver was commissioned by Jahangir and is visible from the [[cenotaph]]'s four silver posts.<ref name="HinduInShrine19" /> The ceiling is etched with gold and in 1888, the walls were [[gilded]].<ref name="OutlookTravellerQuickGuide15" />

The complex has multiple structures and has eight entrance gates. However, only three of these are in use.<ref name="DHJourney12">{{Cite web|date=5 April 2012|title=The journey to Ajmer Sharif - from Akbar to Zardari|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/239751/journey-ajmer-sharif-akbar-zardari.html|access-date=25 July 2020|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812011528/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/239751/journey-ajmer-sharif-akbar-zardari.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nizam Gate, a yellow structure with floral designs,<ref name="HinduInShrine19" /> is the main gate and was donated by the 7th [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] in 1911. An older gate, the Shahjahani Gate, was donated by the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="RediffMusharaff01">{{Cite web|title=Musharraf seeks brush with the divine in Ajmer|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/16inpak4.htm|first=Basharat|last=Peer|date=16 July 2001|access-date=26 July 2020|website=Rediff|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105938/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/16inpak4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It marked the expansion of the shrine complex beyond the Buland Darwaza,{{efn|This "high gate" or "buland darwaza" should not be confused with Akbar's more famous [[Buland Darwaza]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]].}}<ref name="HinduFuture19" /> built by Sultan [[Mahmud Khalji]].{{efn|Sultan Mahmood Khilji II (Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II) ruled [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] from 1510 to 1531.}}<ref name="RediffMusharaff01" /> Other gates include the Madar Gate and the Delhi Gate.<ref name="ToIUrsPreps11">{{Cite news |date=13 May 2011 |title=Preparations for Urs in full swing at Ajmer dargah |location=Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Preparations-for-Urs-in-full-swing-at-Ajmer-dargah/articleshow/8279648.cms |access-date=26 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930205054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Preparations-for-Urs-in-full-swing-at-Ajmer-dargah/articleshow/8279648.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jannati Darwaza is a door made of silver that is used only on rare occasions.<ref name="OutlookTravellerQuickGuide15" /> It is also referred to as the Bihisti Darwaza.<ref name="HudaUrsFestival" />

The complex has eight tombs besides that of Chishti, belonging to members of his family.<ref name="DHJourney12" /> Some of these include Chishti's daughter Bibi Hafiza Jamal and Nizam Sikka, who was a water-carrier who saved Humayun's life.<ref name="OutlookTravellerQuickGuide15" /> A huge chandelier, Sahn Chirag, was commissioned by Akbar. The ''Ahaat-e-Noor'' is a large courtyard where religious functions are held and ''[[qawwali]]s'' are sung.<ref name="RediffMusharaff01" /> Near the Nizam Gate is the ''Naqqar Khana'' ({{Translation|drum house}}) where music was once played from to greet visitors. A large silver chandelier was donated by the [[Golden Temple]]. The Akbari Mosque is made of red sandstone and was probably commissioned by Akbar. A more elegant mosque was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1637<ref name="HinduInShrine19" /> and is called the Jami Masjid. It is made of white marble. The Sandali Masjid was constructed by Aurangzeb. The complex also has a [[Langar Khana]] and a Mahfil Khana (assembly hall for ''qawwals'', opened only during the urs).<ref name="OutlookTravellerQuickGuide15">{{Cite web|title=Quick Guide: Ajmer, Rajasthan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/47205/quick-guide-ajmer-rajasthan|access-date=26 July 2020|website=Outlook Traveller|date=10 July 2015|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726203557/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/47205/quick-guide-ajmer-rajasthan|url-status=live}}</ref> The Jhalara is a natural tank of water that is used by pilgrims. Other tanks were donated by Shah Jahan<ref name="ToIUrsPreps11" /> and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] in 1911.<ref name="GulfShrinesTolerance12">{{Cite web|title=Why these two shrines of Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer and Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi are glorious symbols of tolerance in India|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/why-these-two-shrines-of-moinuddin-chishti-in-ajmer-and-nizamuddin-auliya-in-delhi-are-glorious-symbols-of-tolerance-in-india-1.993802|first=Meher|last=Murshed|date=16 March 2012|access-date=26 July 2020|website=Gulf News|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726144655/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/why-these-two-shrines-of-moinuddin-chishti-in-ajmer-and-nizamuddin-auliya-in-delhi-are-glorious-symbols-of-tolerance-in-india-1.993802|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Jami Masjid, or [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], is located to the west of the dargah, while the large marble courtyard is located on its eastern side. The Arhat-i-Noor is an enclosure restricted to women that is located on the southern side and houses the tombs of Chishti's daughter and granddaughter. More than 40 graves lie behind the Jami Masjid.<ref name="HudaPage64" />

In 1568, Akbar donated a deeg (cauldron) to the dargah since he made a wish to donate it after winning the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|battle of Chittorgarh]]. The deeg was made of an alloy of seven metals, one of which was brought from [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]. The diameter of the deeg is {{convert|20|ft|m|order=flip}}. The rim of the deeg was made in such a way that it never gets hot even while the bottom of the deeg is ignited and the food is being cooked. The deeg was brought on elephants as three separate parts and the three parts were reassembled there. This deeg is the biggest deeg in the world. Akbar prepared the first dish in this deeg, tasted it and shared it with other fakirs near the dargah. The smaller deeg was donated by [[Jahangir]] as a part of family tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cG_B_59DSvQ |title=Ajmer sharif dargah Dunia ki sabse badi deg Kisne banwayi thi kyu banwai kis cheez say bani thi deg |language= |trans-title= |website=[[YouTube]] |date=December 2021 |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519162654/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=cG_B_59DSvQ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Dargah of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti Ajmer India.JPG|thumb|left|The street approaching the ''dargah'']]
The dargah has been a site for pilgrims venerated by followers of [[Hinduism]] and Islam since medieval times. Pilgrims come here from around the world<ref name="DHJourney12" /> and offer ''chaddars'' (sacred sheets) to the shrine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grewal |first=Kairvy |date=2 March 2020 |title=Over 200 Pakistani pilgrims visit Ajmer Sharif dargah for Urs after two years |url=https://theprint.in/india/over-200-pakistani-pilgrims-visit-ajmer-sharif-dargah-for-urs-after-two-years/373883/ |access-date=25 July 2020 |website=ThePrint |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725103204/https://theprint.in/india/over-200-pakistani-pilgrims-visit-ajmer-sharif-dargah-for-urs-after-two-years/373883/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pilgrims also offer rose petals, which total up to seven tonnes per day.<ref name="HinduFuture19" /> Women are allowed to enter the dargah.<ref name="HinduInShrine19" /> It has been estimated that around 20,000 pilgrims visit the site every day. After pilgrims exit the shrine, photographers from photo studios offer professional photos of the pilgrims at rates from {{INR}}20. Most of these photographers are Hindus who migrated to Ajmer during the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Sohail |last=Akbar |date=3 February 2018 |title=Ajmer Sharif's Photo Booths Capture an Islam that is Diverse and Local |url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/Ajmer-Sharifs-Photo-Booths-Capture-an-Islam-that-is-Diverse-and-Local |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=53 |issue=5 |issn=2349-8846 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726192021/https://www.epw.in/engage/article/Ajmer-Sharifs-Photo-Booths-Capture-an-Islam-that-is-Diverse-and-Local |url-status=live}}</ref>

For the [[Langar (Sufism)|langar]] of the shrine, Akbar and Jahangir donated ''degh'' ({{Translation|cauldron}}) in 1568 and 1614, respectively. These two ''degh'' are in use even today,<ref name="HinduInShrine19" /> as the ''dargah'' is known for its ''degh ka khana'' ({{Translation|food from a cauldron}}). This is made of rice, ghee, cashew nuts, almonds and raisins. People undergo the Islamic ritual purification of ''wudu'', in which pilgrims wash their face, hands and feet prior to offering ''[[namaz]]''. The street approaching the dargah is well-known for its food, craft items and [[gota work]].<ref name="HinduFuture19" />
[[File:Flower Vendor outside Chisti Dargah, Ajmer.jpg|thumb|Shopkeepers selling flower petals and other religious offerings outside the Ajmer Sharif Dargah in Rajasthan. Ajmer Sharif Dargah]]
The daily rituals at the ''dargah'' are mainly the five mandatory prayers of Muslims, the ''[[namaz]]''. At sunset, there is the ceremony of the ''Dua-e-Roshni'' ({{Translation|Prayer of Lights}}), in which large yellow candles are carried to the darbar by the khadims. Following the prayers at night, ''qawwalis'' are sung, after which all visitors are asked to leave. Three khadims then clean the durbar with brooms made of peacock feathers. After the last person is out of the shrine, the qawwals recite the Karka, which is a musical verse in [[Sanskrit]], Brij and [[Persian language|Persian]]. The dargah is then locked and reopened only for the next day's pre-dawn prayer.<ref name="LivemintSolution12">{{Cite web|last=Soofi|first=Mayank Austen|author-link=Mayank Austen Soofi|date=3 February 2012|title=The sufi solution|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zG3aMfKAuC26PNQsW8ODZJ/The-sufi-solution.html|access-date=25 July 2020|website=Livemint|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423221408/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zG3aMfKAuC26PNQsW8ODZJ/The-sufi-solution.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some attribute the influence of Islam on Indian culture to have begun from the dargah, including in [[Tansen]]'s music; the tolerance practiced by [[Salim Chishti]], [[Abul Fazl]] and [[Abul Faizi]]; and in [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]. It has been the tradition to source the incense, sandalwood paste and [[ittar]] used in the ''dargah'' from a Brahmin family, right from the times of Chishti. One shrine in the ''dargah'' complex is revered by [[Sikhs]].<ref name="EPWDiary92">{{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Arun|date=1992|title=Travel Diary: A Rajasthan Scenario|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41625319|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=27|issue=5|pages=185–186|jstor=41625319|issn=0012-9976|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211081319/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41625319|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Urs Sharif festival===
{{Main|Urs festival, Ajmer}}
[[File:Ajmer Sharif Langar.jpg|thumb|Langar at the shrine]]

The death anniversary of Moinuddin Chishti, the ''[[urs]]'', is not mourned and is celebrated{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Contradicts earlier claim that the tomb attracts hundreds of thousands at urs.}} since it is the very day the disciple is reunited with his maker ([[Allah]]).<ref name="GulfShrinesTolerance12" /> The celebrations begin with the end of the Islamic month of [[Jumada al-Thani]] and conclude on the sixth day of the month of [[Rajab]], a total of six days.<ref name="HudaUrsFestival">{{harvp|Huda|2003|pp=68-70}}</ref> Members of [[Bhilwara]]'s Gori family march through the city towards the Nizam gate and hoist the flag on the Buland Darwaza, marking the beginning of the festival. Following this, the urs rituals begin with the sighting of the moon. This is followed by the Aser ki Namaz.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2018 |title=Ajmer Urs begins as Gori family hoists flag |location=Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ajmer-urs-begins-as-gori-family-hoists-flag/articleshow/63307613.cms |access-date=25 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106201249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ajmer-urs-begins-as-gori-family-hoists-flag/articleshow/63307613.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Every night a [[mehfil]]-i-[[Sama (Sufism)|sama]] takes place at the Mahfil Khana of the complex, in which women are allowed to participate (which is not common in a dargah).<ref name="SoCalWomenMystics13">{{Cite book|last=Pemberton|first=Kelly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy8UCAAAQBAJ|title=Women Mystics and Sufi Shrines in India|year=2013|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-232-4|page=155|access-date=26 July 2020|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519162714/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy8UCAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The urs end with the Qul, the final prayer.<ref name="LivemintSolution12" /> During this period, pilgrims attempt to enter the dargah as many times as possible and make their prayers. The Bihisti Darwaza(made of [[silver]]) is washed with rose water by pilgrims in the afternoon. It is believed that roses offered to the dargah during the festival are sourced from [[Pushkar]].<ref name="EPWDiary92" />

About five lakh people, the approximate population of the city of Ajmer, come to attend the urs. About 2700 buses of pilgrims enter the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The heart of Sufis: Ajmer-Sharif|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/47056/the-heart-of-sufis-ajmer-sharif|first=Mitali|last=Saran|date=12 August 2015|access-date=27 July 2020|website=Outlook Traveller|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202748/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/47056/the-heart-of-sufis-ajmer-sharif|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Railways]] launches a special train service, the Garib Nawaz trains, to facilitate transport for pilgrims around the country.<ref name="ToIUrsPreps11" /> Vishram Sthali in the Kayad locality of Ajmer serves as a place for lakhs of pilgrims to stay during this time,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2020 |title=Rajasthan falls short of 3,000 quarantine beds |location=Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/state-falls-short-of-3000-quarantine-beds/articleshow/74939478.cms |access-date=26 July 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106201252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/state-falls-short-of-3000-quarantine-beds/articleshow/74939478.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> although every kind of accommodation is occupied with the sheer number of pilgrims.<ref name="LivemintSolution12" /> In March 2020, it was announced that a large guest house, Rubath, would be constructed in Ajmer for the same.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Asif Yar|title=Rubath works in Ajmer to begin soon|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rubath-works-in-ajmer-to-begin-soon|access-date=27 July 2020|work=Telangana Today|date=1 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727223415/https://telanganatoday.com/rubath-works-in-ajmer-to-begin-soon|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Major events ==

===Chadar offerings===
*Various [[Public figure]] sent 'chadar' during the Urs.
*A red and green ‘chadar’ offered by the United States Embassy on behalf of US President [[Barack Obama]] and the people of the country was presented at the Ajmer Sharif Dargah on the occasion of the 803rd Urs with a message of ‘deepest friendship’ and ‘peace’.
*Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] sent a 'chadar' offered at the dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer on the occasion of the Sufi saint's 809th Urs on Wednesday and prayed for the end of COVID-19.
*[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] met a delegation of the Congress Minority Department in the presence of its National Chairman [[Imran Pratapgarhi]] and others and sent a chadar for the 810th Urs of Ajmer Sharif Dargah.
*Chadar by [[President of Afghanistan|Afghan President]] [[Ashraf Ghani]] for Ajmer Sharif arrived from Kabul and was offered at the Dargah in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chadar-sent-by-afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-to-reach-ajmer-sharif-on-friday-364651 | title='Chadar' sent by Afghan president Ashraf Ghani to reach Ajmer Sharif on Friday | date=18 February 2021 | access-date=20 July 2022 | archive-date=20 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720113724/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/chadar-sent-by-afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-to-reach-ajmer-sharif-on-friday-364651 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*In 2015, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] handed over a 'chadar' offered at the Ajmer Sharif dargah, in a meeting with Muslim clerics on 808th Urs of Moinuddin Chisty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-20|title=Obama sends chadar of peace to Ajmer dargah|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/obama-sends-chadar-of-peace-to-ajmer-dargah/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=8 June 2022|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106202754/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/obama-sends-chadar-of-peace-to-ajmer-dargah/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chadar Offering At Ajmer Sharif Dargah On PM's Behalf: A Tradition Since 1947 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chadar-offering-at-ajmer-sharif-dargah-on-pms-behalf-a-tradition-since-1947-7379481 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Sexual grooming scandal===
{{Main|Ajmer rape case}}
The '''1992 Ajmer rape scandal''' was a series of gangrapes and blackmailing in which 250 female students, aged between 11 and 20, were victims of a series of gang rapes and blackmailing. The perpetrators, led by Farooq and Nafees Chishti, were members of the hereditary caretaker [[Anjuman Syedzadgan|Khadim]] family of [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] and leaders of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] in [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Simran |date=2022-07-05 |title=1992 Ajmer horror: Recalling India’s biggest rape and sex exploitation scandal |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/1992-ajmer-horror-recalling-indias-biggest-rape-and-sex-exploitation-scandal-3429615.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=OneIndia |language=en}}</ref> Over several years, ending in 1992, [[Child grooming|they lured victims]] to remote farmhouses or bungalows, where they were sexually assaulted by one or several of the men and photographed naked or otherwise revealing positions to prevent the women from speaking out.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yadav |first1=Jvoti |date=29 January 2022 |title=Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers |url=https://theprint.in/features/gangraped-in-teens-visiting-courts-as-grandmothers-1992-ajmer-horror-is-an-open-wound/814073/ |website=The Print |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825234407/https://theprint.in/features/gangraped-in-teens-visiting-courts-as-grandmothers-1992-ajmer-horror-is-an-open-wound/814073/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The scandal came to light through a local newspaper, ''[[Dainik Navajyoti]]'', and subsequent police investigations, amid allegations of prior knowledge by local authorities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kranti |first1=Vijay |title=Murder of Ajmer daily editor exposes sordid sex scandal involving criminals, politicians |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime-stories/story/19921015-murder-of-ajmer-daily-editor-exposes-sordid-sex-scandal-involving-criminals-politicians-767014-2012-12-26 |website=India Today|date=26 December 2012 }}</ref>

===2007 bombing===
{{Main|Ajmer Dargah bombing}}
On 11 October 2007, an explosion occurred in Dargah Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti's courtyard in Ajmer in Rajasthan. It was the holy fasting period of Ramazan and evening prayers had just ended. A crowd had gathered at the courtyard to break their fast. A bomb was placed inside a tiffin carrier went off. Reports said the blast claimed 7 lives and injured 17.<ref name=indian>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-ajmer-dargah-blast-case-4580300/ |title=What is the Ajmer Dargah blast case? |work=The Indian Express |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322123524/http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-ajmer-dargah-blast-case-4580300/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name =news18>{{cite news |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/ajmer-blast-case-nia-court-awards-life-imprisonment-to-devendra-gupta-bhavesh-patel-1362696.html |title=Ajmer Blast Case: NIA Court Awards Life Imprisonment to Devendra Gupta, Bhavesh Patel |work=News18 |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322103118/http://www.news18.com/news/india/ajmer-blast-case-nia-court-awards-life-imprisonment-to-devendra-gupta-bhavesh-patel-1362696.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Special Judge Dinesh Gupta's nearly 500-page judgment was based on testimonies of 149 witnesses and 451 document submitted to his court.<ref name=indian/><ref name =news18/>

On 22 March 2017, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Special Court, sentenced two murderers named Bhavesh Patel and Davendra Gupta to life imprisonment, who were convicted along with Sunil Joshi, all of them ex-''pracharaks'' of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. Those convicted were held guilty under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, Explosives Act and various sections of [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name="indian" /><ref name="news18" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ajmer-dargah-blast-case-convicts-get-life-imprisonment/article17572624.ece |title=Bhavesh Patel and Devendra Gupta owed their allegiance to RSS in the past as per media trials. |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322082940/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ajmer-dargah-blast-case-convicts-get-life-imprisonment/article17572624.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Court notice issue===
On 27 November 2024, the Ajmer Civil Court issued notices to the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)]] and other authorities in response to a petition, filed by [[Hindu Sena]], that claimed the site to [[Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques|have been built over a Shiva temple]] and prayed for a survey by ASI. The petition was based on the book ''Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive'', by [[Har Bilas Sarda]] which narrates the tradition says that inside the cellar, priest prayer (Puja) of Mahadeva in a temple. The Dargah Committee has rejected the claims, calling them divisive and harmful to communal harmony.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Petition claims temple beneath Ajmer Sharif; court notice to government, ASI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/petition-claims-temple-beneath-ajmer-sharif-court-notice-to-govt-asi/articleshow/115748886.cms |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Who is Vishnu Gupta, chief of Hindu Sena who claims there was a temple at Ajmer Dargah site? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ajmer-dargah-temple-hindu-sena-vishnu-gupta-9695076/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2024 |title=Shiva Temple under Ajmer Sharif Dargah? Here is all about the latest controversy |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shiva-temple-under-ajmer-sharif-dargah-here-is-all-about-the-latest-controversy-about-another-shrine/articleshow/115792733.cms?from=mdr |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The 1973 Indian film ''Mere Gharib Nawaz'', directed by G. Ishwar, centres around a family who overcomes adversities through their piety at the shrine of Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Prophets and profit: The miraculous world of Indian devotional films|url=http://scroll.in/article/753217/prophets-and-profit-the-miraculous-world-of-indian-devotional-films|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Scroll.in|date=4 September 2015|language=en-US|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126041207/https://scroll.in/article/753217/prophets-and-profit-the-miraculous-world-of-indian-devotional-films|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Indian films revolving around the dargah and the saint include ''Sultan E Hind'' (1973) by K. Sharif, ''Mere Data Garib Nawaz'' (1994) by M Gulzar Sultani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sultan E Hind |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF5PBwJ3UKI |publisher=Eagle Home Entertainments |date=Mar 3, 2016 |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102152244/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF5PBwJ3UKI |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mere Data Garib Nawaz VCD (1994) |url=https://www.induna.com/1000008598-productdetails/ |website=Induna.com |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102152246/https://www.induna.com/1000008598-productdetails/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Location==
The Ajmer Sharif Dargah is {{convert|2|km|mi}} from the main central Ajmer Railway station and {{convert|500|m}} from the Central Jail and is situated at the foot of the [[Taragarh Fort, Ajmer|Taragarh]] hill.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Ajmer Sharif Dargah 1893.jpg|Dargah Sharif, Ajmer, 1893
Ajmer Dargah Entrance.jpg|Buland Darwaza, erected by Sultan [[Mahmood Khilji]]
Sufi photos 051.jpg|Mausoleum of Moinuddin Chishti
Qawalli at Ajmer Sharif dargah.jpg|[[Qawali]] at the front of Dargah
Ajmer Sharif Dargah.jpg|Inside the mausoleum
Ajmer sharif India.png|Dargah Emblem
</gallery>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah]]
* [[Shah Jalal Dargah]]
* [[Shrine of Baba Farid]]
* [[Turabul Haq Dargah]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |title=Nur Jan:Empress of Mughal India |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia/page/n134/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Maryamuzzamani |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780195360608 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Huda |first=Qamar-ul |title=Khwâja Mu'în Ud-Dîn Chishtî's Death Festival: Competing Authorities over Sacred Space |year=2003 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44368645 |journal=Journal of Ritual Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–78 |jstor=44368645 |issn=0890-1112 |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816015915/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44368645 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Motiur Rahman |year=2010 |title=Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147489 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=226–235 |jstor=44147489 |issn=2249-1937 |access-date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702231622/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147489 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Currie |first=P. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8wwAAAACAAJ |title=The Shrine and Cult of Mu'in Al-Din Chishti of Ajmer |date=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563144-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ajmer Sharif Dargah}}
* {{cite web |title=Dargah Committee, Dargah Khwaja Saheb, Ajmer |url=https://gharibnawaz.in/index.html |website=gharibnawaz.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], Government of India |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908131732/http://www.gharibnawaz.in/index.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Ajmer Sharif Dargah, Shrine of Moinuddin Chishti, Ajmer |url=http://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/the-ajmer-sharif-dargah.html |website=Rajasthan Department of Tourism |language=en-IN}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:13th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1236]]
[[Category:Chishti Order buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures with domes]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures with minarets]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ajmer]]

King Mithi

2026-04-12T07:25:07Z

Al202xis0: adding first page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Videha King}}{{Infobox King
| name = Mithi
| title = [[Janaka]]
| image =
| caption = Symbolic image of the Birth of the King Mithi
| predecessor = King Nimi
| successor = Udāvasu
| birth_name = Mithi
| birth_place = [[Mithila region]]
| full name = King Mithi Janaka
| era name =
| father = [[King Nimi]]
| religion = [[Sanatana]] [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]
}}

'''Mithi''' ( [[Sanskrit]]: '''मिथि''' ) was the king of [[Videha|Videha Kingdom]] in the ancient [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. He was the son of the [[Nimi (king)|King Nimi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QG7-EAAAQBAJ&q=King+Mithi |title=Brahmanda Purana Vol 2 |date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-522-9 |language=en}}</ref> He was the first King Janaka in the Janaka Dynasty of Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=Mithi |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref> The Sanskrit epic text [[Brihada Vishnu Purana]] mentions a list of 54 Janakas in the dynasty of the King Mithi, who ascended the royal throne at the [[court of King Janaka]] in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Ajaya |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Mah%C4%81mahop%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya_%E1%B8%8C%C3%B4_Sara_Ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81n.html?id=1XdjAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82 |title=Mahāmahopādhyāya Ḍô. Sara Gaṅgānātha Jhā kī sārasvata-sādhanā kā adhyayana |date=1995 |publisher=Nāga Prakāśaka |isbn=978-81-7081-315-6 |pages=3 |language=hi}}</ref>
== Mention ==
According to [[Vishnu Purana|''Vishnu'' ''Purana'']] and ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'' the name “''[[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]''” is derived from King Mithi, who established the city of ''Mithilapuri''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsI8EAAAQBAJ&q=King+Mithi |title=The Illustrated Ramayana: The Timeless Epic of Duty, Love, and Redemption |date=2022-12-15 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-56053-2 |language=en}}</ref> He was also known as [[Janaka]] because he was born out of the body of his father. The title [[Janaka]] was later adopted by subsequent kings of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=King+Mithi |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=Anu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&q=king+mithi+of+mithila |title=Mapping Place Names of India |date=2019-03-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-61421-7 |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[Balakanda|Bal Kand]]'' of [[Valmiki]] [[Ramayana]], King Mithi had a son named as ''Udavasu'' who became successor of the kingdom after him''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-21 |title=King Janaka gives an account of the succession and his dynasty [Chapter 71] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423940.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
The story of the birth of the King Mithi is described in [[Vishnu Purana]], ''Shrimadbhagwat Purana'', [[Ramayana]], [[Devi Bhagavata Purana|Devī Bhāgavata]], [[Matsya Purana]] etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Mithi |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241770.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजा जनक के दूसरे नाम विदेह से सीता का नाम वैदेही पड़ा - |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-janki-navmi-20235136.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> King Mithi is considered to be the first promoter of the ''Karmakanda'' ritual in [[Pitru Paksha|Pitripaksha]] festival. It is said that the King Mithi once donated the things that his father loved to his [[Vasishtha|Guru Vashishtha]]. Then Guru Vashishtha called this practice of donation as "''Divine inspiration''" and from here it is believed as the origination of ''Shraddha Karma'' for ancestors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पितरों के ऋृण से मुक्ति का पर्व पितृपक्ष, ऋषि तर्पण के साथ हुआ शुभारंभ - The festival of liberation from the debts of ancestors began with Pitru Paksha, Rishi Tarpan |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-the-festival-of-liberation-from-the-debts-of-ancestors-began-with-pitru-paksha-rishi-tarpan-22037461.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The King Mithi was a great devotee of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. He used to visit the sacred [[Mount Kailash|Kailash mountain]] daily, using his yogic power to see Lord Shiva. Once seeing the trouble faced by the King Mithi while traveling to the Kailash mountain, Lord Shiva gave him a sacred bow to get rid from the trouble of traveling to Kailash. Lord Shiva granted King Mithi a boon, while giving the sacred bow, that seeing the sacred bow would be as fruitful as seeing him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vimala |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Maithil%C4%AB_R%C4%81mak%C4%81vya.html?id=Q3ohAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF |title=Maithilī Rāmakāvya: paramparā aura pr̥shṭhabhūmi |date=1984 |publisher=Ushā Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |pages=52 |language=hi}}</ref>
== Birth ==
According to the sixth chapter of Devi Bhagavata, once the King Nimi was cursed to death by the sage [[Vasishtha|Vashishtha]] for performing Yajna in his absence. Then the other sages present there took the lifeless body of Nimi and after performing Yajna rituals and worshipping the gods, they started churning the body. After some time during three ''parvas'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QG7-EAAAQBAJ&q=King+Mithi |title=Brahmanda Purana Vol 2 |date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-522-9 |language=en}}</ref> a great, radiant, powerful and accomplished man was born from it. Since he was born by ''Mathana'' (churning) he was named ''Mithi''.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Mythological kings of Videha]]

Maleesha Kharwa

2026-04-10T06:00:53Z

Al202xis0: new info!

{{Short description|Indian fashion model (born 2008)}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Maleesha Kharwa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2008|1|13}}
| occupation = Fashion model
}}
'''Maleesha Kharwa''' is an Indian [[Model (person)|model]] and [[Internet celebrity|internet personality]]. She is recognised for her journey from Mumbai's slums to the fashion industry. Known for her striking looks and inspiring journey, she has since worked with various brands and advocates for underprivileged communities, using her platform to raise awareness about social issues.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chance encounter transforms girl from Mumbai slum into teenage model, internet influencer |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/chance-encounter-transforms-girl-mumbai-slum-into-teenage-model-internet-2023-09-18/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maleesha Kharwa: From Mumbai's Shanty To Content Creator |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-2024/maleesha-kharwa-from-mumbais-shanty-to-content-creator/92161/1 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Remedios |first=Faye |date=2023-03-15 |title=How Forest Essentials is giving Maleesha Kharwa a headstart |url=https://www.vogue.in/beauty/content/how-forest-essentials-is-giving-maleesha-kharwa-a-headstart |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Kharwa was raised in Mumbai's [[Dharavi]] area, one of the city's largest slums. Her father Mukesh Kharwa works as a clown at children's events. She also has a younger brother. Despite challenging living conditions, Kharwa aspired to become a model from a young age.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2023-09-19 |title=Who is Maleesha Kharwa? Indian model thriving globally once lived in Mumbai slum |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/who-is/who-is-maleesha-kharwa-indian-model-thriving-globally-once-lived-in-mumbai-slum-1503223538.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, during a visit to [[Mumbai]], American actor and dancer [[Robert Hoffman (actor)|Robert Hoffman]] encountered Kharwa. Impressed by her potential, Hoffman assisted in creating her [[Instagram]] account and initiated a [[GoFundMe]] campaign to support her modeling ambitions. This exposure led to modeling opportunities, including features in magazines such as [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] India, Grazia, Elle, and [[Vogue India|Vogue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Streets of Gold: Mumbai |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/proginfo/2024/04/streets-of-gold-mumbai |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cosmopolitan on Maleesha Kharwa |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.in/celebrity/features/a27798/maleesha-kharwa-rising-slums-and-reaching-new-heights-model |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vogue on Maleesha Kharwa |url=https://www.vogue.in/beauty/content/how-forest-essentials-is-giving-maleesha-kharwa-a-headstart |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Vogue |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2023, Kharwa became the face of [[Forest Essentials]]’ “Yuvati” collection, a luxury beauty and skincare brand.

As of March 2025, Kharwa has amassed over 480,000 followers on Instagram, where she shares insights into her personal and professional life.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm15752003}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maleesha, Kharwa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
{{Model-stub}}
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Social media influencers]]
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Models from Mumbai]]

Bathouism

2026-04-09T23:27:35Z

Al202xis0:

{{Short description|Boro folk religion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox religion
| icon =
| icon_width =
| icon_alt =
| name = Bathouism
| native_name = बाथौ
| native_name_lang =
| image = Bathouism flag.svg
| imagewidth = 200px
| alt = Bathou flag
| caption = Bathou flag
| abbreviation =
| type = [[Ethnic religion]]
| main_classification = [[Animism]]
| orientation =
| scripture = None
| theology = [[Nature worship]], [[Polytheism]]
| polity =
| governance =
| structure =
| leader_title = Supreme deity
| leader_name = Bathoubwrai
| leader_title1 = Second major deity
| leader_name1 = Mainao
| leader_title2 = Priests
| leader_name2 = Douri and Doudini
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| fellowships_type =
| fellowships =
| fellowships_type1 =
| fellowships1 =
| division_type =
| division =
| division_type1 =
| division1 =
| division_type2 =
| division2 =
| division_type3 =
| division3 =
| associations =
| full_communion =
| area = [[Assam]], [[Northeast India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]]
| language = [[Boro language]]
| liturgy = Bathou aroj
| headquarters =
| territory =
| possessions =
| founder = unknown
| founded_date =
| founded_place =
| independence =
| reunion =
| recognition =
| separated_from =
| branched_from =
| merger =
| absorbed =
| separations =
| merged_into =
| defunct =
| congregations_type =
| congregations =
| members =
| ministers_type =
| ministers =
| missionaries =
| churches =
| missionary organization =
| aid =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| tax_status =
| tertiary =
| seminaries =
| other_names = Bathou, Boro folk religion
| publications =
| website =
| website_title1 =
| slogan =
| logo =
| module =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bathouism''' (also, '''Bathou''') is the [[folk religion]] of the [[Boro people]] of [[Assam]] in [[Northeast India]].<ref>"Bathou is the name of traditional religion of the Boros." {{harvnb|Narzary|2014|p=2}}</ref> The name {{Lang|brx|Bathou}} ({{Lang|brx|Ba}}'','' five; {{Lang|brx|thou}}'','' deep)<ref>{{harvnb|Narzary|2014|p=28}}</ref> in [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] means ''five principles''.<ref>"The meaning of the term ‘Bathou ’ is five deep principle of creation." {{harvnb|Narzary|2014|p=2}}</ref> The five principles are: {{Lang|brx|bar}} (air), {{Lang|brx|orr}} (fire), {{Lang|brx|ha}} (earth), {{Lang|brx|dwi}} (water) and {{Lang|brx|okhrang}} (ether).<ref>".(O)f earth, water, air, fire and ether (ha, dwi, bar, or and okhrang). {{harvnb|Narzary|2014|p=3}}</ref> The chief deity, called {{Lang|brx|Bathoubwrai}} ({{Lang|brx|bwarai}}: "the Elder")— omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent— is said to have created the five principles. Though there are other minor gods and goddesses, Bathoubwrai is considered the Supreme God. Bathoubwrai is unseen. The second most important deity is {{Lang|brx|Mainao}}, the daughter of Bathoubwrai, who is considered as the "protector of the rice fields".<ref>{{harvnb|Endle|1911|p=37}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Narzary|2014|p=39}}</ref>

== Evolution and Variations ==
Bathouism has evolved and adapted over time, shaped by various social, cultural, and historical factors. These influences have led to the emergence of different variants within Bathouism. While the core beliefs and principles remain largely the same, certain practices and rituals have undergone changes or have been interpreted differently among various branches. One significant factor influencing Bathouism has been its interaction with other religions and belief systems, such as Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acculturation and Transition in Religious Beliefs and Practices of The Bodos {{!}} PDF {{!}} Religious Conversion {{!}} Faith Healing |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/366727669/Acculturation-and-Transition-in-Religious-Beliefs-and-Practices-of-the-Bodos |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

Currently, within Bathouism, there are various branches, including Bibar Bathou, Bwli Bathou, Aroj Bathou, Moni Bathou, Jangkhrao Bathou, and Sonathon Bathou, among others.

== Altars ==
The altars of Kamaika (Khamaikha), Mainaw and Bathou are situated in the easternmost part of the main house.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pramod Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pO4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17 |title=A Descriptive Analysis of the Boro Language |date=1977 |publisher=Department of Publication, Gauhati University |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> Bathou is always worshiped in conjunction with the goddess Mainaw /Kamaika (Khamakha).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=P.C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnyYvlKjiDQC&pg=PA43 |title=Sino - Tibetan ( Boro ) Elements in the Formation of an Indo - Aryan Toponymy : Kamakhya |date=1960 |publisher=Indian Linguistics |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> when worshiping, Baraja remains on the right side of Bathou and Mainaw remains on the left side and the worshipers always face east. When you bow down to the lamp and incense sticks in the Bathou, you have to rotate it 5 times in the anti-clockwise direction While to the Mainaw one is to rotate it 7 times in the anti-clockwise direction.

=={{Lang|brx|Sijou}} plant==
The {{Lang|brx|sijou}} plant, ''[[Euphorbia neriifolia]]'' <ref>{{harvnb|Endle|1911|p=37}}</ref><ref>"The Bathouism or ''Bathou'' is symbolised by the Sijou plant {{harvnb|Narzary|2014|p=3}}</ref> is considered the living embodiment of Bathoubwrai. Families that follow Bathouism plant a {{Lang|brx|sijou}} shrub at the northeast corner of their courtyard, in an altar called {{Lang|brx|sijousali}}. Bodo communities that follow Bathouism generally plant a {{Lang|brx|sijou}} shrub at a community land, fenced with eighteen pairs of bamboo strips with five fastenings.<ref>{{harvnb|Narzary|2014|p=43}}</ref> Each pair symbolizes a pair of minor god-goddess. The five fastenings signify, from bottom: birth, pain, death, marriage and peace/pleasure. The bottom three fastenings, called {{Lang|brx|bando}}, are those that one cannot escape in life; whereas the top two one could. In the past, thulsi and jathrasi plants were also commonly used in place of the sijou plant.

==Gods, goddesses and gurus==
Sidney Endle differentiates between household gods and community gods.<ref>{{harvnb|Endle|1911}}</ref> Of the household gods Bathoubwrai, Mainao, Song Bwrai/Burai and Bura Bagh Raja are considered prominent.<ref>{{harvnb|Endle|1911|pp=35–36}}</ref> The practice of representing Bathoubwrai by the {{Lang|brx|sijou}} tree was more common among Boros (or [[Mech people|Mech]]) of [[Goalpara region]], and less so in [[Darrang District|Darrang]]. Song Raja is usually represented inside the house in an altar called {{Lang|brx|dham}}, a deity who obtains devotion from women, and receives offerings during women's menses; but these offerings are eventually brought out and laid at the {{Lang|brx|sijou}} tree representing Bathou.<ref>{{harvnb|Endle|1911|pp=36–37}}</ref>

The eighteen pairs of gods-goddesses are:

# Mwnsinsin bwrai-Mwnsinsin burwi
# Si Bwrai-Si Burwi
# Aham Bwrai-Aham Burwi
# Khuria Bwrai-Khuria Burwi
# Eheo Bwrai-Eheo Burwi
# Mainao Bwrai-Mainao-Burwi
# Bwlli Bwrai-Bwlli Burwi
# Deva Bwrai-Devi Burwi
# Gongar Bwrai-Gongar Burwi
# Joumwn Bwrai-Joumwn Burwi
# Song Raja-Song Rani
# Hasung Bwrai-Hasung Burwi
# Rajong Bwrai-Rajong burwi
# Agrang Bwrai-Agrang Burwi
# Hazw Bwrai-Hazw Burwi
# Emao Bwrai-Emao Burwi
# Mohela Bwrai-Mohela Burwi
# Hafao Bwrai-Hafao Burwi

==Worship==
===Traditional===
Traditional Bathouism did not have any written scriptures or religious books, nor temples. Worship is performed at the {{Lang|brx|sijousali}}, and constitutes offering animals and fowls for sacrifice and rice beer. Notable religious festivals were Kherai, Garja and others. These ceremonies are performed by priests called Douri (male priest) and Doudini (female priest). This religion was not organized.

===Revivalism/Reformation===
''All Bathou Religious Union'', an organization, was constituted in 1992 and it has begun reviving and reforming the traditional religion. The traditional role of the {{Lang|brx|Douri}} and {{Lang|brx|Doudini}} are replaced by the {{Lang|brx|Gwthari Asari}} appointed by the organization, and a band of singers who sing in a practice called {{Lang|brx|bathou aroj}}. The construction of temples, resembling churches or mosques called {{Lang|brx|thansali}}, have come into being. {{Lang|brx|Bathou aroj}} is performed on Tuesdays in {{Lang|brx|thansalis}}. Sacrifices of animals and fowls, and offering of rice beer as modes of worship has been replaced by offering of flowers, fruits and the burning of incense. The partaking of {{Lang|brx|prasad}} has also become popular.

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Religion}}
* [[Ahom religion]]
* [[Donyi Polo]]
* [[Sanamahism]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Narzary |first=Nareswar |date=2014 |title=Bathou Religion and Its impact on Boro Society a Folkloristic Study |hdl=10603/114601 |hdl-access=free |type=PhD }}
* {{cite book |last=Endle |first=Sidney |title=The Kacharis |url=https://archive.org/details/kacharis009491mbp |access-date=20 February 2013 |year=1911 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London }}
* {{cite news |author=Inside NE |date=2019-02-06 |title=Indian Census shall now recognize 'Bathouism' officially |url=https://insidene.com/2019/02/06/indian-constitution-shall-now-recognize-bathouism-officially/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206132156/https://insidene.com/2019/02/06/indian-constitution-shall-now-recognize-bathouism-officially/ |archive-date=2019-02-06 |access-date=2019-02-06}}
{{refend}}

{{Religion topics}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:Bodo]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]

R. S. Durai Senthilkumar

2026-04-08T10:18:55Z

Al202xis0:

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. S. Durai Senthilkumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|7|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Film director, Screenwriter, Lyricist
| spouse =
| relatives =
| yearsactive = 2007–present
}}

'''R. S. Durai Senthilkumar''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and lyricist, who is currently working in the Tamil film industry.

== Career==
Senthilkumar worked as an assistant director to [[Vetrimaaran]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-24 |title=Raghava Lawrence in Durai Senthil Kumar and Vetri Maaran’s next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raghava-lawrence-in-durai-senthil-kumar-and-vetri-maarans-next/articleshow/83810142.cms |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> before making his directorial debut with ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013), starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Priya Anand]], and [[Nandita Swetha|Nandita]]. The film, with music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], was released on 1 May 2013 to critical acclaim from critics,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethir Neechal is a nice commercial entertainer!|url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/ethir-neechal-is-a-nice-commercial-entertainer-50210545-in-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021100125/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/ethir-neechal-is-a-nice-commercial-entertainer-50210545-in-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2013|publisher=in.com|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130607181656/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15030136&cid=13525926 "Chennai Box-Office- May 24 to 26"]. Sify.com (28 May 2013). Retrieved on 2014-08-17.</ref> for which Senthilkumar was awarded the [[Vijay Award for Best Crew]] in 2014.

His next venture was ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' (2015), again starring Sivakarthikeyan and featuring music composed by Anirudh, alongside [[Sri Divya]], [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]. The story revolves around an honest police constable who wants to prove himself as a true, powerful cop by finding ways to solve issues of corruption in the law and order system in the department of police, and in the process thwarts an illegal organ donation scam. The film was released on 27 February 2015 to positive reviews from critics, with many praising the transition of Sivakarthikeyan from the comedy genre to the action genre.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Senthilkumar's next project was the 2016 film ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'', starring [[Dhanush]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] and [[Anupama Parameswaran]]. The film, based on two twin brothers, one a brash politician and the other, a [[pacifist]]ic, straight thinking teacher who is forced to enter politics following his twin brother's murder to avenge his killer, features music by [[Santhosh Narayanan]]. The film was Dhanush's first time doing dual roles in his career. The film was released on 28 October 2016 to a mixed-to-positive reception from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/oct/29/review-kodi-worth-a-watch-for-its-universal-sensibility-1532927.html|title=Review: Kodi worth a watch for its universal sensibility|publisher=|access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

His next venture was the [[Dhanush]]-starrer ''[[Pattas]]'' (2020), again featuring the latter in dual roles.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} In 2024, his film ''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]'' has been well received.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Filmography==
===As director and screenwriter===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col" | Title
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Also lyricist for 2 songs: "Un Paarvayil" and "Local Boys" [[Vijay Award for Best Crew]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kaaki Sattai (2015 film)|Kaaki Sattai]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Pattas]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2026
|''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

=== Other crew positions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Actor
| Uncredited role
|-
| 2023
|''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Second unit director, co-writer
| Assistant director for train sequence only
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]''
|
|}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5650556}}
{{R. S. Durai Senthilkumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Senthilkumar, R. S. Durai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film people from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

J. K. Institute of Applied Physics and Technology

2026-04-07T20:31:55Z

Al202xis0: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of educational institutions in Prayagraj]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to list}}
}}

First Anglo-Burmese War

2026-04-06T07:33:27Z

Al202xis0: added a entry

{{Short description|1824–1826 war in Southeast Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First Anglo-Burmese War {{lang|my|ပထမအင်္ဂလိပ်-မြန်မာစစ်}}
| image = [[File:Battle of rangoon.jpg|300px]]
| image_size =
| caption = The British launched an amphibious assault on Rangoon on 11 May 1824.
| date = 5 March 1824 – 24 February 1826 (1 year, 11 months, 2 weeks, and 5 days)
| place = [[Konbaung dynasty|Burma]], [[East Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Cachar]] and [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]]
| result = British victory<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sophonpanich |first1=Ithi |title=The Anxieties of Empire: British Debate on the Failure of John Crawfurd's Mission to Siam, c. 1820–1830 |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |date=14 May 2021 |volume=109 |issue=1 |page=135 |url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/248870/168776 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228083000/https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/248870/168776 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Treaty of Yandabo]]
| territory = Burma cedes [[Assam]], [[Arakan]] and [[Dawei|Tavoy]] (Tenasserim); loses influence in Cachar and Jaintia; pays one million [[pound sterling]] in indemnity, Manipur gains independence.
| casus =
| combatant1 = {{flag|British Empire}} {{flag|East India Company}} '''Co-belligerent:''' {{flagcountry|Rattanakosin Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=W.A.R. |title=A History of Siam |date=1924 |pages=276–277 |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsiam035038mbp/page/n299/mode/2up |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Van Roy | first=Edward | title=Safe Haven: Mon Refugees at the Capitals of Siam from the 1500s to the 1800s | journal=Journal of the Siam Society | volume=98 | date=2010 | pages=172–173 | url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/JSS_098_0g_VanRoy_SafeHavenMonRefugeesAtCapitalsOfSiam.pdf | access-date=10 February 2022 | archive-date=25 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225051735/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/JSS_098_0g_VanRoy_SafeHavenMonRefugeesAtCapitalsOfSiam.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
| combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Konbaung Dynasty|Burmese Empire]] [[Shan States]] Allied [[Jingpo people|Kachin Tribes]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|East India Company}} [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Amherst]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Sir Edward Paget|Edward Paget]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet|Archibald Campbell]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Joseph Wanton Morrison|Joseph Morrison]]{{Natural Causes}}{{nbsp}} {{flagicon|UKGBI|naval}} [[Charles Grant (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Grant]]{{Natural Causes}}{{nbsp}} {{flagicon|UKGBI|naval}} [[Frederick Marryat]] '''Co-belligerent:''' {{flagdeco|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} [[Rama III]] {{flagdeco|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} [[Chaophraya Mahayotha|''Chaophraya'' Mahayotha]] {{flagdeco|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} ''Phraya'' Surasena {{flagdeco|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} ''Phraya'' Chumphon
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Bagyidaw]] {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Tharrawaddy Min]] {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Maha Bandula]]{{KIA}} {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Maha Ne Myo]]{{KIA}} {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa|Myawaddy U Sa]] {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Bo Ne Myo Thein Pa Yazar|Duwa Daihpa Gam]] {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Minkyaw Zeya Thura|Minkyaw Thura]]
| units1 = {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Presidency armies]] {{flagicon|British Empire}} [[British Army|Royal Regiments]] {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Royal Indian Navy|Presidency Navies]] {{flagicon|UKGBI|naval}} [[Royal Navy]] '''Co-belligerent:''' {{flagicon|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} [[Royal Siamese Army]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Royal Burmese Army]] Allied Kachin and Shan Regiments Allied Assamese and Manipuri levies
| strength1 = British Indian Army: 40,000 Siamese Army: 20,000
| strength2 = Burmese Army: 30,000 Allies: 10,000
| casualties1 = '''Total: ~23,000''' 3,000 killed 12,000 died from disease 8,000 wounded<ref name="Chopra 2003 79">{{Cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3|last=Chopra|first=P.N.|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2003|isbn=8120725069|location=India|pages=79}}</ref><ref name="Robertson 1853 252">{{Cite book|title=Political incidents of the First Burmese War|last=Robertson|first=Thomas Campbell|publisher=Richard Bentley|year=1853|location=Harvard University|pages=252}}</ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown
| partof = the [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]]
}}
{{Campaignbox First Anglo–Burmese War}}
{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}

The '''First Anglo-Burmese War''' ({{langx|my|ပထမအင်္ဂလိပ်-မြန်မာစစ်}}; {{IPA|my|pətʰəma̰ ɪ́ɰ̃ɡəleiʔ-mjəmà sɪʔ|}}; 5 March 1824 – 24 February 1826), also known as the '''First Burma War''' in English language accounts and '''First English Invasion War''' ({{langx|my|ပထမအင်္ဂလိပ်ကျူးကျော်စစ်}}) in Burmese language accounts, was the first of [[Anglo-Burmese Wars|three wars]] fought between the [[British Empire|British]] and [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese empires]] in the 19th century. The war, which began primarily over the control of what is now [[Northeastern India]], ended in a costly but decisive British victory, giving the British total control of [[Assam]], [[Cachar]], [[Manipur]] and [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]] as well as [[Arakan Province]] and [[Tenasserim Division|Tenasserim]]. The Burmese submitted to a British demand to pay an indemnity of one million [[pounds sterling]], and signed a commercial treaty.<ref name=app-237>{{cite book | title=History of Burma | first=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. |last=Phayre | year=1967 | pages=236–237 | edition=2nd | publisher=Sunil Gupta | location=London}}</ref><ref name=mha-214>{{cite book | title=A History of Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin | url-access=registration | pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin/page/212 212], 214–215 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York and London | year=1967 | author=Maung Htin Aung| author-link=Htin Aung }}</ref>

The war was one of the most expensive in British Indian history. 15,000 British soldiers died, together with an unknown number of Burmese military and civilian casualties. The high cost of the campaign to the British, 5–13 million pounds sterling (£{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|5000000|1826|{{inflation-year|UK}}|r=-8}}}} – £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|13000000|1826|{{inflation-year|UK}}|r=0}}}} as of {{inflation-year|UK}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}}<ref name=rlf-113>{{cite book | title=The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma | pages=113, 125–127| author=Thant Myint-U|year=2006|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}}</ref> contributed to a severe economic crisis in [[Company rule in India|British India]] which cost the [[East India Company]] its remaining privileges.<ref name=webster>{{cite book | title=Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770–1890 | first=Anthony|last= Webster | publisher=I.B. Tauris | year=1998 | pages=142–145 | isbn=978-1-86064-171-8}}</ref>

Although once strong enough to threaten the interests of the [[British East India Company]] (especially with respect to the eastern border regions of Assam, Manipur, and Arakan), the [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese Empire]] now suffered "the beginning of the end" of its status as an independent nation.<ref name=rlf-113/> They would be economically burdened for years to come by the cost of the indemnity.<ref name=mha-214/> The British, eventually waging the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War|Second]] and [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]s against a much-weakened Burma, would assume control of the entire country by 1885.

==Causes==
{{Further|Burmese invasions of Assam}}

By 1822, Burmese expansion into [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] and [[Ahom kingdom|Assam]] and its "forward policy" of probing into the hill states of [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]] and [[Dimasa Kingdom|Cachar]], had put pressure on [[Bengal Presidency|British Bengal]]. Calcutta unilaterally declared Cachar and Jaintia British protectorates and sent in troops.<ref name=mmb-18>Thant Myint-U, ''The Making of Modern Burma'', pp. 18–19</ref> Despite these early conflicts, both King Bayidaw and Governor-General Lord [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]] were hesitant for escalation of hostilities but were pressured by pro-war factions on both sides.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Peers |first=Douglas |title=Between Mars and Mammon: the Military and the First Anglo-Burmese War, 1824–1826 |date=1988 |publisher=PhD diss., King’s College London |location=King's College London |publication-date=1988 |pages=232}}</ref><ref name="mha-214" /> Amherst was a former diplomat to China and believes that the British interference in the regional of balance of power would draw British India into a messy conflict in Southeast Asia, namely the deadlock between the kingdoms of Burma, Siam and Vietnam. On the other hand, Bagyidaw, while eager to gain glory, was more interested in religion. Furthermore, the Burmese were aware of the military might the British have garnered from Mysorean and Maratha visitors. He was eager to keep the peace with the British in India despite provocation from his other Ministers and Governors.<ref name="mha-214" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawdon-Hastings |first=Francis |title=Private Journals |date=1858 |publisher=Saunders and Otley |location=London |publication-date=1858 |pages=369}}</ref>

Cross-border raids into these newly acquired territories from British territories and spheres of influence vexed the Burmese. Convinced that war was inevitable, Burmese commander-in-chief [[Maha Bandula]] became the main proponent of offensive policy against the British. Bandula was part of the war party at Bagyidaw's court, which also included Queen [[Me Nu]] and her brother, the Lord of Salin.<ref name=rlf-113/> Bandula believed that a decisive victory could allow Ava to consolidate its gains in its new western empire in Arakan, Manipur, Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia, as well as take over eastern Bengal.<ref name=mmb-18/>

In September 1823, the ''[[casus belli]]'' was British and Burmese forces clashing to claim [[Shapuree Island|Shalpuri Island]] near [[Chittagong]]. The Burmese considered the British sepoys raising their flag as a provocation which in turn led to Burmese troops attacking the sepoys and driving them out. The British considered the attack as unprovoked and Burmese occupation as war.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/sli/1burmese.htm |title=The Somerset Light Infantry: A History |access-date=1 September 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217102053/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/sli/1burmese.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 1824, Burma sent one of their top generals, Thado Thiri Maha Uzana, into Cachar and Jaintia to disperse the rebels. The British sent in their own force to meet the Burmese in Cachar, resulting in the first clashes between the two. The war formally broke out on 5 March 1824, following border clashes in Arakan.

The British reason for the war was, in addition to expanding British Bengal's sphere of influence, the desire for new markets for British manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=A New History of India|year=2009|publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|edition=8th|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|page=223}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs09/4.1Symes-red.pdf|author=Michael Symes|year=1795|title=An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava|author-link=Michael Symes (diplomat)|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121042459/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs09/4.1Symes-red.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The British were also anxious to deny the [[July Monarchy|French]] the use of Burmese harbours and concerned about [[France–Myanmar relations|French influence at the Court of Ava]], as the kingdom was still known to them.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book|url=http://missions.itu.int/~myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf|author=D.G.E. Hall|year=1960|title=Burma|publisher=Hutchinson University Library|pages=96–97, 78–85, 104|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930184841/http://missions.itu.int/~myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2011}}</ref> British Ambassador [[Michael Symes (diplomat)|Michael Symes]]'s mission was equipped to gain as much knowledge as possible of the country for future British plans whereas previous envoys were concerned principally with trade concessions.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

[[Anglo-French rivalry]] had already played a role during Alaungpaya's endeavours of unifying the kingdom.<ref name="Hall"/> The Burmese in these wars were advancing into smaller states not ruled by the British or the subject of [[Expansionism|expansionist]] goals by the British before the war began, and the British were not so much preoccupied by the refugee problem initially as by the threat posed by the French until further incidents forced their hand.<ref name="Hall"/> Peers also stated that the British military establishment in India was simply eager to fight after several years of military victories in the last decade against Napoleon and the Marathas.<ref name=":1" />

<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">

File:Northeast-India-in-1814-Thomson-map.jpg|Borders of British Bengal in 1814
File:Amarapura palace British Embassy Michael Symes 1795.jpg|Embassy of [[Michael Symes (diplomat)|Michael Symes]] to King [[Bodawpaya]] at [[Amarapura]] in 1795
File:Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg|New territories added through the war (1855 map)
File:Bajidwa, King of Burma orders his generals to wrest Bengal from British, 1823.jpg|A British depiction of Bagyidaw purportedly ordering his troops to wrest Bengal from the East India Company
</gallery>

==War==
[[File:Through pathless forests and fever - laden Jungles.gif|thumb|British Army passing through forests]]

===Western theatre===
The commander in chief of the Burmese army, [[Maha Bandula]], was supported by 12 of the country's best divisions, including one under his personal command, all totaling 10,000 men and 500 horses. His general staff included some of the country's most decorated soldiers, men such as the Lord of Salay and the governors of Danyawaddy, Wuntho, and Taungoo. Bandula's plan was to attack the British on two fronts: [[Chittagong]] from Arakan in the southeast, and [[Sylhet]] from Cachar and Jaintia in the north.<ref name=mmb-18/> Bandula personally commanded the Arakan theatre while Uzana commanded the Cachar and Jaintia theater.<ref name=rlf-113/>

Early in the war, battle-hardened Burmese forces were able to push back the British forces because the Burmese, who had been fighting in the jungles of Manipur and Assam for nearly a decade, were more familiar with the terrain, which represented "a formidable obstacle to the march of a European force".<ref name=app-237/> The heavily wooded and hilly terrain prevented British troops from utilising their superior firepower as they do in pitched battles and were forced to engage Burmese forces either in terrain they could not past or against fortified stockades that were garrisoned with waiting Burmese troops. Uzana had already defeated the British units in Cachar and Jaintia in January 1824. The British sent reinforcements but they were largely indecisive. Most of the fighting on these fronts bogged down to small unit actions throughout the war until both withdrew.

In May, a Burmese column of some 4,000 men led by Maha Thiha Thura, the future [[Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa]],<ref name=app>{{cite book | title=History of Burma | author=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre | year=1967 | pages=236–247 | edition=2nd| publisher=Susil Gupta | location=London}}</ref> fought their way into Bengal, defeating British troops at the [[Battle of Ramu]], {{Convert | 10 | mi}} east of [[Cox's Bazar]], on 17 May 1824.<ref name=geh-341>{{cite book | author=GE Harvey | title=History of Burma | page=341 | chapter=Notes: Fire-Arms | year=1925 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. | location=London}}</ref> Thiha Thura's column then joined Bandula's column on the march to defeat British forces at Gadawpalin, and went on to capture Cox's Bazar.<ref name=wpd>{{cite news | title=Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa | url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/BPS88-05.pdf | publisher=Working People's Daily | location=Yangon | date=1988-05-16 | access-date=9 December 2011 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184719/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/BPS88-05.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> The Burmese success caused extreme panic in Chittagong and in Calcutta.<ref name=hb>{{cite book | title=A History of Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin | url-access=registration | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York and London | year=1967 | author=Maung Htin Aung | author-link=Htin Aung}}</ref> Across the eastern Bengal, the European inhabitants formed themselves into militia forces. A large portion of the crews of the East India Company's ships was landed to assist in the defense of Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book | title=Frontier And Overseas Expeditions From India | publisher=India Intelligence Branch | author=India Intelligence Branch Subject | year=1911 | pages=13}}</ref>

But Bandula, not wanting to overstretch, stopped U Sa from proceeding to Chittagong. Had Bandula marched on to Chittagong, which unbeknown to him was lightly held, he could have taken it and the way to Calcutta would have opened. Had they been able to threaten Calcutta, the Burmese could have obtained more favourable terms in the subsequent peace negotiations.<ref name=mha-214/>

===Inside Burma===
[[File:Battle of rangoon.jpg|thumb|British naval force entered the harbour of Yangon (Rangoon) in May 1824]]
[[File:Kemmendine attack 1824.jpg|thumb|The Storming of the Lesser Stockade at Kemmendine near Yangon (Rangoon) on 10 June 1824]]
[[File:The Attack of the Stockades at Pagoda Point, on the Rangoon River AN01245150.jpg|thumb|The Attack of the Stockades at Pagoda Point, on the Rangoon River, 8 July 1824]]

====Battle of Yangon (May–December 1824)====
Instead of fighting in hard terrain, the British took the fight to the Burmese mainland. On 11 May 1824, a British naval force of over 10,000 men (5,000 British soldiers and over 5,000 Indian sepoys) in 62 ships entered the harbour of Yangon (Rangoon), taking the Burmese by surprise.<ref name=mha-212>Htin Aung, pp. 212–214</ref><ref name=app-236>Phayre, pp. 236–237</ref> The Burmese, pursuing a scorched earth policy, left an empty city behind and chose to fortify positions along an east–west {{Convert | 10 | mi | adj = on}} arc outside the city. This boxed the British from gathering supplies and foraging. The trapped expedition led by General [[Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet|Archibald Campbell]] took positions inside the [[Shwedagon Pagoda]] compound, which was fortified. The British launched attacks on Burmese lines and, by July 1824, had successfully pushed the Burmese towards [[Kamayut township|Kamayut]], {{Convert | 5 | mi | 0 | spell = in}} from Shwedagon. Local Burmese efforts to retake Shwedagon in September failed.<ref name=rlf-114>Myint-U, ''River of Lost Footsteps'', pp. 114–117</ref>

King Bagyidaw ordered a near-complete withdrawal from the western front—Bandula from Arakan and Bengal, and Uzana from Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia to meet the British in Yangon. In August, in the midst of monsoon season, Bandula and his army crossed the [[Arakan Yoma]].<ref name=bmh>Perrett, pp. 176–177</ref> Moving tens of thousands of men over the 3,000-foot-high Arakan hills, or 10,000-foot-high Assamese ranges, heavily forested with only narrow footpaths and open to attack by tigers and leopards, would have been difficult even in mild weather conditions. The King later granted both Bandula and Uzana the title '''Agga Maha Thenapati''' ({{langx|san|Aggramahāsenāpati}}) equivalent to Field Marshal, the highest possible military rank. Bandula was also made the governor of Sittaung.<ref name=rlf-114/>

By November, Bandula commanded a large army outside Yangon. There is great discrepancy of the numbers ranging from 30,000 to 60,000 (mostly from British sources). Terrance Blackburn discuss the numbers and felt that Campbell had exaggerated the Burmese numbers in his reports to imply that the British only needed a few to vanquish a vast horde sent against them.<ref>Terrance Blackburn, ''The British Humiliation of Burma'', pp. 32</ref> According to the Burmese royal chronicles, the number was around 16,000.<ref>Maung Maung Tin, ''Konbaung Set Yazawin'', pp. 118–122</ref> Regardless, the size of the Burmese host and the quickness in which Bandula had arrived impressed the British, whose rank and file called him "Sable Bonaparte".<ref name=":1" />

Bandula believed that he could take on a well-armed British force of 10,000 head-on. Although the Burmese were numerically superior, only around half the army were musketeers, with the rest armed with spears and swords. The Burmese cannons fired only balls whereas the British cannons fired exploding shells.<ref name=mha-212/> Unbeknown to him, the British had just received the first shipment of [[Congreve rocket]]s, a new weapon in the war that the Burmese had never seen.<ref name=bmh/><ref name=rlf-118/> More ominously for the Burmese, the speedy march through the hilly regions of Rakhine Yoma and Assamese ranges had left their troops exhausted.

On 30 November, in what turned out be the biggest mistake of his career, Bandula ordered a frontal attack on British positions. The British, with superior weaponry, withstood several Burmese charges at the Shwedagon forts, cutting down men by the thousands. By 7 December, the British troops, supported by rocket fire, had begun to gain the upper hand, which had helped them win the war. On 15 December, the Burmese were driven out of their last remaining stronghold at Kokine.<ref name=rlf-118>Myint-U, ''River of Lost Footsteps'', pp. 118–122</ref>

In the end, only 7,000 of the 16,000 Burmese soldiers returned to the royal army.<ref name=mha-212/> The rest of the Burmese army, most of them conscripts fled and returned to their homes. Campbell's despatches stated the Burmese suffered some 6,000 casualties over the 15 day battle. The British losses were considered heavy in proportion as well: 40 officers and 500 other ranks were killed or wounded in combat with a much larger number ill from disease considering that less than 3,000 men were engaged.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Doveton|first=Frederick|title=Reminiscences of the Burmese War in 1824–5–6 |publisher=Cambridge|year=1852|location=New York|pages=279, 356}}</ref>

====Battle of Danubyu (March–April 1825)====
{{Main|Battle of Danubyu}}

[[File:Bandula's lookout tree at Danubyu.png|thumb|right|180px|Bandula's lookout tree at Danybyu, mounted with four guns]]
Bandula fell back to his rear base at [[Danubyu]], a small town not far from Yangon, in the [[Irrawaddy delta]]. Having lost experienced men in Yangon, the Burmese forces now numbered about 10,000, of mixed quality, including some of the king's best soldiers but also many untrained and barely armed conscripts. The stockade itself stretched {{Convert | 1 | mi | spell = in}} along the riverbank, and was made up of solid teak beams no less than {{Convert | 15 | ft }} high.<ref name=rlf-118/>

In March 1825, a four thousand strong British force supported by a flotilla of gunboats attacked Danubyu. The first British attack failed, and Bandula attempted a counter-charge, with foot soldiers, cavalry and 17 fighting elephants. But the elephants were stopped by rocket fire and the cavalry found it impossible to move against the sustained British artillery fire.<ref name=rlf-118/>

On 1 April, the British launched a major attack, pounding down on the town with their heavy guns and raining their rockets on every part of the Burmese line. Bandula was killed by a mortar shell. Bandula had walked around the fort to boost the morale of his men, in his full insignia under a glittering golden umbrella, disregarding the warnings of his generals that he would prove an easy target for the enemy's guns. After Bandula's death, the Burmese evacuated Danubyu.<ref name=rlf-118/>

====Arakan campaign (February–April 1825)====
U Sa was left to command the remaining Burmese troops in Arakan after Bandula's death and the main battalions were ordered to withdraw from Arakan by Bagyidaw to meet the British invasion in [[Yangon]] in August 1824. Sa held on to Arakan throughout 1824 while fighting was concentrated in Yangon.

After Gen. [[Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet|Archibald Campbell]] finally defeated Gen. Bandula in the [[Battle of Yangon (1824)|Battle of Yangon]] in December 1824, the British turned their sights on Arakan. On 1 February 1825, an invasion force of 11,000 soldiers supported by gunboats and armed cruisers along the coast, as well as a squadron of cavalry under the command of Gen. Morrison, attacked Burmese positions in Arakan. Despite their superior numbers and firearms, the British had to fight depleted Burmese forces for nearly two months before they reached the main Burmese garrison at [[Mrauk-U]], Arakan's capital.

On 29 March 1825, the British launched their attack on Mrauk-U. (At the same time, Campbell also launched an attack on Bandula's positions in the [[Battle of Danubyu]].) After a few days of fighting, the Burmese forces at Mrauk-U were defeated on 1 April, coincidentally the same day Maha Bandula fell at Danubyu. Sa and the remaining Burmese forces evacuated and left Arakan. The British proceeded to occupy the rest of Arakan.<ref name=app/>

====Armistice====
On 17 September 1825, an [[armistice]] was concluded for one month. In the course of the summer, General [[Joseph Wanton Morrison]] had conquered the province of Arakan; in the north, the Burmese were expelled from Assam; and the British had made some progress in Cachar, though their advance was finally impeded by the thick forests and jungle.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

[[Treaty of Yandabo#Initial negotiations|Peace negotiations]] that began in September broke down by early October after the Burmese would not agree to British terms. The British had demanded no less than the complete dismemberment of the Burmese western territories in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], Assam, Manipur, and the [[Tenasserim Division|Tenasserim]] coast as well as two million pounds sterling of indemnity. The Burmese would not agree to give up Arakan and the large sum of indemnity.<ref name=rlf>{{cite book | title=The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma | author=Thant Myint-U | year=2006 | pages=123–124 | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux | isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}}</ref>

====Battle of Prome (November–December 1825)====
{{Main|Battle of Prome}}

In November 1825, the Burmese decided to throw everything they had into a last-ditch effort. Starting in mid-November, the Burmese forces, consisting mainly of [[Shan people|Shan]] regiments led by their [[sawbwa]]s, threatened Prome in a daring circular movement that almost surrounded the town and cut off communications lines to Yangon. In the end, the superior firepower of the British guns and missiles won out.<ref name="rlf"/> On 1 December, Gen. Campbell, with 2500 European and 1500 Indian sepoys, supported by a flotilla of gunboats, attacked the main Burmese position outside Prome. On 2 December, Maha Ne Myo was killed by a shell launched from the flotilla. After Maha Ne Myo's death, the British dislodged the Burmese by 5 December.<ref name=app-252>{{cite book | title=History of Burma | author=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre | year=1967 | pages=252–254 | edition=2nd | publisher=Sunil Gupta | location=London}}</ref>

The defeat in Prome effectively left the Burmese army in disarray, and it was in constant retreat from then on. On 26 December, they sent a flag of truce to the British camp. Negotiations having commenced, the Burmese capitulated to the British terms to end the war, signing the [[Treaty of Yandabo]] in February 1826.{{fact|date=March 2021}}

==Treaty of Yandabo==
{{main|Treaty of Yandabo}}

The British demanded and the Burmese agreed to:<ref name=app-237/><ref name=mha-214/>

:# Cede to the British Assam, Manipur, [[Rakhine State|Rakhine]] (Arakan), and [[Taninthayi]] (Tenasserim) coast south of the [[Salween River]]
:# Cease all interference in [[Cachar]] and [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]]
:# Pay an indemnity of one million [[pounds sterling]] in four installments
:# Allow for an exchange of diplomatic representatives between Ava and Calcutta
:# Sign a commercial treaty in due course
:# The first installment of indemnity was to be paid immediately, the second installment within the first 100 days from signing of the treaty, and the rest within two years. Until the second installment was paid, the British would not leave Yangon.<ref name="mha-214" />

The Treaty of Yandabo was signed by General Campbell from the British side and Governor of Legaing Maha Min Hla Kyaw Htin from the Burmese side on 24 February 1826.<ref name="mmb">{{cite book | title=The Making of Modern Burma | url=https://archive.org/details/makingmodernburm00myin | url-access=limited | author=Thant Myint-U | year=2001 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-79914-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernburm00myin/page/n29 20]}}</ref> The Burmese paid 250,000 pounds sterling in gold and silver bullion as the first installment of the indemnity, and also released British prisoners of war. The war was thus brought to an end, and the British army moved south. The British army remained in the territories surrendered to it under the treaty and in the territories such as the Rangoon area which were occupied for several years to guarantee compliance with the financial terms of the treaty.{{fact|date=March 2021}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:First Burma War Memorial.jpg|thumb|First Burma War Memorial at the [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]]]]
While both nations suffered heavy military and financial losses, the treaty imposed a more severe financial burden on the Burmese Kingdom and effectively left it crippled.

The British terms in the negotiations were strongly influenced by the heavy cost in lives and money which the war had entailed. Some 40,000 British and Indians troops had been involved, of whom 15,000 died.<ref name="Chopra 2003 79"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=British romantic views of the first Anglo-Burmese war, 1824–1826|last=Cooler|first=Richard M.|publisher=Northern Illinois University|year=1977|location=Decalb|pages=8}}</ref> British casualties were blamed on poor planning and logistics as only a quarter of the casualties were from the fighting while almost 70% were from tropical diseases.<ref name="Robertson 1853 252"/> In the Arakan Campaign alone, 659 Europeans out of 1,500 and some 3,500 Indians out of a total of 8,000 died in hospital.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pearn|first=B. R.|date=November 1944|title=Arakan and the First Anglo-Burmese War, 1824–25|journal=The Far Eastern Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1|pages=27–40|doi=10.2307/2048985|issn=0363-6917|jstor=2048985|s2cid=163316258 }}</ref> The 1st Madras European Regiment lost 600 out of 900 men in two years. Despite the official reports' emphasis on the disparity of death from disease and combat casualties, Captain Frederick Doveton commented on the British casualties that they were nevertheless high for the troops that engaged, "in the case before us the proportion of killed and wounded to the numbers engaged and space of time occupied may bear in comparison to the palmy and bloody days of Talavera and Waterloo!"<ref name=":0" /> According to Campbell's casualty list in Burma, the expedition suffered some 5,000 combat casualties.<ref>{{cite book | title=Return of Casualties in Sir Archibald Campbell's Army | pages=1–4 | author=Sir Archibald Campbell | year=1826 | id=Mss Eur F140/126}}</ref>

The cost to British India's finances had been almost ruinous, amounting to approximately 13 million pounds sterling. The cost of war contributed to a severe economic crisis in India, which by 1833 had bankrupted the Bengal agency houses and cost the British East India Company its remaining privileges, including the monopoly of trade to [[Qing dynasty|China]].<ref name="webster" /> The early defeats, the lackluster performance of the troops and poor treatment of Indian Sepoys which led to the Barrackpore mutiny led to much resentment and made the British look weak among their Indian subjects. This led to a number of uprisings notably by [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|Bharatpur]]. According to Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri, "But the reported decline of the power of the government in the First Burmese war and the failure of the autumnal harvest in 1824, acted as an incentive to acts of violence and rebellion among the turbulent tribes of Hariana, Bhatnair, and Bikaner. The insurgents, the Jats, Mewatis, and Bhattis plundered government effects 'proclaiming that its authority was at an end’."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barat |first1=Amiya |title=The Bengal Native Infantry: Its Organization & Discipline, 1796–1852. |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |location=Calcutta |page=365}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Sashi Bhusan |title=Civil disturbances during the British rule in India (1765–1857) |date=1955 |publisher=The World Press, Ltd |location=Calcutta |page=95,103,176}}</ref> Furthermore, in the newly gained Arakan and Tenasserim, as it became clear that the British had no intention of returning the local leaders to power, a number of Mon and Rakhine leaders revolted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Sashi Bhusan |title=Civil disturbances during the British rule in India (1765–1857) |date=1955 |publisher=The World Press, Ltd |location=Calcutta |page=190,191}}</ref>

For the Burmese, the treaty was a total humiliation and a long-lasting financial burden. A whole generation of men had been wiped out in battle. The world the Burmese knew, of conquest and martial pride, built on the back of the impressive military success of the previous seventy-five years, had come crashing down.<ref name=rlf-125>{{cite book | title=The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma | pages=125–127 | author=Thant Myint-U | year=2006 | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux | isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}}</ref> The Court of Ava could not come to terms with the loss of the territories and made unsuccessful attempts to get them back. An uninvited British resident in Ava was a daily reminder of the humiliating defeat.<ref name=webster/> Amherst's successor Governor-General [[William Cavendish-Bentinck (governor of India)|William Cavendish-Bentinck]] later regretted the Treaty of Yandabo considering it far too harsh that damaged the future of Anglo-Burmese relations stating that, "that at the close of the Burmese war, we had not adopted the same measures as those that we did at the close of the Nepal war, for graduaIly removing from the minds of our opponents the sore and angry feelings left there by defeat, assuring them of the sincerity of our desire of cultivating friendly relations and keeping our government weIl informed of the real view and state of parties at the capital of Ava."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=W. S. |title=History of British Residency in Burma, 1826-40 |publisher=University of Rangoon |year=1939 |pages=45}}</ref> The defeated and exhausted [[Royal Burmese Army]] also had to deal with a major Mon uprising in territories previously occupied by the British.

In addition, the burden of indemnity left the Burmese royal treasury bankrupt for years. The indemnity of one million pounds sterling was considered a large sum in Europe at that time. It appeared even more daunting when converted to the [[Burmese kyat#First kyat.2C 1852-1889|Burmese kyat]] equivalent of 10 million. The cost of living of the average villager in Upper Burma in 1826 was one kyat per month.<ref name=mha-214/>

While both the Burmese and British would quickly put down the uprisings, it kindled the hostilty between the two and the British would wage two less expensive wars against the weaker Burmese in [[Second Anglo-Burmese War|1852]] and [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|1885]], and annex entire Burma by 1885.

==British order of battle==

Under the command of General Cotton:<ref name=Oriental2>{{cite book|title=Oriental herald and journal of general literature, Volume 9|year=1826|publisher=S.N.|location=New York Public Library|pages=443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBkYAAAAYAAJ&q=Prome+1825}}</ref>

*British Regiments of Foot: [[Royal Scots|1st]], [[41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot|41st]] (270 men),<ref name=Oriental2/> and [[89th (The Princess Victoria's) Regiment of Foot|89th]] (260 men)<ref name=Oriental2/> regiments
*Madras Native Infantry: 18th and [[88th Carnatic Infantry|28th]] regiments
*250 Royal Engineers<ref name=Oriental2/>
*100 Pioneers<ref name=Oriental2/>
*Some artillery

Under the command of General Campbell:

*British Regiments of Foot: [[Somerset Light Infantry|13th]], [[38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot|38th]], [[47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot|47th]], and [[87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot|87th]] regiments
*[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|2nd Battalion, The Madras European Regiment]]
*Madras Native Infantry: [[63rd Palamcottah Light Infantry|3rd]], [[67th Punjabis|7th]], [[69th Punjabis|9th]], 12th, 18th, 25th, 26th, 30th, 34th, 43rd, Regiments
*1st Battalion Madras Pioneers
*Detachment Bengal European Foot Artillery
*Bengal Native Infantry: 13th (Light Infantry), 38th, 40th Regiments

Defence at Prome:
*Four Madras Native Infantry regiments

==In fiction==
* ''On the Irrawaddy'' by [[G. A. Henty]] is a fictional account of the First Anglo-Burmese War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21242/21242-h/21242-h.htm|title=On The Irrawaddy|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021121642/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21242/21242-h/21242-h.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Marching to Ava, A Story of the First Burmese War'' by Henry Charles Moore [1904] is a fictional account of the campaign featuring fictional character Guy Clifford along with Sir Archibald Campbell as the Commanding Officer
*The first few chapters of the novel ''[[The Sabre's Edge]]'' by [[Allan Mallinson]] are set during the First Anglo-Burmese War.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Burmese invasions of Assam]]
* [[Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824]]
* [[Burma–France relations]]
* [[History of Burma]]
* [[Konbaung dynasty]]
* [[Sino–Burmese War (1765–1769)]]
* [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]]
* [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Europe and Burma, 1824–26 | last=Hall | first=D.G.E. | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1945 }}
*Hall, D.G.E. (1960). ''Burma''. 3rd ed. London: Hutchinson University Library.
* {{cite book | title=The Defeat of Ava: The First Anglo-Burmese War, 1824–26 | last=Blackburn | first=Terence R. | publisher=A. P. H. Publishing | edition=Hardcover | year=2009 | isbn=978-81-313-0544-7 }}
*Htin Aung, Maung (1967). ''A History of Burma''. New York: Columbia University Press.
*Myint-U, Thant (2006). ''The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
*Harvey, G. E. (1925). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vmIVhKXwrFcC History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824, The Beginning of the English Conquest]''. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
*{{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=John James|title=Narrative of the Burmese War: Detailing the Operations of Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet's Army, From its landing at Rangoon in May 1824, to the conclusion of a Treaty of Peace at Yandaboo in February 1826|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qJ1Lrjcef0C&q=%22john+james+snodgrass%22&pg=PR1|publisher=John Murray, London|access-date=30 January 2014|year=1827}}
*Robertson, Thomas Campbell (1853). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90966 Political Incidents of the First Burmese War]''. London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington Street. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
*Trant, Thomas Abercrombie (1827). ''[[iarchive:twoyearsinavafro00tranrich/page/n8|Two Years in Ava: From May 1824, to May 1826]]''. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
*Cox, Hiram (1821). ''[https://archive.org/details/journalaresiden00coxgoog Journal of a Residence in the Burmhan Empire and More Particularly at the Court of Amarapoorah]''. London: John Warren. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
*Doveton, F. B. (1852). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-yjQpenUawAC Reminiscences of the Burmese War, in 1824–5–6]''. London: Allen and Co. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
*Gouger, Henry (1860). ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044088727268&view=1up&seq=13 Personal Narrative of Two Years' Imprisonment in Burmah]''. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
*Phayre, Sir Arthur P. (1883). ''[[iarchive:cu31924023498763/page/n24|History of Burma: Including Burma Proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan, from the Earliest Time to the End of the First War with British India]]''. London: Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill. Retrieved 29 October 2019.

==External links==
{{Commons category|First Anglo-Burmese War}}
{{EB1911 poster|Burmese Wars}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202003039/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Treaties/Burma/002.htm Text of the Treaty of Yandabo]
* [https://www.donaldheald.com/advSearchResults.php?authorField=Lieutenant+Joseph+MOORE&action=search Colour plates by Lt. Joseph Moore and (Capt. Frederick Marryat)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160217102053/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/sli/1burmese.htm The Somerset Light Infantry in the First Burmese War]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071221172136/http://www.regiments.org/wars/19thcent/24burma.htm First Anglo-Burmese War] British regiments
* [https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/first-burma-war First Burma War] – [[National Army Museum]]
* Rikard, J. (12 December 2001) [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_angloburma1.html First Anglo Burmese War, 1823–1826]

{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:First Anglo-Burmese War| ]]
[[Category:British rule in Burma]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1823]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1824]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1825]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1826]]
[[Category:Wars involving Myanmar|Anglo-Burmese War 1]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1820s in Burma]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1820s in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of Assam]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of Thailand]]

Repallelo Radha

2026-04-04T03:10:39Z

Al202xis0: Put Up A Stub

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Repallelo Radha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Sarath
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Repallelo Radha''|[[Balabhadrapatruni Ramani]] }}
| producer = M. R. V. Prasad
| starring = Dilip Tadeshwar [[Gayathri Raghuram]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2001|7|6|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Repallelo Radha''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Sarath and starring newcomers Dilip Tadeshwar and [[Gayathri Raghuram]] (credited as Deeksha).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-people-see-my-sister-they-ask-ex-actress-gayathri-raguram-8653675.html|title='When People See My Sister, They Ask ...': Ex-actress Gayathri Raguram|date=9 November 2023|work=[[News18]]|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Dilip Tadeshwar
*[[Gayathri Raghuram]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Chalapathi Rao]]
*[[Rama Prabha]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
}}

== Production ==
The film's story is based on the novel of the same name by [[Balabhadrapatruni Ramani]] that featured in the ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'' weekly. Ramani chose Dilip Tadeshwar, who appeared in Hindi music videos, to be the film's hero.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date= |title=Reviews of 2001 Released Movies - Repalle Lo Radha|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-date=10 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020210063024/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Producer M. R. V. Prasad, who previously worked with Sarath for ''[[Sultan (1999 film)|Sultan]]'' (1999) launched a new banner Priyadarshini Pictures for this film, which marked the return of [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] after a hiatus. The recording of the songs was scheduled to take place on 21 March 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news97.html|title='Repallelo Radha' by MRV Prasad|date=19 January 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> The film was shot in Rajahmundry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onseta.html|title=Repallelo Radha|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=16 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011105082816/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onseta.html|archive-date=5 November 2001}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Repallelo Radha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| released = 2001
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Telugu
| label =
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Video Jukebox
|{{YouTube|sl46mbSdrfU|''Repallelo Radha'' – Jukebox}}}}
| prev_title = [[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Adhipathi]]
| next_year = 2001
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Repallelo Radha 2001 Telugu Movie Songs, Repallelo Radha Music Director Lyrics Videos Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/repallelo-radha-7650/songs |website=MovieGQ |access-date=2 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The song "Oh Papa" was based on "[[Rasputin (song)|Rasputin]]". Nachaki of ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "The album is again one good piece by Koti, but is very much dominated by the beat. The nativity of villages, as required by the theme of the movie, can be noticed in the compositions and lyrics".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/audio/reviews/repalleloraadha.html|title=Repallelo Radha|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=20 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109201046/http://www.telugucinema.com/audio/reviews/repalleloraadha.html|archive-date=9 November 2001}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raave Samajavaragamana
| length1 = 3:56
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Oh Papa Iropalo
| length2 = 4:03
| lyrics2 = Veturi Sundararama Murthy
| extra2 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]], K. S. Chithra
| title3 = Oh Prema Na Priyathama
| length3 = 4:58
| lyrics3 = Veturi Sundararama Murthy
| extra3 = Sriram Prabhu, K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Gudi Gantale
| length4 = 4:13
| lyrics4 = Sri Harsha
| extra4 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title5 = Paathika Daatani
| length5 = 3:54
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra5 = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], Krishna Raj, [[Radhika (singer)|Radhika]], Sandhya
| title6 = Yenchakka Unnave
| length6 =
| lyrics6 = Veturi Sundararama Murthy
| extra6 = [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]], Radhika
| total_length =
}}

== Release ==
The film was a box office failure and producer M. R. V. Prasad who produced films with [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] like ''[[Bala Gopaludu]]'' (1989) and ''Sultan'' never lost money on those films but lost money on this film. He was also deceived by a USA distributor who after screening the film for one month there, "lost" the print of the film and did not pay him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-mrvprasad.html|title=Chitchat with MRV Prasad|date=8 September 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1575669}}

{{Sarath (director)}}
[[Category:2001 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sarath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]

Neoserica pilistriata

2026-04-03T15:04:45Z

Al202xis0: Put Up A Stub - done

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_pilistriata.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = pilistriata
| authority = [[Dirk Ahrens|Ahrens]] & [[Silvia Fabrizi|Fabrizi]], 2016<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674601/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Neoserica pilistriata''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in India (Meghalaya).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 9.6–10.1 mm. They have a dark brown, oblong body. The ventral surface (including antennal club) is yellowish brown and the dorsal surface is dull with dense, very long hairs.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
The species name is derived from Latin ''pilus'' (meaning ''hair'') and ''striatus'' (meaning ''striped'') and refers to the longitudinal rows of long setae on the elytra.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28796061}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 2016]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|pilistriata]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Silvia Fabrizi]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dirk Ahrens]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

Bengaluru Central Business District

2026-03-31T13:47:33Z

Al202xis0:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Original research|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bengaluru Central Business District
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Central Part of Bengaluru
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bengaluru
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bengaluru, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.975|N|77.61|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bengaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[BBMP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = High
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]] [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560XXX
| registration_plate = KA
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Bangalore-cbd.jpg|thumb|Bangalore CBD, [[M G Road, Bangalore|MG Road]] is seen.]]
The central business district of [[Bengaluru]] is the area within a 7 km radius around [[Vidhan Soudha]].<ref name=":0" /> This is the center of Bangalore and was founded by Kempegowda of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Most of the land is used by commercial establishments and the Indian Army with plans of skyscrapers under works. It has multiple high-rises including [[UB Tower]]. It also includes heritage properties like the [[Bangalore Fort]] and the Bangalore Pete.

The Collection in [[UB City]] is one of the first luxury shopping malls of [[South India]]. The land in CBD is expensive; [[Brigade Road]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore|MG Road]] are amongst the most expensive in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Central Business District |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264787842_Future_Threats_to_CBD_A_Case_Study_of_Bangalore_CBD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008204818/http://www.dikshaconsulting.com/Listings.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>{{Dubious |Talk section name |reason=unverifiable resource/dead link |date=March 2013}} It also houses many other high streets including [[Commercial Street, Bangalore|Commercial Street]] and [[Church Street, Bangalore|Church Street]] as well as the [[Kannada cinema|Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce]]. CBD is a tourist attraction as there are parks, government offices, educational institutions, business houses and hotels, shopping destinations, stadiums, museums, temples, mosques, churches, art galleries and entertainment zones. Since the 2010s, planning and transport studies have described the area as part of a wider urban corridor accommodating service-sector activities, including technology and corporate services, in the context of Bengaluru’s metropolitan expansion.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Bangalore Metro Rail Project – Line R6: Project Document |url=https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/approved/2017/_download/india/document/bangalore-metro-document.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413143908/https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/approved/2017/_download/india/document/bangalore-metro-document.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank}}</ref> The planned extension of the Namma Metro network under Phase II, approved in 2017 and progressing into the early 2020s, enhanced connectivity along adjoining corridors and supported commercial and residential development near metro-linked districts.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Jobs Near Metro Rail Transit in Bengaluru: Enabling an Accessible and Productive City |url=https://wri-india.org/sites/default/files/BloreJobsMetroPub-17th-Oct-online.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623010550/https://wri-india.org/sites/default/files/BloreJobsMetroPub-17th-Oct-online.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=WRI India}}</ref>

==Notable roads==
{{Colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[M G Road, Bangalore|MG Road]]<ref name="tech"/>
* [[Brigade Road]]<ref name="20roads"/>
* Magrath Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* Richmond Road<ref name="look">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Manoj |title=20 Bengaluru roads to get smart look |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/20-bengaluru-roads-to-get-smart-look-732555.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kasturba Road]]<ref name="20roads"/>
* [[Commercial Street, Bangalore|Commercial Street]]<ref name="20roads"/>
* [[Church Street, Bangalore|Church Street]]<ref name="tech"/>
* [[Lavelle Road]]<ref name="20roads"/>
* Queens Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* Cubbon Road<ref name="park"/>
* Millers Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* [[Cunningham Road]]<ref name="tech">{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Umesh R. |title=Tech-enabled parking system launched in 10 CBD roads |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/tech-enabled-parking-system-launched-in-10-cbd-roads-889660.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* Museum Road<ref name="tech"/>
* Kamaraj Road<ref name="20roads"/>
*Nandidurga Road<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J9f9r8IHdBx0qstALLSSJL/Solitude-at-Nandidurg-Road.html|title=Solitude at Nandidurg Road|first=Vivek|last=Muthuramalingam|work=mint |date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Infantry Road]]<ref name="20roads"/>
* Dickenson Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* Raj Bhavan Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* St. Mark's Road<ref name="tech"/>
* Vittal Mallya Road<ref name="tech"/>
* Residency Road<ref name="tech"/>
* Convent Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* Hayes Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* Central Street<ref name="20roads"/>
* Palace Road<ref name="85roads"/>
* St. John's Church Road<ref name="85roads">{{cite news |title=Park smart on these 85 roads |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/park-smart-on-these-85-roads/articleshow/58600997.cms |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
* Jumma Masjid Road<ref name="look"/>
* Ali Asker Road<ref name="tech"/>
* Bowring Hospital Road<ref name="20roads"/>
* [[Ulsoor]] Road<ref name="20roads">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Atul |title=20 Central business district roads in Bengaluru to get smart; motorists in for traffic mess |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/20-cbd-roads-to-get-smart-motorists-in-for-traffic-mess/articleshow/66613311.cms |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Nrupathunga Road<ref name="park"/>
* Dr. Ambedkar Road<ref name="park">{{cite news |title=Parking restrictions in CBD; extra buses for World Cup matches |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Oct/20/parking-restrictions-in-cbd-extra-buses-for-world-cup-matches-2625583.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[J C Road]]<ref name="jam"/>
* Seshadri Road<ref name="jam"/>
* Kempegowda Road (KG Road)<ref name="jam">{{cite news |title=Protests over demonetisation lead to traffic jam in many CBD areas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/protests-over-demonetisation-lead-to-traffic-jam-in-many-cbd-areas/article20003022.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031704/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/protests-over-demonetisation-lead-to-traffic-jam-in-many-cbd-areas/article20003022.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Mosque Road]]<ref name="mosque-road2023">{{Cite web |title=Know Your City: With Ramadan in full flow, Bengaluru’s Mosque Road becomes a foodies’ paradise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/know-your-city-with-ramadan-in-full-flow-bengalurus-mosque-road-becomes-a-foodies-paradise/
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125090652/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/know-your-city-with-ramadan-in-full-flow-bengalurus-mosque-road-becomes-a-foodies-paradise/ |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*[[Tannery Road]]<ref name="tannery-road2016">{{Cite web |title=Tannery Road: A civic wasteland in Bengaluru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518200402/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/20-bengaluru-roads-to-get-smart-look-732555.html |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url=https://wework.co.in/workspaces/private-office-space/bangalore/ |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 June 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*Wheeler Road
*Kengal Hanumantaiah Double Road<ref name="khdoubleroad">{{Cite web |title=On the Road: Kengal Hanumanthaiah (KH) Road, Bangalore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/Sep/29/on-the-road-90155.html
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125091058/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/Sep/29/on-the-road-90155.html |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 September 2009}}</ref>
*Mission Road<ref name="mission-road-traffic">{{Cite web |title=Mission Road, Bengaluru – Road partially shut for pipeline work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mission-road-partially-shut/articleshow/110344355.cms
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525133905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mission-road-partially-shut/articleshow/110344355.cms |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

==Neighborhoods ==
The following are the neighborhoods either fully or partially located in the Central Business District

{{Colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
===Northern Part===
*[[Vasanth Nagar]]
*[[Frazer Town]]
*[[Cooke Town]]
*[[Cox Town, Bangalore|Cox Town]]
*Benson Town
*Jayamahal

===Eastern Part===
*[[Richmond Town]]
*Sampangiramanagar
*[[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Langford Town]]
*Shantala Nagar
*[[Austin Town]]
*[[Vivek Nagar]]
*Agram
*Sivanacheti Gardens
*[[Ulsoor]]

===Western Part===
*[[Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore|Gandhinagar]]
*[[Seshadripuram]]
*[[Binnypete]]

===Southern Part===
*[[Chickpet]]
*[[Chamarajpet]]
*[[Kalasipalyam]]
*[[Wilson Garden]]
*[[Adugodi]]
{{Colend}}

==Important landmarks ==
[[File:Vidhan Souda Karnataka.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Vidhana Soudha]] in Bangalore CBD is the legislature seat of [[Karnataka]]]]
[[File:Bangalore High Court From Cubbon Park.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Karnataka High Court]]]]
[[File:Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall Bangalore Edit1.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Bangalore Town Hall|Town Hall]]]]
[[File:UB City, Bangalore.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[UB City]]]]
[[File:Public Utility Building Bangalore.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Public Utility Building]]]]
[[File:Sree Kanteerava Indoor Stadium.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]]]
*[[Vidhana Soudha]] (State legislature of Karnataka)
*[[Freedom Park, Bangalore|Freedom Park]]
*[[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]]
*Department of Industries and Commerce
*National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development
*State Bank of India - International Branch
*Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium
*Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation
*India Meteorological Department
*[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] Corporate Office
*[[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|General Thimmayya]] National Academy Of Adventure
*[[Raj Bhavan, Bengaluru|Raj Bhavan]] Karnataka
*[[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]]
*Board of Technical Examinations
*Department of Archaeology and Museums
*Karnataka State Central Library
*[[Reserve Bank of India]]
*[[Bangalore Palace]]
*[[Lal Bagh]] Botanical Gardens
*[[Bangalore Fort]]
*Vikasa Soudha
*Commissionerate of Social Welfare Department
*[[UB City]]
*Department of Information and Public Relations
*Central Revenue Building
*[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] - Indian Army
*Karnataka and Kerala Sub Area HQ of Army
*Kempegowda Majestic Metro Station (the largest station in Asia)
*[[Cubbon Park]]
*Press Club of Bengaluru
*[[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government Museum]]
*[[Kodandera M. Cariappa|General Cariappa]] Memorial Park
*India Post General Post Office
*Indira Gandhi Musical Fountain Park
*[[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]]
*Bangalore Turf Club
*[[Ulsoor Lake]]
*[[Russell Market|Russel Market]]
*[[Bangalore Club]]
*[[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]]
*[[Bangalore City railway station]]
*[[Venkatappa Art Gallery]]
*[[Karnataka Police|Bangalore Police]] Headquarters
*Central Press Information Bureau, Bangalore
*Traffic Headquarters
*St. Mary's Basilica
*[[Bangalore Town Hall]]
*Bowring Institute
*Karnataka Housing Board
*BESCOM Corporate Office
*BWSSB Corporate Office
*State Youth And Sports Centre
*Karnataka Institute of Cricket
*Century Club
*Karnataka Examinations Authority
*Home Guards & Civil Defence Academy
*Bangalore Hockey Stadium
*[[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
*[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
*Bangalore Football Stadium
*[[Karnataka High Court|High Court of Karnataka]]
*Manekshaw Parade Grounds
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee TTMC]]
*[[Canara Bank]] Head Office
*[[Bangalore East railway station]]
*National Games Village
*Mysore Bank Circle
*St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral
*[[Dodda Basavana Gudi]]
*[[East Parade Church]]
*[[State Bank of India]] Local Head Office
*[[Krishi Bhavan]]
*[[Bank of Baroda]] International Branch (formerly Head Office of [[Vijaya Bank]])
*[[Ashoka Pillar]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station]]
*[[Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple]]
*[[Binny Mills]]
*Lulu Mall
*[[Life Insurance Corporation]] Jeevan Prakash Building
*Coles Park
*[[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]]
*[[Bangalore Stock Exchange]]
*Sri Guru Singh Sabha Gurudwara, Halasuru
*[[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences , Whitefield]]

==Tallest buildings==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! width="145" |Name
! Image
! width="50" |Height
! Floors
! Year
! Use
|-
| 1
| [[UB Tower]]
| [[File:UB tower.jpg|166x166px|[[UB City|UB Tower]]]]
| {{convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 20
| 2008
| Commercial
|-
| 2
| Kingfisher Tower
|
| {{convert|122|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 34
| 2018
| Residential
|-
| 3
| Concorde Tower
|
| {{convert|115|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 20
| 2008
| Commercial
|-
| 4
| Prestige Trade Tower
|
| {{convert|115|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 27
| 2017
| Commercial
|-
| 5
| [[Public Utility Building]]
|
| {{convert|106|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 25
| 1973
| Commercial
|-
| 6
| Canberra Tower
|
| {{convert|105|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 20
| 2008
|
|-
|}

===Under construction or planned===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! width="145" |Name
! width="75" |Height
! Floors
! Year
|-
| 01.01
| Bengaluru Turf Tower
| {{convert|660|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 156
| Cancelled
|-
| 02.02
| Wearesf Towers
| {{convert|440|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 109
| 2015
|-
| 03.03
| KTRE ARFD Tower
| {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 90
| 2016
|-
| 04.04
| ASTA VIBRANT Towers
| {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 94
| 2012
|-
| 03.03
| Golden Empire
| {{convert|288|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 68
| 2018
|-
| 03.03
| Karnataka Financial Towers
| {{convert|245|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| 57
| 2019
|}

==Consulates ==
* {{flagicon|Japan}} Consulate-General of Japan
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Consulate General of Israel, Bangalore|Consulate-General of Israel]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} Consulate-General of Germany
* {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Consulate-General of Switzerland
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Deputy High Commission and Trade Office of United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|France}} Consulate- General of France
* Consulate of United States of America (temporarily at JW Marriot)

==Gallery==

<gallery caption="Aerial views">
File:Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building.jpg| Aerial view from MG road Utility Building
File:Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building 4.jpg| Aerial view from MG road Utility Building
File:Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building 3.jpg| Aerial view from MG road Utility Building
File:Bangalore Aerial view from MG road Utility Building 5.jpg| Aerial view from MG road Utility Building
File:UBtowers.jpg|[[UB City]] at night
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Bengaluru topics}}
[[Category:Geography of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Central business districts in India]]

Sony YAY!

2026-03-24T08:03:16Z

Al202xis0:

{{Short description|Indian children's television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sony YAY!
| logo = SONY YAY 2022 Logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since {{Start date and age|df=y|2022|10|24}}
| logo_size = 180px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|18 April 2017}}
| picture_format = [[576i]]/[[480i]] [[SDTV]]
| owner = [[Sony Pictures Networks|Culver Max Entertainment]]
| sister_channels = [[Sony Pictures Networks#Owned channels|List of channels owned by Culver Max]]
| country = India
| replaced = [[Animax India]]
| language = {{plainlist|
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
* [[Odia language|Odia]]
}}
| area = Nationwide
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| online_serv_1 = Affiliated Streaming Service
| online_chan_1 = [[SonyLIV]]
| online_serv_2 = [[Internet Protocol television]]
| online_chan_2 = [[Sling TV]]
| online_serv_3 = [[Tata Play]] (India)
| online_chan_3 = SD
| online_serv_4 = [[JioTV]]
| online_chan_4 = HD+SD
| website = {{URL|https://www.sonyyay.com/}}
}}

'''Sony YAY!''' is an Indian [[pay television]] channel aimed at [[children]] aged between 6 and 14, operated by [[Sony Pictures Networks|Culver Max Entertainment]]. The channel primarily airs international [[Animated Series|animated series]] in various [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].

== History ==
[[File:Sony YAY! logo (2017-present).png|thumb|Former logo of Sony YAY! used from 2017 to 2022.]]
The channel was launched on 18 April 2017 in [[Hindi]] , [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] replacing the linear [[Animax India|Animax]] channel in India, with Sony Pictures Networks announcing their plans to migrate all Japanese animated programming broadcast on the channel as paid content to its digital platform [[Sony LIV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sony to shift Animax channel to SonyLiv|date=13 April 2017|url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/sony-to-shift-animax-channel-to-sonyliv-170413 | publisher=Indian Television|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref>

In 2018 the channel began telecasting in [[Malayalam]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] followed by in 2019 It began telecasting in [[English language|English]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] then In 2020 The Channel also launched the [[Kannada]] audio feed make it the first kids channel available in several regional languages. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=indiantelevision com |date=2019-03-07 |title=Sony YAY! becomes India’s first kids’ TV channel to be present in 7 languages – adds Marathi language feed |url=https://indiantelevision.com/news-headline/sony-yay-becomes-indias-first-kids-tv-channel-to-be-present-in-7-languages-adds-marathi-language-feed/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=exchange4media |date=2019-03-07 |title=Sony YAY! introduces Marathi feed - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sony-yay-introduces-marathi-feed-95181.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

Sony YAY! began airing ''[[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah]],'' an animated show based on the Hindi sitcom ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' on 19 April 2021''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sony YAY! introduces kids to animated world of Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/sony-yay-introduces-kids-to-animated-world-of-taarak-mehta-kka-chhota-chashmah-112210.html|access-date=2021-04-28|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref>'' In June 2021, the channel started airing ''[[Bernard (TV series)|Bernard]]'' under the title ''Bhaalu Ye Bindass Hai .''In the same year , the channel replaced the [[English language|english]] feed with [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/sony-yay-adds-new-show-bhaalu-ye-bindaas-hai-to-its-program-list/|title=Sony YAY! adds new show 'Bhaalu Ye Bindaas Hai' to its program list|date=8 June 2021|access-date=7 July 2023|work=AnimationXpress}}</ref>

''Ding Dong Bell Masti Ka Khel'' premiered on Sony YAY! on 16 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sony Yay! to bring a comedy show for kids 'Ding Dong Bell, Masti ka Khel'|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/08/sony-yay-to-bring-a-comedy-show-for-kids-ding-dong-bell-masti-ka-khel|date=12 August 2021|access-date=7 July 2023|work=Best Media Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ding Dong Bell, Masti Ka Khel – new show set to take you on a roller coaster of laughter, fun and adventure|url=https://www.sonypicturesnetworks.com/news-details/0/565/ding-dong-bell-masti-ka-khel-new-show-set-to-take-you-on-a-roller-coaster-of-laughter-fun-and-adventure|access-date=2021-08-15|website=www.sonypicturesnetworks.com|language=en}}</ref> The second season of ''[[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah]]'' also aired on same date.<ref>{{Citation |title= Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah {{!}} Starts 16th Aug | date=13 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7Mo5G1VRgo |language=en |access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref>

The French animated series ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'' started airing on the channel from 11 October 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title= Oggy and the Cockroaches {{!}} Brand New Show {{!}} Starts 11th October, 2021 {{!}} Sony YAY | date=28 September 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwLY6vKlYM0 |language=en |access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Xilam Animation Strikes Deal with Sony Pictures Network India for the Oggy and the Cockroaches Franchise - all 7 seasons to be on Sony YAY Kids|url=https://xilam.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PR-Xilam-Asia-Pacific_EN.pdf|access-date=2021-09-25|website=xilam.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the channel only aired season 4 and season 3 (remake) of the series.<ref>{{Citation |title= Oggy and the Cockroaches {{!}} All New Episodes {{!}} Sony YAY | date=18 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaUl9tD9TvA |language=en |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> With this, a feature film of the series i.e. ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie]]'' was also premiered on 25 October 2021 on the channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CVWypcOqkLF/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|title=This Monday, is going to be a fun-day! Enjoy your afternoon with the Oggy and The Cockroaches Movie, 25th October 1:30PM only on Sony YAY!|access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> The series airs with Indian dialogues and commentary by [[Mubeen Saudagar]] who voices all characters in Hindi version.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

The channel launched the British animated series ''[[Horrid Henry (TV series)|Horrid Henry]]'' in November 2021 with the title ''Haste Raho Henry''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adgully.com/sony-yay-welcomes-the-festive-season-with-a-bang-108985.html|title=Sony YAY! welcomes the festive season with a bang|date=23 September 2021|access-date=7 July 2023|work=AdGully}}</ref> Season 6 and 7 of ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'' aired on the channel in 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title= Oggy and the Cockroaches {{!}} Mon-Fri 01:30 PM only on Sony YAY |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2T5ayTM5Pg |language=en |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref>

Sony YAY! also launched ''[[Harry & Bunnie]]'' in February 2022 under the title ''Rabbit Aur Bhalla Fun Hoga Khullam Khulla''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/sony-yay-to-air-new-show-rabbit-aur-bhalla-fun-hoga-khullam-khulla-in-february/|title=Sony YAY! to air new show 'Rabbit Aur Bhalla: Fun Hoga Khullam Khulla' in February|date=22 February 2022|access-date=7 July 2023|work=AnimationXpress}}</ref>

The third season of ''[[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah]]'' came out on 16 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title='Taarak Mehta Ka Chhota Chashmah' Season 3 releases|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 May 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-ka-chhota-chashmah-season-3-releases/articleshow/91598475.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah Returns With Its Third Season|date=16 May 2022|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/taarak-mehta-kka-chhota-chashmah-returns-with-its-third-season-5196865.html}}</ref> With this, a tele movie (45-minute-long episode) titled ''Tapu and the Big Fat Alien Wedding'' was also premiered on 27 May 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title= Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah {{!}} First Ever Tele Movie {{!}} 27th May 2022, 12:00 PM | date=26 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4UMnK9QzSs |language=en |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah Season 3 premieres on Sony Yay, Asit Kumarr Modi says 'it is going to be bigger, better and unique'|date=16 May 2022|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/taarak-mehta-kka-chhota-chashmah-season-3-premieres-on-sony-yay-tappu-7920665/}}</ref>

Sony YAY! started airing the Japanese animated series ''[[Robotan]]'' and a new show ''HaGoLa'' on 20 June 2022.<ref name="Sony YAY! announces two new toon shows- ‘Ha.Go.La’ and ‘Robotan’">{{Cite web|title=Sony YAY! announces two new toon shows- 'Ha.Go.La' and 'Robotan'|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/06/sony-yay-announces-two-new-toon-shows-ha-go-la-and-robotan-|access-date=21 June 2022|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date= 20 June 2022}}</ref>

On 1 July 2022, Sony YAY! was launched in [[Malaysia]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language on [[Telekom Malaysia]] with a total of seven popular kid's entertainment shows including ''Sab Jholmaal Hai'', ''Guru Aur Bhole, [[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah|Taarak Mehta Ka Chhota Chashma]], [[Kicko & Super Speedo]], [[Paap-O-Meter]], Prince Jai aur Dumdaar Viru'' and ''HaGoLa''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2022|title=Expanding its global reach, Sony YAY! launches in Malaysia|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/expanding-its-reach-sony-yay-is-now-available-in-malaysia/ |access-date=2022-07-06|website=AnimationXpress|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 15 August 2022, the channel launched hit Japanese animated television series ''[[Naruto]]'' in five regional languages – Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web|date= 6 August 2022|title=Naruto to Start Airing in India on Sony Yay From August 15 |url=https://in.ign.com/naruto-1/174035/news/naruto-to-start-airing-in-india-on-sony-yay-from-august-15 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref> The head of programming of Sony YAY!, Ronojoy Chakraborty told ''[[IGN India]]'' in an interview that the channel plans to bring more anime content to the country after Naruto.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayyed |first=Rayan |date=2022-08-30 |title=Exclusive: Sony YAY! Programming Head Talks Naruto, Anime's Growth in India, Channel's Future Plans |url=https://in.ign.com/naruto-1/174418/news/exclusive-sony-yay-head-talks-naruto-animes-growth-in-india-channels-future-plans |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=[[IGN India]] |language=en-in}}</ref>

In September 2022, the channel was launched in Canada through [[Asian Television Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-13 |title=Sony adds two channels to its Canadian offering through ATN |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sony-adds-two-channels-to-its-canadian-offering-through-atn-220913 |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 September 2022, the channel launched one more French animated series ''[[The Owl & Co]]'' under the title ''Dhakki Chiki Aaool!''<ref>{{Citation |title=Owl ajooba, Kahani atrangi todha hai action todhi si masti!! Dhakki Chiki Aaool! {{!}} brand new show, starts tomorrow Mon – Fri 5 PM onwards only on Sony YAY!|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cio1gamqPWB/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|access-date=2022-09-18}}</ref>

On 24 October 2022, the channel launched ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation]]'', a brand new season of ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'', on the occasion of Diwali.<ref>{{Citation |title=Oggy and the Cockroaches Next Generation {{!}} Brand New Season {{!}} Starts 24th Oct {{!}} Mon - Fri 11:30 AM| date=21 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8Adcizspm0|language=en |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> The fifth season of ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'' began to air on the channel from November 2022 in the occasion of [[Children's Day (India)|Children's Day]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Children's Day Special {{!}} All Day Oggy {{!}} 10:00Am - 6:00 PM {{!}} On 14th Nov {{!}} Only on Sony YAY!| date=11 November 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9G-WzF5y-M |language=en |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref>

Sony YAY! began airing their original series ''PaJaMa'' in December 2022.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Dhruvi|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/inspired-by-family-storyteller-siddharth-maskeri-takes-us-through-the-creation-of-sony-yays-animated-show-pajama/|title=Inspired by family, storyteller Siddharth Maskeri takes us through the creation of Sony Yay!'s animated show 'PaJaMa'|date=24 April 2023|access-date=7 July 2023|work=AnimationXpress}}</ref> ''[[Mr. Magoo (TV series)|Mr. Magoo]]'' was also premiered on 26 December 2022 on the channel.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mr. Magoo {{!}} Brand New Show {{!}} Sony YAY! {{!}} Starts 26th December {{!}} Mon – Fri 3:00 PM| date=23 December 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6cv31GWc3M/ |language=en |access-date=2022-12-23}}</ref>

A preschool block, Sony YAY! Jr, launched on 12 June 2023. The block is currently broadcasting ''[[Oggy Oggy]]'', and is slated to air more preschool shows in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Saubhagya |date=2023-06-22 |title=Sony Yay Jr: A New TV Channel for the Junior Generation! – Techdhoom.in |url=https://techdhoom.in/sony-yay-jr-a-new-tv-channel-for-the-junior-generation/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 4 September 2023, the channel launched in [[Singapore]] via [[Singtel TV|Singtel]]. Similar to Malaysia, it broadcasts in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2023|title=Singtel TV Channel Launch: Sony YAY! - Singapore|url=https://www.singtel.com/content/dam/singtel/personal/products-services/tv/channel/channel-updates/faq-sony-yay.pdf |access-date=2024-04-27|website=Singtel|language=en-SG}}</ref>

The popular animated series ''[[Crayon Shin-chan|Shinchan]]'' premiered on Sony YAY! in India in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony YAY! reveals plans to create 'Shin chan' multiverse; hints at exciting upcoming announcements |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/anime/sony-yay-reveals-plans-to-create-shin-chan-multiverse-hints-at-exciting-upcoming-announcements |website=AnimationXpress |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref>

On 7 April 2025, the channel began airing the popular Japanese [[animated]] television series [[Jujutsu Kaisen (TV series)|Jujutsu Kaisen]] for the first time on Indian television in regional language dubs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hazra |first=Adriana |date=3 April 2025 |title=Sony YAY! Airs Jujutsu Kaisen Anime's 1st Season on Indian TV From April 7 - News - Anime News Network |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-04-03/sony-yay-airs-jujutsu-kaisen-anime-1st-season-on-indian-tv-from-april-7/.223076 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref>

The channel also launched another Japanese animated series, i.e., ''[[One Punch Man]]'' on 22nd November, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One-Punch Man on Sony YAY! Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu Premiere Date Revealed|url=https://in.ign.com/one-punch-man/246033/news/one-punch-man-on-sony-yay-hindi-tamil-and-telugu-premiere-date-revealed|date=6 November 2025|access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

== Programming ==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by Sony YAY!}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.sonyyay.com/}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/sonyyay/ Official channel] on [[YouTube]]

{{Sony Pictures Networks India}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2017]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India]]
[[Category:Indian animation]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Entertainment]]
[[Category:Culver Max Entertainment]]

Abdul Majith

2026-03-21T01:36:17Z

Al202xis0: Created Details

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Majith
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Abdul Majith
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|2|20}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/StarPage/Director/Abdul-Majith |title=Iflicks: Latest Tamil cinema news | Kollywood latest news | Tamil movie stills |publisher=Iflicks.in |date=1974-02-20 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|Producer]], [[Screenwriter]]
| othername = Majith, Majeeth
| yearsactive = 1996-present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Abdul Majith''' (commonly known as '''Majith''') is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director, producer screenwriter who has worked on Tamil films. He made his directorial debut with the 2002 social drama film, ''[[Thamizhan]]'' starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. He has since worked on lower budget ventures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-08-02/ki-mu-11-03-08.html |title=No sets! Says this director - Behindwoods.com Director A. Majith Tamilan Vijay Thunichal Ki. Mu M. G. R. Nagar market. Vadivelu Hassan Sarika TAMIL MOVIE NEWS Latest Tamil Movie News Hot News Kollywood Latest News PICTURE IMAGE GALLERY STILLS WALLPAPERS |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemabizz.com/Director_A_Majid.asp |title=Director A Majid - Complete Tamil Filmography |publisher=Cinema Bizz |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1996, he worked as the story writer for ''[[Selvaa (film)|Selvaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfZtfWZvMzc&t=203s | title=Selva Full Movie HD Quality Video | website=[[YouTube]] | date=26 April 2013 }}</ref> In 2001, producer G. Venkateswaran signed on [[Thirupathisamy]] to direct [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in an action film titled ''Velan''. The film, a remake of the director's Telugu film ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'', saw [[Priyanka Chopra]], winner of the beauty pageant [[Miss World 2000]], being brought in by Venkateswaren to make her debut and play the lead female role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/12/14/stories/2001121400720200.htm |title=The Hindu : From beauty pageant to celluloid |accessdate=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207145033/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/12/14/stories/2001121400720200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2001-12-14 |archivedate=7 December 2013 }}</ref> However, before production began, Thirupathisamy died in an accident and Venkateswaren duly decided to give debutant Majith a chance to direct a film with the same cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/06priy.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Priyanka Chopra heads South|work=rediff.com}}</ref> A social drama, campaigning for the widespread knowledge of legal rights, the film created anticipation prior to release. The film opened to mixed reviews from film critics on 14 April 2002 and Malathi Rangarajan of [[The Hindu]] praised the film adding that "dialogue is a strong point of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820203.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627181604/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820203.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-06-27|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-04-19|title=Thamizhan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lolluexpress.com/thamizan.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222147/http://www.lolluexpress.com/thamizan.htm |archivedate=12 May 2014 }}</ref> The critic from [[Rediff.com]] also gave the film a positive review stating that the director had succeeded in making a good debut, while another critic labelled the film as "meaningful cinema" though stated that some scenes were overdone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/thamizhan.html|title=Tamil Cinema Review - Thamizhan review, Vijay, Priyanka Chopra, Vivek, Director Majith, Music Director Iman|work=itgo.com}}</ref> In comparison, a reviewer from Bizhat.com stated that "the message conveyed leaves you exhausted and stressed", giving the film a below average review.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_tamizhan.php|title=BizHat.com - Tamizhan Review. Vijay, Priyanka Chopra, Revathy|work=bizhat.com|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223216/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_tamizhan.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201610800.htm |title=Ushering in the new year |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606143526/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201610800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-04-12 |archivedate=6 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201360600.htm |title=Awaiting superhits |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607062417/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201360600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-04-12 |archivedate=7 June 2014 }}</ref>

He began work on his second film, the thriller ''[[Thunichal]]'' in May 2005 and filming was completed by the end of the year, except for the dubbing portions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093002690100.html |title=The Hindu : Home Page News & Features |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913085833/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093002690100.html |archive-date=13 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequently, the film was postponed indefinitely due to financial restraints, and remained unreleased. The actors and director involved, moved on to participate with other projects. In 2008, he worked on the romantic drama ''[[Kee Mu]]'', featuring newcomers. The film progressed with little publicity and had a low key release at the box office, while Majith also appeared in acting role. The film received negative reviews with a critic noting the film "copying one or two well-known trend-setters, seems nothing short of sacrilege when seen on screen".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/05ssk.htm |title=Review: Ki Mu |work=Rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> The success of [[Arun Vijay]]'s ''[[Malai Malai]]'', meant that the producers of ''Thunichal'' decided to use his new-found publicity to relaunch their own film. Arun Vijay, worried that the move could hamper his new-found image at the box office, lodged a complaint with the Nadigar Sangam, alleging that the producers of Thunichal were attempting to release the film without his voice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-09-05/arun-vijay-thunichal-29-12-09.html |title=Action against film's release - Tamil Movie News - Arun Vijay | Nadigar Sangam | Thunichal |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2009-12-29 |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> Soon after, he retracted his statements and refuted that the film would not damage his reputation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53065.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316061257/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53065.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2010 |title=Arun Vijay's 'Thunichal' in - Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2009-12-28 |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> Upon release, the film received highly negative reviews. A reviewer from Behindwoods.com claimed in regard to the cast that "Arun Vijay seems to be in a lost plot after his ''[[Malai Malai]]'' high but that Ramana impressed with "his cold villainy" and the "other performances don’t count for much". The director was criticized, citing that "he fails to hold the viewers’ attention right from the start" and a "few interesting scenes which would have enhanced the quality of the film". Regarding the work from the technical crew, the reviewer cited that "there is nothing much that stands out", while the music by [[Premji Amaran]] "fails to make any sort of impact".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/thunichal.html |title=Thunichal - Tamil Movie Reviews - Thunichal Arun Vijay Ramana Shiva Manjal Malai Malai Majeed Premji Amaran |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref>

In 2016, he began production on ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'', which is set in a slum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/mar/31/majiths-next-titled-paisa-918405.html|title=Majith's Next Titled Paisa|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=31 March 2016|first=Manigandan|last=K R|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> In February 2017, he began a female-centric thriller film titled [[Torchlight (2018 film)|''Torchlight'']] starring [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] and [[Sadha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/sadha-joins-abdul-majiths-torchlight/|title=Sadha Joins Abdul Majith's 'Torchlight'|date=13 February 2017}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Note: he was credited as Majith till 2018.''
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director !! Writer !! Producer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Selvaa (film)|Selvaa]]'' || {{No}} || {{partial|Story}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Thamizhan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{partial|Story}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kee Mu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Also actor
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Thunichal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2018 || [[Torchlight (2018 film)|''Torchlight'']] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majith}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]

III Corps (India)

2026-03-17T05:36:43Z

Al202xis0: Improved readability and structure

{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = III Corps
| image = File:III Corps, Indian Army.svg
| caption = Indian Army III Corps Formation Sign
| dates = 1915–1919 1941–1942 1985&ndash;present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type =
| role = Mountain (Holding) [[Corps]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Eastern Command, Indian Army.png|22px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
| garrison = [[Dimapur]]
| nickname = ''Spear Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = 
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Abhijit S Pendharkar, {{postnominals|country=IND|size=75%|UYSM|AVSM|YSM}}
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Johnson P Mathew]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Ram Chander Tiwari]] [[Rana Pratap Kalita|Lt Gen Rana Pratap Kalita]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]] [[Abhay Krishna|Lt Gen Abhay Krishna]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]] [[Zameer Uddin Shah|Lt Gen Zameer Uddin Shah]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Chandra Joshi]] [[Raj Mohan Vohra|Lt Gen Raj Mohan Vohra]] [[Joginder Singh Bakshi|Lt Gen Joginder Singh Bakshi]]
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[II Corps (India)|II Corps]]|next=[[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]}}
The '''III Corps''' is a formation of the [[Indian Army]] that was formed during [[World War I]] in [[Mesopotamia]] during its [[Mesopotamian campaign|respective campaign]]. Prior to the reorganization of the British and Indian forces in [[Mesopotamia]], it was designated as the '''Tigris Corps'''.

A new III Corps was formed by the [[Indian Army during World War II]] for service in [[Southeast Asia]]. The corps fought in the [[Battle of Singapore]] where it surrendered in February 1942.<ref>Ramakrishna</ref>

It is headquartered in the state of [[Nagaland]] of India in the city of [[Dimapur]], at Rangapahar Military Station.

== History ==
3 Corps was raised during World War I by Lt Gen Ahlmer and soon thereafter, the command was changed to Lt Gen [[Frederick Stanley Maude|Frederick Stanley Maud]], who was appointed as the Corps Commander on 09 Dec 1915. 3 Corps was allotted the [[6th (Poona) Division]] and [[12th Indian Division]] along with a Cavalry Brigade and tasked with the defence of the Tigris Line. The Corps thereby earned the sobriquet of "The Tigris Corps". 3 Corps played a major role in the Mesopotamian front, which was a campaign in the middle eastern theatre of World War I, fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, troops from Britain, Australia and vast majority of British Raj, against the central powers, mostly the Ottoman Empire. The Theatre was vast and consisted of hot, inhospitable desert terrain. Tank warfare had still not achieved its primacy and deserts remained primarily a no man’s land. The fight was concentrated along the course of Tigris and the Euphrates rivers where Ottomans had a head start. The British had realised that they needed to secure and control the delta of Tigris at Shatt-El-Arab and Basra to deny the Ottomans access to Abadan Refinery and the oil rich delta. It also provided the British with a bridgehead for the induction of troops through the sea route and to maintain their forces logistically during future operations in the north. Keeping this as the broad objective, the British dispatched the 6th Indian Division as the Indian Expeditionary Force to Basra in 1915.

The Corps was later split into two separate formations, namely 1 and 3 Corps. [[I Corps (British India)|I Corps]] moved northwards towards [[Mosul]], while 3 Corps led a renewed offensive towards [[Baghdad]], which finally fell to 3 Corps in 1916. The composition of 3 Corps was largely Indian troops and the credit for the swift capture of Baghdad was attributed to them. The Allied forces controlled a major part of Mesopotamia because of the fall of [[Baghdad]], and most importantly, had direct access to the sea and the oldest refinery of Asia at Abadan. In view of the strategic objective of bringing [[Mesopotamia]] under British control and liberation of [[Kuwait]] from Ottoman control being achieved, an armistice was signed between the British and the Ottoman Empire.

The military phase of the operations in the [[Middle East]] was over, paving the way for political and diplomatic overtures. 3 Corps which had played a great role in achievement perhaps did not get its due compared to similar forces fighting in the European Theatre. The Corps was finally demobilized in 1919, only to be resurrected in 1941 during World War II.

=== World War II ===
HQ 3 Corps was raised on 27 Apr 1941 with headquarters at [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Lt Gen Percy Heath was placed in Command of the Corps. It had two Divisions, namely the 9th and [[11th_Infantry_Division_(India)|11th Indian Division]]s under command.

[[11th Indian Division]] which was tasked to defend [[Kuala Lumpur]] and withdraw towards [[Thailand]] was outflanked by the Japanese. The Division fought major battles at [[Jitra]] from 08-12 Dec 1941, Kampar from 30 Dec 1941 to 02 Jan 1942, [[Slim River]] from 06 Jan to 08 Jan 1942, Gemas and Muar River from 14 Jan to 02 Jan 1942 and gave a good account of themselves, despite debilitating logistic shortcoming and virtually no air support. [[9th Indian Division|9th]] and [[11th_Infantry_Division_(India)|11th Indian Division]] suffered significant casualties without any significant reinforcements.

During the [[Malayan campaign]], 3 Corps had borne the brunt of War, and men suffered from inclement weather and tropical diseases apart from enemy action. Jungle terrain coupled with intolerable tropical weather and humidity made the conditions insuperable. Fighting here required the very best of human endurance, both mental and physical. 3 Corps had fought most of its battles in these virtually inhuman conditions, but there was little coverage of the same. While the trenches of Ypres, Somme, Alsace and Lorraine and those who fought in them were widely covered, the contributions of the anonymous Indians who died in Malaya remain un-recounted. 3 Corps virtually ceased to exist post Feb 1942.

=== III Corps: The Third Reincarnation ===
The Naga insurgency, over a period, gained inroads into the Hill districts of Manipur, Tirap and Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh bordering Nagaland. 8 Mountain Division was re-raised in 1962 located at Zakhama.

Spear Corps participated in the 1962 Indo – China war. The famous '''Battle of Walong''' was in the then NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh). In autumn of 1962, during the Sino-Indian War, Walong was the scene of the Battle of Walong, where the Indian Army 11th Infantry Brigade battled the Chinese advances.[7] The killed and wounded numbered 642 Indians and 752 Chinese.[8] Indians were defeated at Walong, however the Chinese withdrawal allowed India to regain the territory.[6] A canopied memorial to the Indian war dead of 1962 was erected next to the airstrip with the following verses composed by a Walong veteran inscribed on it:[6]

''The sentinel hills that round us stand''

''bear witness that we loved our land.''

''Amidst shattered rocks and flaming pine''

''we fought and died on Namti Plain''

''.''

''O Lohit gently by us glide''

''pale stars above us softly shine''

''as we sleep here in sun and rain.''

Spear Corps was the formation directly under Headquarters Eastern Command to conduct operations against Naga insurgents. The spread of insurgency into new areas of Mizoram and Tripura necessitated the induction of additional troops. With the raising of 57 Mountain Division in 1969 at Masimpur, 8 Mountain Division was entrusted with Counter Insurgency Operations in Nagaland and Manipur, while 57 Mountain Division was responsible for conduct of operations in Mizoram and Tripura. Assam Rifles units were also involved in counter insurgency operations under respective brigade sized sector headquarters. There was a need to adopt a common cause and manifest a common effort. It was this requirement which precipitated the thought process for establishing a new headquarters as an umbrella organisation to counter the eco system of insurgency and eradicate it in a comprehensive manner. The seed for raising of a new Corps headquarter was sown in response and the idea of 3 Corps sprouted.

In 1984, Lt Gen Chiman Singh, the then General Officer Commanding-in Chief, Eastern Command deliberated upon the command, control and coordination of operations of the two Divisions fighting insurgency in the North East and decided to coordinate and streamline functioning of both these Formations under a Corps Headquarter. Headquarters 3 Corps was raised on 04 Feb 1985, by Lt Gen Joginder Singh Bakshi, MVC, at Rangapahar Military Station (RMS) in Dimapur (Nagaland) for coordination and conduct of Counter Insurgency Operations in Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, South Assam (including Dhubri Districts) and Arunachal Pradesh (Tirap and Changlang districts). 3 Corps replaced 8 Mountain Division as the highest Formation responsible for coordinating Counter Insurgency Operations in Nagaland and the adjoining Naga inhabited areas of other states.

=== Formation Sign : Spears Corps ===
The formation sign is inspired by the primary role of Infantry. Fittingly, the formation signs of the two formations under Head Quarters 3 Corps, the Bayonet of 8 Mountain Division and Crossed Spears of 57 Mountain Division, were superimposed to make the 3 Corps formation sign.

At the time of its formation, 3 Corps consisted of 8 Mountain Division and 57 Mountain Division, under its command. Additionally, Headquarters Inspector General Assam Rifles (North) (IGAR(N) was raised at Jorhat on 15 May 1985 and placed under operational control of 3 Corps. Post raising, the Headquarters IGAR(N) moved to Imphal and took over the operational responsibility of Manipur from 8 Mountain Division on 12 Nov 1986. 8 Mountain Division took over the responsibility of Tirap Sector.

3 Corps was actively involved in counter-insurgency operations in Manipur, Tripura and North Cachar Hills district of Assam. Besides, 3 Corps was also aiding the civil administration and paramilitary forces in maintaining peace in Nagaland and Mizoram. At the time, 3 Corps seemed likely to be replaced by the Directorate-General of Assam Rifles based in [[Shillong]]. The 57 Mountain Division based at [[Leimakhong]] in [[Manipur]] had already been shifted to Meerut in Uttar Pradesh.

Defending the LAC became an additional responsibility, apart from countering insurgency. With this additional responsibility to fulfil, two more Divisions were placed under command of HQ 3 Corps. With the raising of the Division Headquarters, its formations and units commenced its operations on 7 September 2009 under Major General Raj Nandan Singh. It took over the operations and entire responsibility of Western [[Arunachal Pradesh]] on 01 Jun 2010.

== Order of battle ==
[[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] estimates that it consists of:<ref>Jane's World Armies, Issue 19, 2006</ref>
*[[2nd Infantry Division (India)|2 Mountain Division]] (Dao Division) - The division joined III Corps in late 2000s and is headquartered at [[Dinjan]], [[Dibrugarh district]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/2-div.htm|title=2 Mountain Division|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/third-battalion-of-naga-regiment-be-raised-soon_571317.html|title=Third battalion of Naga regiment be raised soon|date=2009-10-16|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
** 5 Mountain Brigade at [[Aalo]] (Along)<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-12-11 |title=Army steps in to help school |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec11%2012.html |access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref> - the oldest infantry brigade in the Indian Army.<ref name="StepsUp">[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071220/asp/guwahati/story_8690054.asp Paranoia after Ulfa threat; Army steps up vigilance in upper Assam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024111143/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071220/asp/guwahati/story_8690054.asp|date=2012-10-24}}, The Telegraph, Calcutta, India, Thursday, December 20, 2007</ref>
** 82 Mountain Brigade at [[Tezu]] in [[Lohit district]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-10-07 |title=Indian Army to begin deploying light howitzers in eastern sector |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-to-begin-deploying-light-howitzers-in-eastern-sector/story-WB8HnZqhEIlzpXUv2360DK.html |access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>
** 181 Mountain Brigade at Laipuli, [[Tinsukia]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-01-23 |title=Ambush raises questions about security lapses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ambush-raises-questions-about-security-lapses/articleshow/56726800.cms |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
** 2 Mountain Artillery Brigade at [[Dinjan]]
*[[56th Mountain Division (India)|56 Infantry Division]] - was raised at [[Zakhama]], [[Nagaland]] and presently located at [[Likabali]], North of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chindits.co.in/2009/11/armys-first-mountain-division-for-china.html|title=Army's first mountain division for China in northeast kicks off !!|date=11 November 2009|publisher=Chindits|language=en|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014722/http://www.chindits.co.in/2009/11/armys-first-mountain-division-for-china.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2013/october/7/why-mountain-strike-corps-along-the-india-china-border-is-important|title=Why mountain strike corps along the India-China border is important|date=2013-10-07|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref> Responsible for guarding of northern borders, internal security situation and disaster management in selected districts of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
*[[57th Mountain Division (India)|57 Mountain Division]] (Red Shield Division) - headquartered at [[Leimakhong]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/57-div.htm|title=57 Mountain Division / Red Shield Division|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref> Raised in 1966 for counterinsurgency operations in [[Mizoram]]. Until 1990, headquartered at [[Aizawl]] with III Corps.<ref name=Conboy8>Conboy, Elite Forces of India and Pakistan, p.8</ref> Globalsecurity.org reports the 57 Mountain Division headquarters are at Manipur near Silchar.<ref>Globalsecurity.org, 17 July 2010</ref> The formation and units of 57 Mountain Division are deployed in some of the remotest corner of Manipur and Indo-Burmese border.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/57-div.htm |title=57 Mountain Division / Red Shield Division |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref> 57th Mountain Division took part in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] as part of [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]. It also successfully conducted [[Operation Golden Bird]] in 1995 to eliminate rebels in Northeast India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9KGAwAAQBAJ&q=Wyakaung+beach&pg=PA185|title=Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East By Subir Bhaumik|isbn=9788132104797|last1=Bhaumik|first1=Subir|date=10 December 2009}}</ref>
*One [[Indian Army#Bhairav Light Commando Battalions|Bhairav Light Commando Battalion]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=Army transforming its 382 infantry battalions with new weapons & drone platoons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-transforming-its-382-infantry-battalions-with-new-weapons-drone-platoons/articleshow/124745155.cms |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Commanders ==
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
|rowspan="45" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[Joginder Singh Bakshi]]
|5 March 1985
|30 March 1986
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref name="Twitter">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ajitkdubey/status/950723788357845002/photo/1|title=New #DGMO Lt Gen Anil Chauhan (R) handing over charge of all imp 3 Corps in Dimapur to Lt Gen Gopal R.|date=2018-01-09|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Raj Mohan Vohra]]
|31 March 1986
|20 September 1987
|[[4th Horse (Hodson's Horse)]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/>
|-
|Vijay Madan
|21 September 1987
|6 May 1989
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/>
|-
|[[Bipin Chandra Joshi]]
|7 May 1989
|17 May 1990
|[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/>
|-
|B S Nalwa
|18 May 1990
|13 May 1991
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/>
|-
|H K Kapoor
|14 May 1991
|15 December 1992
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/>
|-
|N S Malik
|16 December 1992
|29 October 1994
|[[4th Horse (Hodson's Horse)]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/>
|-
|[[Krishna Mohan Seth]]
|30 October 1994
|22 October 1995
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/>
|-
|S S Grewal
|23 October 1995
|9 September 1997
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/30042002/r3004200210.html|title=LT GENERAL SS GREWAL RETIRES|date=2002-04-30|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|Rustom Kaikhusro Nanavatty
|10 September 1997
|19 June 2000
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1394685847Gautam%20Sen%20CJ%20Summer%202013.pdf|title=Reviewing Internal Armed Conflict in India-Forging a Joint Civil - Military Approach|date=|access-date=2021-07-11|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914220501/https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1394685847Gautam%20Sen%20CJ%20Summer%202013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|T S Shergill
|20 June 2000
|4 October 2001
|[[9th Deccan Horse]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/army-top-brass-changed-in-n-e/cid/895312|title=Army Top Brass Changed in N-E|date=2000-06-11|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|V K Jetley
|5 October 2001
|2 January 2003
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/lt-gen-v-k-jetley-takes-over-as-master-general-ordinance_78429.html|title=Lt Gen V K Jetley takes over as Master General Ordinance|date=2003-01-31|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|Rajinder Singh
|3 January 2003
|31 December 2003
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="Twitter"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..090103.jan03|title=JS Verma visits Manipur|date=2003-01-08|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|Daljeet Singh
|1 January 2004
|22 September 2005
|[[8th Light Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/167_Annual-Report-2005-2006.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2005 – 2006|date=|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zameer Uddin Shah]]
|September 2005
|September 2006
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/09/20/lt-gen-manbir-assumes-charge-as-goc-3-corps-1158747182.html?story=1|title=Lt Gen Manbir assumes charge as GOC 3 Corps|date=2006-09-20|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|Manbir Singh Dadwal
|September 2006
|30 July 2008
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|<ref name="OneIndia"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2008/may15-08/h12.html|title=Army Commander visits Manipur|date=2008-05-15|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|Rakesh Kumar Loomba
|31 July 2008
|August 2009
|[[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-08-31|title=Lt. Gen. Loomba new Military Intelligence chief|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Lt.-Gen.-Loomba-new-Military-Intelligence-chief/article16878218.ece|access-date=2020-11-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Nand Kishore Singh
|August 2009
|March 2011
|[[3rd Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2011/mar16-11/h1.htm|title=Defence Minister Visits North-East|date=2011-03-11|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
|March 2011
|19 June 2012
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/defence-ministry-seeks-report-on-notice-to-lt-gen-suhag-321683.html|title=Defence ministry seeks report on notice to Lt Gen Suhag|date=2012-05-25|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|Arun Kumar Sahni
|20 June 2012
|August 2013
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/goc-3-corps-extends-vijay-diwas-greetings?infinitescroll=1|title=GOC 3 Corps extends Vijay Diwas greetings|date=2010-09-15|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|Srinivasan Lakshmi Narasimhan
|August 2013
|31 August 2014
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lieutenant-general-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-command-of-spear-corps/articleshow/41358096.cms|title=Lieutenant General Lt Gen Bipin Rawat takes over command of Spear Corps|date=2014-08-31|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bipin Rawat]]
|1 September 2014
|22 November 2015
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nagaland-governor-asks-security-forces-to-be-careful-in-view-of-naga-accord-2119482|title=Nagaland governor asks security forces to be careful in view of Naga accord|date=2015-08-28|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Abhay Krishna]]
|23 November 2015
|31 December 2016
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=29..241115.nov15|title=Lt Gen Abhay Krishna takes over as GOC Spear Corps|date=2015-11-23|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-|title=
|[[Anil Chauhan]]
|1 January 2017
|8 January 2018
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arunachal24.in/goc-3-corps-anil-chauhan-meets-arunachal-governor-s-v-shanmuganathan/|title=GOC 3 Corps Anil Chauhan Meets Arunachal Governor SV Shanmuganathan|date=2017-01-04|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gopal R]]
|9 January 2018
|10 January 2019
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="Lt. Gen Sirohi">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/lt-gen-sirohi-takes-over-as-goc-3-corps/188339.html|title=Lt. Gen Sirohi takes over as GOC 3 Corps|work=Nagaland Post|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216170838/http://www.nagalandpost.com/lt-gen-sirohi-takes-over-as-goc-3-corps/188339.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Rajeev Sirohi
|10 January 2019
|10 January 2020
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|<ref name="Lt. Gen Sirohi"/>
|-
|[[Rana Pratap Kalita]]
|11 January 2020
|10 February 2021
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedispatch.in/lt-gen-rana-pratap-kalita-appointed-as-goc-3-corps-first-assamese-to-don-corps-commanders-mantle/|title=lt-gen-rana-pratap-kalita-appointed-as-goc-3-corps-first-assamese-to-don-corps-commanders-mantle|date=2020-02-10|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213231714/https://www.thedispatch.in/lt-gen-rana-pratap-kalita-appointed-as-goc-3-corps-first-assamese-to-don-corps-commanders-mantle/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Johnson P Mathew]]
|10 February 2021
|1 March 2022
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathew |first1=JP |title=JP Mathew Spear Corps Commander |url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/lt-gen-jp-mathew-next-goc-3-corps/228430.html |access-date=2021-02-10 |archive-date=2021-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114044/https://www.nagalandpost.com/lt-gen-jp-mathew-next-goc-3-corps/228430.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Ram Chander Tiwari|Ram Chander Tewari]]
|1 March 2022
|6 March 2023
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-rc-tiwari-takes-over-as-general-officer-commanding-of-spear-corps/articleshow/89952827.cms|title=Lt Gen RC Tiwari takes over as General Officer Commanding of Spear Corps|date=2022-03-03|access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>
|-
|Harjeet Singh Sahi
|6 March 2023
|10 Aug 2024
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Sahi next GOC of 3 Corps {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/lt-gen-sahi-next-goc-of-3-corps/ |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> 
|-
|Abhijit S Pendharkar
|10 Aug 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Lt Gen Abhijit S Pendharkar took over command of the Spear corps from Lt Gen HS Sahi. |url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1822216964820873641 |website=X (formerly twitter)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Pendharkar takes charge as GOC 3 Corps |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2024/08/11/lt-gen-pendharkar-takes-charge-as-goc-3-corps/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref>
|}

==Reference list==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/singapore/transcript.htm Australian War Memorial: Remembering 1942 The fall of Singapore, 15 February 1942] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820045754/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/singapore/transcript.htm |date=20 August 2008 }}
* [http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?aid=103&nid=14&start=0 III Indian Corps History & Personnel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025851/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?aid=103&nid=14&start=0 |date=2016-03-04 }}
*http://www.orbat.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116132914/http://www.orbat.com/ |date=2018-11-16 }} (History; Niehorster)

{{Indian Army}}
{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:03 Corps}}
[[Category:Corps of India|003]]
[[Category:Corps of British India]]
[[Category:Corps of India in World War II]]
[[Category:Corps of India in World War I]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II| ]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1915]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1919]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1980]]

Minguel Rod

2026-03-15T01:08:59Z

Al202xis0: new a details

{{Short description|Goan singer and composer (1924–1955)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Minguel Rod
| image = Minguel Rod.png
| caption = Portrait of Rodrigues during his youth
| birth_name = Miguel Manoel Rodrigues
| birth_place = [[Cortalim, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|8|10|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1955|10|4|1924|8|10|df=y}}{{efn|Some sources claim that Rodrigues died at the age of 32, which is incorrect.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/jr-rod-a-composer-singer-par-excellence-of-the-konkani-stage/articleshow/52858174.cms|title=Jr Rod: A composer-singer par excellence of the Konkani stage|newspaper=The Times of India |date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> However, reliable sources, such as the book ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'' by [[Wilson Mazarello]], published in 2000, state that he died at the age of 31.}}
| death_place = Cortalim, Goa, Portuguese India
| other_names = M. Rod.
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer|playwright|actor}}
| years_active = 1936; 1941–{{circa|1955}}
| children =
}}

'''Miguel Manoel Rodrigues''' (10 August 1924 – 4 October 1955), known professionally as '''Minguel Rod''', was a [[Goan]] singer, composer, playwright, and actor known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. One of the greatest composers of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage, he was a leading figure in the golden phase of ''tiatr'' from the 1940s to the mid-1950s,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date= |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |language=en |access-date=2023-12-20 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> alongside Konkani actor [[C. Alvares]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-22 |title=When the tiatr had its season in the sun |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-the-tiatr-had-its-season-in-the-sun/articleshow/51936832.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220135833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-the-tiatr-had-its-season-in-the-sun/articleshow/51936832.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout his career, he composed over 300 ''[[Tiatr#Songs|kantaram]]'' and wrote 32 ''tiatrs'', many of which were well-received and popular among his audience.

==Early life==
Minguel Rodrigues, was born as Miguel Manoel Rodrigues on 10 August<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fidelis |first=Ron |date=14 August 2016 |title=No one like Rod! |work=GT Weekender |pages=14}}</ref> 1924, to Manoel Rodrigues and Dominica Vicente,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=12 October 1955 |title=Certidão de óbito |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=D&__cscKey= |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> he hailed from a financially disadvantaged family in the village of [[Cortalim]], located in the southern region of [[Goa]]. Rodrigues embarked on a career as a [[playwright]], staging his ''[[tiatrs]]'', in a neighbor's [[verandah]], using improvised curtains made from bed sheets. Initially, his productions catered to a local audience, presenting shorter ''tiatrs'' within his native village.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-05-02 |title=Remembering the young prodigy, Minguel Rod |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/remembering-the-young-prodigy-minguel-rod/articleshow/52069822.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220133645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/remembering-the-young-prodigy-minguel-rod/articleshow/52069822.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rodrigues ventured into creating longer [[dramas]] aimed at larger crowds. However, in his eagerness to showcase his work, he overlooked the requisite procedure of obtaining a performance license from the government authorities. The Portuguese administration, under whose [[Portuguese India|colonial rule Goa remained at the time]], became aware of this transgression and endeavored to apprehend Rodrigues. However, the young Rodrigues managed to evade capture by fleeing Goa and finding refuge in the city of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai).<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
During his stay in [[Bombay]], Rodrigues actively searched for opportunities to establish himself as an actor in ''tiatrs''. However, his endeavors met with limited success, leaving him disappointed. Undeterred, he even ventured into producing his own short [[Play (theatre)|play]], but failed to gain recognition or advancement in his career. Despite the challenges he faced, Rodrigues did manage to secure a chance to demonstrate his singing skills in a ''tiatr'' directed by Anthony De Sa. This opportunity did not lead to any significant breakthroughs or new avenues for his professional growth.<ref name=":0" />

However, Rodrigues' fortunes began to change when he received news that the Portuguese regime, which had been keeping an eye on him, was no longer pursuing him. This development provided him with a glimmer of hope and motivated him to make a discreet return to his homeland in 1943, coinciding with [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]]' plans to present the ''tiatr'' production titled ''Bebdo'' (Drunkard) in [[Mapuça]], featuring an [[ensemble cast]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Handbill of Minguel Rod's Tiatro "Mugdom Baddcar".jpg|thumb|Sample of a [[Flyer (pamphlet)|flyer]] for Rodrigues's theater production ''Mugdom Baddcar'']]
Upon learning of Rodrigues' return to Goa, Fernandes extended an invitation for him to showcase his singing talent in his ''tiatr''. It was the production titled ''Bebdo'' that served as Rodrigues' much-awaited breakthrough. His vocal performance in the play left a lasting impression on the audience, leading Fernandes to promptly recommend him to Souza Ferrao. Ferrao, who was organizing his own tiatr called ''Xetkampti'' (Farmer), saw the potential in Rodrigues and eagerly included him in the cast. One of Rodrigues' [[Solo (music)|solo]] [[kunbi]] songs, "Naum Minguelll", emerged as the standout piece in ''Xetkampti'' and garnered significant acclaim. Subsequently, numerous offers began to pour in, with Bombay-based contractors vying to secure Rodrigues for their upcoming shows. Capitalizing on his newfound popularity, Rodrigues ventured into writing his own ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":0" />

In 1945, Rodrigues unveiled his first full-length ''tiatr'', ''Duddvancho Fors'' (Power of Wealth), which enjoyed immediate success. Contractors quickly recognized that Rodrigues' ''tiatrs'' not only delivered an entertaining experience but also tackled profound themes and showcased beautiful singing in each act. Rodrigues was diligent in ensuring that his productions featured three songs: a regular solo, a comic solo, and a [[duet]] or [[Trio (music)|trio performance]] with his colleagues. Moreover, Rodrigues' regular appearances on [[All India Radio]] further elevated his stature, and his songs gained widespread popularity through [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. Among his notable renditions are "Burgueponn", "Tarvotti", and "Dotik Rodditat", which have achieved enduring status as beloved classics.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
Rodrigues struggled with [[alcoholism]], and he died due to it on 4 October 1955, at the age of 31<ref name=":0" /> at his residence in [[Cortalim, Goa]].<ref name=":3" />

==Legacy==
The death of Rodrigues had a profound impact on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] community, particularly in [[Portuguese India|Colonial Goa]]. The official radio station of Goa,<ref name=":2" /> ''Emisora de Goa'' (now [[All India Radio]] of [[Prasar Bharati]]), dedicated a significant portion of their broadcast to provide a live commentary on the funeral procession. This commentary was delivered by Allen Costa, who also paid homage to Rodrigues by playing his songs for a continuous duration of two hours. Such a tribute was a rare honor bestowed upon a ''[[tiatrist]]'' (a performer in the traditional [[Goan]] theatre form known as ''[[tiatr]]'').<ref name=":1" />

==Cultural impact==
In 1976, Richard Fernandes undertook an endeavor to revive the artistic legacy of Rodrigues who had died two decades prior. Fernandes assumed the roles of director and producer to bring Rodrigues' ''[[tiatr]]'', titled ''Irmanv-achem Cazar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr in Toronto...down the ages |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Tiatr-in-Torontodown-the-ages/193395 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> (Brother's Wedding), back to life. This theatrical production was meticulously organized, weighing the various factors involved, such as its strengths, weaknesses, and overall satisfaction of the director and actors. The ''tiatr'' resonated well with the audience, instilling confidence in Fernandes and prompting him to continue the tradition. The following year, Fernandes directed and produced another ''tiatr'' written by Rodrigues, titled ''Ghorachem Kestaum'', further contributing to the preservation of Rodrigues' artistic legacy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=How Minguel Rod set the stage for tiatrs in Canada |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%EF%BB%BFhow-minguel-rod-set-the-stage-for-tiatrs-in-canada/87911.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220134147/https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%EF%BB%BFhow-minguel-rod-set-the-stage-for-tiatrs-in-canada/87911.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During this period, a significant community of [[Goans#Geographical distribution|Goan expatriates]] who had migrated from [[East Africa]] had settled in Canada. The performances of the aforementioned ''tiatrs'' deeply resonated their hearts. Inspired by the success of Rodrigues' works, individuals such as Frank D'Souza, Margaret D'Souza, Delphine D'Souza, Braz D'Cruz, Frank Fernandes, and Zulema D'Souza joined forces with Richard Fernandes to establish a theatrical group known as The Goan Theatrical Group (GTG). Margaret D'Souza took on the responsibility of scripting the performances in English, which were then translated into [[Konkani language|Konkani]] to cater to the Konkani-speaking community residing in [[Toronto]], Canada. The GTG embarked on a journey, creating and presenting their own theatrical productions for nearly two decades.<ref name=":1" />

Among the productions presented by The Goan Theatrical Group were: ''Alzirachem Sopon'' (1978), produced by Lina Remedios, ''Divors Matarponnar'' (1980), directed by Frank De Souza, ''Tegui Bailo'' (Three Women) (1981), directed by Frank De Souza, ''Kalljidar Bhoinn'' (Brave Sister) (1982), directed by Frank De Souza, ''Peleachi Nosai'' (1983), directed by Errol Francis, ''Gupit Mog'' (Secret Love) (1984), translated by Lynn Souza Marques and written and directed by Margaret De Souza, ''Atancho Teomp'' (1986), directed by Margaret De Souza, ''Konn Mhozo Pai'' (Who Is My Father) (1987), translated by Maggie Francis and written and directed by Margaret De Souza, ''Ojeapanchi Bhett'' (Surprising Sacrifice) (1988), translated by Frank De Souza and written and directed by Margaret De Souza, ''Rateor'' (1990), translated by Frank De Souza and written and directed by Margaret De Souza, ''Doria Amchem Noxib'' (1995), translated by Maggie Francis and written and directed by Margaret De Souza.<ref name=":1" />

Rodrigues's tiatrs played a significant role in fostering the ''tiatr'' culture within the Canadian community. Similarly to [[Goa]], the ''tiatr'' activities in Canada came to a halt due to the impact of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. However, as of August 2022, the Konkani-speaking diaspora anticipates the revival of ''tiatr'' performances now that the restrictions imposed in the aftermath of the pandemic have been lifted.<ref name=":1" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1936
|''My Dear Roza Ani Mogacho Pedru''
|Writer
|Short play
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ&q=Xetkampti+tiatr+Souza+Ferrao |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1941
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Singer
|Debut ''tiatr''
|-
|1943
|''Bebdo''
|Singer
|
|rowspan="3"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Xetkampti''
|Singer
|
|-
|1945
|''Duddvancho Fors''
|Writer/singer
|Debut as playwright
|-
|1976
|Irmanv-achem Cazar
|Writer/singer
|re-release by Richard Fernandes
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1977
|''Ghorachem Kestaum''
|Writer/singer
|re-release by Richard Fernandes
|}

==Select discography==
*''Burgueponn''
*''Dotik Roddttat''
*''Tarvotti''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rod, Minguel}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]

Krishnaism

2026-03-14T06:39:16Z

Al202xis0: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Group of Hindu traditions that reveres Krishna as the Supreme Being}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Krishnaism
| image1 = Krishna Holding Mount Govardhan - Crop.jpg
| caption1 = Krishna holding [[Govardhan hill]]. From the [[Smithsonian Institution]] collections.
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Krishnaism''' is a term used in scholarly circles to describe large group of independent [[Hinduism|Hindu]] traditions—[[sampradaya]]s related to [[Vaishnavism]]—that center on the devotion to [[Krishna]] as ''[[Svayam Bhagavan]]'', ''[[Ishvara]]'', ''[[Para Brahman]]'', who is the source of all reality, not simply an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mullick|1y=1898|1p=|2a1=Hein|2y=1986|2pp=296–317|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3pp=387–392|4a1=Flood|4y=1996|4p=117|5a1=Matchett|5y=2001|5p=|6a1=Bryant|6y=2007|6p=381}}{{refn|group=note|"The term ''Kṛṣṇaism'', then, can be used to summarize a large group of independent systems of beliefs and devotion that developed over more than two thousand years ..."{{sfn|Hardy|1987|p=392}}}} This is its difference from such Vaishnavite groupings as [[Sri Vaishnavism]], [[Sadh Vaishnavism]], [[Ramanandi|Ramaism]], [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya|Radhaism]], and Sitaism.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} There is also a personal Krishnaism, that is devotion to [[Krishna]] outside of any tradition and community, as in the case of the saint-poet [[Mirabai]].{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} Leading scholars do not define Krishnaism as a suborder or offshoot of Vaishnavism, considering it at least a parallel and no less ancient current of Hinduism.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}

The teachings of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' can be considered as the first Krishnaite system of [[theology]]. Krishnaism originated in the late centuries [[BCE]] from the followers of the heroic [[Vāsudeva Krishna]], which amalgamated several centuries later, in the early centuries CE, with the worshipers of the "divine child" [[Bala Krishna]] and the [[Gopala-Krishna]] traditions of monotheistic [[Bhagavatism]]. These non-Vedic traditions in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' canon affiliate themselves with ritualistic [[Vedism]] to become acceptable to the [[astika|orthodox]] establishment. Krishnaism becomes associated with [[bhakti movement]] and [[bhakti yoga]] in the Medieval period.

The most remarkable [[Hindu scriptures]] for the Krishnaites became ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', ''[[Harivamsa]]'' (appendix to the Mahabharata),'' [[Brahma Samhita|Brahma samhita]],'' ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' and [[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|''Garga Samhita'']].

==History==
===Overview===
[[File:Heliodorus-Säule1.jpg|thumb|[[Heliodorus pillar]] that was made by Heliodorus 110 BCE after his conversion to [[Bhagavata]] monotheism.]]
Krishnaism originates in the first millennium BCE, as the theological system of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'',{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}<ref>See also: {{harvnb|Stewart|2010}}</ref> initially focusing on the worship of the heroic [[Vāsudeva Krishna]] in the region of [[Mathura]], the "divine child" [[Bala Krishna]] and [[Gopala-Krishna]].{{refn|group=note|"Present day Krishna worship is an amalgam of various elements. According to historical testimonies Krishna-Vāsudeva worship already flourished in and around Mathura several centuries before Christ. A second important element is the cult of Krishna Govinda. Still later is the worship of Bala-Krishna, the Divine Child Krishna — a quite prominent feature of modern Krishnaism. The last element seems to have been Krishna Gopijanavallabha, Krishna the lover of the Gopis, among whom Radha occupies a special position. In some books Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the Bhagavata religion."{{sfn|Klostermaier|2005|p=206}}}} It is closely related to, and find its origin in, [[Bhagavata|Bhagavatism]].{{sfn|Welbon|1987|p=}}

[[File:Inscription of Heliodorus pillar.gif|thumb|upright|left|The first inscription of the [[Heliodorus pillar]].]]

Krishnaism is a non-Vedic tradition in origin, but it further developed its appeal towards orthodox believers through the syncretism of these traditions with the [[Mahabharata]] epic. In particular Krishnaism incorporated more or less superficially the Vedic supreme deity Vishnu, who appears in the [[Rigveda]].{{refn|group=note|"Non-Vedic in origin and development, Kṛṣṇaism now sought affiliation with Vedism so that it could become acceptable to the still not inconsiderable orthodox elements among the people. That is how Viṣṇu of the Ṛgveda came to be assimilated—more or less superficially—into Kṛṣṇaism."<ref>{{cite book |editor-surname=Eliade |editor-given=Mircea |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |title=The Encyclopedia of religion |year=1987 |volume=15 |publisher=MacMillan |page=170 |url={{Google books|KwTXAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>}} Krishnaism further becomes associated with [[bhakti yoga]] in the Medieval period.

[[File:Deity Krishna-Vasudeva on a coin of Agathocles of Bactria 190-180 BCE.jpg|thumb|upright|Vāsudeva-Krishna on a coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], circa 190–180 BCE.<ref name="US">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=436–438 |url={{Google books|H3lUIIYxWkEC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/25807197 Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence], 2016.</ref> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the deity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=215 |url={{Google books|vZheP9dIX9wC|page=215|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>]]

===Ancient traditions. Northern India===
{{See also|Vāsudeva|Bala Krishna}}

Krishnaite theology and cult originate in the first millennium BCE in the [[North India|Northern India]]. The theology of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' (around 3rd–2nd centuries BCE) was the first Krishnaite theological system, if, according to [[Friedhelm Hardy]], to read Gita as itself and not in the light of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' frame with Vishnu-focussed doctrine.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} The fully developed concept of Krishna as an [[avatar]]a of Vishnu emerged around the 4th or 5th century CE to reconcile earlier Krishna traditions with Vaishnava theology. Earlier texts portray Krishna as divine, but not yet clearly defined as avatara of an unmanifest Vishnu.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} As Krishna says:
{{Blockquote|Whenever ''dharma'' is suffering a decline, I emit myself [into the physical world]| ''Bhagavad Gita'' 4.7{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}}}

Early Krishnaism already flourished several centuries BCE with the cult of the heroic [[Vāsudeva Krishna]] in and around the region of [[Mathura]],{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}{{sfn|Basham|1968|pp=667–670}}{{sfn|Hudson|1983}}{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=4}} which, several centuries later, was amalgamated with the cult of the "divine child" Bala Krishna and the Gopala traditions.{{sfn|Basham|1968|pp=667–670}}{{sfn|Hein|1986|pp=296–317}} While Vishnu is attested already in the [[Rigveda]] as a minor deity, the development of Krishnaism appears to take place via the worship of Vasudeva in the final centuries BCE. But, in accordance with [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|Dandekar]], the "Vasudevism" marks the beginning of Vaishnavism in whole.
In other words, Krishnaism, according to Dandekar, is not an offshoot of Vaishnavism, but, on the contrary, the cult of Vishnu and his avatars is the later transformation of Krishnaism-Bhagavatism.{{refn|group=note|name="Dandekar"|"The origin of Vaiṣṇavism as a theistic sect can by no means be traced back to the Ṛgvedic god Viṣṇu. In fact, Vaiṣṇavism is in no sense Vedic in origin. (...) Strangely, the available evidence shows that the worship of Vāsudeva, and not that of Viṣṇu, marks the beginning of what we today understand by Vaiṣṇavism. This Vāsudevism, which represents the earliest known phase of Vaiṣṇavism, must already have become stabilized in the days of Pāṇini (sixth to fifth centuries bce)."{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}}} This earliest phase was established in the time of [[Pāṇini]] (4th century BCE) who, in his ''Astadhyayi'', explained the word ''vasudevaka'' as a ''[[bhakta]]'' (devotee) of Vasudeva.{{sfn|Goswami|1956}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=119–120}}<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211a">{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211 |year=1997|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=90-04-10758-4 |pages=211–220, 236}}</ref><ref name="DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30">{{cite book|author=Christopher Austin|editor=Diana Dimitrova and Tatiana Oranskaia|title=Divinizing in South Asian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2JgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-12360-0|pages=30–35}}</ref> At that time, Vāsudeva was already considered as a demi-God, as he appears in Pāṇini's writings in conjunction with [[Arjuna]] as an object of worship, since Pāṇini explains that a ''vāsudevaka'' is a devotee (''bhakta'') of Vāsudeva.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=119–120}}<ref name="VM58">{{cite book |last1=Malpan |first1=Varghese |title=A Comparative Study of the Bhagavad-gītā and the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola on the Process of Spiritual Liberation |date=1992 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop |isbn=978-88-7652-648-0 |pages=57–58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSy_BSaO2BwC&pg=PA58}}</ref><ref>"The affix ''vun'' comes in the sense of "this is his object of veneration" after the words 'Vâsudeva' and 'Arjuna'", giving Vâsudevaka and Arjunaka. Source: Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.0 [http://sanskritdictionary.com/panini/4-3-98 Panini 4-3-98]</ref>

A branch which flourished with the decline of [[Vedism]] was centred on Krishna, the deified tribal hero and religious leader of the Yadavas.<ref name = ucsm>{{cite web |url =http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html |title =Vaishnava |publisher =philtar.ucsm.ac.uk |access-date =2008-05-22 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183626/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html |archive-date =12 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Worship of Krishna, the deified tribal hero and religious leader of the Yadavas, took denominational form as the [[Pancaratra]] and earlier as [[Bhagavata]] religions. This tradition has at a later stage merged with the tradition of [[Narayana]].{{sfn|Welbon|1987|p=}}

The character of [[Gopala Krishna]] is often considered to be non-Vedic.<ref>{{cite book |author= [[Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]], Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar |title= Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar as an Indologist: A Symposium |publisher= Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|location=India |year=1976 |pages=38–40}}</ref>

By the time of its incorporation into the [[Mahabharata]] canon during the early centuries CE, Krishnaism began to affiliate itself with [[Vedism]] in order to become acceptable to orthodoxy, in particular aligning itself with Rigvedic Vishnu.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2005|p=206}} At this stage that Vishnu of the [[Rig Veda]] was assimilated into Krishnaism and became the equivalent of the Supreme God.<ref name="ucsm" /> The appearance of Krishna as one of the ''Avatars'' of Vishnu dates to the period of the [[Sanskrit epics]] in the early centuries CE. The Bhagavad Gita was incorporated into the Mahabharata as a key text for Krishnaism.<ref name= gita>{{cite book |author=G. Widengren |title=Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions – Religions of the Present |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Boston |year=1997 |pages=270 |isbn=90-04-02598-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rrQY1tzLQUC&pg=PA270 }}</ref>

===Early medieval traditions. Southern and Eastern India===
[[File:Sundaravarada Perumal temple13.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Thirumal|Tirumal]]'s [[murti]] in [[Sundaravarada Perumal temple]].]]
By the [[Early Middle Ages]], Krishnaism had risen to a major current of Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2005|p=206}}

According to [[Friedhelm Hardy]],{{refn|group=note|[[Friedhelm Hardy]] in his ''Viraha-bhakti'' analyses the history of Krishnaism, specifically all pre-11th-century sources starting with the stories of Krishna and the [[gopi]], and [[Thirumal|Mayon]] mysticism of the Vaishnava [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saints, Sangam [[Tamil literature]] and [[Alvars]]' Krishna-centered devotion in the [[rasa (theology)|rasa]] of the emotional union and the dating and history of the [[Bhagavata Purana]].{{sfn|Hardy|1981|p=}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ier.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/23/4/443?ck=nck |title=Book review: Friedhelm Hardy, Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krishna Devotion in South India. Oxford University Press, Nagaswamy 23 (4): 443 — Indian Economic & Social History Review |website=ier.sagepub.com |access-date=2008-07-29}}</ref>}} there is evidence of early "southern Krishnaism", despite the tendency to allocate the Krishna-traditions to the Northern traditions.{{sfn|Hardy|1981|p=}} [[South India]]n texts show close parallel with the Sanskrit traditions of Krishna and his gopi companions, so ubiquitous in later North Indian text and imagery.<ref name ="Moni">Monius, Anne E. ''"Dance Before Doom. Krishna In The Non-Hindu Literature of Early Medieval South India"'' in {{Harvnb|Beck|2005|pp=139–149}}</ref> Early writings in [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] culture such as ''[[Manimekalai]]'' and the ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'' present Krishna, [[Balarama|his brother]], and favourite female companions in the similar terms.<ref name = Moni/> Hardy argues that the Sanskrit Bhagavata Purana is essentially a Sanskrit "translation" of the bhakti of the Tamil [[alvars]].<ref>Norman Cutler (1987) ''Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&dq=Friedhelm+Hardy+Viraha+Bhakti&pg=PA13 p. 13]</ref>

Devotion to southern Indian Mal ([[Thirumal|Tirumal]]) may be an early form of Krishnaism, since Mal appears as a divine figure, largely like Krishna with some elements of Vishnu.<ref name = mal>{{cite web |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html |title=Devotion to Mal (Mayon) |publisher=philtar.ucsm.ac.uk |access-date=2008-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183649/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html |archive-date=12 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The alvars, whose name can be translated "sages" or "saints", were devotees of Mal. Their poems show a pronounced orientation to the Vaishnava, and often Krishna, side of Mal. But they do not make the distinction between Krishna and Vishnu on the basis of the concept of the avatars.<ref name = mal/> Yet, according to Hardy the term "Mayonism" should be used instead of "Krishnaism" when referring to Mal or Mayon.{{sfn|Hardy|1981|p=}}

[[File:Puri Ratha Yatra.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ratha Yatra (Puri)]], the Odia chariot festival.]]

At the same ages, in [[East India]], the Jagannathism ({{a.k.a.}} [[Odisha|Odia]] Vaishnavism) was origined as the cult of the god [[Jagannath]] ({{lit|'Lord of the Universe'}})—an abstract form of Krishna.{{sfnm|1a1=Mukherjee|1y=1981|1p= |2a1=Eschmann|2a2=Kulke|2a3=Tripathi|2y=1978|2p=|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3pp=387–392|4a1=Rajaguru|4y=1992|4p=|5a1=Guy|5y=1992|5pp=213–230|6a1=Starza|6y=1993|6p=|7a1=Kulke|7a2=Schnepel|7y=2001|7p=|8a1=Miśra|8y=2005|8loc=chapter 9. Jagannāthism}} Jagannathism is a regional, previously state, temple-centered version of Krishnaism,{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981}} where Lord Jagannath is understood as a principal god, [[Purushottama]] and [[Para Brahman]], but can also be regarded as a non-sectarian syncretic Vaishnavite and pan-Hindu cult.{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=97|loc=chapter 9. Jagannāthism}} According to the ''Vishnudharma Purana'' ({{circa}} 4th century), Krishna is woshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra ([[Odisha]]).{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=76}} The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] in [[Puri]], Odisha is particularly significant within the tradition and one of the major pilgrimage destinations for Hindus since about 800 CE, later became a centre of attraction for a number of both Krishnaite and other Vaishnava acharyas,{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=139–141}} and a place where for the first time the famous poem ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' was introduced into the liturgy.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1419–1420}}

Vaishnavism in the 8th century came into contact with the [[Advaita]] doctrine of [[Adi Shankara]]. [[Adi Shankara]], using the earlier [[Vishnu Purana]] as a support, interpreted Vasudeva as the "supreme self" or Vishnu, who dwell everywhere and in all things.<ref name=autogenerated1>Ganguli translation of Mahabharata, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b113.htm Chapter 148]</ref>

At this period emerged one of key texts for Krishnaites, the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', that promotes [[bhakti]] (devotion) to Krishna.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=111–113}} In it one reads:
{{Blockquote|Kṛṣņa is Bhagavān himself|''Bhagavata Purana'' 1.3.28{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}}}

Another notable bouquet of glory of Krishna was the poems in Sanskrit, possibly by [[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar|Bilvamangala]] from [[Kerala]], the ''Balagopala Stuti'' ("The Childhood of Krishna"){{sfn|Archer|2004|loc=5.3. Later Poetry}} and the ''[[Shree Krishna Karnamrutam]]'' (also called ''Lilasuka'', "Playful parrot"), that later became a favorite text of the Bengali acharya [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}{{sfn|Stewart|2010|p=303}}

===High and late medieval traditions===
{{Further|Bhakti movement}}
[[File:RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG|thumb|14th-century fresco of [[Radha Krishna]] in [[Udaipur]], Rajasthan.]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = [[Acharya]]s
| image1 = Nimbarkacharya's holy icon at the Ukhra Nimbarka Peeth Mahanta Asthal (West Bengal) (square).JPG
| caption1 = Holy statue of [[Nimbarkacharya]], a founder of the first Bhakti-era Krishnaite sampradaya.
| alt1 =
| image2 = CaitanyaMayapur.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], believed to be an expansion of Krishna in the mood of Radha.
}}
This is the most important period, as it was at this time that Krishnaism acquired the form in which its traditions exist today. The [[bhakti movement]] of the high and later Middle Ages Hinduism emerges in the 9th or 10th century, and is based (its Krishnaite form) on the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'', and other scriptures. In North and East India, Krishnaism gave rise to various Medieval movements.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1995}} Early Bhakti Krishnaite pioneers include a [[Telugu people|Telugu]]-origin philosopher [[Nimbarkacharya]] (12th or 13th century CE), the founder of the first Bhakti-era Krishnaite [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] ({{a.k.a.}} Kumara sampradaya),{{sfnm|1a1=Hardy|1y=1987|1pp=387–392|2a1=Clémentin-Ojha|2y=1990|2pp=327–376|3a1=Ramnarace|3y=2014|3p= |4a1=Vemsani|4y=2016|4p=197}} and his an [[Odisha]]-born friend, poet [[Jayadeva]], author of ''[[Gita Govinda]]''.{{sfn|Archer|2004|loc=5.2. The Gita Govinda}}{{sfn|Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda|1977}}{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1414–1423}} Both promoted [[Radha Krishna]] to be the supreme lord while the ten incarnations are his forms.{{sfnm|1a1=Hardy|1y=1987|1pp=387–392|2a1=Clémentin-Ojha|2y=1990|2pp=327–376|3a1=Ramnarace|3y=2014|3p= |4a1=Vemsani|4y=2016|4p=197}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nimbarka-Indian-philosopher |title=Nimbarka |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=2021-04-26}}</ref> Nimbarka more than any other acharyas, gave Radha a place as a deity.{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1415}}

Since 15th century in [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]] flourished [[Tantra|Tantric]] variety of Krishnaism—[[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]] linked to the Bengali poet [[Chandidas]], as well as related to it [[Baul]]s—where [[Krishna]] is the inner divine aspect of man and [[Radha]] is the aspect of woman.{{sfnm|1a1=Basu|1y=1932|1p=|2a1=Dasgupta|2y=1962|2p=|3a1=Das|3y=1988|3p=|4a1=Hine|4y=2003|4p=|5a1=Hayes|5y=2005|5pp=19–32|6a1=Sardella|6a2=Wong|6y=2020|6loc=part 2}} Chandidas' ''Shrikrishna Kirtana'', a poem on Krishna and Radha, depicts them as divine couple, but in human love.{{sfnm|1a1=Stewart|1y=1986|1pp=152–154|2a1=Dalal|2y=2010|2p=385|2loc=Shrikrishna Kirtana}}

The other 15th–16th centuries Bhakti poet-[[sant (religion)|sant]]s – [[Vidyapati]], [[Meera Bai]], [[Surdas]], [[Swami Haridas]], as well as [[Narsinh Mehta]] (1350–1450), who preceded all of them, also wrote about Radha and Krishna love.{{sfnm|1a1=Archer|1y=2004|1loc=5.3. Later Poetry|2a1=Hardy|2y=1987|2pp=387–392|3a1=Hawley|3y=2005|3p=|4a1=Rosenstein|4y=1997|4p=|5a1=Schomer|5a2=McLeod|5y=1987|5p=|6a1=Sivaramkrishna|6a2=Roy|6y=1996|6p=}}

The most emerged Krishnaite guru-acharyas of 15th–16th centuries were [[Vallabhacharya]] in [[Braj]], [[Sankardev]] in [[Assam]], and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in [[West Bengal|Bengal]]. They developed their own schools, namely [[Pushtimarg]] sampradaya of Vallabha,{{sfnm|1a1=White|1a2=Redington|1y=1990|1pp=373–374|2a1=Redington|2y=1992|2pp=287–294|3a1=Patel|3y=2005|3pp=127–136}} [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], {{a.k.a.}} Chaitanya Sampradaya (rather, Chaitanya was an inspirator with no formal successors),{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1y=1925|1p=|2a1=De|2y=1960|2p=|3a1=Chakravarti|3y=1985|3p=|4a1=Elkman|4y=1986|4p=|5a1=Rosen|5y=1994|5p=|6a1=Chatterjee|6y=1995|6pp=1–14|7a1=Gupta|7y=2007|7p=|8a1=Stewart|8y=2010|8p=|9a1=Gupta|9y=2014|9p=}} with Krishna and his chief consort and [[shakti]] Radha as the supreme god, and [[Ekasarana Dharma]] tradition of Sankardev who worship only Krishna, that started under the influence of the Odia cult of Jagannath.{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1415}}{{sfnm|1a1=Sarma|1y=1966|1p=|2a1=Murthy|2y=1973|2p=|3a1=Medhi|3y=1978|3p=|4a1=Neog|4y=1980|4p=|5a1=Bryant|5y=2007|5loc=chapter 6}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=373–374}}

In the Western [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]], saint poets of the [[Warkari]] tradition such as [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Namdev]], [[Janabai]], [[Eknath]], and [[Tukaram]] promoted the worship of [[Vithoba]], a local form of Krishna, from the late of the 13th{{nbsp}}century until the late 18th{{nbsp}}century.{{sfnm|1a1=Iwao|1y=1988|1pp=183–197|2a1=Glushkova|2y=2000|2pp=47–58}} Before the Warkari sampradaya, Krishna devotion (Pancha-Krishna, i.e. five Krishnas) became well established in Maharashtra due to the rise of [[Mahanubhava|Mahanubhava Panth]] founded by the 13th-century [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] acharya [[Chakradhar Swami|Chakradhara]].{{sfnm|1a1=Feldhaus|1y=1983|1p=|2a1=Dalal|2y=2010|2loc=Mahanubhava}} Both schools, Warkari and Mahanubhava, venerated Krishna and his wife [[Rukmini]] (Rakhumai).{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}

[[File:RadhaKrishna with Ashtasakhi.jpg|thumb|upright|Radha Krishna with Ashtasakhi]]

In 16th century in [[Mathura district|Mathura region]], offshoot of Krishnaism is established as [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya|Radha Vallabha Sampradaya]] by the [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]]-language poet-sant [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] and who emphasized devotion to Radha as the ultimate supreme deity.{{sfnm|1a1=White|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Snell|2y=1991|2p=|3a1=Brzezinski|3y=1992|3pp=472–497 |4a1=Rosenstein|4y=1998|4pp=5–18|5a1=Beck|5y=2005|5pp=65–90}}

==Modern times==
[[File:Dr._Mahanambrata_Brahmachariji's_idol_is_being_worshipped_by_his_disciples_at_Mahanam_Angan,_Kolkata.jpg|thumb|[[Mahanam Sampradaya]]'s worship, Kolkata.]]
The [[Pranami|Pranami Sampradaya]] (Pranami Panth) emerged in the 17th century in [[Gujarat]], based on the Krishna-focussed syncretist Hindu-[[Islam]]ic teachings of a [[Sindhis|Sindh]]-born Devchandra Maharaj (1581–1655) and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath (1618–1694).{{sfnm|1a1=Khan|1y=2002|1p=|2a1=Dalal|2y=2010|2loc=Pranami Panth|3a1=Toffin|3y=2012|3pp=249–254}}

During the 18th century in [[Kolkata]], there existed the Sakhībhāvakas community, whose members wore female dress in order to identify themselves with the [[gopi]]s, companions of Radha.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}

In non-Indo-Aryan [[Manipur]] region, after a short period of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramaism]] penetration, Gaudiya Vaishnavism spread, especially from the beginning of the second quarter of the 18th century ([[Manipuri Vaishnavism]], the lineage of [[Narottama Dasa|Natottama Thakura]]).{{sfn|Singh|2004|pp=125–132}}

In the 1890s in Bengal, [[Mahanam Sampradaya]] emerged as an offshoot of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. [[Prabhu Jagadbandhu]] was considered a new incarnation of [[Krishna]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Nityananda]] by his followers.{{sfn|Carney|2020|pp=140–141}}

At the beginning of the 20th century the first attempts at establishing a Krishnaite mission in the West began. A pioneer of American mission was Baba Premananda Bharati (1858–1914) from the circle of [[Prabhu Jagadbandhu]].{{sfn|Carney|2020|pp=135–136, 140–143}} Baba Bharati founded the short-lived "Krishna Samaj" society in [[New York City]] in 1902 and built a temple in [[Los Angeles]].{{sfn|Carney|2020|pp=152}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=79–80|loc=Baba Premanand Bharati}} He was an author of the first full-length treatment of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English, ''Sree Krishna—the Lord of Love'' (New York, 1904);{{sfn|Carney|2020|p=140}} The author sent the book to Russian writer [[Leo Tolstoy]], who was intrigued and used the text for composition his notable ''[[A Letter to a Hindu]]''.{{sfn|Carney|2020|p=154}} Baba Bharati's followers later formed several organisations in US, including now the now-defunct Order of Living Service and the AUM Temple of Universal Truth.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=79–80|loc=Baba Premanand Bharati}}

Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the [[Gaudiya Math]] was established in the 20th century, along with its largest successor, the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (a.k.a. Hare Krishna Movement), founded in New York by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}

There are a number of [[Neo-Hinduism|neo-Hindu]] Krishnaite organisations that are only partially related to traditional sampradayas, such as [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat]], [[Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog]], and [[Science of Identity Foundation]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Krishnaite authors continue to create major theological and poetic works. For instance, the ''Shri Radhacharita Mahakavyam''—the 1980s epic poem of [[Kalika Prasad Shukla]], which focuses on devotion to Krishna as the universal lover is—"one of the rare, high-quality works in Sanskrit in the twentieth century."{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=384|loc=Shri Radhacharita Mahakavyam}}

==List of living Krishnaite traditions==
Krishnaite traditions are mainly subdivided into three categories:
{{Col-begin|width=100%}}

{{Col-1-of-3}}
''[[Radha Krishna]] as the Supreme''{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}
* [[Pushtimarg]]{{sfnm|1a1=White|1a2=Redington|1y=1990|1pp=373–374|2a1=Redington|2y=1992|2pp=287–294|3a1=Patel|3y=2005|3pp=127–136}}
* [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1y=1925|1p=|2a1=De|2y=1960|2p=|3a1=Chakravarti|3y=1985|3p=|4a1=Elkman|4y=1986|4p=|5a1=Rosen|5y=1994|5p=|6a1=Chatterjee|6y=1995|6pp=1–14|7a1=Gupta|7y=2007|7p=|8a1=Stewart|8y=2010|8p=|9a1=Gupta|9y=2014|9p=}}
* [[Mahanam Sampraday]]a{{sfn|Carney|2020|pp=140–143}}
* [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]]{{sfnm|1a1=Hardy|1y=1987|1pp=387–392|2a1=Clémentin-Ojha|2y=1990|2pp=327–376|3a1=Ramnarace|3y=2014|3p= |4a1=Vemsani|4y=2016|4p=197}}
* [[Pranami|Pranami Sampradaya]]{{sfnm|1a1=Khan|1y=2002|1p=|2a1=Dalal|2y=2010|2loc=Pranami Panth|3a1=Toffin|3y=2012|3pp=249–254}}
* [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]]{{sfnm|1a1=White|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Snell|2y=1991|2p=|3a1=Brzezinski|3y=1992|3pp=472–497 |4a1=Rosenstein|4y=1998|4pp=5–18|5a1=Beck|5y=2005|5pp=65–90}}{{refn|group=note|"Radha Vallabh Sampradaya is conditionally Krishnaite, representing such current as ''Radhaism'', due to the worship of Radha as the supreme deity, where Krishna is only her most intimate servant.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=76}}}}
* [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]]{{sfnm|1a1=Basu|1y=1932|1p=|2a1=Dasgupta|2y=1962|2p=|3a1=Das|3y=1988|3p=|4a1=Hine|4y=2003|4p=|5a1=Hayes|5y=2005|5pp=19–32|6a1=Sardella|6a2=Wong|6y=2020|6loc=part 2}}

{{Col-2-of-3}}
''[[Krishna]] with [[Rukmini]] as the Supreme''{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}
* [[Warkari]]{{sfnm|1a1=Iwao|1y=1988|1pp=183–197|2a1=Glushkova|2y=2000|2pp=47–58}}

{{Col-3-of-3}}
''[[Krishna]] as the Supreme''
* [[Mahanubhava]]{{sfnm|1a1=Feldhaus|1y=1983|1p=|2a1=Dalal|2y=2010|2loc=Mahanubhava}}
* [[Ekasarana Dharma]]{{sfnm|1a1=Sarma|1y=1966|1p=|2a1=Murthy|2y=1973|2p=|3a1=Medhi|3y=1978|3p=|4a1=Neog|4y=1980|4p=|5a1=Bryant|5y=2007|5loc=chapter 6}}
* [[Jagannath]]ism{{sfnm|1a1=Mukherjee|1y=1981|1p= |2a1=Eschmann|2a2=Kulke|2a3=Tripathi|2y=1978|2p=|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3pp=387–392|4a1=Rajaguru|4y=1992|4p=|5a1=Guy|5y=1992|5pp=213–230|6a1=Starza|6y=1993|6p=|7a1=Kulke|7a2=Schnepel|7y=2001|7p=|8a1=Miśra|8y=2005|8loc=chapter 9. Jagannāthism}}
{{Col-end}}

==Beliefs==
[[File:Krishna as the supreme deity in relation to Vishnu.png|thumb|right|Relationship between different forms of Krishna as ''[[Avatar|paripurna avatara]]'' of Vishnu and as Svayam Bhagavan.]]

===Krishnaism and Vaishnavism===
The term "Krishnaism" has been used to describe the schools, related to [[Vaishnavism]], but focused on Krishna, while "Vishnuism/Vaishnavism" may be used for traditions focusing on [[Vishnu]] in which Krishna is an avatar, rather than a transcended Supreme Being.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=117}}{{sfn|Matchett|2001}} At the same time, [[Friedhelm Hardy]] does not at all define Krishnaism as a suborder or offshoot of Vaishnavism, considering it at least a parallel and no less ancient current of Hinduism.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} And, in accordance with [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|Dandekar]], the "Vasudevism" (the Vasudeva cult) is the beginning stage of Vaishnavism, hence, Krishnaism was basis for later Vaishnavism.{{refn|group=note|name="Dandekarb"|"The origin of Vaiṣṇavism as a theistic sect can by no means be traced back to the Ṛgvedic god Viṣṇu. In fact, Vaiṣṇavism is in no sense Vedic in origin. (...) Strangely, the available evidence shows that the worship of Vāsudeva, and not that of Viṣṇu, marks the beginning of what we today understand by Vaiṣṇavism. This Vāsudevism, which represents the earliest known phase of Vaiṣṇavism, must already have become stabilized in the days of Pāṇini (sixth to fifth centuries bce)."{{sfn|Dandekar|1987|p=9499}}}} Vishnuism believes in Vishnu as the supreme being, manifested himself as Krishna, thence Krishnaites assert Krishna to be ''[[Svayam Bhagavan]]'' ({{lit|{{langx|sa|'The Fortunate and Blessed One Himself}}}}), ''[[Ishvara]]'', the ''[[Para Brahman]]'' in human form,{{sfn|Bryant|2007|page=309}}{{refn|group=note|"(...) After attaining to fame eternal, he again took up his real nature as [[Brahman]]. The most important among Visnu's avataras is undoubtedly Krsna, the black one, also called ''Syama''. For his worshippers he is not an avatara in the usual sense, but Svayam Bhagavan, the Lord himself."<ref name="KK">{{cite book |surname=Klostermaier |given=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |title=The Charles Strong Trust Lectures, 1972–1984 |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |page=109 |isbn=978-90-04-07863-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F_0UAAAAIAAJ&q=Svayam+bhagavan&pg=PA109 |others=Crotty, Robert B.}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|"On the touch-stone of this definition of the final and positive characteristic of Sri Krsna as the Highest Divinity as Svayam-rupa Bhagavan."<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Philosophy & Culture |volume=20 |year=1975 |publisher=The Institute |page= 148 |url={{Google books|yEMB3RBwjTsC|page=215|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |others= Institute of Oriental Philosophy (Vrindāvan, India), Institute of Oriental Philosophy, Vaishnava Research Institute, contributors}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|"The Bengal School identifies the Bhagavat with Krishna depicted in the Shrimad-Bhagavata and presents him as its highest personal God."{{sfn|De|1960|p=113}}}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2005|p=39}} that manifested himself as Vishnu. As such Krishnaism is believed to be one of the early attempts to make philosophical Hinduism appealing to the masses.<ref name="isbn0-8407-4419-6">{{cite book |author=Wilson, Bill |author2=McDowell, Josh |title=The best of Josh McDowell: a ready defense |publisher=T. Nelson |location=Nashville |year=1993 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bestofjoshmcdowe00mcdo/page/352 352–353] |isbn=0-8407-4419-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/bestofjoshmcdowe00mcdo/page/352 }}</ref> In common language the term Krishnaism is not often used, as many prefer a wider term "Vaishnavism", which appeared to relate to Vishnu, more specifically as [[Vishnuism|Vishnu-ism]]. In outdated literature, there is a broad understanding of Krishnaism as any cult of Krishna, including as a subordinate avatar. Thus, Krishnaism was subdivided into three categories: (1) exclusive worship of Krishna as supreme god or as incarnation of Vishnu; (2) exclusive worship of [[Radha]] as original [[shakti]] of Krishna or Vishnu; and (3) worship of [[Radha Krishna]] conjointly.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Balfour |given=Edward |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |publisher=B. Quaritch |year=1885 |edition=3rd |place=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ |page=62}}</ref>

Krishnaism is often also called Bhagavatism, after the [[Bhagavata Purana]] which asserts that Krishna is "Bhagavan Himself", and subordinates to itself all other forms: [[Vishnu]], [[Narayana]], [[Purusha]], [[Ishvara]], [[Hari]], [[Vāsudeva]], [[Janardana]], and so on.{{refn|group=note|"It becomes clear that the personality of Bhagvan Krishna subordinates to itself the titles and identities of Vishnu, Narayana, Purusha, Ishvara, Hari, Vasudeva, Janardana etc. The pervasive theme, then, of the ''Bhagavata Puran'' is the identification of Bhagavan with Krishna."{{sfn|Sheridan|1986|p=53}}}}

===Krishna===
{{Main|Krishna|Radha Krishna}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = center
| width = 200
| footer = Various forms of Krishna depicted in lithographs printed in 1895 from Chorebagan Art Studio, [[Calcutta]]. These are Balakrishna (top), Radha-Krishna (middle) & Gopala-Krishna (bottom)
| image1 = Popular print, album (BM 2003,1022,0.74 1).jpg
| image2 = Popular print, album (BM 2003,1022,0.68).jpg
| image3 = Popular print, album (BM 2003,1022,0.73).jpg
}}

Vaishnavism is a [[monotheism|monotheistic religion]], centered on the devotion of Vishnu and his avatars. It is sometimes described as a "polymorphic monotheism", since there are many forms of one original deity, with Vishnu taking many forms. In Krishnaism this deity is Krishna—often together with his consort [[Radha]] as deity [[Radha Krishna]]{{sfn|Banerjee|1993}}—sometimes referred as intimate deity — as compared with the numerous four-armed forms of [[Narayana]] or Vishnu.<ref>Scheweig 2004, pp. 13–17</ref>

Krishna is also worshiped across many other traditions of Hinduism. Krishna is often described as having the appearance of a dark-skinned person and is depicted as a young cowherd boy playing a [[Bansuri|flute]] or as a youthful prince giving philosophical direction and guidance, as in the [[Bhagavad Gita]].{{sfn|Elkman|1986}}

Krishna and the stories associated with him appear across a broad spectrum of different Hindu [[Hindu philosophy|philosophical]] and theological traditions, where it is believed that [[God]] appears to his devoted worshippers in many different forms, depending on their particular desires. These forms include the different ''avataras'' of Krishna described in traditional Vaishnavite texts, but they are not limited to these. Indeed, it is said that the different expansions of the [[Svayam bhagavan]] are uncountable and they cannot be fully described in the finite scriptures of any one religious community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/165/en |title=Chaitanya Charitamrita ''Madhya'' 20.165 |access-date=22 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917122404/http://vedabase.net/cc/madhya/20/165/en |archive-date=17 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Thomson">{{cite journal |author=Richard Thompson, Ph. D. |date=December 1994 |title=Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism |url=http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html |url-status=dead |journal=ISKCON Communications Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104040530/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html |archive-date=4 January 2011 |access-date=2008-04-12}}</ref> Many of the [[Hindu scriptures]] sometimes differ in details reflecting the concerns of a particular tradition, while some core features of the view on Krishna are shared by all.<ref name = Mahony1987>{{cite journal| author = Mahony, W.K. | year = 1987 | title = Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities | journal = History of Religions | volume = 26| issue = 3 | pages = 333–335 | jstor=1062381 | doi=10.1086/463085 | s2cid = 164194548}}</ref>
==Common scriptures==
{{Main|Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavad Gita}}
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Krishna Conquers the Serpent Kaliya Page from a Dispersed Bhagavata Purana Series.jpg|thumb|A page of ''Bhagavata Purana'' manuscript.]]

The most remarkable [[Hindu scriptures]] for the Krishnaites became ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'',{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}{{sfn|Bryant|2007|loc=Chapter 2}}{{sfn|Rosen|2007}} ''[[Harivamsa]]'' (appendix to the [[Mahabharata]]),{{sfn|Matchett|2001|pp=44–64}}{{sfn|Bryant|2007|loc=Chapter 3}} and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (especially the 10th Canto).{{sfn|Vaudeville|1962|pp=31–40}}{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}}{{sfn|Bryant|2003}}{{sfn|Bryant|2007|loc=Chapter 4}} While every tradition of Krishnaism has its own canon, in all Krishna is accepted as a teacher of the path in the scriptures Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana—"the Bible of Krishnaism".<ref>James Mulhern (1959) A History of Education: A Social Interpretation p. 93</ref><ref>[[Franklin Edgerton]] (1925) The Bhagavad Gita: Or, Song of the Blessed One, India's Favorite Bible [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1guGAfGr6UC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=RA2-PA87 pp. 87–91]</ref><ref>Charlotte Vaudeville has said, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&dq=%22bible+of+Krsnaism%22&pg=PT119 it is the 'real Bible of Krsnaism'].</ref>{{sfn|Matchett|2001|p=107}}{{refn|group=note|"..Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana, certainly the most popular religious books in the whole of India. Not only was Krsnaism influenced by the identification of Krsna with Vishnu, but also Vaishnavism as a whole was partly transformed and reinvented in the light of the popular and powerful Krishna religion. Bhagavatism may have brought an element of cosmic religion into Krishna worship; Krishna has certainly brought a strongly human element into Bhagavatism. ... The center of Krishna-worship has been for a long time Brajbhumi, the district of Mathura that embraces also Vrindavana, Govardhana, and Gokula, associated with Krishna from the time immemorial. Many millions of Krishna ''bhaktas'' visit these places ever year and participate in the numerous festivals that reenact scenes from Krshnas life on Earth."{{sfn|Klostermaier|2005|p=204}}}}

As Krishna says in the Bhagavad Gita, establishing the basis of Krishnaism himself:
* "And of all yogins, he who full of faith worships Me, with his inner self abiding in Me, him, I hold to be the most attuned (to me in Yoga)."<ref>Radhakrishan(1970), ninth edition, Blackie and son India Ltd., p.211, Verse 6.47</ref>
* "After attaining Me, the great souls do not incur rebirth in this miserable transitory world, because they have attained the highest perfection."<ref>{{cite web | last = [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] | title = Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Bhagavad-gita As It Is, Verse 8.15 | publisher = Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network (ISKCON) | url = http://vedabase.net/bg/8/15 | access-date = 2008-01-14 | archive-date = 9 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071209153053/http://vedabase.net/bg/8/15/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]], [[Vallabha Sampradaya]], [[Nimbarka sampradaya]] and the old [[Bhagavat]] school, Krishna is believed to be fully represented in his original form in the Bhagavata Purana, that at the end of the list of ''avataras'' concludes with the following assertion:<ref name = Krishna153>{{Harvnb|Matchett|2001|p=153}} Bhag. Purana 1.3.28 :''{{IAST|ete cāṁśa-kalāḥ puṁsaḥ kṛṣṇas tu bhagavān svayam}}'' :''{{IAST|indrāri-vyākulaṁ lokaṁ mṛḍayanti yuge yuge}}''</ref>
{{blockquote|All of the above-mentioned incarnations are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord, but Sri Krishna is the original Personality of Godhead (''Svayam Bhagavan'').<ref>[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/28/en 1.3.28] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003052922/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/28/en |date=3 October 2013 }} </ref>}}

Not all commentators on the Bhagavata Purana stress this verse, however a majority of Krishna-centered and contemporary commentaries highlight this verse as a significant statement.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.stephen-knapp.com/sri_krishna.htm |title =Sri Krishna |publisher =www.stephen-knapp.com |access-date=2008-04-30}}</ref> [[Jiva Goswami]] has called it ''Paribhasa-sutra'', the "thesis statement" upon which the entire book or even theology is based.<ref>{{cite book |author =Dhanurdhara Swami |title =Waves of Devotion |publisher =Bhagavat Books |year =2000 |isbn =0-9703581-0-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.wavesofdevotion.com/wod/an.html |title =Waves of Devotion |publisher =www.wavesofdevotion.com |access-date =2008-05-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110929082529/http://www.wavesofdevotion.com/wod/an.html |archive-date =29 September 2011 |url-status =dead }} In [[Hari-namamr†a-vyakarana]], Jiva Gosvami defines paribhasa-sutra as ''aniyame niyama-karini paribhasa'': "A ''paribhasa-sutra'' implies a rule or theme where it is not explicitly stated." In other words, it gives the context in which to understand a series of apparently unrelated statements in a book.</ref>

In another place of the Bhagavata Purana (10.83.5–43) those who are named as wives of Krishna all explain to Uraupadi how the 'Lord himself' (''Svayam Bhagavan'', Bhagavata Purana 10.83.7) came to marry them. As they relate these episodes, several of the wives speak of themselves as Krishna's devotees.<ref name = Krishna141>
{{Harvnb|Matchett|2001|p=141}}</ref> In the tenth canto the Bhagavata Purana describes ''svayam bhagavans'' Krishna's childhood pastimes as that of a much-loved child raised by cowherds in [[Vrindavan]], near to the [[Yamuna River]]. The young Krishna enjoys numerous pleasures, such as thieving balls of butter or playing in the forest with his cowherd friends. He also endures episodes of carefree bravery protecting the town from demons. More importantly, however, he steals the hearts of the cowherd girls (Gopis). Through his magical ways, he multiplies himself to give each the attention needed to allow her to be so much in love with Krishna that she feels at one with him and only desires to serve him. This love, represented by the grief they feel when Krishna is called away on a heroic mission and their intense longing for him, is presented as models of the way of extreme devotion (bhakti) to the Supreme Lord.<ref name = Krishna1>
{{Harvnb|Matchett|2001|loc=10th canto transl.}}</ref>

Edwin F. Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana 10th Book as:
{{Blockquote|
The tenth book promotes Krishna as the highest absolute personal aspect of godhead — the personality behind the term [[Ishvara]] and the ultimate aspect of [[Brahman]].{{sfn|Bryant|2007|page=114}}}}

; Other common scriptures
* ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' is one of major Puranas, that centers around Krishna and Radha, identifying Krishna as the Supreme Being and asserting that all deities such as Vishnu, [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]], [[Ganesha]] are incarnations of Him;{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}
* ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' is a poem of [[Jayadeva]] that firstly considers the cult [[Radha Krishna]],{{sfn|Archer|2004|loc=5.2. The Gita Govinda}}{{sfn|Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda|1977}}{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1414–1423}} where Krishna speaks to Radha:
{{blockquote|<poem>
O woman with desire, place on this patch of flower-strewn floor your lotus foot,
And let your foot through beauty win,
To me who am the Lord of All, O be attached, now always yours.
O follow me, my little Radha.
</poem>|sign=Jayadeva|source=''Gita Govinda''{{sfn|Archer|2004|loc=5.2. The Gita Govinda}}}}
* ''[[Narayaniyam]]'' is [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]]'s poem as a summary of the Bhagavata Purana.
*''[[Padma Purana]]'' deals a big part with Krishnaism, which is mostly the same as the theme of Brahma Vaivarta Purana, mainly Krishna's greatness begins at the later half of the fifth Canto.<ref>Padma Purana Patala Khanda Fifth Canto, Motilal Bansaridas Publisher's Book 5 page 1950.</ref>
* ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'' is a detailed Vaishnavite scripture written by sage Garga on the life events of [[Radha Krishna]]. It is the earliest text available which associates the festival of [[Holi]] with them.<ref name="Lavanya_Krishna">{{cite book |author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |year=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |pages=99–100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Danavir Goswami |editor2=Kusakratha Dasa |title=Kr̥ṣṇa Comes to Earth (Śrī Garga-saṃhitā: Ist canto, pt. 2. ch. 7-13) |year=2006 |publisher=Rupanuga Vedic College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=079BzgEACAAJ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Varadpande |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FX2btUszr6cC&dq=Garga+samhita&pg=PT35 |title=Love in Ancient India |year=2007 |publisher=Wisdom Tree |isbn=978-81-8328-217-8 |language=en |pages=11–12 }}</ref>

==Philosophy and theology==
[[File:JivaGoswami.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Jiva Gosvami's [[Bhajan Kutir]] at [[Radha-kunda]]. Jiva Goswamis ''Sandarbhas'' summarize Vedic sources of Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition's accretion of the concept Krishna to be the supreme Lord, based on paribhasa-sutra of Bhagavata Purana.{{sfnm|1a1=Elkman|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Gupta|2y=2007|2p=|3a1=Bryant|3y=2007|3pp=373–378}}]]

A wide range of theological and philosophical ideas are presented through Krishna in Krishnaite texts. The teachings of the ''Bhagavad Gita'' can be considered as the first Krishnaite system of theology in terms of [[Bhakti yoga]].{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' synthesizes an [[Vedanta]], [[Samkhya]], and devotionalized Yoga praxis framework for Krishna but one that proceeds through loving devotion to Krishna.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|p=114}}

''[[Bhedabheda]]'' became a main kind of Krishnaite philosophy, which teaches that the individual self is both different and not different from the ultimate reality. It predates the positions of [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]] (namely [[Vishishtadvaita]] of [[Ramanuja]]) and [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualism]] ([[Dvaita]] of [[Madhvacharya]]). Among medieval Bhedabheda thinkers are [[Nimbarkacharya]], who founded the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya|''Dvaitadvaita'' school]]),{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=}} as well as [[Jiva Goswami]], a saint from Gaudiya Vaishnavism, described Krishna theology in terms of ''[[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]'' philosophical school.{{sfnm|1a1=Elkman|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Gupta|2y=2007|2p=|3a1=Bryant|3y=2007|3pp=373–378|4a1=Gupta|4y=2014|4p=}}

Krishna theology is presented in a pure [[monism]] ([[Advaita Vedanta]] framework by [[Vallabha]]charya, who was the founder of ''[[Shuddhadvaita]]'' school of philosophy.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=479–480}}

The acharya-founders of the remaining Krishnaite sampradayas did not create new schools of philosophy, following the old ones or nor attaching importance to philosophical speculations. Thus, the philosophical base of the [[Warkari]] and [[Mahanubhava]] traditions is the [[Dvaita|Dvaitin]], and [[Ekasarana Dharma]] is the [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaitin]]. And the [[Radha-vallabha|Radha-vallabha Sampradaya]] prefers to remain unaffiliation with any philosophical positions and declines to produce theological and philosophical commentaries, basing on pure [[bhakti]], divine love.{{sfn|Beck|2005|pp=67, 74}}

==Practices==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 250
| header = [[Radha Krishna]] devotion
| image1 = Jayadeva pay homage to Krishna from gita govinda Series by manaku.jpg
| alt1 = Colored dice with white background
| caption1 = [[Jayadeva]] recites the mantra to Radha Krishna by Manaku.
| image2 = Interiors of Laljiu Temple, Ambika Kalna WLM2016-0193.jpg
| alt2 = Colored dice with checkered background
| caption2 = A devotee reading inside didicated to Radha-Krishna 18th-century Lalji Temple, [[Kalna City|Kalna]].
}}

===Maha-mantra===
{{See also|Hare Krishna (mantra)}}
[[File:Hare Krshna (Mahamantra).png|thumb|left|Maha-mantra ''Hare Krishna'' in [[Devanagari]] script.]]

A [[mantra]] is a sacred utterance. The most basic and known it among the Krishnaites—''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Mahā-mantra]]'' ("Great Mantra")—is a 16-word mantra in [[Sanskrit]] which is mentioned in the [[Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad]]:{{sfn|Beck|1993|p=199}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kali-santarana-upanishad-of-shukla-yajurveda/d/doc217041.html |title=Contents of the Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad |date=16 April 2018 |access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>

{{blockquote|<poem>
''Hare Rāma Hare Rāma''
''Rāma Rāma Hare Hare''
''Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa''
''Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare''
</poem>|sign=|source=Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad}}

Its variety within [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] looks as:
{{blockquote|<poem>
''Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa''
''Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare''
''Hare Rāma Hare Rāma''
''Rāma Rāma Hare Hare''</poem>}}

The Maha-mantra ''Radhe Krishna'' of [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] is as follows:
{{blockquote|<poem>
''Rādhe Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Kṛṣṇa''
''Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Rādhe''
''Rādhe Shyām Rādhe Shyām''
''Shyām Shyām Rādhe Rādhe''</poem>}}

===Kirtan===
[[File:Kirtan at Bishnupur.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Kirtan]] at front of the [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Jor Mandir Temple in Bishnupur]].]]
A characteristic part of spiritual practice, in almost all traditions of Krishnaism, is a [[kirtan]], a collective musical performance with chanting of the glories of God.

The Marathi [[Varkari]] saint [[Namdev]] used the kirtan form of singing to praise the glory of [[Vithoba]] (Krishna). Marathi kirtan is typically performed by one or two main performers, called "kirtankar", accompanied by [[Pump organ|harmonium]] and [[tabla]]. It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling. The ''naradiya kirtan'' popular in Maharashtra is performed by a single kirtankar, and contains the poetry of saints of Maharashtra such as [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Eknath]], Namdev and [[Tukaram]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ranade, Ashok D. |editor=Kosambi, Meera |title=Intersections: socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra |year=2000 |publisher=Sangam |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&q=anant+phandi&pg=PA194 |isbn=978-0863118241 |pages=194–210}}</ref>

In Vrindavan of [[Braj]] region, a kirtan accords the [[Hindustani classical music]]. [[Vallabha]] launched a kirtan singing devotional movement around the stories of baby Krishna and his early childhood.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006">{{cite book |author1=Asher, Catherine B. |author2=Talbot, Cynthia |title=India before Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GEWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-91561-8 |pages=110–112, 148–149 }}</ref> And "Samaj-Gayan" is the [[Radha-vallabha|Radha-vallabha Sampradaya]]'s collective style of hymn singing by the Hindustani classical forms "[[dhrupad]]" and "[[dhamar (music)|dhamar]]".{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=67}}

Within the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarg]] tradition, kirtan is practiced as Haveli Sangeet, a liturgical art form formalized by the Ashtachap (Eight Seals). These poet-saints, known as the [[Surdas|Ashtasakha]], composed verses that are not categorized as traditional prayers or petitions; rather, they are vivid, first-person eyewitness accounts of Krishna's Leelas (divine pastimes). The singing is strictly timed to the Ashtayam (eight periods of the day) to mirror the eternal daily routine of Shrinathji in [[Braj]].<ref name="AshtachapStudy">
Srivastava, S. (1992). ''The Play of Gods: The Literature of the Ashtachap''. Manohar. ISBN 978-8185425825.
</ref>

[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] popularized adolescent the love between Radha and Krishna based extatic public ''san-kirtan'' in Bengal, with Hare Krishna mantra other songs and dances, wherein the love between Radha and Krishna was symbolized as the love between one's soul and God.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006" />

[[Sankardev]] in Assam helped establish [[satra]]s (temples and monasteries) with ''kirtan-ghar'' (also called [[namghar]]), for singing and dramatic performance of Krishna-related theology.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bernier, Ronald M. |title=Himalayan Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-3602-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern/page/27 27]–28 }}</ref>

===Holy places===
{{Main|Vraja Parikrama|Vrindavan|Goloka}}

[[File:Potra Kund.jpg|thumb|Potra Kund in [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]], Mathura, is believed to have been used for the first bath of child Krishna after his birth.{{sfn|Vemsani|2016|pp=140–141}}]]
[[File:Hindu pilgrims in Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|[[Warkari]] pilgrims, [[Maharashtra]].]]

The three main pilgrimage sites related to Krishna circuit are "[[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]]" in [[Haryana]] state, "[[Vraja Parikrama]]" at [[Mathura]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and "[[Dwarkadhish Temple#Pilgrimage|Dwarka Parkarma]]" (Dwarkadish yatra) at [[Dwarkadhish Temple]] in [[Gujarat]].

[[Vrindavan]], Uttar Pradesh, is often considered to be a holy place by majority of traditions of Krishnaism. It's a center of Krishna worship and the area includes places like [[Govardhan]]a and [[Gokula]] associated with Krishna from time immemorial. Many millions of ''bhaktas'' or devotees of Krishna visit these places of pilgrimage every year and participate in a number of festivals that relate to the scenes from Krishna's life on Earth.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2005|p=204}}{{sfn|Pauwels|2003|pp=124–180}}{{sfn|Hawley|2020|loc=front matter}}

On the other hand, [[Goloka]] is considered the eternal abode of Krishna, [[Svayam Bhagavan]] according to some Krishnaite schools, including Gaudiya Vaishnavism. The scriptural basis for this is taken in [[Brahma Samhita]] and Bhagavata Purana.{{sfn|Schweig|2005|p=10}}

The [[Dwarkadhish Temple]] ([[Dwarka]], Jujarat) and the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] ([[Puri]], Odisha) are particularly significant in Krishnaism, and are regarded have been two of the four major pilgrimage destinations for most Hindus as the [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage sites.{{sfn|Bryant|2007|pp=139–141}}

==Demography==
[[File:Hare krishna devote.jpg|thumb|Western Hare Krishna devotee.]]
There are adherents of Krishnaism in all strata of Indian society, but a tendency has been revealed, for example, Bengal Gaudiya Vaishnavas belong to the lower middle castes, while the upper castes as well as lowest castes and tribes are [[Shakta]]s.<ref name="McDermott">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |place=Detroit, Mi |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |year=2005 |volume=2 |pages=824–832 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}</ref>

Krishnaism has a limited following outside of India, especially associated with 1960s counter-culture, including a number of celebrity followers, such as [[George Harrison]], due to its promulgation throughout the world by the founder-acharya of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]].{{sfn|Brooks|1989}}<ref name="DK">{{cite book |author=Giuliano, Geoffrey |title=Dark horse: the life and art of George Harrison |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |year=1997 |pages=12 |isbn=0-306-80747-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Schweig|2005}} The first Hindu member of the [[United States Congress]] [[Tulsi Gabbard]] is follower of the Krishnaite organisation [[Science of Identity Foundation]].<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/06/what-does-tulsi-gabbard-believe ''What Does Tulsi Gabbard Believe?''], Kelefa Sanneh, The New Yorker, Oktober 30, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/tulsi-gabbard-2020-presidential-campaign.html ''Tulsi Gabbard Had a Very Strange Childhood''], Kerry Howley, New York Intelligencer, Juni 11, 2019.</ref>

==Krishnaism and Christianity==
Debaters have often alleged a number of parallels between Krishnaism and [[Christianity]], originating with [[Kersey Graves]]' ''[[The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors]]'' claiming 346 parallels between [[Krishna]] and [[Jesus]],<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38600/38600-h/38600-h.htm The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors] by [[Kersey Graves]]</ref> theorizing that Christianity emerged as a result of an import of [[Paganism|pagan]] concepts upon [[Judaism]]. Some 19th- to early 20th-century scholars writing on [[Jesus Christ in comparative mythology]] ([[John M. Robertson]], ''Christianity and Mythology'', 1910) even sought to derive both traditions from a common predecessor religion.{{refn|group=note|"John M. Robertson wrote a learned treatise entitled "Christ and Krishna", and in that work he argued that there was no direct contact between Krishnaism and Christianity; but that both sects were derived from an earlier common source."<ref>{{cite book |author=Jackson, John |title=Christianity Before Christ |publisher=American Atheist Press |year=1985 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/christianitybefo00/page/166 166] |isbn=0-910309-20-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/christianitybefo00/page/166}}</ref>}}

==Gallery of key Krishnaite temples==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|[[Dwarkadhish Temple]], [[Dwarka]], Gujarat
File:Sri Jagannath Temple, Puri. India.jpg|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], Odisha
File:Shree Govind Dev Ji Temple Jaipur Rajasthan.jpg|[[Govind Dev Ji Temple]], [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan
File:Pandharpur Vithoba temple.jpg|[[Vithoba Temple]], Maharashtra
File:Damodar Kund - Junagadh - Gujarat - DSC005.jpg|[[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]], Gujarat
File:Guruvayoor Temple 1.jpg|[[Guruvayur Temple]], [[Guruvayur]], Kerala
File:Udupi.JPG|[[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha]], [[Udupi]], Karnataka
File:The main nine-pinnacled temple of Ukhra Nimbarka Peeth Mahanta Asthal.JPG|[[Ukhra Mahanta Asthal]], West Bengal
File:MadanMohanmandir.jpg|[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]
File:Bankebihari temple main gate Vrindavan.JPG|[[Bankey Bihari Temple]], [[Vrindavan]]
File:Raas Mancha.jpg|[[Rasmancha, Bishnupur]], West Bengal
File:Kalna Lalji Temple.jpg|Lalji Temple, [[Kalna City|Kalna]]
File:Gopinath Temple - Ningthoukhong, Manipur (India).jpg|[[Ningthoukhong]] Gopinath Temple, [[Manipur]]
File:Entrance Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan.jpg|[[Radha Raman Temple]], [[Vrindavan]]
File:Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg|Yogapith Temple, [[Mayapur]]
File:Gaudiya Math - Baghbazar - Kolkata 2017-04-29 1820.JPG|Gour Nitai Temple, [[Gaudiya Mission|Gaudiya Math]], [[Kolkata]]
File:ISKCON-Temple-Chennai-3.JPG|[[ISKCON Temple Chennai|Sri Sri Radha Krishna Mandir]], [[Chennai]]
File:Mathura Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG|[[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]], [[Mathura]]
File:Chandroday mandir uc side view.jpg|[[Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir]], [[Mayapur]]
File:Iskon bangalore.jpg|[[ISKCON Temple Bangalore|Sri Radha Krishna-chandra Temple]], [[Bangalore]]
File:Madhupur satra at Kochbihar.jpg|[[Madhupur Satra]], West Bengal
File:Sankardev Satra Patbausi, Barpeta.jpg|[[Barpeta Satra]], Assam
File:আঠখেলীয়া নামঘৰ । গোলাঘাট ।.jpg|[[Athkheliya Namghar]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], Assam
File:Mahamati Prannathji Temple Panna Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|Krishna [[Pranami]] Mandir, [[Patna]], Madhya Pradesh
File:Prema Mandir 4.jpg|[[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]], [[Vrindavan]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Lokhimon]], a Vaishnavism movement followed by the Karbi people of Northeast India
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |surname=Archer |given=W. G. |author-link=W.G. Archer |title=The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry |url={{Google books|id=czLDAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2004 |orig-year=1957 |place=Mineola, NY |publisher=Dover Publ. |isbn=0-486-43371-4 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Banerjee |given=Samanta |title=Appropriation of a Folk-heroine: Radha in Medieval Bengali Vaishnavite Culture |url={{Google books|id=gPJEAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1993 |place=[[Shimla]] |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=8185952086 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Basham |first=Arthur Llewellyn |title=Review: ''Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes'' by Milton Singer; Daniel H. H. Ingalls |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=27 |number=3 |date=1968 |pages=667–670 |jstor=2051211 |doi=10.2307/2051211 |s2cid=161458918}}
* {{cite book|surname=Basu |given=M. M. |title=The Post-Caitanya Sahajiya Cult of Bengal |year=1932 |place=Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta Press}}
* {{cite book |surname=Beck |given=Guy L. |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound |year=1993 |isbn=0872498557 |url={{Google books|id=cY1Xw1ZlIeQC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=Columbia, SC |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |series=Studies in Comparative Religion }}
* {{cite book |surname=Beck |given=Guy L. |chapter=Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya |pages=65–90 |chapter-url={{Google books|id=0SJ73GHSCF8C|plainurl=y|page=65|keywords=|text=}} |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url={{Google books|id=0SJ73GHSCF8C|plainurl=y}} |editor=Guy L. Beck |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Brooks |given=Charles R. |title=The Hare Krishnas in India |url={{Google books|id=5tjtDZ438h4C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1989 |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=069100031X }}
* {{cite book |surname=Bryant |given=Edwin F. |title=Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God; Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X; with Chapters 1, 6 and 29–31 from Book XI |url={{Google books|id=WwYKkW0cwC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2003 |place=London |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=0140447997 }}
* {{cite book |editor-surname=Bryant |editor-given=Edwin F. |year=2007 |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514891-6 |url={{Google books|id=HVDqCkW1WpUC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite journal|last=Brzezinski |first=J. K. |year=1992 |title=Prabodhānanda, Hita Harivaṃśa and the Rādhārasasudhānidhi |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=472–497 |jstor=620194 |s2cid=161089313 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00003669}}
* {{cite book |surname=Carney |given=Gerald T. |chapter=Baba Premananda Bharati: his trajectory into and through Bengal Vaiṣṇavism to the West |chapter-url={{Google books|id=1hTADwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=135|keywords=|text=}} |title=The Legacy of Vaiṣṇavism in Colonial Bengal |url={{Google books|id=1hTADwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |editor1=Ferdinando Sardella |editor2=Lucian Wong |year=2020 |place=Milton, Oxon; New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=135–160 |isbn=978-1-138-56179-3 |series=Routledge Hindu Studies Series }}
* {{cite book |surname=Chakravarti |given=Ramakanta |title=Vaiṣṇavism in Bengal, 1486–1900 |url=https://my.b-ok.as/book/5713230/5a3349 |year=1985 |place=Calcutta |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal|last=Chatterjee |first=Asoke |title=Srimadbhagavata and Caitanya-Sampradaya |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society |volume=37 |issue=4 |date=1995 |pages=1–14}}
* {{cite journal|last=Clémentin-Ojha |first=Catherine |year=1990 |title=La renaissance du Nimbarka Sampradaya au XVIe siècle. Contribution à l'étude d'une secte Krsnaïte |language=fr |journal=Journal Asiatique |volume=278 |pages=327–376|doi=10.2143/JA.278.3.2011219 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Dalal |given=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2010 |url={{Google books|id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |orig-year=Rev. ed. 2005 |surname=Dandekar |given=R. N. |author-link=Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar |title=Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan |volume=14 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Das |given=Sri Paritosh |title=Sahajiyā Cult of Bengal and Pancha Sakhā Cult of Orissa |url=https://www.academia.edu/32939130 |year=1988 |place=Calcutta |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|surname=Dasgupta |given=Shashibhusan |author-link=Shashibhusan Dasgupta |title=Obscure Religious Cults as a Background to Bengali Literature |year=1962 |orig-year=1946 |edition=2nd rev. |place=Calcutta |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Datta |editor-given=Amaresh |title=Gitagovinda |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |year=1988 |volume=2 |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url={{Google books|id=zB4n3MVozbUC|plainurl=y|page=1414|keywords=|text=}} |pages=1414–1423 |isbn=81-260-1194-7 }}
* {{cite book|surname=De |given=Sushil Kumar |year=1960 |title=Bengal's contribution to Sanskrit literature & studies in Bengal Vaisnavism |series=Indian studies, past & present |place=Calcutta |publisher= K.L. Mukhopadhyaya |oclc=580601204}}
* {{cite book |surname=Elkman |given=Stuart Mark |title=Jīva Gosvāmin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Movement |url={{Google books|id=LEsdAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1986 |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=8120801873 }}
* {{cite book |editor-surname1=Eschmann |editor-given1=Anncharlott |editor-link1=Anncharlott Eschmann |editor-surname2=Kulke |editor-given2=Hermann |editor-link2=Hermann Kulke |editor-surname3=Tripathi |editor-given3=Gaya Charan |year=1978 |orig-year=Rev. ed. 2014 |title=The Cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orissa |series=South Asian Studies, 8 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi |url={{Google books|id=rnlCAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=9788173046179 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Feldhaus |given=Anne |year=1983 |title=The religious system of the Mahānubhāva sect: the Mahānubhāva Sūtrapāṭha |series=South Asian studies, 12 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar |url={{Google books|id=JErLvAEACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=9780836410051 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Flood |given=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Flood |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |url={{Google books|id=KpIWhKnYmF0C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184710/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C |archive-date=23 December 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |access-date=29 May 2023 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Glushkova |year=2000 |given=Irina |chapter=Norms and Values in the Varkari Tradition |editor=Meera Kosambi |title=Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra |chapter-url={{Google books|id=XU8dmAiaZSgC|plainurl=y|page=47|keywords=|text=}} |pages=47–53 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-1878-6 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Goswami |given=Kunja Govinda |title=A study of Vaiṣṇavism from the advent of the Sungas to the fall of the Guptas in the light of epigraphic, numismatic and other archaeological materials |url={{Google books|id=M8P7PAAACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1956 |place=Calcutta |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |isbn=8120801873 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |surname=Gupta |given=Ravi M. |author-link=Ravi M. Gupta |title=The Chaitanya Vaishnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami: When Knowledge Meets Devotion |series=Routledge Hindu Studies Series |year=2007 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-40548-5 |url={{Google books|id=FRYHZ2WmIDkC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |year=2014 |editor-surname=Gupta |editor-given=Ravi M. |editor-link=Ravi M. Gupta |title=Caitanya Vaiṣṇava Philosophy: Tradition, Reason and Devotion |publisher=Ashgate |place=Surray |url={{Google books|id=2b-KBAAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=9780754661771 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Guy |first=John |title=New evidence for the Jagannatha sect in seventeenth century Nepal | journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |volume=2 |date=1992 |series=3rd Ser. |issue=2 |pages=213–230 |doi=10.1017/S135618630000239X|s2cid=162316166}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |surname=Hardy |given=Friedhelm E. |author-link=Friedhelm Hardy |title=Kṛṣṇaism |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |pages=387–392 |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan |volume=8 |isbn=978-0-02897-135-3 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/krsnaism |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] }}
* {{cite book|surname=Hardy |given=Friedhelm E. |author-link=Friedhelm Hardy |title=Viraha-Bhakti: The Early Development of Kṛṣṇa Devotion in South India |series=Oxford University South Asian Studies Series |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1981 |isbn=0-19-564916-8}}
* {{cite book |surname=Hawley |given=John Stratton |year=2005 |title=Three Bhakti Voices. Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir in Their Time and Ours |url={{Google books|id=5LZjAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195670851 }}
* {{cite book|surname=Hawley |given=John Stratton |year=2020 |title=Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190123987}}
* {{cite book |surname=Hayes |given=Glen Alexander |chapter=Contemporary Metaphor Theory and Alternative Views of Krishna and Rādhā in Vaishnava Sahajiyā |pages=19–32 |chapter-url={{Google books|id=0SJ73GHSCF8C|plainurl=y|page=19|keywords=|text=}} |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url={{Google books|id=0SJ73GHSCF8C|plainurl=y}} |editor=Guy L. Beck |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Hein |first=Norvin |title=A Revolution in {{IAST|Kṛṣṇaism}}: The Cult of Gopāla |year=1986 |pages=296–317 |journal=History of Religions |volume=25|issue=4 |jstor=1062622 |doi=10.1086/463051|s2cid=162049250}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hine |first=Phil |author-link=Phil Hine |date=2003 |title=For the Love of God: Variations of the Vaisnava School of Krishna Devotion |journal=Ashé Journal |volume=2 |number=4 |url=http://ashejournal.com/2015/03/16/for-the-love-of-god/ }}
* {{cite journal|last=Hudson |first=D. |year=1983 |title=Vasudeva Krsna in Theology and Architecture: A Background to Srivaisnavism |journal=Journal of Vaiṣṇava Studies |issue=2 |pages=}}
* {{cite journal |last=Iwao |first=Shima |url=http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |title=The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure |journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |date=June–September 1988 |publisher=Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture |pages=183–197 |issn=0304-1042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062749/http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|id=OgMmceadQ3gC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |surname=Kennedy |given=Melville T. |title=The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal |series=The Religious Life of India |year=1925 |url=https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.24847 |place=Calcutta |publisher=Association Press; Humphery Milford; Oxford University Press }}
* {{cite book |surname=Khan |given=Dominique-Sila |title=The Pranami Faith: Beyond "Hindu" and "Muslim" |url={{Google books|id=kKiNGwAACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2002 |publisher=Yoginder Sikand }}
* {{cite book |surname=Klostermaier |given=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |year=2005 |title=A Survey of Hinduism |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/surveyhinduismth00klos |url-access=limited |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0-7914-7081-4 }}
* {{cite book |editor-surname1=Kulke |editor-given1=Hermann |editor-link1=Hermann Kulke |editor-surname2=Schnepel |editor-given2=Burkhard |title=Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa |series=Studies in Orissan society, culture, and history, 1 |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7304-386-4 |url={{Google books|id=JIzXAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar }}
* {{cite book |surname=Lorenzen |given=David N. |author-link=David N. Lorenzen |year=1995 |title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |url={{Google books|id=rpSxJg_ehnIC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda |translator=Miller, Barbara Stoler |translator-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |year=1977 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0231040288 |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/love-song-of-the-dark-lord/9780231110976 |ref={{sfnref|Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda|1977}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=McDaniel |given=June |chapter=Folk Vaishnavism and Ṭhākur Pañcāyat: Life and status among village Krishna statues |pages=33–42 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |editor=Guy L. Beck |url={{Google books|id=0SJ73GHSCF8C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2005 |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Matchett |given=Freda |title=Krsna, Lord or Avatara? the relationship between Krsna and Visnu: in the context of the Avatara myth as presented by the Harivamsa, the Visnupurana and the Bhagavatapurana |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=Surrey |isbn=0-7007-1281-X |url={{Google books|id=HJP_ktuIZWcC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=Medhi |given=Kaliram |editor=Satyendranath Sarma |title=Studies in the Vaiṣṇava Literature & Culture of Assam |year=1978 |url={{Google books|id=HeB83Pc8hCAC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |publisher=Assam Sahitya Sabha }}
* {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Barbara S. |author-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |year=1975 |title=Rādhā: Consort of Kṛṣṇa's Vernal Passion |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=655–671 |doi=10.2307/601022 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/601022 |jstor=601022 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |surname=Miśra |given=Narayan |title=Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha |editor=Durga Nandan Mishra |year=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |place=New Delhi |url={{Google books|id=WKUkLzqNv64C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=81-7625-747-8 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Mukherjee |given=Prabhat |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |year=1981 |orig-year=1940 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |place=New Delhi |isbn=8120602293 |url={{Google books|id=7LFzfbhmJcMC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=Mullick |given=Bulloram |year=1898 |title=Krishna and Krishnaism |place=Calcutta |publisher=S.K. Lahiri & Co |url={{Google books|id=8tJeHQAACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book|surname=Murthy |given=H.V. Sreenivasa |title=Vaisnavism of Samkaradeva and Ramanuja: A Comparative Study |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1973}}
* {{cite book |surname=Neog |given=Maheswar |author-link=Maheshwar Neog |title=Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times |year=1980 |url={{Google books|id=DcReZM-rI0MC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |place=Delhi }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |surname=Patel |given=Gautam E. |title=Concept of God According to Vallabhacarya |editor=Ramkaran Sharma|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Wisdom |place=New Delhi; Varanasi |publisher=MacMillan |volume=2 |pages=127–136}}
* {{cite book |surname=Pauwels |given=Heidi |chapter=Paradise Found, Paradise Lost: Hariram Vyas's Love for Vrindaban and what Hagiographers made of it |title=Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions |editor=Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara |year=2003 |publisher= |place=Vancouver, Toronto |series=Asian Religions and Society Series |pages=124–180}}
* {{cite book |surname=Rajaguru |given=S.N. |title=Inscriptions of Jagannath Temple and Origin of Sri Purusottam Jagannath |year=1992 |volume=1–2 |place=Puri |publisher=[[Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya]] |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/inscriptions-of-temples-of-puri-and-origin-of-sri-purusottama-jagannath-in-2-volumes-bound-in-one-rare-book-NAC960/ }}
* {{cite thesis |surname=Ramnarace |given=Vijay |year=2014 |title=Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya |type=PhD thesis |place=University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf }}
* {{cite journal|last=Redington |first=James D. |title=Elements of a Vallabhite Bhakti-synthesis |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |date=1992 |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=287–294|doi=10.2307/603707 |jstor=603707}}
* {{cite book|surname=Rosen |given=Steven J. |author-link=Steven J. Rosen |title=Vaiṣṇavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the Gauḍīya Tradition. Foreword by E. C. Dimock |edition=2nd |year=1994 |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=8120812352}}
* {{cite book |surname=Rosen |given=Steven J. |author-link=Steven J. Rosen |title=Krishna's Song: A New Look at the Bhagavad Gita |url={{Google books|id=BmTsDd340DcC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place= |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0313345531 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Rosenstein |first=Lucy |date=1998 |title=The Rādhāvallabha and the Haridāsā Samprādayas: A Comparison |journal=[[Journal of Vaishnava Studies]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=5–18}}
* {{cite book|surname=Rosenstein |given=Ludmila L. |chapter=The Devotional Poetry of Svami Haridas |title=A Study of Early Braj Bhasa Verse |year=1997 |series=Groningen Oriental Studies, 12 |place=Groningen |publisher=Egbert Forsten}}
* {{cite book |editor-surname=Sardella |editor-given=Ferdinando |editor-surname2=Wong |editor-given2=Lucian |title=The Legacy of Vaiṣṇavism in Colonial Bengal |url={{Google books|id=1hTADwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2020 |place=Milton, Oxon; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-56179-3 |series=Routledge Hindu Studies Series }}
* {{cite book|surname=Sarma |given=Satyendranath |title=The Neo-Vaiṣṇavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam |publisher=[[Gauhati University]] |year=1966 |oclc=551510205}}
* {{cite book |editor-surname1=Schomer |editor-given1=Karine |editor-surname2=McLeod |editor-given2=W. H. |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |series=Berkeley Religious Studies Series |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-208-0277-3 |url={{Google books|id=OkKhOivXrhgC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=Schweig |given=Graham M. |title=Dance of Divine Love: The Rڄasa Lڄilڄa of Krishna from the Bhڄagavata Purڄana, India's classic sacred love story |publisher=Princeton University Press |place=Princeton, NJ |year=2005 |url={{Google books|id=TPOLHQAACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=0-691-11446-3 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |last=Sheridan |first=Daniel |title=The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |url={{Google books|id=HqqfxYcw4JIC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1986 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi }}
* {{cite book |surname=Singh |given=Kunj Bihari |year=2004 |orig-year=1963 |chapter=Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation |chapter-url={{Google books|id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=125|keywords=|text=}} |title=Sociology of Religion in India |editor=Rowena Robinson |series=Themes in Indian Sociology, 3 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publ. India |pages=125–132 |url={{Google books|id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-7619-9781-4 }}
* {{cite book |year=1996 |editor-surname1=Sivaramkrishna |editor-given1=M. |editor-surname2=Roy |editor-given2=Sumita |title=Poet-Saints of India |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sterling Publ |url={{Google books|id=zMvlDsnEgRoC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=81-207-1883-6 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Snell |given=Rupert |title=The Eighty-four Hymns of Hita Harivaṃśa: An Edition of the Caurāsī Pada |url={{Google books|id=jOs-G0-VIWQC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1991 |place=Delhi; London |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]; School of Oriental and African Studies |isbn=81-208-0629-8 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Starza |given=O. M. |title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult |series=Studies in South Asian culture, 15 |url={{Google books|id=v4bV3beb0n8C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=Leiden; New York; Köln |year=1993 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-09673-6 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Stewart |first=Tony K. |title=Singing the Glory of Lord Krishna: The "Srikrsnakirtana" |journal=[[Asian Ethnology]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages= |date=1986
|jstor=1177851}}
* {{cite book |surname=Stewart |given=Tony K. |title=The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New York |year=2010 |url={{Google books|id=HzVX7Hoe_AkC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-0-19-539272-2 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Toffin |given=Gérard |chapter=The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal |chapter-url={{Google books|id=uuuICwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=249|keywords=|text=}} |editor=John Zavos |display-editors=etal |title=Public Hinduisms |url={{Google books|id=uuuICwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2012 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publ. India |isbn=978-81-321-1696-7 |pages=249–254 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Vaudeville |first=Ch. |title=Evolution of Love-Symbolism in Bhagavatism | journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |date=1962 |doi=10.2307/595976 |jstor=595976}}
* {{cite book |surname=Vemsani |given=Lavanya |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |year=2016 |url={{Google books|id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=197|keywords=|text=}} |place=Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford |publisher=ABC-Clio |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |surname=Welbon |given=G. R. |title=Vaiṣṇavism: Bhāgavatas |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan |volume=14 |isbn=978-0-02897-135-3}}
* {{cite book |surname=White |given=Charles S. J. |title=The Caurāsī Pad of Śri Hit Harivaṃś: Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Edited Braj Bhaṣa |series=Asian studies at Hawaii, 16 |url={{Google books|id=X8Q_zgEACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1977 |publisher=University Press of Hawaii |place=Honolulu |isbn=9780824803599 |issn=0066-8486 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Charles S. J. |last2=Redington |first2=James D. |date=1990 |title=Vallabhacarya on the Love Games of Krsna |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=373–374 |doi=10.2307/604565 |jstor=604565}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|surname=Anand |given=D. |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |year=1992 |publisher=Shakti Malik Abhinav Publ |place=New Delhi |url={{Google books|id=EsvSwdUgQYcC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=81-7017-280-2}}
* {{cite book |surname=Bhattacharya |given=Sunil Kumar |year=1996 |title=Krishna-cult in Indian Art |place=New Delhi |publisher=M. D. Publ. Pvt |url={{Google books|id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=81-7533-001-5}}
* {{cite book |surname=Case |given=Margaret H. |title=Seeing Krishna: The Religious World of a Brahman Family in Vrindavan |url={{Google books|id=Zh7OoTSH5UwC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-513010-3}}
* Couture, André (2006). ''The emergence of a group of four characters (Vasudeva, Samkarsana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha) in the Harivamsa: points for consideration''. Journal of Indian Philosophy 34,6. pp. 571–585.
* {{cite book |surname=Das |given=Kalyani |title=Early Inscriptions of Mathurā: A Study |url={{Google books|id=CpBsSe7TNoTkygS_0p2ZCA|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1980 |place= |publisher=Punthi Pustak }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal |last=Majumdar |first=Asoke Kumar |date=July–October 1955 |title=A Note on the Development of Radha Cult |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=36 |number=3/4 |pages=231–257 |jstor=44082959}}
* Mishra, Baba (1999). ''"Radha and her contour in Orissan culture"'' in Orissan history, culture and archaeology. In Felicitation of Prof. P.K. Mishra. Ed. by S. Pradhan. (Reconstructing Indian History & Culture 16). New Delhi; pp. 243–259.
* {{cite book|surname=Nash |given=J. |chapter=Re-examining Ecological Aspects of Vrindavan Pilgrimage |editor1=L. Manderson |editor2=W. Smith |editor3=M. Tomlinson |title=Flows of Faith |pages=105–121 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2932-2_7 |isbn=978-94-007-2931-5 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-2932-2_7}}
* {{cite book|surname=Singer |given=M. |title=Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes |year=1966 |place=Honolulu |publisher=East-West Center Press}}
* Sinha, K.P. (1997). ''A critique of A.C. Bhaktivedanta''. Calcutta.

{{Krishna}}
{{VaisnavaSampradayas}}
{{Vaishnava philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations| ]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

2017 pro-jallikattu protests

2026-03-12T18:47:37Z

Al202xis0: Created New Data

{{Short description|Indian youth protests}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
|title = 2017 pro-jallikattu protests
|image = MarinaProtests1.jpg
|caption = Jallikattu protesters gathering at Chennai Marina Beach
|date = {{Start date|2017|01|08|df=y}} – {{End date|df=yes|2017|1|23}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jallikattu-protests-ended-time-to-enjoy-our-success-marina-beach-students-to-ndtv-1651731 |title=Jallikattu: Protests Over, We Got What We Wanted, Says Marina Beach Students To NDTV |work=NDTV |date=23 January 2017}}</ref> ({{Age in years and days|2017|1|08|2017|1|23}})
|place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|causes = [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]'s ban against jallikattu
|goals = {{ubl|Revoke the ban on jallikattu|Ban PETA<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/explained-demands-made-by-jallikattu-supporters/54519 |title=Explained: Demands Made By Jallikattu Supporters |work=Times Now |date=22 January 2017}}</ref>}}
|methods = [[picketing]], [[sloganeering]], [[human chain (politics)|human chain]],<ref name="DNA Human chain">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-s-tamils-form-human-chain-to-support-jallikattu-2293876|title=Mumbai's Tamils form human chain to support Jallikattu – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=19 January 2017|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> [[silent protest]], [[hunger strike]], [[demonstration (protest)|demonstration]], [[internet activism]], [[candlelight vigil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/tamilians-take-jallikattu-ban-as-an-insult-state-erupts-in-massive-protests-campaigns-to-remove-ban-intensify-269728.html|title= Jallikattu Ban Hurts Tamil Pride, State Erupts in Massive Protests, Celebrities Join In|date= 18 January 2017|publisher=indiatimes.com|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref>
|result = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu state legislation]] passed bill legalising jallikattu<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/jallikattu-now-legal-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-unanimously/54595 |title=Jallikattu Now Legal in Tamil Nadu, Assembly Passes Bill Unanimously |work=Times Now |date=23 January 2017}}</ref>
|howmany1 = > 1 million<ref name="mil">{{cite news|last1=Soutik|first1=Biswas|title=Why India bull-taming protest may not be just about bulls|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38687248|accessdate=21 January 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=20 January 2017|location=[[India]]|quote=:more than a million people are estimated to have protested across Tamil Nadu on Friday}}</ref>
|howmany2 = 
|injuries=> 60<ref name="mil-2">{{cite news|last1=Pushpa|first1=Narayan|title=Jallikattu protests: 60 admitted to govt hospitals in Chennai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-protests-60-admitted-to-govt-hospitals-in-chennai/articleshow/56733438.cms|accessdate=23 January 2017|work=[[Times of India News]]|date=23 January 2017}} Around 60 people, including 33 policemen, were admitted to state-run hospitals as pro-jallikattu protests turned violent in Chennai.</ref>}}

The '''2017 pro-jallikattu protests''', also known as the '''pro-jallikattu movement''', were leaderless [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] youth [[protest]]s which took place in January 2017 in large groups in several locations across the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Some sporadic smaller protests also took place across India<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-lawyers-students-protest-against-jallikattu-ban-4482021/|title=Tamil lawyers, students protest against Jallikattu ban in Delhi|date=19 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> as well as overseas.<ref>{{Citation|title=Overseas support for Jallikattu as Tamils in London stage protests near the Indian embassy|date=17 January 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-Xsl7WDpb8|type=YouTube video|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/london-madurai-and-beyond-tamilians-protest-against-jallikattu-ban-55897|title=From London to Madurai and beyond: Tamilians protest against jallikattu ban|date=18 January 2017|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The chief motivation of the protest was against the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]'s order to ban [[jallikattu]] (occasionally also known as ''sallikattu'', ''eru taluval and'' ''manju virattu''),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-23|language=en}}</ref> a traditional Tamil bull taming sport, which is held during [[Thai Pongal|Pongal]], a harvest festival in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/protests-flare-southern-india-jallikattu-ban-170119111658879.html|title=Protests flare in southern India over Jallikattu ban|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The sport is conducted annually on the second day of the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month Thai]]. The sport was banned by the Supreme Court in a decision citing [[cruelty to animals]] based on a lawsuit filed by the [[animal rights]] group [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/PETA-Jallikattu-stay-%E2%80%98partial-victory%E2%80%99-for-bulls/article13995899.ece|title=PETA: Jallikattu stay 'partial victory' for bulls|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-23|language=en}}</ref> which asserted that it violates the [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] (PCA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-turns-down-plea-to-allow-bull-taming-sport-jallikattu-before-pongal/articleshow/56494779.cms|title=Supreme Court turns down plea to allow bull-taming sport Jallikattu before Pongal|date=12 January 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

The first large protests occurred on 8 January 2017, when several groups, organised largely via social media, conducted a protest at the [[Marina beach]] in Chennai to revoke the ban on jallikattu which was imposed in 2014. These groups also demanded that PETA be banned from India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-supporters-organise-rally-in-chennai-for-seeking-permission-to-hold-bull-taming-sport-3194152.html|title=Jallikattu: Supporters organise rally in Chennai for seeking permission to hold bull-taming sport|date=8 January 2017|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> The protests soon gained momentum and spread all over Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jallikattu-uprising-sc-allows-centres-request-to-not-pass-judgement-on-the-issue-for-a-week-4483061/|title=Jallikattu protest: SC allows Centre's request to not pass judgment for a week|date=20 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> After several days of protests, jallikattu was finally legalised locally on 23 January when the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] passed a bill to amend the PCA Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-bill-to-amend-pca-act/articleshow/56738068.cms|title=Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu assembly passes bill to amend PCA Act |date=23 January 2017 |work=The Times of India |author=B Sivakumar}}</ref> As the legalisation is not [[Law of India|Indian federal law]], but rather state law, there is concern from Indian legal experts that jallikattu could be banned once again by the Supreme Court.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

The largely peaceful nature of the protests received praise from all over the country and inspired the legalisation movements of several other Indian states' traditional outlawed celebrations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/jallikattu-ban-protests-in-chennai-calm-peaceful-clean-leave-many-impressed-1768260/ |title=Jallikattu ban protests in Chennai calm, peaceful, clean; leave many impressed |date=19 January 2017 |work=India.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-allowed-other-states-ramp-up-pressure-for-their-outlawed-sports/story-lg5HbSYpzyokX9BEH3tCDK.html |title=Jallikattu 'legal', other states ramp up pressure for their outlawed sports |date=23 January 2017 |work=Hindusthan Times}}</ref> Despite violence on 23 January, this perception continued after the [[Tamil Nadu Police]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/%E2%80%98Police-sexually-assaulted-protesting-women%E2%80%99/article16974778.ece|title=Police sexually assaulted protesting women|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-23|language=en}}</ref> reported that the violence was caused by "anti-social elements" co-opting the protest, and not the student protesters themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/young-blood-is-boiling-today-jallikattu-protest-at-marina-beach-1651651|title=Jallikattu: 'Anti-National Elements', Not Students, Causing Chennai Violence, Say Cops|accessdate=23 February 2017}}</ref>{{vague|date=January 2017|reason=Lacks context.}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallikattu-protest-turns-violent-after-police-eviction/articleshow/56730155.cms|title=Jallikattu protest turns violent after police eviction|date=23 January 2017|work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-protest-violence-breaks-out-in-chennai-other-parts-of-tamil-nadu/articleshow/56730531.cms|title=Jallikattu protest: Violence breaks out in Chennai, other parts of Tamil Nadu|date=23 January 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-protesters-evicted-by-tamil-nadu-police-from-marina-beach-other-places/story-x4wfgwEj6qxybPHwfnYGbK.html|title=Protest turns violent on Chennai's Marina Beach; vehicles torched, petrol bombs lobbed|date=23 January 2017|work=Hindusthan Times}}</ref> The movement has been described as a symbol for Tamil pride and has largely been compared to the [[anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] and dubbed by many as 'Thai Puratchi'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/protests-for-jallikattu-turn-mass-pageant-of-tamil-pride/articleshow/56690347.cms |title=Protests for jallikattu turn mass pageant of Tamil pride |date=20 January 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/jallikattu-protests-and-1965-anti-hindi-riots-similar-at-face-value-different-in-objective-1769157/ |title=Jallikattu protests and 1965 Anti-Hindi riots: Similar at face value, different in objective |date=19 January 2017 |work=India.com |author=Sohit Mishra}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Jallikattu}}

Jallikattu is a traditional bull taming event wherein a berserk bull is released into a crowd, and the participants of the crowd individually attempt to grab and hold on to the bull's hump for a determined distance, a determined time, or with the goal of removing a packet of money tied to the bull's horns.<ref>{{cite news |author=Salim David |date=20 January 2017 |title=View: Blanket ban on Jallikattu would be tantamount to banning all motor cars |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/view-blanket-ban-on-jallikattu-would-be-tantamount-to-banning-all-motor-cars/articleshow/56681598.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The sport, which is considered to be 2500–10,000 years old,<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya Venkat |date=14 January 2017 |title=Missing the bull's eye |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/Missing-the-bulls-eye/article17040148.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> is usually held during [[Thai Pongal]] across several locations in [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Arun Janardhanan |date=20 January 2017 |title=Taking Jallikattu bull by the horns: Protests in TN and the many legal twists and turns |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jallikattu-protests-in-tamil-nadu-and-the-many-legal-twists-and-turns-4482563/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> with the primary event being held in [[Alanganallur]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu claims two lives in TN |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/592832/jallikattu-claims-two-lives-tn.html |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> During the event, injuries or even death often occur to participants.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What Is Jallikattu? All You need To Know About Tamil Nadu's Bull-Taming Tradition |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/what-is-jallikattu-1650547 |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=NDTV.com}}</ref> While bull breeders contend that the participating bulls are treated well,<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Sushmitha |first=Ramakrishnan |date=21 January 2017 |title=Does Jallikattu really help the native breeds? |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jan/21/does-jallikattu-really-help-the-native-breeds-1561910--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123165426/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jan/21/does-jallikattu-really-help-the-native-breeds-1561910--1.html |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=22 January 2017 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> PETA asserts its investigators found that the bulls suffers [[Cruelty to animals|cruel treatment]], from having their tails twisted, being stabbed, punched and jumped on.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=7 May 2014 |title=Supreme Court Bans Jallikattu, Bull Races and Bullfights |url=http://www.petaindia.com/blog/sc-bans-jallikattu-bull-races-fights/ |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=PETA India |language=en-US}}</ref> India's [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] (PCAA) outlaws animal cruelty, and sets up the punishment offenders can expect to receive. The Madras High Court was the first to rule that jallikattu was not allowable under the PCAA in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last=Malviya |first=Amit |date=19 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu ban: BJP backs people of Tamil Nadu, blames UPA for depriving state of traditional sport |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jallikattu-ban-bjp-backs-people-of-tamil-nadu-blames-upa-for-depriving-state-of-traditional-sport-3211794.html |accessdate=2020-09-20 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> However, traditional sports like jallikattu have since then always been allowed through various legal and extralegal means, the most recent of which is the Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act No 27, passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] and signed into law in 2009.<ref name=":3" />

In January 2011, [[Hema Malini]] appealed to the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] (MoE) to ban Jallikatu, and it responded by issuing a notification that bulls may no longer be used as performing animals in India, adding it to a list which previously included only bears, monkeys, tigers, panthers and lions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2017 |title=Timeline: Jallikattu Ban And Controversy |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/timeline-jallikattu-ban-and-controversy-1334827.html |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=News18}}</ref> Armed with this, in April 2011, PETA announced that it would challenge the 2009 Tamil Nadu law as [[unconstitutional]], as it now conflicts with the [[Law of India|Indian federal law]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2011 |title=PETA Goes to Supreme Court for Jallikattu Ban |url=http://www.petaindia.com/blog/peta-goes-supreme-court-jallikattu-ban/ |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=PETA India |language=en-US}}</ref> After three years in court, on 7 May 2014, PETA, represented by Raj Panjwani, along with the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] (AWBI), striking down the 2009 Tamil Nadu law.<ref name=":3" /> In defiance of the ban, citizens of Tamil Nadu attempted to carry out the tradition on 18 January 2015, but police arrested forty six people and allowed the animals to go free.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2015 |title=46 arrested for violating Jallikattu ban |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/46-arrested-for-violating-jallikattu-ban-in-salem-district-of-tamil-nadu/article6799135.ece |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

In preparation for the 2016 jallikattu season, [[Government of India|the Centre]] reversed its earlier decision and on 7 January 2016 MoE once again removed bulls from the list of banned performing animals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2016 |title=Jallikattu: India lifts ban on bullfighting in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35259793 |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Justices [[Dipak Misra]] and [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]] were highly critical of this reaction, and were quoted by ''[[The Hindu]]'' as stating jointly:<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |title=SC questions Centre's notification supporting 'jallikattu' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/SC-questions-Centre%E2%80%99s-notification-supporting-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article16737432.ece |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> "How can you negate our judgment banning jallikattu by coming up with the January 2016 notification allowing bulls to participate in the sport again? [...] We cannot import [[Roman gladiator]]-type sport here." The Supreme Court issued a stay order on 12 January 2016, effectively banning the sport just five days after the Centre unbanned it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebello |first=Lara |date=12 January 2016 |title=India: Supreme Court puts a stay on Jallikattu bull taming sport |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/india-supreme-court-issues-stay-order-jallikattu-bull-taming-sport-1537441 |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=International Business Times UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2016 |title=Supreme Court upholds ban on Jallikattu |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-supreme-court-upholds-ban-on-jallikattu-2165531 |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=DNA |language=en-US}}</ref> With the police on their side this time, however, jallikattu went ahead anyway, and thousands gathered to watch bull races and the main sport.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2016 |title=Over 35 injured as building collapses during Jallikattu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Over-35-injured-as-building-collapses-during-Jallikattu/article14009667.ece |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=Syed |date=16 January 2016 |title=Despite SC ban, 'Jallikattu' held in Andhra Pradesh villages |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Despite-SC-ban-Jallikattu-held-in-Andhra-Pradesh-villages/articleshow/50603346.cms |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

In preparation for the 2017 season, once again multiple petitions were filed to try to get the Supreme Court to reconsider; and once again they were all denied, including a petition attempting to argue a [[religious freedom]] angle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2 December 2016 |title=Apex court refuses to lift ban on jallikattu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Apex-court-refuses-to-lift-ban-on-jallikattu/article16460630.ece |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court once again sparred with the Centre, who was trying to get it unbanned as it was a 5,000-year-old cultural tradition of the Tamil people, but the court responded simply "In 1899, ten thousand girls below 12 years of age were married. Should we allow it today because it was a tradition at that time?" and rejected the petition.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vaidyanathan |first1=A. |last2=Shukla |first2=Shuchi |date=26 July 2016 |title=Jallikattu 5000-Years-Old, So What? Supreme Court's Sharp Remarks on Bull Fest |url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jallikattu-5000-years-old-so-what-supreme-courts-sharp-remarks-on-bull-fest-1436227 |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=NDTV.com}}</ref> For the 2017 season, political tension was high, perhaps sparking the massive protest: people blamed the [[AIADMK]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] political parties for failing to reverse the ban during the last three years. Once again, citizens flouted the Supreme Court, and jallikattu went ahead despite its legal status.<ref name=":5" /> With an uncooperative judiciary, the other branches of government began work on a law which would override the court's decision: on 19 January 2017, [[prime minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] vowed to support Tamil Nadu but declined to give further details, claiming that he could not as the case was currently ''[[sub judice]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Modi says jallikattu is sub-judice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Modi-says-jallikattu-is-sub-judice/article17059806.ece |access-date=19 January 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> In an interview, former Supreme Court justice [[Markandey Katju]] observed that laws can be changed even when the matter is in court as was done for the act that abolished ''[[zamindari]]'' in the 1950s when the [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] government removed the [[right to property]] as a [[fundamental right]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2017 |title=Centre need not wait for SC order, can pass ordinance on jallikattu: Katju to TNM |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-need-not-wait-sc-order-can-pass-ordinance-jallikattu-katju-tnm-55930 |access-date=19 January 2017 |newspaper=The News Minute}}</ref>

=== Support ===
Jallikattu is cited as one of the last available ways to promote and preserve<ref name="Natarajan">{{Cite news |last=Natarajan |first=Swaminathan |date=19 July 2016 |title=Jallikattu: Why India bullfighting ban 'threatens native breeds' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36798500 |access-date=21 January 2017 |newspaper=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last=Anugula |first=Himakiran |title=Banning Jallikattu Will Decimate India's Indigenous Cattle Breeds – The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/19157/banning-jallikattu-will-decimate-indias-indigenous-cattle-breeds/ |access-date=21 January 2017 |website=thewire.in |language=en-GB}}</ref> the native livestock because the other uses of native breeds such as ploughing, breeding via mating and milk is on decline due to advancement in mechanization by tractors, improvement in artificial insemination and hybrid Jersey cows respectively.<ref name=":6" /> Native breed activists claim that Tamil Nadu had over one million [[Kangayam cattle|Kangayam bulls]] in 1990 and that the population has fallen to 15,000 by the 2010s.<ref name="Natarajan" /><ref name=":6" /> Minor protests were initiated by cattle rights activists and farmers. Music videos, such as "Takkaru Takkaru" by [[Hiphop Tamizha]], and on Facebook videos to talk about jallikattu and its benefits inspired the protestors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2017 |title=Meet the campaigners behind the Jallikattu uprising |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-warriors-meet-the-hi-tech-brains-behind-chennai-protests/story-FEhufoLh0bpRkkZORLn9VJ.html |accessdate=20 January 2017 |newspaper=hindustantimes.com/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senaapathy Kangayam Cattle Research Foundation – About Us |url=https://www.kangayambull.com/about-us/about-skcrf/ |accessdate=19 January 2017 |website=www.kangayambull.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |title=BULL Stop! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bull-stop/article5609632.ece |accessdate=20 January 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> There were also claims that the indigenous cattle bulls are critically endangered in Tamil Nadu and banning jallikattu will have the adverse effect of wiping them out completely.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jalli Kattu |title=jallikattu Karthikeya sivasenathipathi speech |date=26 July 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tByxohxx96s |accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Interview with Hip Hop Tamizha 'Aadhi' about Jallikattu |date=11 January 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiPq6f6CVQA |accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> According to pro-jallikattu activists, jallikattu is not just a sport that is deeply entrenched in Tamil culture, but it has also inadvertently served as a scientific method of breeding cattle.{{clarify|date=January 2017|reason=This is vague. How exactly does the science work? What makes jallikattu, a sport where people grab a bull's hump and ride it, an effective way to determine the quality of offspring? What were the controls? What scientific experimentations support this conclusion?}} This view is held among a majority of jallikattu supporters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sun TV – இணைய செயற்பாட்டாளர் ராஜ்மோகன் ஜல்லிக்கட்டு பற்றிய... |url=https://www.facebook.com/SunTv/videos/809775729161333/ |accessdate=21 January 2017 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jallikattu is not cruelty but a breeding process, say its proponents |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jallikattu-bull-taming-sport-breeding-process-955128-2017-01-15 |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The protest is aimed at revival of the native humped bull, called the [[zebu]]. The [[Kangayam cattle|Tamil Nadu breed]] of zebu is unique to India and has several advantages compared to European varieties of cattle such as the [[Holstein Friesian cattle|Holstein cow]]. The native breeds are rich in the A2 variety of beta [[casein protein]] which aides easy [[digestion]] whereas milk from European [[Cattle|''Bos taurus'']] contain the A1 variant of the beta casein protein which is related to allergies and some serious health conditions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=The deshi cow milk jinx |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-deshi-cow-milk-jinx-45095 |access-date=21 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The Holstein breeds found their way into India as a result of [[Operation Flood]] of late 1960s through cross breeding to increase the low milk yield of native breeds. As the [[Jersey cow]] can yield nine times the quantity of milk as a zebu in the same period, there is concern among protesters that without jallikattu providing an [[economic incentive]] for the breeding of zebu, the breed will become [[Rare breed (agriculture)|endangered]] and eventually [[extinct]].<ref name=":7" /> PETA disputes the allegation that outlawing jallikattu would lead to a loss of the Tamil Nadu zebu, stating that the bulls can still be used as [[Stud (animal)|studs]] regardless of whether jallikattu is legal or not.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |author1=Poorva Joshipura; CEO PETA India |date=21 July 2016 |title=Clearing Up All The Bull Around Jallikattu |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/poorva-joshipura/clearing-up-all-the-bull-around-jallikattu/ |accessdate=20 January 2017 |newspaper=Huffington Post India}}</ref>

Support from various groups, including film actors, politicians, cricketers and other sportsmen, social activists, and authors. [[Raghava Lawrence]], actor [[Silambarasan]], director [[V. Gowthaman]], [[Seeman]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]], [[RJ Balaji]], [[Aari (actor)|Aari]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] and [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] took part actively during the protests. Spiritual leaders like [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], and [[Jaggi Vasudev|Sadhuguru Jaggi Vasudev]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=For Jallikattu, AR Rahman To Fast, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar And Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudeva Say Ban Must End |url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/for-jallikattu-ar-rahman-will-fast-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-and-sadhuguru-jaggi-vasudeva-lend-support-1650625 |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=NDTV.com}}</ref> also spoke in support of the sport.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2017 |title=Jallikattu: Tamil Nadu celebrities step forward, offer support on social media |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jallikattu-tamil-nadu-celebrities-step-forward-offer-support-on-social-media-3211472.html |access-date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref> The protestors rejected any attempt for leadership by politicians and celebrities and wished to remain a leaderless mass movement.

On 19 January 2017, film composer [[A. R. Rahman]] announced that he will observe a day-long fast in support of the protesters, and for 'Tamil Nadu's spirit'.<ref name=":0" />

=== Opposition ===
The main opposition of jallikattu comes from the Indian branch of the international non-governmental organization [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA). PETA's opposition is also shared by the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI), [[Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations]] and Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court to examine plea against Tamil Nadu's law on Jallikattu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-to-examine-plea-against-tamil-nadus-law-on-jallikattu/articleshow/56784708.cms? |access-date=28 January 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banned, but #StillNotSafe |url=http://www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117203915/http://www.fiapo.org/our-campaigns/save-the-bulls-support-the-ban/ |archive-date=17 January 2017 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=FIAPO |language=en-US |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Judges of the Supreme Court of India have likewise criticized the Indian Central Government's support of jallikattu just because it is a tradition and have voiced their opposition of it.<ref name=":9" /> The Supreme Court has also held that the sport is inherently cruel in nature and this deprives the animal of its basic right to live without subject to fear and torture. The judgement also clarifies that the sport is neither religious ritual nor an essential sport for the Tamil community as the sport is played only in few districts of central Tamil Nadu and not in all districts. The sport has claimed multiple lives including those of the tamers, onlookers and the police. The first ban on jallikattu was a result of a case filed by the father of a tamer who lost his life in the event.

[[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] denies that ending the jallikattu event will lead to the loss of the native bull, and has pointed out that bulls can be used as studs regardless of whether or not they are engaged in jallikattu. Furthermore, PETA claims that [[veterinarians]] can determine which bulls are healthiest with far more scientific rigor than jallikattu can.<ref name=":8" />

== Timeline ==
[[File:Protesters at Marina.jpg|thumb|Thousands of people protesting on [[Marina Beach]] in [[Chennai]]]]
[[File:Jallikattu protest 3.jpg|thumb|Women protesting at [[Vivekananda House]] in [[Chennai]]]]
[[File:Jallikattu mobile.jpg|alt=Students use their mobile phone flashlights to illuminate their protest after street lights are turned off by power company TNEB.|thumb|Students use their mobile phone flashlights to illuminate their protest after street lights are turned off by power company TNEB.]]
[[File:Protests in Jantar Mantar, Delhi against the ban on Jallikattu.jpg|thumb|Protesters in [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi]]]]
Sporadic demonstrations began on 4 January,<ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK should take responsibility for continuous ban on jallikattu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-should-take-responsibility-for-continuous-ban-on-jallikattu/articleshow/56322037.cms|accessdate=22 January 2017|work=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|date=4 January 2017}}</ref> but mass protests did not begin until two weeks later.

On 16 January 2017, villagers of Alanganallur protested at [[Alanganallur]] '''Vaadi vaasal''<nowiki/>' – The Arena, the place known for the jallikattu sport – on that date, the sport was also practiced in defiance of the ban.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jan/16/despite-sc-ban-jallikattu-bulls-released-at-alanganallur-1560115.html|title=Despite SC ban, jallikattu bulls released at Alanganallur|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> After a day long protest, police arrested the protesters numbering around 200<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/police-clear-alanganallur-arena-220-protesters-arrested-6am-after-night-long-protests-55817|title=Police clear up Alanganallur arena, 220 protesters detained at 6am after night-long protests|date=17 January 2017|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> in [[Madurai]]. On 17 January 2017, In support of the arrested, Students gathered in [[Marina Beach]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/18/chennais-marina-beach-turns-into-tahrir-square-for-jallikattu-democracy-1560841.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120193036/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/18/chennais-marina-beach-turns-into-tahrir-square-for-jallikattu-democracy-1560841.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2017|title=Chennai's Marina beach turns into Tahrir Square for Jallikattu democracy|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> This day incidentally coincided with the birth centenary of former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.Ramachadran]]. The crowds started swelling for the night and few hundred spent their night in beach and the crowds continued to gather strength throughout the next day. The protest erupted around the state including Salem, Erode, Coimbatore, Nagercoil, Thiruchrapalli, Pudhuchery.
On 19 January, many volunteer groups and individuals once again gathered at the Marina beach for overnight protests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-protesters-stand-firm-at-marina-beach-on-day-4-we-ll-go-home-only-after-sc-ban-is-lifted/story-PbSoOQV9de8P1bPTOGnbUP.html|title=Jallikattu protesters stand firm: 'We'll go home only after SC lifts ban'|last=Iyer|first=Aditya|date=20 January 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> deputy Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[O. Panneerselvam|O.Paneerselvam]] met Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and pushed for an ordinance. With no sign of protests relenting the centre suggested ordinance by Tamil Nadu Government. On 20 January, The draft ordinance was approved by Home, Environmental and Cultural Ministry.

On 20 January, the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] announced that a law has been drafted and sent to the Central Government, stating, "There are full chances that jallikattu will be organised within 1–2 days."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/19/jallikattu-ban-tamil-nadu-government-sends-law-amendment-draft/|title=Tamil Nadu May Have Found A Way To Hold Jallikattu 'Within A Day Or Two'|last=Basu|first=Idrani|date=20 January 2017|website=Huffington Post India|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The Hindustan Times reported that the Centre approved the bill without recommending any changes, and that all that remains now is for it to be signed by the [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-protests-live-stir-continues-in-tamil-nadu-aiadmk-leaders-meeting-rajnath-singh/story-DQ3o8XgBjskMeqmfKuMAzN.html|title=Jallikattu highlights: Law, environment ministries clear TN govt ordinance; over to the President|date=20 January 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> On this day the [[Marina Beach|Marina beach]] Witnessed around 20 lakh<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chennai-20-lakh-join-in-jallikattu-set-for-tomorrow-4484376/|title=Chennai: 20 lakh join in, Jallikattu set for tomorrow|date=21 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> protesters on peaceful Occupy Marina protest alone with lacs thronging various cities of state.. The day witnessed a virtual shutdown in the state as most organization downed their shutters expressing solidarity for the cause.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/As-jallikattu-protests-snowball-TN-to-shut-down/article17063370.ece|title=As jallikattu protests snowball, TN to shut down|last=Rohit|first=T.K.|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/592398/jallikattu-ordinance-works-shutdown-tamil.html|title=Jallikattu: Ordinance in the works, Shutdown in Tamil Nadu|website=Deccan Herald|date=20 January 2017|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> The Opposition party [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) staged Rail [[Blockade|Roko]] in district headquarters of the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Jallikattu-protest-disrupts-train-services/article17069485.ece|title=Jallikattu protest disrupts train services|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-rail-roko-dmk-begins-hunger-protest-in-support-of-jallikattu-4484753/|title=After 'Rail Roko', DMK begins hunger protest in support of Jallikattu|date=21 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

On 21 January, the protests still continue demanding a permanent solution. Some politicians of the opposition parties started fasting as a sign of protest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jallikattu-Stalin-begins-fast/article17073367.ece|title=Jallikattu: Stalin begins fast|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 January 2017|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> The State Government promulgated the ordinance and announced that it would conduct the event the next day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> However the protesters refused to budge, as they believe the ordinance has very weak legal grounds and could be overturned in much the same way as the Supreme Court overturned the 2009 ordinance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/delhi/story/jallikattu-ordinance-manish-tewari-supreme-court-ban-on-jallikattu-956221-2017-01-20|title=Supreme Court can quash Jallikattu Ordinance: Congress Manish Tewari warns against promulgation in hurry|last=Shekhar|first=Kumar Shakti|date=20 January 2017|work=India Today|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tn-govt-dubs-jallikattu-ordinance-a-permanent-remedy-to-introduce-law-tomorrow/story-1Cu7Dc8CjBB0YGyx9cXKcK.html|title=TN govt dubs Jallikattu ordinance 'permanent' remedy, to introduce law on Monday|last=Iyer|first=Aditya|date=22 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

On 22 January, the government tried to conduct the sport despite the opposition from the local people in Alanganallur and other parts of Tamil Nadu who demanded a permanent resolution which can ensure jallikattu for generations to come.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallikkattu-red-flag-over-tamil-nadu-but-what-the-fight-really-is-for/articleshow/56706727.cms|title=Jallikattu: Red flag over Tamil Nadu but what the fight really is for?|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> The protesters had successfully blocked the sport from being conducted as Government festival. However a jallikattu event was organised and held at Pudukottai without proper safety measures on a very short notice and was inaugurated by the government minister, which eventually killed two people and many were left injured.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jallikattu-claims-two-lives-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/56716812.cms|title=2 dead, 28 injured in jallikattu in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

On 23 January, with protesters refusing to budge, police began early morning forceful evictions, moving people by hand and also employing batons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/police-starts-evicting-protesters-from-marina-beach-117012300069_1.html|title=Police starts evicting protesters from Marina Beach|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> Protesters at the marina threatened to venture into the sea, but eventually most protesters were removed and access to the protest site was cut off.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jallikattu-marina-beach-protesters-evicted-chennai-956508-2017-01-23|title=Jallikattu: Police cordon off Chennais Marina Beach, evict protesters from site|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> The evictions led to further protesters and threaten to boycott the upcoming [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in Chennai beach.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jallikattu-evicted-from-marina-beach-protestors-to-boycott-republic-day-117012300064_1.html|title=Jallikattu: Evicted from Marina beach, protestors to boycott Republic Day|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-protesters-evicted-by-tamil-nadu-police-from-marina-beach-other-places/story-x4wfgwEj6qxybPHwfnYGbK.html|title=Jallikattu protesters evicted by Tamil Nadu police from Marina Beach, other places|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>{{where|date=January 2017}} The entire city came to standstill with protesters blocking major roads and incidents of stone pelting<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jallikattu-protests-violence-tamil-nadu-chennai-madurai-bull-taming-sport-arson-stone-pelting-clashes-violence-these-pictures-of-jallikattu-protests-will-stun-you/|title=Arson, stone pelting, violence: These pictures of Jallikattu protests will stun you|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> torching of vehicles, police stations<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/jallikattu-protests-turn-violent-protesters-034639848.html|title=Jallikattu protests turn violent: Protesters torch vehicles near Ice House Police Station, refuse to leave Chennai's Marina Beach|language=en-IN|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> and petrol bombs were thrown whose identity remain unknown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jallikattu-protesters-evicted-by-tamil-nadu-police-from-marina-beach-other-places/story-x4wfgwEj6qxybPHwfnYGbK.html|title=Protest turns violent on Chennai's Marina Beach; vehicles torched, petrol bombs lobbed|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> There have also been reports of police involving in burning of autos and vehicles. The videos of cop setting fire on vehicles and involving in arson have been going viral in social media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/video-of-cop-setting-auto-on-fire-allegedly-in-chennai-goes-viral-1651853|title=Video of Cop Setting Auto on Fire, Allegedly in Chennai, Goes Viral|newspaper=NDTV.com|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shocking-videos-tn-cops-indulging-vandalism-and-mob-violence-towards-police-56178|title=Shocking videos from TN: Cops indulging in vandalism, mob violence towards police|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> The initial organizers of protests called for calm and few including actors condemned the violence and the subsequent crackdown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsx.com/national/53522-jallikattu-agitation-actor-kamal-haasan-tells-protesters-to-be-calm|title=Jallikattu agitation: Actor Kamal Haasan tells protesters to be calm|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=NewsX|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> At the end of day most of protests were either withdrawn evacuated or forcefully at all places including at Marina Beach, Madurai, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore and normalcy started to be restored.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Jallikattu-protests-end-on-peaceful-note/article17082698.ece|title=Jallikattu protests end on peaceful note|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

On 24 January, according to the ''Times of India'', the majority of student protestors in Chennai decided to call off their protest after a dialogue with police and a district court judge, viewing the Tamil Nadu ordinance and planned law as a victory, but promised to restart it if there was no permanent solution for jallikattu by 1 February.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/peaceful-end-to-jallikattu-protest-despite-bid-to-stir-trouble/articleshow/56743490.cms|title=Peaceful end to jallikattu protest despite bid to stir trouble|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

The legal situation surrounding jallikattu is as yet not clearly resolved. While the Tamil Nadu government has claimed that its draft ordinance is a "permanent solution",<ref name=":10" /> many jallikattu supporters view it as merely being a "stop gap measure".<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jallikattu-row-matter-could-still-go-to-supreme-court-and-we-could-get-adverse-decision-says-salman-khurshid/516973/|title=Jallikattu Row: Matter could still go to Supreme Court and we could get adverse decision, says Salman Khurshid|date=21 January 2017|newspaper=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jallikattu-protesters-demand-permanent-solution/article9496334.ece|title=Jallikattu protesters demand permanent solution|date=22 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|language=en|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> As ordinances only last for six months, the Tamil Nadu Assembly plans to make the ordinance into state law "immediately".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bill-to-replace-jallikattu-ordinance-to-be-placed-in-tn-assembly-immediately-governor-4487450/|title=Bill to replace ordinance on Jallikattu to be placed in Tamil Nadu Assembly immediately: Governor|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Some, however such as [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] cabinet minister [[Salman Khurshid]], have stated that the matter will only be truly resolved if the [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] is amended as [[local ordinances]] and state laws cannot trump [[Law of India|Indian federal law]].<ref name=":11" /> According to ''The Hindu'', many other Indian legal experts agreed with Khurshid's view, as federal laws such as the PCA are always more powerful than state laws, and in that respect the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 is not much different from the 2009 one.<ref name=":12" /> On 24 January, in light of the new Tamil Nadu legislation, the Centre withdrew its notification allowing the sport; this means that any new legal challenges will be directed against the new legislation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-withdraws-2016-notification-on-jallikattu/article17088044.ece1|title=Centre withdraws 2016 notification on jallikattu|date=24 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> For its part, PETA India has said that it will "study" the new ordinance, and has not ruled out a challenge to the new law on the same grounds as it challenged the 2009 law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cruelty-to-animals-is-anti-india-says-peta-india-ceo-amid-jallikattu-protests/story-kJgbed7mmFiMPoq9vB8oSO.html|title=Jallikattu reflects poorly on India: PETA India CEO after 'bullying'|date=23 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> On 25 January, the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] (AWBI) restarted the legal process by formally challenging the new law before the Supreme Court,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jallikattu-supreme-court-tamil-nadu-government-law-956968-2017-01-25|title=Tamil Nadu's new jallikattu law challenged in Supreme Court|last=Soni|first=Anusha|date=25 January 2017|work=India Today|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125075800/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/25/jallikattu-challenged-again-in-supreme-court-by-animal-rights-body-1563367.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2017|title=Jallikattu challenged again in Supreme Court by animal rights body|date=25 January 2017|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> but it withdrew the petition the next day.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law |title=AWBI to withdraw plea against TN Jallikattu law |date=26 January 2017 |newspaper=News Today |language=en |access-date=28 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126115359/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/awbi-withdraw-plea-against-tn-jallikattu-law |archivedate=26 January 2017 }}</ref> According to the AWBI's acting chairperson, AWBI does not plan to re-file the petition, but he claimed no knowledge of what other organizations, such as PETA, may do.<ref name=":13" />

On 6 July 2017, PETA India released a YouTube video showing the results of their investigation of five Jallikattu events which took place across Tamil Nadu in February 2017.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fy9n-6--4FE|title=PETA Investigates Jallikattu – February 2017|date=6 July 2017|type=YouTube video}}</ref> According to PETA, their investigation showed abuse of the animals during the February events, including the tails of bulls being bitten and twisted, collapsed bulls being pulled by ropes attached to their noses, and bulls having their tailbones purposefully broken.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.petaindia.com/features/new-jallikattu-investigation/|title=Shocking New Jallikattu Investigation Leads PETA Back to Supreme Court|date=6 July 2017|work=PETA India|access-date=2017-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> In an interview with ''The Hindu'', organisers of the events denied the claims of PETA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jallikattu-organisers-deny-petas-claims-madurai/article19225290.ece|title=Jallikattu organisers deny PETA's claims|last=Arunachalam|first=Pon Vasanth|date=6 July 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-08|language=en}}</ref> On 7 July 2017, PETA filed a petition with the Supreme Court of India seeking a renewed ban on Jallikattu via the invalidation of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 as unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/07/peta-moves-supreme-court-challenging-validity-of-act-that-paved-way-for-jallikattu-1625282.html|title=PETA moves Supreme Court challenging validity of Act that paved way for jallikattu|last=Arulappan|first=Vinodh|date=7 July 2017|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/peta-moves-supreme-court-against-amendments-in-law-to-allow-jallikattu-3784275.html|title=PETA moves Supreme Court against amendments in law to allow jallikattu|date=2017-07-06|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 2 February 2018, the Supreme Court of India accepted PETA's petition, referring the case to its [[Constitution bench (India)|constitution bench]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-refers-jallikattu-challenge-to-constitution-bench/article22630214.ece|title=Supreme Court refers jallikattu challenge to Constitution Bench|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2018-02-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demands from the protesters ==

=== Major demands ===
* To declare an ordinance to ensure the removal of 'bulls' from the 'list of performing animals' as per the Prevention of Cruelty to Animal (PCA) Act (1960).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jallikattu-row-remove-bulls-from-list-of-performing-animals-urge-aiadmk-mps-4469391/|title=Jallikattu row: Remove 'bulls' from list of performing animals, urge AIADMK MPs|date=11 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>
* To seek permanent solution for jallikattu, by passing a permanent act to conduct jallikattu every year.
* To ban [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) in India.

=== Other demands ===
* Boycott of foreign companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola as their water consumption is affecting local farmers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017|reason=I believe, the other demands section can be removed. It was not an official demand to the government rather a resolution observed by the ppl of Tamil Nadu. Moreover, The reference provided has nothing to do with the protest. In fact it looks like the article was written in Dec 2016.}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tamil-nadu/water-starved-tamil-nadu-farmers-seek-to-take-the-fizz-out-of-cola-giants/story-wrL2gH96fQxpkXPHk0V8cO.html|title=Water-starved Tamil Nadu farmers seek to take the fizz out of cola giants|date=23 December 2016|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>

== Nature of protest ==
The protests were spontaneous<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/18/chennais-marina-beach-turns-into-tahrir-square-for-jallikattu-democracy-1560841.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120193036/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/18/chennais-marina-beach-turns-into-tahrir-square-for-jallikattu-democracy-1560841.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2017|title=Chennai's Marina beach turns into Tahrir Square for Jallikattu democracy|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> and had no specific organizers. The protest started as Occupy Marina protest along with sit-ins at large grounds across the state. The protests were initially formed by members of Student community across the state which was further strengthened by people from various sections such as IT professionals<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/techies-join-jallikattu-stir-paneer-selvam-to-meet-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/56654807.cms|title=Jallikattu Fight: Techies join Jallikattu stir, Paneerselvam to meet PM Narendra Modi|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> who joined later. The lack of leader was seen as stumbling block for the state government because it could not call people for talks. The protest were largely peaceful except few [[Baton charge]] by the police.

The protests are not just confined to [[Chennai]] but thousand gathered across the state in prominent places such as Opposite to District Collectorate and Trains in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 18, 2017|title=Panel probing violence in jallikattu protests begins inquiry in Salem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/panel-probing-violence-in-jallikattu-protests-begins-inquiry-in-salem/articleshow/61696153.cms|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> MGR Circle in [[Trichy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Jallikattu-supporters-shift-venue-then-end-protest/article17082607.ece|title=Thousands gather at MGR Circle demanding jallikattu|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> Thamukam Grounds in [[Madurai]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Thousands-gather-at-Tamukkam-demanding-jallikattu/article17055841.ece|title=Thousands gather at Tamukkam demanding jallikattu|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> VOC Ground in [[Coimbatore]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jallikattu-protests-intensify-in-coimbatore/article9492445.ece|title=Jallikattu protests intensify in Coimbatore|last=Revathy|first=LN|date=20 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> VOC Ground-[[Tirunelveli]], VOC Ground in [[Erode]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/We-want-jallikattu-ban-PETA-say-citizens-in-one-voice/article17058086.ece|title=We want jallikattu, ban PETA, say citizens in one voice|work= The Hindu|date=19 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> [[Vellore Fort]] in [[Vellore]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/protest-in-vellore-gathered-at-fort-flay-centre-state-failure/articleshow/56660159.cms|title=Protest in Vellore: Gathered at fort, flay Centre, state failure|work= Times of India|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> [[Nagercoil]], [[Thanjavur]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-23|title=Jallikattu back in Tamil Nadu, claims 2 lives|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230117/jallikattu-back-in-tamil-nadu.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> and [[Promenade Beach]] in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]. Tamil youths from other states express solidarity with jallikattu protesters in Tamil Nadu. There was demonstration in [[Bengaluru]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/jan/19/karnataka-tamil-youth-express-solidarity-with-jallikattu-protestors-across-the-border-1561350.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123074259/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/jan/19/karnataka-tamil-youth-express-solidarity-with-jallikattu-protestors-across-the-border-1561350.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2017|title=Karnataka Tamil youth express solidarity with Jallikattu protestors across the border|newspaper=newindianexpress.com|language=en|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> [[Mumbai]],<ref name="DNA Human chain" /> [[Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/group-protests-ban-on-jallikattu/articleshow/56674219.cms|title=Group protests ban on jallikattu|newspaper=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-s-tamils-form-human-chain-to-support-jallikattu-2293876|title=Delhi Tamilians came together to save Tamil tradition|date=19 January 2017|publisher=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref> Support for the protest also came from Tamils around the world<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/london-madurai-and-beyond-tamilians-protest-against-jallikattu-ban-55897|title=From London to Madurai and beyond: Tamilians protest against jallikattu ban|date=18 January 2017|newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> such as in [[Sri Lanka]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ireland]], [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/News/TopNews/2017/01/21124548/1063381/Jallikattu-enthusiasts-protest-in-tokyo.vpf|title=ஜப்பானையும் தாக்கிய ஜல்லிக்கட்டு சுனாமி: ஆதரவாக கையெழுத்து வேட்டை|date=21 January 2017|publisher=maalaimalar.com|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124051352/http://www.maalaimalar.com/News/TopNews/2017/01/21124548/1063381/Jallikattu-enthusiasts-protest-in-tokyo.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/news-shots/jallikattu-protests-peaceful-protests-held-in-minneapolis-usa.html|title=Jallikattu Protests: Peaceful protests held in Minneapolis, USA|website=Behindwoods News Shots|date=18 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> [[France]], [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/makkalmovement-on-jallikattu-goes-global/54433|title=#MakkalMovement on Jallikattu Goes Global|newspaper=timesnow.tv|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> and [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzk6WEFugpU|title=#Jallikattu 2017 Protests in Finland|access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

The protest was primarily coordinated using social media apps.{{example needed|reason=Vague what this means. Do we even care about this?|date=January 2017}} The use of memes<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jallikattu-protest-chennai-tamil-nadu-marina-beach-bulltaming-sport-4479722/|title=Jallikattu protests: Leaderless on Marina Beach, they kept the leaders away|date=19 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> has been another feature to spread the message that adds satire and humor to the protests. Various traditional Tamil sports such as [[Silambam|Silambattam]], [[Stilts|stilt]] performances and street plays are performed to showcase Tamil pride along with speeches to inspire the crowd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/protests-for-jallikattu-turn-mass-pageant-of-tamil-pride/articleshow/56690347.cms|title=Protests for jallikattu turn mass pageant of Tamil pride|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

Slogans were shouted against the animal rights organization PETA, alleging an international conspiracy favoring extinction of Tamil Nadu's rare cattle breed, and replacing them with [[Jersey cows]] from Denmark and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jan/17/detained-protestors-go-on-fast-for-jallikattu-as-alanganallur-fights-on-1560479--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053325/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jan/17/detained-protestors-go-on-fast-for-jallikattu-as-alanganallur-fights-on-1560479--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2017|title=Detained protestors go on fast for jallikattu as Alanganallur fights on|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/more-than-60-jersey-cows-from-switzerland-arrive-in-chennai/articleshow/56653373.cms|title=More than 60 Jersey cows from Switzerland arrive in Chennai|website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-imports-540-jersey-cows-from-switzerland/articleshow/56643976.cms |title=Tamil Nadu imports 540 jersey cows from Switzerland |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120202214/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-imports-540-jersey-cows-from-switzerland/articleshow/56643976.cms |archive-date=2017-01-20}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The Marina Protest had varied impacts in different walks of life:
# The legalization of Jallikattu<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Tamil-Nadu-government-to-issue-ordinance-on-Jallikattu/article17066685.ece|title=Tamil Nadu to take ordinance route for conducting Jallikattu|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-23|language=en}}</ref> by the student protest gave impetus to a similar student protest in the neighboring state, [[Karnataka]] for the support of conducting their traditional buffalo race, '[[kambala]]' and banning of PETA,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kambala-protests-in-karnataka-students-politicians-form-human-chain-demand-ban-on-peta/articleshow/56805866.cms|title=Thousands protest in Karnataka against Kambala ban|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]] in support of special status.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/protest-at-visakhapatnam-beach-andhra-pradesh-special-status-957209-2017-01-26|title=Now, protest at Visakhapatnam beach for special status for Andhra Pradesh|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/special-status-rallies-in-andhra-pradesh-damp-squib-sujana-sparks-row/articleshow/56801985.cms|title=Special status rallies in Andhra Pradesh damp squib, Y Sujana Chowdary sparks row|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>
# Traders and various colleges in Tamil Nadu have called for the ban on aerated multi-national brands like Pepsi and Coca-Cola with effect from 1 March 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-traders-to-boycott-coke-pepsi-from-march-1341443.html|title=Tamil Nadu Traders to Boycott Coke, Pepsi From March|date=27 January 2017|newspaper=News18|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> and replace them with localised drinks like tender coconut and fresh juices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tamil-nadu-traders-body-to-stop-sales-of-pepsi-coke-117012501220_1.html|title=Tamil Nadu traders body to stop sales of Pepsi, Coke|last=Babu|first=Gireesh|date=26 January 2017|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/tamil-nadu-traders-to-boycott-coca-cola-pepsico-products-from-march-1/articleshow/56799928.cms|title=Rs 1,400 crore may fizz out of Coca-Cola, PepsiCo coffers as Tamil Nadu traders mulling to ban products|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>
# Poor public turn out on the Republic day parade in Chennai, condemning the Police charge on the students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/republic-day-attendance-thin-for-parade-at-chennais-marina-beach-road-1653051|title=Republic Day: Attendance Thin For Parade at Chennai's Marina Beach Road|newspaper=NDTV.com|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Poor-turnout-on-Republic-Day-proves-a-dampener/article17099141.ece|title=Poor turnout on Republic Day proves a dampener|last=Sivaraman|first=R.|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>
# Declaration of Marina as out of bounds for future protests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/jan/27/police-warns-of-action-against-those-who-illegally-congregate-in-marina-beach-1564181.html|title=Police warns of action against those who illegally congregate in Marina beach|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jallikattu-row-police-warns-of-action-against-those-who-illegally-congregate-in-marina-beach/525565/|title=Jallikattu Row: Police warns of action against those who illegally congregate in Marina Beach|date=28 January 2017|newspaper=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=28 January 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jallikattu movement}}
[[Category:2017 in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2017 protests]]
[[Category:January 2017 in India]]
[[Category:Student protests in India]]
[[Category:Jallikattu]]

Balu Naik

2026-03-08T19:50:50Z

Al202xis0: fixed structure and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balu Naik
| image = Balu Naik MLA at a charity event by Javid mufti Sab deverkonda 2013-09-17 09-27.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nalgonda]], [[India]]
| residence =
| marital status =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Devarakonda (Assembly constituency)|Devarakonda]]
| term_start = 2009
| predecessor =
| term_end = 2014
| successor = [[Ravindra Kumar Ramavath]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| caption = Balu Naik MLA at a charity event, 2013
}}

'''Nenavath Balu Naik''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of Legislative Assembly|M.L.A]] from Telangana.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/MP-unhappy-with-quality-of-sanitation-works/article14968210.ece | title=MP unhappy with quality of sanitation works | date=31 March 2011 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=18 August 2018 }}</ref> He represented the [[Devarakonda (Assembly constituency)|Devarakonda]] assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nalgonda leaders in race for ministership|url=http://www.thehansindia.info/News/Article.asp?category=1&subCategory=2&ContentId=10231|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007103454/http://www.thehansindia.info/News/Article.asp?category=1&subCategory=2&ContentId=10231|archive-date=7 October 2011|website=thehansindia.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLA's|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212065510/http://www.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html|archive-date=12 February 2012|website=gov.in|accessdate=13 October 2011}}</ref> He belongs to Scheduled Tribe, Lamabadi community.

He was elected to AP Legislative Assembly in 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Balu}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Medak]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Telangana-INC-politician-stub}}

Tiljala

2026-03-06T09:12:15Z

Al202xis0:

{{short description|Neighbourhood in East Kolkata, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Tiljala
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline = Tiljala, Kolkata.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Tiljala, Kolkata
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata South district|url=https://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South 24 Parganas district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-29}}</ref>
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Ritwik Ghatak metro station|Ritwik Ghatak]] (under construction) [[VIP Bazar metro station|VIP Bazar]] (under construction)
|established_date =
|subdivision_type5 =
|subdivision_name5 =
|subdivision_type6 =
|subdivision_name6 =

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 65, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|65]], [[Ward No. 66, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|66]], [[Ward No. 67, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|67]], [[Ward No. 107, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|107]]
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 36
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = For population see linked KMC ward pages
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type = 
|coordinates = {{coord|22.527861|N|88.385564|E|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700039
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ballygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ballygunge]] and [[Kasba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Tiljala''' is a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|East Kolkata]], in [[West Bengal]], India.

==History==
The [[East India Company]] obtained from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]], in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], it purchased these villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]] and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' and Tiljala was one of them. It was considered to be a suburb beyond the limits of the [[Maratha Ditch]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India 2011| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713081857/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2017 |volume=''West Bengal District Census Handbook Kolkata'', Series 20, Part XII A |chapter=Brief history of the District |pages = 6–10 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 11 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Cotton, H. E. A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, pages 103–104 and 221, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Nair, P. Thankappan, "The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta", in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 14–15, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

In the eastern fringes of Kolkata, the neighbourhoods such as [[Tangra, Kolkata|Tangra]], Tiljala, [[Topsia]] and [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]], were populated largely with people who migrated from poverty-ridden and caste-ridden villages, in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. They came with dreams of a better life but landed in the slums with open drains, pigsties, factory chimneys and pungent chemicals. They found work in the tanneries and factories and also engaged in menial work. A big proportion of them were [[Chamar]]s, but there also were [[Doms]], Dosads, [[Hela (caste)|Mehtars]] and [[Kahar]]s. They were all [[Harijan]]s and they formed a majority. They escaped from the petty persecution they faced in their villages but were far removed from the mainstream of urban life and culture. They have been here, living in depressing conditions, for more than a century.<ref>Bandyopadhyay, Raghab, "The Inheritors: Slum and Pavement Life in Calcutta", in ''Calcutta, The Living City'' Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Pages 78-82, First published 1990, 2005 edition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

Originally a slum area, Tiljala was once known for abject living conditions and high crime rates.<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FlCUvY5TxP5WGDychMzZ6I/Local-Geography--The-taming-of-Tiljala.html|title = Local Geography | the taming of Tiljala|date = 16 November 2013}}</ref> It has seen a recent real estate boom but urbanization hasn't kept pace with settlements. Scattered pockets of slums exist, illegal constructions are on the rise and the arterial roads still lack pavements.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.527861|88.385564}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Tiljala
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.527861|88.385564}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

===Police district===
Tiljala police station is one of the nine police stations in the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|South-east division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at C.N. Roy Road, Kolkata-39.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=6&Division=N |title = Kolkata Police, South-east Division |work= Tiljala police station | publisher= KP | access-date = 28 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Park Circus#Police district|Karaya Women police station]], has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of the South-east division, i.e. Topsia, Beniapukur, Ballygunge, Gariahat, Lake, Karaya, Rabindra Sarobar and Tiljala.<ref name="police"/>

Jadavpur, Thakurpukur, Behala, Purba Jadavpur, '''Tiljala''', Regent Park, Metiabruz, Nadial and Kasba police stations were transferred from South 24 Parganas to Kolkata in 2011. Except Metiabruz, all the police stations were split into two. The new police stations are Parnasree, Haridevpur, Garfa, Patuli, Survey Park, Pragati Maidan, Bansdroni and Rajabagan.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181555/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2 November 2012|title = Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar | publisher= The Telegraph, 1 September 2011| access-date = 2 April 2018}}</ref>

===Location===
It is bordered by [[E.M. Bypass]] in the east, [[Ballygunge]] in the west, [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] in the south and [[Topsia]] in the north.

===Sub areas===
*[[Picnic Garden]]
*[[Kustia]]
*Bondel
*Binoy Singh Colony
*Panchanna Gram
*Kata Pukur
*Bediadanga

==Demographics==
It housed one of the largest slums, mainly Muslim, in the city.<ref name="livemint.com"/> In 1971, Hindu refugees from Bangladesh settled in colonies. At present, Tiljala is a melting pot with great ethnic diversity—there are Bengalis, Marwaris, Punjabis, Anglo-Indians, Nepalis, a number of communities from Bihar and the North-East and a few African nationals.

==Education==
There are several pre-schools and government aided higher secondary schools.

* Bijoynagar High School
* Tiljala Balika Vidyalaya
* Tiljala Brajanath Vidyapith
* Tiljala High School(Boys)

==Festivals==
The Ras Purnima is celebrated with an elaborate fair and a circus show.

Sunil Nagar club won the prestigious [[Asian Paints Sharad Shamman]] "Best Durga Puja" award three times in 1992, 1995 and 1999.

==Transport==
Buses ply along Picnic Garden Road and Chandra Nath Roy Road (C.N. Roy Road) in Tiljala.<ref>Google maps</ref>

===Bus===
====Private Bus====
* 39 [[Picnic Garden]] - [[Kolkata High Court]]
* 39A/2 VIP Bazar - [[Howrah Station]]
* 42A Kasba Gas Turbine (Panchannagram) - [[Metiabruz|Bichalighat]]

====Mini Bus====
* S125 Kasba Gas Turbine (Panchannagram) - Dey's Medical - [[Howrah Station]]
* S128 [[Picnic Garden]] - [[Howrah Station]]
The auto-rickshaws running in three routes bring the important crossings of [[Ballygunge]] Phari, [[Gariahat Road|Gariahat]] and [[Park Circus]] within easy reach.

The construction of the Bondel Gate Rail Overbridge above the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] (Sealdah South Section), between Picnic Garden Road and Bondel Road, completed in 2006 after a long legal wrangle over land dispute, has eased up much of the traffic congestion. The proposed widening of Picnic Garden Road and G. S. Bose Road is yet to take place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060222/asp/calcutta/story_5876443.asp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227144036/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060222/asp/calcutta/story_5876443.asp |archive-date=2007-12-27}}</ref>

===Train===
Tiljala is served by the [[Sealdah South lines]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]. [[Ballygunge Junction railway station]] and [[Park Circus railway station]] are 1.4 km and 1.8 km away from Colony Bazar respectively.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/East}}

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Rajarhat

2026-03-04T03:42:17Z

Al202xis0:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajarhat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Rajarhat - West Bengal 7805.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Skyline of Rajarhat
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6236|N|88.4410|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas District|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 34.97
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 402,844
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700052, 700059, 700101, 700102, 700135, 700136, 700157, 700159
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]], [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]], [[Rajarhat New Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat New Town]]
| website = {{URL|https://bmcwbgov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajarhat''' is a neighbourhood in [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> Rajarhat was conceptualised in the 1990s, designed and developed in the 2000s and 2010s by the state government of West Bengal, and came to become a major IT hub through the 2010s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/a-township-that-barricades-itself/article9462733.ece|title=A township that barricades itself}}</ref>

==Administration==

The Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation consists of 41 wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/tale-of-twin-polls-amp-townships/cid/1484412}}</ref> It consists of many localities such as: [[Kestopur]], [[Baguiati]], [[Teghoria]], [[Kaikhali]], [[Rajarhat]], [[Gopalpur, Kolkata|Gopalpur]] and a part of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|NSCBI Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation about to be formed soon|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/writing-on-the-civic-body-wall/cid/1469106}}</ref> On 18 June 2015, [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) was constituted by merging the existing municipal areas of Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality, [[Bidhannagar|Bidhannagar Municipality]] and the panchayat area of Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/govt-nod-to-new-police-posts-civic-bodies-merger/ Govt nod to new police posts, civic bodies’ merger The new corporation will thus be named Bidhannagar-Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipal Corporation]</ref> Now Rajarhat-Gopalpur has 26 wards (ward no. 1 to 26) under [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC|url=https://www.bmcwbgov.in}}</ref>

The area is under the jurisdiction of the [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]].

==Demographics==

{{Historical population
| source = [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|1961 | 4712
|1971 | 37594
|1981 | 85945
|1991 | 147348
|2001 | 271811
|2011 | 402844
|align = left
}}

As per the 2011 census, Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality had a total population of 402,844 persons, Males constitute 50.55% of the population and females 49%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajarhat Gopalpur City Population 2011 - 2021 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/217-rajarhat-gopalpur.html|publisher=Census of India, Government of India}}</ref> Rajarhat-Gopalpur has an average literacy rate of 89.69%.
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Rajarhat Gopalpur (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language| Bengali]]
|value1= 82.47
|color1 =yellow
|label2= [[Hindi language| Hindi]]
|value2 = 14.78
|color2 =red
|label3 = [[Urdu language | Urdu]]
|value3 =1.17
|color3 =orange
|label4 = [[Odia language| Odia]]
|value4 = 0.35
|color4 =blue
|label5 = [[ Marwari language | Marwari]]
|value5 = 0.18
|color5 =brown
|label6= Others
|value6= 1.03
|color6 = white
}}

==See also==
* [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Rajarhat New Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[New Town, Kolkata]]
* [[Rajarhat (community development block)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/East}}

Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi

2026-03-03T20:26:14Z

Al202xis0: Added basic entry needs work

{{short description|1979 film by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi
| image = Sommokadidi Sokokadidi poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
| story = S. L. Kalyani
| producer = B. Radha Manohari
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Jayasudha]]
* [[Rojaramani]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| editing = D. Vasu
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| studio = SBS Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|1979|1|5}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi''''' ({{translation|One toils, another enjoys}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao Vemuri |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5g2fNL8GZWkC&q=Sommokadidi+Sokokadidi&pg=PA498 |title=Telugu English Dictionary |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=2003 |isbn=9788120616370 |pages=498}}{{cbignore}}</ref> is a 1979 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]. [[Kamal Haasan]] plays a double role as an honest doctor and a happy-go-lucky youth. He was paired with [[Jayasudha]] and [[Roja Ramani]]. [[Prabhakar Reddy]], [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Ramaprabha]] and [[C. S. Rao]] play supporting roles. This was Singeetam Srinivasa Rao and Kamal Haasan's first film together.

It was dubbed into [[Tamil language]] as ''Iru Nilavugal'' ({{translation|Two moons}}),<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2019 |title=உண்மையான உலக நாயகன் கமலின் சாதனைகளில் சில துளிகள்...கமல் 65' ஸ்பெஷல்... |language=ta |work=[[Asianet News]] |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/kamal-s-65th-birthday-his-lifetime-achievements-q0l08z |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908173611/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/kamal-s-65th-birthday-his-lifetime-achievements-q0l08z |archive-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> and Malayalam as ''Jeevikkaan Padikkanam''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevikkaan Padikkanam (1981) |url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1284 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623104838/https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1284 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=Malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> The film was remade into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]'' in 1985 and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Gadibidi Krishna]]'' nearly two decades later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=574}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|section|date=December 2021}}
''Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi'' is the story of a well respected doctor and his lookalike, who realises that his face is similar to that of the doctor. So he plots a plan to take the doctor's place when he is away from the hospital. He soon starts to pretend that he is the doctor.

One day the doctor discovers he has a lookalike. He pretends that he is Shekhar. Shekhar goes to rest Ranga's house but fall in love with Ranga's cousin sister at the first sight. Ranga falls in love with Shekhar's fiancée. The climax reveals that Ranga and Shekhar are identical twins. Some goons kidnapped Shekhar for money. Both brothers are reunited and marry their lovers.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] in dual role as
**Ranga
**Shekhar
*[[Jayasudha]] as Lily
*[[Rojaramani]] as Chellam
*[[Prabhakar Reddy]]
*[[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]]
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Parvathi
*[[Kanta Rao]]
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]]
*[[Ramaprabha]]
*[[C. S. Rao]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2020 |title=Veteran playwright, writer CS Rao no more |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/apr/15/veteran-playwright-writer-cs-rao-no-more-2130320.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422153936/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/apr/15/veteran-playwright-writer-cs-rao-no-more-2130320.html |archive-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
''Sommokadidi Sokokadidi'' was the first film where [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] worked together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2017 |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170813134310/http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |archive-date=13 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=21 September 2009 |title=Interview: Singeetam Srinivas Rao |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/singeetam_interview_2009_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101023751/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/singeetam_interview_2009_2.php |archive-date=1 January 2011 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref> The dialogues were written by [[Jandhyala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=29 June 2001 |title=End of a comedy era |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/end-of-a-comedy-era/article27964287.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623104902/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/end-of-a-comedy-era/article27964287.ece |archive-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], with lyrics by Veturi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |date=1982-12-31 |work=[[Apple Music]] |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sommokadidhi-sokokadidhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1369279876 |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tholivalapu Tondaralu
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:03
| title2 = Aakasam Nee Haddura
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:27
| title3 = Aa Ponna Needalo
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 4:26
| title4 = Oh Baala Raja
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:03
| title5 = Abbo Neredu Pallu
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length5 = 4:48
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Malayalam track listing {{small|(Jeevikkaan Padikkanam)}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing=
| total_length =
| title_width=35%
| lyrics_width=
| music_width=
| extra_width=35%
| title1 = Aa Poovanathilum
| lyrics1 = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Aakaasham Nin Swantham
| lyrics2 = Sreekumaran Thampi
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Ambeyyaan
| lyrics3 = Sreekumaran Thampi
| extra3 = P. Jayachandran, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Oh Praananaadha
| lyrics4 = Sreekumaran Thampi
| extra4 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Oru Vasantham
| lyrics5 = Sreekumaran Thampi
| extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length5 =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing {{small|(Iru Nilavugal)}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing=
| total_length =
| title_width=35%
| lyrics_width=
| music_width=
| extra_width=35%
| title1 = Thoda Varavo Thontharavo
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Anandam Adhu Ennada
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 =
| title3 = Anbulla Kannano
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Ammadi Kannaippaaru
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 =
| title5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
}}

==Reception==
Reviewing the Tamil dubbed version ''Iru Nilavugal'' for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', Kousigan praised the performance of Kamal Haasan, the music, dialogues and cinematography.<ref name="iru">{{Cite magazine |last=கெளசிகன் |date=1 April 1979 |title=இரு நிலவுகள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/apr/01-04-1979/p87.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=87 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220907084700/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1979/apr/01-04-1979/p87.jpg |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0265781}}

{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Jandhyala}}

[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1979 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Mishkat Varma

2026-03-03T10:20:12Z

Al202xis0:

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mishkat Varma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|11|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi, India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| television = *''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]''
*''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
*''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]''
*''[[Anandibaa Aur Emily]]''
*''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]''
| relatives = [[Mihika Verma]] (sister)
| years_active = 2014–present
}}

'''Mishkat Varma''' (born 17 November 1989) is an Indian television actor known for playing Kabir Kumar in ''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]'' and Adhiraj Pradhan in ''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]''.

==Early life and family==
Varma was born to a Punjabi father, Dilip Varma and South-Indian mother, Uma Varma. He did his schooling from [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim]] and attended [[Mithibai College]]. He is a trained dancer and was a part of [[Shiamak Davar]]'s dancing troupe. His elder sister, [[Mihika Verma]] is also an actress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rakshabandhan-siblings-mihika-and-mishkat-varma-share-things-they-love-and-hate-about-each-other-4786238/|title=Siblings Mihika and Mishkat Varma share things they love and hate about each other|work=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Varma started his career by modelling and appearing in various advertisements. He made his television debut in 2014 with ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'' as Raj Purohit. He was nominated for Fresh New Face Male in [[Indian Telly Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131219/entertainment-tvmusic/article/i-pinch-myself-check-if-im-dreaming-mishkat-varma|title=I pinch myself to check if I'm dreaming: Mishkat Varma|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

From 2014 to 2015, he portrayed Kabir Kumar in ''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]'' opposite [[Aneri Vajani]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/exclusive-mishkat-verma-my-role-in-nisha-aur-uske-cousins-in-not-a-cameo-480253/|title=EXCLUSIVE! Mishkat Verma: My role in Nisha Aur Uske Cousins in not a cameo|date=2015-03-04|website=Bollywood Life|language=en-EN|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> His performance earned him a nomination for Male Actor Of The Year in [[Asian Viewers Television Awards|Asian Viewers Television Awards 2015]].

In 2016, he played Josy Nair in [[Bindass]]'s ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' which reunited him with Vajani.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mishkat-Verma-and-Aneri-Vajani-in-Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui/articleshow/51929732.cms|title=Mishkat Verma and Aneri Vajani in 'Yeh Hai Aashiqui'|work=The Times of India}}</ref> From 2016 to 2017, he portrayed Babbal Pratap in [[SAB TV]]'s ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mishkat-Verma-I-am-terrified-of-supernatural-elements/articleshow/53943912.cms|title=Mishkat Verma: I am terrified of supernatural elements|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2018, he played Shaurya Saxena in [[&TV]]'s anthology series ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/mishkat-verma-ankitta-sharma-tvs-laal-ishq/2018/06/28|title=Mishkat Verma and Ankitta Sharmaa in &TV's Laal Ishq|work=IWM Buzz|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, Varma portrayed Viraat in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Shaadi Ke Siyape]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-verma-to-play-the-hero-in-shaadi-ke-siyape/articleshow/68097368.cms|title=Mishkat Verma to play the hero in 'Shaadi Ke Siyape'|last=|first=|date=21 February 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=}}</ref> From 2019 to 2020, Varma played Shikhar Shergill in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' opposite [[Nyra Banerjee]].

In 2022, Varma played Aarav Sanghani in ''[[Anandibaa Aur Emily]]''.

From 2023 to 2024, he played the lead Adhiraj Pradhan in [[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]] opposite [[Sumbul Touqeer Khan]], which earned him his first [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] nomination for [[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular Drama|Best Actor Popular]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandi Baa Aur Emily actor Mishkat Verma reacts to Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar doing tobacco ads |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anandi-baa-aur-emily-actor-mishkat-verma-reacts-to-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-doing-tobacco-ads-2966126/amp |access-date= |website=DNA India}}</ref>

From January 2025 to July 2025, he's portraying Om Vajpayee in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Ram Bhavan]]'' opposite Khushbu Rajendra and Samiksha Jaiswal.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=12 January 2025|title=Mishkat Verma, Samiksha Jaiswal and Khushbu Tiwari share their excitement about their upcoming show Ram Bhavan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-verma-samiksha-jaiswal-and-khushbu-rajendra-share-their-excitement-about-their-upcoming-show-ram-bhavan/articleshow/117175735.cms|access-date=22 January 2025|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
|''Rishtey Mein Toh Hum Tumhare''
|Nirmal Khurana
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/ByuvLopBRR3/|title=ZEE5 on Instagram: "A joyride that will make you call your Dad right away. #RishteyMeinTohHumTumhare... comes out tomorrow on #FathersDay, only on #ZEE5.…"|last=|first=|date=|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
| Raj Purohit
| rowspan = "2" | Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/My-parents-are-my-God-Mishkat-Verma/articleshow/31835805.cms|title=My parents are my God: Mishkat Verma|work=The Times of India|date=4 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]''
| Kabir Kumar
| <ref name=":5" />
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Josy Nair
| Episode: "Secret Marriage"
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]''
| Babbal Pratap
| Lead Role
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Shaurya Saxena
| Episode: "Kundali"
| <ref name=":3" />
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Shaadi Ke Siyape]]''
| Viraat
| rowspan = "5" | Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-varma-to-play-a-dj-from-the-planet-jupiter-in-shaadi-ke-siyape/articleshow/68361387.cms|title=Mishkat Varma to play a DJ from the planet Jupiter in 'Shaadi Ke Siyape'|last=|first=|date=11 March 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Divya Drishti]]''
| Shikhar Shergill
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Anandibaa Aur Emily]]''
| Aarav Sanghani
| <ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Mishkat Verma, who is seen in Anandibaa Aur Emily, talks about his journey |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mishkat-verma-who-is-seen-in-anandibaa-aur-emily-talks-about-his-journey-411371 |access-date= |website=Tribune India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]''
| Adhiraj "Adi" Pradhan
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-varma-to-portray-lazy-genius-adiraj-pradhan-in-kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon/articleshow/102994497.cms | title=Mishkat Varma to portray lazy genius 'Adiraj Pradhan' in 'Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ram Bhavan]]''
| Om Ramdas Vajpayee
| <ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=19 January 2025|title=Mishkat Verma shines in the show Ram Bhavan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/mishkat-verma-shines-in-the-show-ram-bhavan/|access-date=22 January 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|2016
|''[[I Don't Watch TV]]''
|Himself
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/buzz/i-dont-watch-tv-the-latest-web-series-trailer-is-here-and-it-is-a-slap-on-the-face-of-saas-bahu-sagas-943140/|title=I Don't Watch TV the latest web series trailer is here|last=Ladage|first=Rutu|date=2016-02-12|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Show !! Result !! Reference
|-
| 2014
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Fresh New Face (Male)
| ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2015
| [[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
| Male Actor Of The Year
| ''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2024
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|24th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular Drama|Best Actor Popular Drama]]
| ''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]''
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2014-winners-list/|title=AVTA 2014: Winners List|work=Biz Asia|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Mishkat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Vedha (2008 film)

2026-03-03T04:23:58Z

Al202xis0: Added first stub v1

{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vedha (2008 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = R. Nithyakumar
| writer = R. Nithyakumar (dialogues)
| screenplay = Vasu Bhaskar
| story = Vasu Bhaskar
| producer = Vasu Bhaskar
| starring = [[Arun Vijay]] [[Sheela Kaur|Sheela]]
| cinematography = Vijay Gopal
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Connect Film Media
| distributor = Connect Film Media<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2008 |title='Veda' gets 'U' certificate |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/24032008-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427155703/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/24032008-3.shtml |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2008|03|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vedha''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|eɪ|ð|ɑː}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by R. Nithyakumar, starring [[Arun Vijay]] and [[Sheela Kaur|Sheela]]. The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]]. The film was released on 28 March 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedha (2008) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/vedha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250214015301/https://screen4screen.com/movies/vedha |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=Screen4Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vijay is crazy about his younger brother Vadhan. Then, in a college election, he impersonates the police officer on duty, batters a group of goondas, threatens other candidates, and forces them to withdraw, only so that brother gets elected. But by this act, Vijay earns the wrath of the local gangster Sathya.

In the meantime, Vijay meets Vedha and after a few meetings, both of them develop an affinity towards each other. Simultaneously, Vijay learns that Vadhan is in love. When Vadhan feels hesitant and unsure of success in his love, Vijay elects to help him, as usual. They visit a mall where, predictably, Vadhan introduces Vedha as the light of his life. Hiding his disappointment Vijay congratulates his brother and with his convincing dialogue, persuades Vedha to marry Vadhan. The fairy-tale wedding takes place, but a shocking truth revealed during the wedding night shatters the lives of Vijay, Vedha, and Vadhan.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arun Vijay]] as Vijay
*[[Sheela Kaur|Sheela]] as Vedha
*Jaivardhan as Vadhan
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Vijay's mother
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satyaprakash]] as Sathya
*[[Karunas]]
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Vijay's friend
*[[Bose Venkat]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] S. Veera Pandi
*[[Madhan Bob]] as College Principal
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Inspector Kalaiyarasan
;Uncredited
*[[Ambani Shankar]]
*[[Nellai Siva]] as Tea Shop Owner
*[[Bonda Mani]]
* Vijay Ganesh
*[[Srikanth Deva]] in a special appearance
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Vijay's father (in portrait)
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in late 2006, with the [[muhurat shot]] being taken at the [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor's]] mansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=27 December 2006 |title=Arun Kumar is all smiles |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Reeltalk/2006/12reel113.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403022912/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Reeltalk/2006/12reel113.asp |archive-date=3 April 2007 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The story of ''Vedha'' was based on the experiences of Vasu Bhaskar's friend, although he took some liberties while writing the screenplay. Nithyakumar explained the film's theme: "Sacrifice is a noble sentiment but it is not possible for one to give up everything for others".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S.R. Ashok |date=15 February 2008 |title=All about love and sacrifice |url=https://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/15/stories/2008021550950400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423055902/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/15/stories/2008021550950400.htm |archive-date=23 April 2008 |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedha (2007) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/vedha-songs-T0001240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219023653/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/vedha-songs-T0001240 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Azhage Azhage" || [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] || Thanga. Senthilkumar
|-
| "Ayyo Azhage" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Pop Shalini]] || [[P. Vijay]]
|-
| "Chikku Bukku Rayilu" || [[Gana Bala]] || R. Nithyakumar
|-
| "Ninaitha Paavam" || [[Vijay Yesudas]] || Vasu Bhaskar
|-
| "Rasikkum Seemane" || [[Anuradha Sriram]] || [[Yugabharathi]]
|-
| "Vilakkinil" || Vijay Yesudas || V. T. Thanga Bhaskar
|-
| "Achamillai Achamillai" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Archith || Vijay Sagar
|-
| "Vannarpetta" || Sabash, Thanga Bhaskar || Paarthi Bhaskar
|-
| "Ennai Naan" || [[Unni Menon]] || Vasu Gokila
|}

== Critical reception ==
Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "It's neither time-pass nor meaningful cinema; ''Vedha'' stumbles somewhere in between."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=28 March 2008 |title=Vedha, neither here nor there |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/28ssv.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190234/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/28ssv.htm |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Dialogue and direction are Nityakumar's; story and screenplay, Vasu Basker's. When the two latter departments fail to impress, the former can do little. 'Veda' is an example".<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2008 |title=Time and again ... -- Veda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Time-and-again-%E2%80%A6-Veda/article15398085.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123173815/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Time-and-again-%E2%80%A6-Veda/article15398085.ece |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "''Veda'' is an old fashioned corny tale full of mush and melodrama one associates with a 60's film and is predictable and boring".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veda |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14631346&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331123554/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14631346&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=31 March 2008 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 action drama films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Perambur

2026-02-21T18:07:49Z

Al202xis0: Article updated with improved flow

{{other uses}}{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Perambur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Murasoli Maran]] Flyover at Perambur High Road to the west of Perambur Railway Station
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Perambur (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13|07|15.6|N|80|13|57.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 54
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600011
| registration_plate = TN-05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Municipal body
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Corporation]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of Chennai Corporation wards|Ward]] Nos.
| blank2_info_sec1 = 51, 52, 53
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chennai North]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Perambur (state assembly constituency)|Perambur]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = Dr. [[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[R. D. Sekar]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| website = {{URL|chennaicorporation.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Perambur''' is a neighbourhood in the northern region of [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India.

==Etymology==
In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''pirambu (பிரம்பு)'' means bamboo, and ''oor (ஊர்)'' means city or place. Before [[British Raj|British rule]], this place was as a [[bamboo]] forest, particularly around the Huzur Gardens area, which currently houses the Simpsons Pvt. Ltd. The area was annexed to Chennai in 1742.<ref name="Perambur">{{cite web |url=https://chennai.nic.in/history/ |title=History, Chennai District, India |work=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |date=2020-11-10 |access-date=2020-11-14}}</ref>

== Location ==
Perambur has an altitude of 10{{Spaces}}m above [[mean sea level]].

== Transportation ==
=== Road transport ===
This neighbourhood is connected to Chennai via bus services operated by the [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]. Its proximity to the [[Chennai Central railway station]] makes it a central transport hub.

=== Railway transport ===
{{main|Perambur railway station}}

Perambur has a railway station in the [[Indian Railways]] network. It is home to the [[Integral Coach Factory]], where [[Vande Bharat Express]] trains are produced, and houses the [[Chennai Rail Museum]]. The Perambur railway station helps reduce congestion at the Chennai Central railway station. It is the second oldest railway station in the city, following [[Royapuram]].<ref>{{cite news| last=Madhavan|first=D.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/perambur-railway-station-to-get-more-entrances-shelters-lights/article4574164.ece|title=Perambur railway station to get more entrances, shelters, lights |location=Chennai|date=3 April 2013|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

Perambur is served by three railway stations: Perambur railway station, [[Perambur Carriage Works railway station]] and [[Perambur Loco Works railway station]]. Perambur railway station is a major railway hub in Chennai as express and superfast trains stop there. It is the fifth largest station in Chennai by passenger volume, after [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore railway station]], [[Tambaram]] and [[Mambalam]].

== Education ==
Local schools include [[Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School, Perambur|Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School]] and [[St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]].

== Healthcare ==
Medical facilities in Perambur include:

* Sen Hospital
* Cure Advanced Dental Care
* Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital
* Jupiter Surgical Specialty Centre
* Abhijay Hospital
* A. C. Aruldoss Hospital
* Srinivas Priya Hospital
* Aishwarya Hospital (child care)
* Iyappa Diabetes Hospital
* Vigneshwara Eye Hospital
* Apple Hospital

== Entertainment ==
Perambur has the first shopping mall in north Chennai, [[Spectrum Mall (Chennai)|Spectrum Mall]]. It has a five-screen multiplex, named S2 Cinemas, controlled by theatre franchise [[PVR INOX]]. Perambur has other cinema theatres, such as Ganga Cinemas in Kolathur, which is 5 km away. The neighbourhood has several parks and a stadium.

== Religion ==
There are [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyappa Temple – Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, shlokas |url=https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/ayyappa-temple-perambur-chennai/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Ayyappa Temple - Hindu temple - Chennai - Tamil Nadu |url=https://yappe.in/tamil-nadu/chennai/ayyappa-temple/82276 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=yappe.in}}</ref> a Buddhist temple,<ref>{{Cite web |title=South India Buddha Vihar - Buddhist temple - Chennai - Tamil Nadu |url=https://yappe.in/tamil-nadu/chennai/south-india-buddha-vihar/266612 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=yappe.in}}</ref> mosques and churches in the area. The Catholic church, [[Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine]], is located near Perambur railway station and [[Perambur Flyover Park]].

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| File:Perambur Bus Stand.jpg|Perambur bus stand

| File:Perambur Railway Station.jpg|Perambur Railway Station (view) Perambur Flyover

| File:Perambur Our Lady of Lourdes church enterance.jpg|The Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church in Perambur

| File:Railway Stadium, Southern Railways, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|Railway Stadium, Southern Railways, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

| File:Shri Venugopalaswamy temple.jpg|Shri. Venugopalaswamy Temple, Bunder Garden, in Perambur, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

| File:Buddhist temple Chennai Tamil Nadu India.jpg|Statue of Buddha, Buddhist temple, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

| File:120 year old 'Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine', Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg|During the annual feast celebrations, flooded with lights ; 'Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine', Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

| File:Perambur (Murasoli Maran) Flyover Park.jpg|Beauty at Murasoli Maran Park, Perambur

| File:Annual feast celebrations; 'Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine', Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg|'Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine', Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

| File:Murasoli Maran Flyover Park, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|Enchanting Murasoli Maran Park, Perambur

| File:During the annual feast celebrations, flooded with lights ; 'Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine', Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg|120 year old 'Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine', Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

| File:Blessed Sacrament chapel, Perambur.jpg|at Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine, Perambur

| File:Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine, Tamil Nadu.jpg|Annual Feast celebrations at Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine Chennai Tamil Nadu
}}

== Neighbouring areas ==
{{Geographic Location
|title = Areas of Chennai
|Northwest = [[TVK Nagar, Chennai|TVK Nagar]]
|North = [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]
|Northeast = [[Kodungaiyur]]
|West = [[Jawahar Nagar, Chennai|Jawahar Nagar]]
|Centre = Perambur
|East = [[Vyasarpadi]]
|Southwest = [[Ayanavaram]]
|South = [[Purasaiwalkam]]
|Southeast = [[Pattalam, Chennai|Pattalam]], [[Pulianthope]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |author=National Informatics Centre |date=2020-11-10 |title=History, Chennai District, India |publisher=Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |url=https://chennai.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2020-11-14}}
* {{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Rina |date=2000 |title=Chennai |location=Chennai |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&q=Perambur&pg=PA250 |page=250 |edition=Second |isbn=81-250-1378-4 |access-date=2020-11-14}}
* {{cite book |author=The Universal Directory of Railway Officials |date=1919 |title=The Universal Directory of Railway Officials |page=239 |volume=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_xKAAAAYAAJ&q=Perambur&pg=PA239 |access-date=2020-11-14}}
* {{cite book |author=India: Railway Board |date=1924 |title=Classified List of Gazetted Establishment of Indian Railways |publisher=Manager of Publication |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Go0AQAAMAAJ&q=Perambur |page=198 |access-date=2020-11-14}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Chennai district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

Rampal Chahar

2026-02-20T22:30:23Z

Al202xis0: Put Up New Data

{{short description|Indian para high jumper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rampal Chahar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname = Ram Pal
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|7|10}}
| birth_place = [[Haryana]], India
| height = 
| weight = 
| website = 
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = Para Athletics
| disability = [[Amputation]]
| disability_class = [[T47 (classification)|T47]]
| event = High Jump
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | [[Track and Field]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Para Games|High jump T45/46/47]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|High jump T47]]}}
}}

'''Rampal Chahar''' (born 10 July 1989) is an [[Paralympic athlete|Indian Paralympic athlete]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Pal - Athletics {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/ram-pal |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> from Haryana, who competes in the men’s high jump. He represented India at the [[2016 Rio Paralympics]] and [[2020 Summer Paralympics|2020 Tokyo paralympics]] where he stood 6th and 5th respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-09 |title=This Indian Paralympian Isn't Complaining About Rio - He Just Misses The Masala In His Dal |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-olympics/this-indian-paralympian-isn-t-complaining-about-rio-he-just-really-misses-the-masala-in-his-dal-261430.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phatak |first=Saivee |date=2021-08-29 |title=India's Nishad Kumar wins Silver in High Jump after Exceptional Performance; Ram Pal Delivers Personal Best at 2020 Tokyo Paralympics » FirstSportz |url=https://firstsportz.com/india-nishad-kumar-wins-silver-tokyo-paralympics/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=FirstSportz |language=en-US}}</ref> He qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]], his third Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rampal Chahar was born in Jajjhar, [[Haryana]]. When he was 4 years old, his arm got caught in an agricultural chopper and it resulted in partial amputation of the right arm. He currently holds the gold medal in high jump in 2016 IPC Grand Prix that took place in [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-03 |title=Meet The 19 Paralympians Who Are Going To Make India Proud In Rio And Will Need Your Wishes |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-olympics/meet-the-19-paralympians-who-are-going-to-make-india-proud-in-rio-and-will-need-your-wishes-260942.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo Paralympics: खीर के शौकीन झज्‍जर के रामपाल देश को मेडल दिलाने के लिए लगाएंगे ऊंची छलांग |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-tokyo-paralympics-rampal-of-jhajjar-fond-of-kheer-will-take-a-high-jump-to-get-a-medal-for-india-21962784.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chahar is a national record holder in T47 para high jump event. He won gold at IPC Athletics Grand Prix in Tunisia 2016 and has won 5 national-level gold medals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-03 |title=Meet The 19 Paralympians Who Are Going To Make India Proud In Rio And Will Need Your Wishes |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-olympics/meet-the-19-paralympians-who-are-going-to-make-india-proud-in-rio-and-will-need-your-wishes-260942.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Chahar finished 6th in his event at the 2016 Rio Paralympics.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Paralympics: Rampal Chahar finishes sixth in men’s high jump T47 despite personal best |url=https://scroll.in/field/816740/paralympics-rampal-chahar-finishes-sixth-in-mens-high-jump-t-47-despite-personal-best |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Rampal Chahar finished 6th in his event at 2017 London World Para Championships. Rampal Chahar clinched silver medal in High Jump T47 Category at Asian Para Games at Jakarta, Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Stuty |title=Know more about your Indian Paralympians |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/know-your-more-indian-paralympians |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Asian Para Games 2018: India Win 11 Medals With 3 Gold On Day 3 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/asian-para-games-2018-india-win-11-medals-with-3-gold-on-day-3/318068/amp}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chahar, Rampal}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian men high jumpers]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]

Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji

2026-02-19T08:52:35Z

Al202xis0: page fix

{{Short description|13th century Turko-Afghan military general of the Ghurid dynasty}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
| title =
| image = The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji and his fellow warrior Subahdar Auliya Khan leading troops in the slaughter of Buddhist monks at a monastery in [[Bihar]]. Early 20th-century illustration.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor |date=1906 |publisher=London, Hutchinson |page=169 |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/169/mode/1up}}</ref>
| succession = 1st [[List of rulers of Bengal|Governor of Bengal]]
| reign = {{Circa}} 1203 – 1206
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| regent = [[Muhammad Ghuri]]
| reg-type = [[Ghurid dynasty|Sultan]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]
| occupation = Military General Governor
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| birth_name = Ikhtiyaruddin
| birth_date = {{Circa|1150}}
| birth_place = [[Garmsir]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], [[Ghaznavid Empire]] {{small|(modern-day [[Afghanistan]])}}
| death_place = [[Devkot]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur|South Dinajpur]], [[Ghurid Empire]] {{small|(modern-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1206|||1150|||df=y}}
| burial_place = Pirpal Dargah, Narayanpur, [[Gangarampur (community development block)|Gangarampur]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|West Bengal]]
| burial_date = 1206
| house-type = Clan
| father = Bakhtiyar Khilji
| full name = Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
| era name = [[Ghorid Empire|Ghorid Eras]]
| era dates = ''(12th–13th centuries)''
| house = [[Khalji dynasty (Bengal)|Khilji]]
}}
'''Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bin Bakhtiyār Khaljī''' <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ikhtiyar-al-Din-Muhammad-Bakhtiyar-Khalji |title=Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khiljī {{!}} Muslim general |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> ({{langx|fa|اختیارالدین محمد بن بختیار خلجی}}), also known as '''Bakhtiyar Khalji'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |year=2005 |title=Review of The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205–1576) |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=246–248 |doi=10.2307/20477310 |issn=0361-0160 |quote=Hussain argues ... was actually named Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji and not the broadly used Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji |jstor=20477310|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205–1576) |last=Hussain |first=Syed Ejaz |publisher=Manohar |year=2003 |page=27 |isbn=9788173044823 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|বখতিয়ার খলজি|Bokhtiyar Kholjī}}), was a [[Turko-Afghan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Know Your State West Bengal|publisher=Arihant Experts|year=2019|isbn=|location=|pages=15|quote=Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=226|quote=Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.}}</ref> Military General of the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date=17 August 2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref> who led the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]] of the eastern Indian regions of [[Bengal]] and parts of [[Bihar]] and established himself as their deputy-ruler/governor,<ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |year=1973 |title=History of Mediaeval Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bharadwaj & Co. |oclc=1031074 |pages=1–2 |quote=Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |year=1986 |orig-year=First published 1979 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA81 |volume=I |edition=2nd |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |oclc=883279992 |pages=81–82 |quote=The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal (Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bakhtiyar+Khalji+bengal+and+bihar|title=India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D |isbn=9788185078687 |last1=Thakur |first1=Amrendra Kumar | year=1992| page=148|publisher=Janaki Prakashan }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA59|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |isbn=9788176484695 |last1=Ahmed |first1=Salahuddin |year=2004 |page=59|publisher=APH }}</ref> He was the founder of the [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]], ruling Bengal for a short period, from 1203 to 1227 CE. His rule begun the [[Muslim rule in India|Muslim rule]] in Bengal, most notably those of [[Bengal Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |first=Richard Maxwell |last=Eaton |pages=28–34 |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520205079}}</ref>

Khalji's invasions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between A.D. 1197 and 1206 led to mass flight and massacres of monks, and caused damage to the traditional Buddhist institutions of higher learning in Northern India.<ref name="Hartmut_2002">{{cite book |last=Scharfe |first=Hartmut |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC&pg=PA150 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-12556-6 |page=150 |quote=Nalanda, together with the colleges at Vikramasila and Odantapuri, suffered gravely during the conquest of Bihar by the Muslim general Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji between A.D. 1197 and 1206, and many monks were killed or forced to flee.}}</ref> In Bengal, Khalji's reign was responsible for the displacement of Buddhism.<ref name="Arnold1896">{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Sir Thomas Walker |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O45CAAAAIAAJ/page/n245 |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith |publisher=Archibald Constable and Co |year=1896 |pages=227–228}}</ref><ref>Hindu-Muslim Relations in Bengal, 1905–1947: Study in Cultural Confrontation, Page 11, Nachiketa Publications, 1974, Hossainur Rahman</ref> The leading centre of teaching for Mahayana Buddhism was [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda]]. At the end of the 12th century, Bakhityar Khalji demolished the monastery in a brutal sacking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Nalanda University's Ruins {{!}} District Nalanda, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/tourist-place/ancient-nalanda-universitys-ruins/ |access-date=22 June 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=B. R. Publishing Corporation |volume=II |location=Delhi |pages=3 |chapter=The Muslim Conquest of Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=DN |date=1 June 2018 |title=The destruction of ancient Buddhist sites |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=18 July 2024 |title=Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda's lost glory and new-found ambitions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/of-a-gilded-past-and-the-future-nalandas-lost-glory-and-new-found-ambitions/article68414582.ece |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bakhtiyar launched an ill-fated [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|Tibet campaign]] in 1206 and was assassinated upon returning to Bengal.<ref name="Sengupta2011" /><ref name="GillYule2010" /> He was succeeded by [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]].
==Early life and origin==
Bakhtiyar Khalji was born and raised in [[Garmsir]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], in present-day southern [[Afghanistan]]. He was member of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] tribe,<ref name="Siraj-548">{{cite book |last=Sirāj |first=Minhāju-s |year=1881 |title=Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām |series=Bibliotheca Indica #78 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington) |location=Calcutta, India |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=548 |page=548 |translator= [[Henry George Raverty]]}}</ref> which was originally of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaurasia |first1=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2002 |isbn=81-269-0123-3 |page=28 |quote=The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Court]] |access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> [[Khalaj people#Transformation of the Afghan Khalaj|After being settled in south-eastern Afghanistan for over 200 years]], it led to the creation of the [[Ghilji|Pashtun Ghilji]] tribe, with Bakhtiyar seen as a [[Turko-Afghan]]. Later in the [[Khalji Revolution]], the Khaljis faced discrimination and were looked down upon by other Turks for Afghan barbarians.<ref name="iri3">{{cite encyclopedia |title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan |access-date=4 July 2020 |date=15 December 2010 |quote=Indeed, it seems very likely that [the Khalaj] formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name [Ghilji] being derived from Khalaj. |last=Oberling |first=Pierre }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |year=1966 |edition=Second |page=98 |oclc=575452554 |quote=His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non-Turks by Turks.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=126 |quote=The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks. |author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic |year=2002 |isbn=81-269-0123-3 |page=28 |quote=The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi}}</ref>

Bakhtiyar during his early years went in search of employment to [[Ghazni]] and [[Delhi]]. At the latter, he was rejected due to his ugly appearance. Afterwards, he moved towards [[Badaun]] in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], where he obtained his first employment. Accounts differ regarding who initially took Bakhtiyar into his service.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=171}}

Bakhtiyar did not come from an obscure background. His uncle Muhammad bin Mahmud had fought in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against [[Prithviraja III]]. Mahmud was later honoured with the iqta of Kashamandi. After the death of his uncle, the iqta was passed to Bakhtiyar. However, Bakhtiyar did not stay in Kashamndi for long. He approached the commander of [[Benaras]], Husamudin Aghul Bek, who was impressed with his gallantry and bestowed on him the iqtas of Bhagwat and Bhilui (present-day [[Mirzapur]] district).{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=172}}

In his early career, before the expeditions in Bengal and [[Bihar]], Bakhtiyar displaced the minor Gahadavala chiefs in the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh and from there raided [[Maner]] and Bihar where he looted a large amount of booty. These successful raids increased Bakhtiyar's fame and many [[Khalji]]s joined in his service. [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] also honoured him.{{sfn|Nizami|1970|page=172}}

== Military career ==

Khalji was head of the Ghurid military force that conquered parts of eastern India at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhandare |first=Shailendra |editor1-last=Peacock |editor1-first=A. C. S. |editor2-last=McClary |editor2-first=Richard Piran |chapter=Transregional Connections: The 'Lion and Sun' Motif and Coinage between Anatolia and India |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |year=2020 |publisher=BRILL |page=237 |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji. 1204-1206.Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam, Dated Samvat 1262 (1204 AD).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Bengal]] coinage of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] (1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated [[Samvat]] 1262 (1204 CE). ''Obverse'': Horseman with [[Nagari script|Nagari]] legend around: ''[[samvat]] 1262 [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|bhadrapada]]'' "August, year 1262". ''Reverse'': Nagari legend: ''srima ha/ mira mahama /da saamah'' "Lord Emir [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad|Mohammed [ibn] Sam]]".<ref name="FBF">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |year=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |pages=115–117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goron |first1=Stan |last2=Goenka |first2=J. P. |last3=Robinson (numismatist.) |first3=Michael |title=The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-1010-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8aAAAAYAAJ |language=en|quote="Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204"}}</ref>]]
[[File:Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji. AH 601-602 AD 1204-1206. AV Fractional Tanka of 20 rati (17mm, 2.30 g, 12h). In the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam, Sultan of Delhi. Struck AD 1204-1205.jpg|thumb|300px|Another type of Bengal coinage of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji as governor (1204–1206 CE). ''Obverse'': horseman galloping, holding lance with Devanagari legend around (''[[Sri|śrimat]] [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam|mahamada samah]]'' "Lord Mohammed [ibn] Sam"). ''Reverse'': name and titles of [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam]] in Arabic. Struck AD 1204–1205.<ref name="FBF"/> This is his earliest coinage in Bengal, using both Sanskrit and Arabic legends.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kundra |first1=D. N. |last2=Prakashan |first2=Goyal Brothers |title=I.C.S.E. History & Civics for Class IX |year=2019 |publisher=Goyal Brothers Prakashan |isbn=978-93-88676-77-9 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGs8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref>]]

=== Campaigns of Bihar ===
{{Main|Sack of Magadha}}
{{see also||Vikramashila|Odantapuri}}

He subjugated much of Bihar in 1200.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=3 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, ''i.e.'' 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.}}</ref> His invasions destroyed the university establishments at [[Odantapuri]] and [[Vikramashila]] Mahaviras.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Himanshu |title=Political Thought in Indic Civilization |date=30 August 2021 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5479-159-8 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAVBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en|quote="After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions"}}</ref><ref name="Hartmut_2002" /> Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani's ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' documents Bakhtiyar Khalji's sack of a Buddhist monastery,<ref name="Hartmut_2002" /> which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from the soldiers' use of the word ''[[vihara]]''.<ref name="Andre_2002">{{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |author-link=André Wink |title=Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA147 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=0-391-04174-6 |pages=146–148}}</ref> According to the early 17th-century Buddhist scholar [[Taranatha]], the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila.<ref name="Andre_2002"/> Historians [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], [[Mohammad Habib]] and others have directly or indirectly implicated Bakhtiyar in the destruction of the Mahaviharas in their writings, but others like [[D. N. Jha|D.N. Jha]] and [[Namit Arora]] have reasoned that Nalanda may not have been destroyed by him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=18 July 2024 |title=Of a gilded past and the future: Nalanda's lost glory and new-found ambitions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/of-a-gilded-past-and-the-future-nalandas-lost-glory-and-new-found-ambitions/article68414582.ece |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKe4pENohWk |title=Indians {{!}} Ep 5: Nalanda and the Decline of Buddhism {{!}} A Brief History of a Civilization |date=2 February 2024 |last=The Wire |access-date=20 July 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== Conquest of Bengal ===
{{Main articles|Ghurid conquest of Bengal}}

Following Bihar campaigns, Khalji conquered Bengal. With the [[octogenarian]] emperor [[Lakshmana Sena]] at the helm, the [[Sena dynasty]] was in a state of decline and could not provide much resistance. As Khalji came upon the city of [[Nabadwip]], it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juzjani |first=Minhaj-i Siraj |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211405 |title=Tabakat-i-Nasiri Vol-I |publisher=Gilbert And Rivington |year=1881 |location=London |pages=557}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2026}} The small horde entered the city unchallenged and took the emperor and his army by shock.<ref name="BDID&EL1996">{{cite book |editor-last=Kalam |editor-first=Abul |title=Bangladesh: Internal Dynamics and External Linkages |date=1996 |publisher=University Press Limited |page=311 |isbn= 9789840513352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s7sAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="ShawkatAli1965">{{cite book |last1=M. Shawkat Ali |first1=S. |title=Social History & Political Sociology for Degree Students |date=1965 |publisher=Salma Shawkat via Majid Publishing House |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfh0X92bVY8C |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> This caused Lakhsmana Sena to flee with his retainers to east Bengal.<ref name="Awan1991">{{cite book |last1=Tariq Awan |first1=Muhammad |title=History of India and Pakistan - Volume 1 |date=1991 |publisher=Ferozsons |pages=93–94 |isbn=9789690100344 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qghuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Nazimuddin1980">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Nazimuddin |title=Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh |date=1980 |publisher=Department of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QquvJozv-KcC}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated |isbn=9781438119137 |page=99 |language=en |type=History / Reference, Asia -- History, Culture, Ethnology -- Encyclopedias -- Asia -- Oceania, Geography, Oceania, World history |format=ebook |ref=Barbara A. West |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> Khalji subsequently went on to capture [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] (ancient Lakhnauti), the capital and the principal city of Bengal<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=8 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.}}</ref> and intruded into much of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amulyachandra |date=1954 |title=Rajagriha and Nalanda |series=Institute of Indology |volume= 4 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Calcutta Institute of Indology, Indian Publicity Society |page=52 |oclc=28533779}}</ref>

Muhammad Bakhtiyar's rule was related by [[Minhaj al-Siraj]], as he visited Bengal about 40 years later:<ref name="RME">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley · Los Angeles · London |page=Chapter 1–2 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch02&brand=ucpress}}</ref>

{{blockquote|After Muhammad Bakhtiyar possessed himself of that territory he left the city of [[Nabadwip|Nudiah]] in desolation, and the place which is (now) [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] he made the seat of government. He brought the different parts of the territory under his sway, and instituted therein, in every part, the reading of the ''[[khutbah]]'', and the coining of money; and, through his praiseworthy endeavours, and those of his [[Amir]]s, [[masjid]]s [mosques], colleges, and monasteries (for [[Dervish]]es), were founded in those parts.|Account of the conquest of Bengal, [[Minhaj al-Siraj]].<ref name="RME"/>}}

=== Invasion of Tibet (1206) ===
{{main|Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign}}

Bakhtiyar Khalji left the town of [[Devkot]] in 1206 to attack Tibet, leaving [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] in [[Ghoraghat Upazila]] to guard the eastern frontier from his headquarters at [[Barisal]]. Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Tibetan guerrilla forces at [[Chumbi Valley]], which forced him to retreat to Devkot with only about a hundred surviving soldiers. This was first and shameful defeat of Khalji.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Khan|2013|p=19}}</ref>

== Death and aftermath ==
{{see also|Khalji dynasty of Bengal}}

[[File:Map of the Khaljis of Bengal.png|thumb|300px|Khalji dynasty of Bengal]]

As Bakhtiyar Khalji lay ill and exhausted in Devkot after defeated by Tibetans, he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji.<ref name="Sengupta2011">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA63 |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=63–64}}</ref><ref name="GillYule2010">{{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=William John |last2=Yule |first2=Henry |title=The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uuk2OQeMwsMC&pg=PA43 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01953-8 |pages=43}}</ref>

The Khalji noblemen then appointed [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]] as Bakhtiyar's successor. Loyal troops under Shiran Khalji and Subedar Aulia Khan avenged Ikhtiyar's death, imprisoning Ali Mardan Khalji. Eventually Ali Mardan fled to Delhi and provoked the Sultan of Delhi [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] to conquer Bengal, who sent an army under Qayemaz Rumi, the governor of [[Awadh]], to dethrone Shiran Khalji. Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died.<ref>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm#Khilji Khilji Malik]</ref>

[[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah|Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji]] assisted the invasion and assumed the governorship of Bengal in 1208. But shortly after, he yielded power to Ali Mardan willingly, when the latter returned from Delhi in 1210. However, the nobles of Bengal conspired against and assassinated Ali Mardan in 1212. Iwaj Khalji assumed power again and proclaimed his independence from the Delhi sultanate.<ref name="Chandra4143">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |date=2004 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |pages=41–43 |isbn=9788124110645}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the [[Khutbah]] read and coins struck in his name. [[Mosque]]s, [[madrasas]], and [[khanqah]]s arose through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his successors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ichimura |first=Shōhei |title=Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTW6XNxOxbkC&pg=PA65 |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1798-2 |page=65 (note 87)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Gertrude Emerson |date=1964 |title=The Story of Early Indian Civilization |publisher=Orient Longmans |oclc=610346317}}</ref> According to [[Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq|Muhammad Yusuf Siddiq]], Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji's swift conquest of Bengal succeeded largely because the Sena rulers had failed to win the support of the common people—both Hindus and Buddhists. The Senas, originally [[Brahman]] [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]] from southern India, were culturally, linguistically (they did not speak Bengali), and religiously alienated from the local population. Their strict enforcement of the [[Caste|caste system]] further deepened social divisions. In contrast, Bakhtiyar Khalji quickly gained the goodwill of the indigenous people through an inclusive approach. He even funded the construction of a [[Monastery|Buddhist monastery]], which helped foster early mutual respect and understanding between the local population and Muslim migrants.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Khan|2013|p=18}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Mojlum Khan]] writes that Bakhtiyar Khalji built an inclusive administrative system in Bengal and actively weakened the oppressive Brahmanical caste system, freeing the masses from long-standing social bondage and destitution. His benevolent and humane approach won over Hindus and Buddhists, leading to voluntary conversions and a growing Muslim population. He further assesses Khalji as a liberal and enlightened ruler who pioneered Islamic thought, culture, and civilization in Bengal and northern India.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Khan|2013|p=19}}</ref>

Bakhtiyar is revered as [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] Sahib by the locals of Pirpal village. Every year on Thursday of the month of [[Boishakh|Baishakh]], festival is organised at the Bakhtiyar Khilji Shrine in [[Gangarampur]] where prayer is offered by Muslims and Hindus alike.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Sourav |date=2024-05-02 |title=Gangarampur {{!}} সম্প্রীতির নিদর্শন, বখতিয়ার খিলজির মাজারে ভিড় হিন্দু-মুসলিমদের |trans-title=Gangarampur {{!}} Hindus and Muslims throng Bakhtiyar Khilji's shrine, a symbol of harmony |url=https://uttarbangasambad.com/symbol-of-harmony-hindu-muslims-worship-at-bakhtiar-khilji-majar/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Uttarbanga Sambad |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Islam in Bangladesh|}}
* [[List of rulers of Bengal#Delhi Sultanate era]]
* [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]]
* [[Bakhtiarpur]]
* [[Sack of Magadha]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=K. A. |author-link=K. A. Nizami |editor1-last=Habib |editor1-first=Mohammad |editor2-last=Nizami |editor2-first=Khaliq Ahmad |chapter=Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |year=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |oclc=305725}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Mojlum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&q=Tibetan+expedition+by+Islamic+Bengal&pg=PA19 |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |date=21 October 2013 |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd |isbn=9781847740625 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* History of the Muslims of Bengal – Volume 1A: Muslim Rule in Bengal (600-170/1203-1757), by Muhammad Mohar Ali, [[Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University]], Department of Culture and Publications.
* {{cite Banglapedia|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin|article=Bakhtiyar Khalji}}
* {{cite Banglapedia|author=Chowdhury, AM|article=Sena Dynasty}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Sena dynasty]] [[Lakshman Sen|King Lakshman Sen]]
| title=[[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]]
| years=1204–1206
| after=[[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Khalji dynasty}}

[[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]
[[Category:1206 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Buddhism and Islam]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century murdered monarchs]]

Alla Rakha

2026-02-15T04:16:16Z

Al202xis0: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian tabla player (1919-2000)}}
{{other uses|Allah Rakha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Alla Rakha
| image = Alla Rakha 1988.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Alla Rakha, 1988
| image_size =
| birth_name = Allah Rakha Qureshi
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Ghagwal]], Jammu Province, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir]], British Raj (now in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|04|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|02|03|1919|04|29|df=y}}
| origin =
| occupation = [[Tabla]], [[Pakhawaj]] player
| known_for = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| years_active =
| label =
| credits = Performed with [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Aditya Kalyanpur]]
| children = {{unbulletedlist|[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]| [[Fazal Qureshi]]|[[Taufiq Qureshi]]}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Award by the [[Government of India]] in 1977 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1982
| website = {{URL|allarakhafoundation.org}}
}}

'''Alla Rakha Qureshi''' (29 April 1919 – 3 February 2000) was an Indian [[tabla]] player who specialised in [[Hindustani classical music]]. Widely revered as one of history's most iconic players of the tabla,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zakir Hussain: Obituary of Grammy-winning tabla player |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwype77kwyjo |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.bbc.com |date=16 December 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> he was a frequent accompanist of [[sitar]] player Pandit [[Ravi Shankar]] and was largely responsible for introducing [[tabla]] to the Western audience.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alla-Rakha|archive-date=21 May 2023|title=Alla Rakha - Indian musician|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|url-status=dead|access-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521040740/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alla-Rakha}}</ref>

==Personal life and education==
Allah Rakha Qureshi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-30 |title=Lesser known facts about Ustad Allah Rakha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-ustad-allah-rakha/photostory/34414234.cms |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> was born on 29 April 1919 in [[Ghagwal]] village in the [[Jammu (province)|Jammu Province]] of the princely kingdom of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under [[British Raj]]; today located in the [[Samba District]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|union territory of the same name]] in India. His mother tongue was [[Dogri language|Dogri]] and his family were [[Muslim Dogra]]s, although most of the Dogra clan around them were Hindus.<ref name="ar"/> Growing up on a farm, Ustad Alla Rakha was always in awe of music, praising the travelling musicians he would occasionally have the opportunity to witness. His father, at that time, looked down upon singing or learning to play a musical instrument as a profession for his boy, due to his family's origins as [[Dogras]] of Jammu.<ref name=EB/><ref name="ar"/><ref name=NYT/>

At the age of 12, Ustad Alla Rakha ran away from home to stay with his uncle in the nearby [[Gurdaspur]] city to pursue his passion for music.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2dE8RM-ysQ&list=FL9PcXrT5iTyDSreYOQ5962Q&index=1 Alla Rakha's performance on tabla on YouTube] Retrirved 18 October 2020</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2014-04-30|title=Lesser known facts about Ustad Allah Rakha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-ustad-allah-rakha/photostory/34414234.cms|access-date=2021-02-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Finding little chances for grooming and appreciation, the determined young lad began his training in tabla with Mian Kader Baksh of the [[Punjab gharana]] of tabla players. Mian Kadir Bakhsh, who had no sons, formally adopted Alla Rakha and called him the next head of the [[Punjab gharana]] of tabla players (a 'gharana' is a community of musicians sharing a distinctive musical style).<ref name=EB/><ref name="NYT" /><ref name="ar" /><ref name="GoogleDoodle" />

Alla Rakha also took vocal training in classical music and ''[[Indian musical scale|Raag Vidya]]'' under Ustad Ashiq Ali Khan of the [[Patiala gharana]]. His regimen of practice and dedication were legendary: hours upon hours of hard, disciplined practice, that would later pay off. He performed at [[All India Radio]] in [[Lahore]] as a staff artist in 1936 and was later transferred to All India Radio in Bombay in 1938.<ref name=EB/> In 1943, he quit that job and started working for the Bombay film industry, also known as [[Bollywood]] these days, and composed music for nearly two dozen Urdu/Hindi and Punjabi films.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name=EB/> By 1958, he had become disillusioned with the film industry and started focusing more on classical music.<ref name=EB/>

He was married to his cousin Bavi Begum and the couple had three sons, [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Fazal Qureshi]] and [[Taufiq Qureshi]];<ref name=EB/> two daughters, Khurshid Aulia née Qureshi and Razia; and nine grandchildren. They all survived him except Razia; it was the news of her death a day earlier that is thought to have caused his fatal heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3494700060.html|title=Qureshi, Ustad Alla Rakha - Dictionary definition of Qureshi, Ustad Alla Rakha - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name="ar">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/feb/05/guardianobituaries1|title=Alla Rakha obituary (with Ravi Shankar, he took Indian music to the world)|author=Reginald Massey|date=4 February 2000|newspaper=The Guardian (newspaper)|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>

Allah Rakha had a third daughter named [[Roohi Bano]] (1951–2019) who was born in [[Pakistan]] and achieved a "legendary" status in television and film acting in that country.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Roohi-Bano-lives-a-life-of-recluse-wreck-Lahore/articleshow/21327410.cms|title=Roohi Bano lives a life of recluse wreck Lahore - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/pakistan/story/ustad-alla-rakhas-daughter-is-broken-and-alone-in-pakistan-171585-2013-07-25|title=Ustad Alla Rakha's daughter Roohi Bano is broken and alone in Pakistan|date=July 25, 2013|website=India Today|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Ustad Alla Rakha began his career as an accompanist in [[Lahore]] and then as an [[All India Radio]], [[Delhi]] staffer in 1936 but later moved to [[Bombay]] in 1940, playing the station's first ever tabla solo and elevating the instrument's position in the process. Soon after, he also started composing music for [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]] films under the name A. R. Qureshi. He composed for a total of 23 films between 1943 and 1964.<ref name=NYT/>

[[File:Ravi Shankar flier back.jpg|thumb|190px|right|Flyer for an October 1967 concert by Shankar and Rakha (left), held four months after their performance at the [[Monterey Pop Festival]]]]
However, he still played as an accompanist, for soloists like [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Allauddin Khan]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Vasant Rai]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], and [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref name=NYT/> The master achieved world renown as Shankar's chief accompanist during his apex in the 1960s, delighting audiences in the West with his wizardry, not only as an accompanist with timing and sensitivity but also as a soloist where he was a master of improvisation, a composer and an electric showman.

His musical partnership with Ravi Shankar was particularly successful and lasted nearly three decades, and their legendary and spellbinding performances at the [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in 1967 and the [[Woodstock Festival]] in 1969 served to introduce classical Indian music to general audiences worldwide.<ref name=EB/>

Alla Rakha also was a devoted music teacher. He founded 'Alla Rakha Institute of Music' in [[Mumbai]] in 1985.<ref name=EB/>

==Global influence==
Alla Rakha popularised the art of tabla, playing across the globe, elevating the status and respect of this instrument. "Abbaji" (as he was affectionately known by his disciples) also bridged the gap between [[Carnatic music]] and [[Hindustani music]] by playing with both renowned Carnatic musicians and other Hindustani stalwarts. Ravi Shankar and Alla Rakha duo represented India at several international music festivals.<ref name="ar"/>

Leading American percussionists in [[rock n' roll]], such as the [[Grateful Dead]]'s [[Mickey Hart]], admired him and studied his technique, benefiting greatly even from single meetings. Hart, a published authority on percussion in [[world music]], said: "Allah Rakha is the Einstein, the Picasso; he is the highest form of rhythmic development on this planet." Rakha also collaborated with jazz drummer [[Buddy Rich]] on their 1968 album ''[[Rich à la Rakha]]''.<ref name=EB/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/63qv|title=BBC - Music - Review of Buddy Rich & Allah Rakha - Rich a la Rakha|first=Liz|last=Mundler}}</ref>

Alla Rakha's partnership with [[Ravi Shankar]] began in the early 1950s.<ref name="ar"/> He was part of the ensemble accompanying [[Ravi Shankar]] during [[George Harrison]]'s [[Concert for Bangladesh]] shows, held in [[New York City]] in August 1971. The success of the live album and concert film from this event presented Indian classical music to a wide audience in the West. He also collaborated and shared the stage with many leading figures in Indian music like sitar player [[Vilayat Khan]] and [[sarod]] player [[Ali Akbar Khan]].<ref name=NYT/>

He was also featured in a [[Google Doodle|Google doodle]] on 29 April 2014, on the occasion of his 95th birthday.<ref name=GoogleDoodle>{{cite web |title=Google doodle marks Ustad Alla Rakha's 95th birthday | website=NDTV Gadgets 360 | date=29 April 2014 |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/ustad-alla-rakhas-95th-birth-anniversary-commemorated-by-google-doodle-515504 |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Padma Shri]] in 1977<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards list (1954 - 2013) (scroll down to find 1977 for Alla Rakha's award)|publisher=Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf| archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead|date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=EB/>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1982<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards – Hindustani Music – Instrumental |publisher=Sangeet Natak Academy website|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_music_hindustani_instrumenta.html |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519200834/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_music_hindustani_instrumenta.html |date=16 August 2007|archive-date=19 May 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=EB/>
* T. Chowdiah Award in 2000<ref>{{cite news |title=State's honour of Allahrakha: Maya Rao bags Shantala Award |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/01/05/stories/0405210c.htm |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=5 January 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112231911/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/01/05/stories/0405210c.htm |archive-date=12 November 2004}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Qureshi died on 3 February 2000 at his Simla House residence on [[Nepean Sea Road]] following a heart attack, which he suffered on learning of the death of his daughter, Razia, the previous evening during cataract surgery.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|title=Ustad Alla Rakha, 80, Master Of Hindustani Classical Music |author=Jon Pareles|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 February 2000| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/06/nyregion/ustad-alla-rakha-80-master-of-hindustani-classical-music.html|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="ar"/>

In his obituary, [[The New York Times]] called him "the most important tabla drummer of his generation". The newspaper further stated that Alla Rakha was given the title Ustad or master musician and teacher of the art of tabla playing. Alla Rakha... "used his skill to invigorate every musician who shared the stage with him."<ref name=NYT/>

The Then-[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] also issued a formal statement regretting the loss in his death.<ref name="NYT" />

==See also==
* [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
* [[Kishan Maharaj]]
* [[Anokhelal Mishra]]
* [[Samta Prasad]]
* [[Yogesh Samsi]]
* [[Peter Szalai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
# Inlay notes to ''A Life Story of a Genius'' compilation CD set (Saregama India Ltd, 2006)

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p172410|label=Alla Rakha}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Ravi Shankar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakha, Alla}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjab gharana]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Musicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian drummers]]

P. T. Narasimhan

2026-02-09T06:01:28Z

Al202xis0: Put Up A Post - done

{{Short description|Indian chemist and professor (1928-2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = P. T. Narasimhan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|7|28}}
| birth_place = [[Cuddalore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|5|3|1928|7|28}}
| death_place = [[Sunnyvale]], California, USA
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Theoretical chemistry]] | [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|Magnetic resonance]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] | [[Huntington Medical Research Institutes]] | [[California Institute of Technology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Michigan State University]] | [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] | [[Columbia University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[R. S. Krishnan]] }}
| doctoral_students = {{ublist | [[Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre]] | [[Narayanan Chandrakumar]] }}
| known_for = Studies on quantum-mechanical interpretation of magnetic resonance data
| awards = {{ublist | 1970 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1980 [[University Grants Commission of India|UGC]] C. V. Raman Award }}
}}

'''Palliakaranai Thirumalai Narasimhan''' (28 July 1928 – 3 May 2013), popularly known as '''PTN''' or '''Jim''', was an Indian [[Theoretical chemistry|theoretical chemist]], one of the pioneers of [[computational chemistry]] in India and a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]].<ref name="Professor Palliakaranai Thirumalai Narasimhan A Tribute">{{Cite journal |last1= N. Chandrakumar |last2=S. R. Gadre |title=Professor Palliakaranai Thirumalai Narasimhan A Tribute |url=https://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file/19487/ |journal=Arkivoc |volume=8 |pages=1–3 |issn=1424-6376}}</ref> He was known for his studies on [[Quantum mechanics|quantum-mechanical]] interpretation of [[magnetic resonance]] data<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=309 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> and his contributions in developing IIT Kanpur into a Centre of Excellence in academic research in the basic sciences.<ref name="Obituary - Prof P T Narasimhan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitkalumni.org/News_Letter_File/Alumni_newletter/obituary.html |title=Obituary - Prof P T Narasimhan |date=2016 |publisher=IITK Alumni Association}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N72-0513 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=5 November 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427203016/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N72-0513 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Narasimhan,_Prof._Palliakaranai_Thirumalai |title=Fellow Profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=9 November 2016 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528102550/http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1970, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:A building at IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|235px|IIT Kanpur]]
P. T. Narasimhan, born on 28 July 1928 in [[Cuddalore]], a coastal town in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], did his graduate studies (BSc) at the [[Madras Christian College]] of the [[University of Madras]] and passed a master's degree from the same college.<ref name="Professor P. T. Narasimhan (1928-2013)">{{Cite web |url=http://iitk.ac.in/new/professor-p-t-narasimhan |title=Professor P. T. Narasimhan (1928-2013) |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] and secured a PhD in physical chemistry in 1955 <ref name="Professor P. T. Narasimhan on IITK">{{Cite web |url=http://iitk.ac.in/new/professor-p-t-narasimhan |title=Professor P. T. Narasimhan on IITK |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur}}</ref> under his Ph.D. mentor [[R. S. Krishnan]].<ref name="P. T. Narasimhan (1928–2013)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/03/0396.pdf |title=P. T. Narasimhan (1928–2013) |date=2013 |publisher=Current Science Association, Bangalore}}</ref> His post-doctoral research was at the laboratory of Max T. Rogers of the [[Michigan State University]] from 1957 to 1959 and with [[Martin Karplus]], the recipient of [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 2013 during 1959 to 1961; starting at [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] and when Karplus moved to [[Columbia University]], Narasimhan followed him.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He returned to India to join the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1962 as an assistant professor where he became a professor in 1965 and stayed there till his superannuation in 1988. After retirement from academic service, he moved his base to [[Pasadena]], California where he continued his research at the [[Huntington Medical Research Institutes]] and later, at the Beckman Institute of the [[California Institute of Technology]].<ref name="Professor P. T. Narasimhan on IITK" />

Narasimhan was married to Leena and the couple had two daughters, Nalini and Nandini, and a son, Vikram in between.<ref name="Professor P. T. Narasimhan (1928-2013)" /> The family lived in Sunnyvale and it was here he died on 3 May 2013, at the age of 84, survived by his wife, children and six grand children.<ref name="Obituary - Prof P T Narasimhan" /> Narasimhan was known to have been competent in [[carnatic music]] and performed at various stages as a flautist in the US and in India.<ref name="Professor P. T. Narasimhan on IITK" />

== Legacy ==
Narasimhan, who chose physical chemistry for his research for PhD, focused on the theory of [[nuclear spin]] [[coupling constants]] during his stint at [[Martin Karplus]]' laboratory; his mentor would go on to propound the [[Karplus equation]] which describes the correlation between coupling constants and [[dihedral angles]] in [[Proton nuclear magnetic resonance|proton nuclear]] [[magnetic resonance spectroscopy]].<ref name="Dalton2003">{{cite journal | journal = [[Chemical & Engineering News]] | volume = 81 | issue = 51 |page=37 | date =2003-12-22 | first=Louisa |last=Dalton | title = Karplus Equation | url = http://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/8151/8151karplus.html | doi = 10.1021/cen-v081n036.p037| doi-access = free }}</ref> His studies of the structure and properties of molecules were based on quantum-mechanical interpretation of magnetic resonance data and those studies assisted in widening the understanding of [[chemical bonding]], [[Conformation (chemistry)|conformation]], [[Reactivity (chemistry)|chemical reactivity]] and electrical and magnetic properties of molecules.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His contributions helped in the development of [[dynamic nuclear polarization]] at [[X band|X-band]] in India, covering both the instrumentation and chemical applications.<ref name="Professor Palliakaranai Thirumalai Narasimhan A Tribute" />

Some of the important contributions from Narasimhan were in the field of [[computational chemistry]] and the work of his research school at the IITK was reported to have pioneered the discipline in India.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners" /> He and his colleagues developed indigenously-built [[Phase-locked loop|phase locked]] super-regenerative oscillator-detectors and pulsed [[Nuclear quadrupole resonance]] (NQR) double resonance system. They also investigated the high resolution [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] of small molecules dissolved in [[liquid crystalline]], the alternating [[linewidth]] in [[Electron Spin Resonance]], coupling constants in nuclear magnetic resonance, and Sternheimer shielding and anti-shielding factors employing the [[Hartree–Fock method]]. His expertise in the field prompted the [[Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences]] to seek his assistance when they decided to establish one of the first magnetic resonance imaging facilities in the country which he successfully accomplished.<ref name="Professor Palliakaranai Thirumalai Narasimhan A Tribute" /> He also worked on developing a [[magnetic resonance microscopy]] as an imaging tool for biological research.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Narasimhan published over 200 articles<ref name="Author profile">{{Cite web |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=author:%22Narasimhan,%20P.T.%22 |title=Author profile |date=2016 |publisher=INIS Repository}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} in peer-reviewed journals and mentored 20 doctoral researchers.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His doctoral and masters students included [[Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre]],<ref name="About the Speaker">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/colloquiums/read/69/1.phpx |title=About the Speaker |date=2016 |publisher=IISER Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> K. D. Sen, N. Chandrakumar, S Shankar, and Manvendra Krishna Dubey (MS 1979)<ref name="Manvendra Krishna Dubey">{{Cite web |url=http://www.usief.org.in/2012-2013-USFellows/Teaching%20and%20Research/Dubey-Manvendra.html |title=Manvendra Krishna Dubey |date=2016 |publisher=USIEF |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614153703/http://www.usief.org.in/2012-2013-USFellows/Teaching%20and%20Research/Dubey-Manvendra.html |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he guided many researchers in their work.<ref name="Chandra1994">{{cite book|author=A K Chandra|title=Introductory Quantum Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zocqImm7YAwC&pg=PR8|year=1994|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-462054-0|pages=8–}}</ref><ref name="Raman1993">{{cite book|author=Raman|title=Computers in Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGjYNjkgce4C&pg=PR9|year=1993|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-460123-5|pages=9–}}</ref> He organized an active research school at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur featuring scholars from physics and chemistry departments which worked on the theoretical and experimental aspects of magnetic resonance.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners" /> As the head of the department of chemistry, he assisted the department to develop into a centre of excellence in chemical research.<ref name="MehrotraSah2015">{{cite book|author1=Surya Pratap Mehrotra|author2=Prajapati Prasad Sah|title=The Fourth IIT: History of IIT Kanpur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXfjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT329|date=10 November 2015|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5214-192-0|pages=329–}}</ref> He was one of the founders of the Association of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopists of India and served as its secretary. He was associated with the International Society of Magnetic Resonance as a member of its council and chaired the national advisory committee of the IX International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance held in Kanpur in 1988.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He also served as the general secretary of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] for four terms from 1977 to 1980.<ref name="Past general secretaries">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/pastgs.htm |title=Past general secretaries |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Narasimhan the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1970.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> In 1980, he received the Sir [[C. V. Raman]] Award for Research in Physical Sciences of the [[University Grants Commission of India]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has delivered several award orations including the Professor R. K. Asundi Endowment Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy, Acharya [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh|J. C. Ghosh]] Memorial Lecture of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] and Mitra Memorial Lecture of the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="Mitra Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://people.du.ac.in/~rkant/MitraMemorial.html |title=Mitra Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Delhi University}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1971), the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1972) and an Institute Fellow of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (2013). The Archive for Organic Chemistry issued a [[festschrift]] on him by way of volume VIII in 2004.<ref name="Arkivoc 2004 VIII Commemorative for Prof. P. T. Narasimhan">{{Cite book |title=Arkivoc 2004 VIII Commemorative Festschrift for Prof. P. T. Narasimhan |date=November 2004 |publisher=Arkat-USA |isbn=978-1597300230 |editor-last=Begtrup |editor-first=Mikael |page=144}}</ref> [[Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute for Basic Sciences]] (SRIBS) and [[Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala]] jointly conducted a four-day national workshop on computational chemistry in June 2013 which was dedicated to the memory of Narasimhan.<ref name="Hands-on training at workshop">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/jun/01/hands-on-training-at-workshop-482529.html |title=Hands-on training at workshop |date=1 June 2013 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=P. T. Narasimhan, S. V. Anantakrishnan |date=January 1953 |title=Dipole moments of camphor compounds - Part I |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A |volume=a |issue=a |page=a |doi=10.1007/BF03052679|s2cid=92633988 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=P. T. Narasimhan, S. V. Anantakrishnan |date=June 1953 |title=Dipole moments of camphor compounds - Part II |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=747–751 |doi=10.1007/BF03052728|s2cid=92188221 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sen K.D., Narasimhan P. T. |year=1975 |title=Nuclear hexadecapole antishielding factors |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1162–1167 |doi=10.1103/physreva.11.1162 |bibcode=1975PhRvA..11.1162S}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gadre S. R., Narasimhan P. T. |year=1977 |title=Electron momentum distributions from valence-bond wave functions |journal=[[International Journal of Quantum Chemistry|Int. J. Quantum Chem.]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=105–113 |doi=10.1002/qua.560120110}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shankar S., Narasimhan P. T. |year=1984 |title=Linear coupled-cluster method. II. Analysis of local exchange-correlation potentials in beryllium and its isoelectronic series |journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=58–63 |doi=10.1103/physreva.29.58|bibcode=1984PhRvA..29...58S }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Mora B. |author2=Narasimhan P.T. |author3=Ross B.D. |author4=Allman J. |author5=Barker P. B. |year=1991 |title=P Saturation Transfer and Phosphocreatine Imaging in the Monkey Brain |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=88 |issue=19 |pages=8372–8376 |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.19.8372|pmid=1924297 |pmc=52510 |bibcode=1991PNAS...88.8372M |url=https://repository.ias.ac.in/24247/1/327.pdf |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narasimhan P. T., Ghosh Pratik, Fraser, S.E., Jacobs R.E |year=1994 |title=Magnetic resonance microscopy: challenges in biological imaging using a 500 MHz NMR microscope |journal=Proceedings - Indian Academy of Sciences. Chemical Sciences |volume=27 |issue=5}}

== See also ==
* [[Martin Karplus]]
* [[Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |title=Arkivoc 2004 VIII Commemorative for Prof. P. T. Narasimhan |publisher=Arkat-USA |date=November 2004 |isbn=978-1597300230 |editor-last=Begtrup |editor-first=Mikael |page=144}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |title=A Tribute to Prof. P. T. Narasimhan |journal=[[Arkivoc]] |volume=2004 |issue=8 |pages=1–3 |last1=Chandrakumar |first1=N. |last2=Gadre |first2=S. R. |date=December 2013 |doi=10.3998/ark.5550190.0005.801 |doi-access=free|hdl=2027/spo.5550190.0005.801 |hdl-access=free }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimhan, P. T.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Tamil chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Indian computational chemists]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]

Nabomita Mazumdar

2026-02-08T17:59:51Z

Al202xis0: new post

{{short description|Indian businesswoman}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=March 2017}}
{{cleanup press release|1=article|date=March 2017}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Nabomita Mazumdar
|image =

|caption =
|website = www.nabomita.in
}}

'''Nabomita Mazumdar''' is an Indian businesswoman who was named a Top 100 Women Achiever's Award winner by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://empowerzone.me/index.php/team/nabomita-mazumdar/ |title=NABOMITA MAZUMDAR |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143633/http://empowerzone.me/index.php/team/nabomita-mazumdar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She worked as a freelance advisor to an [[online community]], Cite Community,<ref name="Adobe Think Tank">{{Cite web|accessdate=14 December 2016 |title=Future of Work: We'll Work More (But Be Happier About It)? [Forbes US: Future of Work Think Tank organized by Adobe, at San Francisco on 25 May 16] |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarr/2016/05/27/future-of-work-well-work-more-but-be-happier-about-it/3/#1f52fed8c194}}</ref> serving more than 3 million management professionals worldwide.

Mazumdar is a speaker for Future of Work, HR, Startup, Women and Business, Social media and Technology. She has been invited by forums worldwide including Adobe Think Tank at San Francisco.<ref name="Adobe Think Tank"/>

Mazumdar has received acknowledgements and awards for her work. She was ranked second in the Top 20 HR Influencers in Social Media by SHRM India 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 25 Indian HR Influencers on Social Media 2014–15 |url=https://www.shrm.org/india/SiteAssets/Top25Influencers2015.pdf |accessdate=14 December 2016 |archive-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802142125/http://www.shrm.org/india/SiteAssets/Top25Influencers2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> She received Best 100 Young Speaker Award Cambridge English in Asia, 2011 Western Region. She was named one of the Top 25 Influential Women on Twitter by CIOL India.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=14 December 2016|title=Twenty-Five Most Influential Women on Twitter |url=http://www.ciol.com/twenty-five-most-influential-women-on-twitter-2/|date=18 November 2016 |first=Manas |last= Mukul}}</ref><ref>

{{Cite web|accessdate=14 December 2016|title=Top 100 Women Achiever Awardee Nabomita Tells JWB What Her CV Lies About |url= http://jaipurwomenblog.org/top-100-women-achiever-awardee-nabomita-tells-jwb-what-her-cv-lies-about/|date=8 March 2016 |first=Mansi |last=Khandelwal}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?| date=December 2016|reason=Blogs are not normally regarded as reliable sources.}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Nabomita}}
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kanchan Pande

2026-02-07T23:22:57Z

Al202xis0: adding the entry with sources

{{Short description|Indian Isotope geologist, geochronologist and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kanchan Pande
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Uttaranchal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Isotope geology]] | [[Geochronology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Physical Research Laboratory]] | [[IIT Mumbai]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Kumaun University]] | [[Gujarat University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on the evolution of continental flood [[basalts]] in the Indian subcontinent
| awards = {{ublist|1989 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA Indian National Science Academy]] | 2003 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Kanchan Pande''' (born 14 March 1958) is an Indian [[Isotope geology|Isotope geologist]], [[geochronologist]] and former professor at the department of earth sciences of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai]].<ref name="Kanchan Pande on IITB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.geos.iitb.ac.in/index.php/kp |title=Kanchan Pande on IITB |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai}}</ref> He is known for his studies on the evolution of continental flood [[basalts]] in the Indian subcontinent<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=223 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archivedate=2015-08-06 }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2003.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Gujarat University Tower Building.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Gujarat University]]
[[File:Western-Ghats-Matheran.jpg|thumb|235px|Deccan Traps]]
Kanchan Pande, born on 14 March 1958 in the Indian state of [[Uttaranchal]], completed his master's degree in geology at [[Kumaun University]] in 1981 and secured PhD in Geochronology and Isotope geology from [[Gujarat University]] in 1990.<ref name="Faculty profile - Academics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.geos.iitb.ac.in/index.php/en/kp-academics |title=Faculty profile - Academics |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Earth Sciences - IIT Mumbai}}</ref> His career started at [[Physical Research Laboratory]] in 1990 as a scientist (Grade D) and he held the position of an associate professor from 1998 to 2002 before becoming a professor in 2003. However, his service as a professor at PRL lasted only 5 months and in June 2003, he moved to the [[Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai]] as a professor at the department of earth sciences and retired from the post in March 2023.<ref name="Faculty profile - Career">{{Cite web |url=http://www.geos.iitb.ac.in/index.php/en/kp-positions |title=Faculty profile - Career |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Earth Sciences - IIT Mumbai}}</ref>

Pande is known to have done extensive research on the geochronology of the region covering the [[Deccan Traps]].<ref name="Why save the rocks of the Deccan Plateau?">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/why-save-the-rocks-of-the-deccan-plateau/article7855580.ece |title=Why save the rocks of the Deccan Plateau? |date=8 November 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> His researches are reported to have assisted in understanding the ''geochronological constraints for the evolution of continental flood basalts in the Indian subcontinent'' and highlighted their geological and geochemical impact<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> which has been detailed in an article, ''Age and duration of the Deccan Traps, India: A review of radiometric and paleomagnetic constraints'', published in June 2002.<ref name="Age and duration of the Deccan Traps, India: A review of radiometric and paleomagnetic constraints">{{Cite journal |last=Kanchan Pande |title=Age and duration of the Deccan Traps, India: A review of radiometric and paleomagnetic constraints |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~library/Pande_K_2002_abst.pdf |journal=Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.) |date=June 2002 |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=115–123|doi=10.1007/BF02981139 |bibcode=2002InEPS.111..115P |s2cid=129883046 }}</ref> His studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Publications on IAS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/bibliography/jess/Kanchan_Pande |title=Publications on IAS |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 70 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/73591043_Kanchan_Pande |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Pande, who was selected as Young Associate of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1987,<ref name="Faculty profile - Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.geos.iitb.ac.in/index.php/en/kp-awards |title=Faculty profile - Awards |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Earth Sciences - IIT Mumbai}}</ref> received the Young Scientist Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1989.<ref name="Young Scientist Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=Young Scientist Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2003.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 2015.<ref name="NASI fellows" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Jyotiranjan S, Ray Kanchan Pande, T. R. Venkatesan |title=Emplacement of Amba Dongar carbonatite-alkaline complex at Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Evidence from40Ar-39Ar chronology |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |date=March 2000 |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.1007/BF02719147|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jyotiranjan S. Ray, Kanchan Pande, S. K. Pattanayak |title=Evolution of the Amba Dongar Carbonatite Complex: Constraints from 40Ar-39Ar Chronologies of the Inner Basalt and an Alkaline Plug |journal=International Geology Review |date=2003 |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=857–862 |doi=10.2747/0020-6814.45.9.857|bibcode=2003IGRv...45..857R |s2cid=129933424 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kanchan Pande, S. K. Pattanayak, K. V. Subbarao, P. Navaneethakrishnan, T. R. Venkatesan |title=40Ar-39Ar age of a lava flow from the Bhimashankar Formation, Giravali Ghat, Deccan Traps |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |date=December 2004 |volume=113 |issue=4 |page=755 |doi=10.1007/BF02704034|bibcode=2004InEPS.113..755P |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Archisman Sen, Kanchan Pande, Hetu C. Sheth, Kamal Kant Sharma, Shraboni Sarkar, A. M. Dayal, Harish Mistry |title=An Ediacaran–Cambrian thermal imprint in Rajasthan, western India: Evidence from 40Ar–39Ar geochronology of the Sindreth volcanics |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |date=December 2013 |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=1477–1493 |doi=10.1007/s12040-013-0359-y|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kanchan Pande |title=The Causal Link Between Deccan Flood Basalts and the Cretaceous Mass Extinctions: A Case of Unfounded Assumptions |journal=Workshop on Continental Crust and Cover Sequences in the Evolution of the Indian Sub-Continent |date=January 2015 |url=http://ncess.gov.in/images/cess_images/20-Kanchan-Pande.pdf}}

== See also ==
* [[Large igneous province]]
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|50em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=K.S. Valdiya|title=The Making of India: Geodynamic Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtsLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR13|date=26 November 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-25029-8|pages=13–}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pande, Kanchan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geochronology]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kumaun University alumni]]

M. G. Sasibhooshan

2026-02-03T06:26:53Z

Al202xis0:

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. G. Sasibhooshan
| image = Prof. M. G. Sasibhooshan.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|1|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kayamkulam]], [[Quilon]], [[Travancore-Cochin]] (present-day [[Kerala]])
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Historian|writer|speaker|educationist|numismatist}}
| yearsactive =
| spouse = S. Bindu
| children = 2
| parents = {{ubl|[[S. Gupthan Nair]]|Bhagirathi Amma}}
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Mundathu Gupthan Sasibhooshan''' (1 January 1951) is an orator, writer, art historian, and consultant in [[Indology]], based in [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India.

== Early life ==
Mundathu Gupthan Sasibhooshan is the son of [[S. Guptan Nair]], a critic in [[Malayalam literature]].{{circular reference|date=March 2021}} He started his career as a sub-editor for ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' newspapers and then went on to teach for 18 years at the [[University of Kerala]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He has researched on murals and sculptures of more than 300 temples in [[South India]] and in snake worship and temple history of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-provenance-of-the-temple-treasure/article2211509.ece|title=The provenance of the temple treasure|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=2011-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
He was part of the executive committee for the [[Kerala Sahithya Akademi]], [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] and the [[The Numismatic Society of India|Numismatic Society of India]]. Under deputation, he also held the office of Director at State Literacy Mission Kerala for a brief period. He was instrumental in setting up the Institute of Mural Painting in [[Guruvayur|Guruvayoor]], established to foster the temple art. He was also the former director at Vylopilli Samskriti Bhavan and is a patron of Chinmaya Mission Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinmayamissiontvm.com/executive/committee|title=Chinmaya Mission {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram|website=chinmayamissiontvm.com|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910104149/http://www.chinmayamissiontvm.com/executive/committee|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He has published numerous articles and books on Kerala art and culture in English and Malayalam. Sasibhooshan has co-authored many articles in English with his wife Bindu S.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Philosopher-and-guide/article14674083.ece|title=Philosopher and guide|last1=Sasibhooshan|first1=M. g|date=2011-04-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-22|last2=Sasibhooshan|first2=Bindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married Bindu Sasibhooshan. The couple has two children Gautam and Gayathri.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Bibliography ==
* Dr.M.G. Sasibhooshan(1994){{Cite book|url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/kerathile-chuvar-chitrangal/12492/|title=Kerathile Chuvar Chitrangal|publisher=Kerala Bhasha Institute|isbn=9788120044111}}
* {{Cite book|title=Murals of Kerala|publisher=Department of Public Relations|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book|title=Ganga Muthal Kaveri Vare|publisher=D C Books}}
* Dr.M.G. Sasibhooshan(2005) {{Cite book|title=കേരളീയരുടെ ദേവതശങ്കൽപം|date=2005 |publisher=DC Books|isbn=8126410442}}
* Keralathile Daru Shilpangal
* {{Cite book|title=Keraleeya Kaladarshanam|publisher=Kerala Basha Institute|isbn=9788176389297}}
* Asethu Himachalam
* {{Cite book|url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/CHARITHRAM-KURICHA-SREEPADMANABHASWAMI-KSHETHRAM|title=Charithram Kuricha Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshethram|date=2011 |publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126433513|archive-date=25 March 2017|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325182005/http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/CHARITHRAM-KURICHA-SREEPADMANABHASWAMI-KSHETHRAM|url-status=dead}}
* Kerala Charithram Apriya Neerikshanangal
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Worlds-Richest-Temple-Everything-Padmanabhaswamy-ebook/dp/B0751FPR6P/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=MG+Sasibhooshan&qid=1579676930&s=books&sr=1-1|title=Sree Padamabha Swamy Temple|date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Stark World Publishing Private Limited}}
* Kerala charitrathilekkulla Nattuvazhikal
* Dr.M.G. Sasibhooshan(2017){{Cite book|url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/athazhappashnikkarundo-malayalikalute-acharangalum-anacharamgalum/9432/|title=അത്താഴപ്പഷ്ണിക്കാരുണ്ടോ|date=2017 |publisher=DC Books|isbn=9789386680310}}
* Dr.M.G. Sasibhooshan(2017){{Cite book|url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ariyapedatha-ananthapuri/9998/|title=അറിയപ്പെടാത്ത അനന്തപുരി|date=2017 |publisher=Poorna Publications|isbn=9788130019413}}
* Dr.M.G. Sasibhooshan (2019){{Cite book|url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/desacharitram-keraleeyakshethrangaliloote/15385/|title=ദേശചരിത്രം കേരളീയക്ഷേത്രങ്ങളിലൂടെ|date=2019 |publisher=DC Books|isbn=9789352826803}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasibhooshan, MG}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Indian numismatists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian art historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram]]

Avdhoot Shivanand

2026-02-02T09:23:34Z

Al202xis0:

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sanatan]]
| founder = Shiv Yog
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| spouse = Sadhna Shivanand
| children =
| guru = 108 Swami Jagannath ji. Dattatreya Legacy.
| honors =
| website = {{URL|http://www.shivyog.com/}}
}}

'''Avdhoot Shivanand Ji''' is an Indian spiritual leader and founder of ShivYog, an organization that offers meditation programs. He also conducts public discourses which are broadcast on multiple television channels such as [[Aastha TV]], Adhyatm TV and [[Sanskar TV]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.aasthatv.com/index.php/saints-gurus/46-avdhoot-baba-shivanand-ji|title=Shiv Yog Avdhoot Baba Shivanand show on Aastha channel |website=aasthatv.com|accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref> He is also involved in various social development activities, which has bestowed him with various honors from communities.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://asiantribune.com/node/89143
|title=Town of North Hempstead Declares June 18 Baba Shivanand Day|website=asiantribune.com|date=2016-06-26|accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Hemant Gairola|url=http://www.arre.co.in/people/sons-of-the-spiritual-soil/
|title=Sons of the Spiritual Soil|website=arre.co.in|date=2016-05-25|accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref>

==Biography==
Avdhoot Shivanand was born on 26 March 1955 in Delhi and grew up in Rajasthan. At the age of 8, he came in contact with Himalayan yogi 108 Swami Jagganath ji who inspired him to pursue a spiritual path. Thereafter, he visited many sacred places in India for meditation. During his travels he practiced and meditated on the teachings of Swami Jagannath.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} He decided to dedicate his life to spread spirituality and meditation around the world. From 1990, he started conducting talks & workshops on Shivyog and Advait [[Shri Vidya]] Sadhana around India. In 1995 he created the Shivyog Foundation with the aim to share the wisdom of meditation and inner healing to everyone.<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Global |first=Shivyog |title=Celebrated Yogi Scientist Dr. Avdhoot Shivanand to Spend Four Months Touring America and Sharing Transformational Knowledge on Self-Healing Methods |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/celebrated-yogi-scientist-dr-avdhoot-shivanand-to-spend-four-months-touring-america-and-sharing-transformational-knowledge-on-self-healing-methods-300478396.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> The first ShivYog ashram was built in Delhi where he taught meditation. Today there are 3 ShivYog ashrams in Delhi, Lucknow and Karjat respectively and ShivYog courses are held at more than 100 locations in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://events.shivyogindia.com/|title=Events|website=events.shivyogindia.com/|date=2016-05-25|accessdate=2017-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601234503/http://events.shivyogindia.com/|archive-date=2017-06-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shivyog programs are also conducted worldwide in close to 30 countries from the year 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/news/20170609/indian-saint-speaks-of-healing-powers-in-natick|title= Indian saint speaks of healing powers in Natick|website= metrowestdailynews.com |date=2017-06-09|accessdate=2017-06-17}}</ref> In September 2016, P D Patil, the Chancellor of [[List of deemed universities|DY Patil University]] conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctorate in Cosmic-Science,their contribution in SiddhaHealing Methods and philanthropy work on Human Health.Doctor Emeritus to Avdhoot Shivanand for contribution in modern spiritual science, and H. H Avdhoot Shivanand became Indian Himalayan Yogi to pursue Phd.

Since 2020 his public appearances have drastically reduced.<ref>{{cite web|author= Suhana Bhatia|url=https://www.indiapages.in/spiritual-leader-avdhoot-shivanand-6520.html
|title=His Holiness Avdhoot Baba Shivanand Is Now Dr Avdhoot Shivanand|website= indiapages.in |date=2016-05-25|accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://convocation.dpu.edu.in/|title=Convocation Ceremony |website= convocation.dpu.edu.in |date=2016-05-25|accessdate=2017-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url= http://m.rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/astrology-and-spirituality/avdhoot-shivanand-ji-honored-with-doctorate-know-what-is-shivyog-2539077.html | title= Shiva Yoga: Science has accepted this Vidya in ancient rishis, Avadhoot Baba gets Honor Degree |website= |date=2016-05-25|accessdate=2017-06-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivanand, Avdhoot}}
[[Category:New Age spiritual leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Brahacharanam

2026-01-27T05:41:31Z

Al202xis0:

{{Short description|Sub-sect of the Iyer community of Tamil Brahmins of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| group = Brahacharanam
| population = Unknown
| popplace = Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Kerala]]
| langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Malayalam]] [[Kannada]] [[Sanskrit]] (liturgical)
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Iyer]], [[Tamil people]]
}}

'''Brahacharanam''' is a sub-sect of the [[Iyer]] community of [[Tamil Brahmins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Brahacharanam&pg=PA680 |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |pages=680 |language=en}}</ref> The word "Brahacharanam" is a corruption of the [[Sanskrit]] word '''Brhatcharanam''' ({{langx|sa|बृहत्चरणम्}}). Many Brahacharanam follow the ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'' philosophy propounded by [[Adi Shankara]]. Some Brahacharanam adhere to [[Shiva Advaita|''Shivadvaita'']]. The Brahacharanams, along with the Vadamas, form the major portion of the [[Kerala Iyer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palakkad Iyers - A contrasting story of Brahmin migration |url=http://www.narayanmurti.com/3_49_palakkad_Iyers.php |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.narayanmurti.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Das (Journalist) |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dh_tAEACAAJ |title=Saga of Kalpathy: The Story of Palghat Iyers |date=2017 |publisher=Ahalia Publications LLP |isbn=978-93-86506-10-8 |language=en}}</ref> community.

==Sub-groups ==

{{unreferenced section|date=May 2017}}

The Brahacharanam are divided into the following subgroups:

* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kandiramanickkam,+Tamil+Nadu+612604,+India/@10.9069979,79.485906,14z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a5530df61ef782f:0xd49b974a47475c07!8m2!3d10.9103781!4d79.5181884!16s%2Fg%2F12jst9tg4?entry=tts Kandiramanickam] (a village in Tiruvarur district, near Kodavasal, in Nachiyar kovil to Nannilam road)
* Milaganur (a village in Sivagangai district)
* Mangudi (a village in Tanjore district near Kumbakonam)
* [[Palamaneri Iyers|Pazhamaneri]] (a village in Tanjore district)
* Kolathur (a village in Kanchipuram district)
* Marudancheri
* Mazhanadu
* Sathyamangalam (Erode district)
* Puduru Dravida<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Constitution Architects: Alladi Krishna Ayyar's Contribution To The Constitution |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/constitution-architects-alladi-krishna-ayyars-contribution-to-the-constitution-590296.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> (In Andhra Pradesh)

A significant number of Brahacharanams have migrated to [[Kerala]],<ref name=":0" /> where they are part of the Kerala Iyer community. They have also migrated in large numbers to [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Puduru,+Andhra+Pradesh+524126,+India/@13.8961691,79.9274312,14z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a4d0556d74967bf:0x2a4d3f9b8a5ef0c1!8m2!3d13.8941605!4d79.9276651!16s%2Fg%2F1tf38z6m Puduru] (meaning new town/village /place) in between Nellore and Chennai, Andhra Pradesh where they form the Puduru Dravida community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VS |first=Ravi |date=August 27, 2020 |title=The life and times of Sir Alladi - Part I |url=https://newstimenow.com/the-life-and-times-of-sir-alladi-part1-1/ |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=newstimenow.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''bruhat'' in [[Sanskrit]] means "great", "vast" or "significant" and the word ''charanam'' refers to feet. The name Brahacharanam can be thus literally translated as "feet of the greats" referring to the status of a Guru, and the Brahacharanam being those who follow in the footsteps of the Greats.

Another interpretation for Brahacharanam provided by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri in his 'History of South India' is the 'Great Migration'. Sastri notes that this could be taken as evidence of one of the earliest migrations of people from Karnataka into Tamil Nadu, especially given that many Brahacharanam sub-sects have names such as Satyamangalam, Mangudi etc. - all names of villages hugging the [[Western Ghats]], and thereby denoting the route taken from North to South. Sastri considers this interpretation to be too speculative, given there is no direct evidence for the same.

== Origins ==
Their exact origins are not clear but their presence in the Tamil Kingdoms extends back at least to the reign of [[Parantaka Chola II]], who is said to have ''brahmarayars'' as ministers. Many of the agraharam villages of the Brahacharanam also have very ancient origins.

== Traditional role ==

The traditional function of Brahacharanams is to study and impart Vedic knowledge or officiate as priests in religious functions. However, there is evidence that in ancient times, they might have also served in the army or in civil and administrative services. During the Chola period, members of the community (especially the Pazhamaneri Brahacharanam) even served as army commanders. Senapathi [[Krishnan Raman]] was the Commander-in-chief of the Imperial Chola army of [[Rajendra Chola I]].<ref name=" brahmarayar">{{cite book | first= K.A| last=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri| author-link=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri| orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The CōĻas|pages=188–189 |publisher= University of Madras | location= Madras}}</ref> Brahacharanam also consider themselves to be among the first followers of [[Adi Shankaracharya]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== Notable people ==
===Chandrasekhar family (Mangudi sub-group)===
{{main|Chandrasekhar family}}
* Sir [[C.V.Raman]], [[Nobel Prize]] winner in [[Physics]] from [[India]]<ref>World Famous Scientists By Sura College of Competition, Prof. P.R. Sreemahadevan Pillai</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2017}}{{request quotation|date=May 2017}}
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], Nobel Prize winner in Physics from India, nephew of C.V.Raman<ref>Chandra: a biography of S. Chandrasekhar By Kameshwar C. Wali</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2017}}{{request quotation|date=May 2017}}

=== Others ===
* [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]], member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|M.P. Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer]], a Carnatic vocalist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnatik.com/co1113.shtml|title=Royal Carpet Carnatic Composers: MahA VaidhyanAtha Sivan Shivan VaidyanAta Iyer}}</ref>
* [[D. V. Gundappa]], a writer, poet and philosopher<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/writers/dvg.htm|title=Kannada Writers - D. V. Gundappa}}</ref>
* V. Ramaswamy Aiyer, founder of Indian Mathematical Society (Sathyamangala Brahacharanam)
* V. Balakumaran (Tamil writer and novelist)
* Sir P. S. Sivaswamy Iyer, Advocate General of Madras during British times(Palamaneri Brahacharanam)
* Mangudi Dorairaja Iyer (Bharathanatyam teacher)
* Manakkal Nambigal (A vaishnavite saint, disciple of Uyyakondar)
* Manakkal Rangarajan (a renowned Carnatic musician)
* Alladi Ramakrishnan, son of Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer founder of Matscience India (Pudur Dravida)
* Alladi Kuppusamy Iyer, prominent Jurist son of Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Pudur Dravida)
* T. Paramasiva Iyer, district sessions judge of Bangalore (Mangudi Brahacharanam)
* T. Sadasiva Iyer, chief justice of Travancore, brother of T. Paramasiva Iyer (Mangudi Brahacharanam)
* Mahakavi C. Subramania Bharathi (Tamil poet)
* Kothamangalam Subbu (Tamil poet, lyricst, author)
* Subramaniya Siva (Tamil Writer and Pure Tamil Movement Activist)
* Natarajan Chandrasekaran (chairperson of Air India and Tata Sons)
* M. Gopala Krishna Iyer (Tamil writer and founder of Madurai Manavar Senthamil Sangam)
* B.Rajam Iyer (Carnatic Singer)
* Ramana Maharshi ( famous spiritual saint)
* Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer ( Renowned Veena Player)
* Karaikudi Mani ( Renowned Mridangist)
* Natesa Sastri ( Indian Polyglot)
* B.R Rajam Iyer( notable Indian Lawyer during colonial period)
* B.S Ramiah ( Tamil Journalist)
* C.S Chellappa ( Tamil Journalist)
* judge L S Parthasarathy iyer of lalgudi(Malanadu Brahacharanam)- sessions judge
* Dr S Kalyanaraman neurologist
* Mylrengam Natesa Iyer Banker( Tamilnadu Central Bank)
* Lalgudi G Jayaraman violinist
* Jeyarathan (S. Venkatasubramanian), Tamil Novelist / writer - (Khandaramanickam Brahacharanam)
* Trichy Sankaran ( Famous Mridangist)
* Edayathumangalam C Rangaswami Ayyar ( Founder of E.R Higher Secondary School, Tiruchirappalli)
* Dr Raj Iyer ( US Army's CIO)

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Brahmins]]
[[Category:Smarta tradition]]

Vishwadevanand Puri

2026-01-24T14:51:44Z

Al202xis0: Added the info v1

{{Short description| Hindu monk and a traditional teacher (1946 - 2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Swami Vishwadevanand Puri
| image = स्वामी विश्वदेवानंद जी.jpg
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1946|1|26}}
| birth_place = Naugawan district of [[Kanpur division]], India
| birth_name = Kailash Nath Shukla
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|05|07|1946|1|26|df=y}}<ref name="Swami Vishwa Devanandji Maharaj died in a road accident">{{cite web |last1=Puri |first1=Vishwadevanand |title=Haridwar saint dies in road accident |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haridwar-saint-dies-in-road-accident--22698.html/ |website=India TV News |date=8 May 2013 |publisher=India TV News Desk |access-date=8 May 2013 |ref=1}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Haridwar, Uttarakhand]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| disciples = Anantbodh Chaitanya
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors = Nirvan Pithadhishwar Acharya Mahamandleshwar
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''Swami Vishwadevanand Puri''' (26 January 1946{{snd}}7 May 2013) was a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] monk and a traditional teacher of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. He founded the Vishwakalyan Foundation Trust (Shri Yantra [[Mandir]]) in [[Haridwar]].<ref name=":0" />

== {{anchor|Beginnings}}Early life ==
Puri was born Kailash Nath Shukla in the village of Naugawan, [[Kanpur division]], Uttar Pradesh on 26 January 1946 to Vishwanath Shukla. As a child, he had a great interest in spirituality and religion. Puri read many [[Vedic scriptures]], which made him resolve to lead a [[Sanyasi]]'s life for the welfare of mankind. When he was sixteen, he left home permanently in search of God and cut ties with his family. While traveling, he sought out the Sanyasi Pujya Swami Sadananda Paramhansa in Dariyapur village.{{which|date=October 2023}} Puri wanted to learn [[Neo-Advaita|Satsang]]. Under Sadananda's guidance, he became proficient in many types of [[sadhana]]s.

Puri's interest in Vedic philosophy grew and he became interested in [[Vedanta]]. He had an initiation ritual with Param Tapasvi Anant Shri Vibhushit Acharya Mahamandaleshwar Nirvana Pithadhishvar Swami Atulanand Ji in 1962 and became a [[paramahamsa]], the highest level of spiritual education in Hinduism, which is considered by believers to make a person [[Moksha|one with ultimate reality]]. Puri, renamed Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Acharya Swami Vishwadevanand Ji Maharaj, went on a [[pilgrimage]] to holy sites throughout India to understand the plight of the people and find viable solutions to dispel ignorance. Probably his last household deciple was Pradeep Mishra author of From Leader To Creator. He went on a later world tour to share his knowledge with people worldwide. Supported by his Vedic knowledge and spiritual experiences, he developed a vision to serve society based on the principle of ''Vasudev Kutumbakam'': "the whole world is one family of the divine". He founded the Vishwa Kalyan Foundation in [[Haridwar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Swami Shri Vishwadevananda ji Maharaj|url=http://shriyantramandir.com/pujya-shrivishwadevanandamaharaj-shri/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Shri Yantra Mandir}}</ref>

== Education ==
With the permission of Swami Aulanand Ji Maharaj, Puri studied at the [[ashram]] in [[Ellis bridge (area)|Ellis Bridge]], Ahmedabad. He studied the systems of [[Nyaya]], Bhagwat and Vedanta, and grammar and philosophy with Param Guru Acharya Mahamandaleshwar Nirvana Pithadhishvar Swami Krishnanand Ji Maharaj Shri.

== {{anchor|Pithadhishwar of Mahanirvani Akhada}}Mahanirvani Akhada ==
An organization of ''[[sadhu]]s'', the Shri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumbha Mela|url=http://www.sanatankultura.com/index.php/en/hinduism/kumbha-mela-en|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.sanatankultura.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> honored Puri in 1985 at the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]]. He was then elected Acharya Mahamandaleshwar (leader) of the Shri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvan).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review of Kumbha Mela, 1998|url=https://www.yogaindailylife.org/news/kumbha-mela-1998|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.yogaindailylife.org|date=23 January 2010 }}</ref> As leader of the [[akhara]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=महानिर्वाणी से हुई थी महामंडलेश्वर पद की शुरुआत|url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/religion-mahamandleshwar-mhanirwani-from-the-beginning-of-term-10371979.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> he chaired ashrams in Haridwar, [[Varanasi]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Ahmedabad]]. Puri established the world's first stone [[Shri Yantra]] temple{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} in [[Kankhal]], Haridwar, Uttarakhand. His best-known disciple is Anantbodh Chaitanya from [[Panipat, Haryana]], who was initiated on 13 April 2005 at the Sanyas ashram. Puri appointed Australian swami Jasraj Puri as a [[mahamandaleshwar]] in the [[Mahanirvani Akhada]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-18|title=ऑस्ट्रेलियाई युवक को महामंडलेश्वर की पदवी|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2010/02/100218_australia_saint_ra|access-date=2021-01-08|website=BBC News हिंदी|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=australia saint {{!}} ऑस्ट्रेलियाई युवक को महामंडलेश्वर की पदवी|url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/bbc-hindi-news/ऑस्ट्रेलियाई-युवक-को-महामंडलेश्वर-की-पदवी-110022000065_1.htm|access-date=2021-01-08|website=hindi.webdunia.com|language=hi}}</ref>

[[Aastha TV]] produced a documentary about Puri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swami Vishwadevanand Puri ji - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XhTD210svE&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> He has initiated many Nagas at the Mahanirvani Akhada as an ''[[acharya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=स्वामी नीलकंठ गिरी के संन्यास के गुरु श्री विश्वदेवानंद जी|url=https://www.shripeeth.in/guruji.php|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-08|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> Brahamlin Swami Martand Puri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prayagraj News: नहीं रहे धार्मिक चैनलों की नींव रखने वाले माधवकांत, प्रयागराज से था ऐसा गहरा नाता|url=https://www.subahsamachar.com/news/detail/madhavakant-a-journalist-turned-monk-had-a-deep-bond-with-prayagraj/169469|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.subahsamachar.com|language=en}}</ref> received ''[[diksha]]'' from Puri, and was appointed a mahamandaleshwar by him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=पत्रकारिता छोड़ माधवकांत मिश्र बन गए संन्यासी {{!}} Himnewspost|url=https://himnewspost.com/2012/10/madhvakant-mishra-left-journalist-and-became-a-saint/amp/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=himnewspost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-27|title=माधवकांत उर्फ मार्तंडपुरी बने महामंडलेश्वर {{!}} No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/old1/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.bhadas4media.com|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Nithyananda|Swami Nityanand]] was also appointed a mahamandleshwar by Puri.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=नित्यानन्द बना महामंडलेश्वर|url=https://www.amarujala.com/news-archives/astrology-archives/akharas-opposed-to-mahamandaleshwar-nityananda-swami|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Puri delivered religious discourses for thirty years. He attracted large audiences in India, and toured outside the country. Puri's lectures covered the [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], ''[[Bhagavatam]]'', [[Puranas]], [[Bhagavad Gita]], ''[[Ramayana]]'' and other Eastern and Western philosophies, and he quoted the scriptures of other religions. He taught a simple, straightforward way of God-realization which could be practiced by anyone. Puri was a member of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=हरिद्वार में संतों की हुंकार|url=https://archives.panchjanya.com/arch/2010/4/18/File41.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-08|website=archives.panchjanya.com}}</ref> {{ill|Sangh Sanchalak Shri Sudrashan|hi|के एस सुदर्शन}} and [[Lal Krishna Advani]] visited Sanyas Ashram in [[Vile Parle]] and met Puri on [[Vijayadashami]] (31 October 2004) to premiere a film based on [[K. B. Hedgewar]]'s life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=सरसंघचालक श्री सुदर्शन की उपस्थिति में श्री लालकृष्ण आडवाणी ने किया फिल्म निर्माण का मुहूर्त|url=https://www.panchjanya.com/arch/2004/10/31/File16.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.panchjanya.com}}</ref> Puri supported Ram Setu and [[Ram Mandir]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=रामलीला मैदान में सम्पन्न हुई विशाल सभा में स्वामी विश्वदेवानंद जी ने कहा कि प्रधानमंत्री राम सेतु रक्षा के लिए पहल करें।|url=https://archives.panchjanya.com/arch/2007/6/10/File18.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-08|website=archives.panchjanya.com}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] visited Sanyas Ashram and met Puri. "He spent nearly 45 minutes here. We discussed religious affairs and ancient Indian traditions as well as issues like terrorism", Puri said.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-09-08|title=RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat met Swami Vishwadevanand|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-don-t-follow-west-blindly-mohan-bhagwat-1288423|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-08|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== Views on religious freedom ==
Puri was a proponent of [[freedom of religion]], saying that "religious harmony is closely dependent on the freedom each religion grants to the other."<ref>{{Cite web|title=सनातन धर्म के ध्वजवाहक स्वामी विश्वदेवानंद|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/west-bengal/asansol/794865|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|date=5 May 2016 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Death ==
Puji died in Haridwar on 7 May 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=विरले ही जन्म लेते हैं ऐसे संत|url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/religion-rarely-are-born-saint-10375215.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> after a [[Traffic collision|car accident]] while he was returning to his ashram from [[Jolly Grant Airport]] in Dehradun.<ref name="Swami Vishwa Devanandji Maharaj died in a road accident">{{cite web |last1=Puri |first1=Vishwadevanand |title=Haridwar saint dies in road accident |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/haridwar-saint-dies-in-road-accident--22698.html/ |website=India TV News |date=8 May 2013 |publisher=India TV News Desk |access-date=8 May 2013 |ref=1}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://shriyantramandir.com/pujya-maharaj-shri/ Nirvan Pithadhishwar Acharya Mahamandleshwar Swami Vishwadevanand Puri]
*[https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/haridwar-10374726.html स्वामी विश्वदेवानंद जी को दी गयी भू समाधि ]
*[https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/west-bengal/asansol/794865 स्वामी विश्वदेवानंद जी को श्रद्धांजलि ]
{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Swami Vishwadevananda}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Nagar district]]

Assam Baptist Convention

2026-01-19T05:38:40Z

Al202xis0: fix references and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{short description|Baptist Christian denomination in Assam, India}}
'''Assam Baptist Convention''' ('''ABC''') is a [[Baptists|Baptist]] [[Christian denomination]] in Assam, India. It is affiliated with the [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]] and the [[Asia Pacific Baptist Federation]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]).

==History==
The Assam Baptist Convention traces its origins back to the work of 19th Century Baptists missionaries in Assam<ref>{{cite book |title=Christianity in Assam and inter-faith dialogue: a study on the modern religious movements in north east India |last=Muttumana |first=Mathew |page=108 |year=1984 |publisher=Satprakashan Sanchar Kendra |oclc=12809065 }}</ref> such as Krishna Chandra Pal, [[Nathan Brown (missionary)|Nathan Brown]], Oliver Cutter and [[Miles Bronson and the Noctes|Miles Bronson]]. The first indigenous person from Assam to be baptized into the baptist faith was Nidhi Levi from the [[Jalia Kaibarta]] ethnicity baptized in 1841. The Baptist Church of Assam was formed in 1845 with its headquarters at [[Guwahati]]. There was a small revival in [[Nidhi]] in 1847, but as of 1861 the Assam Baptist Church had only 31 members.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moffett|first=Samuel Hugh|title=1500 to 1900.|year=2005|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|location=Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books|isbn=1-57075-450-0|pages=425–427|edition=2nd rev. and corrected}}</ref>

According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 37,410 members and 921 churches.<ref>Baptist World Alliance, [https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/ Members], baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved 5 May 2023</ref>

==Schools==
The Assam Baptist Convention currently operates a school in [[Nagaon]] and another in [[Golaghat]].

== See also ==
* [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
* [[North East India Christian Council]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Churches in India}}

[[Category:Christianity in Assam]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1845]]
[[Category:Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in British India]]

{{india-org-stub}}
{{assam-stub}}
{{baptists-stub}}

O Abhagi

2026-01-10T05:46:38Z

Al202xis0: Put Up New Entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|2024 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = O Abhagi
| image = O Abhagi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = O Abhagi Film's official Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Anirban Chakraborty]]
| writer = [[Anirban Chakraborty]]
| screenplay = [[Anirban Chakraborty]]
| story = [[Anirban Chakraborty]]
| based_on = Based on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s short story 'Abhagir Swargo'
| producer = Dr. Prabir Bhaumik
| starring = [[Rafiath Rashid Mithila]], [[Subrat Dutta]], Debjani Chatterjee, Ishan Mazumder, Sayan Ghosh, Jinia Pande, Krishna Banerjee, and Sourav Halder.
| narrator =
| cinematography = Malay Mondal
| editing = Sujay Datta Ray
| music = Mousumi Chatterjee
| studio = Swabhumi Entertainment
| distributor = Equinox Film City
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|29}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''O Abhagi''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language film directed by [[Anirban Chakraborty]]. The film is based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's short story 'Abhagir Swargo' and stars [[Rafiath Rashid Mithila]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/film-on-sarat-chandra-s-abhagir-swargo-starring-bangladeshi-actor-mithila-to-hit-screen-101710047564031.html|title=Film on Sarat Chandra's 'Abhagir Swargo' starring Bangladeshi actor Mithila to hit screen|date=10 March 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/o-abhagi-brings-sarat-chandra-chattopadhyayas-work-to-life-on-screen/articleshow/108293773.cms|title='O Abhagi' brings Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyaya's work to life on screen|date=7 March 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423052836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/o-abhagi-brings-sarat-chandra-chattopadhyayas-work-to-life-on-screen/articleshow/108293773.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Presented by Swabhumi Entertainment and produced by Dr. Prabir Bhaumik. ''O Abhagi'' was released all over West Bengal on 29 March 2024.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.t2online.in/|title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion | t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE|website=www.t2online.in|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212150340/https://t2online.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/rafiath-rashid-mithila-to-play-the-protagonist-in-o-abhagi-522541|title=Rafiath Rashid Mithila to play the protagonist in ‘O Abhagi’|date=18 June 2023|website=www.millenniumpost.in|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423052846/https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/rafiath-rashid-mithila-to-play-the-protagonist-in-o-abhagi-522541|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Mar/16/the-trailer-of-the-upcoming-bengali-film-o-abhagi-drops|title=The trailer of the upcoming Bengali film O Abhagi drops|first=Subhadrika|last=Sen|date=16 March 2024|website=Indulgexpress|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423052844/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Mar/16/the-trailer-of-the-upcoming-bengali-film-o-abhagi-drops|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anandosangbadlive.com/poster-launch-of-o-abhagi/|title=Poster Launch of "O Abhagi"|date=2 March 2024|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423052842/https://anandosangbadlive.com/poster-launch-of-o-abhagi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/695593|title=Mithila to play titular role in ‘O Abhagi’|first=Daily|last=Sun|date=24 June 2023|website=daily-sun|access-date=24 April 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424024932/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/695593|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Abhagi, a lower cast woman, is a poor village woman, left by her husband, and lives with her son, Kangali, in a small mud hut. They are happy with each other. Abhagi falls in love with Yamraj when she sees him in a play, and is affected by his words. He only takes good-looking women in his chariot to burn them in a fire. Abhagi has always dreamed of fire from his son after death. After the death of Ginnima, Abhagi sees a chariot coming out of the sky in the smoke where Ginnima was burned, and it takes her away to the sky. Abhagi dreams of her death just like Ginnima's. On the day of her death, she gets high fever and dies. Before her death, Abhagi tells her son that she wishes for Sindoor and alta and that he will burn her in the wood. Kangali fulfils all her wishes, but he can't arrange the wood for burning. Everyone scolds him saying that he doesn't have to burn his mother in wood as she is lower cast. He has to bury his mother's dead body. The fire, Abhagi wished all her life, now is in the eyes of Kangali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Sudeshna |date=2024-04-11 |title=O Abhagi hits at age-old oppressive tools, untouchability and patriarchal norms |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/o-abhagi-hits-at-age-old-oppressive-tools-untouchability-and-patriarchal-norms/cid/2012708 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423052838/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/o-abhagi-hits-at-age-old-oppressive-tools-untouchability-and-patriarchal-norms/cid/2012708 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Apr/06/bangladeshi-actress-rafiath-rashid-on-her-tollywood-film-o-abhagi|title=Bangladeshi actress Rafiath Rashid on her Tollywood film, 'O Abhagi'|first=Sharmistha|last=Ghosal|date=6 April 2024|website=Indulgexpress|access-date=24 April 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424032623/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Apr/06/bangladeshi-actress-rafiath-rashid-on-her-tollywood-film-o-abhagi|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rafiath Rashid Mithila]]<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Subrat Dutta]]

==Releases==

* Official Teaser of ''O Abhagi'' released on 7 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/o-abhagi-official-teaser/videoshow/108526201.cms|title=O Abhagi - Official Teaser | Bangla Movie News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424033739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/o-abhagi-official-teaser/videoshow/108526201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Official Trailer Released on 15 March 2024.<ref name="auto2"/>
* Film Released on 29th Match 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesspostbd.com/entertainment/mithila-starrer-o-abhagi-released|title=Mithila starrer ‘O Abhagi’ released|website=businesspostbd.com|access-date=24 April 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424032706/https://businesspostbd.com/entertainment/mithila-starrer-o-abhagi-released|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/343207/mithila-s-new-movie-o-abhagi-released|title=Mithila's new movie 'O Abhagi' released}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A review noted, "The spoken language of the film is totally un-Sarat Chandra-esque: major use of ‘cuss words’ and abusive language to some ears could sound too harsh, especially for those raised in a ‘''bhadro''’ atmosphere and with Victorian morals, who are either unaware or prefer to overlook the subaltern lingo. Anirban has come out of the mould of following the story to a T. He has put in his interpretation, added characters of his own and created nuances."<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|31556854}}
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/o-abhagi/ET00391727 O Abhagi (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow]

{{DEFAULTSORT:O, Abhagi}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

The Times Group

2025-12-18T04:05:02Z

Al202xis0:

{{short description|Mass media conglomerate in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.
| logo = The Times Group logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo of The Times Group
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1838|11|04|p=y|df=yes}}
| founder =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|
[[Samir Jain]] ([[Chairperson#Vice-chairperson and deputy chairperson|Vice-Chairman]] and Managing Director)|[[Vineet Jain]] (Managing Director)|Sivakumar Sundaram ([[Chief executive officer|Chairman, Executive Committee]])}}
| industry = [[Mass media]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Publishing]] |[[broadcasting]] |[[radio]] |[[film]]s |[[entertainment]] |[[web portal]]s}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|73.94|b}} (2022)<ref name=10K>{{cite news |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/bccl-posts-a-total-profit-of-rs-456-cr-in-fy22-124735.html |website=exchange4media.com |title=BCCL's FY21 consolidated revenue at Rs 5,337.94 crore |date=21 November 2019 |last1=Saini |first1=Sonam |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527175047/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/bccl-posts-a-total-profit-of-rs-456-cr-in-fy22-124735.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4.57|b}} (2022)<ref name=10K/>
| num_employees = 11,100 (2014)<ref name="FY">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/times-group-may-go-for-an-ipo-in-the-long-run-112100600010_1.html|title=Times Group may go for an IPO 'in the long run'|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=8 November 2021|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517002901/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/times-group-may-go-for-an-ipo-in-the-long-run-112100600010_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| owner = [[Sahu Jain family]]
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*[[Times Internet]]
*[[Bennett University]]
*[[Times Music]]
*[[Junglee Pictures]]
* Times Innovative Media Limited
* Times Business Solutions Limited
* Times Guaranty Ltd
* Times Publishing House Limited
}}
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd.''' ('''BCCL'''), [[Trade name|d/b/a]] '''The Times Group''', is an Indian [[media conglomerate]] based in [[Mumbai]].{{r|FT}} Notable media properties owned and operated by the group include India's largest selling daily English-language newspaper ''[[The Times of India]]'', television channels such as [[Times Now]], the radio station network [[Radio Mirchi]], and magazines ''[[Filmfare]]'' and ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bennett Coleman and Company Limited |url=https://www.crisilratings.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/BennettColemanandCompanyLimited_May%2017_%202024_RR_341028.html |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=CRISIL}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi rectifies penalty on Samir Jain, wife and others in PNB Finance case |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/sebi-reduces-penalty-on-times-group-s-samir-jain-wife-and-others-123033000441_1.html |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

The [[Sahu Jain family]] owns a majority of the stake in the group. In May 2023, the Times Group was split into two separate business entities between brothers [[Vineet Jain]] and [[Samir Jain]], such that its radio and broadcast properties would remain with Vineet Jain and its print properties would be under the ownership of Samir Jain.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-times-group-split-samir-jain-takes-print-vineet-gets-broadcast-radio-biz-3095789/ Times Group split: Samir Jain takes print; Vineet gets broadcast, radio biz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719161547/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-times-group-split-samir-jain-takes-print-vineet-gets-broadcast-radio-biz-3095789/ |date=19 July 2023 }}. ''Financial Express''. 21 May 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=John |title=The battle for succession |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5be4e2ea-def2-4f4b-b929-65e9dc275901 |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=Financial Times |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
The ''Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce'' was first published on 3 November 1838 as a predecessor to what would become ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/22658617|title=The Bombay times and journal of commerce, 1838–1859|publisher=National Library of Australia|year=1838|language=en|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105145059/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/22658617|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/miscellaneous/Bombay-Times/articleshow/55223939.cms|title=Bombay Times – Times of India ►|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202145502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/miscellaneous/Bombay-Times/articleshow/55223939.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstversions.com/2016/11/the-times-of-india.html|title=The Times of India|website=www.firstversions.com|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064743/https://www.firstversions.com/2016/11/the-times-of-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While starting as a biweekly paper, it was converted to a daily in 1850. In 1859 the paper was merged with two other papers into the ''Bombay Times and Standard'' under editor [[Robert Knight (editor)|Robert Knight]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/3rd-november-1838-the-times-of-india-the-newspaper-was-founded|title=3rd November 1838: The Times of India, the newspaper, was founded|website=www.mapsofindia.com|date=3 November 2013|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115212439/http://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/3rd-november-1838-the-times-of-india-the-newspaper-was-founded|url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, in 1861, the paper got a more national scope with the title ''The Times of India''. Subsequently the paper saw its ownership change several times until 1892 when an English journalist named [[Thomas Jewell Bennett]] along with Frank Morris Coleman (who later drowned in the 1915 sinking of the [[SS Persia (1900)|SS ''Persia'']]) acquired the newspaper through their new joint stock company, ''Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd''. (BCCL).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> At the time, some 800 people were employed by the paper.

The company, by that time consolidated in the Times of India Group, was taken over from its British owners in 1946 by industrialist Ramkrishna Dalmia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8aGAwAAQBAJ&q=Seth+Ramakrishna+Dalmia+times+of+india&pg=PA20|title=Practising Journalism: Values, Constraints, Implications|last=Rajan|first=Nalini|date=2005-08-09|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132102618|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA112|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|last=Kasbekar|first=Asha|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096367|language=en|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113922/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA112|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dalmia (7 April 1893 – 26 September 1978) was a pioneer industrialist and founder of the Dalmia-Jain group or [[Dalmia Group]] and the Times Group. The name is variously written as Ram Krishan Dalmia and Ram Kishan Dalmia. In 1947, Dalmia engineered the acquisition of the media giant Bennett, Coleman by transferring monies from a bank and an insurance company of which he was the Chairman. In 1955, this came to the attention of the socialist parliamentarian [[Feroze Gandhi]] who was part of the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] headed by his estranged father-in-law [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. In December 1955, he raised the matter in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], documenting extensively the various fund transfers and intermediaries through which the acquisition had been financed. The case was investigated by the [[Vivian Bose]] Commission of Inquiry.

In the court case that followed, where he was represented by the leading British attorney [[Dingle Foot|Sir Dingle Mackintosh Foot]], Dalmia was sentenced to two years in [[Tihar Jail]]. But he managed to spend most of the jail term in hospital. During this period the company was run by Dalmia's son-in-law Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain.

Upon his release his son-in-law [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]] to whom he had entrusted running of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. rebuffed his efforts to resume command of the company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History is only a by-product for Bennett, Coleman & Co.|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/bennett-coleman-and-co-among-100-year-old-indian-companies-22777-2011-06-23|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Business Today|date=23 June 2011|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107153637/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/bennett-coleman-and-co-among-100-year-old-indian-companies-22777-2011-06-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Jain would buy the company a few years later and the company would be primarily run by his family in the years after.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain|title=Citizens Jain|last=Auletta|first=Ken|date=2012-10-08|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-US|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420031405/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain|url-status=live}}</ref> The company expanded its presence in the [[Media of India|Indian media]] sphere by founding different papers and local editions of ''The Times of India''.<ref name=":1" />

==Decline and revival==
[[File:The Times of India 1988 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|The Times of India 1988 stamp of India]]
The Times of India press published a number of influential English (e.g. [[Illustrated Weekly of India]] 1880-1993) and [[List of magazines in Hindi|Hindi magazines]] (e.g. [[Dharmyug]] 1949-1997, Sarika, [[Dinaman]] 1965-1990s, [[Parag (magazine)|Parag]] 1958-1990s), edited by distinguished authors including [[Khushwant Singh]], [[Dharmveer Bharti]], [[Agyeya]] and [[Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena]]. However, the organisation faced financial difficulties, and most of them were closed down during the 1990s.

The sons of [[Ashok Kumar Jain|Sahu Ashok Jain]], Sahu [[Samir Jain]] and [[Vineet Jain]] are credited with reviving the financial success of the group with newer and more profitable ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/bennett-coleman-and-co-among-100-year-old-indian-companies/story/16498.html |title=Just in times Shamni Pande, Business Today, July 10, 2011 |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424234934/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/bennett-coleman-and-co-among-100-year-old-indian-companies/story/16498.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain |title=Citizens Jain, Why India's newspaper industry is thriving, Ken Auletta, The New Yorker, October 1, 2012 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=October 2012 |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420031405/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain |url-status=live |last1=Auletta |first1=Ken }}</ref>

==Assets==

===Publications===
* ''[[The Times of India]]'', largest circulation of any English-language newspaper in the world, with 2.8 million copies.<ref name="FT">{{cite news | title=Uber in tie-up with Times of India digital arm | url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c6c4392-d0a9-11e4-a840-00144feab7de | date=23 March 2015 | newspaper=Financial Times | author=James Crabtree, Mumbai | access-date=24 March 2015 | archive-date=25 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325162218/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c6c4392-d0a9-11e4-a840-00144feab7de.html#axzz3VKpyrnhz | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Details of most circulated publications for the audit period July – December 2013 | url=http://www.auditbureau.org/news/view/17 | publisher=Audit Bureau of Circulations | date=21 May 2014 | access-date=24 March 2015 | archive-date=5 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905020103/http://auditbureau.org/news/view/17 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Times of India to be split between Samir and Vineet Jain, brothers seek funds: Reports |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/times-of-india-to-be-split-between-samir-and-vineet-jain-brothers-seek-funds-reports |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Navbharat Times]]''
* ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''
* ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''
* ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]''
* ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]''
* ''[[Pune Mirror]]''
* ''[[Bombay Times]]''

=== Television channels ===
The Times Group owns the following channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/info/timesnetwork-trai-value-package/337775|title=Times – Movies and News Pack – Times Network News HD Premium Pack Price and Channel List|last=TimesNow|website=TimesNow|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-30|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429093110/https://www.timesnownews.com/info/timesnetwork-trai-value-package/337775|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:middle;"
!style="width:180pt; background:Coral;"|Channel
!style="width:180pt; background:Gold;"|Language
!style="width:300pt; background:Coral;"|Category
!style="width:180pt; background:Gold;"|[[Standard-definition television|SD]]/[[High-definition video|HD]] availability
!style="width:300pt; background:Coral;"|Notes
|-
|[[Movies Now]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian English|English]]
|rowspan="4"|Movies
|rowspan="2"|SD+HD
|
|-
|[[MNX (TV channel)|MNX]]
|Formerly ''Movies Now 2''
|-
|[[Romedy Now]]
|SD
|
|-
|[[MN+]]
|HD
|
|-
|[[Times Now]]
| rowspan="3" |News
|SD
|
|-
|[[Times Now|Times Now World]]
|HD
|Formerly ''[[Times Now|Times Now HD]]''
|-
|[[ET Now]]
|SD
|Business News
|-
|[[Times Now Navbharat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Times Network to launch Hindi news channel in mid June - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/times-network-to-launch-hindi-news-channel-in-mid-june-113032.html |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519164256/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/times-network-to-launch-hindi-news-channel-in-mid-june-113032.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|SD+HD
|News
|-
|ET Now Swadesh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2021-05-20 |title=Times Network To Launch Hindi Business News Channel, ET Now Swadesh |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/times-network-launch-hindi-business-news-channel-et-now-swadesh/2021/05/20 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829142121/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/times-network-launch-hindi-business-news-channel-et-now-swadesh/2021/05/20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Business News
|SD
|
|-
|[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]
|Hindi
|Music
|SD
|
|}

=== Defunct channels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:middle;"
! style="width:180pt; background:Coral;" |Channel
! style="width:180pt; background:Gold;" |Launch
! style="width:180pt; background:Coral;" |Language
! style="width:300pt; background:Gold;" |Category
! style="width:180pt; background:Coral;" |Defunct

! style="width:180pt; background:Gold;" |[[Standard-definition television|SD]]/[[High-definition video|HD]] availability
! style="width:300pt; background:Coral;" |Notes
|-
|[[1Sports]]
|
|[[Indian English|English]]
|Sports
|2023
|SD
|
|-
|[[Mirror Now]]
|
|[[Indian English|English]]
|News
|2025
|SD
|
|}

=== Times Business Solutions Limited ===
{{Infobox company
| name = TBS
| logo = Times_Business_Solutions_Logo.png
| type = Business Service
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 2004
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city =
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry =
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Times Internet]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = http://www.tbsl.in/
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Times Business Solutions – A division of Times Internet Limited''' is a limited company, wholly owned by Bennett Coleman Company Limited (The Times Group). TBS develops [[web sites]] within areas such as [[recruitment]], [[real estate]] and [[Marriage websites|matrimonials]] such as SimplyMarry.com.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Change-your-life-SimplyMarry-com/articleshow/756209.cms | title=Change your life! SimplyMarry.com | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=9 December 2006 | accessdate=29 July 2016 | archive-date=11 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311113629/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Change-your-life-SimplyMarry-com/articleshow/756209.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

TBS started as a division of BCCL in 2004 to create an exchange for job seekers and employers on the internet. With the growth of internet attaining rapid speed and being a highly profitable venture, Times Business Solutions – A division of Times Internet Limited was born as the "''Internet Initiatives''" of BCCL. Times Group, others put $20 million into Square Yards<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWH8Rmc65Rs&t=8s | title=Square Yards | Tanuj Shori | Art of Selling Real Estate - Money Matters with Shradha Sharma | website=[[YouTube]] | date=9 June 2020 | access-date=29 June 2022 | archive-date=29 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629092407/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWH8Rmc65Rs&t=8s | url-status=live }}</ref> in September 2019.

===Times Internet===
{{Main|Times Internet}}

'''Times Internet''' is an Indian company which owns, operates and invests in various [[Internet|Internet-led products, services and technology]].

===Radio Mirchi===
{{Main|Radio Mirchi}}
'''Radio Mirchi''' is a nationwide network of private [[FM radio]] stations in [[India]].

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Publications of The Times Group|Publications of The Times Group]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine |last1=Auletta |first1=Ken |author-link1=Ken Auletta |title=Citizens Jain – Why India's newspaper industry is thriving.|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=30 July 2018 |date=8 October 2012}}
* {{cite web |last1=Thakurta |first1=Paranjoy Guha |author-link1=Paranjoy Guha Thakurta |title=The Times, the Jains, and BCCL |url=http://www.thehoot.org/media-watch/media-business/the-times-the-jains-and-bccl-6425 |website=The Hoot |access-date=30 July 2018 |date=11 November 2012}}
* {{cite web |title=Gigantic List of Companies Owned by The TIMES Group |url=https://www.melodyfuse.com/2019/09/17/gigantic-list-of-companies-owned-by-the-times-group.html |website=MelodyFuse |access-date=23 September 2019 |date=17 September 2019}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{The Times Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Times Group}}
[[Category:The Times Group| ]]
[[Category:Radio broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Newspaper companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1838]]
[[Category:1838 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1838]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Publications of The Times Group|.]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Television production companies of India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1838]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television stations in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1838]]

Varuna (1796 ship)

2025-12-15T20:02:46Z

Al202xis0: Added the stub needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=Great Britain
| flag= {{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}}
| name = ''Varuna''
| namesake = [[Varuna]]
| owner =*1796:Prinsep & Co.
*1803:J. Lowe
*1809:Bruce, Fawcett, and Co.
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder = Calcutta
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 2 April 1796<ref name=Hackman/>{{efn|The British Library voyage summary,<ref name=BL/> and Phipps,<ref name=Phipps>Phipps (1840), p.97.</ref> both give a launch year of 1795. However, Hackman gives a precise day and month in 1796. ''Lloyd's Register'' and the ''Register of Shipping'' also give a year of 1796.<ref name=LR1797/><ref name=RS1806/>}}
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Lost 1811
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=520,<ref>''East-India register and directory''. (1803), p.99.</ref> 526,<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115892 British Library:''Varuna'']</ref> or 526{{small|{{frac|48|94}}}},<ref name=Hackman>Hackman (2001), p.209.</ref> or 548,<ref name=LoM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.91 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Phipps/> or 700<ref name=Reports>''Reports...'' (1809), p.242.</ref> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =*Overall:{{cvt|116|ft|8|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
*keel:{{cvt|91|ft|11+1/4|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| beam ={{cvt|32|ft|9+3/4|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| draught =
| draft = {{cvt|13|ft|10+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement = 60<ref name=LoM/>
| armament =*1796:12 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=LR1797/>
*1805:18 × 9&6-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
*1806::2 × 4-pounder + 6 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=RS1806>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015021233542?urlappend=%3Bseq=544 ''Register of Shipping'' (1806), Seq.№V13.]</ref>
| notes =Teak-built three-decker
}}
}}
'''''Varuna''''' (or '''''Varunna''''') was launched at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1796. She made four voyages as an "extra ship" for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC), and then spent two years as a troopship. She returned to India in 1806. She was lost in 1811, probably in a typhoon.

==Career==
'''EIC voyage #1 (1796–1797):''' Captain Henry Mathias Elmore sailed from [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 31 May 1796, bound for England. ''Varuna'' was at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] on 6 July and reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 11 October. She left there on 13 November and reached [[Bristol]] on 14 January 1797. She left Bristol on 10 March and arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] on 25 March.<ref name=BL/>

''Varuna'' was admitted to the Registry of Great Britain on 11 May 1797.<ref>Select committee... (1814), p.86.</ref> She then made three more voyages for the EIC after having undergone repairs by Barnard.<ref name=BL/> She entered ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' in 1797 (published in 1796), with H. Elmore, master, Princep & Co. owners, and trade London−Bengal.<ref name=LR1797>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281278?urlappend=%3Bseq=345 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1797), Seq.№173.]</ref>

'''EIC voyage #2 (1797–1799):''' The EIC chartered ''Varunna'' for one voyage at a rate of £24/ton for 550 measured tons, and £12/ton for surplus.<ref>Hardy (1811), App. p.20.</ref> Captain Elmore sailed from London on 5 July, and from Torbay on 22 September 1797, bound for Bengal and [[Chennai|Madras]]. ''Varuna'' reached the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 22 December and departed on 19 February 1798. She arrived at [[Diamond Harbour]] on 4 May. On his arrival at Calcutta Captain Elmore retired.<ref name=BL/>

Homeward bound, she departed [[Khejuri II|Kedgeree]] on 21 September and reached Madras on 13 October. She was at the Cape on 3 January 1799, reached St Helena on 9 February, which she left on 9 May, and arrived at The Downs on 13 July.<ref name=BL/> By one report her master on her return was {{not a typo|Thomas Thomas}}. She returned as part of the homeward-bound East India fleet under the escort of {{HMS|Raisonable|1768|6}}.<ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 2, p.166.</ref>

''Varuna'' sailed from London on 20 November 1799 bound for Madras and Bengal with a cargo £45,000 declared value.<ref>''Report from the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company'', (1810-13?), Vol. 4, p.68.</ref>

'''EIC voyage #3 (1800–1801):''' Captain William Ward Farrer sailed from Bengal in 1800, bound for England. ''Varuna'' left Saugor on 11 December 1800, reached the Cape on 15 February 1801 and St Helena on 7 March, and arrived at The Downs on 29 May.<ref name=BL/> ''Varuna'' was part of a small convoy under escort by {{HMS|Buffalo|1797|2}} that also included {{ship||Minerva|1773 ship|2}}, {{ship||Highland Chief|1798 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Friendship|1793 ship|2}}.<ref name="Naval Chronicle p.457">''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 5, p.457.</ref>

The convoy also brought with it Colonel [[Robert Brooke (East India Company officer)|Robert Brooke]], The former governor of St Helena.<ref name="Naval Chronicle p.457"/> ''Varuna'' sailed back to Calcutta on 24 August 1801.<ref name=Hackman/>

''Varuna'' sailed from Portsmouth on 9 September 1801, bound for Bengal. She was part of a convoy under escort by {{HMS|Seahorse|1794|6}} that also included {{ship||General Stuart|1801 ship|2}}, {{ship||Manship|1785 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Sarah Christiana|1798 ship|2}}, {{ship||Northampton|1801 ship|2}}, {{ship||Ann|1801 ship|2}}, {{ship||Sovereign|1800 EIC ship|2}}, ''Caledonia'', {{ship||Comet|1800 ship|2}}, {{ship||Princess Mary|1796 ship|2}}, {{ship||Carron|1792 ship|2}}, ''Elizabeth'', {{ship||Monarch|1800 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Friendship|1793 ship|2}}. The convoy reached [[Madeira]] on 23 September, and left the next day.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735020?urlappend=%3Bseq=181 ''Lloyd's List'', no. 4200.]</ref>

'''EIC voyage #4 (1803):''' Captain John Lowe sailed from Kedgeree on 19 February 1803, bound for England. ''Varuna'' reached St Helena on 19 May. She arrived at the River Shannon on 26 July and left on 14 August. She arrived at the Downs on 24 August.<ref name=BL/>

===Subsequent career===
Between 1803 and 1805 ''Varuna'' served the [[Transport Board (Royal Navy)|Transport Board]] as a troopship.<ref name=Hackman/>

The ''Register of Shipping'' for 1806 (published in 1805), gives the name of ''Varuna''{{'}}s master and owner as Dennison, and her trade as London–India.<ref name=RS1806/> Captain Edward Stephenson Dennison acquired a [[letter of marque]] on 28 June 1805.<ref name=LoM/> He then sailed from London on 4 July, bound for India.<ref name=Hackman/>

''Varuna'' was one of the EIC vessels that were part of the expedition under General Sir [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]] and Admiral Sir [[Home Riggs Popham]] that would in 1806 capture the [[Dutch Cape Colony]].<ref name=Theal>Theal (1899), pp.253-4.</ref> They would carry supplies and troops to the Cape, and then continue on their voyages.

{{see also|Transport vessels for the British invasion of the Dutch Cape Colony (1805-1806)}}

At 3:30 a.m. on 1 November, near [[Rocas Atoll]] at {{coord|3|51|27|N|33|48|57|W}}, {{HMS|Leda|1800|6}} sighted breakers and fired a gun, the signal to tack, herself barely missing the danger. ''King George'' was unable to tack and wrecked. As {{ship||Britannia|1772 EIC ship|2}} was on the point of tacking she ran afoul of {{ship||Streatham|1805 EIC ship|2}} and lost her bowsprit and foretopmast. She then drifted on to the atoll where she lost her rudder and bilged.<ref name=Grocott>Grocott (1998), pp.202-3.</ref> In the morning ''Leda'' was able to rescue the survivors from ''King George'' and {{ship||Comet|1800 ship|2}}, {{ship||Europe|1803 EIC ship|2}}, and ''Varuna'' sent their boats and were able to rescue about 400 people from ''Britannia'', including Captain Brisk, his crew, and recruits for the EIC's armies.<ref name=Grocott/>

At [[Salvador, Bahia|St Salvador Bay]] Biard hired her to take on board some of the crew and troops from ''Britannia'' and ''King George''.

The British fleet, including ''Varuna'', arrived in [[Table Bay]] on 5 January 1806 and anchored off [[Robben Island]].<ref>Theal (1899), p.330.</ref> The military and naval commanders paid the Government in Bengal £3370 for beer taken out of ''Varuna'' and issued to the King's ships.<ref>''Asiatic Annual Register, Or, A View of the History of ...'', Vol. 10, p.56à9.</ref> After Jansens, the Dutch Governor, signed a capitulation on the 18 January, and the British established control of the [[Cape Colony]], {{HMS|Belliqueux|1780|2}} escorted the East Indiamen After the Dutch Governor Jansens signed a capitulation on 18 January 1806, and the British established control of the [[Cape Colony]], {{HMS|Belliqueux|1780|6}} escorted the [[East Indiamen]] {{ship||William Pitt|1803 ship|2}}, {{ship||Jane, Duchess of Gordon|1805 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Sir William Pulteney|1803 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Comet|1800 ship|2}} to [[Chennai|Madras]]. The convoy included the {{ship||Northampton|1801 ship|2}}, ''Streatham'', {{ship||Europe|1803 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Union|1801 ship|2}}, {{ship||Glory|1802 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Sarah Christiana|1798 ship|2}}.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735022?urlappend=%3Bseq=307 ''Lloyd's List'', №4059.].</ref>

==Fate==
''Varuna'' appears to have sailed as a country ship, i.e., in the East Indies and possibly to China, after her return to India.<ref name=Hackman/>

''Varuna'' arrived in Calcutta on 9 October 1806 from Penang, having sailed from there on 4 October. She carried Captain Forest, whose ship {{ship||Sydney|ship|2}} had wrecked at New Guinea.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ship News |newspaper=The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser |date=15 February 1807 |page=2 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article627394}}</ref>

An 1809 listing of vessels belonging to Bombay lists ''Varuna''. with George Douglas, master, and Bruce, Fawcett, and Co., owners.<ref name=Reports/>

''Varuna'', Douglas, master, appears in a list of country ships lost in the India and China Seas. ''Varuna'' was lost in the China Seas in 1811, presumed to have foundered in a typhoon.<ref>''Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia'' (July 1816; Parbury, Allen, and Company), p.38.</ref><ref>''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 35, p.133.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Grocott| first=Terence| title=Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Eras|publisher=Chatham|location=London|year=1997|isbn=1861760302}}
*{{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Hardy |first=Horatio Charles |title=A register of ships, employed in the service of the Honorable the United East India Company, from the year 1760 to 1810: with an appendix, containing a variety of particulars, and useful information interesting to those concerned with East India commerce |year=1811 |publisher=Black, Parry, and Kingsbury |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxh3ft;view=1up;seq=9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Phipps|first1=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}
*''Reports and Papers on the Impolicy of Employing Indian Built Ships in the Trade of the East-India Company, and of Admitting Them to British Registry: With Observation on Its Injurious Consequences to the Landed and Shipping Interests, and to the Numerous Branches of Trade Dependent on the Building and Equipment of British-built Ships'' (1814). (Blacks and Parry).
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Theal |editor-first=George McCall |year=1897 |title=Records of the Cape Colony: Feb. 1803-July 1806 |publisher=Government of the Cape Colony}}

{{1811 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1796 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1811]]
[[Category:Missing ships]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks]]

First Veerendra Patil ministry

2025-12-10T04:46:09Z

Al202xis0: minor improve content

{{Short description|Government of Mysore, India (1968–1971)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox government cabinet|cabinet_type=Council of Ministers|total_number=|previous=[[Fourth Nijalingappa ministry]]|outgoing_formation=|incoming_formation=|advice_and_consent2=|advice_and_consent1=|budget=|legislature_term=6 years ([[Mysore Legislative Council|Council]]) 5 years ([[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Assembly]])|last_election=[[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]]|election=[[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|opposition_leader=[[H. Siddaveerappa]] (assembly)|opposition_party=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|opposition_cabinet=|legislature_status=[[Majority government|Majority]]|political_parties='''[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]'''|former_members_number=|cabinet_number=12th|members_number=|state_head=[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]] (13 May 1967 – 30 August 1969) [[Dharma Vira]] (23 October 1970 – 1 February 1972) [[Mohanlal Sukhadia]] (1 February 1972 – 10 January 1975)|government_head_history=|deputy_government_head=|government_head=[[Veerendra Patil]]|date_dissolved=18 March 1971|date_formed=29 May 1968|caption=|image_size=|image=|incumbent=|flag_border=true|flag=|jurisdiction=[[Mysore State|Mysore]] State|successor=[[First Urs ministry]]}}

'''Veerendra Patil''' was the Council of Ministers in Mysore, a state in [[South India]] headed by [[Veerendra Patil]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री|url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/karnataka-cm-bs-yediyurappa-proposes-names-of-17-mlas-to-governor-for-induction-as-cabinet-ministers|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> of the [[Indian National Congress]].

The ministry had multiple ministers including the [[Chief Minister of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-bjp-cabinet-expansion-live-updates-bs-yediyurappa-to-add-17-new-ministers-oath-taking-today-rebel-congress-mlas-governor-vajubhai-vala-7190121.html|website=Firstpost|date=20 August 2019}}</ref> All ministers belonged to the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]].

[[Veerendra Patil]] became Chief minister after incumbent [[Chief Minister of Mysore]] [[S. Nijalingappa]] moved to federal politics and became President of [[All India Congress Committee]]. Meanwhile, Nijalingappa chose Patil as his successor.<ref name="stat5">{{cite web|title=Veerendra Patil- Biography|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/veerendra_patil-profile-585-19.htm|url-status=live|publisher=Veethi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421060400/http://www.veethi.com/india-people/veerendra_patil-profile-585-19.htm|archivedate=21 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="stat2">{{cite news|date=11 October 2007|title=S.R. Bommai passes away|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220918/http://hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref>

== Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Portfolio
!Name
!Portrait
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Term of Office
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Chief Minister of Mysore|Chief Minister]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-26 |title=Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810315-census-work-in-belgaum-threatened-by-language-controversy-772735-2013-11-26 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
'''*Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|'''[[Veerendra Patil]]''' <ref name="stat10">{{cite web|title=Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820515-language-issue-in-karnataka-explodes-into-a-violent-agitation-771772-2013-10-16|publisher=indiatoday}}</ref>
|
|
|29 May 1968
|18 March 1971
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|-
|2
|
* Finance
|'''[[Ramakrishna Hegde]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=RamkrishnaHegade|url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/RankrishneHegade.htm|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>
|
|[[Haliyal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Haliyal]]
|29 May 1968
|18 March 1971
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|3
|
* Labour, Law and Parliamentary affairs.
|'''[[Kalastavadi Puttaswamy]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19801031-i-am-here-because-of-my-party-r.-gundu-rao-821550-2014-01-07|title = I am here because of my party: R. Gundu Rao}}</ref>
|[[File:Puttaswamy.gif|132x132px]]
|[[Chamundeshwari (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]]
|29 May 1968
|18 March 1971
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|4
|
* Education
|'''[[K. V. Shankaregowda]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members|title = Lok Sabha}}</ref>
|
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|29 May 1968
|18 March 1971
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|}

== Minister of State ==

{{Empty section|date=December 2021}}

== See also ==
* [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mysore Legislative Council]]
* [[Politics of Mysore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka Cabinets}}

[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1968|V]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Karnataka ministries|Patil]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) state ministries of Karnataka|Patil I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1971|V]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]

Elappara

2025-11-23T03:01:22Z

Al202xis0: slightly adjust information as per guidelines and corrected details per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Elappara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Elappara Town.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Elappara town from Kattappana - Kuttikkanam road
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|37|0|N|76|58|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Peerumedu taluk|Peerumedu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Tea plantations
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Elappara Grama Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 88.48
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1050
| population_total = 18,714
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685501
| area_code = 04868
| registration_plate = KL-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest towns
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kattappana]], [[Mundakayam]], [[Kumily]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Peerumade (State Assembly constituency)|Peerumade]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 0.98[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|lsgkerala.in/elapparapanchayat/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Elappara '''is a town in [[Idukki district]] in the southwestern [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. It is one of the panchayaths in [[Peerumedu]] taluk. The area is marked by a cool climate as the region is situated at an elevation of over {{cvt|1000|m|ft}} above sea level. Elappara is famous for its vast tea plantations.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India: Villages with population 5000 & above |others=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

== History ==
The history of present Elappara begins in 1836 with the clearing of the [[Vembanadu]] region by Henry Baker, a C.M.S. missionary. The first estate to start the tea industry in high-range was the ''Tyford'' estate and the first plantation ''Penshwarast -'' both of which are situated in Elappara panchayath.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

During the [[Kollam era]], the regions including Elappara were a part of the [[Thekkumkur]] kingdom and were later acquired by Manavikrama Kulasekara Perumal, the founder of the [[Poonjar dynasty]]. History says that Manavikrama was on his journey to [[Poonjar]] and took rest at 'Thangalpara,' near Kolahalamedu. Even today we can see the remnants of [[Minakshi]] idols in the rocks, indicating its history. In the 1870s, various plantations had emerged in this region. The tea cultivated here was known by the name ''Peerumedu hybrid tea'', a type native to China. By 1896, the area was fully utilized for tea cultivation. Later, in the 1900s, the people that worked in these plantations permanently settled there.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Administration ==
Elappara panchayath was formed in 1953, including 17 wards, and it belongs to the Azhutha block of [[Peerumedu]] taluk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keralam |first=Digital |title=Elappara Grama Panchayath Elappara Idukki Kerala India |url=http://www.digitalkeralam.com/pages.php?page=1000900 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Digital Keralam |language=en}}</ref> The surrounding panchayaths are [[Ayyappancoil]], [[Upputhara]], [[Kokkayar]], [[Peruvanthanam]], and [[Kumily]].

===Wards in Elappara panchayath===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Pullikkanam
*Uluppooni
*Kottamala
*Vattapathal
*Kochu Karumtharuvi
*Chemmannu
*Chinnar
*Vallakkadavu
*Haileyburia
*Kizhakke puthuval
*Kozhikkanam
*Thannikanam
*Elappara
*Tyford
*Bonami
*Kolahalamedu
*[[Vagamon]]
{{div col end}}

== Economy ==
Elappara is predominantly a plantation township with its abundant tea plantations. Most people work in plantations. This hill area is known for the Elappara Tea estate and its brand MASCO. Kerala's main agricultural products are cultivated in this region.
Elappara is surrounded by tea estates namely the Tyford Tea Ltd, MMJ Plantations, Haileyburia Tea Estates Ltd., etc.

==Religion==
The majority of the population is [[Hindu]], [[Christianity|Christian]], or [[Muslim]]. Important pilgrim centers are the Luther Mission Church at Bonami, the Uppukulam Shree [[Krishna]] Swami Temple, and the Muhiyudeen Juma Masjid.

[[Muslims]] are a comparatively smaller part of the population.

== Tourism ==
The natural environment and landscapes of Elappara attract visitors. There are panoramic views from the roads leading from Elappara to Kuttikkanam and Vagamon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുട്ടിക്കാനം - ചപ്പാത്ത് റോഡ് തിളങ്ങും; മലയോര ഹൈവേ വികസന പദ്ധതിയുടെ വിശേഷം പങ്കുവച്ച് മന്ത്രി |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/idukki/minister-p-a-muhammad-riyas-on-kuttikkanam-chappath-road/articleshow/98657786.cms |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The ''Annan Thambi'' and ''Pullikkanan'' hills, meadows at Kolahalamedu, scenic Vedikuzhi, Elappara streams, and the numerous tea plantations are the main attractions for the visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Take a refreshing trip to the heady Elappara village in Idukki |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2020/10/20/refreshing-trip-to-elappara-village-idukki.html |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> [[Vagamon]], a hill station in [[Idukki]], is just 15 km from Elappara. The [[Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Mullaperiyar]] dam is situated near to this panchayath.

== Transportation ==
Elappara is located on the Kattappana - Kuttikkanam state highway, situated about 8 km (5.0 mi) from Kuttikkanam and 32 km (20 mi) from Kattappana. Major long route buses to [[Kottayam]] and [[Changanassery]] stop here. Bus services are also available to places like [[Vandiperiyar]], Kumily, Vagamon, [[Erattupetta]], and [[Palai|Pala]] regions.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Elappara had a population of 18,714 with 9,284 males and 9,430 females. Elappara village has an area of {{cvt|88.48|km2}} with 4,754 families residing in it. The average sex ratio was 1016 lower than the state average of 1084. In Elappara, 8.8% of the population was under 6 years of age. Elappara had an average literacy of 89.6% higher than the national average of 74% and lower than the state average of 94%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=70,71 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kattappana]]
* [[Kuttikkanam]]
* [[Upputhara]]
* [[Ayyappancoil]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

Shiv Ram Kashyap

2025-11-16T08:01:01Z

Al202xis0: Added first details v1

{{short description|Indian bryologist (1882-1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Prof Shiv Ram Kashyap.jpg|thumb|Shiv Ram Kashyap]]
'''Shiv Ram Kashyap''' (6 November 1882 – 26 November 1934) was an Indian botanist. He was a specialist on the [[bryophyte]]s especially from the Himalayan region. He is considered the father of Indian bryology.

==Early life==
[[File:S_R_Kashyap.jpg|thumb|left|L-R: Bijanraj Chatterjee, S.R. Kashyap, Charan Singh, Kashmira Singh and Harkishan Singh in 1920 at Rihla Ghat]]
Kashyap was born in [[Jhelum District]] in a family that had members in the army. He studied at the [[University of the Punjab|University of Punjab]] in [[Lahore]], receiving a medical diploma from Agra in 1904. He worked briefly in the medical service of the United Provinces during which time he privately appeared and qualified for the B.Sc. In 1909 he obtained a M.Sc. in botany. Obtaining the Arnold and Maclagan Gold medals, he went to [[Cambridge University]] in 1910 and passed the Natural Science Tripos in 1912. He then joined the [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]] at Lahore as a professor of biology founding the botany department in 1919. He was a founding member of the [[Indian Botanical Society]] in 1920 and edited its journal.<ref name=obit />

==Academic career==
Following his return from England, he was appointed Professor of Botany at the Government College, Lahore, and he was promoted to the Indian Educational
Service in 1920. In 1919, when the Honours School in Botany was established by Panjab University, he was appointed University Professor of Botany, where he served until his death.
He was an elected Fellow of the University for many years and served as Dean of the Science Faculty. A member of the University Syndicate, he officiated as Dean of University Instruction for a brief while in 1931.
He was conferred Honoris Causa, the Degree of Doctor of Science by the University of the Punjab in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary Notice |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/005/06/0333-0337 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>

==Contributions in Botany==
He is famous for three contributions - Liverworts of the Western Himalayas, Flora of Tibet and the sexual generation of Equisetum.
Kashyap studied the liverworts of the western Himalayas and the Punjab region, where he described 4 new genera and 30 new species
of Liverworts. He published book ''Lahore District Flora'' jointly with [[A C Joshi]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kashyap |first1=S R |title=Lahore District Flora |date=1936 |publisher=University Of The Panjab |pages=285 |url=https://archive.org/details/lahoredistrictfl032318mbp/page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref> He travelled widely across the Himalayan region and being a friend of the family, was an unofficial mentor for [[Birbal Sahni]]. He was a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences from 1934.<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|author=Chaudhuri, H. |year=1937| title=Obituary Notice. Rai Bahadur Dr. Shiv Ram Kashyap (1882-1934)| journal= Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B |volume=5|issue=6|pages= 333–337| url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/005/06/0333-0337 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chaudhuri, H.|year=1934|title=Obituary. Shiv Ram Kashyap.|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_003_06_0245_0248_0.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=3|issue=6|pages=245–248}}</ref> A moss genus ''Kashyapia'' (family Calymperaceae) was named in his honour by Ram Saran Chopra but this is considered an [[Nomen illegitimum|illegitimate name]] and a possible synonym of ''Syrrhopodon''.<ref>{{cite book|title=A dictionary of mosses |page=[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002801733/page/16 16]|url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002801733|first1=Marshall R. |last1=Crosby|first2=Robert E.|last2= Magill|year= 1978| publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden}}</ref>


{{Botanist|Kashyap|inline=yes}}

==Family==
He had two sons (Amar Nath Kashyap & Kedarnath Kashyap) and three daughters (Uma, Usha & Pushpa). His son Late Col Amar Nath Kashyap, Asst Commandant of the Royal Bombay Engineers Group, died in harness at the age of 35, as Deputy Chief Engineer HQ Southern Command. His samadhi was erected by All Ranks of the Bombay Sappers and lies in Pune. His daughter Uma Kashyap, more famously known as [[Kamini Kaushal]], became a famous actress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Interview with Kamini Kaushal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/raj-s-second-film-was-with-me-dev-s-second-film-was-with-me-dilip-s-second-film-was-with-me/cid/1669433 |agency=14 June 2020 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

==Memorials==
He died suddenly at Lahore, on the 26th November, 1934, due to heart-failure. Even an hour before his death, he was attending to his work with his characteristic thoroughness. An entire block in [[Panjab University]] is named after him. His daughter [[Kamini Kaushal]] unveiled a plaque in memory of her father at the University in October 2013. She mentioned that her father's office in Government College Lahore is still intact and that it had been preserved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Kamini Kaushal visits PU,unveils plaque in memory of her botanist father Prof S R Kashyap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/actress-kamini-kaushal-visits-pu-unveils-plaque-in-memory-of-her-botanist-father-prof-s-r-kashyap/ |agency=14 June 2020 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/lahoredistrictfl032318mbp Lahore District Flora (1936)]
* Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain. [https://archive.org/details/LiverwortsWesternHimalayas1 Part I (1929)]; [https://archive.org/details/LiverwortsWesternHimalayas2 Part II. (1932)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Shiv Ram}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Botanists from British India]]