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Madhavaram, Annamayya

2026-05-08T00:30:55Z

Akivulhasan876: added first page w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhavaram
| native_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|14.057445674708523|N|78.6389588335446|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village|
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5585
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kadapa]]
| website = {{URL|ap.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhavaram''', is a village in [[Rayachoti mandal]], [[Annamayya district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2820_PART_B_DCHB_YSR.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2820_PART_A_DCHB_YSR.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref>

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 1415<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=672897 Population finder]</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|5,585
|2,814
|2,771
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|745
|394
|351
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|333
|179
|154
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Literates
|2,628
|1,635
|993
|-
|Illiterate
|2,957
|1,179
|1,778
|-
|Total Worker
|2,716
|1,672
|1,044
|-
|Main Worker
|2,539
|1,606
|933
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|1,241
|874
|367
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|1,055
|543
|512
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|6
|3
|3
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|237
|186
|51
|-
|Marginal Worker
|177
|66
|111
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|20
|8
|12
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|118
|28
|90
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|39
|30
|9
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|166
|61
|105
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|20
|8
|12
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|109
|24
|85
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|37
|29
|8
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|11
|5
|6
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|9
|4
|5
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|2
|1
|1
|-
|Non Worker
|2,869
|1,142
|1,727
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Annamayya district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Annamayya district]]

Saurabh Dwivedi

2026-05-06T09:45:26Z

Akivulhasan876: adding initial stub added tags...

{{Short description|Indian journalist (born 1983)}}
{{Infobox journalist
| name = Saurabh Dwivedi
| image = Saurabh Dwivedi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|4|22}}
| birth_place = Chamari village, [[Jalaun district]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Journalist, editor, actor
| years_active = 2008–present
| known_for = founding editor of ''The Lallantop''; Hindi digital journalism

| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Master of philosophy|Mphil]]) [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]
}}

'''Saurabh Dwivedi''' (born 22 April 1983) is an Indian journalist and editor. He was the founding editor of the Hindi digital news platform ''[[The Lallantop]]'' and previously served as editor of ''[[Living Media India|India Today Hindi]]''. His work includes political reporting, long-format interviews, and moderation of public [[Debate|debates]] and discussions. He has been active in television and digital journalism since the late 2000s.<ref name="wanifra" /> In January 2026, he took charge of the Hindi digital initiative of ''[[The Indian Express]]''.

==Personal Life==
Saurabh's paternal grandfather, Mataprasad Dwivedi (aka Mata Prasad Chamari), was a member of [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]] and was an influential personality in the surrounding villages. Saurabh got married his long time girlfriend, Gunjan, after completing his studies in 2010.

== Early life and education ==
Saurabh Dwivedi was born on 22 April 1983 in Chamari village in [[Jalaun district]] of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Biswadip |date=6 January 2026 |title=ইউটিউবে খ্যাতির শিখরে থাকা সৌরভ দ্বিবেদী ছাড়লেন সংস্থা, যোগ দেবেন কোথায়? |trans-title=Saurabh Dwivedi, who has reached the peak of fame on YouTube, has left his organization—where will he be joining next? |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/india/saurabh-dwivedi-resigns-buzz-creates-in-media-industry |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="wanifra" /> He completed his early schooling in [[Orai]] and later pursued undergraduate studies at DVC College, Orai. He subsequently studied at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi, where he completed a master's degree in [[Hindi literature]] and an [[MPhil]] focusing on the [[1857 uprising]]. He later studied mass communication at the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] (IIMC).<ref name="wanifra">{{cite web |title=Saurabh Dwivedi (Editor - The Lallantop) |url=https://wan-ifra.org/event_speakers/saurabh-dwivedi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329074902/https://wan-ifra.org/event_speakers/saurabh-dwivedi/ |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=[[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="amarujala">{{cite news |title=कौन बनेगा कारोड़पति में विशेष सलाहकार होंगे, जिले के सौरभ द्विवेदी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/who-will-be-special-advisor-in-kaun-banega-crorepati-saurabh-dwivedi-of-jalaun-orai-news-knp5157195136 |newspaper=Amar Ujala |date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dwivedi began his journalism career with ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' and later worked as a news editor at ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]''. In 2013, he joined the [[India Today Group]] and in 2016 founded ''The Lallantop'', a Hindi digital-first news platform under the group.<ref name="wanifra" />

He hosted and anchored several programmes including ''The Lallantop Show'', ''Netanagri'', ''Duniyadaari'', and the interview series ''Guest in the Newsroom''.<ref name="indiatodayshow">{{cite news |last=Goswami |first=Dev |date=13 July 2018 |title=The LallanTop Show to bring witty news coverage across the country on July 16 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-lallantop-show-to-bring-witty-news-coverage-across-the-country-on-16-july-1285002-2018-07-13 |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

Dwivedi moderated interviews and political discussions with several Indian political figures, including Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] and politicians such as [[Akhilesh Yadav]], [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]], and [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]], [[Dhananjay Singh]] on ''The Lallantop'' platform.<ref name="jansatta1">{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Kavita |date=14 January 2022 |title=इंटरव्यू के दौरान इस बात पर रो पड़े AAP के संजय सिंह |url=https://www.jansatta.com/trending-news/journalist-saurabh-dwivedi-in-an-interview-with-aam-aadmi-party-mp-sanjay-singh-talked-about-kumar-vishwas-and-sp-chief-akhilesh-yadav-and-started-crying-in-the-lallontop/2001302/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=[[Jansatta]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="jansatta2">{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Kavita |date=31 March 2022 |title=पेपर लीक पर पूछे गए सवाल पर भड़क गए थे योगी आदित्यनाथ |url=https://www.jansatta.com/trending-news/yogi-adityanath-was-furious-at-saurabh-dwivedi-in-the-interview-of-the-lallantop-channel-akhilesh-yadav-shared-the-video/2109307/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=Jansatta |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=राजा भैया से पूछा - ऐसा कौन सा खौफ है कि लोकल नेता नहीं लड़ते आपके खिलाफ चुनाव? |url=https://www.jansatta.com/trending-news/the-lallantop-journalist-asked-raja-bhaiya-what-is-the-fear-that-the-local-leader-did-not-contest-the-elections-against-you/2028867/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

He also appeared as a guest on independent media platforms. In 2019, he participated in the ''Hafta 226'' episode of the ''[[Newslaundry]]'' podcast, where discussions focused on the 2019 Indian general election, media narratives, and voter behaviour.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=Hafta 226: Analysing the Modi wave, media and the voters, and more |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/06/01/hafta-226-analysing-the-modi-wave-media-and-the-voters-and-more |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=[[Newslaundry]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, some of his past tweets targeting [[Rahul Gandhi]] were circulated and criticised on social media platforms.<ref name="groundreport">{{cite news |date=13 October 2022 |title=Filthy tweets of Lallantop’s Saurabh Dwivedi going viral, What’s matter? |url=https://www.groundreport.in/viral/filthy-tweets-of-lallantops-saurabh-dwivedi-going-viral-whats-matter/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=Ground Report |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, he appeared as a guest on ''[[The Great Indian Kapil Show]]'' (Season 3), alongside other journalists and digital media personalities, as part of an episode focusing on contemporary media and interview culture.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 3: Raj Shamani on his much talked about 'Vijay Mallya' interview; says 'Main London mein walk kar raha tha woh dikh gaye toh...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-3-raj-shamani-on-his-much-talked-about-vijay-mallya-interview-says-main-london-mein-walk-kar-raha-tha-woh-dikh-gaye-toh-/articleshow/122885928.cms |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2024, remarks made by Dwivedi during the [[India Today Conclave]] referring to historian [[Vikram Sampath]] drew criticism, following which he issued a clarification and apology.<ref name="newindianvikram">{{cite news |last=Deva |first=Rohan |date=20 March 2024 |title=Lallantop’s Editor criticised for calling historian ‘koi Vikram’ |url=https://www.newindian.in/lallantops-editor-criticised-for-calling-historian-koi-vikram/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=The New Indian |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, he moderated a widely discussed public debate on the [[existence of God]] between lyricist [[Javed Akhtar]] and Islamic scholar [[Shamail Nadwi]] in New Delhi.<ref name="indianexpressdebate">{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Aakash |date=21 December 2025 |title=In Capital, a debate on God spotlights importance of conversation, disagreements |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-capital-a-debate-on-god-spotlights-importance-of-conversation-disagreements-10431102/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first=Gauhar |author-link=Gauhar Raza |date=2025-12-25 |title=For society’s sake, we must ask ‘Does God Exist?’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/for-societys-sake-we-must-ask-does-god-exist-10437704/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |author-link=Yogendra Yadav |date=2025-12-23 |title=Yogendra Yadav writes: A public debate on ‘Does God exist?’ takes us away from the real issues of religion and religiosity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/yogendra-yadav-writes-a-public-debate-on-does-god-exist-takes-us-away-from-the-real-issues-of-religion-and-religiosity-10433709/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In early January 2026, Dwivedi stepped down from the [[India Today Group]] after nearly 12 years, resigning as the founding editor of [[The Lallantop]] and editor of India Today Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Shashank |date=6 January 2026 |title=Saurabh Dwivedi Quits Lallantop After 12 Years; Kuldeep Mishra To Lead Editorial |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/saurabh-dwivedi-quits-lallantop-after-12-years-kuldeep-mishra-to-lead-editorial |access-date=6 January 2026 |newspaper=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2026 |title=डिजिटल प्लेटफॉर्म द लल्लनटॉप के संपादक सौरभ द्विवेदी का इस्तीफा, लिखा- नई यात्रा की तैयारी |url=https://hindi.newslaundry.com/2026/01/05/saurabh-dwivedi-quits-as-the-lallantop-editor-from-india-today-group |access-date=6 January 2026 |newspaper=Newslaundry |language=hi}}</ref> Later that month, he took charge of the Hindi digital initiative of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', overseeing its Hindi editorial operations, including video programmes and the e-paper.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saurabh Dwivedi to lead Indian Express’s Hindi foray |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2026/01/22/saurabh-dwivedi-to-lead-indian-expresss-hindi-foray |date=22 January 2026 |website=Newslaundry |language=en|access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Vinay |title=Saurabh Dwivedi Set To Head Hindi Vertical Of The Indian Express After Exit From Lallantop: Report |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/saurabh-dwivedi-set-to-head-hindi-vertical-of-the-indian-express-after-exit-from-lallantop-report |date=22 January 2026 |newspaper=Free Press Journal |language=en|access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* [[Kartavya (2026 film)|''Kartavya'']] (2026)

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2025, Dwivedi was honoured with the Indian Journalism Award by the Pallibani Mission.<ref name="newindianexpressaward">{{cite news |date=18 August 2025 |title=Six scribes to get Journalism Awards by Pallibani Mission |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Aug/18/six-scribes-to-get-journalism-awards-by-pallibani-mission |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The award ceremony was held in New Delhi as part of the India and Odisha Journalism Awards event organised by the Pallibani Mission, which was attended by senior editors, journalists, and public figures.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawat|first=Nitin|date=7 September 2025 |title=Pradhan calls for promoting Odisha’s brand globally at India and Odisha Journalism Awards event |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2025/Sep/07/pradhan-calls-for-promoting-odishas-brand-globally-at-india-and-odisha-journalism-awards-event |access-date=26 December 2025 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2025, he was recognised by the Foundation of Indian-Americans (FIA) [[New England]] in the United States for contributions to journalism.<ref name="unn">{{cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=Saurabh Dwivedi Honored by FIA New England for Contributions to Journalism |url=https://theunn.com/saurabh-dwivedi-honored-by-fia-new-england-for-contributions-to-journalism/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |website=The UNN |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Saurabh}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language journalists]]
[[Category:People from Jalaun district]]

Kushee Ravi

2026-05-05T15:31:59Z

Akivulhasan876: created stub!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kushee Ravi
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = Sushmitha
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| birth_date = 23 January 1995
| occupation = Actress
| alma_mater = SSMRV College
| years_active = 2016–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Rakesh Kumar|2021}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-22 |title=It is great to see the attitude towards married actresses changing across film industries: Kushee Ravi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/it-is-great-to-see-the-attitude-towards-married-actresses-changing-across-film-industries-kushee-ravi/articleshow/86396190.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushee Ravi Shares Adorable Pictures With Husband; See Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/kushee-ravi-shares-adorable-pictures-with-husband-see-photos-7774897.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| children = 1
}}

'''Sushmitha Ravi''', known as '''Kushee Ravi''', is an Indian actress who works in [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language films. Kushee rose to fame with the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]'' (2020).<ref name=Kushee>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=Indian Express |title=Life after Dia, for Kushee |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/mar/24/life-after-dia-for-kushee-2120608.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=Nakshe>{{cite news |last1=Indian Express |first1=The New |title=Dia-fame Kushee's next is Nakshe |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/24/dia-fame-kushees-next-is-nakshe-17715.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sushmitha Ravi was born in Bangalore. She graduated from SSMRV College, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Theresa |first1=Deena |title='ದಿಯಾ' ಚಿತ್ರದ ನಾಯಕಿ ಖುಷಿ ಅವರ ಗಂಡ, ಮಗು, ಫ್ಯಾಮಿಲಿ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಫುಲ್‌ ಡಿಟೇಲ್ಸ್‌! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/vk-gallery/cinema/dia-film-fame-actress-kushee-ravi-life-unknown-facts/photoshow/msid-74817234,picid-74817256.cms |access-date=8 March 2020 |publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Kushee made her acting debut with the [[Kannada]] film ''[[The Great Story of Sodabuddi]]'', in 2016.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-raw-rowdy-romance-2059844|title=A raw, rowdy romance|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 April 2016|access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> After a four year hiatus, Kushee appeared in the 2020 film ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''. She played the titular role of a college student opposite [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] and [[Dheekshith Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Feb/01/following-success-formula-is-just-a-myth-director-ks-ashoka-2097240.html|title=Following success formula is just a myth: Director KS Ashoka|work=The New Indian Express|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=1 February 2020|access-date=12 May 2024|archive-date=11 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511190319/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Feb/01/following-success-formula-is-just-a-myth-director-ks-ashoka-2097240.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film emerged a commercial success and was her breakthrough.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2020-10-16 |title=Re-release of Kannada film 'Dia' has a few surprises in store for fans |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/re-release-kannada-film-dia-has-few-surprises-store-fans-135457 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=13 February 2020 |title=A look at K.S. Ashoka's 'Dia', the most interesting Kannada film of 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/a-look-at-ks-ashokas-dia-the-most-interesting-kannada-film-of-2020/article30811034.ece |access-date=23 February 2020 |work=The Hindu|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219124438/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/a-look-at-ks-ashokas-dia-the-most-interesting-kannada-film-of-2020/article30811034.ece|archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

She was then seen in the horror film ''[[Spooky College]]'' which opened to mixed reviews. She was signed to play a role in the movie ''Nakshe'' but the film has been delayed.<ref name="SpookyCollege">{{cite news |last1=V |first1=The New Indian Express |title='Dia' heroine Kushee Ravi takes spooky course |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/17/dia-heroine-kushee-ravi-takes-spooky-course-2237193.html |access-date=17 December 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=The Times of India |title=Kushee Ravi completes 80% of her film, Spooky College |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kushee-ravi-completes-80-of-her-film-spooky-college/articleshow/79835663.cms |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=V |first1=The Times of India |title='Dia' actress Kushee to play the lead in 'Nakshe'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dia-actress-kushee-to-play-the-lead-in-nakshe/articleshow/74804312.cms |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title='Spooky College' movie review: Questions mystery among youthful minds |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jan/10/spooky-college-movie-review-questions-mystery-among-youthful-minds-2536229.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2023, she signed her first [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] movie ''[[Pindam]]'', which opened to positive reviews with praise for her performance.<ref name="C">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Pindam gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/nov/18/pindam-gets-release-date-49669.html |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

She was next seen in ''[[Case of Kondana]]'' co-starring [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana Menon]] directed by Devi Prasad Shetty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kushee Ravi: I am still in search of recognition after Dia |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/jan/13/kushee-ravi-i-am-still-in-search-of-recognition-after-dia-51185.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Her next release was ''Full Meals'' co-starring [[Likith Shetty]] under debutant director Vinayaka.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Y Maheswara |last=Reddy |date=1 August 2023 |title=Romantic comedy |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/romantic-comedy/articleshow/102287109.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All work is in Kannada unless otherwise noted.''

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''[[The Great Story of Sodabuddi]]''
| Anusya
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
| Dia Swaroop
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=Dia releases on October 23 with a new climax and bonus song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dia-releases-on-october-23-with-a-new-climax-and-bonus-song/articleshow/78677980.cms |access-date=11 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811072434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dia-releases-on-october-23-with-a-new-climax-and-bonus-song/articleshow/78677980.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023
| ''[[Spooky College]]''
| Khushi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/spooky-college-is-a-go-to-movie-for-students-kushee-ravi/articleshow/96716307.cms|title=Spooky College is a go-to movie for students: Kushee Ravi|first=Sridevi|last=S|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pindam]]''
| Mary
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-01-27 |title='Pindam' in OTT: Here is the official confirmation of this horror film's digital debut |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pindam-in-ott-here-is-the-official-confirmation-of-this-horror-films-digital-debut-854233 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Case of Kondana]]''
| Dr. Sahana
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/sep/06/deviprasad-shetty-vijay-raghavendra-reunite-for-case-of-kondana-34445.html|title=Deviprasad Shetty, Vijay Raghavendra reunite for Case of Kondana|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=6 September 2022 |access-date=2024-02-09|archive-date=2022-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906073635/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/sep/06/deviprasad-shetty-vijay-raghavendra-reunite-for-case-of-kondana-34445.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''Neethi''
|Neethi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/May/28/rajagopal-the-real-thrill-of-neethi-lies-in-the-discovery|title=Kushee Ravi, Sampath Maitreya joins for Neethi movie|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Full Meals]]''
| Pooja
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=ಲಿಖಿತ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಅಭಿನಯದ "ಫುಲ್ ಮೀಲ್ಸ್" ಚಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ ಮುಕ್ತಾಯ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/full-meals-movie-shooting-over-184740 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2026
|''[[Manithan Deivamagalam]]''
|Selvi
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/manithan-deivamagalam/movie-review/130165856.cms|title=Manithan Deivamagalam|website=The Times of India|date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|Son of Mutthana}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Pranam Devaraj's next to be a family entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Feb/08/pranam-devarajs-next-to-be-a-family-entertainer-2545350.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2025
|''[[Ayyana Mane]]''
|Jaji
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-04-23 |title=Kushee Ravi Interview: Medium may change, but an actor's commitment remains constant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/23/kushee-ravi-interview-medium-may-change-but-an-actors-commitment-remains-constant |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Jaatare''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/everything-is-possible-kushee-ravis-short-film-explores-time-travel/8deb961462193|title=Everything Is Possible: Kushee Ravi's short film explores time travel|date=18 July 2022|first=Prathibha|last=Joy|work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Ikshana''
| Anu

|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022
| ''Sangama Samagama''
| Naina
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri and Kushee Ravi team up for 15-minute film
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shri-and-kushee-ravi-team-up-for-15-minute-film/articleshow/88145441.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Everything is Possible''
| Poorna
|
|-
|}

===Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''Adipoli''
|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar|Sivaangi K.]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] song
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-sivaangi-and-vineeth-s-tamil-track-adipoli-recreates-onam-celebrations-154199 |title=Watch: Sivaangi and Vineeth's Tamil track 'Adipoli' recreates Onam celebrations |date=21 August 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Neenillade''
| Sathya Radhakrishna
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pruthvi-ambaar-kushee-ravi-reunite-for-an-album-song/articleshow/87042785.cms |title=Pruthvi Ambaar, Kushee Ravi reunite for an album song |work=The Times of India|date=16 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Buddy''
|Priya Mali
| Tamil song
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdpanJx5erU&list=RDtdpanJx5erU|title=Buddy - Album Song {{!}} Darshan {{!}} Kushee Ravi {{!}} Dheepa Prabhu {{!}} Priya Mali {{!}} Sathiyaseelan J {{!}} Vivek|work=AP International|date=13 February 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2020
| rowspan="2"| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| rowspan="4"| ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-09-21|title=SIIMA Awards 2020: Dhananjay best actor and Love Mocktail best film among Kannada winners|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/siima-2020-awards-list-dhananjay-best-actor-and-love-mocktail-best-movie-rmd-271969.html/amp|website=TV9 Kannada|date=20 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress Critics – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| [[Kannada cinema#State Recognition|Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cfcacademy.in/index.php/awards-arena/|title=Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards: Love Mocktail, Dia, Gentleman Dominate|website=CFCA Academy|accessdate=28 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|12364662}}
*{{Instagram|iamkusheeraviofficial}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Kushee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Manju Rani (boxer)

2026-05-03T18:50:34Z

Akivulhasan876: added some details with sources.

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 1999)}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Manju Rani
| image = manju_kalaivani.jpg
| weight class = [[Light flyweight]]
| caption = Rani with [[Kalaivani Srinivasan]] at 2nd India Open International Boxing Tournament [[Guwahati]]
| weight =
| height =
| reach =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|10|26|df=y}}
| style =
| boxrec = 869317
| total = 4
| wins = 3
| KO = 0
| losses = 1
| draws = 0
| no contests = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[AIBA World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2019 Ulan-Ude]]|[[2019 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light flyweight|Light flyweight]]}}
}}
'''Manju Rani''' (born 26 October 1999) is an Indian [[Boxing|boxer]]. She won a silver medal at the [[2019 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://d152tffy3gbaeg.cloudfront.net/2019/10/C75WW48.pdf_0.pdf_1.pdf |title=2019 World Championships results |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013074846/https://d152tffy3gbaeg.cloudfront.net/2019/10/C75WW48.pdf_0.pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/women-s-world-boxing-championships-manju-rani-bags-silver-after-losing-48kg-final-1608872-2019-10-13|title=Women's World Boxing Championships: Manju Rani bags silver after losing 48kg final|date=13 October 2019 |website=India Today|language=en|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> She also won a [[silver medal]] at the Strandja Memorial Boxing Tournament 2019 held in [[Bulgaria]]<ref name=":0" /> and bronze medals at the Thailand Open 2017 and India Open 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Noronha|first=Karen|date=17 October 2019|title='Will do everything to change colour to gold,' says World boxing Champion silver medalist Manju Rani|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-will-do-everything-to-change-colour-to-gold-says-world-boxing-champion-silver-medalist-manju-rani-2797368|access-date=8 March 2021|work=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
Rani hails from Rithal Phogat village in the [[Rohtak district]] of [[Haryana]]. Her father was a Border Security Force officer who died of cancer in 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/manju-rani-settles-for-silver-on-debut-at-womens-world-boxing-championships/article29672495.ece|last=PTI |work=Sportsar|title=Manju Rani settles for silver at Women's World Boxing Championships|access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref> The Rani had initially started playing [[kabaddi]], but her coach advised her to switch to boxing. Inspired by Indian boxer [[Mary Kom|MC Mary Kom]]'s bronze-winning performance at the 2012 London Summer Olympics, Rani made a shift to boxing.<ref>{{Cite news|title=मंजू रानीः वो मुक्केबाज़ जिनके पास दस्ताने ख़रीदने तक के पैसे नहीं थे|language=hi|work=BBC News हिंदी|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/sport-55864620|access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Sports ==
Rani won a [[silver medal]] at the Strandja Memorial Boxing Tournament 2019, [[Bulgaria]] in 48 kg category after losing finals against [[Josie Gabuco]] of [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Abhijeet |title=Silver medal on debut: How boxer Manju Rani punched her way to the podium at Strandja Memorial |url=https://scroll.in/field/913953/silver-medal-on-debut-how-boxer-manju-rani-punched-her-way-to-the-podium-at-strandja-memorial |access-date=10 December 2019 |work=Scroll.in |date=20 February 2019}}</ref> She also won a [[silver medal]] at the [[2019 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships]] after losing [[Light flyweight]] final to Russia's Ekaterina Paltceva.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/manju-rani-ends-phenomenal-world-run-with-silver-768043.html|title=Manju Rani ends phenomenal world run with silver|date=13 October 2019|language=en|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>

In 2019 Rani signed up with sports management firm Infinity Optimal Solutions (IOS) which will handle her endorsements and commercial interests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five world-medallist boxers sign up with IOS |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/five-world-medallist-boxers-sign-up-with-ios-776499.html |last=PTI |access-date=10 December 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2020, Rani served a notice of termination of contract on IOS Sports and Entertainment for not fulfilling the sponsorship deal.<ref>{{cite news |title=World No. 2 boxer Manju Rani alleges non-fulfillment of sponsorship deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/world-no-2-boxer-manju-rani-alleges-non-fulfillment-of-sponsorship-deal/articleshow/79479582.cms |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Manju}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Light-flyweight boxers]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Koyyalagudem, Eluru district

2026-05-03T10:54:43Z

Akivulhasan876: created new place!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koyyalagudem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 74
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534312
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08821
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Koyyalagudem''' is a mandal in [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in West Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=8 February 2015|format=PDF}}</ref> Koyyalagudem comes under [[Jangareddygudem revenue division]].

Koyyalagudem comes under [[Polavaram (ST) (Assembly constituency)]] and [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
Koyyalagudem is 49 km away from [[Rajahmundry]], 67 km away from [[Eluru]], the district headquarters and 36 km away from [[Polavaram, West Godavari district|Polavaram]].

Villages under koyyalagudem mandal are koyyalagudem, Ponguturu, Bayyanagudem, gavaravaram, kanapuram, Rajavaram, yerampeta.

Koyyalagudem mandal is one of the 46 mandals in the West Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[2] It is administered under the Kovvur revenue division.[2]

== Villages ==
# Villages Administrative Division Population
1) ANKALAGUDEM POPULATION = 4012

2) Chopparamannagudem
Koyyalagudem Population = 1,437

3) Dippakayalapadu Koyyalagudem
Population = 5,408

4) Eduvadalapalem Koyyalagudem
Population = 1,228

5) Gavaravaram Koyyalagudem
Population = 4,141

6) Kanakadripuram Koyyalagudem
Population = 361

7) Kannapuram Koyyalagudem
Population = 5,977

8) Kannayagudem Koyyalagudem
Population = 778

9) Kuntalagudem Koyyalagudem
Population = 905

10) Mahadevapuram Koyyalagudem
Population = 99

11) Mangapathidevipeta
Population = Koyyalagudem 2,244

12) koyyalagudem Koyyalagudem
Population = 22,300

13) Ponguturu Koyyalagudem
Population = 9,298

14) Rajavaram Koyyalagudem
Population =
6,443

15) Ramanujapuram Koyyalagudem
Population = 2079
16) Saripalle Koyyalagudem
Population = 3,521

17) Vedanthapuram Koyyalagudem
Population = 2,149

18) Yerrampeta Koyyalagudem Population = 3,496

==Geography==
Koyyalagudem is located at {{Coord|17.1167|N|81.3000|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Koyyalagudem.html Fallingrain genomics.Koyyalagudem]</ref> It has an average elevation of 74 metres (246 ft).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Amritsar Singh Sabha

2026-04-27T08:01:10Z

Akivulhasan876: creating basic bio more to come...

{{Short description|1873 faction of the Singh Sabha movement}}
[[File:Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhanwalia with sons.jpg|thumb|Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhanwalia (seated at the centre), one of the figures of the Amritsar Singh Sabha]]{{Sikhism sidebar}}
[[File:Khem Singh Bedi in London in 1902.jpg|thumb|Khem Singh Bedi (left) photographed in London in 1902. He was a prominent figure of the Amritsar Singh Sabha]]
The '''Amritsar Singh Sabha''' was the first faction of reformers of the [[Singh Sabha movement]], founded in 1873, and was one of the major groups who competed to reform and define the Sikh identity in the late 19th century.<ref name=mandair/>{{rp|83}} It was "essentially original and bourgeoisie," and "arose because of a perceived dissolution of the Sikh faith, i.e., Sikhs were believed to be falling into the folds of Hindu thought and practice."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sardar Harjeet |title=Faith & Philosophy of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |location=Delhi |isbn=9788178357218 |pages=147–149, 181–184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fleka3YEE8sC&pg=PA147 |ref=shs}}</ref>

==Origins==
Having gained social prominence in the pre-British 18th- and colonial-era 19th-century Punjab by taking over ''gurdwaras'' and Sikh institutions,<ref name=mandair>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|year= 2013|publisher= Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref>{{rp|86}} the forerunners of this faction were composed of what are now referred to as [[Sanatan Sikh]]s (a neologism and formulation coined by [[Harjot Oberoi]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=W.H. McLeod and Sikh Studies |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |date=2010 |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=125, 142 |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume17/JPS_17_nos_1-2_Grewal.pdf |accessdate=19 August 2020}}</ref>). The custom of this faction, which had emerged from the duality between initiated Khalsa and uninitiated Sehajdhari identities, was only as old as the late eighteenth century,{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=104}} in the post-[[Sikh Empire]] society where Khalsa Sikhism was no longer the universal norm.{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=105}}

Non-Khalsa factions had gained social prominence following Khalsa persecution and loss of institutional control in the 1700s,<ref name=mandair/>{{rp|86}} and guided the operations of Sikh gurdwaras in the pre-British 18th- and colonial-era 19th-century Punjab because of support from Sikh elites and later the colonial British empire,<ref name=mandair/> remaining under the control of a "loyalist, landed elite with extensive ties to the British Raj."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shani |first1=Giorgio |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |date=2007 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781134101894 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC}}</ref> They were most prominent in the 1800s, and self-identified as Hindu,<ref name=mandair/>{{rp|83}} and were also the significant molders and primary participants among the rural masses of Sikh population.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Oberoi|first=Harjot|year=1992|title=Popular Saints, Goddesses, and Village Sacred Sites: Rereading Sikh Experience in the Nineteenth Century|journal=History of Religions|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=31|issue=4|pages=363–384|doi=10.1086/463293|s2cid=161851997}}</ref><ref>Tony Ballantyne (2002), ''Looking Back, Looking Forward: The Historiography of Sikhism'', New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 5-29</ref>

==Views==
This first Singh Sabha, called the Amritsar Singh Sabha, was set up and backed by a faction of Sikhs, Gianis, and granthis belonging to a [[Khatri]] background.<ref name=mandair/><ref>Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES, Sikh University Press, Belgium, published in 2012; vol 4, pp 49-69</ref> They had rejected the [[Khalsa]] initiation practices like the [[Amrit Sanchar|''Khande di Pahul'']] ceremony on the grounds that it threatened their [[Varna (Hinduism)|caste]] and polluted their ritual boundaries which they considered as primary.{{sfn|Mandair|2013|pp=83-85}} As such, they aligned Sikh tradition with the Brahmanical social structure and caste ideology; their predominant concern was to protect the social framework in which they held status.<ref name=mandair/> While this faction resented the democratic tendency within the Khalsa groups, they continued to co-exist within the broader Sikh panth, even as they remained aloof from the mainstream Khalsa practices.<ref name=mandair/> The Tat Khalsa's monotheism, iconoclastic sentiments, egalitarian social values and notion of a standardized Sikh identity did not blend well with the polytheism, idol worship, caste distinctions, and diversity of rites espoused by the Sanatan faction.<ref name="Oberoi1994">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=382–383}}</ref> [[Giani Ditt Singh]], as a [[Mazhabi Sikh]], was critical of Khem Singh Bedi's views on pollution, ritual, and lack of distinct identity.<ref name=kts>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Kenneth W. |title=Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages |date=1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791408278 |pages=208–213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmY9fsUTjwYC&pg=PA209}}</ref>

For these groups the principle of authority of Sikh tradition was invested in living gurus (as Khem Singh Bedi, leader of the Amritsar faction, liked to be regarded) rather than the principle of shabad-guru, or the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] as the Guru, which was upheld by the dominant Khalsa tradition.<ref name=mandair/> Not subscribing to the idea of the Guru Granth Sahib being the guru of the Sikhs,{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=104}} but allowing the worship of images, living gurus, and even "charismatic descendants" of the Sikh gurus, who devotees would be expected to show the same allegiance as that of "a subject and his ruler,"<ref>{{harv|Oberoi|1992|p=104}} Quote: "Along with the worship of images it was considered legitimate to worship living gurus. For an average Sanatan Sikh there was hardly any difference between Sikh gurus and some of their charismatic descendants. In the words of a contemporary writer, it was expected of a Sikh to show the same allegiance to a descendant of the Sikh gurus as that by 'a subject to his ruler'. As gurus, these individuals offered their disciples ''gurmantras'' (a mystical formula given by a personal guru to his disciples) for their spiritual elevation."</ref> it was primarily a "priestly"{{sfn|Oberoi|1992|p=137}} religion with a strong distinction between intermediaries and the laypeople, and was essentially the "religious universe" of a small minority, the Sikh elites.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |author1-link=J. S. Grewal |title=Historical perspectives on Sikh identity |date=1997 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjab University Patiala |isbn=9788173803598 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoricalPerspectivesOnSikhIdentity/page/n37/mode/2up |page=28}}</ref>

The Arya Samaj attacked the formation of a religious aristocracy among the descendants of the Gurus in their 1887 ''Arya Patrika'' publication,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Kenneth W. |title=Ham Hindū Nahīn: Arya-Sikh Relations, 1877-1905 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=Duke University Press |date=May 1973 |volume=32 |issue=3 |page=461 |doi=10.2307/2052684 |jstor=2052684 | s2cid=163885354 }}</ref> which the Amritsar Singh Sabha was characterized by.

Like the Lahore Singh Sabha, the leaders of the Amritsar Singh Sabha also appreciated the translations of [[Max Arthur Macauliffe]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yin |first1=Cao |editor1-last=Tsui |editor1-first=Brian |editor2-last=Sen |editor2-first=Tansen |title=Beyond Pan-Asianism: Connecting China and India, 1840s–1960s |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190992125 |page=212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT212 |quote=Like contemporary Singh Sabha leaders such as Baba Sir Khem Singh Bedi and Bhai Kahn Singh, Sunder Singh appreciated the work done by Max Arthur Macauliffe, who was the pioneer in introducing Sikh scriptures to the English-speaking world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Macauliffe |first1=Max Arthur |title=The Sikh Religion, Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors |date=1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press Oxford |isbn=978-1330248522 |pages=xi–xii |url=https://archive.org/details/thesikhreligion01macauoft/page/n17/mode/2up}}</ref>

==History==
They were opposed by the numerically predominant groups in the Panth, particularly those who held Khalsa beliefs, who through access to previously limited education and employment, had reached a position to challenge the Amritsar faction, forming the [[Tat Khalsa]] faction, or "true Khalsa," in 1879, headed by Gurmukh Singh, Harsha Singh Arora, Jawahir Singh and Giani Ditt Singh. They formed the Lahore Singh Sabha.{{sfn|Mandair|2013|p=84}}<ref name="Oberoi1994">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=382–383}}</ref> The Tat Khalsa met with immediately successful organizational and ideological challenging of the Sanatan faction as early as the early 1880s.<ref name="Oberoi1994"/> The Amritsar Singh Sabha was subsequently challenged and eventually marginalised.<ref name="Sanatan Singh Sabha">{{cite web | url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/sanatan.html | title=Sanatan Singh Sabha | publisher=University of Cumbria | date=1998 | accessdate=9 May 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Khem Singh Bedi]]
* [[Singh Sabha movement]]

==References==
{{Reflist|}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]
[[Category:Singh Sabha movement]]

Premam

2026-04-24T21:15:32Z

Akivulhasan876: created a article...

{{short description|2015 film by Alphonse Puthren}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premam
| image = Premam film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Alphonse Puthren]]
| producer = [[Anwar Rasheed]]
| writer = Alphonse Puthren
| based_on =
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Sai Pallavi]] [[Madonna Sebastian]] [[Anupama Parameswaran]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| cinematography = Anend C. Chandran
| editing = Alphonse Puthren
| studio = [[Anwar Rasheed Entertainments]]
| distributor = {{ubl|A&A Release|Tricolor Entertainment}} ([[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]])
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|05|29}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}4 crore<ref>{{cite news|title=Resurgent Film Industry Poised to Flourish|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2015/jun/29/resurgent-film-industry-poised-to-flourish-776299.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|author=Chandrakanth Viswanath|date=29 June 2015|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}73 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-mollywood-films-worldwide-2018-tops-with-143-crores-in-20-days-1222765|title=Top highest grossing Mollywood films worldwide; 2018 tops with 143 crores in 20 days|date=25 May 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
}}

'''''Premam''''' ({{translation|Love}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[romantic comedy drama|romantic comedy-drama film]] written, directed and edited by [[Alphonse Puthren]]. It was produced by [[Anwar Rasheed]] and stars [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Sai Pallavi]] (in her major film debut). It also features an ensemble supporting cast including [[Madonna Sebastian]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Shabareesh Varma]], [[Krishna Sankar]], [[Siju Wilson]], [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Sharafudheen]] and others. The plot follows George (Nivin)’s romantic journey with his friends from their teens to adulthood. While George's first love turns out to be a disappointment, Malar (Pallavi), a college lecturer, rekindles his love interest. His romantic journey takes him through several stages, helping him find his purpose.

The principal photography began in July 2014. The film was shot across locations including Goa, Aluva and Fort Kochi. The filming was wrapped up in November 2014. Anend C. Chandran and Rajesh Murugan handled the cinematography and music. The film was produced on a budget of ₹4 crore.

''Premam'' was released on May 29, 2015 to widespread critical acclaim with praise towards the cast performance (especially Nivin and Pallavi), story, screenplay, cinematography, music, background score, editing and direction by Alphonse Puthren. The film emerged as a major commercial success grossing ₹73 crore. The film had a theatrical run of 175 days in [[Kerala]] and over 300 days in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The film was included in [[The Hindu]]'s top 25 Malayalam movies of the decade. Pallavi and Nivin's performances were included by the ''[[Film Companion]]'' in its list of “100 Greatest Performances of the Decade”.

The film received nominations and won awards in several categories. At the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]], ''Premam'' was nominated in seven categories, winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut]] (Sai Pallavi) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Male Playback Singer]] ([[Vijay Yesudas]] for "Malare"). At the [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]], it received fifteen nominations and won seven, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Music Director, Best Lyricist, and Best Male Playback Singer (Vijay Yesudas). Nivin and Sai Pallavi won the Best Actor Critics and Best Debut Actress awards. At the [[1st IIFA Utsavam]], it received nine nominations and won four, including Best Performance in a Comic Role, Best Music Direction, Best Lyricist and Best Male Playback Singer. Among other wins, the film received six [[Asianet Film Awards]], six [[Vanitha Film Awards]], three [[Asianet Comedy Awards]], four [[Asiavision Awards]] and two [[CPC Cine Awards]]. The film was not considered by the [[Kerala State Film Awards]], the official state film award given by the Government of Kerala.

== Plot ==
In 2000, George David, a 16-year-old [[Pre-university course|pre-degree]] student, studies at Holy Spirit Convent College in [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]]. He is infatuated with Mary, the prettiest school girl in the small village [[Uliyannoor]]-[[Thottakkattukara]]. George along with his friends, Shambu and Koya, often follows Mary around in an attempt to talk to her but he is afraid of her father, who beats up boys pestering his daughter. Mary is famous for her beauty and has other suitors too.

Every time George gathers the courage to talk to Mary, something or the other comes up, and he ends up disappointed. George is heartbroken when he learns that Mary is in a relationship with another boy, also named George. She also asks for his help to date safely without her family knowing. He helps her with a painful heart. The seriousness of life finally sinks in when George, Shambu, and Koya introspect about their academic future after a dismal performance in their year-end examination.

In 2005, George, Shambu and Koya get admission to [[Union Christian College, Aluva]]. One day, while on a ragging streak, George and his friends meet Malar, a new lecturer in their college who happens to have a [[Tamils|Tamil]] background. George instantly falls for her and seemingly gets her to feel the same about him. He is also impressed by her dancing talents as she performs an outstanding routine with his team. Convinced about their love for each other, he extends their relationship and contemplates marriage. Simultaneously, George's college teacher, Vimal Sir, also falls for Malar and tries to woo her with the help of his friend, a [[Physical training|PT]] teacher, Shivan.

Later that year, Malar goes to visit her family in [[Kodaikanal]] with her cousin, Arivazhagan, who by tradition is supposed to be her would be. Weeks later, it's announced in the college that Malar met with an accident and consequently left her job as the lecturer. George and his friends immediately ride to Kodaikanal to see Malar. It turns out Malar lost part of her memory due to the injuries suffered in the accident. She fails to recognize George and is not able to recall her relationship with him. As a result, Malar marries Arivazhagan and a heartbroken George attends her wedding reception with his friends.

In 2014, George, now 30, runs a café with his childhood friend Jojo. There, he meets 22-year-old Celine and feels an attraction towards her. He later realizes that she knew Mary and would walk with her, and they quickly become friends. Despite the age difference, George decides to propose to Celine. However, she is about to get engaged to a man named Roney Varghese, a cocaine addict. Roney continually insults Celine during their engagement, which results in their wedding being called off. Roney keeps calling and pestering Celine and this upsets George, who with Shambu, Koya and Jojo, beats Roney up.

Finally, George marries Celine. During their wedding reception, Malar arrives with her husband, having been invited by Celine. After greeting the couple, on their way out it is hinted that Malar seemed to have regained her memory, as suggested by her husband asking why she didn't tell George, but she did not reveal this to him as he was happy with Celine, so she chose to let things be, the way they were. George and Malar exchange final looks of understanding and both gain closure.

== Cast ==
{{cast list|

{{Colbegin}}
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as George David <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premam {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/premam |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sai Pallavi]] as Malar
* [[Madonna Sebastian]] as Celine George
** Eva Prakash as young Celine
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Mary George
* [[Krishna Shankar]] as Koya
* [[Shabareesh Varma]] as Shambu
* [[Siju Wilson]] as Jojo
* [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]] as Arivazhagan, Malar's cousin who later turned her husband
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Vimal "Java" Sir
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as P.T Shivan Sir
* [[Anju Kurian]] as Anju, George's sister
* Sooraj K. Sathyan as Suresh
* Shiyas K. A. as Shiyas
* Maju Mathew as Maju
* Sibu Thankachan as Sibu
* Althaf Salim as Jahangir
* Unni Chetan as Unni Chetan
* Vinod Ettan as Vinod
* Vijai Suresh as Kola Kozhi
* Jayesh as Kuttapi
* [[George Kora]] as George, Mary's boyfriend
* Franco Davis as George, Mary's father
* [[Renji Panicker]] as David Kalapparambath, George's father
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as College Principal
* [[Nandini Nair]] as Nandini, Malar's friend
* Faisal C.M. as Faisal
* Justin John as Justin
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Lonappan Chettan
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Henry aka Girirajan Kozhi
* Alwin Antony as Moosa
* Mahadev R K as College Student
* George P. Roy as Aftab
* Sandeep Varma as Murali sir
* Deepak Nathan as Usman (College chairman)
* Viswajith Odukkathil as Bolt Anoop
* Hormis Paulachan as Nigil
* Samarth as Samarth
* Rinsa as Anjali
* Vimal Kumar as Vimal, a student who one-sidedly loved Anjali
* Shinos Rahman as Baby
* [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] as Dolly D'Cruz
* Jayashankar as Peon
* [[Vinod Kovoor]] as Broker Shamsu
* Sandeep Kumar as a regular customer
* Aishwarya Raghavan as Aishwarya
* Pramod P. Jayachandran as Pramod
* [[Alphonse Puthren]] as Roney Varghese, Celine's ex-fiancé
* [[Rajini Chandy]] as George David's mother
* Sujinesh K Sundar as Nelson
{{Colend}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Following the success of the bilingual thriller ''[[Neram]]'' (2013), writer-director [[Alphonse Puthren]] planned for a Hindi remake for this project.<ref name="Hindiremake">Asha Prakash (27 May 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130802122324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news-and-interviews/39556211_1_hindi-neram-nazriya-nazim "Neram to be remade in Hindi"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 28 May 2013.</ref> But he decided to remake another film ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' in [[Hindi]], with [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] being cast as the lead, despite reports stating that [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Abhay Deol]] as the leads were surfaced.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-25|title=Anil Kapoor, Abhay Deol approached for Shutter remake?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anil-kapoor-abhay-deol-approached-for-shutter-remake/story-2GrEp2SnZwF95RxeMtWUmO.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> However, Alphonse eventually shelved the project and decided to work on a fresh script instead.<ref>{{Cite news|title=No Bollywood remake for shutter!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/no-bollywood-remake-for-shutter/articleshow/30327883.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Pillai |first1=Radhika C. }}</ref> He announced that the film will be titled as ''Premam'', and as the title suggests, the film is said to be a [[Romance film|romantic-drama]].<ref name="After 'Neram', it is 'Premam'">{{Cite web|title=After 'Neram', it is 'Premam'|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/after-neram-it-is-premam-news-malayalam-ocrkgJhghejsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721031351/http://www.sify.com/movies/after-neram-it-is-premam-news-malayalam-ocrkgJhghejsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2014|access-date=2021-07-17|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> The project was bankrolled by director-producer Anwar Rasheed under his banner Anwar Rasheed Entertainment and [[Nivin Pauly]] was announced playing the lead role, which was his second project with Puthren in the studio album ''[[Yuvvh]]'' and ''Neram''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kurien|first1=Shiba|date=17 February 2014|title=Nivin is ready for another love story|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nivin-is-ready-for-another-love-story/articleshow/30520247.cms|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> The scripting process began during the same month.<ref>{{cite news|author=Asha Prakash|date=15 June 2015|title=In many scenes, we didn't act: Krishna Sankar|work=[[The Times Of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/In-many-scenes-we-didnt-act-Krishna-Sankar/articleshow/47672450.cms|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> Rajesh Murugeshan who has previously composed music for Alphonse's ''Neram'' was roped as the music composer.<ref name="indiatimes12">{{cite news|last1=C Pillai|first1=Radhika|date=21 April 2014|title=Rajesh Murugesan scores music for Premam !|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Rajesh-Murugesan-scores-music-for-Premam-/articleshow/34036869.cms|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Sai Pallavi]] signed as the main leading lady of the film with [[Nivin Pauly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/06/08/asin-first-choice-as-malar-teacher-in-premam-sai-pallavi-role.html|title=Not Sai Pallavi, but Asin was first choice to play Malar teacher in Premam|website=OnManorama}}</ref>
| width = 
| image2 = Sai pallavi image.png
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = 
| image1 =
| width1 = 143
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| total_width = 175
}}
In February 2014, [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] announced that he would play a cameo in the film, which will mark his acting debut.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jude Antony to make acting debut|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jude-antony-to-make-acting-debut/articleshow/30890905.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Pillai |first1=Radhika C. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Priya Sreekumar|date=23 June 2015|title=Jude Anthany's cameo with Nivin|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150623/entertainment-mollywood/article/jude-anthany%E2%80%99s-cameo-nivin|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref> Though, the shooting of the film commenced without any leading lady for the film, the team announced that the film would feature three heroines playing the lead.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Karthikeyan|first1=Shruti|date=28 August 2014|title=Three heroines for Nivin in Premam|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Three-heroines-for-Nivin-in-Premam/articleshow/41006598.cms|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Alphonse invited applications from Malayalam-speaking women between the ages of 16 and 25. Later they released an ad in September 2014 saying the film needed only two heroines and they must be aged between 15 and 22 and "both of them should be able to speak Malayalam and English fluently as well as have a very good smile".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prakash|first1=Asha|date=25 September 2014|title=Premam's heroine now needs to know English too!|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Premams-heroine-now-needs-to-know-English-too/articleshow/43415442.cms|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> The same month, [[Vinay Forrt]] was announced playing a comic role in the film,<ref>{{Cite news|title=I play an unprecedented character in Premam: Vinay Fort|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-play-an-unprecedented-character-in-premam-vinay-fort/articleshow/42356624.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> and also joined the shoot during the filming.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vinay Forrt to play a psychologist!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vinay-forrt-to-play-a-psychologist/articleshow/42600428.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Pillai |first1=Radhika C. }}</ref>

Though the details of the female lead were not disclosed initially, it was later revealed that newcomers [[Anupama Parameswaran]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nivin Pauly's heroine in Premam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-paulys-heroine-in-premam/articleshow/47079619.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Sai Pallavi]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alphonse is a wonderful human being: Sai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/alphonse-is-a-wonderful-human-being-sai/articleshow/47584200.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and [[Madonna Sebastian]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|title=While acting, I let myself go, says Madonna|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/while-acting-i-let-myself-go-says-madonna/articleshow/47514822.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> were announced as the female leads. Madonna was initially a playback singer, trained under [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Classical music|western]] music, had sung for composers [[Deepak Dev]] and [[Gopi Sundar]]. Alphonse initially approached Madonna at one of the television shows she hosted, whether he asked her to act in one of her films for which she agreed.<ref name=":02" /> Pallavi, a doctor-cum-dancer, was approached by Alphonse six years before, through clippings from a reality show which she had participated, showcased in [[Facebook]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Alphonse initially gave her an offer to act in his film which she refused, and after six years, he phoned to Pallavi, in which she thought him as a stalker and wanted to lodge a police complaint on him. But later misunderstood after Alphonse forcibly introduced himself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THROWBACK: Sai Pallavi thought Alphonse Puthren was a stalker when he approached her for Premam|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/throwback-sai-pallavi-thought-alphonse-puthren-was-stalker-when-he-approached-her-premam-535980|access-date=2021-07-17|website=PINKVILLA|date=26 May 2020|language=en}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2021}} In an interview, Alphonse revealed that [[Asin]] was initially considered for the character Malar, played by Pallavi, following a fan's request.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alphonse Puthren reveals Asin was first choice to play Malar teacher in Premam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/alphonse-puthren-reveals-asin-was-first-choice-to-play-malar-teacher-in-premam/articleshow/83301009.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The film introduced 17 new actors in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2015|title=Premam is all love and laughter|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/premam-is-all-love-and-laughter-malayalam-news-133044.html|access-date=26 June 2015|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Following the completion of [[pre-production]], the principal photography began in July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Soman|first1=Deepa|date=17 July 2014|title=Premam gets kicked-off|work=[[The Times Of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Premam-gets-kicked-off/articleshow/38471937.cms|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> The team began filming the first schedule in [[Goa]] in August 2014, and returned to Kerala for filming major portions of the film. Major part of the film's shooting took place in locations in and around [[Aluva]], with some scenes were filmed at [[Union Christian College, Aluva|Union Christian College]], [[Fort Kochi]], Chokkampatti Hills and [[Marthanda Varma Bridge|Marthandavarma Bridge]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|title=When movie locations turn tourist hotspots|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/when-movie-locations-turn-tourist-hotspots/articleshow/50626204.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Prakash |first1=Asha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Praveen|first=M. p|date=2019-04-21|title=Film shooting in Fort Kochi back in focus|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/film-shooting-in-fort-kochi-back-in-focus/article26901465.ece|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The café which was run by George in the film was set at Pepper House restaurant in Fort Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sounds of the city|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/03/sounds-of-the-city-2191650.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 September 2020 }}</ref> The entire filming was wrapped up in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akhila Menon|date=21 November 2014|title=Nivin Pauly's Premam Wraps Up|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/nivin-pauly-premam-wraps-up-165152.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref name="Premam wraps up">{{cite news|last1=Soman|first1=Deepa|date=20 November 2014|title=Premam wraps up|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Premam-wraps-up/articleshow/45216062.cms|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{main|Premam (soundtrack)}}
The original soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Rajesh Murugesan]],<ref name="indiatimes12"/> who had collaborated with Puthren in the film ''[[Neram]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sounding-off-musically/article7090627.ece|title=Sounding off, musically|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita|date=2015-04-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-09|last2=Sathyendran|first2=Nita|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Shabareesh Varma]], beside singing, wrote the lyrics for eight of the nine songs.<ref>Robin T Varghese (5 June 2015). [http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/premam-hero-shabareesh-varma-malre-aluva-puzha-scene-contra-songs.html "Shabareesh – The actor, writer and singer of 'Premam'"]. ''Malayala Manorama''. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aravind K S |date=21 April 2015 |title=In Tune with Premam |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Tune-with-Premam/2015/04/21/article2774569.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421060811/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/In-Tune-with-Premam/2015/04/21/article2774569.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2015 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Cris |date=5 June 2015 |title=Shabareesh hits the right note |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150605/entertainment-mollywood/article/shabareesh-hits-right-note |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref>Deepa Soman (29 April 2015). ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</ref> One song "Rockaankuthu" which had lyrics written by Pradeep Palarr was sung by Tamil film composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anirudh Ravichander sings for Premam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Anirudh-Ravichander-sings-for-Premam/articleshow/47096351.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> The soundtrack album was released by the record label [[Muzik 247]] on 14 February 2015. All the audio songs released prior to the film release went viral on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|title='Premam' to release this weekend|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-to-release-this-weekend-news-malayalam-pfsko3fabechf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523023421/http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-to-release-this-weekend-news-malayalam-pfsko3fabechf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2015|website=[[Sify]]|date=18 May 2015|author=Moviebuzz}}</ref> In March 2015, video for the song "Aluva Puzha" sung by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] was released and became the chart topper.<ref>{{cite news|last1=V.P.|first1=Nicy|date=28 March 2015|title=Nivin Pauly, Anupama Parameshwaran Starrer 'Premam' Song 'Aluva Puzha' Trends Online [Song Video]|work=International Business Times|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nivin-pauly-anupama-parameshwaran-starrer-premam-song-aluva-puzha-trends-online-song-video-630143|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trending: Aluva Puzha song released|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/premam-song-aluva-puzha-nivin-pauly-anupama-trending.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> "Malare" was released on [[YouTuber|YouTube]] on 6 June.<ref>{{cite news|author=Deccan Chronicle|date=2 May 2015|title=Watch: 'Malare' song from 'Premam' creates waves on social media|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150621/entertainment-bollywood/article/watch-malare-song-premam-creates-waves-social-media|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> The song received 1 million hits within 14 hours of release and trended on all social networking platforms.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=2 May 2015|title=Malare song from Premam goes viral|agency=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Malare-song-from-Premam-goes-viral/articleshow/47540197.cms|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> [[Apple Music]] selected it as the "Best Malayalam album" of 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Premam-is-Best-Malayalam-Album/2015/12/19/article3184496.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224110521/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Premam-is-Best-Malayalam-Album/2015/12/19/article3184496.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 December 2015 | title=Premam is best Malayalam album | publisher=New Indian Express | access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Premam'' was originally scheduled for a release on the occasion of [[Christmas]] (25 December 2014),<ref name="After 'Neram', it is 'Premam'"/> however, following the [[post-production]] delays, the film was postponed to 13 February 2015, in order to coincide with the [[Valentine's Day]] weekend.<ref name="Premam wraps up"/> Anwar Rasheed later confirmed that the film will be released within March 2015, although the film was later pushed to April.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Premam to release in March|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/premam-to-release-in-march/articleshow/46083607.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In the end, the producers announced that the film will be released on 28 May 2015 in [[Kerala]], and the following day in India, clashing with another Nivin Pauly-starrer film ''[[Ivide]]'' and Tamil film ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]''.<ref name="Nicy V. P">{{cite news|author=Nicy V. P|date=20 May 2015|title=Nivin Pauly's 'Premam' Release Postponed, to Clash with 'Ivide', 'Masss'|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nivin-paulys-premam-release-postponed-clash-ivide-masss-633090|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> ''[[International Business Times]]'' called it one of the most awaited film of the year.<ref name="Nicy V. P"/>

A & A Release distributed the film in [[India]], which opened in 85 screens in [[Kerala]] alone on 28 May and outside the state, it released the following day in [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Gujarat]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]], [[Vizag]], [[Delhi]], [[Mangalore]], [[Manipal]], [[Chennai]] and [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Premam Movie Theatre List|url=http://metromatinee.gallery/premam-movie-theatre-list/|publisher=Metromatinee.com|date=30 May 2015}}</ref> It became the first [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] to be released in 43 screens in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] on 11 June.<ref>{{cite web|title='Premam' in UAE; sets record...|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/mollywood-special-news/premam-uae-sets-record|publisher=Ytalkies.com|date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UAE residents welcome Nivin Pauly's 'Premam'|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/uae-residents-welcome-nivin-pauly-s-premam-2015-06-12-1.593509|agency=[[Emirates247]]|date=12 June 2015|author=Sneha May Francis}}</ref> Great India Films distributed the film on 12 June in 25 locations in the [[United States]].<ref name="US" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Great India Films Premam (Malayalam) in US and Canada|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/premam-malayalam.html|publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Indienwood distributed in the Europe, while Tricolor Entertainment released it on 11 June in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premam in Europe|url=http://www.indienwood.com/events/category/premam-in-europe/|publisher=Indienwood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Premam – Malayalam Movie Screening In Australia|work=True India - Indian Movies in Australia |date=June 2015 |url=http://www.trueindia.com.au/indian-movies-australia/204/premam-malayalam-movie-screening-in-australia-sydney-melbourne-adelaide-perth-brisbane-canberra|publisher=Trueindia.com}}</ref> Blue Planet Entertainment Ltd handled the release in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nivin Pauly's hit film 'Premam' now showing in East Ham and Leicester: Click To Watch Schedule|url=http://www.ukmalayalee.com/association-news/news.php?id=MzI5MQ==|publisher=Ukmalayalee.com|author=Staff Reporter|date=13 June 2015}}</ref> Singapore Coliseum released the film in Singapore on 13 June.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premam PG|url=http://www.gv.com.sg/GVMovieDetails#/movie/0133|publisher=Gv.com.sg}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The first look of ''Premam'' was unveiled on 24 January 2015, which featured a simple title logo designed in the shape of a butterfly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-13|title=Nivin starrer Premam's first look poster released - Malayalam News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nivin-starrer-premams-first-look-poster-released-malayalam-news-125444|access-date=2021-07-17|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In a unique promotional activity, the film does not have a trailer release instead, two video songs were released as a part of the film promotions. According to Gokul Nath, the head of social media marketing company DigiFaktory, for which Premam became their first venture, he stated that "From the very beginning, I and Alphonse [Puthren] had a need for an element of suspense. The aim was to present the film as the story of a young lover-boy and nothing else. Alphonse had a clear vision about the film, he knew how he wanted the film to be projected, what about it would draw audiences to the theatre."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-17|title=Why doesn't Mollywood market itself better? Asks the man who helped 'Premam' go beyond Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-doesnt-mollywood-market-itself-better-asks-man-who-helped-premam-go-beyond-kerala-55847|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Datson|first=Riya|date=2015-12-16|title=Movie market mantra|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/movie-market-mantra/article7996821.ece|access-date=2021-07-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, a fan-edited trailer was released in November 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Post Premam's success comes a trailer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/post-premams-success-comes-a-trailer/articleshow/49768263.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jayaram |first1=Deepika }}</ref>

=== Re-release ===
After completing over 250 days theatrical run in Chennai box office, LA Cinema Maris in [[Trichy]] and Ram Muthuram Cinemas in [[Tirunelveli]] re-released the film on 18 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=March 17, 2016 |title=Premam: After a historic run, Alphonse Putharen's film re-released in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/premam-after-a-historic-run-alphonse-putharens-film-re-released-in-tamil-nadu-313731-2016-03-17|access-date=2021-07-17|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> It is the first [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] to have a re-release in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Nivin Pauly's 'Premam' to be re-released in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nivin-paulys-premam-be-re-released-tamil-nadu-670893|access-date=18 March 2016|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=18 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/365-days-premam-why-nivin-pauly-starrer-so-special-even-after-one-year-release-680649|title=365 days of 'Premam': Why is Nivin Pauly-starrer so special even after one year of release?|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=31 May 2016}}</ref> The film was further re-released in Chennai by Jazz Cinemas along with ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' and ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'', for the occasion of [[Valentine's Day]] weekend for 10–16 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Anu|date=2017-02-09|title=Valentine's week special: Nivin Pauly's Premam to have special screenings in Chennai for 7 days|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/valentines-week-special-nivin-paulys-premam-have-special-screenings-chennai-7-days-715415|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-13|title=Nivin Pauly's surprise for Valentine's Day|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivin-pauly-s-surprise-valentine-s-day-57205|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> It was re-released again in Kerala on the occasion of Nivin Pauly's birthday (11 October 2019).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Video: 'Premam' fever lives on and here's proof|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/video-premam-fever-lives-on-and-heres-proof/articleshow/71599832.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The film will be re-released once again on 13 February 2026, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-13 |title='Premam' re-release: Nivin Pauly hit film back in theatres; Fans call it 'One time wonder' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/premam-re-release-nivin-pauly-hit-film-back-in-theatres-fans-call-it-one-time-wonder/articleshow/128282397.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Piracy ===
In June 2015, a pirated version of ''Premam'' appeared online. The copy had a watermark indicating that it was a "censor copy", or a copy intended for censor board officials to review prior to the film's release. The film's producer, Anwar Rasheed, threatened to resign from Film Producers Association citing their lack of action after the leak was discovered.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prakash|first1=Asha|title=No action on piracy; Anwar Rasheed miffed|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/No-action-on-piracy-Anwar-Rasheed-miffed/articleshow/47895942.cms|access-date=18 July 2015|work=The Times Of India|date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=V.P.|first1=Nicy|title='Premam' Piracy Issue: Producer Anwar Rasheed to Resign from All Film-Based Associations|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-piracy-issue-producer-anwar-rasheed-resign-all-film-based-associations-637756|access-date=18 July 2015|work=International Business Times|date=1 July 2015}}</ref> The police arrested three teenagers in connection with the case, believing them to be involved with film piracy groups.<ref>{{cite news|title='Premam' piracy: 3 students arrested, foreign link exposed|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/premam-movie-piracy-kerala-plus-one-student-kollam-arrested.html|access-date=18 July 2015|publisher=Manorama Online|date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802050604/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/premam-movie-piracy-kerala-plus-one-student-kollam-arrested.html|archive-date=2 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Premam piracy row: Kerala police arrest three teenager|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/premam-piracy-row-kerala-police-arrest-three-teenagers/article1-1366731.aspx|access-date=18 July 2015|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=7 July 2015|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723165732/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/premam-piracy-row-kerala-police-arrest-three-teenagers/article1-1366731.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/premam-piracy-row-kerala-police-arrest-three-students/ Premam piracy row: Kerala Police arrest three students]. Indianexpress.com (8 July 2016). Retrieved on 24 January 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three students arrested in connection with 'Premam' piracy row|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/three-students-arrested-in-connection-with-premam-piracy-row-1017345.html|access-date=18 July 2015|publisher=IBN Live|date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Later, cinema theatre owners protested against the piracy issue by shutting down the theatres.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearly 400 theatres in Kerala remain shut to protest 'Premam' piracy|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/nearly-400-theatres-in-kerala-remain-shut-to-protest-premam-piracy-1018806.html|access-date=18 July 2015|publisher=IBN Live|date=11 July 2015}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Multiple image
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| image2 = Nivin Pauly at Richie premiere.jpg
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| footer = [[Sai Pallavi]] and [[Nivin Pauly]] were praised by many film critics for their portrayal of Malar and George.
}}
Premam received positive reviews from critics. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 84% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10.

''[[IB Times]]'''s reviewer Nicy V.P rated the film 5/5 and stated: "Premam is nothing but entertainment at its best and the movie deserves nothing less than a standing ovation." About the technicalities of the film, she said: "They are just flawless. From background score, songs, sound departments, art, cinematography, editing, costumes and others have come together to make Alphonse Putharen's dream a reality."<ref name="review">Nicy VP (30 May 2015). [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-movie-review-alphonse-putharen-nivin-pauly-deliver-complete-entertainer-634116 'Premam' Movie Review: Alphonse Putharen, Nivin Pauly Deliver a Complete Entertainer]. ''IB Times''. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</ref>
Veeyen of ''Nowrunning.com'' rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 and wrote: "'Premam' elevates Alphonse Puthren onto a pedestal of sharp film makers who have figured out the actual potential of the medium that cinema is. And in their competent hands long-standing tales assume ground-breaking forms and enthuse the viewers in ways and manners never seen before. Much more than an unabashed crowd-pleaser, which it surely is, 'Premam' is a bracingly alive film where almost everything, seems to have fallen right into place."<ref>Veeyen (31 May 2015). [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15026/malayalam/premam/5088/review/ Premam Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031165008/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15026/malayalam/premam/5088/review/ |date=31 October 2020 }}. ''Nowrunning.com''. Retrieved 7 June 2015.{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Sify.com]]'' rated the film 3.5 in a scale of 5 and said, "Premam is all for some genuine fun and perhaps, a few nostalgic moments as well for 80's and 90's generation. It's a lengthy ride for sure, but it will leave you wanting for more".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-review-malayalam-pf4ivnefdgjcg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530102907/http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-review-malayalam-pf4ivnefdgjcg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2015 |title=Review: Premam |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 June 2015 }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 3 in a scale of 5 and said, "With Premam, Alphonse Putheran proves that he has the knack of presenting themes that have blockbuster written all over."<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-premam-is-a-winner-all-the-way/20150601.htm |title=Review: Premam is a winner all the way |author=Paresh C Palicha |date=1 June 2015 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=9 June 2015 }}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Aswin J Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and said that ''Premam'' is a "movie with a high likeability quotient because it unearths the beauty in trifles."<ref>{{cite news |author=Aswin J Kumar |date=31 May 2015 |title=Premam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Premam/movie-review/47497528.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 June 2015}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Litty Simon of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars and highly appreciated Alphonse Puthraren's direction, cinematography, music, lead performances, editing and humour. "The simple story is told with amazing visuals. It is humour at its best", "the director has rightly kept his word of expecting nothing big and aptly sticks with the tagline 'The second film in the history of world cinema with nothing fresh'", says the reviewer.<ref>{{cite news|title='Premam': The many stages of wooing|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/premam-movie-review-nivin-pauly-alphonse-puthren.html|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|author=Litty Simon|date=29 May 2015|access-date=15 June 2015}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Alphonse Puthren's understanding of the medium is evident and he does not appear to try hard at any point." He praised Putharen's script, saying, "The strong point of Alphonse's script is its humour, which is very organic and does not stick out as a separate track."<ref>{{cite news |author=S. R. Praveen |date=31 May 2015 |title=When simplicity is the essence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/when-simplicity-is-the-essence/article7266468.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> Rejith RG of ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'' said, "Filled with unforgettable moments, characters and song sequences, Premam is a delight to watch. It's after a long time that we got to see such a hugely enjoyable Malayalam film."<ref>{{cite news |author=Rejith RG |date=9 June 2015 |title=The sensational Premam !!! |url=http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=65544 |newspaper=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |location=Trivandrum |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Mythily Ramachandran of ''[[Gulf News]]'' called it "A delightful entertainer with Nivin Pauly in the lead" and said, "Premam is a fun film, a simple love story of the boy next door, like its tagline that reads 'nothing extraordinary in it'."<ref>{{cite news |author=Mythily Ramachandran |date=10 June 2015 |title= Review: 'Premam' |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/tabloid/celebrity/review-premam-1.1532795 |newspaper=Gulf News |location= [[Dubai]] |access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Pramod Thomas of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' concluded his review saying, "'Premam' is a watchable flick for its realistic treatment of the plot, performance of the newcomers, wits, good songs and for Nivin Pauly."<ref>{{cite news |author=Pramod Thomas |date=31 May 2015 |title= George's Experiments with Love |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Georges-Experiments-with-Love/2015/05/31/article2841412.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615201823/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Georges-Experiments-with-Love/2015/05/31/article2841412.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film earned a gross of {{INRConvert|1.43|c}} in Kerala On its first day of release.<ref name=firstday /> According to trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, the net collection in Kerala in 3 days is approximately {{INR}}5.60 crore with a distributor share of {{INR}}3.50 crore.<ref>{{cite news|title='Premam' Opening Weekend Box-Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer Collects ₹5.60 Crore in 3 Days in Kerala|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-opening-weekend-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-collects-5-60-crore-3-days-634304|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=1 June 2015|author=Nicy|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> But ''Rediff.com'' reported a {{INR}}2.35 crore collection within the first four days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/premam-shatters-box-office-records/20150606.htm |title=Premam shatters box office records |author=Vijay George |date=6 June 2015 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=9 June 2015 }}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai also reported {{INRConvert|10.3|c}} as the film's collection in Kerala alone within the first week of release, adding that it broke the previous records of ''[[Keralavarma Pazhassiraja]]'', ''[[Drishyam]]'' and ''[[Bangalore Days]]''.<ref name="firstday">{{cite web|title=Premam First Week Box Office Collections; Breaks Drishyam & Bangalore Days Collection Records|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/premam-first-week-box-office-collections-breaks-drishyam-bangalore-days-records-186022.html|publisher=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat.com]]|author=Akhila Menon|date=8 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="firstweek">{{cite news|title='Premam' First Week Box Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer Collects ₹10.3 Crore; Breaks 'Bangalore Days', 'Drishyam' and 'Keralavarma Pazhassiraja' Records|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-first-week-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-collects-10-3-crore-breaks-634921|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy V. P|date=6 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> However ''Gulf News'' reported, it collected {{INRConvert|4.5|c}} at the box office in the first week in India.<ref name="Gulfnews1">{{cite news |author=Mythily Ramachandran |date=10 June 2015 |title='Premam' a 'sensible commercial' film |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/south-india/premam-a-sensible-commercial-film-1.1532789 |newspaper=Gulf News |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> P. V. Basheer also said that the film "would have earned a gross of about {{INR}}5 crore in a week of its release in Kerala, with a distributor share close to {{INR}}3 crore."<ref name=Hindu1 />

The earnings doubled in the second weekend from the first weekend.<ref name="secondweek">{{cite news|title='Premam' Second Weekend Box Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer's Success Run Continues|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-second-weekend-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrers-success-run-continues-635155|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy V. P|date=8 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> The film garnered a producer share of {{INR Convert|11|c}} in two weeks and became the most profitable film produced by Anwar Rasheed.<ref name="twoweeks">{{cite news|title='Premam' 2-Week Box Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer is a Mega Blockbuster|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-2-week-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-mega-blockbuster-635607|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=12 June 2015|access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> The gross collection from Kerala theatres crossed {{INR Convert|20|c}} in 14 day (June 12) of release.<ref name="20crore">{{cite web|title='Premam' sets Kerala box office on fire!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-sets-kerala-box-office-on-fire-news-malayalam-pgpjznhhacecc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615130241/http://www.sify.com/movies/premam-sets-kerala-box-office-on-fire-news-malayalam-pgpjznhhacecc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2015|website=[[Sify]]|author=Moviebuzz|date=15 June 2015|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The film experienced a 90% to 100% theatre occupancy in the third weekend. In [[Eranakulam|Ernakulam]] city the film grossed {{INRConvert|66|l}} in two weeks from Shenoys, Padma and Sridhar theatres.<ref name=US /> It grossed {{INR Convert|30|c}} in 25 days, which is a record in Malayalam film industry.<ref name="25days">{{cite news|title=Box-Office Collection: 'Premam', 'Oru Vadakkan Selfie' Success Makes Nivin Pauly Ultimate Winner of Malayalam Cinema 2015|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-premam-oru-vadakkan-selfie-success-makes-nivin-pauly-ultimate-winner-637111|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy|date=25 June 2015}}</ref> In 50 days, the film collected over ₹60 crore from Worldwide box office of which ₹38 crore from Kerala, ₹7.5 crore from Rest of India, ₹2.6 crore from United States and United Kingdom combined and ₹11.5 crore from [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] box office.<ref name="ibtimes.co.in">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-50-days-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-earns-rs-38-crore-kerala-639825 'Premam' 50 Days Box Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer Earns Rs 38 Crore in Kerala]. Ibtimes.co.in (2015-07-20). Retrieved on 2016-01-24.</ref>

The film was released on 12 June in 25 locations in the US distributed by Great India Films. The opening day gross was $26,000 and it raked up over $97,000 in three days in the Us.<ref name="US">{{cite news|title='Premam' Weekend Box Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer sizzles in India, Overseas Markets|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-weekend-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-sizzles-india-overseas-markets-635930|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The US collection reached $106,000 in 4 days, giving tough competition to Bollywood and Tamil cinemas at the US.<ref>{{cite news|title='Premam' Box-Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer Grosses $106,000 in US; Breaks 'Keralavarma Pazhassiraja', 'Drishyam', 'Bangalore Days' Records in Kerala|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrer-grosses-106000-us-breaks-drishyam-636081|agency=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy|date=16 June 2015|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> In two weeks, collection reached $150,000.<ref name="50cr">{{cite news|author=Nicy V. P|date=22 June 2015|title='Premam' Fourth Weekend Box Office Collection: Nivin Pauly Starrer's Success Run Continues, Poised to Become Highest Grosser in US|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-fourth-weekend-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-starrers-success-run-continues-poised-636680|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> The film collected $159,398 (₹1.01 crore) in second weekend from Australia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hoax Alert: Reports of a Malayali being arrested for downloading Nivin Pauly's 'Premam' in Australia are Fake|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hoax-alert-reports-malayali-being-arrested-downloading-nivin-paulys-premam-australia-are-637308|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=27 June 2015|author=Anu James|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

In its final run, ''Premam'' film becomes the highest grossing Malayalam film in UAE-GCC territory by collecting ₹24 crore, in United States by collecting US$236,000 (₹1.76 crore) and also Rest of India box office at that time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mammooty's Bheeshmaparvam becomes fastest Malayalam film to break into Rs 50 cr club, stacks up records overseas|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mohanlals-lucifer-becomes-fastest-malayalam-film-to-break-into-rs-50-cr-club-stacks-up-records-overseas-6372921.html|newspaper=[[Firstpost]]|date=2 April 2019}}</ref> The film collected ₹2 crore from Tamil Nadu box office in its 200 days theatrical run making it the highest grossing Malayalam film in Tamil Nadu at that time.<ref>{{cite news|title=From Bheeshmaparvam to Puli Murugan, here is the list of highest grossing Malayalam movies in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/lucifer-puli-murugan-here-list-highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-tamil-nadu-796470|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=24 April 2019}}</ref> The final box office collection is estimated as {{INR Convert|60|c}} worldwide.<ref name="totalgross">{{cite news|author=Roktim Rajpal|title=Prabhas' 'Bahubali' to Jyothika's '36 Vayadhinile': Southern films that turned out to be the biggest surprises of 2015|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-bahubali-to-jyothikas-36-vayadhinile-southern-films-that-turned-out-to-be-the-biggest-surprises-of-2015-1177801.html|access-date=15 April 2016|website=[[News18]]|date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news|author1=Haricharan Pudipeddi|title=2015: When content triumphed over star-power in South Cinema|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/2015-when-content-triumphed-over-star-power-in-south-cinema/story-QaIOcOt7KGfNZKzEdk4lhP.html|access-date=15 April 2016|agency=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/premam-box-office-naga-chaitanya-shruti-haasan-madonna-sebastian-346323-2016-10-13|title = Premam box office collection: Naga Chaitanya's film earns Rs 20 crore in 5 days| date=13 October 2016 }}</ref> The film had theatrical run over 151 days in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|title=ശ്രീവിശാഖിൽ പ്രേമിച്ചത് 151 നാളുകൾ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/premam-150-days.html|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Power in her portrayal!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/060219/power-in-her-portrayal.html|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=6 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nivin Pauly: The star we all love|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/19796-nivin-pauly-the-star-we-all-love|newspaper=[[Times of Oman]]|date=19 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Audience response ===
''The Hindu'' reported, "Youngsters are literally mobbing theaters, cash registers are ringing without non-stop, theater owners are being pressured into squeezing in an extra show, and even recommendations are being made for tickets. Due to its right timing in bringing the film onto the screens after a long dullness in the mollywood industry, this love-fantasy film is well accepted in the hearts of Malayalis. The movie seems well on the expressway to becoming a cult movie."<ref name="Hindu1">G. Krishnakumar (7 June 2015). [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/premam-is-in-the-air/article7290979.ece "Premam is in the air"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 8 June 2015.</ref> P. V. Basheer Ahamed, president of the Kerala Film Exhibitors Federation, said that a similar euphoria was last seen when [[Mammootty]]-starrer ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' hit theatres in 2005.<ref name=Hindu1 /> Nivin Pauly and Sai Pallavi's performance was also appreciated by people inside the film industry.<ref name="jayasurya">{{cite web|title=Jayasurya In All Praise For Nivin Pauly And Premam|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/jayasurya-in-all-praise-for-nivin-pauly-and-premam-185389.html|publisher=[[One India|Filmibeat.com]]|author=Akhila|date=2 June 2015|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="celebrity">{{cite news|title='Premam' Celebrity Review: Priyadarshan, Indrajith, Vineeth Sreenivasan, Others Appreciate Nivin Pauly, Alphonse Putharen|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premam-celebrity-review-priyadarshan-indrajith-vineeth-sreenivasanm-others-appreciate-nivin-634257|agency=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy|date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="namitha">{{cite news|title=Namitha Pramod reeling in Premam effect|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/namitha-pramod-in-premam-effect.html|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=10 June 2015|author=Onmanorama Desk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nivin Pauly: Man of the season |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2015/June/citytimes_June47.xml&section=citytimes |agency=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=11 June 2015 |author=Deepa Gauri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627193023/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2015%2FJune%2Fcitytimes_June47.xml&section=citytimes |archive-date=27 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I always wanted to be a star|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/nivin-pauly-i-always-wanted-to-be-a-star-south/20150624.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

In Apsara theatre in [[Kozhikode]], a group of audience turned violent and vandalized after some minor technical snag disturbed the screening of the film. The violent mob went on a rampage within minutes and the screening was suspended. The screen was torn apart and chairs were destroyed in the melee. The ruckus continued even after the police reached the spot and resorted to [[Baton charge|lathi charge]]. A police officer was injured in the clash. Seven youngsters were taken into custody in connection with the incident.<ref>{{cite news|title='Apsara' theatre vandalized after glitch halts 'Premam' screening|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/nivin-pauly-starrer-premam-screening-halted-theatre-attacked-in-kozhikode.html|agency=[[Manoramaonline.com]]|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|location=[[Kozhikode]]|date=4 June 2015}}</ref>

At least 60 students of various local colleges were caught on Monday, 15 June, by the police for bunking classes to watch ''Premam''. The police action was a part of Operation Gurukulam following complaints that students of various schools and colleges were skipping classes to watch the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 60 students bunk classes to watch Malayalam blockbuster 'Premam' in Kerala, caught|url=http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2015/06/16/article620376.ece/At-least-60-students-bunk-classes-to-watch-Malayalam-blockbuster-Premam-in-Kerala-caught|newspaper=[[ABP News]]|author=PTI|date=16 June 2015|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> The demand for the tickets led ''Premam'' to be the film with maximum additional shows in theatres after ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' starring [[Mammootty]].<ref name="25days" />

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Premam}}

== Remake ==
''Premam'' was remade into Telugu under [[Premam (2016 film)|the same name]], which released in 2016. The film stars [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Shruthi Hassan]] in the lead role reprising Nivin and Pallavi and was directed by [[Chandoo Mondeti]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malayalam hit 'Premam' in Telugu, first look revealed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-hit-%E2%80%98premam%E2%80%99-telugu-first-look-revealed-39237 |access-date=2020-09-05 |website=thenewsminute.com |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In July 2015, reports have surfaced that ''Premam'' will be remade in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Premam's Tamil remake is just a rumour!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Premams-Tamil-remake-is-just-a-rumour/articleshow/48132758.cms|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Hansika Motwani]] in the lead role reprising Nivin and Pallavi and [[Dhanush]] had bagged the remake rights.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-26|title=Dhanush to rope in Vijay Sethupathi and Hansika for Tamil remake of Premam?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dhanush-to-rope-in-vijay-sethupathi-and-hansika-for-tamil-remake-of-premam-616682/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref> However, Dhanush had claimed that he did not have the rights for the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Don't Have the Remake Rights of 'Premam': Dhanush|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/nov/10/dont-have-the-remake-rights-of-premam-dhanush-841369.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In January 2016, fans of the original film trended the hashtag #SayNoToPremamTamil in the microblogging site [[Twitter]], claiming that Tamil audience do not want to remake the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-10|title=Stay original, Tamil cinema. Say no to Premam remake, you will spoil it for us|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/stay-original-tamil-cinema-say-no-premam-remake-you-will-spoil-it-us-37511|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

Fans started trolling [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Shruti Haasan]] after the release of the promo song "Evare" (a remake of the Malayalam original song "Malare"), for its Telugu remake claiming that it spoilt the flavour of the original song, and trended their reactions with hilarious memes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-29|title=Not much love for Telugu version of Premam, memes galore|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/not-much-love-telugu-version-premam-memes-galore-49045|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Many fans tagged Chaitanya and Shruti's performance as "overacting" and claimed that he and she failed to perfectly reprise Nivin and Pallavi's role from the original.<ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Anu|date=2016-09-22|title=Why Premam fans are heavily trolling Naga Chaitanya's Telugu remake version on social media?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/why-premam-fans-are-heavily-trolling-naga-chaitanyas-telugu-remake-version-social-media-694708|access-date=2020-12-23|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Naga Chaithanya becomes the new troll magnet|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/naga-chaithanya-new-troll-prey-after-premam-trailer-release.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

As the film did not receive a nomination at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]], which is official state film award given by [[Kerala|Government of Kerala]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2016 |title=Here's why 'Premam' couldn't bag any Kerala State Film Awards |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/heres-why-premam-couldnt-bag-any-kerala-state-film-awards-ar-murugadoss-aashiq-abu-respond-669088 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> several comments were posted in social media expressing their disappointments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|date=2016-03-01|title=Kerala film awards: 'Premam' snubbed says audience|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kerala-film-awards-premam-snubbed-says-audience-2184231|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why was 'Premam' ignored at State awards?|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/why-was-premam-ignored-at-state-awards-news-malayalam-qddj7vjiciafc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303104346/http://www.sify.com/movies/why-was-premam-ignored-at-state-awards-news-malayalam-qddj7vjiciafc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=2021-07-17|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> Director Aashiq Abu, slammed the jury committee for calling the filmmaking as "lazy" and expressed his displeasure on their decisions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aashiq Abu bashes Kerala State Award jury|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aashiq-abu-bashes-kerala-state-award-jury/articleshow/51241341.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jayaram |first1=Deepika }}</ref> Tamil filmmaker A. R. Murugadoss also expressed the same and called it as "unfair".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Murgadoss terms Premam missing award as 'unfair'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/murgadoss-terms-premam-missing-award-as-unfair/articleshow/51225896.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Prakash |first1=Asha }}</ref>

== Impact ==
''Premam'' opened to rave response from celebrities with prominent members from Tamil industry: notably [[Selvaraghavan]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil director Selvaraghavan amazed by Premam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tamil-director-selvaraghavan-amazed-by-premam/articleshow/49688380.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jayaram |first1=Deepika }}</ref> [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Director Shankar lauds Premam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-shankar-lauds-premam/articleshow/50685844.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jayaram |first1=Deepika }}</ref> and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ilayathalapathy lauds Nivin Pauly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilayathalapathy-lauds-nivin-pauly/articleshow/50816717.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> lauding Pauly's performance and direction. The lead actresses in ''Premam'', [[Sai Pallavi]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|title=Sai Pallavi heads to Kashmir for Tamil film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sai-pallavi-heads-to-kashmir-for-tamil-film/articleshow/51697931.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Prakash |first1=Asha }}</ref> [[Anupama Parameswaran]] and [[Madonna Sebastian]] became overnight celebrities and carved a niche for themselves in the South Indian film industry.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I have made some mistakes out of ignorance: Anupama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-have-made-some-mistakes-out-of-ignorance-anupama/articleshow/50867383.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> Following the [[2015 Kerala local elections]], the song "Malare" was used as a part of their political campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-24|title=Malare song popular in elections too - Malayalam News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/malare-song-popular-in-elections-too-malayalam-news-145429|access-date=2021-07-17|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Malare...' popular in election campaign too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/malare-popular-in-election-campaign-too/articleshow/49504588.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref> The song "Malare" and one of its dialogues were featured in the most popular songs and dialogues of 2015 by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Most popular songs and dialogues of 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/most-popular-songs-and-dialogues-of-2015/articleshow/50354666.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith }}</ref> Aluva, where the film was shot became a tourist hotspots with 5,000 visitors per month came within three months after its release.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> The black shirt and white mundu outfit worn by Nivin's character George and his gang during his college days became trending after the film's release and was sold by the textile stores in Kerala during [[Onam]] celebrations in colleges and schools.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|date=2015-12-23|title=Love, curls and red velvet cake|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/premam-love-curls-and-red-velvet-cake/article8022290.ece|access-date=2021-07-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), the protagonist John Durairaj ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]), an alcoholic professor, quotes plots from films as the reason why he was addicted to alcoholism, thereby not revealing his backstory. He quoted the film's sub-plot of George's relationship with Malar, as his backstory, in one of the scenes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The connection between Master's Lokesh and Premam's Alphonse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-connection-between-masters-lokesh-and-premams-alphonse/articleshow/80266898.cms |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|Premamfilm}}
* {{IMDb title|4679210}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Murugesan]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films directed by Alphonse Puthren]]
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[[Category:2015 musical films]]

Hande Hanumappa Nayaka

2026-04-24T21:13:20Z

Akivulhasan876: created a stub!

{{Short description|Vassal king of Vijayanagara (1497–1582)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hande Hanumappa Nayaka
| image =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| parents =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 9 April 1497
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1582|||1497|04|09|df=y}}
| issue =
| children = Immadi Hampa Nayaka Devappa Nayaka Nitya Maduvaniga Ramappa Nayaka Hire Malakappa Nayaka Chikka Malakappa Nayaka
| monarch = [[Sadasiva Raya]]
| monarch2 =
| monarch1 =
| office3 =
| monarch3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| honorific_prefix =
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
* [[Vijayanagar Civil War (1542–1543)]]
** [[Battle of Tungabhadra River (1543)]]
** [[Battle of Kalyani (1543)]]
** [[Siege of Ahmednagar (1543)]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
| resting_place = Nidumamidi Mutt, [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].
| relations =
| successor = Immadi Hampa Nayaka(Ankusharaya)
| death_place = [[Bukkarayasamudram]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Ananthapur district|Ananthapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| term_end =
| term_start =
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| service_years = 1542–1569
| branch = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Army]]
| unit = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Infantry]]
| office = [[vassal|Vassal king]] of The [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| rank = [[vassal|Vassal king]]
| birth_place = Muttagi, [[Bijapur Sultanate]] {{small|(present-day Muttagi village, Vijayapura district, [[Karnataka]], [[India]])}}
}}

'''Hanumappa Nayaka''' was vassal king<ref>{{cite book
|title=South Indian Inscriptions (Texts), Vol. IX, Part II: Kannada Inscriptions from the Madras Presidency
|editor=R. Shama
|publisher=Superintendent Government Press
|location=New Delhi
|page=275
|quote=Line 7 of Inscription No. 684
|language=English
|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/south-indian-inscriptions-texts-vol-ix-part-ii-kannada-inscriptions-madras-presidency
}}</ref> of [[Ballari]] and [[Anantapur]] under [[Vijayanagara Empire]] he founded the city of New [[Ballari]] and established Hande dynasty, he was born to Laxmigouda and Devakki in a Nadgouda(Village chief) family of the Veerashaiva Hande clan(Handevazir) in present day [[Bijapur]]. initially, he served as a chieftain in the court of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur, where he gained the title of Badshahi Vazir, and was rewarded with ownership of 11 parganas(1 Paragana equals 48 Villages) Thus, to this day, a branch of his descendants calls themselves Hande Vazir/Handevazir. According to the Ballari and Kurugodu [[Kaifiyat]], it is believed that once Hande Hanumappa Nayaka was summoned to the court of Bijapur. He arrived there with his five sons. The Badshah, upon seeing his sons, asked him to hand over one of them so that he could be converted to Islam. Hande Hanumappa Nayaka, was deeply enraged by this demand and boldly retorted, "Hand over one of your wives to me, and I shall give you sons like mine." Offended by his defiance, the Badshah ordered the captivity of Hanumappa and his five sons. However, Hande Hanumappa Nayaka managed to evade capture by the Sultan’s forces, successfully crossing the [[Krishna River]] to escape. Later he became a prominent commander in the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] played a crucial role in consolidating the power of [[Rama Raya]] during the Vijayanagara Civil War against the Salakamraju Tirumala brothers. His military expertise and leadership were instrumental in securing [[Rama Raya]]'s victory, solidifying his dominance in the empire.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/> Hanumappa Nayaka's greatest achievement came in 1543 during the Battle of Kalyani, where he led the Vijayanagar forces to a victory against the combined armies of [[Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar]], and [[Golconda]].<ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/> Impressed by the victory [[Rama Raya]] bestowed upon him the lands in the eastern country [[Nandyala]], [[Bukkarayasamudram]], [[Anantapur]], Dharmavaram, [[Kanekal]] and in the west, [[Ballari]] and Kurgodu

==Military career==
===Vijayanagara Civil War (1542-1543)===
As tensions grew within the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] [[Rama Raya]] sought to consolidate his power and counter the influence of Salaka Tirumala. To rally support, he issued royal summons to trusted commanders and jagirdars, including Hande Hanumappa Nayaka, Mesa Peddappa Nayaka, and Majjahari Tulasipati, instructing them to assemble their forces at [[Penukonda]]. Responding loyally these leaders gathered with their troops, recognizing the urgency of the situation. At the assembly, [[Rama Raya]] detailed the misdeeds and threats posed by Salaka Tirumala, emphasizing the need for unity to restore stability to the empire. He promised generous rewards and prestigious titles for those who contributed to the campaign’s success. Demonstrating initiative, Mesa Peddappa Nayaka volunteered to gather intelligence, deploying spies to track Salaka Timma’s movements. Armed with critical information, [[Rama Raya]] supported by his commanders and their combined forces, launched a rebellion against Salaka Tirumala.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=Ramanayya |first=N. Venkata |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511910/page/80/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Studies In The History Of The Third Dynasty Of Vijayanagara |date=1935|pages=81–90}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=K.A.Nilakanta Sastry |url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory/page/n194/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History |date=1946 |pages=185–187|language=English}}</ref>

Following a series of victories against Salakamraju Pedda Tirumala’s forces, [[Rama Raya]] advanced towards [[Vijayanagara]] determined to consolidate his power. While stationed near [[Adoni]] Rama Raya orchestrated a strategic campaign of espionage and psychological warfare. Spies were dispatched to infiltrate Tirumala’s camp, where they spread rumors questioning his legitimacy and caste, undermining his authority among his troops. Additionally, bribes were offered to Tirumala’s captains, sowing further discord and prompting thoughts of desertion. With Tirumala’s forces weakened and divided, Rama Raya launched a surprise assault, exploiting the chaos to secure a decisive victory. Tirumala, abandoned by his captains, fled but was soon captured by Rama Raya’s officers. His execution and the public display of his severed head marked the end of his rebellion. Hanumappa Nayaka, a key commander in [[Rama Raya]]’s army, played a vital role in this campaign, contributing to the final defeat of Tirumala and solidifying Rama Raya’s dominance in [[Vijayanagara]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>

===Battle of Tungabhadra===
The [[Battle of Tungabhadra River (1543)|Battle of the Tungabhadra River]] marked the last battle of a series of conflicts in the [[Vijayanagar Civil War (1542–1543)]] between Salakamraju Tirumala and Rama Raya. Before the battle, the army was strategically divided into three divisions—each commanded by Hande Hanumappa Nayaka, Tirumala Raya, and Rama Raya respectively. This decisive battle ended with the capture of Salakamraju, whose forces were outmaneuvered and betrayed by his own captains. Following his capture, Tirumala was executed, bringing an end to his resistance. With the rival faction defeated, the queens of [[Krishnadevaraya]] [[Tirumala Devi]] and Chinnadevi joyfully opened the gates of the capital to Rama Raya and his victorious army. Soon after, [[Rama Raya]] orchestrated the coronation of [[Sadasiva Raya]] as emperor, solidifying his position as the empire’s de facto ruler.<ref name="ramanayya">
Ramanayya, N. Venkata (1935). ''Studies in the History of the Third Dynasty of Vijayanagara''. pp. 86–90.
</ref><ref name="gopal">
Gopal, M. H. (1956). ''The History of Vijayanagar Empire, Vol. 1''. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. pp. 182–183.
</ref><ref name="brown">
Brown, Charles Philip (1853). ''The Wars of the Rajas: Being the History of Anantapuram''. The Christian Knowledge Society's Press. pp. 4–5. Digitized by Universal Digital Library.
</ref>

===Battle of Kalyani===
In 1543, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] of Bijapur, seeking to expand his influence, entered into a secret alliance with [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar against [[Bidar]] and [[Vijayanagara]]. According to their agreement, Ahmadnagar would focus on [[Ali Barid Shah I]] of Bidar, while Bijapur advanced into [[Vijayanagara]]’s territories unchallenged. Acting swiftly, [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] captured the fort of [[Kandhar]] while [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] imprisoned Amir Barid Shah of Bidar, who had unsuspectingly sought refuge with him. [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] then turned his forces south, claiming to have made significant gains against [[Vijayanagara]]. However historical records suggest these claims were likely exaggerated, as Vijayanagara's borders showed no notable reductions. Furthermore [[Rama Raya]]’s subsequent conflict with [[Ahmadnagar]] indicates that Vijayanagara’s military strength and territorial integrity remained intact.<ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Henry Heras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973/page/n120/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara |date=1927|pages=75–77}}</ref><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=Heras |first=H. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189282/page/n126/mode/1up?view=theater |title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1 |date=1927|pages=75–77}}</ref>

[[Rama Raya]] recognizing [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar as the primary force behind the alliance against [[Vijayanagara]] adopted a strategic approach to disrupt the coalition between [[Ahmadnagar]] and [[Bijapur]]. Rather than engaging Bijapur directly, he chose to confront Ahmadnagar, aiming to fracture their partnership and weaken their combined strength. Mobilizing his forces, [[Rama Raya]] advanced towards [[Ahmadnagar]].<ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

To reach Ahmadnagar’s territories, [[Rama Raya]] carefully navigated the regions controlled by [[Golconda]] and [[Bidar]] anticipating potential resistance. Understanding the complexities of the campaign he divided his army into three divisions [[Rama Raya]] personally led the forces against the Sultan of [[Golconda]], while his brother Tirumala advanced towards [[Bidar]] to neutralize opposition there. The third division, commanded by the seasoned general Hande Hanumappa Nayudu of Sonnalapuram, marched directly towards [[Ahmadnagar]].<ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

The campaign against [[Ahmadnagar]] vividly recounted in Hindu poems, culminated in the capture of [[Kaliyani]] and a decisive battle between the [[Vijayanagar]] army and the allied forces of [[Ahmadnagar]], [[Golconda]], and [[Bidar]]. While the Vasucharitramu offers limited details on Kaliyani’s fall, the Annals of Hande [[Anantapuram]] provide a thorough account of the confrontation. After reuniting their three divisions, the [[Vijayanagar]] forces met the combined armies of the three Sultans in fierce battle. The battle ended in a victory for [[Vijayanagar]] as the Sultanate forces collapsed and the Sultans fled the field. In the aftermath, the Vijayanagar army pursued the retreating forces. During this pursuit Hande Hanumappa Nayaka captured [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]].<ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps"/>

After capturing [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] during the pursuit, Hande Hanumappa Nayaka presented the imprisoned Sultan to [[Rama Raya]] and [[Tirumala Raya]]. Impressed by his valor and loyalty, the brothers received Hanumappa Nayaka with great admiration and gratitude. Recognizing the significance of this victory and the impact it had on weakening Ahmadnagar’s influence, they publicly praised his efforts. In acknowledgment of his service, [[Rama Raya]] and [[Tirumala Deva Raya]] offered Hanumappa Nayaka the opportunity to request any reward he desired he replied.<ref name="eps">{{Cite book |last=Charles Philip Brown |url=https://archive.org/details/warsoftherajasbe034936mbp/page/n11/mode/1up?view=theater |title=The Wars Of The Rajas Being The History Of Anantapuram |date=1853 |publisher=The Christian Knowledge Societys Press |others=Universal Digital Library|pages=5–6}}</ref>

<blockquote> Whatever your honours please it will be equal to all rewards.
- Hande Hanumappa Nayaka</blockquote>

==Titles and honors==
After the battle, Rama Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire conferred prestigious titles upon Hande Hanumappa Nayaka in recognition of his valor and service. One such elaborate honorific was:

<blockquote>śrīman rāja haṇḍe yaśavanta paradaḷa vibhāḍa ari-rāya māramardhana<ref>{{cite book
|title=ಬುಕ್ಚಾರಾಯಸಮುದ್ರ ಅನಂತಸಾಗರ ಗ್ರಾಮಗಳ ಕೆರೆಯ ಕೈಫಿಯತ್ತು
|translator=ನೆತಿ ರಘುರಾಮ (Neti Raghuram)
|publisher=Chalukya Samskruti Adhyayana Peetha(R), Kalaburagi
|year=2022
|isbn=978-81-955496-8-9
|page=11
|language=Kannada
|quote=Historical and poetic documentation of Bukkarayasamudra and Anantasagara villages.
}}</ref></blockquote>
which translates to "The illustrious King Hande, glorious in battle formation, vanquisher of enemy kings." In addition to these titles, Hanumappa Nayaka was also honored with ''Mayura Pincham (Navilugari)'' a ceremonial peacock feather, traditionally a mark of valor and royal recognition. ''Navubatu'' a special leather instrument awarded/played as a part of courtly or military honors symbolizing martial prowess. ''Haldi Nishana'' a military banner, symbolizing victory and valor.

==Building activities==
After receiving these honors, Hanumappa Nayaka took leave of the Rajas and arrived in Nandela in the year 1569 AD, during the month of Margasira. Assuming his new responsibilities, he traveled to [[Bukkarayasamudram]], where he marveled at the grandeur of the lake. Inspired by its prominence, he constructed a royal residence (palace) near the fort and fortified the area with a bastion, establishing his rule and ensuring the prosperity of the region.<ref name="eps"/> Meanwhile near Ballari fort as soldiers, traders, craftsmen, and temple workers settled around the fort, residential quarters started forming in the plains surrounding it. These growing settlements eventually became known as Ballari Pete (Old Market area), which laid the groundwork for New Ballari to expand. The fort became a symbol of regional power. As it grew in fame and structure, town development radiated outward from the fort, like a cultural and urban epicenter.

=== Ballari Fort ===
Ballari Fort is a historic fortification located in the city of Ballari construeced by Hande Hanumappa Nayaka. Built atop a large granite hill known as Ballari Gudda, the fort offers a commanding view of the surrounding region and has been of strategic military importance for centuries. The fort is divided into two parts the Upper Fort and the Lower Fort each representing different phases of construction and occupation. Located at the summit of Ballari Gudda, is the oldest part of the structure. The strategic height of the Upper Fort allowed for military surveillance over the Deccan plateau, and it was used primarily for defense and watchtower purposes. The Upper Fort was official residence of Hande family for a while. The fortifications are made of massive granite blocks, carefully laid without mortar, showcasing advanced engineering for the time. Steep paths carved along the hill provide access to the fort’s upper levels. Several bastions, gun points, and lookouts are still visible.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:View of the N. and E. faces of the citadel at Bellary; Hindus worshipping at a shrine in the foreground.jpg|400px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Ballari-Fort-02.JPG|400px]]
|}

=== Seven Step Wells ===
Hande Hanumappa Nayaka, along with the construction of [[Bellary Fort]], also oversaw the building of seven [[stepwell|step wells]] around [[Ballari]] between 1560 and 1565, to tackle the region's water crisis. These wells were each named after his sisters and collectively came to be known as the ''Akka Tangiyara Bavigalu'' (meaning "sisters' stepwells" in Kannada).

Several of these historic wells still exist today, including:
* '''Akkamma Bhavi'''
* '''Avamma Bhavi'''
* '''Neelamma Bhavi'''
* '''Sesamma Bhavi'''

The wells were strategically built to serve the needs of civilians and soldiers stationed at the fort. The western side of Ballari Hill was known as the '''Western Parade Ground''', while the eastern side was known as the '''Eastern Parade Ground'''. Due to their proximity and usage by military personnel, the step wells also came to be referred to as ''Soldiers' Wells''.

These wells stand as a testament to the region’s medieval water management systems and Hanumappa Nayaka's foresight in addressing logistical and infrastructural needs during a time of expanding military presence.

===Tekkalakote Fort===
According to the Bellary Land Records, [[Tekkalakote]] Fort was built by Hande [[Palegar|Paalyagara]] Baalada Hanumappa Nayaka.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ray |editor1-first=Himanshu Prabha |editor2-last=Kulshreshtha |editor2-first=Salila |editor3-last=Suvrathan |editor3-first=Uthara |title=The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples: Materiality, Social History and Practice |year=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=PT392 |isbn=978-1-000-78581-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5eSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT392}}</ref> The fort is square-shaped featuring four [[bastion]]s positioned at each corner. The northern entrance is decorated with floral [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] of the Vijayanaga style. In the past there had been a total of 14 wells within the fort, and it had been a place for water conservation but today unfortunately, except three wells all got destroyed.<ref name="Taylor & Francis"/> In the past the fort has served as a [[jail]] and as an armoury, but as of today fort is a education hub of the town, a government school for girl and a college are within the fort premises.

===Dodda Basaveshwara Temple===
[[File:Dodda Basaveshwara Temple.jpg|thumb|200px|Gopuram of Dodda Basaveshwara]]
The Dodda Basaveswara temple of [[Kurugodu]], was constructed by Hande nayaka and is the main attraction in town, The [[Cult image|idol]] of the big bull, called [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] or Nadeeswara, is cut out of a [[monolith]]ic rock, and is 12' high. The annual [[rath yatra]] of the [[deity]] is conducted on the [[Holi]] Purnima day,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About TMC |url=http://www.kurugodutown.mrc.gov.in/en/about-tmc |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=KURUGODU TOWN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF DIRECTORATE OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION}}</ref> which marks the beginning of the [[spring (season)|spring season]], as well as the beginning of the [[Indian New Year's days|New Year]].

===Dwikuta Temple of Moka village===
Dwikuta Temple located 2 km southeast of the Sri Malleshwara Temple in Moka village, with one sanctum housing a Shivalinga in the Navaranga (mantapa) and the other featuring a Venkateshwara statue. This architectural design symbolizes the equal reverence for Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions, this temple is believed to have been associated with or built under the patronage of Hande Hanumappa Nayaka, who was although a follower of the [[Lingayats|Veerashaiva-Lingayat]] faith<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Charles Philip |title=The Wars of the Rajas: Being the History of Anantapuram |date=1853 |publisher=The Christian Knowledge Society's Press |url=https://archive.org/details/warsoftherajasbe034936mbp/page/n97/mode/2up?q=Vira+Saiva |access-date=2025-04-22 |page=91}}</ref>
, who not only upheld his own traditions but also extended respect and patronage to other faiths, including Vaishnavism.

===Other Temples Built and Patronized by Hande Hanumappa Nayaka===
Several of the temples constructed by Hande Hanumappa Nayaka still exist today, including:
* '''Kote Basaveshwara Temple''', located within the historic Ballari Fort premises.
* '''Swami Venkateshwara Temple''', situated in Rupanagudi village, Ballari Taluk, Ballari District.
* '''Ramalingeshwara Temple''', located in Rupanagudi village, Ballari Taluk, Ballari District.
* '''Shivalaya Temple''', also in Rupanagudi village, highlighting the village's religious significance.
* '''Sri Veerabhadreshwara Temple''', found in Karekallu village, Ballari District.
* '''Sri Nagareshwara Temple''', situated in Ballari city, dedicated to Lord Shiva.
*'''Sri Malleshwara Temple''', located in Moka village.

===Nallacheruvu Lake===
It is also believed that '''Nallacheruvu Lake''', one of the largest urban lakes in the former [[Madras Presidency]] (South India), was expanded by '''Hande Hanumappa Nayaka''' to supply water to his military unit stationed at the base of [[Bellary Fort]].

===Basvannakunte Lake===
Basavanakunte, a lake in Bellary, was constructed by Hande Hanumappa Nayaka for the welfare and good practice of the local people and to counter water scarcity in that region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=ಪಾಟೀಲ |first1=ಎಸ್.ಸಿ. |title=ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ ಅನಂತಪುರದ ಅರಸ ಹಂಡೆ ಹನುಮಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕ |date=2022 |publisher=ಹಂಡೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನ |page=13 |language=kn |url=https://www.bookbrahma.com/book/ballary-anantapurada-arasa-hande-hanumappa-nayaka |access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref> The lake still exists and is a part of the region's historical landscape.

==Death==
Hanumappa Nayaka died in 1583.<ref name="eps"/> His remains were buried in Nidumamidi Mutt in [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==See also==
* [[Rama Raya]]
* [[Tirumala Deva Raya]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:1497 births]]
[[Category:1582 deaths]]

Jamia Masjid Kishtwar

2026-04-22T07:14:53Z

Akivulhasan876: created new post!

{{Short description|Mosque in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jamia Masjid Kishtwar
| native_name = مرکزی جامع مسجد کشتوار
| native_name_lang = ur
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_size = 250
| location = Kishtwar, [[Kishtwar district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| sect =
| leadership =
| status = Active
| functional_status = Mosque
| website =
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architecture_style =
| founded_by = Shah Akhyar ud Din (RA)
| groundbreaking = c. 1910s
| year_completed = Rebuilt and extended c. 2001
| capacity = Approximately 5,000 worshippers
| minaret_quantity = 2
| minaret_height =
}}
The '''Jamia Masjid Kishtwar''', also known as the '''Markazi Jamia Masjid Kishtwar''', is a [[mosque]] located in the town of [[Kishtwar]], in the [[Kishtwar district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It serves as the central mosque for the local Muslim community and is one of the largest in the region.<ref name="Kishtwar District">{{cite web |url=https://jammutourism.jk.gov.in/exploreJammu-Kishtwar.html |title=Kishtwar District |website=Directorate of Tourism Jammu |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Butt|first1=Adil Hussain|last2=Razzakh|first2=Abdul|last3=Arfat|first3=Yasir |date=1 May 2024 |title=Exploring Tourist Sites and Evaluating Tourism Potential in Kishtwar: A Comprehensive Study for Sustainable Development |url=https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64905.pdf |journal=International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development |volume=8 |issue=3}}</ref>

== History ==
Local accounts describe the Jamia Masjid Kishtwar as the oldest mosque in Kishtwar district, with claims that a mosque existed in Kishtwar before 1650 AD, followed by structures such as Masjid-e-Faridiya and the current Jamia Masjid.<ref name="mykishtwar">{{cite web |url=https://mykishtwar.com/jamia-masjid/ |title=Jamia Masjid Kishtwar |website=My Kishtwar |date=19 June 2011 |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thekashmirhorizon.com/2024/09/27/jamia-masjid-kishtwar-an-attraction-for-worshipers/ |title=Jamia Masjid Kishtwar: An Attraction For Worshipers |website=The Kashmir Horizon |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> These references to pre-1650 origins are not consistently corroborated for the present building and may pertain to earlier mosques or predecessor structures in the area.<ref name="mykishtwar" />

The foundation of the current Jamia Masjid was laid by Shah Akhyar ud Din (RA) approximately 110 years ago, in the early 20th century.<ref name="Kishtwar District"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://travelersdost.com/singledestination.php?package=Jammu&pkgid=197 |title=Single Destination - Jamia Masjid, Kishtwar |website=Travelers Dost |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>

Major construction and extensions began in 1941 AD, featuring two minarets originally around 60 feet tall each. It was one of the largest mosques in the Jammu province.<ref name="mykishtwar" />

The mosque was severely damaged by a fire on the night of 1 January 2001.<ref name="mykishtwar" /> With contributions from the local population and support from Auqaf-e-Islamia, reconstruction and expansion followed, resulting in a three-storied complex. The new design includes two minarets of 130 feet height, additional shops within the premises, and an increased capacity to accommodate thousands of worshippers. Upon completion, it was one of the largest mosques in Jammu and Kashmir and a potential tourist attraction.<ref name="mykishtwar" />

==See also==
* [[Kishtwar district]]
* [[Jamia Masjid Thathri]]
* [[Jamia Masjid, Bhaderwah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mosques in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century mosques]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Vikas Oberoi

2026-04-18T23:24:49Z

Akivulhasan876: adding first info needs work...

{{Short description|Chairman and managing director – Oberoi Realty Limited}}
'''Vikas Oberoi''' is an Indian property magnate.

As of March 2024, he is estimated to be worth US$4.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/vikas-oberoi/|title=Vikas Oberoi|website=Forbes}}</ref>

In 2023, Oberoi and his wife [[Gayatri Joshi]] were involved in a car accident in Sardinia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/swades-actress-gayatri-joshi-and-husband-vikas-oberoi-escape-horrific-car-accident-in-italy-swiss-couple-killed-video-surfaces-online/videoshow/104147291.cms|title=Gayatri Joshi Accident News: 'Swades' actress Gayatri Joshi and husband Vikas Oberoi escape horrific car accident in Italy, Swiss couple killed; video surfaces online|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/05/indian-tycoon-vikas-ranvir-under-investigation-by-italian-police-after-supercar-crash|title=Italian police investigate Indian tycoon over fatal supercar collision|website=The Guardian|date=5 October 2023 |last1=France-Presse |first1=Agence }}</ref>

As per Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, dated October 9, 2024, Vikas Oberoi is ranked 50th with a net worth of $5.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Oct 2024 |title=India's 100 Richest |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/ |website=India’s 100 Richest}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Vikas Oberoi was born in 1969 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, to Ranvir Oberoi and Santosh [[Oberoi]]. His father, Ranvir Oberoi, was a key figure in Mumbai’s real estate sector, beginning as an investor and later transitioning into real estate development. He became a prominent name in the industry by purchasing land and developing residential and commercial properties. Vikas grew up around the real estate business, and after completing his schooling, he joined his father’s office at [[Nariman Point]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vikas Oberoi Biography |url=https://www.bollywoodbiography.in/vikas-oberoi.html |website=Bollywood Biography|date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>

Vikas pursued higher education at [[Jai Hind College]] in Mumbai and later attended the prestigious Harvard Business School, where he completed the Owner/President Management programme.

== Career achievements ==
Vikas Oberoi became involved in his father's business in the early 1990s, eventually taking over the reins of the company. Under his leadership, Oberoi Realty Limited expanded significantly.{{fact|date=July 2025}} He is known for acquiring large parcels of land and developing landmark projects, including the 60-acre former Novartis campus in Goregaon, Mumbai, and a four-acre plot in Worli from [[GSK plc|GlaxoSmithKline]]. These developments transformed the real estate landscape in Mumbai, featuring a mix of residential, commercial, and hospitality offerings.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2016/karma-at-work-vikas-oberoi-tides-over-the-realty-lull/45169/1 |title=Karma at work: Vikas Oberoi tides over the realty lull |date=2016-12-21 |first1=Aveek |last1=Datta}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2010, Vikas Oberoi received the True Entrepreneur of the Year Award at [[the Economic Times]] ACETECH Awards.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.newswire.com/news/vikas-oberoi-wins-the-true-entrepreneur-of-the-year-award-197395 |title=Vikas Oberoi Wins The True Entrepreneur Of The Year Award |date=2012-09-27 |publisher=[[Newswire]]}}</ref> In 2018, he received the '''Best Successor – 2nd Generation''' award at the HT Mumbai Real Estate Awards. He was also ranked 1196th on Forbes’ list of world billionaires in 2020, with an estimated net worth of $3 billion (₹24,687 Crores).<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.facebook.com/oberoirealtyofficial/photos/a.190900211052105/1268575229951259 |title=Oberoi Realty |website=Facebook.com |date=2018-10-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberoi, Vikas}}
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Hisua Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:54Z

Akivulhasan876: created article!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Hisua Assembly constituency
| type= SLA
| map_image = 236-Hisua constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| constituency_no = 236
| mla = [[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Nawada district|Nawada]]
| established = 1957
| loksabha_cons = [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| reservation = None
}}
'''Hisua''' is an Assembly constituency of the [[Legislative Assembly of Bihar]] covering the city of [[Hisua]] in the [[Nawada district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Hisua Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/hisua.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Hisua Vidhan Sabha Election - Hisua Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/hisua-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.electionsinindia.com}}</ref>

Hisua is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 236 amongst 243 constituencies.

Currently this seat is represented by [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Nitu Kumari]], who won in last Assembly election of [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Anil Singh by a margin of 17,091 votes.<ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web|title=Hisua Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hisua-bihar-assembly-constituency|access-date=2020-06-18|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of below areas:
# [[Akbarpur (community development block)|Akbarpur Block]]
# [[Hisua|Hisua Block]]
# Narhat Block<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|date=20 August 2018|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Raj Kumari Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |Shatrughan Sharan Singh
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Babu Lal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="6" |Aditya Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Nitu Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04236.htm
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Hisua<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Hisua">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Hisua |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04236.htm |access-date=2 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202145852/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04236.htm |archive-date=2 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:95885}}
|percentage = 44.4
|change = +3.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nitu Kumari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:68036}}
|percentage = 31.51
|change = -18.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:27871}}
|percentage = 12.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Sury Dev Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:5063}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Nirala
|votes = {{formatnum:3870}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4941}}
|percentage = 2.29
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27849}}
|percentage = 12.89
|change = +3.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215945}}
|percentage = 58.6
|change = +8.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Hisua<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nitu Kumari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:94930}}
|percentage = 49.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77839}}
|percentage = 40.84
|change = -3.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Uttam Kumar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3696}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change = +1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Azad Geeta Prasad Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3281}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2890}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4322}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17091}}
|percentage = 8.97
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:190600}}
|percentage = 50.45
|change = -3.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Hisua<ref name="Hisua Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Hisua Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/hisua |access-date=2 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202150015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/hisua |archive-date=2 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:82493}}
|percentage = 44.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kaushal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:70254}}
|percentage = 38.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Nitu Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:14188}}
|percentage = 7.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Naresh Chandra Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:4902}}
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramsawrup Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3136}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5029}}
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12239}}
|percentage = 6.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184238}}
|percentage = 53.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|24.83|85.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Nawada district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Biswanath Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:06Z

Akivulhasan876: creating first pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Biswanath
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 70
| map_image = Biswanath Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| established = 1957
| electors =
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Biswanath Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Biswanath forms part of the [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Town details==

Following are details on Biswanath Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Biswanath district
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency
* Area Includes: Biswanath MB, Sakomotha Dev. Block, Biswanath Dev. Block(Part), Baghmora Dev. Block(Part), Sootea Dev. Block(Part).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Kamakhya Prasad Tripathi]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
! rowspan="2" |Kosheswar Bora
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
![[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Padmanath Koiri
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
!Nurjamal Sarkar
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
![[Prabin Hazarika]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
! rowspan="2" |Nurjamal Sarkar
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
![[Prabin Hazarika]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Promod Borthakur]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}
== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Biswanath}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pallab Lochan Das]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Jayanta Borah|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Biswanath<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Promod Borthakur]]
|votes = 64,225
|percentage = 52.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nurjamal Sarkar
|votes = 54,105
|percentage = 44.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Gopi Chand Shahabadi
|votes = 2,056
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,341
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,120
|percentage = 8.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,22,727
|percentage = 86.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,41,134
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Biswanath}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Prabin Hazarika]]
|votes = 48,104
|percentage = 45.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nurjamal Sarkar]]
|votes = 46,605
|percentage = 44.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Diganta Ghatuwar
|votes = 6,156
|percentage = 5.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Rajek
|votes = 2,178
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Hifzur Rahman
|votes = 1,566
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kalyan Deori Bharali
|votes = 1,102
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,499
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,05,711
|percentage = 81.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,29,414
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bishwanath Chariali]]
* [[Biswanath Chariali|Biswanath]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Biswanath district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]

Bhalki Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:36Z

Akivulhasan876: creating new article and citations

{{short description|Vidhana Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhalki
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 51
| map_image = 51-Bhalki constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Eshwara Khandre]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Prakash Khandre]]
| district = [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:230959}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Bhalki Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is a segment of [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kamtikar Murlidhar Rao Srinivas Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Balwantrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| B. Sham Sunder
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Bhimanna Shivlingappa || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. Shivalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Subhash Asture
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | [[Bheemanna Khandre]]
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Kalyan Rao Sangappa Molkheri || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="2" | [[Vijaykumar Khandre]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[Prakash Khandre]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[Eshwara Khandre]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Balki">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Balki |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1051.htm?ac=51 |accessdate=20 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420122022/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1051.htm?ac=51 |archivedate=20 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Eshwara Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 99,451 |percentage = 56.90% |change = {{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Khandre |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,745 |percentage = 41.05% |change = {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 851 |percentage = 0.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,706 |percentage = 15.85% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,009 |percentage = 75.77% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,778}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,959 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Eshwara Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,673 |percentage = 50.68% |change = {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. Sidram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,235 |percentage = 37.85% |change = {{increase}}14.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Khandre |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,142 |percentage = 9.06% |change = {{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,438 |percentage = 12.83% |change = {{increase}}5.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,172 |percentage = 74.40% |change = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,058}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,708 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Eshwara Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,012 |percentage = 44.94% |change = {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. Sidram |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 48,343 |percentage = 37.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Khandre |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,694 |percentage = 23.00% |change = {{decrease}}10.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. Sonphule |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,414 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhan |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,255 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalkeshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismalasha |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath Jamadar |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,024 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,669 |percentage = 7.49% |change = {{decrease}}8.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,350 |percentage = 73.50% |change = {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,101}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,478 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Eshwara Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,492 |percentage = 50.01% |change = {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Khandre |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,521 |percentage = 33.75% |change = {{decrease}}18.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil P. Bhusare |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,893 |percentage = 10.00% |change = {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadavarao Kanse |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,772 |percentage = 2.15% |change = {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatrao S/o Kishanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,605 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajkumar Shivalingayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,009 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veeranna Basavanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 926 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,971 |percentage = 16.26% |change = {{increase}}6.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,161 |percentage = 66.42% |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,947}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,461 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prakash Khandre]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,652 |percentage = 52.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Eshwara Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,711 |percentage = 42.19% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babu Rao |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,821 |percentage = 1.80% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kundan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,804 |percentage = 1.78% |change = {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,941 |percentage = 9.82% |change = {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,241 |percentage = 66.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,230}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,700 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Prakash Khandre]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,132 |percentage = 54.91% |change = {{increase}}32.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Vijayakumar Bhimanna Khandre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,805 |percentage = 42.88% |change = {{decrease}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivajraj Patil Malchapur |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimanna Kolle |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 660 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}9.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,327 |percentage = 12.03% |change = {{decrease}}10.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,279 |percentage = 66.79% |change = {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,828}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,451 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,171 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaykumar Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,739 |percentage = 45.11% |change = {{increase}}30.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Madkatti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,100 |percentage = 22.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwar Chakote |party = Janata Dal |votes = 15,480 |percentage = 19.54% |change = {{decrease}}10.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shobha Vijay |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,789 |percentage = 9.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hamshetty Sangappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,074 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = John Chandrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 686 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,639 |percentage = 22.26% |change = {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,812 |percentage = 64.98% |change = {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,225}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,587 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,356 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijaykumar Khandre]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,445 |percentage = 47.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Kumar Keshavrao Kanji |party = Janata Dal |votes = 20,438 |percentage = 30.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Asture |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,979 |percentage = 14.67% |change = {{decrease}}31.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyan Rao Sangappa Molkheri |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,479 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Tulshi Ram Bhavi Katti |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,822 |percentage = 2.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sravan Kumar Huplekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 505 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,007 |percentage = 17.65% |change = {{increase}}15.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,300 |percentage = 64.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,039}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,261 |percentage = 7.18% |change = {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,233 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyan Rao Sangappa Molkheri |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,994 |percentage = 48.96% |change = {{increase}}10.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimanna Shivalingappa Khandare |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,490 |percentage = 46.33% |change = {{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Gangaram Sharma |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,179 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwar Khandre |party = Independent politician |votes = 734 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganapati Shivarao Sangolgi |party = Independent politician |votes = 422 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Pundalik Sagar |party = Independent politician |votes = 355 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,504 |percentage = 2.63% |change = {{decrease}}20.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,430 |percentage = 65.81% |change = {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,174}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,256 |percentage = 2.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,783 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bheemanna Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,239 |percentage = 61.31% |change = {{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Gorchin Cholik |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,342 |percentage = 38.69% |change = {{increase}}21.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,897 |percentage = 22.63% |change = {{increase}}13.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,941 |percentage = 67.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,581}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,360 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,839 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bheemanna Khandre]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,806 |percentage = 44.57% |change = {{decrease}}28.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidu Rao Gorehinchollikar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,999 |percentage = 35.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. Sidram |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,720 |percentage = 17.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivraj Narsappa Rampure |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,300 |percentage = 2.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,807 |percentage = 9.39% |change = {{decrease}}39.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,773 |percentage = 70.60% |change = {{increase}}26.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,171}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,602 |percentage = 3.04% |change = {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,754 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}28.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Asture |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,561 |percentage = 73.11% |change = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Heerachand Waghmare |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 7,628 |percentage = 24.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivsharanappa Wali |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 669 |percentage = 2.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,933 |percentage = 48.39% |change = {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,497 |percentage = 44.52% |change = {{decrease}}18.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,858}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,746 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,210 |percentage = 65.73% |change = {{increase}}40.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. L. Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,099 |percentage = 34.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,111 |percentage = 31.47% |change = {{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,358 |percentage = 63.21% |change = {{increase}}8.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,309}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,103 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}17.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimanna Shivlingappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 12,114 |percentage = 48.34% |change = {{increase}}9.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Kumar Bheemanna Khandre |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,577 |percentage = 26.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelkanthayya Mahadayya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,369 |percentage = 25.42% |change = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,537 |percentage = 22.09% |change = {{increase}}19.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,234 |percentage = 54.90% |change = {{increase}}9.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,060}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,610 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}37.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}25.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Balwantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,087 |percentage = 22.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sham Sunder |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,718 |percentage = 22.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,493 |percentage = 20.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,444 |percentage = 18.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,076 |percentage = 9.92% |change = {{decrease}}43.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidram Raikoda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,499 |percentage = 6.31% |change = {{decrease}}46.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,594 |percentage = 2.24% |change = {{decrease}}16.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,317 |percentage = 44.93% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,367 |ref = |change = {{increase}}63.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}30.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhalki <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kamtikar Murlidhar Rao Srinivas Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,581 |percentage = 53.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarappa Bashetti Vakil |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 7,483 |percentage = 34.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babarao Eknath Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 2,692 |percentage = 12.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,098 |percentage = 18.84% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,756 |percentage = 44.94% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,756}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,407 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bidar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|18.05|77.22|display=title}}

Vaishali Thakkar

2026-04-06T15:21:07Z

Akivulhasan876: adding first bio needs work...

{{short description|Indian theatre and television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{distinguish|Vaishali Takkar}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishali Thakkar
| image = Vaishali Thakkar grace Mumbai Police & NGO kids function.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Thakkar in December 2013
| birth_name = Vaishali Thakkar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 1999–present
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| othername =
| known = [[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]] [[Uttaran]]
| spouse =
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Vaishali Thakkar'''<ref name="Times">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-29/tv/31250247_1_gujarati-theatre-popular-demand-hemal 'TV soaps change tracks by popular demand: Vaishali Thakkar'] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 29 March 2012 12.00AM IST</ref> is an Indian [[theatre]] and [[television]] actress. She portrayed the comic role of Praveena in the [[Star Plus]] TV series ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'', the supporting role of Damini in the [[Colors TV]] TV series ''[[Uttaran]]'' and Kusum in the [[Star Plus]] television series ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=Vaishalee Thakkar opens up on role in 'Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2': I like characters that are dark & complex. |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/vaishalee-thakkar-opens-role-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-2-i-characters-are-dark-complex-940995 |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=pinkvilla.com |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205095032/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/vaishalee-thakkar-opens-role-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-2-i-characters-are-dark-complex-940995 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Vaishali Thakkar was born in [[Mumbai]]. Her father worked in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] theatre, and she first appeared in Gujarati plays. She had a role in the TV series ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'', and then in ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' where she played Praveena. She subsequently appeared as Damini Ragendra Bharti in the [[Colors TV]] series, ''[[Uttaran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=Vaishali Thakkar not tired of playing mother on small screen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vaishali-thakkar-not-tired-of-playing-mother-on-small-screen/ |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Thakkar is fluent in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Angel (2011 film)|Angel]]''
| Priya Chawla
| Debut film
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Jai Kanhaiyalall Ki]]''
| Pushpa
| First Gujarati Film<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-jai-kanaiyalal-ki-teaser-release-siddharth-randeria-vaishali-thakkar-hitu-kanodia-136625651.html |title='જય કનૈયાલાલ કી'નું ટિઝર રમુજ અને લાગણીથી ભરપૂર:TMKOC ફેમ ધર્મેશ મહેતાના ડિરેક્શનમાં બનેલી ફિલ્મમાં સિદ્ધાર્થ રાંદેરિયા, હિતુ કનોડિયા મુખ્ય ભૂમિકામાં |date=9 December 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1999–2002
| ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]''
| Bharti
|
|-
| 2000
| ''Kahani Saat Pheron Ki''
| Savri
|
|-
| 2000–2004
| ''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''
| Lalita
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan|Shubh Mangal Savadhan]]''
| Sonu
|
|-
|2004–2005
|''Main Office Tere Aangan Ki''
| Susheela
|
|-
|2004–2006
|''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''
|Nilima Verma
|Guest appearance in episode 30 of season 1
|-
|2005–2008
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|Praveena Thakkar
| 2005: '''Won''' — [[ITA Awards|ITA]] Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 2006: '''Won''' — Gold Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|-
| 2006–2009
| ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''
| Maya Gheewala
|
|-
| 2008–2015
|''[[Uttaran]]''
| Damini Rajendra Bharti
|2010: '''Won''' — [[ITA Awards|ITA]] Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 2011: '''Won''' — BIG Television Awards
|-
| 2009
| [[Shakuntala (TV Series)|Shakuntala]]
| Maharani [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
| Maan Kanwar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Baal Veer]]''
| Hany (Dadi Bua)
|
|-
| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
| Manjari
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''Malaikat Kecil Dari India''
| Mrs. Behnaz
|
|-
| ''[[Tuyul & Mbak Yul Reborn]]''
| Herself
| Guest
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]''
| Kaki
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Har Mard Ka Dard]]''
|
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=I never want to repeat myself in the same genre: Uttaran actress Vaishali Thakkar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-never-want-to-repeat-myself-in-the-same-genre-uttaran-actress-vaishali-thakkar/articleshow/64205680.cms |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=17 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| Kaushalya Ben
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie]]''
| Jigna Ben
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Maddam Sir]]''
| Head Constable/Warden Babita Sarkar
| Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]''
| Kusum Patel
|
|-
| ''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]''
| Priya's former guardian
| Cameo
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sanjog (TV series)|Sanjog]]''
| Sarita
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| Surekha Yashwant Bhosle
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| Ketki Parekh
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2480947|Vaisshalee Thackar}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vaishali-thakkar|Vaisshalee Thackar}}
* {{Instagram|vaishalee_thakkar|Vaisshalee Thackar}}
* {{Facebook|vaishaleethakkarofficial|Vaisshalee Thackar}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Vaishali Thakkar
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Supporting Actress}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakkar, Vaishali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Parthib Gogoi

2026-03-29T17:13:59Z

Akivulhasan876:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Parthib Gogoi
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Parthib Sundar Gogoi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Uttiyo |date=2022-08-07 |title=SAFF U-20 Championship 2022 review: India retain title |url=https://khelnow.com/football/saff-u-20-championship-2022-review-india-retain-title/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=khelnow.com |publisher=Khel Now News |language=en-US |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811051042/https://khelnow.com/football/saff-u-20-championship-2022-review-india-retain-title |location=Bhubaneswar }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|1|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sivasagar]], [[Assam]], India
| height = 1.75 m
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| clubnumber = 11
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Ozone FC|Ozone]]
| years1 = 2019–2022
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 28
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2022–
| clubs2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps2 = 63
| goals2 = 11
| nationalyears1 = 2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 8
| nationalgoals1 = 5
| nationalyears2 = 2023–2025
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 12
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| club-update = 17:05, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 18:30, 13 October 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Parthib Sundar Gogoi''' (born 30 January 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NorthEast United sign young forward Parthib Sundar Gogoi|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-northeast-united-fc-sign-parthib-sundar-gogoi|website=Khelnow|date=5 September 2022|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907064803/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-northeast-united-fc-sign-parthib-sundar-gogoi|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Indian Arrows===
Prior to the [[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]] season, Parthib was announced as part of [[I-League]] side [[Indian Arrows]], the development team for the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2021|title=Aizawl FC vs Indian Arrows|url=https://www.espn.in/football/lineups?gameId=590478|website=Espn|access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> He scored a goal against [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 March 2021|title=Gritty Indian Arrows beat Aizawl FC 2-1 in I-League|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/gritty-indian-arrows-beat-aizawl-fc-2-1-in-i-league/articleshow/81532006.cms|website=times of india|access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>

===NorthEast United===
On 5 September, [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] signed Parthib from [[Indian Arrows]] on a multiyear deal.<ref>{{cite news|title=NorthEast United sign young forward Parthib Sundar Gogoi|url=
https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-northeast-united-fc-sign-parthib-sundar-gogoi|website=Khelnow|date=5 September 2022|access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> On 4 August, Gogoi scored his first senior hat-trick against [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] in the [[2023 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]], in a 4–0 win.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/durand-cup-2023-parthib-gogoi-fires-hat-trick-as-northeast-united-fc-thump-shillong-lajong |title=Durand Cup 2023: Parthib Gogoi fires hat-trick as NorthEast United FC thump Shillong Lajong |date=4 August 2023 |publisher=ISL |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821162142/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/durand-cup-2023-parthib-gogoi-fires-hat-trick-as-northeast-united-fc-thump-shillong-lajong |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 October 2023, Gogoi scored the opener from a long ranger in their 1–1 tie with debutant [[Punjab FC|Punjab]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/punjab-fc-vs-northeast-united-live-streaming-punjab-look-to-avoid-3rd-consecutive-loss/|title=Punjab FC 1–1 NorthEast United: Parthib Gogoi, Melroy Asisi score in thrilling draw|date=7 October 2023|access-date=8 October 2023|website=insidesport.in|publisher=Inside Sport India|location=New Delhi|first=Souvik|last=Mukherjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051112/https://www.insidesport.in/punjab-fc-vs-northeast-united-live-streaming-punjab-look-to-avoid-3rd-consecutive-loss/|archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1057225/isl-2023-24-punjab-fc-secure-first-point-of-season-after-holding-northeast-united-fc-to-draw|title=ISL 2023–24: Punjab FC secure first point of season after holding NorthEast United FC to draw|date=7 October 2023|access-date=8 October 2023|website=Scroll.in|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051506/https://scroll.in/field/1057225/isl-2023-24-punjab-fc-secure-first-point-of-season-after-holding-northeast-united-fc-to-draw|archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>

==International career==
Gogoi was part of [[Shanmugam Venkatesh]] managed [[India national under-20 football team|India U20 national team]] during their campaign in [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/venkatesh-announces-squad-of-23-for-saff-u20-championship|date=23 July 2022|title=Venkatesh announces squad of 23 for SAFF U20 Championship|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|location=Bhubaneswar|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723093251/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/venkatesh-announces-squad-of-23-for-saff-u20-championship}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/india-beat-maldives-book-spot-saff-u20-cship-final-bangladesh-1503096405.html|title=India beat Maldives, book spot in SAFF U20 C'ship final with Bangladesh|agency=IANS|date=5 August 2023|access-date=27 November 2023|website=thestatesman.com|publisher=The Statesman|location=Bhubaneswar|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172615/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/india-beat-maldives-book-spot-saff-u20-cship-final-bangladesh-1503096405.html}}</ref> In that edition, they clinched title defeating [[Bangladesh national under-20 football team|Bangladesh]] 5–2 in final.<ref name="SAFF U-20">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/2022-saff-u-20-championship-india-fixtures-table-top-scorers-stadium/bltd512e9dee2af49e6|title=2022 SAFF U-20 Championship: Gurkirat scores four as India beat Bangaldesh 5–2 in the final|website=goal.com|access-date=9 August 2022|date=5 August 2022|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127080739/https://www.goal.com/en/news/2022-saff-u-20-championship-india-fixtures-table-top-scorers-stadium/bltd512e9dee2af49e6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|title=India beats Bangladesh to clinch U20 SAFF Championship|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=5 August 2022|access-date=5 August 2022|first=21:34 IST|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163036/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|archive-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/nxgn-india-who-is-gurkirat-singh-the-golden-boot-and-mvp/blt5922c381d7fcd425|title=NXGN India: Who is Gurkirat Singh? The starlet that won the golden boot and MVP award in SAFF U-20 Championship|website=goal.com|access-date=9 August 2022|date=7 August 2022|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809070132/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/nxgn-india-who-is-gurkirat-singh-the-golden-boot-and-mvp/blt5922c381d7fcd425}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India defeat Bangladesh to win SAFF U-20 Championship 2022 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/saff-u-20-championship-final-india-vs-bangladesh-match-report |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=khelnow.com| date=5 August 2022 |publisher=Khel Now |language=en |first1=Sattyik |last1=Sarkar |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722103748/https://khelnow.com/football/saff-u-20-championship-final-india-vs-bangladesh-match-report }}</ref> He also made it to the team's [[2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification]] squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-announces-23-member-squad-for-saff-u20-championship-indian-football-news/article65674192.ece|title=India announces 23-member squad for SAFF U20 Championship|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=23 July 2022|access-date=15 November 2022|first=15:29 IST|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006035740/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-announces-23-member-squad-for-saff-u20-championship-indian-football-news/article65674192.ece|archive-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gogoi hails from Assam’s [[Nazira]], a town situated in the district of [[Sivasagar]]. His elder brother [[Pragyan Gogoi]] is also a professional footballer.

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 24 April 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|parthib-gogoi/685316}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|Cup
!colspan=2|Continental
!colspan=2|Other
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Arrows]]
|{{nowrap|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|11||1||0||0||colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |—||11||1
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|17||2||0||0||colspan="2" |—|||2{{efn|name=IFAS|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0||19||2
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!28!!3!!0!!0!!colspan="2" |— !!2!!0!!30!!3
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2022–23 NorthEast United FC season|2022–23]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]
|18||3||1||0||colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |—||19||3
|-
|[[2023–24 NorthEast United FC season|2023–24]]
|17||5||3||1||colspan="2" |—||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||4||24||10
|-
|[[2024–25 NorthEast United FC season|2024–25]]
|22||2||1||0|| colspan="2" |—
|4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||1||27||3
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!57!!10!!5!!1!! colspan="2" |— !!8!!5!!70!!16
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!85!!13!!5!!1!! colspan="2" |— !!10!!5!!100!!19
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''India U20'''
*[[SAFF U-20 Championship]]: [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|title=India beats Bangladesh to clinch U20 SAFF Championship|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=5 August 2022|access-date=5 August 2022|first=21:34 IST|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163036/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|archive-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

'''NorthEast United'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2024 Durand Cup|2024]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|title=SLFC 0–3 NEUFC Highlights, Durand Cup 2024 Semifinal: NorthEast United enters maiden final with win against Shillong United|work=[[Sportstar]]|location=Shillong|first1=Amitabha|last1=Das Sharma|date=26 August 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143425/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|archive-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> [[2025 Durand Cup|2025]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

'''Further reading'''
*{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-10-indian-football-players-deserving-maide-national-team-call-up|title=Five players who deserve a maiden call up in the next Indian football team camp — Jay Gupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101224121/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-10-indian-football-players-deserving-maide-national-team-call-up|archive-date=1 November 2023|date=31 October 2023|access-date=24 November 2023|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|author=Waseem}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/90320 Parthib Sundar Gogoi] at the [[All India Football Federation]]

{{NorthEast United FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogoi, Parthib}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:People from Sivasagar]]
[[Category:Footballers from Assam]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Ozone FC players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Krishna Mandapam, Mahabalipuram

2026-03-28T23:53:49Z

Akivulhasan876: created new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Krishna Mandapam
| image = Krishna Mandapa Exterior NE Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02520.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Entrance to the Krishna Mandapa
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location of
| coordinates = {{coord|12.6167|80.1917|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Krishna Mandapam
| country = India
| state = Tamil Nadu
| district = Kancheepuram district
| location = Mamallapuram
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Lord Krishna]]
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = Inscribed in 1984 under [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia|Asia-Pacific]] of UNESCO
| year_completed = Mid-7th century
| creator = [[Pallava dynasty]]
| website =
}}

'''Mandapa of Krishna'''<ref name=UNESCO/> or '''Krishna Mandapam'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu |location=India |publisher=Sura Books |page=28 }}</ref> is a monument at [[Mahabalipuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the [[Kancheepuram district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="library">{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html|title=General view of the entrance to the Varaha Cave Temple, Mamallapuram|publisher=British Library|access-date=2008-11-18|archive-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521183718/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is part of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] inscribed in 1984.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=World Heritage|access-date=2007-02-08}}</ref> It is located on a hillock next to the open [[rock relief]] of [[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)]].<ref name="Michell1977">{{cite book|first=George |last=Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA81|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=81–}}</ref>

It is constituted by an originally open-air [[bas-relief]] dedicated to [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]], dating to the mid-seventh century, which was later enclosed within a mandapa in the 16th century during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="library"/> Notable carvings inside are sculpted panels that bring out the story of Krishna lifting the [[Govardhana Hill]] to protect the cowherds and [[gopis]] (milk maids) from heavy rains and floods – the "most poetic and endearing" Indian or Angkor sculpture-based representation of this legend<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&q=mandapa+of+krishna&pg=PA171 |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India (500 B/W illustr.) |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=9780875864846 |year=2008 |page=171 |first1=ʻAlī |last1=Jāvīd |first2=Tabassum |last2=Javeed }}</ref> – and there are also scenes of Krishna frolicking with the milk maids.<ref name="BruynBain2010">{{cite book|first1=Pippa de |last1=Bruyn|first2=Keith |last2=Bain|first3=David|last3= Allardice|author4=Shonar Joshi|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA335|access-date=7 February 2013|date=18 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-64580-2|page=335 }}</ref><ref name=General>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02210000.html|title=General view of the entrance to the Krishna Mandapa, Mamallapuram|access-date=22 February 2013|publisher=Online Gallery of British Library|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102302/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02210000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Layout==
The building facing east has a length of {{Convert|29|ft}} and height of {{Convert|12|ft}}. It is a pillared mandapa.<ref name=Relief>{{Cite web|url= http://puratattva.in/2010/09/03/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iv-42.html|title= Mahabalipuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part IV|work= Open Air Bas-Reliefs|access-date= 26 February 2013|publisher= Puratatva.com|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226031322/http://puratattva.in/2010/09/03/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iv-42.html|archive-date= 26 December 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref>

== Sculpture ==
{{Main|Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram}}
[[File:Krishna lifting Govardhan Hill (Bas relief in Mahabalipuram).JPG|left|thumb|A relief on the rock face of Krishna lifting Govardhan Hill in the Krishna Mandapa]]
[[File:Relief Mamallapuram.jpg|left|thumb|Krishna Mandapa Bas Relief]]

The structure shelters nine reliefs carved on the rock surfaces, all dated to the 7th century but further refurbished with additions made in the 16th century.

One prominent relief depicts Krishna lifting the [[Govardhana Hill]] on the finger of his left hand to save the people from a deluge caused by rains showered by [[Indra]]. People with their cattle are shown taking shelter under the mountain. The story related to this depiction is linked to Indra. Indra was annoyed with the people of the village (now Mathura) as they had discontinued celebration of a festival in his honour. He created a huge storm with heavy rainshowers, threatening the life of the villagers. Krishna, who was from the same village, lifted the Govardhana Hill (near Mathura), creating an umbrella of protection and saving the village, its people, and the cowherds. In this relief, Krishna is flanked by three females to his right; one of them is inferred as [[Radha]], his childhood lover, as she is shown wearing a ''kirita makuta'' crown, a breast band, and many ornaments. On his right stand two figures, one male and one female. In addition, there are several other images in the panel of animals and village folk.<ref name=Relief/><ref name=ASI>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_monolithic.asp|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram – Monolithic Temples|access-date=23 February 2013|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312100940/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_monolithic.asp|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In another relief, Krishna is shown in a joyous mood with his [[gopis]] (milkmaids), a reflection of his double role as a divine being.<ref name=ASI/><ref name=Krishna>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02210000.html|title=General view of the entrance to the Krishna Mandapa, Mamallapuram|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=Online Gallery of British Library|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102302/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02210000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/mamallapuram-mahabalipuram/sights|title=Sights in Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) |access-date=30 December 2012|publisher=Lonely planet}}</ref>

Other reliefs carved on the walls of the cave depict: an elderly person carrying a child on his shoulders, a village scene of cowherds milking a cow with the cow licking the calf; the gopis with water pots on their heads amidst a cowherd playing a flute; a woodcutter walking with an axe and a lady carrying a milk pot and a rolled mat or bundle of grass; and a child hugging her mother.<ref name=ASI/> Krishna's fresco also shows him playing a flute in the fields. The panel further depicts a standing bull, which is perfectly carved by the Pallava artists. In particular, the carvings in the Krishna cave are reported to be very realistic reinterpretations of themes from the Hindu epics.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|first=Subodh |last=Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Mahi-Mewat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4545|access-date=7 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo|isbn=978-81-7755-272-0|pages=4545–}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category|Krishna Mandapam}}
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Laurie Baker

2026-03-27T14:26:37Z

Akivulhasan876: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian architect}}
{{other people}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Laurence Wilfred Baker
| image = Backer.jpg
| caption = Drawing of Laurie Baker
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|3|2}}
| birth_place = [[Birmingham]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|4|1|1917|3|2}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| citizenship = United Kingdom (former) India
| practice =
| significant_buildings = School of Drama & Fine Arts Theatre (Thrissur), Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum), Literacy Village (Lucknow), [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]] (SACON) (Coimbatore), Chitralekha Film Studio (Aakulam), The Indian Coffee House (Trivandrum), Pallikoodam School (Kottayam), Loyola Chapel & Auditorium (Trivandrum), Attapadi Hill Area Development Society (Attapadi), [[DakshinaChitra]] (Chennai), Chengalchoola Slum dwelling units (Trivandrum), Nirmithi Kendra (Aakulam), Tourist Centre (Ponmudi), [[Mitraniketan]] (Vagamon)
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]]
| website = {{URL|lauriebaker.net/}}
}}
'''Lawrence Wilfred''' "'''Laurie'''" '''Baker''' (2 March 1917 – 1 April 2007) was a British-born Indian architect who focussed on cost-effective energy-efficient architecture and designs that maximized space, ventilation and light. Influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and his own experiences in the remote Himalayas, he promoted the revival of regional building practices and use of local materials; and combined this with a design philosophy that emphasized a responsible and prudent use of resources and energy. He was a pioneer of [[sustainable architecture]] as well as [[organic architecture]], incorporating in his designs even in the late 1960s, concepts such as rain-water harvesting, minimizing usage of energy-inefficient building materials, minimizing damage to the building site and seamlessly merging with the surroundings. Due to his social and humanitarian efforts, his belief in simplicity in design and in life, and his staunch Quaker belief in non-violence, he has been called the "Gandhi of architecture".<ref name=jain>{{cite journal|author=Jain Ak|year=2010| title=Humble, humane and harmonious houses of Laurie Baker| journal=International Journal of Environmental Studies|volume=67|issue=5|pages=781–794|doi=10.1080/00207233.2010.517297|bibcode=2010IJEnS..67..781J |s2cid=110568026}}</ref>

He moved to India in 1945 in part as an architect associated with a leprosy mission and continued to live and work in [[India]] for over 50 years. He became an Indian citizen in 1989 and resided in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (Trivandrum), [[Kerala]] from 1969 and served as the Director of COSTFORD (Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development), an organisation to promote low-cost housing.

In 1981, the Royal University of the Netherlands conferred an honour (the previous recipient of this honour, in 1980, was Hassan Fathy of Egypt) upon him for outstanding work in a Third World country. In 1983 he was conferred with an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) at Buckingham Palace. In 1990, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] for his meritorious service in the field of architecture. In 1992, he was awarded the Roll of Honour by the United Nations. In 1988, he was granted Indian citizenship, the only honour he actively pursued in his life.

==Early life==
Baker was born into a staunch [[Methodism|Methodist]] family, the youngest son of Birmingham Gas Department's chief accountant, Charles Frederick Baker and Millie Baker. His early schooling was at King Edwards Grammar School. His elder brothers, Leonard and Norman studied law, and he had a sister, Edna who was the oldest of them all. In his teens Baker began to question what religion meant to him and decided to become a [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]], since it was closer to what he believed in. Baker studied architecture at [[Birmingham Institute of Art and Design]], Birmingham, and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest in Europe.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081229133423/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000906400.htm Laurie Baker's creative journey]}} ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', Volume 20 – Issue 05, 01 – 14 March 2003.</ref>

During [[World War II|the Second World War]], as a [[conscientious objector]], he served in the [[Friends Ambulance Unit]]. After a short spell on the south coast of England and mostly looking after naval casualties he was sent to China as a trained anesthetist with a surgical team, mainly to cope with civilian casualties in the war between China and Japan.<ref name=FdObit>{{cite journal|journal=[[The Friend (Quaker magazine)|The Friend]]|author=Knowles, Pat|title=Obituary: Laurie Baker: pioneering architect|year=2007|pages=18–19}}</ref> However, after a year or two of this war area activity, he found himself having to deal with derelict civilians suffering from [[Hansen's disease]] — the medical term for leprosy. He was seconded to a hospital formerly run by an order of German sisters who were all interned by the Chinese as enemy aliens.

The War took its toll on Baker, and he was ordered back in 1943 to England to recuperate. But fate took a hand in delaying his departure by about three months as he waited for a boat in Bombay. During this time he stayed with a Quaker friend, who also happened to be a good friend of the Mahatma. Baker attended many of Gandhiji's talks and prayer-meetings — which eventually led to a more-than-casual friendship between them. This was also the time of the Gandhi-Jinnah talks and the height of the 'Quit India' movement. So though he felt the need to return to India, to settle and work here, Baker was initially discouraged by the nationwide animosity to the Raj and to all Westerners. But the Mahatma reassured him that though the Raj must quit, concerned individuals would always find a welcome place to work with Indians. In fact, Gandhiji showed great interest in the leprosy work in China, and the lives of the ordinary people there. "It was also from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi I learnt that the real people you should be building for, and who are in need, are the 'ordinary' people — those living in villages and in the congested areas of our cities." Gandhi's idea was that it should be possible to build a home with materials found within a five-mile radius of a site. This was to have a great influence in his later life.{{sfn|Bhatia|2003|p=8}}

His initial commitment to India in 1945 had him working as an architect for the World Leprosy Mission, an international and inter-denominational organisation dedicated to the care of those suffering from [[leprosy]]. The organisation wanted a builder-architect-engineer. As new medicines for the treatment of the disease were becoming more prevalent, Baker's responsibilities were focused on converting or replacing [[psychiatric hospital|asylum]]s once used to house the [[Ostracism|ostracised]] sufferers of the disease (called lepers) into treatment hospitals.{{sfn|Bhatia|2003|p=9}}

==India==
Moving to India in 1945, Baker began to work on leprosy centre buildings across the country, basing himself out of Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh. Baker quickly found the missionary lifestyle - ostentatious bungalows, socialite gatherings, and the plethora of servants waiting hand and foot - too luxurious and not in line with his values and instead decided to stay with the Indian doctor P.J. Chandy and his family. The sister of his host, Elizabeth Jacob (Baker called her "Kuni"), worked as a doctor in Hyderabad with the same leprosy organisation. The two met when Elizabeth came to Faizabad to perform an operation on her brother and to take care of the hospital duties whilst he recuperated. Baker and Jacob found themselves sharing common beliefs and decided to marry. However, as there was considerable resistance from both their families, they decided to wait. Work and travel allowed them only brief periods together, and they finally got married in 1948.{{sfn|Bhatia|2003|p=9}} For their honeymoon, they traveled to the district of [[Pithoragarh]]. Once the local tribals there found out that Elizabeth was a doctor, people came to visit the couple in droves. So immediate was the need for medical help in that remote region that the Bakers decided to build a home and hospital on the slopes of one of the hills on a piece of land no one wanted and stayed there to help the people. The Bakers lived in Pithoragarh for sixteen years{{sfn|Bhatia|2003|p=10}} before moving to [[Vagamon]] in Kerala in 1963 and some years later to [[Trivandrum]]. Initially, their time in Pithoragarh was lonely but they quickly became friends with the locals, including the "maldar" [[Dan Singh Bist]] who "owned most of Pithoragarh" and helped them in their charitable work.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGE75CDnyUwC&q=laurie+baker+maldar+pithoragarh&pg=PA122 |title = The Other Side of Laurie Baker|isbn = 9788126415526|last1 = Baker|first1 = Elizabeth|year = 2007| publisher=D.C. Books }}</ref> Elizabeth Baker, in her memoir of her time together with Laurie Baker, ''The Other Side of Laurie Baker,'' discussed the [[Berinag tea]] that they shared that was "very special" to them, as Laurie was a man of exquisite and simple taste, who always loved the simple pleasures of life. In 1988, Laurie Baker became an Indian citizen.{{sfn|Bhatia|2003|p=15}}

==Architecture==
While at Pithoragarh, Baker found his English construction education to be inadequate for the types of issues and materials he was faced with: [[termites]] and the yearly [[monsoon]], as well as [[laterite]], [[cow dung]], and mud walls, respectively, Baker had no choice but to observe and learn from the methods and practices of [[vernacular architecture]]. He soon learned that the [[Indian vernacular architecture|indigenous architecture]] and methods of these places were in fact the only viable means to deal with local problems.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baker, L|url=http://lauriebaker.net/images/stories/files/mud.pdf|title=Mud|publisher=Costford}}</ref>

Inspired by his discoveries (which he modestly admitted were 'discoveries' only for him, and mere common knowledge to those who developed the practices he observed), he realized that unlike the Modernist architectural movement that was gaining popularity at the time denouncing all that was old just because it was old didn't make sense. Baker adopted local craftsmanship, traditional techniques and materials but then combined it with modern design principles and technology wherever it made sense to do so. This prudent adoption of modern technology helped local architecture retain its cultural identity and kept costs low due to the use of local materials. It also revived the local economy due to the use of local labour for both construction of the buildings and for manufacture of construction materials such as brick and lime surkhi.

Baker built several schools, chapels and hospitals in the hills. Eventually, as word spread of his cost-effective buildings more clients from the plains started to contact Baker. One of the early clients was [[Welthy Honsinger Fisher|Welthy Fisher]], who sought to set up a 'Literacy Village' in which she intended to use puppetry, music and art as teaching methods to help illiterate and newly-literate adults add to their skills.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationFisherWel.htm |title=Citation for The 1964 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding: Dr. Fisher |access-date=19 May 2007 |archive-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010070833/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationFisherWel.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Ms Fisher was the author of ''To Light a Candle'' New York, McGraw-Hill. 1962, an autobiography.</ref><ref>[http://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/aboutus/founder.cfm World Education website: Our founder page] (extract from Sally Swenson ''Welthy Honsinger Fisher: Signals of a Century'', 1988.) (accessed 13 February 2008)</ref> An ageing woman who risked her health to visit Laurie, she refused to leave until she received plans for the village. More and more hospital commissions were received as medical professionals realised that the surroundings for their patients were as much a part of the healing process as any other form of treatment, and that Baker seemed the only architect who cared enough to become familiarised with how to build what made Indian patients comfortable with those surroundings. His presence would also soon be required on-site at Ms. Fisher's "Village," and he became well known for his constant presence on the construction sites of all his projects, often finalising designs through hand-drawn instructions to masons and labourers on how to achieve certain design solutions.

==Architectural style==
[[File:Tvdnindiancoffeehouse (89).JPG|thumb|The [[Indian Coffee House, Kerala|Indian Coffee House]] in Thiruvananthapuram, designed by Laurie Baker]]
[[File:Akademi 4.jpg|thumb|The Kerala Lalithakala Akademi Head Office Complex at Thrissur, designed by Laurie Baker]]
Throughout his practice, Baker developed a signature style in designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes, with a great portion of his work suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients. He derived creatively from pre-existing local culture and building traditions while keeping his designs minimal with judicious and frugal use of resources.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-14|title=Green Architects: The Vernacular Architecture of Laurie Baker|url=https://palmexindia.com/green-architects-vernacular-architecture-laurie-baker/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Palmex India|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatia|first=G.|title=Laurie Baker: Life, Work, Writings|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1994|isbn=9780143431008|location=India|language=English}}</ref> His buildings tend to emphasise prolific – at times virtuosic – masonry construction, instilling privacy and evoking history with brick ''jali'' walls, a perforated brick screen which invites a natural air flow to cool the buildings' interior, in addition to creating intricate patterns of light and shadow. Another significant Baker feature is irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind. Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and [[terracotta]] [[Mangalore]] tile shingling with [[gable]]s and vents allowing rising hot air to escape. Curved walls enter Baker's architectural vocabulary as a means to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls, and for Laurie, "building [became] more fun with the circle." A testament to his frugality, Baker was often seen rummaging through salvage heaps looking for suitable building materials, door and window frames, sometimes hitting a stroke of luck as evidenced by the intricately carved entry to the [[Chitralekha Film Studio]] (Aakulam, Trivandrum, 1974–76): a capricious architectural element found in a junk heap.
[[File:Dolas house.png|left|thumb|Baker's works, such as this house, blend seamlessly into the natural settings.]]

Baker made many simple suggestions for cost reduction including the use of [[Brickwork#Rat-trap bond|Rat trap bond]] for brick walls, having bends in walls that increased the strength and provided readymade shelves, thin concrete roofs and even simple precautions like shifting dug up soil into the built area rather that out of it. He advocated the use of low energy consuming mud walls, using holes in the wall to get light, using overlaid brick over doorways, incorporating places to sit into the structure, simpler windows and a variety of roof construction approaches. He liked bare brick surfaces and considered plastering and other embellishments as superfluous.

Baker's architectural method is one of improvisation, in which initial drawings have only an idealistic link to the final construction, with most of the accommodations and design choices being made on-site by the architect himself. Compartments for milk bottles near the doorstep, windowsills that double as bench surfaces, and a heavy emphasis on taking cues from the natural condition of the site are just some examples. His Quaker-instilled respect for nature led him to let the idiosyncrasies of a site inform his architectural improvisations, rarely is a topography line marred or a tree uprooted. This saves construction cost as well, since working around difficult site conditions is much more cost-effective than clear-cutting. ("I think it's a waste of money to level a well-moulded site") Resistant to "high-technology" that addresses building environment issues by ignoring natural environment, at the [[Centre for Development Studies]] (Trivandrum, 1971) Baker created a cooling system by placing a high, latticed, brick wall near a pond that uses air pressure differences to draw cool air through the building. Various features of his work such as using recycled material, natural environment control and frugality of design may be seen as sustainable architecture or [[green building]] with its emphasis on [[sustainability]]. His responsiveness to never-identical site conditions quite obviously allowed for the variegation that permeates his work.

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Hamlet ‍baker.png|thumb|''The Hamlet'' at [[Nalanchira]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], which was home to Baker and his wife since 1970. The house, which resides on a hill top, was constructed by Baker.]]
Laurie Baker died at 7:30 am on 1 April 2007, aged 90, survived by wife Elizabeth, son Tilak, daughters Vidya and Heidi and his grandchildren Vineet, Lisa and Tejal. Until the end he continued to work in and around his home in [[Trivandrum]], though health concerns had kept his famous on-site physical presence to a minimum. His designing and writing were done mostly at his home. His approach to architecture steadily gained appreciation as architectural sentiment creaks towards place-making over modernising or stylising. As a result of this more widespread acceptance, however, the "Baker Style" home is gaining popularity, much to Baker's own chagrin, since he felt that the 'style' being commoditised is merely the inevitable manifestation of the cultural and economic imperatives of the region in which he worked, not a solution that could be applied whole-cloth to any outside situation. Laurie Baker's architecture focused on retaining a site's natural character, and economically minded indigenous construction, and the seamless integration of local culture that has been very inspirational.

Many architects studied and were inspired by the work of Laurie Baker. The workers and students called him "daddy".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kuriakose, Benny|year=2007|pages=34–42|journal=Architecture and Design|title=Laurie Baker- the unseen side...|url=http://lauriebaker.net/images/stories/files/ArchitectureDesignLaurieBakerAug2007-1.pdf}}</ref> Laurie Baker's writings were published and are available through COSTFORD (the Center Of Science and Technology For Rural Development), the voluntary organisation where he was Master Architect and carried out many of his later projects.

He is mentioned fondly in the 2025 memoir of [[Arundhati Roy]], Mother Mary Comes To Me.

== Awards ==
* 1981: [[D.Litt.]] conferred by the Royal University of Netherlands for outstanding work in the developing countries.
* 1983: [[Order of the British Empire]], [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]]
* 1987: Received the first Indian National Habitat Award
* 1988: Received Indian Citizenship
* 1989: Indian Institute of Architects Outstanding Architect of the Year
* 1990: Received the [[Padma Sri]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* 1990: Great Master Architect of the Year
* 1992: UNO Habitat Award & UN Roll of Honour
* 1993: International Union of Architects (IUA) Award
* 1993: Sir Robert Matthew Prize for Improvement of Human Settlements
* 1994: People of the Year Award
* 1995: Awarded Doctorate from the [[Birmingham City University|University of Central England]]
* 1998: Awarded Doctorate from Sri Venkateshwara University
* 2001: Coinpar MR Kurup Endowment Award
* 2003: Basheer Puraskaram
* 2003: [[D.Litt.]] from the [[Kerala University]]
* 2005: Kerala Government Certificate of Appreciation
* 2006: L-Ramp Award of Excellence
* 2006: Nominated for the [[Pritzker Prize]] (considered the Nobel Prize in Architecture)

==See also==
* [[Hassan Fathy]]
* [[Geoffrey Bawa]]
* [[Muzharul Islam]]
* [[Charles Correa]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Gautam|year=2003|title=Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings|publisher=Penguin|place= New Delhi|isbn=978-0140154603}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/may/11/guardianobituaries.india|title=Obituary: Laurie Baker|author=Prasad, Raekha|date=11 May 2007|access-date=4 August 2012}}
* Elizabeth Baker (2007). ''The Other Side of Laurie Baker: Memoirs''{{ISBN|81-264-1462-6}}.
* Venugopal Maddipati (2020). ''Gandhi and Architecture: A Time for Low-Cost Housing'': The Philosophy of Finitude {{ISBN|9780367199456}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.lauriebaker.net Official Website of Architect Laurie Baker]
* [http://www.costford.com/lauriebaker.htm COSTFORD]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tT5W39FQbg Video interview] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120405214225/http://www.designandpeople.org/creativeresistance/laurie_baker_interview.html another interview transcript]
* [http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/apr/04sld1.htm Laurie Baker: The man we will never forget] ''[[Rediff.com]]''
* [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2407/stories/20070420004012600.htm Master mason by G. SHANKAR].
* [http://www.hindu.com/folio/fo9908/99080300.htm ''Of Architectural Truths and Lies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601150712/http://www.hindu.com/folio/fo9908/99080300.htm |date=1 June 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192428/http://www.archiplanet.org/wiki/Laurie_Baker ARCHIPLANET article: Includes fuller list of buildings designed by Laurie Baker]
* [http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/bakertribute.pdf "Here was a Baker"- a tribute by filmmaker Prasanth Vijay]
* [http://www.archinomy.com/blog/a-visit-to-laurie-baker-building-centre-new-delhi.html Laurie Baker Building Center, New Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401231131/http://www.archinomy.com/blog/a-visit-to-laurie-baker-building-centre-new-delhi.html |date=1 April 2008 }}
* [http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/bakerbhushan.pdf "Significance of Laurie Baker" by B Shashi Bhooshan]

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Laurie}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:British conscientious objectors]]
[[Category:Converts to Quakerism]]
[[Category:British emigrants to India]]
[[Category:English Quakers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Organic architecture]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:Architects from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Artists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit]]
[[Category:Indian Christian pacifists]]
[[Category:English Christian pacifists]]
[[Category:Indian Quakers]]
[[Category:20th-century English architects]]
[[Category:Artists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Birmingham School of Art]]

List of ambassadors of India to Switzerland

2026-03-27T13:39:34Z

Akivulhasan876:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Ambassador
| body = India to Switzerland
| native_name =
| insignia = File:Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption =
| department =
| image =
| incumbent = [[Mridul Kumar]]
| incumbentsince = 19 June 2023
| style =
| residence =
| nominator = [[ Droupadi Murmu]]
| appointer =
| termlength =
| inaugural = [[Dhirajlal Desai|Dhirajlal B.Desai]]
| formation = 17 December 1948
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = [https://www.indembassybern.gov.in/ Embassy of India, Berne, Switzerland]
}}

The '''Indian Ambassador to Switzerland''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[Switzerland]], [[Vatican City]] and [[Liechtenstein]], housed in the [[Embassy of India, Bern]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mission to Switzerland|first=Indian|title=Indian Mission to Switzerland|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?42/Switzerland|access-date=25 March 2021|newspaper=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The current ambassador is Mridul Kumar.

== List of Indian ambassadors to Switzerland ==
The list of diplomats is as noted:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Official List|first=Indian Ambassadors|title=Indian Ambassadors Official List|url=https://www.indembassybern.gov.in/page/previous/|access-date=25 March 2021|website=indembassybern.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!S. No.
!Name
!Date of charge assumption
!Date of charge relinquishment
|-
|1
|[[Dhirajlal Desai|Dhirajlal B.Desai]]
|17 December 1948
|21 March 1951
|-
|2
|[[Asaf Ali|M.Asaf Ali]]
|10 July 1952
|02 April 1953
|-
|3
|[[Y. D. Gundevia|Y.D. Gundevia]]
|17 May 1953
|30 September 1954
|-
|4
|Dr. Mohan Sinha Mehta
|07 June 1955
|01 June 1958
|-
|5
|[[M. K. Vellodi|M.K Vellodi]]
|04 June 1958
|25 November 1961
|-
|6
|M.A. Rauf
|29 December 1961
|29 August 1964
|-
|7
|V.C. Trivedi
|02 December 1964
|23 November 1967
|-
|8
|M. A. Hussain
|01 December 1967
|07 October 1970
|-
|9
|[[Arjan Singh|Air Chief Marshal Arjun Singh]]
|27 March 1971
|26 March 1974
|-
|10
|Avtar Singh
|02 September 1974
|29 April 1977
|-
|11
|[[Uma Shankar Bajpai]]
|30 June 1977
|31 May 1978
|-
|12
|Gurbachan Singh
|03 October 1978
|31 May 1981
|-
|13
|Narendra Singh
|18 June 1981
|20 March 1982
|-
|14
|Thomas Abraham
|23 September 1982
|30 September 1985
|-
|15
|Ashok Sen Chib
|21 November 1985
|31 July 1989
|-
|16
|M. K. Mangalmurti
|14 August 1989
|10 July 1994
|-
|17
|K.P. Balakrishnan
|14 July 1994
|31 October 2000
|-
|18
|N.N. Desai
|02 November 2000
|30 June 2002
|-
|19
|Praveen L. Goyal
|03 July 2002
|31 October 2005
|-
|20
|Amitava Tripathi
|17 December 2005
|28 February 2008
|-
|21
|[[Chitra Narayanan]]
|18 August 2008
|30 November 2013
|-
|22
|[[M. K. Lokesh|M.K. Lokesh]]
|18 December 2013
|31 May 2015
|-
|23
|Smita Purushottam
|06 August 2015
|31 October 2017
|-
|24
|[[Sibi George]]
|12 November 2017
|03 August 2020
|-
|25
|[[Monika Kapil Mohta]]
|05 August 2020
|31 January 2022
|-
|24
|[[Sanjay Bhattacharyya]]
|06 February 2022
|31 December 2022
|-
|25
|[[Mridul Kumar]]
|19 June 2023
|Incumbent
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of ambassadors of India to France]]
* [[India–Switzerland relations]]

==References==
<references />

{{Ambassadors of India}}

[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Switzerland| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|Switzerland]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Switzerland|India]]

Indian MRCA competition

2026-03-26T16:39:14Z

Akivulhasan876: rework section per standard format and corrected details

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Relay of contenders for the MMRCA (Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft) tender}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:India MRCA-6.png|thumb|upright=1.14|The six competing MRCA aircraft. '''(L-R):''' [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]], [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]], [[F-16 Fighting Falcon#F-16C/D|F-16C/D]], [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18E/F]], [[JAS 39 Gripen]], and [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35]].<ref>Unofficial logo</ref>]]

The '''Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft''' ('''MMRCA''') competition in India, also known as the '''MRCA tender''', was a competition to supply 126 [[multi-role combat aircraft]] to the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF). The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] had allocated {{INRConvert|55000|c|lk=on}} at 2008 prices for the purchase of these aircraft,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/F-16-maker-Lockheed-mounts-an-India-campaign/articleshow/2706209.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105233058/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-17/india/27746900_1_f-16-india-campaign-c-130j-super-hercules-aircraft |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2011 |title=F-16 maker Lockheed mounts an India campaign |first1=Vinay |last1=Pandey |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 January 2008}}</ref> making it India's single largest defence deal.<ref>{{cite web |title=MRCA RFP: India floats its biggest-ever global tender for jet fighters |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070828_mrca_rfp.htm |work=Aviation and Aerospace |publisher=Domain B |date=28 August 2007 |access-date=23 January 2008 |quote=On Tuesday India floated its biggest ever global defence tender for purchase of 126 multi-role combat aircraft in a deal potentially valued at $11 billion. }}</ref> The MMRCA tender was floated with the idea of filling the gap between its future [[Light Combat Aircraft]] and its in-service [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] air superiority fighter.

The contest featured six [[fighter aircraft]]: [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]], [[Dassault Rafale]], [[Eurofighter Typhoon]], [[Lockheed Martin F-16]], [[Mikoyan MiG-35]], and [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]]. On 27 April 2011, after an intensive and detailed technical evaluation by the IAF, it reduced the bidders to two fighters—Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale. On 31 January 2012 it was announced that Dassault Rafale had won the competition due to its lower [[Life-cycle assessment|life-cycle cost]]. The deal had been reported to cost US$28–30 billion in 2014.

However, the deal stalled due to disagreements over production in India. Dassault refused to take responsibility for the 108 [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]]-manufactured Rafales, as it had reservations about the ability of HAL to accommodate the complex manufacturing and technology transfers of the aircraft. Instead, Dassault said it would have to negotiate two separate production contracts by both companies. The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Ministry]] instead wanted Dassault to be solely responsible for the sale and delivery of all 126 aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130405/DEFREG03/304050009/Report-India-France-Rafale-Deal-Stalled3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628235157/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130405/DEFREG03/304050009/Report-India-France-Rafale-Deal-Stalled3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2013 |title=Report: India-France Rafale Deal Stalled |newspaper=Defense News |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=7 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Prusty, Nigam |author2=Kotoky, Anurag |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rafale-deal-idUSBRE9340BE20130405|title=India's $15 billion Rafale deal faces delays: sources|work=Reuters|date=5 April 2013|access-date=7 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407231219/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/05/us-india-rafale-deal-idUSBRE9340BE20130405|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> In May 2013, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that negotiations were "back on track", with plans for the first 18 Rafales to be delivered in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/New-Sukhoi-base-to-cover-south-India/articleshow/20020893.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629134413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-13/india/39227453_1_squadrons-mmrca-project-chabua |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=New Sukhoi base to cover south India|date=13 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> Another point of contention is a provision where Dassault was to reinvest 50 percent of the deal's earnings into India's defence sectors, either through purchases or technological expertise.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2012/09/21/Indian-air-force-to-buy-French-fighters/UPI-97061348233687/|title=India Air Force to Buy French Fighters|work=United Press International|date=21 September 2012|access-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922014612/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2012/09/21/Indian-air-force-to-buy-French-fighters/UPI-97061348233687/|archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/chidambaram-cuts-rs-14k-cr-from-defence-budget-plans-hit/20130211.htm|title=Rs 14,000 cr cut from defence budget, hits plans|work=Rediff.com|date=11 February 2013|access-date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190319/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/chidambaram-cuts-rs-14k-cr-from-defence-budget-plans-hit/20130211.htm|archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> In March 2014, the two sides were reported to have agreed that the first 18 aircraft would be delivered to India in flying condition and that the remaining 108 would be 70 percent built by HAL.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-big-step-in-india-s-rafale-jet-deal-with-france-490440 |title=A big step in India's Rafale jet deal with France |last1=Gokhale |first1=Nitin |date=3 March 2014 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303185936/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-big-step-in-india-s-rafale-jet-deal-with-france-490440 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2014|12|alt=In December 2014}}, it was reported that India and France expect to sign a contract by March 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141201/DEFREG03/312010014/India-France-Agree-Finalize-Rafale-Deal-by-Spring |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141202031046/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20141201/DEFREG03/312010014/India-France-Agree-Finalize-Rafale-Deal-by-Spring |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2014 |title=India, France Agree to Finalize Rafale Deal by Spring |work=Defense News |date=1 December 2014 |first1=Vvivek |last1=Raghuvanshi |first2=Pierre |last2=Tran |access-date=1 December 2014 }}</ref> On 13 April 2015, the defence minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] made an announcement that the M-MRCA tender is "effectively dead". India officially withdrew the 126-aircraft MMRCA tender on 30 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-withdraws-tender-for-126-medium-multi-role-combat-aircraft-manohar-parrikar/articleshow/48282941.cms|title=Government withdraws tender for 126 medium multi role combat aircraft: Manohar Parrikar|newspaper=Economic Times|date=30 July 2015|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="end">[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-ends-mmrca-fighter-acquisition-415408/ India ends MMRCA fighter acquisition]</ref>

On the joint press statement made by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister Narendra Modi's]] with [[François Hollande|President François Hollande]], during his visit of France, the PM said that India will purchase 36 Rafales, This contract was finalised and all the 36 aircraft will arrive in India in flying condition.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-france-rafale-idUSKBN0N10R020150410|title=India orders 36 French-made Rafale fighter jets - PM Modi|date=10 April 2015|access-date=10 April 2015 |last1=Irish |first1=John |last2=Pineau |first2=Elizabeth |work=Reuters}}</ref> The agreed upon terms in April 2015 totaled US$8.8 billion for 36 airplanes costing $244 million each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finally, A Deal. India To Buy 36 Rafale Jets For $8.8 Billion |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rafale-jet-deal-finalised-by-india-and-france-for-7-8-billion-euros-1395958 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-09-23 |title=India signs deal to buy 36 French-made Rafale fighter jets |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20160923-india-signs-deal-36-french-rafale-fighter-jets |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
===Indian Air Force summary===
The [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) is the [[air force|air arm]] of the [[Armed Forces of India]] and has the primary responsibility of conducting [[aerial warfare]], defending the Indian [[airspace]], conducting strategic strikes inside enemy territory and providing aerial cover to ground troops.<ref>[http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=13 The Indian Air Force Today, Our Strength] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921003625/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=13 |date=21 September 2013 }}, Indian Air Force</ref> It is the fourth largest air force in the world, with a strength of more than 1,500 aircraft, including more than 750 combat aircraft.<ref name="Flightglobal">{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/world-air-forces-2014-108161.aspx|title=AirSpace|author=((Reed Business Information Limited))|work=flightglobal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lambeth|first=Benjamin|title=Airpower at 18,000': The Indian Air Force in the Kargil War|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/20/airpower-at-18-000-indian-air-force-in-kargil-war/dvc4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113174016/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/20/airpower-at-18-000-indian-air-force-in-kargil-war/dvc4|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2012|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

===IAF sanctioned fleet size===
The minimum sanctioned strength of the IAF is 39.5 [[Squadron (aviation)|squadron]]s of combat aircraft, with a healthy level of 44 squadrons.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-20/india/28009601_1_diesel-electric-submarines-attack-submarines-technology-vessel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031041935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-20/india/28009601_1_diesel-electric-submarines-attack-submarines-technology-vessel |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2011 |first1=Rajat |last1=Pandit |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=India ready for war? Forces grapple with delays, red tape |date= 20 January 2009}}</ref><ref>An IAF combat squadron usually consists of 18 aircraft in service with another 3–4 in maintenance.</ref> However, this level was achieved only in the mid-1980s with the acquisition of the [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]s, [[MiG-29]]s and Jaguars. In addition, most IAF aircraft were comparatively new at the time, being less than 10 years old. Most of the older aircraft would have become obsolete by the mid-1990s, with the rest needing replacement by 2010. However, these aircraft were not replaced, which led to frequent crashes and attrition losses. Reduction in force levels and phasing out of aircraft have meant that the IAF operates only 30 fighter squadrons as of January 2014.<ref name=dna_price_escalation /> Even with the planned MMRCA procurement, the IAF will reach sanctioned strength only by 2017.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />

[[File:SU-30MKI-g4sp - edit 2(clipped).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]]]

===Aging MiGs===
[[File:Sheeju mig21.JPG|thumb|right|IAF MiG-21 Bison, the latest upgrade of IAF MiG-21s]]

Due to budgetary constraints—specifically, the economic problems in the early 1990s—the refurbishment of old planes and purchase of new ones was halted. Added to this was the [[History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)|disintegration of the Soviet Union]], which led to severe shortage of aircraft spares, which rendered many of them unserviceable.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

The attrition was stemmed to some extent by extensive upgrade programs on the MiG-21 (''bis'' upgrade), MiG-27, [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] (''DARIN I'' upgrade) and other aircraft in the mid-1990s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} An aggressive [[Indian Air Force#Multi-role fighters and strike aircraft|program of upgrades]] was initiated. The MiG-21bis aircraft have been upgraded to MiG-21 Bison levels (125 aircraft will be upgraded to that standard), Jaguars to ''DARIN III'' standards, and Mirage 2000s and MiG-27s were also upgraded. The [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23MF]] air defence interceptor was phased out in 2007 by the IAF. Further retirements of MiG-23BN ground attack aircraft began in March 2009.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101218232512/http://defenseworld.net/go/defensenews.jsp?n=IAF%20retired%20MiG-23BN%20after%20three%20decades%20of%20service&id=2882 Cabinet Committee for Political Affairs (CCPA) cleared an acquisition of 95 MiG-23 BNs.]</ref><ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Special/PRO/2009/LastFlight_MIG_23.jpg.html Last Flight of the MiG-23 BN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609205352/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Special/PRO/2009/LastFlight_MIG_23.jpg.html |date=9 June 2011}}. bharat-rakshak.com</ref> With decreased aircraft squadrons level, MiG-23s are set to be replaced by MRCA winner.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\03\21\story_21-3-2007_pg4_18 MiG-23 are set to be replaced by new hardware from either Russia, the United States or Europe i.e. mrca today] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222065912/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007 |date=22 February 2008}}. dailytimes.com.pk</ref>

==Requirements==
The IAF projected a requirement for about 126 aircraft in 2001, when the strength was at 39.5 squadrons (down from 45). There is an option for an additional 74 aircraft.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_to_buy_all_126_aircraft_from_one_company_Report/articleshow/2164871.cms |title=IAF to buy all 126 aircraft from one company |type=report |newspaper=The Times of India |quote=Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal [[F.H. Major]] said there was no proposal at the moment to increase the order to 200 aircraft, but 'a review after induction, based on cost-benefit analysis, is of course possible in future.' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112011632/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_to_buy_all_126_aircraft_from_one_company_Report/articleshow/2164871.cms |archive-date=12 January 2009 }}</ref> Initial requirements appeared to be for a 20-ton class fighter aircraft with the Mirage 2000 as the strongest contender. However, the 20-ton [[MTOW]] limit requirement was later removed. The IAF required replacements for its frontline strike aircraft like the MiG-27 and Jaguar, which were anticipated to retire by 2015. India's future [[5th-generation aircraft]], the Russo-Indian [[Sukhoi/HAL FGFA]] and the indigenous [[Medium Combat Aircraft]] at the time did not appear to be viable for induction anytime soon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/India-says-to-have-fifth-generation-jets-in-2018/articleshow/5849687.cms |work=The Times of India |title=India says to have fifth generation jets in 2018 |date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426153301/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/India-says-to-have-fifth-generation-jets-in-2018/articleshow/5849687.cms |archive-date=26 April 2010 }}</ref>

The Indian government is to buy the first 18 aircraft directly from the manufacturer. The remaining fighters will be built under license with a transfer of technology (ToT) by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]].<ref>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/08/28/216345/india-launches-contest-for-126-new-fighters-with-rfp-release.html "India launches contest for 126 new fighters with RFP release"]. ''FlightGlobal'', 28 August 2007.</ref>

The IAF was keen on buying the Mirage 2000–5, after it was impressed by the Mirage 2000's capabilities during the [[Kargil War]]. However, due to the upcoming manufacture of the [[Dassault Rafale]] and lack of orders, the Mirage production lines were to be closed down. French officials stated that they could be kept open if India had made a firm commitment. However, the [[Indian Government]] decided to go in for a multi-vendor tendering process. Requests for Information (RFI) were issued in 2004. The RFIs were initially sent to four vendors: [[Dassault]] ([[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5 Mk.2]]), [[Lockheed Martin]] ([[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16C/D]]), [[Mikoyan]] ([[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-29OVT]]), and [[Saab Group|Saab]] ([[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=An alternate theory of the MMRCA process – I|url=http://www.stratpost.com/an-alternate-theory-of-the-mmrca-process-i|work=Strat Post|date=9 April 2012|access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

Due to the tendering process and delay in issuing the RFIs, Dassault decided to remove the Mirage 2000-5 from the bidding process and enter the Rafale in its place. The [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35]] was entered in place of the prototype MiG-29OVT. The Eurofighter consortium entered the [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]] into the competition. The [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]] also joined the tendering.<ref name=didaily>{{cite web|title=India's M-MRCA Fighter Competition: Is the Deal in Trouble?|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/mirage-2000s-withdrawn-as-indias-mrca-fighter-competition-changes-01989/|work=Defense Industry Daily|access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

==Bidders==
Six aircraft were bid for the order – the [[Sweden|Swedish]] Saab Gripen, Eurofighter Typhoon, [[France|French]] Dassault Rafale, [[Russia]]n Mikoyan MiG-35, and the American F-16IN and F/A-18IN Super Hornet ("IN" are the proposed [[India]]n versions). Previously, Mikoyan and Dassault have been regular suppliers of aircraft for the Indian Air Force and in terms of transfers of technology, licensed production in India, personnel training, supply of spare parts, maintenance, and upgrading.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fight for Combat aircraft contract|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article36100.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106122935/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article36100.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2013|access-date=5 November 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=15 February 2009}}</ref>

===Dassault Rafale===
[[File:Indian Air Force Rafale.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dassault Rafale]] – the Winner of MRCA competition.]]
{{main|Dassault Rafale}}

The Dassault Rafale is a French twin-engined [[Delta wing|delta-wing]] agile multi-role fighter aircraft designed and built by [[Dassault Aviation]]. The Rafale was brought in as the replacement for the Mirage 2000-5 that was originally a competitor for the tender,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1635862,0008.htm|work=Hindustan Times|title=India to shop for more combat aircraft|access-date=10 September 2006|date=26 February 2006|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515193026/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1635862,0008.htm|archive-date=15 May 2006}}</ref> after the production lines for the Mirage closed down, as well as the entry of much more advanced aircraft into the competition.<ref name=DID_Mirage_withdrawn>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/mirage-2000s-withdrawn-as-indias-mrca-fighter-competition-changes-01989/ "India's M-MRCA Fighter Competition: Is the Deal In Trouble?"]. ''Defence Industry Daily'', 5 September 2012.</ref>

The Rafale has the advantage of being logistically and operationally similar to the Mirage 2000, which the IAF already operated and used with great success during the [[Kargil War]] in [[Operation Safed Sagar]]. This would require fewer changes in the existing infrastructure of the IAF, which reduces costs. Moreover, being 100% French also provided Dassault a distinct edge over its competitors on the issue of technology transfer.<ref name="Dassault ToT" /> Dassault claims that the Rafale has an advantage over many of the competitors because it is not subject to [[International Traffic in Arms Regulations|ITAR]] restrictions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eurofighter and Rafale finalists in Indian MMRCA competition |url=http://www.defenceaviation.com/2011/04/eurofighter-and-rafale-finalists-in-indian-mmrca-competition.html|access-date=5 November 2013|newspaper=Defence Aviation|date=29 April 2011}}</ref>

While not included in the MRCA requirement, the French fighter has more configurations of potential interest for the IAF: a [[Carrier-based aircraft|carrier-based]] version (the Rafale M) and a capability for nuclear strategic strike. Both of these particular versions are in use in the [[French Armed Forces]]. At present however the Rafale M uses a catapult system (not present on the initial [[Vikrant class aircraft carrier|Vikrant]]) and the nuclear strike use is earmarked by others jets of the IAF.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326134624/http://g2globalsolutions.com/review/?p=4654 "India's Joint Nuclear Command Wants 40 Nuclear Strike Jets. Retrieved 2011-09-18."]}}</ref> On 26 June 2012, it was revealed that the Rafale M (naval variant) could be used on a [[STOBAR]] aircraft carrier without any modification of the planes or installation of catapults on the flight deck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=120001|title=Mer et Marine}}</ref>

The French government has cleared full technology transfer of the Rafale to India, including that of the [[RBE2|RBE2-AA]] [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESA]] radar which will be integrated into the Rafale by 2010<ref>Andrew Doyle, [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/11/11/318499/new-radar-could-boost-rafales-export-prospects.html "New Radar could boost Rafale's export prospects"], ''Flight International'', 11 November 2008</ref> and also the transfer of software source code, which will allow Indian scientists to re-programme a radar or any sensitive equipment if needed.<ref name="Dassault ToT">[http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20081105_dassault.html Dassault ups the ante with full technology transfer for Rafale news], Domain-b.com. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.</ref> Without the software source code, the IAF would have to specify mission parameters to foreign manufacturers to enable configuration of their radar, seriously compromising security in the process.<ref>{{cite news|title=French firm to supply fighter aircraft to Indian Air Force|url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/french-firm-supply-fighter-aircraft-indian-air-force-054004383.html|access-date=5 November 2013|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=1 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152718/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/french-firm-supply-fighter-aircraft-indian-air-force-054004383.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

Dassault has also offered to fit the [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|GTX-35VS Kaveri]] engine into the Rafale, which if chosen, would greatly improve commonality with the [[HAL Tejas]] that will enter service into the IAF by 2010. Concerns have been raised about cost issues as well as potential sales to Pakistan, which has also expressed interest in the Rafale. However, no such jets have been sold to Pakistan. India and France have recently agreed to "go beyond a buyer-seller relationship".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1576672/France-and-India-deepen-defence-ties.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=France and India deepen defence ties |first=Henry |last=Samuel |date=26 January 2008 |access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> On 31 January 2012 Rafale was declared the winner of the MMRCA competition, beating Eurofighter Typhoon on cost.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dassault-Rafale-wins-MMRCA-deal-beating-Eurofighter-Typhoon/articleshow/11700801.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Dassault Rafale wins MMRCA deal beating Eurofighter Typhoon |date=31 January 2012}}</ref>

===Eurofighter Typhoon===
[[File:RAF Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon F2 Lofting-1.jpg|thumb|[[Eurofighter Typhoon]]]]
{{main|Eurofighter Typhoon}}

The Eurofighter Typhoon is a twin-engine multi-role [[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]-[[Delta wing|delta]] [[air superiority fighter]] aircraft, designed and built by a consortium of [[Europe]]an [[aerospace]] manufacturers through [[Eurofighter GmbH]].

Eurofighter is offering the Tranche-3 Typhoon for the Indian requirement, equipped with the [[Euroradar CAPTOR#AESA variant|CAESAR]] [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESA]] radar. [[EADS]] has invited India to become a partner of the Eurofighter Typhoon programme if the Typhoon wins the contract, and will be given technological and development participation in future tranches of the Typhoon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Typhoon Development |url=https://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2008/04/25/afx4933322.html |last=Webster |first=Philip |agency=Thomson Financial News |work=Forbes |date=25 April 2008 |access-date=7 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827025221/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2008/04/25/afx4933322.html |archive-date=27 August 2009}}</ref> Bernhard Gerwert, CEO of EADS Defense Department, elaborated that if India becomes the fifth partner of the Eurofighter programme, it will be able to manufacture assemblies for new Eurofighters.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/eurofighter-sweetens-its-india-offer/365722/ Eurofighter sweetens its India offer]. ''Business Standard'', 3 August 2009</ref>

In January 2010, EADS offered to include [[Thrust vectoring|thrust vectoring nozzles]] (TVNs) with the Typhoon's [[Eurojet EJ200|EJ200]] engines for India. Thrust vectoring will improve operational capabilities, and reduce fuel burn by up to 5% and increase thrust while supersonic cruising by 7%.<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/upgraded-eurofighter-offered-to-indian-air-force_100298763.html Upgraded Eurofighter offered to Indian Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172320/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/upgraded-eurofighter-offered-to-indian-air-force_100298763.html |date=5 January 2010 }}. Thaindian.com. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>

===Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet===
[[File:FA-18 Hornet VFA-41.jpg|thumb|right|[[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18F Super Hornet]] ]]
{{main|Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet}}

The Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet is a [[twinjet|twin-engine]] [[Carrier-based aircraft|carrier-based]] [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole fighter]] aircraft. The MMRCA contract represents a prime opportunity for US defence companies to gain a foothold in the Indian defence market, which is estimated to be about {{USD}}100 billion in the next 10 years. Initially, the Request for Information (RFI) was not issued to Boeing, which decided to field the Super Hornet. The [[US Government]] allowed Boeing to participate in the RFI, and later gave permission for the Request For Proposal (RFP). However, any sale of aircraft would have to be approved by the [[US Congress]].

Initial reactions within the IAF were enthusiastic, although there were apprehensions of support issues in case of future sanctions. The US stated that there would have been some restrictions and pre-conditions for the purchase of the aircraft.<ref>[http://www.yourdefencenews.com/sale+of+military+equipment%3A+us+wants+india+to+accept+conditions_14961.html Sale of military equipment: US wants India to accept conditions], 7 November 2008.</ref>

On 24 April 2008, Boeing submitted its 7,000-page proposal to the Ministry of Defence through the US Embassy in New Delhi, before the 28 April deadline for the submission for proposals. The Super Hornet variant being offered to India, the F/A-18IN, is based on the F/A-18E/F model operated by the US Navy and being built for the Royal Australian Air Force. [[Raytheon]]'s [[APG-79]] AESA radar was offered on the aircraft. There would have been limited Transfer of Technology on the radar, up to the level approved by the US Government. However, Raytheon stated that the level of ToT offered would be compliant with the RFP requirements.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3826 Raytheon to transfer AESA radar technology to India up to the level permitted by US government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307083101/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3826 |date=7 March 2012 }}</ref> Delivery of the first F/A-18IN Super Hornets could have begun approximately 36 months after contract award.<ref name="Boeing RFP">Boeing, [http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2008/q2/080424b_nr.html "Boeing Delivers Proposal to Equip Indian Air Force with Super Hornet Fighters"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428185703/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2008/q2/080424b_nr.html |date=28 April 2008}}. Boeing, 24 April 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.</ref>

Boeing proposed joint manufacture of the jets with Indian partners. It also planned to offset the cost by setting up a US$100 million maintenance and training hub in [[Nagpur]]. This is the first time the Super Hornet has been offered for production in a foreign country.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/060520/211/64edm.html "Boeing wants to sell F-18s to India"]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, ''IBN Live'', 20 May 2006.</ref> On 14 February 2008, Boeing and Tata Industries agreed to form a joint-venture company. The new entity formed in February 2008, will supply components for Boeing military aircraft, including the Super Hornet.<ref>{{cite news |author=David Donald |title=Boeing seeks leverage on Indian fighter order |url=http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/boeing-seeks-leverage-on-indian-fighter-order/?no_cache=1 |publisher=AINOnline |date=19 February 2008 |access-date=19 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113113721/http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/boeing-seeks-leverage-on-indian-fighter-order/?no_cache=1 |archive-date=13 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Tata--Boeing-forming-JV-for-defence-products/272953 Tata, Boeing forming JV for defence products]. ''Financial Express'' (14 February 2008). Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>

In order to satisfy its offset requirements, Boeing has signed long-term partnership agreements with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), Tata Industries, and [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref name="Boeing RFP"/>
{{clear}}

===Lockheed Martin F-16IN ''Super Viper''===
[[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb|right|[[F-16 Fighting Falcon#F-16E and F-16F|F-16 Block 60]]]]
{{see also|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon#Variants}}

India initially sent the RFI for a F-16C/D Block 52+ configuration aircraft. On 17 January 2008, Lockheed Martin offered a customized version of the F-16, the F-16IN ''Super Viper'' for the Indian MMRCA contract.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/F-16_maker_Lockheed_mounts_an_India_campaign/articleshow/2706209.cms|title=F-16 maker Lockheed mounts an India campaign|work=The Times of India|date=17 January 2008 }}</ref> The F-16IN, which is similar to the F-16 Block 60, will be a 4.5 generation aircraft. It will be more advanced than the F-16 Block 52s that the Pakistan Air Force has acquired.

Lockheed Martin described the F-16IN as "the most advanced and capable F-16 ever." Based closely on the F-16E/F Block 60 as supplied to the United Arab Emirates, the features on the F-16IN include:<ref name="F-16IN Brochure">[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/corporate/documents/F-16IN-Brochure.pdf "F-16IN Brochure"]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} (PDF). Lockheed Martin</ref>

*[[Conformal Fuel Tanks]] – This will give the F-16IN a combat range of 1700 km with 1500 kg weapons load.
*A Northrop Grumman AN/APG-80 [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] radar.<ref>[http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/ASD/combat/APG-80.html AN/APG-80 – F-16 AESA Radar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113234431/http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/ASD/combat/APG-80.html |date=13 January 2008 }}. Es.northropgrumman.com. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref> This is the same radar fitted on the UAE F-16 Block 60s.
*[[GE Aviation|General Electric]] [[General Electric F110|F110-132A]] engine with 143 kN full afterburning thrust with [[FADEC]] Controls.
*Electronic warfare suites and infra-red search ability.
*Advanced all-color glass cockpit.
*Helmet-mounted cueing system.

Lockheed Martin offered to sell India the [[F-35 Lightning II]] aircraft in the future, as replacements, if the F-16 was chosen.<ref name="F-16IN Brochure"/>

===Mikoyan MiG-35===
[[File:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-35 MAKS'2007 Pichugin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mikoyan MiG-35]]]]
{{main|Mikoyan MiG-35}}

The Mikoyan MiG-35 ({{langx|ru|Микоян МиГ-35}}) ([[NATO reporting name]] Fulcrum-F) is the production version of the latest [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]] and incorporates mature development of the MiG-29M/M2 and MiG-29K/KUB technology, such as [[glass cockpit]] and [[fly-by-wire]] technology. The Indian Air Force already operates the MiG-29, and the Navy has ordered [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K/KUBs]] for its ''[[INS Vikramaditya]]'' (formerly [[Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov|''Admiral Gorshkov'']]) and [[Vikrant class aircraft carrier|INS ''Vikrant''-class]] [[aircraft carrier]]s.

Russia unveiled the MiG-35 at [[Aero India]] 2007 in [[Bangalore]], amid Moscow's keen interest to sell these planes to India. This was the first time that the final version of the MiG-35 was publicly displayed at an international [[air show]], and thus generated a great deal of interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianaviationnews.net/airshow/labels/MiG-35.html|title=Aero India 2007 News|work=indianaviationnews.net}}</ref>

Since the IAF already has maintenance and upgrade facilities for the MiG-29, this would mean that the fighter could be brought into service with a minimum of expenditure on infrastructure.{{cn|date=April 2023}} A major advantage of the MiG-35 is that Russia is committed to transfer the plane's technology, including the new advanced [[Zhuk radar|Zhuk]] [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] radar, to India.<ref name="ato_mig35">{{cite journal|url=http://www.ato.ru/content/mig-35-radar-testing|title=MiG-35 in radar testing|journal=Russia & CIS Observer|date=19 July 2010}}</ref> In the past, Russia has provided customised versions of military equipment such as the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] and continued to provide support for equipment during international sanctions. However, Russian product support, especially for the MiG-29 fleet has been inadequate.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SRR/Volume13/pandey.html Security Research Review: Volume 1(3) Selection of MRCA for the IAF – Air Marshall(r) B K Pandey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402023303/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SRR/Volume13/pandey.html |date=2 April 2007}}. Bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>

Additionally, buying the MiG-35 would mean an almost total dependence on a single supplier for India's entire fighter fleet. Recent Russian demands for renegotiation of [[INS Vikramaditya|earlier contracts]], the sale of [[RD-93]] engines (a variant of the [[Klimov]] [[RD-33]] powering India's MiG-29s) to Pakistan for its [[JF-17 Thunder]] aircraft and concurrently supplying [[Sukhoi Su-30MKK|combat aircraft]] to China<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com" /> has also caused concern in New Delhi.

===Saab JAS 39 Gripen===
[[File:SAAB JAS-39D Gripen 5D4 3703 (48706732678).jpg|thumb|[[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]]]]
{{main|Saab JAS 39 Gripen}}

The Saab JAS 39 Gripen (''[[Griffin]]'' or ''"Gryphon"'') is a fighter aircraft manufactured by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] aerospace [[company]] Saab. The aircraft is in service with the [[Swedish Air Force|Swedish]], [[Czech Air Force|Czech]], [[Hungarian Air Force|Hungarian]], [[Brazilian Air Force|Brazilian]], and the [[South African Air Force|South African]] [[air force]]s. The [[Royal Thai Air Force]] has also received the aircraft.

The Gripen was one of the aircraft that the IAF sent the Request for Information. The Gripen participated at Aero India 2007, where one JAS 39C (single seater) and two JAS 39D (two-seater) variants were brought.<ref>[http://defense-update.com/events/2007/summary/aeroindia07-2.htm Fighter Aircraft Programs at Aero India – 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325145733/http://www.defense-update.com/events/2007/summary/aeroindia07-2.htm |date=25 March 2009 }}. defense-update.com</ref> Gripen International offered the Gripen IN, a version of the Gripen NG (Next Generation) for India's competition.<ref>[http://www.gripen.com/en/MediaRelations/News/2008/Gripen_IN_next_generation_fighter_for_India_The_Independent_Choice.htm "Gripen next generation fighter for India – The Independent Choice"], Gripen International, 28 April 2008.</ref> The Gripen NG has increased fuel capacity, more powerful powerplant, higher payload, upgraded avionics and other improvements.<ref name="FI_Gripen_Demo">Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/04/23/223212/pictures-saab-reveals-gripen-demo-aircraft.html "Saab reveals Gripen Demo aircraft"], Flightglobal.com, 23 April 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.gripen.com/en/MediaRelations/News/2008/Gripen_Demonstrator_The_Future_has_Arrived.htm "Gripen Demonstrator – The Future has Arrived!"], Gripen International, 23 April 2008.</ref>

===Comparison of the aircraft===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:16%;"|Aircraft
! style="width:14%;"|[[Dassault Rafale]]<ref name="Dassault specs">{{citation |place=FR |url=http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/defense/rafale/aircraft-characteristics.html?L=1 |publisher=Dassault |title=Official Rafale specifications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408012351/http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/defense/rafale/aircraft-characteristics.html?L=1 |archive-date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>
! style="width:14%;"|[[Eurofighter Typhoon]]<ref name="Eurofighter specs">{{citation |publisher=Eurofighter |url=http://www.eurofighter.com/et_ap_pd_ov.asp |title=Official Typhoon Specifications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118184622/http://www.eurofighter.com/et_ap_pd_ov.asp |archive-date=18 November 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Luftwaffe specs">{{citation |place=DE |url=http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLNzKI93AMA8mB2e4-AfqRUFYIQtTLGSoKUhuUkqrv65Gfm6rvrR-gX5AbGlHu6KgIAPMomGo!/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfMjBfSDVQ?yw_contentURL=%2F01DB060000000001%2FW26E7J9E579ITSRDE%2Fcontent.jsp |publisher=Luftwaffe |title=Eurofighter Typhoon | date=29 September 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
! style="width:14%;"|[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16IN "Super Viper"]]<ref name="USAF specs">[http://web.archive.org/web/20130710112000/http://www.af.mil:80/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=103 F-16C/D Factsheet]. US Air Force</ref><ref name="LM specs">[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/f-16-specifications.html F-16 Specifications] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421030013/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f16/f-16-specifications.html |date=21 April 2011}}. Lockheed Martin</ref>
! style="width:14%;"|[[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]<ref name="Boeing specs">[http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/fa18ef/index.htm F/A-18E/F Super Hornet page]. Boeing</ref><ref>[http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/fa18ef/docs/EF_overview.pdf Super Hornet Overview]. Boeing (PDF)</ref><ref>[http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/fighter/f18ef/ Aircraft Museum – F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]. Aerospace Web. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref><ref name="blogspot0022">{{citation |publisher=Blogspot |title=BP |format=[[JPEG]] |url=https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_qrjFeNOsuEY/TS0pRdh1k2I/AAAAAAAAAGU/1Nao6ZHY2_Q/s1600/page0022.jpg}}</ref>
! style="width:14%;"|[[JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 NG(IN)]]<ref name="FI_Gripen_Demo"/><ref name="Saab specs">{{citation |place=SE |url=http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Gripen-Fighter-System/Gripen-for-India/The-Fighter-Gripen-IN/ |title=Official Gripen IN Technical Specifications |publisher=Saab |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104232140/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Gripen-Fighter-System/Gripen-for-India/The-Fighter-Gripen-IN/ |archive-date=4 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |place=NL |language=nl |url=http://www.jsfnieuws.nl/wp-content/NLGRIPENPRESSBRIEFAug08.pdf |title=Pressbrief Gripen NG |date=8 August 2008 |access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=Saab_Gripen_NG_present/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Specifications: JAS 39 Gripen|url=https://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2014/09/asd_09_25_2014_jas7.pdf|access-date=2022-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809225814/https://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/files/uploads/2014/09/asd_09_25_2014_jas7.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gripen E-series {{!}} Saab|url=https://www.saab.com/products/gripen-e-series|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Start|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The F414 Engine {{!}} GE Aviation|url=https://www.geaviation.com/military/engines/f414-engine|access-date=2022-01-28|website=www.geaviation.com}}</ref>
! style="width:14%;"|[[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35 Fulcrum-F]]<ref name="MiG specs">{{citation |publisher=MiG Aravia |place=RU |url=http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_35_e.htm |title=MiG-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030422/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_35_e.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_M_M2_e.htm MiG-29M2 specifications] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103033258/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_M_M2_e.htm |date=3 January 2008 }}. RAC MiG (the MiG-29M2 is similar to the MiG-35).</ref><ref>{{citation |publisher=Deagel |url=http://www.deagel.com/Strike-and-Fighter-Aircraft/Mig-35_a000357007.aspx |title=MiG-35}}</ref><ref>[http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig35/specs.html MiG-35 specifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806042854/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig35/specs.html |date=6 August 2011 }}. Airforce technology. (Ferry range with three external fuel tanks 3,100 km).</ref><ref>{{citation |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2007/Brochures/DSC03906.JPG.html |title=Aero India 2007 Brochure |access-date=24 January 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213210548/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2007/Brochures/DSC03906.JPG.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|'''Country of origin'''
|{{FRA}}
|align="left"|{{GER}} {{ITA}} {{ESP}} {{UK}}
|{{USA}}
|{{USA}}
|{{SWE}}
|{{RUS}}
|-
|align="left"|'''Manufacturer'''
| [[Dassault Aviation]]
| [[Eurofighter GmbH]]
| [[Lockheed Martin]]
| [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]
| [[Saab Group|Saab]]
| [[Mikoyan|RAC-MiG]]
|-
|align="left"|'''Length'''
|15.30 m (50.1 ft)
|15.96 m (52 ft 5 in)
|15.03 m (49 ft 3 in)
|18.31 m (60 ft 1¼ in)
|15.2 m (49 ft 10 in)
|17.3 m (56 ft 9 in)
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Wingspan]]'''
|10.90 m (35.7 ft)
|10.95 m (35 ft 11 in)
|10.0 m (32 ft 8 in)
|13.62 m (44 ft 8½ in)
|8.6 m (28 ft 3 in)
|12 m (39 ft 4 in)
|-
|align="left"|'''Height'''
|5.30 m (17.3 ft)
|5.28 m (17 ft 4 in)
|5.09 m (16 ft 7 in)
|4.88 m (16 ft)
|4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
|4.7 m (15 ft 5 in)
|-
|align="left"|'''Wing area'''
|45.7 m2 (492 ft2)
|50.0 m2 (538 ft2)
|27.9 m2 (300 ft2)
|46.5 m2 (500 ft2)
|31.0 m2 (334 ft2)
|38.0 m2 (409 ft2)
|-
|align="left"|'''Empty weight'''
|10,000 kg (22,046 lb)
|11,000 kg (24,250 lb)
|9,979 kg (22,000 lb)<ref>[http://www.f-16.net/f-16_versions_article10.html F-16 Versions – F-16E/F]. F-16.net. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>
|14,552 kg (32,081 lb),<ref name="blogspot0022"/>
|8,000 kg (17,600 lb)
|11,000 kg (24,280 lb)
|-
|align="left"|'''Maximum payload'''
|9,500 kg (21,000 lb)
|9,000 kg (19,800 lb)
|7,800 kg (17,200 lb)
|8,050 kg (17,750 lb)
|5,300 kg (11,880 lb)<ref name=saab_specs>[http://www.saabgroup.com/Global/Documents%20and%20Images/Air/Gripen/Gripen%20product%20sheet/Gripen_Dimensions.pdf "Gripen Dimensions"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030102632/http://www.saabgroup.com/Global/Documents%20and%20Images/Air/Gripen/Gripen%20product%20sheet/Gripen_Dimensions.pdf |date=30 October 2013 }}. Saab</ref>
|6,500 kg (14,330 lb)
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Maximum takeoff weight]] (MTOW)'''
|24,500 kg (54,013 lb)
|23,500 kg (51,800 lb)
|21,800 kg (48,000 lb)
|29,937 kg (66,000 lb)<ref name="blogspot0022"/>
|16,500 kg (36,400 lb)
|24,500 kg (54,013 lb)
|-
|align="left"|'''Powerplant'''
|2× [[SNECMA M88]]-2
|2× [[Eurojet EJ200]]
|1× [[GE Aviation|GE]] [[General Electric F110|F110-132]]
|2× [[General Electric F414|GE F414-400]]
|1× [[General Electric F414|GE F414-GE-39E]]
|2× [[Klimov RD-33]]MK
|-
|align="left"|'''Thrust''' • Dry thrust
| 50 kN each (11,250 lbf)
| 60 kN each (13,500 lbf)
| 84 kN (19,000 lbf)
| 62.3 kN each (14,000 lbf)
| 62.3 kN (14,000 lbf)
| 47 kN each (10,600 lbf)
|-
|align="left"| • Afterburner thrust:
| 75 kN each (17,000 lbf)
| 90 kN each (20,232 lbf)
| 144 kN (32,500 lbf)
| 98 kN each (22,000 lbf)
| 98 kN (22,000 lbf)
| 80 kN each (18,000 lbf)
|-
|align="left"|'''Fuel''' • Internal          • External
|valign="top"|4,700 kg 7,500 kg
| valign="top"|4,996 kg<ref>{{citation | url = http://eurofighter.airpower.at/technik-daten.htm | title = Technische Daten Eurofighter Austria | language = de | place = AT | publisher = Air Power}}</ref>
|valign="top"|3,265 kg 5,880 kg
|valign="top"|F/A-18E: 6,780 kg, 5 tanks, total 7,381 kg
|valign="top"|3,400 kg<ref name=Saab_Gripen_NG_present>{{citation |url=http://www.jsfnieuws.nl/wp-content/JSF15_ERIC_GRIPEN_DEMOROLLOUT2008.pdf |publisher=JSF Nieuws |title=Saab NG presentation |page=5}}</ref>
3,655 kg<ref name=Saab_Gripen_NG_present/>
|valign="top"| 4,800 kg 4,200 kg
|-
|align="left"|'''External stations'''**
|14 (5 'wet')
|13 (3 'wet')
|11 (3 'wet')
|11 (5 'wet')
|10 (4 'wet')
|9 (5 'wet')
|-
|align="left"|'''[[VNO speed|Maximum speed]]'''     • At sea level
|valign="top"|Mach 1.8+ ([[Supercruise]]: Mach 1+<ref>[http://www.dassault-aviation.com/fileadmin/user_upload/redacteur/AUTRES_DOCS/Fox_three/Fox_Three_nr_8.pdf "Fox Three."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525192408/http://www.dassault-aviation.com/fileadmin/user_upload/redacteur/AUTRES_DOCS/Fox_three/Fox_Three_nr_8.pdf |date=25 May 2013 }} ''dassault-aviation.com''.</ref>)
|valign="top"|Mach 2.0+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmlv.gv.at/waffen/waf_eurofighter.shtml|title=Bundesheer – Waffen und Gerät – Eurofighter EF 2000|author=BMLVS – Abteilung Kommunikation|work=bmlv.gv.at}}</ref> (Supercruise: Mach 1.2)
|valign="top"|Mach 2.05 800 KCAS
|valign="top"|Mach 1.8
|valign="top"|Mach 2.0+ (Supercruise: Mach 1.2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gripen.com/en/MediaRelations/News/2009/090121_gripen_supercruises.htm|title=Gripen – the smart fighter official website|work=gripen.com}}</ref>)
|valign="top"|Mach 2.25 Mach 1.2
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Range (aircraft)|Ferry range]]'''    • Unrefueled:    • Extl. tanks
|valign="bottom"| 3,700+  km
|valign="bottom"| 3,790 km<ref>Ferry range 3790 km, Eurofighter Technische Daten Seite 111; Militar-Jets Geschichte Technik Typen, Verlag GeraMond {{ISBN|3-7654-7035-X}} german</ref>
|valign="bottom"| 4,220  km
|valign="bottom"| 3,054 km
|valign="bottom"| 2,500 km 4,075 km
|valign="bottom"| 2,000 km 3,000 km with 3 drop tanks
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Combat radius]]'''
|1,800 km
|1,390 km on air defence with 10-min loiter<ref>[http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/eurofighter.htm EFA-2000 Eurofighter]. Fas.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>
|550 km on a hi-lo-hi mission with six 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs
|722 km
|1300 km with six AAMs + drop tanks, and 30 min on station
|1000 km
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Ceiling (aeronautics)|Service ceiling]]'''
|15,240 m (50,000 ft)
|19,812 m (65,000 ft)
|18,000 m (60,000 ft)
|15,000 m (50,000 ft)
|15,240 m (56,000 ft)
|17,500 m (57,400 ft)
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Rate of climb]]'''
|305 m/s (60,000 ft/min)
|315 m/s (62,000 ft/min)
|254 m/s (50,000 ft/min)
|228 m/s (44,882 ft/min)
|N/A
|330 m/s (65,000 ft/min)
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Thrust-to-weight ratio|Thrust/weight]]'''
|1.13
|1.18
|1.1
|0.93
|1.18
|1.1
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Thrust vectoring]]'''
|None
|Thrust vector upgrade has been offered<ref name="thaindian.com">[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/upgraded-eurofighter-offered-to-indian-air-force_100298763.html "Upgraded Eurofighter offered to Indian Air Force"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172320/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/upgraded-eurofighter-offered-to-indian-air-force_100298763.html |date=5 January 2010 }}. Thaindian News, 4 January 2010.</ref>
|None
|None
|None
|[[Mikoyan MiG-35#Design|May]] be fitted with thrust vectoring
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Runway]] needed'''
|{{convert|400|m|ft}}<ref name="scientists">[http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/rafale.htm "Rafale."] Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved: 10 February 2012.</ref>
|{{convert|700|m|ft}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|align="left"|'''Unit cost'''
| ~{{USD}}84.48 million [[Euro|€]]64 million
| ~US$108 million [[Euro|€]]80 million as of 2009<ref>[http://www.eurofighter.com/media/news0/news-detail/article/9-billion-euro-contract-for-112-eurofighter-typhoons-signed.html Eurofighter Typhoon {{!}}] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710204649/http://www.eurofighter.com/media/news0/news-detail/article/9-billion-euro-contract-for-112-eurofighter-typhoons-signed.html |date=10 July 2011}}. Eurofighter.com. Retrieved on 9 December 2013.</ref>
| US$50 million<ref>[http://csis.org/files/publication/090521_diig_current_issues_12_fighter_sales.pdf Report on U.S. Competitiveness in the Fighter Aircraft Export Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916142938/http://csis.org/files/publication/090521_diig_current_issues_12_fighter_sales.pdf |date=16 September 2011 }}. CSIS</ref>
| US$55 million as of 2011<ref>{{cite news|last=Capaccio|first=Tony|title=Lockheed F-35 Program Faces $1 Billion Cut in U.S. Senate Spending Measure |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-16/lockheed-f-35-strike-fighter-faces-1-billion-cut-in-senate-spending-bill.html|access-date=12 September 2011|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=16 December 2010}}</ref>
| US$48 million
| US$38.5 million
|-
|align="left"|'''Notes'''
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;"|** = Wet stations
|}

==Order value==
The order is for 126 aircraft with the option to buy another 64–74 more.<ref name="AIN February">David Donald and Chris Pocock, [http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/indias-fighter-shootout-has-the-worlds-eye/ India's fighter shootout has the world's eye] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428153303/http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/indias-fighter-shootout-has-the-worlds-eye/ |date=28 April 2008}}, AINonline, 21 February 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2008.</ref> While there were reports of the direct order being increased to 200, or split between two vendors, Former Chief of Air Staff of the IAF, Air Marshal [[S.P. Tyagi]] stated during Aero India 2007 that the number would remain the same, and would be sourced from a single vendor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070208/139/6bwn2.html|title=Yahoo India News – Latest India News & World News Headlines|publisher=Yahoo News India}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The first squadron would be directly supplied by the vendor, while the rest would be manufactured under license in India by HAL.<ref name=didaily/>

The Government of India has sanctioned approximately {{INRConvert|37000|c|1}},<ref name="ti5">[http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070502_rfp.htm RFP for IAF's multi-role combat aircraft pushed back further], Domain-b report from May 2007</ref> with reports that another US$2 billion might be added to this. This is indicative of the high importance of the order to the respective vendors. The total value of purchasing the aircraft is expected to be US$20 billion, with options for purchasing more aircraft.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Path-clear-for-Rafale-fighter-deal-Antony/Article1-886703.aspx |title=Path clear for Rafale fighter deal: Antony |date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507140548/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Path-clear-for-Rafale-fighter-deal-Antony/Article1-886703.aspx |archive-date=7 May 2013 }}</ref>

===Offset clause===
The economic offset for the MMRCA tender was increased to 50% under the DPP 2006. The bidders must confirm the offset details in a separate proposal, to be submitted by 9 June 2008.<ref name="AIN February" /> This brings the value of offsets in the MMRCA deal to almost {{INRConvert|25000|c|1}}.

==Tender history==
{{see also|Rafale deal controversy}}
[[File:Gripen MMRCA ad Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|An advertisement for the [[Saab Gripen]] at a bus station in Central [[New Delhi]] in March 2008. The importance of the contract has led to hectic advertising and lobbying by the bidders. The bus stop in this image is located very close to major Government offices, Parliament and [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]] Headquarters.]]

===Request for proposal===
The initial Request for Information (RFI) for the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) was put out in 2001. At that time the [[request for proposal]] (RFP) was expected to be issued in December 2005. Later the RFP was expected to be issued in June 2007.<ref name="ti5"/> During Aero India 2007, [[Defence Minister]] [[A.K. Antony]] stated that the RFP would be issued by 31 March 2007. However, Air Marshal A.S. Tyagi, in his last press conference before he retired, had stated that there were delays in issuing the RFP. His successor, Air Marshal [[F.H. Major]] had said that the RFP would be issued by June. The delays were said to be due to new factors added into the RFP such as Total Life-cycle Costs as well as fine-tuning the Offset policy, under the new DPP 2005. The Total Life-cycle Cost has been introduced for the first time in Indian defence procurements, and has reportedly been a major source of the delay.<ref name=didaily /><ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Technology Indigenisation: Need to go beyond Lip Service |url=http://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/DefenceTechnologyIndigenisation_gkanwal_190913|publisher=IDSA|access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

On 29 June, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), headed by the Defence Minister, cleared the process for the procurement of 126 aircraft.<ref name="ti6">{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=28894|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India|title=DAC clears procurement of 126 MMRCA|date=29 June 2007}}</ref> The 211-page RFP was approved for release to the respective bidders. On 28 August 2007, the RFP was released to the 6 bidding companies.<ref name="ti7">{{cite news|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=30522|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India|title=RFP for 126 MMRCA released|date=28 August 2007}}</ref>

===Tender process===
The bidders had to give their Formal Proposals within six months from the release of the RFP, latest by 3 March 2008. However, some of the bidders asked for an extension of the deadline, citing complexity of the RFP. The deadline for submission of the proposals was then extended by a month. The Formal Proposals will have to be submitted by 28 April 2008. The Proposals will then be technically evaluated to check for compliance with IAF's requirements and other RFP conditions. After that, field trials will be carried out to evaluate the performance. Finally, the Commercial Proposal of the vendors, short-listed after technical and field evaluations, will be examined and compared, and a winner announced.<ref name=didaily/><ref>{{cite web|title=MMRCA : IAF Conducts Marathon Race for Jet Fighters|url=http://spsaviation.net/mmrca.asp?id=1&h=IAF-Conducts-Marathon-Race-for-Jet-Fighters|publisher=SP's Aviation|access-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105063306/http://spsaviation.net/mmrca.asp?id=1&h=IAF-Conducts-Marathon-Race-for-Jet-Fighters|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=It's Dassault Vs. Eurofighter for MMRCA contract in India|url=http://www.aeromag.in/news/aerospace/its-dassault-vs-eurofighter-for-mmrca-contract-in-india|publisher=Aeromag Asia|access-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105063132/http://www.aeromag.in/news/aerospace/its-dassault-vs-eurofighter-for-mmrca-contract-in-india|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

After the winner is chosen, there will be further rounds of negotiation to decide the final price, as well as sensor suite and aircraft configuration, along with other factors, like offsets and maintenance. The first squadron of 18 aircraft will come in a 'fly away' condition, while the remaining 108 will be manufactured in India under ToT.<ref name="ti7"/>

===Testing and evaluations===
[[File:Typhoon f2 zj910 arp.jpg|thumb|right|Typhoon]]

On 8 August 2008, the then IAF Chief Air Marshal [[Fali Homi Major|Fali H. Major]] informed that technical evaluations were being conducted and claimed that the IAF is all set to conduct field trials of the MRCA bidding aircraft in the second half of 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20080808_iaf.html|publisher=Domain-B Domain-b.com' |title=Indian Air Force to start conducting MMRCA field trials from later on in the year news|date=8 August 2008}}</ref> The industry offset proposals from the bidders have been provided to India as of 11 August 2008.<ref>Govindasamy, Siva. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/11/310543/indian-mrca-bidders-submit-offset-proposals.html "Indian MRCA bidders submit offset proposals"], ''Flight International'', 11 August 2008.</ref> The technical evaluation of the medium multi-role combat aircraft (MMRCA) has been completed by 18 November 2008.<ref name="Hardikar">Jaideep Hardikar, [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1207417 IAF's flying coffins may finally rest in peace], ''DNA India'', 18 November 2008.</ref>

There have been concerns that this process would take a few years at least, and getting the aircraft after that would take longer. It is reasonable to expect that the aircraft can be delivered no sooner than 2011.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov132008/state20081112100480.asp IAF for high modernisation]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, ''Deccan Herald'', 13 November 2008. Air Marshal F.H. Major: "Citing reasons for delay in IAF's procurement process, Air Chief Marshal said that in aviation, the gestation period to procure any equipment was very long and it takes about 24–36 months for any requirement to come into effect."</ref>

In January 2009 SAAB International, proposed to India the transfer of technology if Gripen win the MRCA and make India 'an independent manufacturer' of its own fighter jets. SAAB favored 'extensive transfer of technology' well in excess of 60% more than requirement of RFI to boost India's indigenous capabilities in fighter jets.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/mrf.htm India – Multi-Role Fighter / Medium Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MMRCA)]. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>

It was reported in April 2009 that Dassault Aviation's Rafale has been rejected after technical evaluation of the fighters.<ref name="WSJ Dassault cut">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123988139175724889 "India Rejects Dassault Aviation's Bid"]. ''Wall Street Journal'', 16 April 2009</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-17/india/28029887_1_field-trials-mmrca-rafale "French fighter jet out of race for biggest IAF deal"]. ''The Times of India'', 17 April 2009.</ref> However, this has been disputed by IAF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/04/20/325334/indian-air-force-says-rafale-still-in-fighter-competition.html|title=Indian Air Force says Rafale still in fighter competition|work=Flight International|date=20 April 2009|last=Govindasamy|first=Siva|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421151730/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/04/20/325334/indian-air-force-says-rafale-still-in-fighter-competition.html|archive-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> In late May 2009 Times of India has reported that Dassault Aviation has submitted the missing answers to the General Staff Qualitative Requirements drawn up by the IAF, and after serious diplomatic intervention, they are back in the race.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Frances-Rafale-back-in-race-for-Rs42000cr-deal/articleshow/4561801.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022035335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-22/india/28190489_1_field-trials-defence-ministry-rafale |url-status=live |archive-date=22 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=France's Rafale back in race for Rs42,000cr deal |date=22 May 2009}}</ref>

On 27 May 2009 Indian Air Force completed the technical evaluation of all 6 fighter jets. Air chief marshal Fali H. Major told the press that the reports had been submitted to the ministry of defence. The aircraft will be put through a rigorous testing process at [[Bangalore]], [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Leh]]. The aircraft will undergo technical and humid condition tests in Bangalore. Desert trials will be conducted in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]] and High-altitude and mountainous condition trials will be conducted at [[Leh]] in [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Dassault ToT" />

[[File:Dassault Rafale B 03.jpg|thumb|left|Rafale]]

Flight evaluation of the fighters started in August 2009 at Bangalore.<ref name="trial_start_1">{{cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/233696_IAF-begins-flight-trials-for-foreign-firms|title=IAF begins flight trials for foreign firms|date=17 August 2009|publisher=Press Trust of India|access-date=19 August 2009}}</ref> The F/A-18E/F and F-16IN completed their field trials by mid-September 2009.<ref name="trial_start_F16">{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article149059.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616124804/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article149059.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=F-16 Super Viper IN completes field trials |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> The Rafale began trials in late September 2009.<ref name="trial_start_Rafale">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/26/stories/2009092655470500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929091417/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/26/stories/2009092655470500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2009 |title=rafale lands in Bangalore |date=26 September 2009 |access-date=29 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India }}</ref> As of late October 2009, the IAF has completed the trials of F/A-18, F-16, Rafale, and MiG-35. According to Air Chief Marshal P.V. Naik, all the aircraft tested so far "are going neck and neck".<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/india-should-be-front-runner-in-space-technology-air-chief_100266442.html India should be front-runner in space technology: Air chief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207033104/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/india-should-be-front-runner-in-space-technology-air-chief_100266442.html |date=7 December 2009 }}. Thaindian.com. Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>

The Gripen was the last of the aircraft to be evaluated by the IAF. On 22 March, two Gripens left Bangalore, one to [[Jaisalmer]] and the other to [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]. At [[Jaisalmer Air Force Station|Jaisalmer AFS]], a Gripen would undertake the hot weather trials and also a dummy run and bomb drop at the [[Pokhran]] Firing Range. The other Gripen headed towards Leh, would perform high altitude tests involving landing, refueling and restarting engines. Prior to the Gripen, 4 out of the 5 aircraft had issues restarting their engines during trials conducted in Leh.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma |first=Ravi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article267530.ece |title=Gripens head for AFS Jaisalmer |newspaper= thehindu.com |date=22 March 2010 |access-date=6 April 2010 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Gripen completed its high altitude tests in Leh and other hot weather tests.<ref name=defpro_15506>[http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15506/ defence.professionals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120092412/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15506/ |date=20 January 2016 }}. defpro.com (25 May 2010). Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>

Updated bids were requested by the MOD in April 2010. The IAF was to complete an evaluation report on the six fighters in July 2010 and then begin to shortlist them based on the air force's evaluations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/IAF-to-shortlist-jets-for-104-bn-deal/articleshow/6112791.cms | work=The Times of India |title=Politics/Nation |date=1 July 2010}}</ref> A report suggested Rafale and Typhoon were in the final stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/New-fighters-for-Indian-Air-Force/articleshow/4351233.cms|title=New fighters for Indian Air Force|work=timesnow.tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815074009/http://www.timesnow.tv/New-fighters-for-Indian-Air-Force/articleshow/4351233.cms|archive-date=15 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Sunday Telegraph]] reported in November 2010 that the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] was leading the competition on "technical terms". Now Indian government will take its strategic decision.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/defence/8114951/UK-closes-in-on-11bn-fighter-deal.html | location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first1=Praveen |last1=Swami |first2=Dean |last2=Nelson |title=UK closes in on $11bn fighter deal |date=6 November 2010}}</ref> On 18 December 2010, the IAF chief stated that the "evaluation of the fighters has been completed and the matter is now with the Ministry of Defence". He hoped a contract would be signed by July 2011.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104090856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/india/28252356_1_air-chief-marshal-iaf-medium-multi-role-combat-aircraft Deal to buy 126 fighter jets to be inked by mid-2011: IAF]. The Times of India (18 December 2010). Retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>

===Aircraft shortlisted===
It was reported on 27 April 2011 that only [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] and [[Dassault Rafale]] made the cut to the shortlist.<ref>{{cite web |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/India-says-no-to-US-fighter-planes/Article1-690522.aspx |title=India says no to US fighter planes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000417/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/India-says-no-to-US-fighter-planes/Article1-690522.aspx |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/29/business/global/29india.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |date=29 April 2011 |title=India Rejects US Bids for Big Order of Fighter Jets |first=Vikas |last=Bajaj}}</ref> Eurofighter and Dassault have been told to keep their commercial bids open till 31 December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rafale, Eurofighter to fight it out over IAF MMRCA order |work=India Times |date=29 April 2011 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/rafale-eurofighter-to-fight-it-out-over-iaf-mmrca-order/articleshow/8113247.cms}}</ref> The US ambassador in India, [[Timothy Roemer]] said that they were "deeply disappointed" by the news, but added that they were reviewing the documents received from the Government of India and were "respectful of the procurement process". He also said that the US looked forward to continuing to grow and develop their defence partnership with India.<ref>{{citation |publisher=BBC |place=UK |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13233177 |title=India chooses European fighters over US rivals |date=28 April 2011}}</ref> Officials from [[Saab AB|SAAB]] confirmed that the [[Gripen]] was not shortlisted but added that they were committed to the Indian market and continue their plans for growth and that they see large business opportunities in the aerospace, defence and security sectors in India.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Defense update |url=http://defense-update.com/wp/20110427_typhho_rafale_shortlisted_mmrca.html |title=Typhoon, Rafale shortlisted for MMRCA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429202805/http://defense-update.com/wp/20110427_typhho_rafale_shortlisted_mmrca.html |archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref>

A [[United States diplomatic cables leak|leaked US diplomatic cable]] has brought forward the fact that US diplomats already held the view that Indian defense trade, in such important deals with the US, will be subject to scrutiny, owing to the US maintaining a favorable military partnership with [[Pakistan]] and due to the sanctions that the US imposed on India after the [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests. [[Timothy Roemer]], the US ambassador to India, said in a 29 October 2009 cable to [[Michele Flournoy]], a top [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] official then about to visit India that "Our ability to seize the opportunities presented by this newly improved environment is limited by the commonly held view that the US will not prove to be a reliable supplier of defense equipment".<ref>{{cite news |work=Reuters |date=30 April 2011 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-defense-usa-idUSTRE73T0AE20110430 |title=US–India: defense}}</ref>

After entries from [[Lockheed Martin]] and [[Boeing]] were not short-listed, both companies requested a debrief to understand why their bids fell short in the technical evaluation. On 11 July 2011 representatives from Lockheed Martin and Boeing attended a government-to-government debriefing between Indian and US officials. The companies stated they accepted the IAF decision in releases.<ref>{{cite web |work=Flight Global |date=15 July 2011 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/07/15/359543/us-fighter-companies-satisfied-after-mmrca-downselect.html |title=US fighter companies satisfied after MMRCA downselect debrief}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Brahmand Defence and Aerospace News |date=14 July 2011 |url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/IAF-briefs-Lockheed-Martin-on-MMRCA-deal/7517/3/13.html |title=IAF briefs Lockheed Martin on MMRCA deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718105214/http://www.brahmand.com/news/IAF-briefs-Lockheed-Martin-on-MMRCA-deal/7517/3/13.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> In late July 2011, the IAF said that the lowest bidder was to be determined in the "next five to six weeks".<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2011/07/27/07.xml&headline=India%20May%20Pick%20Fighter%20Contest%20Winner%20Soon |title=India May Pick Fighter Contest Winner Soon |publisher=Aviation Week |first=Jay |last=Menon |date=28 July 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{{quote box
|quote= The Air Force is not looking at price. That's not our area of concern. What we want is QRs are focussed on technical aspects, latest technology
|source= [[Air Marshal]] PK Barbora, ''Ex Vice [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]''<ref name="CNN IBN">{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-vies-for--10-bn-combat-aircraft-deal/148228-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407013012/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-vies-for--10-bn-combat-aircraft-deal/148228-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2011 |title=IAF set to seal $10 bn combat aircraft deal |work=Surya Gangadharan, Jaimon Joseph, CNN-IBN |date=5 April 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
|quoted= 1}}

On 9 October 2011, despite reports that a winner would be announced in October 2011, Air Chief Marshal Norman Anil Kumar Browne stated that India is first approving the finalists' industrial offset offers, and allowing each time to make a final bid. A total cost based on life-cycle cost, purchase cost, and technology transfer value for each competitor will be calculated. The two competing financial bids were formally opened on 4 November 2011.<ref name=didaily/>

French newspaper ''La Tribune'' reported on 12 January that the Eurofighter consortium seems to have submitted the lower bid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/20120110trib000676990/inde-l-eurofighter-serait-moins-cher-que-le-rafale-.html |title=Inde : l'Eurofighter serait moins cher que le Rafale |work=La Tribune |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>

===Selection of the Rafale===
On 31 January 2012, it was announced that the Dassault Rafale won the competition and has been selected for exclusive negotiations.<ref name="France Rafale Deal India">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16809532 "India picks French jet over Eurofighter in $10bn deal."] ''[[BBC News]],'' 31 January 2012. Retrieved: 31 January 2012.</ref> The reasons given for selection included lower unit cost and lower overall [[Whole-life cost|lifecycle cost]] for the Rafale compared to the Eurofighter due to lower fuel consumption and simpler maintenance requirements.<ref name="Rafale edges">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2847987.ece "Rafale edges out Eurofighter."] ''[[The Hindu]],'' 5 February 2012. Retrieved: 5 February 2012.</ref> Some reports indicated that EADS may try to re-enter the bid with a lower price quote, but MoD sources ruled out re-entry; the Rafale's lifecycle cost per unit was about $40 million less than that of the Typhoon. MoD sources also indicated that the final value of MMRCA deal for 126 aircraft (After negotiations) was expected to be about $20–$25 billion.<ref name="Rafale much cheaper than Typhoon.">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120321063319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-10/india/31045422_1_rafale-mmrca-complex-project] ''[[Times of India]],'' 10 February 2012. Retrieved: 11 February 2012.</ref>

Defense analysts also point out the operational performance of Rafale during the Libyan bombing campaign and in Afghanistan, the existing experience of the Indian Air Force in operating the French [[Mirage 2000]]H during the [[Kargil War]] and compatibility with [[India]]n, [[Israel]]i, and [[Russia]]n sub-systems as possible reasons.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |date=31 January 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16809532 |title=India picks French jet over Eurofighter in $10bn deal}}</ref> It was also noted that the recent decision to upgrade India's Mirage 2000H fighters will simplify the Indian Air Force's logistics chain. Historical reasons are also considered by analysts to be a potential reason as France was also the only Western nation not to impose sanctions after India [[Operation Shakti|tested five nuclear devices]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Defence Aerospace |date=1 February 2012 |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/feature/5/132379/why-rafale-won-in-india.html |title=France hails India jet deal as vote of confidence}}</ref>

====Reactions to selection====
The decision was welcomed in France with the French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], Minister of State for Foreign Trade [[Pierre Lellouche]], and [[Dassault Aviation]] all issuing statements in support of the decision. [[Dassault Aviation]] shares soared more than 21 percent on the [[Paris Stock Exchange]] immediately after the news broke.<ref>{{cite news |work=Reuters |date=31 January 2012 |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-defence-rafale-reaction-idINDEE80U0DO20120131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120092416/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-defence-rafale-reaction-idINDEE80U0DO20120131 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2016 |title=French Rafale lowest bidder in India}}</ref> Nicolas Sarkozy said the selection of Dassault's Rafale multi-role fighter "''goes far beyond the company that makes them, far beyond aerospace – it is a vote of confidence in the entire French economy''."<ref name="Expatica">{{cite web |publisher=Expatica |date=31 January 2012 |url=http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/french-news/france-hails-india-jet-deal-as-vote-of-confidence_205087.html |title=France hails India jet deal as vote of confidence |access-date=5 February 2012 |archive-date=18 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618195009/http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/french-news/france-hails-india-jet-deal-as-vote-of-confidence_205087.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The office of the French President issued a statement:

{{quotation|The President of the French Republic has learned of India's selection of the Rafale for the acquisition by the Indian Air Force of 126 fighter aircraft. France is pleased with the Indian government's decision to select the French aircraft to enter into exclusive negotiations with Dassault. This announcement comes at the end of a very high-level, fair and transparent competition involving two European finalists.

The Rafale has been selected thanks to the aircraft's competitive life-cycle costs, after the April 2011 pre-selection on the basis of its top-level operational performance. The negotiation of the contract will begin very soon and has the full support of the French authorities. It will include important technology transfers guaranteed by the French government.

The realization of the Rafale project will illustrate the depth and scale of the strategic partnership between France and India.<ref>Pocock, Chris. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-01-31/rafale-first-export-success-will-be-10-billion-plus-indian-order "Rafale First Export Success Will Be $10 Billion-plus Indian Order"]. AINonline. 3 February 2012.</ref>}}

Dassault Aviation also released a statement claiming that following the announcement of the final selection of the Rafale in the frame of the MMRCA program, Dassault Aviation and its partners are honored and grateful to the Indian Government and the people of India to be given the opportunity to extend their long-lasting cooperation. Dassault Aviation also stated that they reiterate their commitment to meet the operational requirements of the Indian Air Force and underline their pride in contributing to India's defence for over half a century. The French Minister of State for Foreign Trade [[Pierre Lellouche]] called the selection as a positive sign for the struggling French economy but he later cautioned that a number of things remained to be finalized: "I confirm that we are in a very positive phase for the Rafale in India. ... At this stage we have to remain prudent; we are in a phase of exclusive negotiations. We have won the contract but there a number of things to finalize so let's be cautious for now". He also stated that he hoped that the order will finally open up real perspectives for the Rafale programme and referring to the lobbying done by the American, Russian and British governments, added that the political pressure applied by the competitors did not make things very easy.<ref name="Expatica" />

Eurofighter issued a statement saying that although they are disappointed, they respect the decision: "India took the decision to select our competitor as the preferred bidder in the Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) tender. Although this is not yet a contract signature and contract negotiations are still ahead, we are disappointed. However, we respect the decision of the Indian MoD. With the Eurofighter Typhoon, we offered the Indian Air Force the most modern combat aircraft available. Based on the Indian Government feedback, we will now carefully analyze and evaluate this situation together with our European Partner Companies and their respective Governments." Officials at the British High Commission in Delhi also said they were disappointed with the decision but added that it was expressly said this was about the cost of the contract, not a reflection on the health of bilateral relations between India and the countries.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" />

After the announcement of Dassault Rafale as the L1 bidder, the Eurofighter Consortium also decided to lower the price of the Typhoon jets to stay in the race. This decision came after extensive discussion amongst the member nations. However, the Indian MoD officials ruled out any possibility of a comeback by the Eurofighter Typhoon in the competition. According to them, Dassault Rafale beat the Typhoon by a huge margin in terms of life cycle costs as well as direct acquisition costs. In March 2012 UK defense minister Gerald Howarth told the British House of Commons that the Eurofighter Consortium respects the Indian government's decision but stands ready to enter further negotiations if possible.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peacock |first=Louisa |title=BAE may cut Typhoon price to win India order |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/defence/9065493/BAE-may-cut-Typhoon-price-to-win-India-order.html |work=The Telegraph |access-date=10 February 2012|location=London, UK |date=6 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BAE may cut price of Eurofighter Typhoon to win back $11 bn deal from Dassault Rafale |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-07/news/31034137_1_bae-systems-british-aerospace-eurofighter-typhoon |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709142123/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-07/news/31034137_1_bae-systems-british-aerospace-eurofighter-typhoon |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Edged-out Eurofighter Typhoon still hopes to bag IAF fighter deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Edged-out-Eurofighter-Typhoon-still-hopes-to-bag-IAF-fighter-deal/articleshow/11720646.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/india/31016511_1_eurofighter-typhoon-contract-signature-and-contract-signature-and-contract-negotiations|url-status=live|archive-date=4 February 2012|access-date=10 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Defpro|title=Indian MoD Selects Dassault for Exclusive Talks on MMRCA Programme|url=http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/951/?SID=374475e5dd9eae9013582f0160c7a00e|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729061016/http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/951/?SID=374475e5dd9eae9013582f0160c7a00e|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2012|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Adlam|first=Jim|title=Eurofighter still in running for Indian MMRCA competition?|url=http://www.airforces.orgfree.com/n130312a.html|work=Air Forces Online|access-date=14 March 2012|archive-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616230141/http://airforces.orgfree.com/n130312a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Contract negotiations===
====Initial negotiations====
{{See also|Dassault Rafale#India|l1=Dassault Rafale in India}}
Though a letter of intent (LoI) has been issued to Dassault, contract negotiations must be completed.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130121102527/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120131/DEFREG03/301310001/Indian-Victory-Breakthrough-France-8217-s-Rafale?odyssey=tab {{!}}topnews{{!}}text{{!}}FRONTPAGE "Indian Victory a Breakthrough for France's Rafale"]. Defense News, 31 January 2012.</ref> Indian Defence Minister A K Antony confirmed that the contract was not expected to be signed until after March 2012.<ref name="Rafale India 2012">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160120092413/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-defence-rafale-idINDEE80U0AU20120131 "French Rafale favoured for huge India warplane deal."] [[Reuters]], 31 January 2012. Retrieved: 31 January 2012.</ref> A total of 126 Rafale fighters are to be supplied; Dassault Aviation is to build the initial batch of 18, with the remaining aircraft produced by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] in [[India]].<ref>Hoyle, Craig. [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/dassault-confirms-selection-for-indian-mmrca-deal-367594/ "Dassault confirms selection for Indian MMRCA deal"]. Flight International, 31 January 2012.</ref><ref name="MMRCA Rafale">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/dassault-rafale-bags-10-4-bn-deal-to-supply-126-multi-role-combat-aircrafts-to-iaf/articleshow/11700209.cms |title=Dassault Rafale bags $10.4 bn deal to supply 126 multi-role combat {{sic|nolink=Y|aircrafts}} to IAF |access-date=31 January 2012 |date=31 January 2012|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

It has been speculated that at a later stage, India's order may include a further 64 aircraft to equip three squadrons. Some Indian politicians have questioned the aircraft's performance, notably precision bombing, in [[Opération Harmattan]] during the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]] and have alleged "manipulation in the evaluation process."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2012/03/23/Indias-Rafale-jet-deal-questioned/UPI-22201332523711/ |title=India's Rafale jet deal questioned |work=United Press International |date=23 March 2011 |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095345/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2012/03/23/Indias-Rafale-jet-deal-questioned/UPI-22201332523711/ |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/interview/exclusive-$20-bn-rafale-deal-was-manipulated-says-mp/20120404.htm |title=Exclusive! $20 bn Rafale deal was manipulated, says MP |work=Rediff.com |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406185735/http://www.rediff.com/news/interview/exclusive-%2420-bn-rafale-deal-was-manipulated-says-mp/20120404.htm |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In response to these concerns, an independent investigation concluded that the evaluation was conducted according to the RFP terms and defence procurement procedures.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Gupta, Shishir |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Path-clear-for-Rafale-fighter-deal-Antony/Article1-886703.aspx |title=Path clear for Rafale fighter deal: Antony |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=11 July 2012 |access-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711005916/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Path-clear-for-Rafale-fighter-deal-Antony/Article1-886703.aspx |archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>

In February 2012, Dassault Aviation and [[Reliance Industries]] Ltd (RIL) formed a joint venture for joint opportunities in the defence sector and cooperation in the execution of the MMRCA deal. The partnership provides Dassault with a substantial opportunity to fulfill its offset responsibilities under the contract.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gulshan|last=Luthra |title=Rafale Partners with Reliance|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1357_Rafale_partners_with_Reliance.htm|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=India Strategic|date=February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212224644/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1357_Rafale_partners_with_Reliance.htm|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dassault signs MoU with Reliance Industries|url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/exclusive/?id=27&h=Dassault-signs-MoU-with-Reliance-Industries|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=SP's Aviation|date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212224816/http://www.sps-aviation.com/exclusive/?id=27&h=Dassault-signs-MoU-with-Reliance-Industries|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> Dassault wanted RIL to be the main partner in production of the aircraft, but the Indian government refused to allow that as the tender for the procurement had already specified that Hindustan Aeronautics would be the lead integrator. The differences were resolved when Dassault agreed to the Indian government's condition.<ref>{{cite news|title=HAL will be 'main partner' in Rafale aircraft deal: Dassault|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/hal-will-be-main-partner-in-rafale-aircraft-deal-dassault_827647.html|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528061321/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/hal-will-be-main-partner-in-rafale-aircraft-deal-dassault_827647.html|archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dassault CEO talks of 'hope and uncertainty'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/dassault-ceo-talks-of-hope-and-uncertainty/article4954238.ece|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213052441/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/dassault-ceo-talks-of-hope-and-uncertainty/article4954238.ece |archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> Dassault will now help Reliance create a {{INRConvert|1500|c|0}} factory in [[Bangalore]], similar to its production facilities in France, to produce the wings of aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance, Dassault planning facility to produce warplane wings: report|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/industries/article-reliance-dassault-planning-facility-to-produce-warplane-wings-report-374518|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222224652/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/industries/article-reliance-dassault-planning-facility-to-produce-warplane-wings-report-374518|archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RIL, Dassault plan to set up Rs 1,000-cr warplane facility|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ril-dassault-plan-to-set-up-r1000cr-warplane-facility/1206002|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=Financial Express|date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212152722/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ril-dassault-plan-to-set-up-r1000cr-warplane-facility/1206002|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

Indian Air Force chief Air Chief Marshal N A K Browne went on a four-day tour of France from 21 May 2012. The tour was to include a visit to a French Rafale squadron and see Rafale's production facilities at Merignac. He would also meet the French Chief of Defence Staff Admiral Edouard Guillaud and his French Air force counterpart General Jean-Paul Palomeros to discuss the ongoing defence cooperation between India and France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-21/news/31800843_1_french-air-force-iaf-chief-k-browne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525010333/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-21/news/31800843_1_french-air-force-iaf-chief-k-browne|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2013|title=Air Chief N A K Browne in France, to visit Rafale Squadron|work=Times of India}}</ref>

====Delays====
In September 2012, India media outlets suggested cost escalation and contract delays are likely.<ref name=DID_Mirage_withdrawn /> The Indian Air Force expected to complete negotiations and sign the contract by the end of the fiscal year, in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/iaf-to-finalise-rafale-fighter-deal-this-fiscal-462741.html|title=IAF to finalise Rafale fighter deal this fiscal|work=Firstpost|date=20 September 2012}}</ref> However, in 2013, Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], [[Salman Khurshid]] said that the contract was taking longer than expected to finalize.<ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3ada1d74b7-4cf5-4044-b454-1b41777bc18a "Mali Strikes Showcase Rafale As Hollande, Le Drian Head to UAE."]</ref> EADS on the other hand is still hopeful of the contract given the delay in signing the contract. It is said that the deal came up during the visit of British prime minister to India in February 2013.<ref name=bfbn18f>{{cite news|title=Cameron presses India to buy Eurofighter|url=http://bfbs.com/news/worldwide/cameron-presses-india-buy-eurofighter-62829.html|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=BFN|date=18 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407183743/http://bfbs.com/news/worldwide/cameron-presses-india-buy-eurofighter-62829.html|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=tgn15f13>{{cite news|title=David Cameron to press India over Eurofighter jet sales|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/15/david-cameron-press-india-jet-sales|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 February 2013|location=London|first=Nicholas|last=Watt}}</ref>

In January 2014, the cost of the aircraft had reportedly escalated by 100% to no less than US$28–30 billion. The cost of the program was projected at US$12 billion (Rs42,000 crore) in 2007. The cost increased to US$18 billion (Rs90,000 crore) in January 2012 when the lowest bidder was declared.<ref name=dna_price_escalation>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-exclusive-100-price-escalation-on-rafale-fighter-aircraft-to-rs-175-lakh-crore-likely-to-dent-iaf-s-strike-capability-1957107|title=dna exclusive: 100% price escalation on Rafale fighter aircraft to Rs 1.75 lakh crore likely to dent IAF's strike capability|work=dna|date=26 January 2014}}</ref> In February 2014, it was reported that contract had not been signed due to the department's budget had been spent for the year, but that it was expected to be signed in the next fiscal year, not before six months after the new government takes charge after the elections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mega-126-fighter-jet-deal-will-be-inked-next-fiscal-defence-minister-AK-Antony-says/articleshow/29964046.cms |title=Mega 126-fighter jet deal will be inked next fiscal, defence minister AK Antony says |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |date=7 February 2014 |website=Times of India |publisher=TNN |access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> In March 2014, the two sides were reported to have agreed that the first 18 aircraft would be delivered to India in flying condition and that the remaining 108 would be 70% built by HAL.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-big-step-in-india-s-rafale-jet-deal-with-france-490440 |title=A big step in India's Rafale jet deal with France |last1=Gokhale |first1=Nitin |date=3 March 2014 |website=www.ndtv.com |publisher=All India |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303185936/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-big-step-in-india-s-rafale-jet-deal-with-france-490440 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2014, following the Indian general elections, it was reported the contract negotiations had stalled, as neither Dassault Aviation nor HAL, which would produce the Rafale in India, were willing to issue written guarantees on delivery schedules, a condition which the MoD insisted upon before signing the contract for the aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|author=Raghuvanshi, Vivek |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140616/DEFREG03/306160031/India-s-Fighter-Jet-Negotiations-Stall-Over-Delivery-Commitments |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140718003226/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140616/DEFREG03/306160031/India-s-Fighter-Jet-Negotiations-Stall-Over-Delivery-Commitments |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2014 |title=India's fighter jet negotiations stall over delivery commitments|publisher=DefenseNews|date=17 June 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Owing to the continued deadlock over the Rafale negotiations, it was reported that both Eurofighter and Saab remained hopeful their bids could be reconsidered. Saab had also submitted a proposal to co-develop the HAL Tejas Mk. II LCA with the Defence Research and Developments Organisation(DRDO), thus reducing the need to induct the Rafale; however, a spokesman for the DRDO said foreign assistance with the Tejas Mk. II project was not needed, as the work was progressing satisfactorily.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shukla, Ajai |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rafale-contract-elusive-eurofighter-and-saab-remain-hopeful-114061700108_1.html |title=Rafale contract elusive, Eurofighter and Saab remain hopeful|work=Business Standard |date=17 June 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

On an official visit to India at the start of July 2014, [[Laurent Fabius]], the [[Foreign Minister of France]], said discussions were "developing in [a] very positive way" and that he was "very confident about the final outcome." It was also noted that of the four committees set up by the MoD to review the Rafale project, three had replied positively about inducting the aircraft, but that the recommendation of the fourth committee, which dealt with pricing and costs, would be crucial for the government's final decision. Analysts also noted that it was vital for the technology element of the project to also be transferred to India.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Aneja, Atul |author2=Haidar, Suhasini |author3=Singh, Mahim Pratap |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/france-confident-of-clinching-rafale-deal/article6164101.ece?ref=relatedNews |title=France confident of clinching Rafale deal |work=The Hindu |date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> During the visit there was speculation that the MoD was considering reducing the order from 126 to 80 aircraft due to the escalating costs of the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140702/nation-current-affairs/article/india-may-curtail-rafale-demand |title=India may curtail Rafale demand |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> During an official visit from 6–8 July 2014, the British [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[William Hague]] said he had discussed the Rafale contract and the Eurofighter, among other issues, with [[Sushma Swaraj]], the new Indian Minister of External Affairs. "Of course, we have always had a strong belief in the capabilities of the Eurofighter and its potential. It is always available to those countries that are able and willing to purchase it", Hague told reporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140708/DEFREG01/307080029/Hague-Pushes-Eurofighter-India-Visit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140718003225/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140708/DEFREG01/307080029/Hague-Pushes-Eurofighter-India-Visit |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2014 |title=Hague Pushes Eurofighter on India Visit|publisher=DefenseNews|date=8 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Germany also expressed support for the Eurofighter to be reconsidered, and the US lobby said re-evaluating the American candidates in the MMRCA competition would "''set the right tone''" for a September visit to the US by the new Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Pandit, Rajat">{{cite news|author=Pandit, Rajat|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-undertakes-final-negotiations-for-mega-fighter-deal-amid-hectic-lobbying/articleshow/38400070.cms |title=India undertakes final negotiations for mega fighter deal amid hectic lobbying|work=Times of India|date=15 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

By 14 July 2014, it was reported another meeting of a sub-committee of the contract negotiation committee had been scheduled for later that week in Bangalore, with MoD, Air Force, Dassault, DRDO and HAL representatives to be in attendance.<ref name="Pandit, Rajat"/> It was reported the contract negotiations had finally reached the stage where they could be finalised in the upcoming three months, after which the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) would review the approval process before the contract could be signed. According to a source, none of the previously eliminated candidates in the MMRCA competition could be officially re-evaluated. "There are only two possibilities. One, the deal is inked for the Rafale jets. Conversely, the entire MMRCA process is scrapped after being in the works for a decade, and a fresh global tender or RFP (request for proposal) is issued."<ref name="Pandit, Rajat"/> On 16 July, it was reported the contract sub-committee would be negotiating final details in Bangalore from 17 to 19 July, leaving the way clear for finalising the contract. "We expect total closure of negotiations over Transfer of Technology (ToT) from this round. With that done, we will have completed negotiations by sub-committees on ToT, offsets and maintenance. What will remain will be the overall cost and there too, 75 per cent of the work has been completed, " a senior MoD official said. ACM Raha expressed his optimism, and said the negotiations for the Rafale "are progressing well" and the contract is likely "sooner than later in the current financial year (2014–15)." Raha said he expected the IAF to attain a strength of 42 squadrons by 2022, up from the current number of 34, which is well below desired strength. Raha expressed confidence that the induction of the Rafale and the HAL LCA would "arrest the drawdown in the strength of fighter squadrons ... [the] IAF is likely to have its sanctioned strength of combat squadrons operational sooner than later."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/iaf-plans-early-induction-of-rafale-combat-jet-39224.html |title=IAF plans early induction of Rafale combat jet|publisher=IndiaTV|date=16 July 2014 |access-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> Sources indicated the IAF believes that Contract Negotiation Committee (CNC) could complete the necessary work before December 2014, after which the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) will consult with the Finance Ministry before signing the contract.<ref>{{cite news|author=Purohit, Jugal R.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-mmrca-fighter-jet-deal-dassault-aviation-hal-200641-2014-07-16 |title=IAF inches closer to the mega jet fighter deal|publisher=indiatoday|date=16 July 2014 |access-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> On 12 August, [[Arun Jaitley]], the new Defence Minister of India, issued a statement that negotiations will continue as planned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20140813-india-says-fighter-jet-deal-france-still-works |title=India says fighter jet deal with France still in the works |publisher=RFI |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>

====Continued delays and final negotiations====
On 18 August 2014, a senior defence ministry official said a draft contract was being finalised and that the Cost Negotiations Committee was expected to file a final report shortly. Other ministry sources said the ministry was requesting Dassault to revise its pricing structure, as the estimated price had increased to {{INRConvert|106000|c|0}} from the original estimate of {{INRConvert|42000|c|0}} envisioned in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sagar, Pradip R. |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rafale-fighter-jet-deal-contract-with-france-almost-ready-defence-ministry-2011489 |title=Rafale fighter jet deal contract with France almost ready: Defence ministry |publisher=dna|date=18 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> On 2 September, the Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal [[Arup Raha]], said the contract was expected to be signed "soon," and further stressed the importance of keeping the Rafale deal, by then estimated to cost {{INRConvert|150000|c|0}}. Although the Eurofighter consortium has made a counteroffer, by which India could purchase 126 discounted Typhoons, Raha dismissed any chance of the Typhoon being reconsidered. "It will not be appropriate to make any changes in the process. The current government has set the pace of work and things are moving fast enough on the fighter deal." Regarding the counteroffer, a senior defence ministry official said, "Rafale has run through the finish line. It's too late in the day to parachute into the race. The door is closed."<ref>{{cite news |author=Singh, Rahul |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-can-t-afford-delay-in-rafale-deal-air-chief/article1-1259339.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902203609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-can-t-afford-delay-in-rafale-deal-air-chief/article1-1259339.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 September 2014 |title=IAF can't afford delay in Rafale deal: Air chief|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

Despite efforts, negotiations had once again stalled by October 2014, due to disputes over final costs and technology transfers. According to official reports, Dassault remained unwilling to be held liable for the 108 Rafales to be manufactured under licence by HAL, and had expressed doubts the Indian defence industry had fully developed the capabilities to handle aspects of the sensitive technologies being supplied with the Rafale, including its electronically scanned AESA radar. Due to the protracted lack of progress over the final negotiations, a senior team of Dassault executives and French defence ministry officials were scheduled to visit India in November to expedite the process.<ref>{{cite news |author=Siddiqui, Huma|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/french-team-to-visit-india-to-put-mmrca-deal-on-fast-track/1303200/0|title=French team to visit India to put MMRCA deal on fast track|work=Financial Express|date=31 October 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> The French ambassador to India, Francois Richier, expressed satisfaction with the progress of the negotiations, however, stating they were "progressing well ... moving in the right direction." A French diplomat further said "this is a very big contract, complex ... it takes time."<ref>{{cite news |author=Siddiqui, Huma|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55558779_1_rafale-combat-aircraft-multi-billion-dollar-contract|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101123635/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55558779_1_rafale-combat-aircraft-multi-billion-dollar-contract|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2014|title=Negotiations moving in right direction: France on Rafale fighter plane deal|work=The Economic Times|date=29 October 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

On 5 November 2014, Dassault Aviation CEO Eric Trappier said he expected the final contract would be signed by March 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/11461/India_Rafale_Deal_Could_Be_Concluded_By_March_2015__Says_Dassault_CEO#.VF5318lNc7c|title=India-Rafale Deal Could Be Concluded By March 2015, Says Dassault CEO|publisher=DefenseWorld|date=6 November 2014 |access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>

====Change of Plan====
Initially it was 18 [[Dassault Rafale|Rafales]] that were to be built and sent to [[India]] in fly away conditions by [[France]]. But, on the joint press statement made by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister Narendra Modi's]] with [[François Hollande|President François Hollande]], during his visit of France, the PM said that India will purchase 36 Rafales directly from France. And the contract is said to be sealed soon.<ref name="auto" /> There is some [[Rafale deal controversy|controversy]] surrounding the change in the original deal due to a shift in Indian leadership, which led to the transition of the deal to the private sector. It was handed over to a newly established entity, Reliance Defence Limited, which lacks previous expertise in this specific industry.

==Fate of the deal==
On 31 July 2015, Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] stated in Rajya Sabha that the deal for 126 MMRCA was officially withdrawn by the government.<ref name="LiveFist">{{cite web|url=http://www.livefistdefence.com/2015/04/its-final-mmrca-dead-rafales-coming.html|title=It's Final: #MMRCA Dead, Rafales Coming|website=LiveFist|date=13 April 2015|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/government-withdraws-tender-for-126-mmrca-parrikar-1028158.html|title=Government withdraws tender for 126 MMRCA: Parrikar|publisher=CNN IBN|date=31 July 2015}}</ref> On 23 September 2016, Indian Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] and his French counterpart [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]] signed the contract for the purchase of 36 off-the-shelf Rafales in a deal worth €7.8 billion with an option for 18 more at the same inflation-adjusted price.<ref name="Janes_India_finally_signs">{{Cite news |url=http://www.janes.com/article/64054/india-finally-signs-deal-with-france-for-36-rafale-fighters |title=India finally signs deal with France for 36 Rafale fighters |work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date=23 September 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> The deliveries were to begin in 2019 and complete by 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37448631|title=India and France sign Rafale fighter jet deal|work=[[BBC News]]|date=23 September 2016 |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> The deal includes weapons and spares; the aircraft will be equipped with [[Meteor (missile)|Meteor]] BVRAAM missiles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-france-conclude-rafale-deal/article9140011.ece|title=India, France conclude Rafale deal|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=23 September 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-signs-rs-58-000-crore-deal-for-36-rafale-fighter-jets-with-france-1465495|title=Rafale Deal For 36 Fighter Jets Finally Sealed After Long Wait: 10 Facts|publisher=NDTV|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Indian Air Force was handed over the first Rafale in October 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Abhishek |title=Rajnath Singh inducts first Rafale in IAF, says squadron will be ready to be deal with Pak by Feb 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-rafale-iaf-squadron-france-1607335-2019-10-08 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The first batch of 5 fighters arrived in India on 29 July 2020. As of January 2021, a total of 11 fighters have arrived in India from France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/three-more-rafale-jets-arrive-in-india-from-france/articleshow/80499717.cms|title = Three more Rafale jets arrive in India from France|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref> As of December 2022, all 36 Rafale are in service with Indian Air Force. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title='Pack is complete' tweets IAF, France completes delivery of 36 Rafales |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-pack-is-complete-tweets-iaf-france-completes-delivery-of-36-rafales-2914438/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==MRFA==
An RFI was issued by India in April 2018 for the procurement of around 110 multi-role combat aircraft for the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-01 |title=REQUEST FOR INFORMATION FOR PROCUREMENT OF FIGHTER AIRCRAFT FOR THE INDIAN AIR FORCE |url=https://defence.capital/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/rfi-fighter_aircraft.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313112135/https://defence.capital/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/rfi-fighter_aircraft.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=defence.capital}}</ref> Similar to the earlier MMRCA tender, the same six firms responded to the 2018 RFI by July 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |date=2018-07-06 |title=Six global companies respond to India's RFI for 110 fighter jets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/six-global-companies-respond-to-indias-rfi-for-buying-110-fighter-jets/articleshow/64887437.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313112848/https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/six-global-companies-respond-to-indias-rfi-for-buying-110-fighter-jets/amp_articleshow/64887437.cms |archive-date=2025-03-13 |access-date=2025-03-13 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> The fresh tender is also referred as '''MMRCA 2.0''' or '''MRFA''' (Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft) in the Indian media.<ref name="MMRCA2">{{Cite web|url=http://sps-aviation.com/story/?id=2370&h=MMRCA-20-Contenders|title=MMRCA 2.0 Contenders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MoD's Mystifying Committee: How the Lack of Transparency Impacts IAF's Procurement Process |url=https://thewire.in/security/mods-mystifying-committee-how-the-lack-of-transparency-impacts-iafs-procurement-process |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

The six competitors in the competition, as of 2018, included:<ref name=":1" />

* [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]
* [[Dassault Rafale]]
* [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]
* [[Lockheed Martin F-21]] (A variant of the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16V]] with 14 customizations for Indian requirements<ref>{{Cite web|last=GDC|date=2019-09-30|title=American Lockheed Martin Submit Proposal to Build F-21 Under "Make In India" Initiatives|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2019/09/30/american-lockheed-martin-submit-proposal-to-indian-government-to-build-f-21-under-make-in-india-initiatives/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Global Defense Corp|language=en-US}}</ref>)
* [[Mikoyan MiG-35]]
* [[Saab JAS-39 Gripen]] E/F
* [[Boeing F-15EX Eagle II]] (Planned)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-07 |title=Boeing's India Plans Sharpen Around F-15 & Super Hornet - |url=https://www.defenceaviationpost.com/2020/07/boeings-india-plans-sharpen-around-f-15-super-hornet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714082612/https://www.defenceaviationpost.com/2020/07/boeings-india-plans-sharpen-around-f-15-super-hornet/ |archive-date=2020-07-14 |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[BP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2025}}
In 2024, reports suggested that the Indian government will amend the "[[Make in India]]" policy so that all the fighter jets are manufactured in a [[production line]] in India itself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faridi |first=Shahid |date=2024-06-07 |title=Policy switch to make full fighter jets in India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/28/policy-switch-to-make-full-fighter-jets-in-india |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=PTI |last2=ThePrint |date=2023-12-20 |title=Procurement of 114 MRFA under Make in India framework: Govt to Par panel |url=https://theprint.in/india/procurement-of-114-mrfa-under-make-in-india-framework-govt-to-par-panel/1894527/?amp |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2024, Saab offered to deliver the first Gripen aircraft within 3 years if the contract is awarded. They also offered full technology transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagade |first=Hrithik Kiran |date=2024-10-18 |title=Saab says can deliver 1st Gripen in 3 yrs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/18/saab-says-can-deliver-1st-gripen-in-3-yrs |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As per a report on 29 October 2024 from [[Asian News International]], the Indian Government has plans to release an open multi-vendor tender for the requirement of 114 units of [[4.5 generation jet fighter]] for the Indian Air Force. The jets would have to be Made in India. This will act as a partial replacement of the soon to-be-retired jets like [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]], [[MiG-29]] and [[Mirage 2000]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2024 |title=Centre hints at issuing an open tender for IAF's mega 114 fighter jets deal |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/centre-hints-at-issuing-an-open-tender-for-iafs-mega-114-fighter-jets-deal20241029144935 |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF may get the LCA-Mk1A by mid 2025; Govt works on new procurement model for multi role combat jets |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/lca-mk1a-induction-into-iaf-unlikely-before-mid-2025-3254518 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |last2=ThePrint |date=2024-10-29 |title=Govt backs IAF's plans to buy 114 Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft but faces 2 problems. What's the logjam |url=https://theprint.in/defence/govt-backs-iafs-plans-to-buy-114-multi-role-fighter-aircraft-but-faces-2-problems-whats-the-logjam/2333510/?amp |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 14 February 2025, multiple reports suggested that the Indian Air Force will seek bids from competing firms for the MRFA tender. Companies were reported to be preparing blueprints for supply chains and scouting for local production partners and re-evaluating their offer's cost effectiveness. Following is the tabulation of expected competitors and their offers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=India set to seek bids for 114 fighter jets in 2025 under MRFA program to boost IAF squadrons: Reports |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-set-to-seek-bids-for-114-fighter-jets-in-2025-under-mrfa-program-to-boost-iaf-squadrons-reports-13863378.html/amp |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-02-14 |title=India seen seeking global bids this year for 114 fighters |url=https://theprint.in/india/india-seen-seeking-global-bids-this-year-for-114-fighters/2495198/?amp |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title=India seen seeking global bids this year for 114 fighters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-seen-seeking-global-bids-this-year-114-fighters-2025-02-14/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

[[Russia]] has offered India its [[Sukhoi Su-57|Sukhoi Su-57E]] [[Fifth-generation fighter|fifth-generation stealth fighter]] with production rights and critical technology transfer, proposing HAL's Nashik facility for assembly and a custom “Super-30” variant tailored for the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |last1=c. s |first1=Hemanth |title=Russia offers Su-57E to India including production and transfer of critical technology |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/russia-offers-su-57-e-to-india-including-production-and-transfer-of-critical-technology/article69206809.ece |website=The Hindu |date=11 February 2025 |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia offers India its most advanced Su-57 stealth fighter jet |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/russia-offers-india-its-most-advanced-su-57-stealth-fighter-jet-2025-02-11/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[U.S.]] has signaled a potential offer of the [[F-35 Lightning II]] to India, though no formal proposal has been made. President [[Donald Trump]] reportedly pitched the F-35 during Prime Minister [[Modi]]'s state visit to Washington in February 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Trump's F-35 fighter jet offer to India requires careful evaluation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/f-35-for-india-why-trumps-fighter-jet-offer-requires-careful-evaluation/articleshow/118270248.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times | date=15 February 2025 |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Will U.S.'s F-35 stealth fighter jets fit into IAF's future plans? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/will-uss-f-35-stealth-fighter-jets-fit-into-iafs-future-plans/article69226698.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref>

The [[Future of the Indian Air Force#Parliamentary Panel report|Empowered Committee for Capability Enhancement of IAF]] also recommended the MRFA acquisition programme in March 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mega fighter jet competition could kickstart after key panel suggestion - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/mega-fighter-jet-competition-could-kickstart-after-key-panel-suggestion/articleshow/118742414.cms |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''India's MRFA Fighter Jet Proposals (Integrated Summary – June 2025)'''
! Aircraft !! Country !! Bidder / OEM !! Indian Partner !! Status & Notes !! Ref.
|-
! colspan="6" |[[4.5 generation jet fighter]]
|-
| [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]
| rowspan="2" | {{USA}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Boeing]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahindra Group]]<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Boeing Partners with HAL and Mahindra for F/A-18 Super Hornet 'Make in India' |date=2018-12-04 |publisher=Mahindra |url=https://www.mahindra.com/news-room/press-release/en/boeing-partners-with-hal-and-mahindra-for-f-a-18-super-hornet-make-in-india |access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref>
| Carrier-capable twin-engine fighter. Previously in MRFA race; expected to be '''replaced''' by F-15E Strike Eagle.
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=IAF aiming to induct new multirole fighter jets in 4-5 years, US F-15 Strike Eagle may be new entrant in global tender |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-aiming-to-induct-new-multirole-fighter-jets-in-4-5-years-us-f-15-strike-eagle-may-be-new-entrant-in-global-tender20250311210353/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Boeing F-15EX Eagle II]]
| Advanced version of the F-15. Replaces earlier F-15E offer.
Might replace F/A-18E/F in Boeing's MRFA bid; due to the winding down of production of Super Hornet.
|-
| [[Dassault Rafale]]
| {{FRA}}
| [[Dassault Aviation]]
| None (Ended tie-up with [[Reliance Industries]])
| Already inducted in IAF with a $7.4B deal signed for 26 [[Future of the Indian Navy#Aircraft|Rafale M (naval variant) for Indian Navy]]. Dassault to set up independent [[Aircraft maintenance|maintenance base]] in India. Possible production with Dassault Reliance Aerospace after Dassault acquired a 51% stake in the venture.
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-07-02 |title=Dassault Aviation decides to go solo, to set up own maintenance facility in India without Reliance |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/defence/dassault-aviation-decides-to-go-solo-to-set-up-own-maintenance-facility-in-india-without-reliance/2156933/ |access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India signs $7.4 billion deal to buy 26 Rafale fighter jets |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-signs-74-billion-deal-with-france-buy-26-rafale-fighter-jets-2025-04-28/ |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]
| {{EU}}
| [[Eurofighter GmbH]]
| {{N/A}}
| Not active in current MRFA bid. Previously evaluated by IAF; operated by NATO allies.
|
|-
| [[Lockheed Martin F-21]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Lockheed Martin]]
| [[Tata Advanced Systems]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lockheed Martin, Tata announce F-16 India partnership |url=https://www.tata.com/newsroom/lockheed-martin-tata-announce-f16-partnership |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.tata.com |language=en}}</ref>
| India-specific version of F-16V, replaces the 2008 F-16IN bid. Manufacturing ecosystem proposed with Tata in Hyderabad. Active MRFA bid.
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lockheed Martin, Tata announce F-16 India partnership |url=https://www.tata.com/newsroom/lockheed-martin-tata-announce-f16-partnership |access-date=2025-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=For India, From India |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/who-we-are/international/india.html |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mikoyan MiG-35]]
| {{RUS}}
| [[United Aircraft Corporation]]
| {{N/A}}
| Previously offered; '''withdrawn''' in favor of Su-57E.
|
|-
| [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen#Variants|Saab JAS-39 Gripen E/F]]
| {{SWE}}
| [[Saab AB]]
| {{TBD}} (Previous deal with [[Adani Group]] lapsed)
| Lightweight multirole fighter. 100% ToT and Indian missile integration proposed. Discussions for new partner underway.
|
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Fifth-generation fighter]]s
|-
| [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Lockheed Martin]]
| {{N/A}}
| The F-35 Lightning II has been offered by the United States to India as a potential future multirole stealth fighter. As of August 2025, Indian government have '''rejected''' the F-35 in response the tariff laid out by Trump on India.
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Trump's F-35 fighter jet offer to India requires careful evaluation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/f-35-for-india-why-trumps-fighter-jet-offer-requires-careful-evaluation/articleshow/118270248.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Economic Times |date=2025-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will U.S.'s F-35 stealth fighter jets fit into IAF's future plans? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/will-uss-f-35-stealth-fighter-jets-fit-into-iafs-future-plans/article69226698.ece |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Hindu |date=2025-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India weighs U.S. F-35 fighter jet offer amid strategic dilemma |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c23ndleveymo |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=BBC News |date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's fighter jet dilemma: Does the F-35 fit? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdjyyd7nw1zo |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=BBC News |date=2025-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sukhoi Su-57]]
| {{RUS}}
| [[United Aircraft Corporation]]
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| Replaces earlier [[MiG-35]] offer. India-specific "Super-30" variant proposed with joint production at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] Nashik.
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia offers Su-57E to India, including production and transfer of critical technology |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/russia-offers-su-57-e-to-india-including-production-and-transfer-of-critical-technology/article69206809.ece |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Hindu |date=2025-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia offers India its most advanced Su-57 stealth fighter jet |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/russia-offers-india-its-most-advanced-su-57-stealth-fighter-jet-2025-02-11/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Reuters |date=2025-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Su-57 offer to India a 'very favourable deal', claims Russian envoy to New Delhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/su-57-offer-to-india-a-very-favourable-deal-claims-russian-envoy-to-new-delhi/articleshow/118802284.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Economic Times |date=2025-02-12}}</ref>
|}

== Additional Rafale procurement ==
On 9 April 2025, ''[[ThePrint]]'' reported that the [[Indian MRCA competition#MRFA|MRFA]] would be a government-to-government (G2G) deal of 114 Rafale jets for the Indian Air Force and negotiations would begin soon. On the same day, the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] cleared the procurement of [[Dassault Rafale#Indian Navy|26 Rafale-M jets for the Navy]]. While most of the jets will be manufactured domestically through Dassault's collaboration with an Indian counterpart, initial batches of the jets will be delivered in flyaway condition from France.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-04-09 |title=Talks with France to begin for G2G deal for multirole fighter aircraft, Rafale M pact this month |url=https://theprint.in/defence/talks-with-france-to-begin-for-g2g-deal-for-multirole-fighter-aircraft-rafale-m-pact-this-month/2583709/?amp |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 11 August, IAF was actively pursuing for the G2G deal of Rafale under MRFA to meet its urgent need amid depleting fighter strength. The IAF is expected to soon submit a document to the Ministry of Defence for the procurement programme to be accorded the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC). Additionally, Rafale's existing infrastructure at air bases where the jet is deployed — [[Hasimara Air Force Station|Hasimara]] and [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala]] — can host at least one more squadron of the jet each.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Rafale rally: IAF accelerates push for new fighter jets to boost squadron strength amid China-Pak threat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rafale-rally-iaf-accelerates-push-for-new-fighter-jets-to-boost-squadron-strength-amid-china-pak-threat/articleshow/123226366.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=After Operation Sindoor, IAF seeks more Rafales to stem depletion of fighter squadrons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-operation-sindoor-iaf-seeks-more-rafales-to-stem-depletion-of-fighter-squadrons/articleshow/123223125.cms |access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An announcement related with the programme was also expected soon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-11 |title=India-US defence talks on; Tejas engine deliveries, follow-on orders fast-tracked |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-us-defence-talks-on-tejas-engine-deliveries-follow-on-orders-fast-tracked-2769505-2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The proposal document, officially the [[Statement of case|Statement of Case]] (SoC), was received by the Ministry of Defence in early September. The proposal was under consideration by the Finance Division, chaired by Secretary (Defence Finance),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance Division of the Ministry of Defence |url=https://mod.gov.in/dod/en/finance-division |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=mod.gov.in}}</ref> after which it will be moved to the Defence Procurement Board, chaired by the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], and eventually to the Defence Acquisition Council, chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]. The jets would be produced in India with at least 60% indigenous content and the programme would be worth around {{INRConvert|2|lc|lk=on|year=2025}}. If approved, these jets might be integrated with long-range [[air-to-ground missiles]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-12 |title=Defence Ministry receives IAF's proposal for buying 114 'Made in India' Rafale fighter jets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-receives-iafs-proposal-for-buying-114-made-in-india-rafale-fighter-jets/articleshow/123854689.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916180018/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-receives-iafs-proposal-for-buying-114-made-in-india-rafale-fighter-jets/articleshow/123854689.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-09-12 |title=Air Force proposes Rs 2 lakh crore deal for 114 Rafale jets under Make in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-force-proposes-rs-2-lakh-crore-deal-for-114-rafale-jets-under-make-in-india-2786530-2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The deal, as of 17 September, has been moved to fast track procurement mode with the deal expected to be signed in the next year. Additionally, the first batch 18 aircraft (one squadron) were to be delivered in fly away condition from France within 18 months of contract signing while the first jet with Made in India parts to be rolled out within the next [[fiscal year]], 2026–27. These jets are likely of F4.1 standard while IAF's existing F3-R standard jets, with 13 India-specific enhancements, is likely to be further upgraded to the latest standard.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-09-17 |title=India looks to ink deal for 114 Rafale as early as next year, some to come in fly-away condition |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-looks-to-ink-deal-for-114-rafale-as-early-as-next-year-some-to-come-in-fly-away-condition/2744469/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919130726/https://theprint.in/defence/india-looks-to-ink-deal-for-114-rafale-as-early-as-next-year-some-to-come-in-fly-away-condition/2744469/ |archive-date=2025-09-19 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-09-17 |title=India set for mega defence boost as Rafale, P-8I, Tejas deals expected soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-set-for-mega-defence-boost-as-rafale-p-8i-tejas-deals-expected-soon-2788948-2025-09-17 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

As reported on 22 October, the defence ministry has termed the Air Force proposal as "incomplete" and called for more talks with Dassault for the procurement. The ministry believes that much higher indigenous content is possible in the warplane. The bulk production of the aircraft must be done in India with an Indian production partner after few batches of aircraft are inducted in flyaway condition. The indigenous content must be 75% or above, against the proposed 10-15%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Srinjoy |date=2025-10-20 |title=Rafale 114 Fighter Deal Hits Pause: Defence Ministry Flags 'Incomplete' IAF Proposal, Seeks More Talks with Dassault |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rafale-114-fighter-deal-hits-pause-defence-ministry-flags-incomplete-iaf-proposal-seeks-more-talks-with-dassault-article-153027781 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1980526119364489326 |user=alpha_defense |title=The Ministry of Defence viewed the Rafale deal as an opportunity to give... |date=2025-10-21 |access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref>

In early December, the [[Ministry of Armed Forces (France)|French Ministry of Armed Forces]] announced India's intent to proceed with a firm order of 90 Rafale F4 variants and an [[option agreement]] for 24 Rafale F5 variants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Charpentreau |first=Clement |date=2025-12-02 |title=France notes India's interest in future Rafale F5 standard |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/india-rafale-f5-interest-france-future-fighter |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.aerotime.aero |language=en-US}}</ref> The Indian defence ministry is reportedly expected to move ahead with the project in 2026.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2026-01-01 |title=Jets, mid-air refuellers, missiles: Indian Air Force to augment arsenal with vital acquisitions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-air-force-to-augment-arsenal-with-vital-acquisitions-101767229838373.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> As of January 2026, an air force official has conveyed that an initial agreement has been reached about a 114-jet order which will be built in India by a Dassault subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2026-01-10 |title=India Set for Mega Defence Leap: 114 Rafale Fighter Jets and Six Advanced AIP Submarines to Reshape Indo-Pacific Power Balance |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/india-114-rafale-fighter-jets-project-75i-submarines-defence-modernisation/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Defence Security Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The Indian Defence Ministry was expected to discuss the {{INRConvert|3.25|lc|lk=on|year=2026}} procurement of 114 Rafales including 12–18 jets in flyaway condition in the third week of January 2026. The jets will have an indigenous content of 30%. The inter-governmental deal would exclude the acquisition of source code. The next step in the project will be the approval of the SoC by the defence ministry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Defence Ministry to discuss Rs 3.25 lakh crore 114 Rafale fighter jet deal this week |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/defence-ministry-to-discuss-rs-325-lakh-crore-114-rafale-fighter-jet-deal-this-week20260113180501/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=India To Take Up ₹3.25 Lakh Crore Deal For 114 Rafale Jets |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/india-to-take-up-325-lakh-crore-deal-for-114-rafale-jets |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> At least 80% of the quantity, about 90 aircraft, would be [[Assembly line|assembled]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-15 |title=Around 80% of 114 Rafale jets to be built in India; New Delhi pushing for maximum possible localisation of planes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/around-80-of-114-rafale-jets-to-be-built-in-india-new-delhi-pushing-for-maximum-possible-localisation-of-planes/articleshow/126536867.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=India’s mega 114 Rafale jet plan — cost, timeline and key facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/indias-mega-114-rafale-jet-plan-cost-timeline-and-key-facts-about/articleshow/128147236.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There are multiple non-negotiable clauses in the purchase proposal issued to Dassault. This includes a level of transfer of technology from [[Dassault]], [[Thales Group|Thales]] and [[Safran]]; integration of Indian weapons, missiles and ammunition on all jets; as well as a secure [[data link]] for integration with [[IACCS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Indian weapons must on all 114 Rafale jets, govt tells Dassault |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/top-headlines/indian-weapons-must-on-all-114-rafale-jets-govt-tells-dassault/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 January 2026, the Defence Procurement Board chaired by the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]], cleared the acquisition proposal. The proposal would then be taken up in early February at the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) meeting chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], [[Rajnath Singh]]. The final call is expected from the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] presided [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-16 |title=Defence Procurement Board clears 114 Rafale jets in biggest ever deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-procurement-board-clears-114-rafale-jets-in-largest-ever-deal/articleshow/126580893.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2026-01-16 |title=Centre advances 114-Rafale plan to shore up India's air combat strength |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-clears-procurement-of-114-additional-rafale-jets-in-major-boost-to-air-defence-2853244-2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2026-02-05 |title=DAC to consider Rafale acquisition ahead of Macron visit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dac-to-consider-rafale-acquisition-ahead-of-macron-visit/article70595960.ece |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of 6 February, the DAC meeting is scheduled in the third week of the month. Of the jets, 88 will be single-seat variants while 26 will be twin-seat trainer variants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Ahead of French President's visit, Defence Ministry likely to discuss 114 Rafale jet deal next week |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ahead-of-french-presidents-visit-defence-ministry-likely-to-discuss-114-rafale-jet-deal-next-week20260205214751/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> French defense website Avion Legendaires reported that the previous 36 IAF Rafales will also be upgraded to the F4 standard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-11 |title=Le "super contrat" Rafale F4/F5 signé avec l'Inde le mois prochain. |url=https://www.avionslegendaires.net/2026/01/actu/le-super-contrat-rafale-f4-f5-signe-avec-linde-le-mois-prochain/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Avions Legendaires |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Further, a [[Business Standard]] reported that the Indian Air Force will have "full unilateral authority" to integrate the weapons it chooses including Indian origin ones. The new jets will be of F4 standard and will be upgraded to the F5 standard when the latter's development is completed. The latter configuration will allow the fleet to remain validated beyond 2060 alongside [[loyal wingman]]. This reduces operational costs without the full access to the [[source code]]. One of the negotiation agenda is improvement of the [[software-defined radio]] on the jet to improve [[network-centric warfare]] capabilities via the [[IACCS]]. Though commercial negotiations have not started yet, the per aircraft cost is approximated to be $240 million. The indigenous content is expected to reach 55–60% with phased indigenisation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=2026-02-06 |title=IAF to have free hand to integrate weapons on 114 new Rafales: Sources |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/iaf-to-have-free-hand-to-integrate-weapons-on-114-new-rafales-sources-126020601903_1.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The approval will be granted before the visit of [[French president]], [[Emmanuel Macron]] to India on 17–19 February.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=India Set To Sign Biggest Arms Deal: 114 Rafale Fighter Jets For Rs 3.25 Lakh Crore |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/114-rafale-fighter-jets-deal-india-france-biggest-weapons-deal-set-to-be-signed-indian-air-force-to-get-more-rafale-fighter-jets-10979339 |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=French President Emmanuel Macron to visit India from Feb 17-19: MEA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/french-president-emmanuel-macron-to-visit-india-from-feb-17-19-mea/articleshow/128157507.cms |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The deal was granted Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) by the DAC on 12 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title=Mega Rs 3.6 lakh cr defence deal: Govt approves proposals for procurement of 114 Rafale jets, missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/mega-rs-3-6-lakh-cr-defence-deal-govt-approves-proposals-for-procurement-of-rafale-jets-missiles/articleshow/128248319.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears Rs 3.60 lakh crore worth of capital acquisition proposals to enhance the combat readiness of defence forces |date=2026-02-12 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2227018&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref> The fly away jets are not expected to arrive before 2032 as per an [[India Today]] article on 18 February while the Indian assembled jets are also expected to arrive by the same time. Though Dassault will reportedly integrate [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mark 1]] and the [[Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon]] on Rafale, the IAF will still need to depend on the firm to integrate further weapons since the source code is not acquired.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2026-02-18 |title=Force multiplier: A new Rafale deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/force-multiplier-a-new-rafale-deal-2870491-2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> According to Dassault CEO [[Éric Trappier]] in March 2026, if the order is placed, the firm will establish a second Rafale assembly line at [[Hyderabad]] with a target production rate yet to be decided. On the other hand, the indigenisation of these fighters is expected to be 50% by component numbers. The specific components that are to be localised will be decided during Dassault and Indian MoD's technical negotiations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Dassault Gears Up For Rafale Output Uptick, Indian Production |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/aircraft-propulsion/dassault-gears-rafale-output-uptick-indian-production |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Aviation Week Network}}</ref>

== See also ==
; Parallel projects
* [[HAL Tejas]]
* [[HAL Tejas Mk2]]
* [[HAL AMCA|Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft]]
* [[Sukhoi/HAL FGFA]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070327_mrca_contract.htm "The IAF's MRCA contract: A three way shoot-out"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070402023303/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SRR/Volume13/pandey.html Selection of the MRCA for the IAF], by Air Marshal B.K. Pandey, Former C-in-C, [[Training Command, Indian Air Force|Training Command]], [[Indian Air Force]] for ''Bharat-Rakshak''
* [http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/acquisition-of-single-engine-fighter-aircraft_acowshish_260917 "Acquisition of single-engine fighter aircraft – A few suggestions to expedite the procurement process"]

[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Indian military aircraft procurement programs]]

Sheela Kaur

2026-03-24T05:56:01Z

Akivulhasan876: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian actress (born circa 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheela Kaur
| image = Sheela (Tamil actress).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|30|2020|3|12}}<ref name="Marriage"/>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|Santhosh Reddy|12 March 2020}}
| website =
| birthname =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1996–2011; 2018
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Sheela Kaur''' is a former Indian actress who has starred in several [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films along with a few [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] films. She is known for her performances in ''[[Nandhaa]]'', ''[[Adhurs]]'', ''[[Parugu]]'' and ''[[Veerasamy]]''.<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/23/slide-show-1-chat-transcript-of-sheela.htm |title=Telugu films gave me name and fame |work=Rediff.com |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>
==Career==
When she was casually walking to school, she was spotted by the crew of the film ''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' who chose her for the role of younger version of Nadhiya as she resembled her.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-06-25/page/16/mode/2up |title= என் ரேஞ்சே வேற! |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |date=25 June 2006 |page=16 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-06-12/page/88/mode/2up |title=நான் இப்போ ஹீரோயின்! |magazine=Kalki |language=ta |date=12 June 2005 |page=89 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 12 March 2020, Kaur married businessman named Santhosh Reddy in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Marriage">{{cite news |title=Sheela Kaur & Santhosh Reddy (March 12th) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywood-brides-of-2020-kajal-aggarwal-and-sheela-kaur-to-niharika-konidela-and-shalini-vadnikatti/photostory/80013592.cms?picid=80013615 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Parugu' actress Sheela Kaur ties the knot with a businessman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/parugu-actress-sheela-kaur-ties-the-knot-with-a-businessman/articleshow/74612236.cms |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=13 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1994||''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' ||young Vaidehi || rowspan="8" | Tamil || rowspan="13" | Child artist
|-
|1995 || ''[[Ayudha Poojai]]'' ||Sumathi
|-
|1996 || ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' ||Meena
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1997 || '' [[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]'' || Vasantha's daughter
|-
|| ''[[Rettai Jadai Vayasu]]'' || Sheela, Jeeva's niece
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]'' || Aishwarya's niece
|-
|| ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' || Radha's niece
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999 || ''[[Maya (1999 film)|Maya]]'' || rowspan="2" | Jayasurya
|-
|''Jayasoorya''
|Kannada
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 ||''[[Nandhaa]]'' || Chitra
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|-
|| ''[[Dheena]]'' || Priya
|-
|| ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' || Ganga's Sister
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' || Radha's sister
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (2006 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]]'' || Lakshmi|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2007 || ''[[Veerasamy]]'' || Senthamizh || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Raju Bhai]]'' || Anjali ||Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Premistara]]'' || Nandini || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kanna (film)|Kanna]]'' || Annapooranii Raghunathan
|rowspan=2| Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]'' || Vedha ||
|-
| ''[[Parugu]]'' || Meenakshi Neelakantam || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (2008 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || Maya || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' || Manju Simhachalam || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Kahani (2009 film)|Prem Kahani]]'' || Sandhya || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Adhurs]]'' || Nandhu || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Helen
|rowspan=2| Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Makeup Man]]'' || Surya ||
|-
||2011 || ''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]'' || Sheila || Telugu ||
|-
|2018 ||''[[Hyper (2018 film)|Hyper]]'' ||Bhanumathi ||Kannada ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2607210}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Sheela}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital, Chennai

2026-03-24T04:08:16Z

Akivulhasan876: adding the data v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital
| org_group = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]
| image =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| logo = 
| location = Constable Road, [[Ayanavaram]]/[[Perambur]]
| region = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare = Public
| type = Full-service medical center
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency =
| affiliation =
| beds = 505
| founded = 1928
| closed = 
| website =
| other_links = 
}}
{{Infobox building
| name =
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_names =
| location =
| address =
| coordinates =
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2007}}
| completion_date = ''Under construction''
| inauguration_date =
| building_type =
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| floor_count = 8
| elevator_count =
| architectural_style = [[Modernism]] (RCC-framed construction)
| cost = {{INR}} 1,900 million
| floor_area = {{convert|576000|sqft|m2|-3|abbr=on}}
| architect = CR Narayana Rao
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]
| operator =
| references =
}}

'''Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital''', also known as the '''Perambur railway hospital''', is a 500-bed hospital of the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] located in [[Ayanavaram]], [[Chennai]]. It is spread across a land measuring {{convert|15|acre}} and was established during the [[British raj|British rule in India]]. The hospital has specialized in 15 basic disciplines and super-specialized in 3 disciplines. The National Board of Examination (NBE) has accredited the hospital for recognition in postgraduate training. The hospital has also been accredited by international institutions such as Royal College of Surgeons for imparting training in PG courses. It is also an approved institution for training nurses.<ref name="Hindu_SRToSetUpMedicalCollege"/>

The hospital was established chiefly to serve the employees of the [[Indian Railways]]. The hospital, however, caters to general public as well at a low cost. The hospital is a national referral centre for cardiology and cardiovascular surgery for the Indian Railways.<ref name="Hindu_NewCathLabLaunched"/>

Southern Railway is constructing a new hospital to shift the current one and is planning to establish a medical college with private participation at the existing hospital premises.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Medical college in Perambur soon
| newspaper = Dinamalar: Kalvimalar
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Dinamalar
| url = http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?cat=8&id=164
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407162054/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?cat=8&id=164
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 April 2014
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

==Location==
The hospital is located on Constable Road, at Chinna Chembarambakkam, Ayanavaram. It is located between [[Perambur Carriage Works railway station|Perambur Carriage Works]] and [[Perambur Loco Works railway station]]s.

==History==
The hospital was established in the British era. The need to build a separate hospital for the needs of the railway employees was felt in 1925 by the then chief medical officer of the Madras and Southern Mahratta (MSM) Railway, Maj. G. J. Cruikshank. In 1928, a 40-bed hospital was established for the MSM Railway employees in [[Perambur]] with a senior surgeon, 4 assistants and 12 nurses. In its initial days, the hospital primarily served the needs of the residents of the railway colony and the employees of the railway workshops. By 1930, the bed count of the hospital was increased to 50 besides additional facilities such as an operation theatre, x-ray centre, laboratory and out-patient services department.<ref name="Hindu_BriefHistory">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = Brief history of existing railway hospital at Perambur
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 2 February 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/brief-history-of-existing-railway-hospital-at-perambur/article5643763.ece
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

By 1957, the number of beds was increased to 120. In 1958, an x-ray block was established. In 1959, a maternity ward with 12 beds was added. In 1960, a TB annexe with 220 beds was created, and subsequently, a cardiology centre was opened. By 1973, an ICU was started and soon many out-patient clinics such as eye, dental and ENT were also introduced.<ref name="Hindu_BriefHistory"/>

By the 1970s, the hospital became an all-India referral centre for cardiovascular diseases. The term ''cardiac anaesthesia'' as a sub-speciality of anaesthesia was coined in this hospital in 1977 by physician Kalyan Singh. Soon, the Department of Cardiac Surgery at the hospital was recognised as one of the best cardiac surgery units in the country, especially for complex congenital open heart surgeries in neonates and infants. Along the lines of the Perambur hospital, which focussed on cardiac care, several railway hospitals were developed across the country, namely, [[Howrah]] as a centre for orthopaedics, [[Mumbai]] for plastic surgery, and [[Varanasi]] for oncology.<ref name="MM_PRH_WithAFocusOnCardiacCare">{{cite journal
| last = Menon
| first = Shobha
| title = Perambur Railway Hospital: With a focus on cardiac care
| journal = Madras Musings
| volume = XXII
| issue = 1
| date = 16–30 April 2012
| url = http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2022%20No%201/with-a-focus-on-cardiac-care.html
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

By 1978, twin operation theatres with 20 beds with post-operation wards for cardiac patients were established. By then, all speciality departments in the hospital became functional and the bed strength was increased to 505. In January 1980, the first modern Cardiac Cath Lab was opened at the hospital. In 1984, the hospital was recognised by the National Board of Exams for Postgraduate Training, when the Y. N. Mehrothra was the chief medical officer. In 1988, Its first candidate, J. S. N. Murthy, brought the Higher Education Link Scheme (HELS), a three-year academic programme, between Southern Railway Hospital and [[London University]], with the support of Prof. [[Glennis Haworth]], S. N. Kumar and Kartar Singh of the British Council, P. Srinivasan of the Jeevan Blood Bank, and the railway administration.<ref name="MM_PRH_WithAFocusOnCardiacCare"/>

By 1990, a new Cath Lab was established along with facilities such as DSA, laser surgical unit, and video endoscopy. Two more new Cath Labs were since added.<ref name="MM_PRH_WithAFocusOnCardiacCare"/> On 7 March 2014, another cardiac catheterization laboratory, established at a cost of {{INR}} 38.8 million, was inaugurated at the cardiac unit of the hospital. The unit was inaugurated by the Director General of Railway Health Services, PS Prasad.<ref>{{cite news
| last = John
| first = Ekatha Ann
| title = Cardiac catheterization lab inaugurated at Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital in Chennai
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 7 March 2014
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Cardiac-catheterization-lab-inaugurated-at-Southern-Railway-Headquarters-Hospital-in-Chennai/articleshow/31622314.cms
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

In 2006, the Southern Railway announced establishing a new nine-storied complex to be constructed at a cost of {{INR}} 500 million, with a {{INR}} 15-million computer-based navigation orthopaedic surgery equipment, to replace the existing hospital.<ref>{{cite news
| title = New complex for Perambur Hospital
| location = Chennai
| date = 4 February 2006
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/04/stories/2006020420660300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209091810/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/04/stories/2006020420660300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 9 December 2006
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

In 2009, Southern Railway announced its plans to establish a medical college at the existing premises.<ref name="Hindu_SRToSetUpMedicalCollege">{{cite news
| last = Vydhianathan
| first = S.
| title = Southern Railway to set up medical college
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 March 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/22/stories/2009032260590600.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326070619/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/22/stories/2009032260590600.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 March 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

==The hospital today==
As of 2014, on an average, around 1,400 out-patients visit the existing railway hospital. Across the country's 16 railway zones, the new hospital at Perambur is said to be the largest railway hospital in terms of in-patients capacity and the facilities available. Railway hospitals in Mumbai and [[Kolkata]] are ranked second and third, respectively, in terms of in-patients capacity.<ref name="Hindu_NewHospWorkProgressesApace"/>

As of 2014, the hospital performed around 2,500 cath lab procedures and around 1,000 cardiac surgery procedures a year. About one in four of the cath lab procedures are interventional therapeutic procedures ranging from paediatric interventions to complex valve, coronary and peripheral vascular interventions.<ref name="Hindu_NewCathLabLaunched">{{cite news
| title = New cath lab launched at Perambur Railway hospital
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 March 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-cath-lab-launched-at-perambur-railway-hospital/article5768639.ece
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

==New hospital==
A new railway multi-speciality hospital is being constructed at Perambur at a cost of {{INR}}1,900 million.<ref name="CRN_RailwayHospAtPerambur"/> Formed part of the railway budget announcement in 2006–07, the actual work began in November 2007 under Railway Works.<ref name="Hindu_NewHospWorkProgressesApace"/> The hospital is being built in a campus measuring a little over {{convert|14|acre}} and will have a separate out-patient department block and 6 in-patient blocks. These will be constructed in phases. The hospital will have 600 beds, 45 consulting rooms and 14 operation theatres (including 10 general and 4 dedicated operation theatres).<ref name="CRN_RailwayHospAtPerambur"/><ref name="SR_IR_NewHospitalAtPerambur"/> The hospital will have 8 floors and a total built-up area of 576,000 sq ft.<ref name="CRN_RailwayHospAtPerambur">{{cite web
| title = Railway Hospital at Perambur, Chennai
| publisher = crn.co.in
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.crn.co.in/portfolio_details.asp?id=198&pid=196&hnam=Health%20care&xVal=-15
| access-date = 10 Apr 2014
}}</ref> The hospital is expected to be ready by March 2016.<ref name="SR_IR_NewHospitalAtPerambur">{{cite web
| title = New railway hospital at Perambur; temporary stoppage for express trains at Melnariyappanur
| publisher = Southern Railway
| date = 7 June 2013
| url = http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1393&id=0,4,268
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014
}}</ref>

The out-patients block has two floors while the in-patients block has five floors with each floor measuring 6,000 sq ft. The new hospital would also have specialists in cardiology, orthopaedics, gynaecology, general medicine, paediatrics and cardio-thoracic.<ref name="Hindu_NewHospWorkProgressesApace">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = New railway hospital work progresses apace
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 2 February 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/new-railway-hospital-work-progresses-apace/article5643756.ece
| access-date = 6 Apr 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Healthcare in Chennai]]
* [[Divisional Railway Hospital, Golden Rock]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1928]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai railway division]]
[[Category:Railway hospitals in India|CHENNAI]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Madan Padaki

2026-03-24T02:08:25Z

Akivulhasan876: added the page with sources.

{{Short description|Entrepreneur and business executive}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madan Padaki
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age |1973 }}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research]]
| occupation = [[Business executive]] and [[entrepreneur]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Co-founder and director of education management company Sylvant Advisors
| notable_works =
| spouse = Roopa Padaki
| children = 1 (Varun)
}}

'''Madan Padaki''' is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] and [[business executive]]. He is the co-founder and director of Sylvant Advisors focused on the field of education management. He is also CEO and MD of Head Held High Services, a social enterprise for rural youth, and former co-founder of MeritTrac Services, a skill assessment and testing company.

In 2011, he was conferred The Young Education Leader Award by EDGE Forum – a forum of leading educationists and educational institutions in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://startupsutras.org/2015/09/open-chat-with-madan-padaki|title=Open Chat with Madan Padaki|publisher=Startupsutras.org|date=2015-09-30|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref name="ytmadanpadaki">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0dUYC3UZOg|title=Head Held High - Madan Padaki - TEDxGateway|publisher=Youtube.com|date=2015-03-05|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/madan-padaki-co-founder-ceo-merittrac-services-is-chosen-young-edge-award-2011-26240.html|title=MeritTrac, Young EDGE Award 2011, Madan Padaki|website=www.businesswireindia.com|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/madan-padaki-co-founder-and-ceo-merittrac-services-is-chosen-for-the-young-edge-award-2011/|title=Madan Padaki, Co-founder and CEO, MeritTrac Services is chosen for the Young EDGE Award 2011|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

He serves as a senior advisor to Tata Trusts, serves on the Governing Council of TiE Bangalore, Indo-American Chamber of Commerce, Karnataka and also serves on the Governing Council of [[DOEACC]], an organisation of the Ministry of IT, Govt. of India to evaluate IT [[education in India]].<ref name="ytmadanpadaki"/><ref name="learningvisit">{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1121703274255/1439264-1260815500553/6646158-1261168095500/Madan_Padaki.pdf|title=South-South Learning Visit Feb 8-21 India|publisher=Siteresources.worldbank.org|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref name="gosylvantmp">{{cite web|url=http://gosylvant.com/Ourteam.html|title=Sylvant Team|publisher=Gosylvant.com|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Padaki was born in India in 1973 and earned an engineering degree from the [[National Institute of Engineering]] (NIE), [[University of Mysore]], and an MBA from [[S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research]] (SPJIMR), Mumbai.

==Career==
Padaki's first entrepreneurial venture was in 2000, when he co-founded MeritTrac, a skill assessment and training company. Manipal Education Group (MEG) bought a 70% stake in MeritTrac in which he along with his founding team continue to lead MeritTrac as an independent entity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/education/meg-picks-up-majority-stake-in-merittrac/articleshow/2083841.cms|title=MEG picks up majority stake in MeritTrac|publisher=Economictimes.com|date=2007-05-29|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref> In 2011, he transitioned to Manipal Education from MeritTrac to head up Strategy, Innovation and International Partnerships before moving out in 2013. MeritTrac is today India's Largest Skills Assessment company and is recognized as a thought-leader in the sector, having won several awards like the [[NASSCOM]] Innovation Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/07/merittrac-wins-nasscom-it-innovation-award.html|title=MeritTrac wins NASSCOM IT Innovation Award|publisher=Oneindia.com|date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref> and [[Deloitte]]'s [[Deloitte Fast 500#Deloitte Technology Fast 50|Fast 50]] India Award. MeritTrac has also been featured extensively in several books on Entrepreneurship and is also a case-study at [[INSEAD]].<ref name="gosylvantmp"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.insead.edu/vissa/nbv/SepOct%202005%20Class%20Handouts/Merittrac-A-ver-1-4.pdf|title=INSEAD MeritTrac|publisher=Insead.edu|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref>

Before co-founding MeritTrac, Padaki had stints with [[Wipro|Wipro Corporation]], [[Infosys|Infosys Technologies]] and BFL Software (now EDS Mphasis). At Wipro he was attached to the Fluid Power unit in export sales and was into a product management and marketing role at Infosys. His stint at BFL Software involved a business development role and he was posted to Tokyo in a role that involved setting up their operations in the Far East.<ref name="learningvisit"/>

He was also the CEO of Erudient, a global education management company. Erudient is now active in North America, Europe, Australia and Asia Pacific with clients across these geographies and operates out of offices in New York and Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aihitdata.com/company/006293A5/ERUDIENT/people|title=Erudient|publisher=Aihitdata.com|date=2015-03-09|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

===Head Held High Services===
Head Held High is a social enterprise which focuses on the development of rural entrepreneurial ecosystem. He started as a mentor and investor in 2009 as the co-founder and trustee of the Head Held High Foundation. Since 2013 he has taken the position of CEO and MD of the Head Held High Services Pvt. Ltd. based in Bengaluru. The company takes the uneducated youth under their wing and puts them through a rigorous 12-month training turning them into white-collar [[Business process outsourcing]] (BPO) employees servicing multinational corporations. This innovative approach to skill rural youth is termed as ‘RubanShakti’.

The company has also developed RubanBridge, Head Held High Services’ business transaction platform that brings in various market players to engage with business opportunities in rural India in a structured manner, across various sectors including agriculture, healthcare, education, energy, water and sanitation, transport and communication.<ref name="ytmadanpadaki"/><ref name="gosylvantmp"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmartceo.in/magazine/starting-up/empowering-ruban-india.html|title=Empowering 'Ruban' India|publisher=ThesmartCEO.in|date=2014-03-01|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref>

Padaki has also coined a term – rubanomics, a combination of rural plus urban and economics. He has also given a [[Ted (conference)#TEDx|TEDx]] talk<ref name="tedmp">{{cite web|url=https://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Head-Held-High-Madan-Padaki-TED|title=Head Held High - Madan Padaki - TEDxGateway|publisher=TEDxtalks.ted.com|date=2015-03-09|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref> – Eradicating Rural Poverty which elaborates on the idea of Rubanomics and its impact as a movement. The movement has won several awards, including the [[CNN]] IBN Real Heroes Award, 2011, Global Sourcing Council Award 2011.<ref name="ytmadanpadaki"/><ref name="gosylvantmp"/><ref name="tedmp"/>

In August 2013, the company raised the first round of investment of Rs 2.5 [[crore]] from angel investors in India and abroad who are focused on [[impact investment]]s. The investors include [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]] founder ([[Ronnie Screwvala]]) led Unilazer Ventures, five Angels from the Intellecap Impact Investment Network (I3N), including Pravin Gandhi, Jayesh Parekh, Reena Mithal and Sanjeev Shah, and US-based investors like Kartik Kilachand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/head-held-high-raises-rs-2-5-cr-113081201180_1.html|title=Head Held High raises Rs 2.5 cr|publisher=Business-standard.com|date=2013-08-12|accessdate=2016-05-08}}</ref>

===Sylvant Advisors===
Sylvant is co-founded by Anand Sudarshan (former CEO of Manipal Global Education), Madan Padaki (former CEO MeritTrac, co-founder Head Held High Services) and PV Boccasam (serial entrepreneur, General Partner at NovakBiddle Venture Partners, US). Sylvant works with education entrepreneurs to accelerate their growth - beginning with drafting business strategies, early-stage seed investments, aiding in larger fund-raising effort, providing operational support and being a part of an entire growth journey. Sylvant currently has a portfolio of 14 education startups including GuruG, Lodestar, LabInApp, Entlogics.<ref name="gosylvantmp"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sylvant-advisors-to-help-8-education-startups-raise-6-mn-115052101281_1.html|title=Sylvant to help 8 education startups raise $6 mn|publisher=Business-standard.com|date=2015-05-21|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-12/news/66465802_1_letsventure-platform-shanti-mohan-startups|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917021835/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-12/news/66465802_1_letsventure-platform-shanti-mohan-startups|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 17, 2015|title=LetsVenture partners with Sylvant to carve out new verticals|publisher=Economictimes.com|date=2015-09-12|accessdate=2016-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padaki, Madan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]

Chavundaraya

2026-03-23T09:54:12Z

Akivulhasan876:

{{Short description|Indian Jain ruler}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| image = Frontal south eastern view of the Chavundaraya Basadi at Shravanabelagola.jpg
| alt = Chavundaraya
| caption = [[Chavundaraya Basadi]]
| birth_date = {{circa|940 CE}}
| death_date = {{death year and age|989|940}}
}}
{{Jainism}}
[[File:Chavundaraya Basadi on Chandragiri hill at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|[[Chavundaraya basadi]] (10th century) on Chandragiri Hill]]

'''''Cāmuṇḍarāya''''' or '''Chavundaraya''' ([[Kannada]] ''Cāmuṇḍarāya, Cāvuṇḍarāya'', 940–989) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Jain Minister. He served in the court of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] of [[Talakad]] (in modern [[Karnataka]], India). A person of many talents, in 981 he commissioned the construction of the [[monolith]]ic statue of [[Bahubali]], the [[Gommateshwara statue|Gomateshwara]], at [[Shravanabelagola]], an important place of pilgrimage for [[Jainism]]. He was a devotee of the Jain Acharya [[Nemichandra]] and Ajitasena [[Bhattaraka]] and was an influential person during the reigns of [[Marasimha II Satyavakya]], (963–975). Rachamalla IV Satyavakya, (975–986) and Rachamalla V (Rakkasaganga), (986–999).

A courageous commander with the title ''Samara [[Parashurama|Paraśurāma]]'' (''lit'', "Battle-[[Rama]] wielding an ax"), he found time to pursue his literary interests as well and became a renowned writer in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="poet">Kamath (2001), p45</ref><ref name="poet1">Sastri (1955), pp356-357</ref> He wrote an important and existing prose piece called the ''Chavundaraya Purana'', also known as ''Trishasthi Lakshana Purana'', in Kannada (978) and the ''Cāritrasāra'' in Sanskrit. He patronised the famous Kannada grammarians Gunavarma and [[Nagavarma I]] and the poet [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] whose writing ''Parusharama Charite'' may have been a eulogy of his patron.<ref name="poet"/> Because of his many lasting contributions, Chavundaraya is an important figure in the history of medieval Karnataka.

==Origin==
In his writing, he claims he was from the ''Brahmakshatriya'' ''Vamsa'' ([[Brahmin]] converted to the [[Kshatriya]] caste).<ref name="line">Kulkarni (1975) in Adiga (2006), p195</ref> The 10th century Algodu inscription of the [[Mysore district]] and the Arani inscription from the [[Mandya district]] provide more information on the family genealogy of Chavundaraya. It states that Chavundaraya was the grandson of Govindamayya who is praised for his knowledge and [[Dharma]] and was the son of Mabalayya, a subordinate of King Marasimha II. Mabalayya and his brother Isarayya are praised for their prowess in the inscription.<ref name="prowess">Gopal et al. (1976) in Adiga (2006), p196</ref> It is believed that their political position under King Marasimha II may have led to a gradual adoption of [[Kshatriya]] status by this Brahmin family.<ref name="ksha">Adiga (2006), p196</ref>

An inscriptional eulogy of Chavundaraya on the ''[[Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar]]'' at Shravanabelagola (which has beautiful engravings and relief representing Chavundaraya and his guru Nemichandra at the base) praises him thus,
{{Cquote|A sun in the shape of a jewel adorning the crest of the eastern mountains, the ''brahmaksatra'' race; a moon in the shape of the splendour of his fame causing to swell the ocean, the ''brahmaksatra'' race; the central gem to the pearl necklace of [[Lakshmi]], procured from the Rohana mountain, the ''brahmaksatra'' race.<ref name="race">Gopal et al. (1973) in Adiga (2006), p196</ref>}}

==Commander==
[[File:Gomateswara.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gomateshwara]] monolith at [[Shravanabelagola]] (982–983 CE)]]
As a commander for the Western Ganga [[feudatory]] of the [[Rashtrakutas]], he fought many battles for their Rashtrakutas overlords, beginning in the days of the Rashtrakuta king, [[Khottiga Amoghavarsha]]. In fact, the Gangas supported the cause of the Rashtrakutas till the very end.<ref name="espouse">Kamath (2001), p84</ref> During the last years of Rashtrakuta rule, the Gangas were also under constant threat of civil war and from invasions of the increasingly powerful [[Chola Dynasty]]. When a civil war broke out in 975, Chavundaraya supported the cause of Prince Rachamalla IV and installed him on the throne.<ref name="throne">Kamath (2001), p46</ref>

Kongu historians Pulavar S.Raju and Pondheepankar point out in their works that his sister Puliabbai's [[sallekhana]] or fasting to death in the [[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]], [[Kongu Nadu]] is marked by a [[stele]] inscription and thus he being a native of this region.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=59}}A trilingual name inscription, also recorded in Tamil [[Pallava script|Pallava Grantha]] records his name in the left foot flank of the Gommateshwara monolith.

Chavundaraya suppressed a rebellion made by Panchaldeva Mahasamanta in 975 AD and slew Mudurachayya (who held the titles ''Chaladanka Ganga'' and ''Gangarabanta'') in the battle of Bageyur. He thus avenged the death of his brother Nagavarma by Mudurachayya. After these battles where Chavundaraya showed his gallantry, Rachamalla IV ascended the Ganga throne. For his exploits, Chavundraya earned the titles ''Samara Parsurama'', ''Vira Martanda'', ''Ranarangasimha'', ''Samara Dhurandhara'', ''Vairikula Kaladanda'', ''Bhuja Vikrama'' and ''Bhatamara''.<ref name ="Panchaldeva mahasamanta">Rao, Krishna M. V., ''The Gangas of Talakad: A Monograph on the History of Mysore from the Fourth to the Close of the Eleventh Century'', (1936), pp109 – 113, Publishers:B.G. Paul and Company</ref>

==Writings==
[[File:Handwriting (10th century) of Kannada poet Chavundaraya at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Inscribed handwriting (in Kannada characters) of Chavundaraya on Chandragiri hill in [[Shravanabelagola]], Karnataka]]
Chavundaraya's writing, ''Chavundaraya Purana'', is the second oldest existing work in prose style in Kannada and is a summary of the Sanskrit works, ''Adipurana'' and ''Uttarapurana'', written by [[Jinasena]] and Gunabhadra during the rule of Rashtrakuta [[Amoghavarsha I]]. The prose work, composed in lucid Kannada, was meant mainly for the common man and avoided any reference to complicated elements of Jain doctrines and philosophy. In his writing, the influences of his predecessor [[Adikavi Pampa]] and contemporary Ranna are seen. ''Trishashtilakshana purana'' narrates the legends of twenty-four Jain [[Tirthankara]]s, twelve ''Chakravartis'', nine ''Balabhadras'', nine ''Narayanas'' and nine ''Pratinarayanas'' – narrations on sixty-three Jain proponents in all.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=29}}<ref name="jain">Sastri (1955), p357</ref><ref name="prop">Kulkarni (1975) in Adiga (2006), p256</ref>

==Builder==
The monolith Gomateshwara statue dedicated to the Jain god, [[Bahubali]], was commissioned by Chavundaraya and built on the Indragiri hill (also known as [[Vindhyagiri Hill]]) is a unique example of Western Ganga sculpture. Carved from fine-grained white granite, the image stands on a lotus. It has no support up to the thighs and is 60 feet tall with the face measuring 6.5 feet. With the serene expression on the face of the image, its curled hair with graceful locks, its proportional anatomy, the monolith size, and the combination of its artistry and craftsmanship have led it to be called the mightiest achievement in sculptural art in medieval Karnataka.<ref name="art">M Seshadri in Kamath (2001), p51</ref> It is the largest monolithic statue in the world.<ref name="keay">{{cite book
| last =Keay
| first =John
| title =India: A History
| publisher =Grove Press
| year =2000
| location =New York
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0
| page = 324 (across) }}</ref> The [[Chavundaraya basadi]] also in Shravanabelagola and built on the [[Chandragiri Hill]] is credited to him by some scholars while others argue it was built by his son Jinadevana.<ref name="deva">The characters on an inscription at the base of the image of Jain Tirthankara Parashwanatha in the basadi states a Jain temple was built by Jinadevana, Gopal et al. (1973) in Adiga (2006), p256</ref> However, by the 12th century additions to the shrine were made by a later King Gangaraja by which time tradition held that the shrine was built by Chavundaraya. However another view holds that the original shrine itself was consecrated in the 11th century and built in memory of Chavundaraya.<ref name="memory">S. Settar in Adiga (2006), p256</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=The Sacred Shravanabelagola (A Socio-Religious Study) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ3S6CW5KKQC |date=1981 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |edition=1st }}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= History of India|orig-year=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove publications|location= New York|isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060915003134/http://www.mahamasthakabhisheka.com/heritageofshravanabelagola/chamundarayaandshravanabelagola.htm Chamundaraya and Shrvanabelagola]
*[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/chavundaraya.htm Jaina Minister Chavundaraya] by K. L. Kamat

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]

[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:940 births]]
[[Category:989 deaths]]
[[Category:People under the Western Ganga dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]

Nikki Tamboli

2026-03-21T18:28:52Z

Akivulhasan876:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1996)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikki Tamboli
| image = Nikki-Tamboli-snapped-at-Lotus-Grandeur.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Tamboli in 2021
| birth_name = Nikita Tamboli
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|8|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2019{{En dash}}present
| television =
| partner = Arbaz Patel (2024–present)
}}

'''Nikki Tamboli''' (born 21 August 1996) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema]] and [[Hindi]] television.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-kanchana-3-hits-a-jackpot-mints-rs-100-crore-in-a-week/articleshow/69068381.cms?from=mdr |title=Tamil film 'Kanchana 3' hits the jackpot, mints Rs 100-crore in a week |date=27 April 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603161404/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-film-kanchana-3-hits-a-jackpot-mints-rs-100-crore-in-a-week/articleshow/69068381.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is known for participating in reality shows such as ''[[Bigg Boss 14]]'', ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]'',<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title=Nikki Tamboli is second Bigg Boss 14 contestant, says she will break hearts on Salman Khan's show. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-14-as-hot-and-sizzling-nikki-tamboli-tries-to-woo-salman-khan-this-is-the-actor-s-reaction-watch/story-w9BWP8zLcFJX8S1dY7FKOO.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 11: Contestants this season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-11-check-out-the-list-of-contestants-this-season/photostory/82276415.cms |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|''Bigg Boss Marathi season 5'']] and ''[[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|Celebrity MasterChef India]]''.

==Early life==
Tamboli was born in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family on 21 August 1996 in [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="nikki">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-who-is-nikki-tamboli-here-s-all-you-should-know-about-the-actress-653192 |title=Bigg Boss 14: Who is Nikki Tamboli? Here's all you should know about the actress |date=30 September 2020 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907193845/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-13-who-is-nikki-tamboli-here-s-all-you-should-know-about-the-actress-653192}}</ref><ref name="DOB">{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-grand-premiere-episode-contestant-nikki-tamboli-reveals-she-learnt-to-flirt-with-boys-for-salman-khan-show-1354653/amp |title=Bigg Boss 14 Grand Premiere Episode: Nikki Tamboli Flirts With Salman Khan On Stage, Here's All You Need To Know About Her |date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Her brother Jatin died in 2021 due to COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/nikki-tamboli-remembers-brother-jatin-on-third-death-anniversary-i-miss-you-terribly-5588380 |title=Nikki Tamboli Remembers Brother Jatin On Third Death Anniversary: "I Miss You Terribly"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-star-nikki-tamboli-honors-late-brother-with-heartrending-message/articleshow/109845645.cms |title=Bigg Boss star Nikki Tamboli honors late brother with heartrending message|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 May 2024 }}</ref>

==Career==
She started her career as a model. In 2019, she made her acting debut with the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[horror comedy]] film ''[[Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu]]'' playing the role of Pooja.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chikati-gadilo-chithakotudu-the-adult-comedy-to-hit-the-screens-on-this-day/articleshow/68459261.cms |title='Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu': The Adult comedy to hit the screens on this day |website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="TR">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/watch-director-santhosh-p-jayakumar-unveils-the-seductive-and-bold-trailer-of-chikati-gadilo-chithakotudu/articleshow/67805510.cms |title=Watch: Director Santhosh P Jayakumar unveils the seductive and bold trailer of 'Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu' |website=The Times of India|date=2 February 2019 }}</ref>

Tamboli later made her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut in the action horror film ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' as Divya. Kanchana 3 grossed over ₹130 crore worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=Raghava Lawrence To Revive Muni Franchise, Confirms Fourth Film |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/raghava-lawrence-confirms-muni-4/ |website=silverscreenindia.in}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raghava Lawrence starrer Kanchana 3 to kick off next month |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/26/raghava-lawrence-starrer-kanchana-3-to-kick-off-next-month-1648258.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 August 2017 }}</ref> Her third film was ''[[Thipparaa Meesam]]'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] where she played Mounika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070219/sree-vishnus-thipparaa-meesams-first-look.html |title=Sree Vishnu's Thipparaa Meesam's first look |first=Suresh |last=Kavirayani |date=7 February 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In 2020, she made her television debut through participating in the [[Hindi]] reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' where she emerged as the 2nd runner-up,<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2020 |title=Who Is Nikki Tamboli? These HOT PICS Of Bigg Boss 14 CONFIRMED Contestant Prove That She Will Raise OOMPH In Salman Khan's Show This Year! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/hot-pics-of-bigg-boss-14-confirmed-contestant-nikki-tamboli-prove-that-she-will-raise-oomph-in-salman-khans-show-1345984 |website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 14 contestant Nikki Tamboli: Know more about her films, boyfriend and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-contestant-nikki-tamboli-know-more-about-her-films-boyfriend-and-more/articleshow/78426897.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2020 |title=Exclusive – Want to look patakha on Bigg Boss 14; have hired three stylists and carrying 18 lehengas: Nikki Tamboli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-want-to-look-patakha-on-bigg-boss-14-have-hired-three-stylists-and-carrying-18-lehengas-nikki-tamboli/articleshow/78618410.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and got immense fame and appreciation during her stint on the show.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2021 |title=bigg-boss-applauds-nikki-tamboli-for-behaving-like-a-winner-since-day-1-new |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-applauds-nikki-tamboli-for-behaving-like-a-winner-since-day-1-new-promo-1771247-2021-02-20 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2020 |title=bigg-boss-14-contestant-nikki-tamboli-appreciated-by-toofani-seniors |work=seelatest |url=https://www.seelatest.com/television/bigg-boss-14-contestant-nikki-tamboli-appreciated-by-toofani-seniors |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126192148/https://www.seelatest.com/television/bigg-boss-14-contestant-nikki-tamboli-appreciated-by-toofani-seniors |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2021 |title=bigg-boss-14-nikki-tamboli-impressed-everyone-from-salman-khan-to-ekta-kapoor-here-s-why-she-deserves-to-win |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-nikki-tamboli-impressed-everyone-from-salman-khan-to-ekta-kapoor-here-s-why-she-deserves-to-win-101613472868041.html |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, she participated in [[Colors TV]]'s stunt-based reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]'', filmed in [[Cape Town]] where she finished at 10th place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2021 |title=Nikki Tamboli opens up on being eliminated from 'Khatron Ke Khiladi 11' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-nikki-tamboli-opens-up-on-being-eliminated-from-khatron-ke-khiladi-says-it-wasnt-easy-2901376 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Apart from reality shows she was also seen in several music videos collaboration with channels such as [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Saregama]] and Desi Music Factory.

In 2022, she was seen in [[Colors TV]]'s game show ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra|The Khatra Khatra Show]]'' which was hosted by [[Bharti Singh]] and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2022 |title=nikki-tamboli-pratik-sehajpal-new-bffs-in-town-their-sizzling-chemistry-on-the-khatra-khatra-show-makes-fans-call-them-perfect-couple |work=spotboye |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/nikki-tamboli-pratik-sehajpal-new-bffs-in-town-their-sizzling-chemistry-on-the-khatra-khatra-show-makes-fans-call-them-perfect-couple/6242f22fdc16c80c7a810b59 |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Conman Sukesh Gifted Gucci Bag, Rs 3.5 Lakh Cash to Nikki Tamboli; Chahat Khanna Given Versace Watch: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/conman-sukesh-gifted-gucci-bag-rs-3-5-lakh-cash-to-nikki-tamboli-chahat-khanna-given-versace-watch-report-5960695.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=News18 |date=15 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Tamboli made special appearance in the song "Cocktail" in Hindi film ''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]'' opposite [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]].

In 2024, Tamboli appeared on the [[Colors Marathi]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|''Bigg Boss Marathi Season 5'']]''. She was eventually the highest-paid contestant of the season. Tamboli emerged as the 2nd runner-up.

In 2025, Tamboli appeared on the [[Sony TV]]'s reality show ''Celebrity Masterchef India'' where she emerged as the 1st runner-up.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In 2026, Tamboli appeared on the [[Colors TV]]'s reality show ''The 50''.

== In the media ==
Tamboli appeared in the [[Times of India]]'s "Most Desirable Women on Television" list of 2020, where she was ranked 8th.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tamboli is in a relationship with Arbaz Patel, which they confirmed after meeting in [[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
| ''[[Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu]]''
| Pooja
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Bigg Boss 14: Nikki Tamboli |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-nikki-tamboli-evicted-7197080/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 3]]''
| Divya
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thipparaa Meesam]]''
| Mounika
| Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thipparaa Meesam Movie Review : Goes off the rails hard and fast! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thipparaa-meesam/movie-review/71969448.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
|''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]''
|rowspan=2 |Item number
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2025
| ''Badnaam''
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/nikki-tamboli-to-make-debut-in-punjabi-films-with-item-song/articleshow/116622000.cms |title=Nikki Tamboli to make debut in Punjabi films with item song |date=24 December 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
| 2nd runner-up
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
| 10th place
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT 1]]''
| rowspan="6" |Herself
|
|-
|''[[Zee Comedy Show]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss 15]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra|The Khatra Khatra Show]]''
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat Housefull]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
| ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''
|Contestant
|2nd runner-up
|-
|''[[Playground (web series)|Playground]]''
| rowspan="4" |Herself
|
|-
|''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4|India's Best Dancer 4]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 15|Indian Idol 15]]''
|
|-
|''India's Best Dancer vs Super Dancer: Champions ka Tashan''
|
|-
|''[[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|Celebrity Masterchef India]]''
|Contestant
|1st runner-up
|-
|''Shitti Vajli Re''
| rowspan="2" |Herself
|
|-
|''Insider with Faisu''
|Guest
|-
|2026 –
|''[[The 50]]''
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2026-01-23 |title=Nikki Tamboli, Arbaz Patel to enter 'The 50', couple say 'ready to challenge limits' |url=https://ianslive.in/nikki-tamboli-arbaz-patel-to-enter-the-50-couple-say-ready-to-challenge-limits--20260123122135 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
| ''Birthday Pawri''
| [[Amit Mishra (Singer)|Amit Mishra]] and [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
|
|-
| ''Kalla Reh Jayenga''
| Jass Zaildar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2021 |title=Kalla Reh Jayenga song: Nikki Tamboli shines in this Jass Zaildar track |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/kalla-reh-jayenga-song-nikki-tamboli-7355539/ |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Number Likh''
| [[Tony Kakkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Grace Cyril |date=18 June 2021 |title=Tony Kakkar flirts with Nikki Tamboli in Number Likh. Music video out now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/tony-kakkar-flirts-with-nikki-tamboli-in-number-likh-music-video-out-now-1816414-2021-06-18 |access-date=7 August 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shanti''
| [[Millind Gaba]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Shanti: Millind Gaba and Nikki Tamboli's trippy track is sure to get your feet tapping |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shanti-song-millind-gaba-and-nikki-tamboli-video-7370331/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Roko Roko''
| Mellow D
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Roko Roko' Sung By Mellow D {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-roko-roko-sung-by-mellow-d/videoshow/85112373.cms |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dil Kisi Se''
| [[Arjun Kanungo]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=Arjun Kanungo, Nikki Tamboli's song 'Dil Kisi Se' is all about love, loss and heartbreak |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-nikki-tamboli-s-song-dil-kisi-se-is-all-about-love-loss-and-heartbreak-732888 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| ''Behri Duniya''
| [[Afsana Khan]] and Saajz
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
|''Ek Haseena Ne''
|[[Ramji Gulati]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaheer Sheikh, Nikki Tamboli come together for music video 'Ek Haseena Ne' {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/shaheer-sheikh-nikki-tamboli-come-together-for-music-video-ek-haseena-ne/videoshow/92072326.cms |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Chhori''
|[[Sonu Kakkar]]
|
|-
| 2025
|''Bheegne De''
|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Instagram|nikki_tamboli}}
*{{IMDb name|nm9647744}}

{{Bigg Boss}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamboli, Nikki}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Praveen Swami

2026-03-20T20:27:18Z

Akivulhasan876:

{{Short description|Indian journalist & author (born 1969)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Praveen Swami
| birth_date = 1969
| occupation = Journalist and Author
| spouse = Nishtha Gautam
| citizenship = Indian
}}

'''Praveen Swami''' (born 1969) is an Indian journalist and author specialising on international strategic and security issues.<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/author/praveenswami/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116190712/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/author/praveenswami/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-11-16 |title=Opinion |publisher=Blogs.telegraph.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> He is currently the National Security Editor at [[ThePrint]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-06 |title=Praveen Swami's Portfolio |url=https://authory.com/PraveenSwami |access-date=2025-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506023449/https://authory.com/PraveenSwami |archive-date=6 May 2025 }}</ref> He was the Diplomatic Editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' newspaper between September 2010 – October 2011, after which, he became the National Editor (Strategic and International Affairs) of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' newspaper from August 2014- January 2017 and the Group Consulting Editor at [[Network18 Group]] between July 2018 - January 2022. Swami is the author of two books on the India-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir.<ref name="telegraph1"/> He was described by the BBC as "one of India's foremost experts of [[Islamism|Islamist]] terrorism".<ref>{{cite web|last=Daly |first=Mark |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7775320.stm |title=UK | Scotland | Glasgow, Lanarkshire and West | The international trail of terror |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-12-16 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Career==
Swami was the Associate Editor of the Indian newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'' from 1993, for which he reported on topics such as the conflict in [[Kashmir]], the Left-wing Maoist insurgency in India, and Islamic groups.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-rise-of-hindutva-terrorism/265400 |title=The Rise Of Hindutva Terrorism |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319143122/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-rise-of-hindutva-terrorism/265400 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> He reported on Kashmir, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and security issues for much of the 1990s before becoming the [[Mumbai]] bureau chief in 1998. He was appointed as Resident Editor New Delhi, [[The Hindu]] in October 2011. Swami, along with Rural Affairs Editor [[Palagummi Sainath|P Sainath]], resigned from ''The Hindu'' in mid-2014. Both journalists hinted they found it difficult to work under the new system which emerged after the shift in power structure [changes in the top-level management, when family decided to run ''The Hindu'' itself] in Kasturi and Sons Ltd in October 2013. Former editor [[Siddharth Varadarajan|Siddhartha Varadarajan]] and Executive Editor MK Venu were ousted from their positions in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2014/07/another-churn-at-the-hindu-as-praveen-swami-p-sainath-quit/ |title=Another churn at The Hindu as Praveen Swami & P Sainath quit | Best Media Info, News and Analysis on Indian Advertising, Marketing and Media Industry |publisher=Bestmediainfo.com |date=2014-07-15 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newslaundry.com/2014/07/16/turmoil-at-the-hindu/ |title=Newslaundry |publisher=Newslaundry |date=2016-01-01 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
Praveen Swami has won several awards for his work. He received the Sanskriti Samman Award in 1999 for a series of investigative stories on Indian military and intelligence failures preceding and during the [[Kargil War|Kargil conflict]]. His work on the Indian army's counter-terrorist operations won him the Prem Bhatia Memorial Award for Political Journalism in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/12/stories/2003081205041100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012051726/http://hindu.com/2003/08/12/stories/2003081205041100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-12 |title=Award presented to journalist |date=2003-08-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> In 2006, he also won the Indian Express - [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism]] prize for "his extensive and in-depth reports on terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir, and investigations into the merchants of terror."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2005_winners.html |title=Award Winners |website=expressindia.indianexpress.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624101454/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ramnath-goenka-foundation/2005_winners.html |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Swami was a Jennings Randolph Senior Fellow at the [[United States Institute of Peace]] in Washington in 2004–2005.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170225014952/https://www.usip.org/publications/2005/03/quickstep-or-kadam-taal-elusive-search-peace-jammu-and-kashmir Quickstep or Kadam Taal?: The Elusive Search for Peace in Jammu and Kashmir], United States Institute of Peace, 13 March 2005.</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* ''An Informal War: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad in Jammu and Kashmir'' (London: [[Routledge]], 2007)
* ''The Kargil War'' (New Delhi: [[LeftWord Books]], 1999)
* ‘Quick Step or Kadam Taal: The Elusive Search for Peace in Jammu and Kashmir’ (Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Special Report 133, 2005)

=== Selected articles ===
* ‘Chi tocca il Kashmir muore’, in ''Limes: Pianeta India'' (Rome: Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso, 2009)
* ‘The Transnational Terror Threat to India’, in Satish Kumar (ed.), ''India’s National Security Annual Review, 2009'' (New Delhi: [[Routledge]], 2009)
* ‘India’s and its Invisible Jihad’ in Satish Kumar (ed.), ''India’s National Security Annual Review, 2008'' (New Delhi: KW Publishers, 2008)
* ‘The Well-Tempered Jihad: the Politics and Practice of Post-2002 Islamist Terrorism in India’, in ''Contemporary South Asia'' Volume 16, Issue 3 (September 2008)
* ‘A War to End a War: the Causes and Outcomes of the 2001-2 India-Pakistan Crisis’ in (eds.) Sumit Ganguly and S. Paul Kapoor, ''Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia'' (London: [[Routledge]], 2008)
* ‘Breaking News: India’s Media Revolution,’ in (eds.) Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, ''The State of India’s Democracy'' (Baltimore: [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2008)
* ‘Lashkar-e-Taiba’ in Wilson John and Swati Parashar, (ed.), ''Terrorism in South-East Asia'' (Singapore: [[Longman]], 2005)
* ‘Failed Threats and Flawed Fences: India’s Military Responses to Pakistan's Proxy War’ in ''The India Review'', Volume 3.2 (London: Frank Cass, 2004)
* ‘Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, in Theory and Practice,’ in ''The India Review Volume'' 2.3 (London: Frank Cass 2003)
* ‘J & K after 9/11: More of the Same,’ in ''Faultlines XI'', (New Delhi: Institute for Conflict Management, 2002)
* ‘Dialogue with the Hizb: Light in the Tunnel, But is it Dawn or Sunset?’, in ''Faultlines VI'' (New Delhi: Institute for Conflict Management, 2001)
* ‘The Kargil War: Preliminary Explorations’ in ''Faultlines II'', (New Delhi: Institute for Conflict Management, 1999)
* ‘Pro-active after Pokhran: A Perspective on Terrorism in J & K,’ in ''Faultlines I'', (New Delhi: Institute for Conflict Management, 1998)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Praveen Swami column in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' [http://indianexpress.com/profile/author/praveen-swami/]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130317104845/http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Mr+Praveen+Swami Biography of Praveen Swami] as it previous was on the [[University of Bradford]] website; via [[Archive.org]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101116190712/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/author/praveenswami/ Biography of Praveen Swami] on the website of the ''Telegraph''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami, Praveen}}
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

Daribokgre

2026-03-18T22:52:39Z

Akivulhasan876: creating some entry w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daribokgre
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = South View Daribokgre East Garo Oct24 A7CR 03641.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Daribokgre from the Viewing Deck (south)
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.49167|N|90.32398|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1,140
| population_total = 125
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 794111<ref name=IndiaPostPIN/>
| registration_plate =
| website = https://eastgarohills.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Daribokgre''' is a village in the [[East Garo Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]. Daribokgre is located in the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, close to the [[Nokrek National Park]]. The economy is largely agrarian, following the traditional ''jhum'' system of rotational [[slash-and-burn]] cropping to a limited extent. Most of the houses are traditional bamboo buildings. The traditional ''Nok-Achik'' residential building at the entrance to Nokrek offers tourists a glimpse of the traditional Garo way of life.

==Description==
[[File:Daribokgre Nokrek Entrance East Garo Oct24 A7CR 03649.jpg|thumb|Daribokgre from the north, Nokrek ridge in the distance]]
Daribokgre village is located in the Samanda [[Community development block|Community & Rural Development (C&RD) block]] in the East Garo Hills district of Meghalaya.<ref name="CensusEastGaroA">{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/860/download/36308/DH_2011_1702_PART_A_DCHB_EAST_GARO_HILLS.pdf|title=Meghalaya: District Census Handbook: East Garo Hills -- Village and Town Directory|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Meghalaya, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|series=2 Part XII A}}</ref>{{rp|page=331}} It falls under the [[Williamnagar Assembly constituency]] and the [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency]]. The traditional houses are large bamboo structures called ''Nokmong''. Each accommodates one family. Alongside are granaries (''Jam nok''), woodsheds and pig sties.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=21}}<ref name="GaroArch">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title= Culture & Heritage: Garo Architecture |url=https://westgarohills.gov.in/culture-heritage/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[East Garo Hills district]], [[Government of Meghalaya]]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Daribokgre is situated in the East Garo Hills at an elevation of {{Convert|1,140|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Way: Daribokgre |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1326216261 |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetmap]]}}</ref> The East Garo Hills run from east to west in the western part of Meghalaya, in the bend of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]] as it turns from west to south. The distance from Daribokgre to Williamnagar, district headquarters, is {{Convert|51.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Williamnagar - Daribokgre, Meghalaya |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Williamnagar,+Meghalaya/Daribokgre,+Meghalaya+794001/@25.5765327,90.2704707,51928m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3757787b2175160f:0x9ce9d0f5ce77dd98!2m2!1d90.5920027!2d25.5313902!1m5!1m1!1s0x37578e1352f89edb:0x7e6ab7ee9e0ff9ae!2m2!1d90.3238665!2d25.4921287!3e0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUyMS4wIKXMDSoJLDEwMjExNDUzSAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> [[Shillong]], the capital of Meghalaya, is {{Convert|285|km|mi|abbr=on}} distant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Shillong - Daribokgre, Meghalaya |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Shillong,+Meghalaya/Daribokgre,+Meghalaya+794001/@25.8198207,90.4319541,207288m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x37507e8f34bd207f:0x62482df7108f882b!2m2!1d91.8932535!2d25.5787726!1m5!1m1!1s0x37578e1352f89edb:0x7e6ab7ee9e0ff9ae!2m2!1d90.3238665!2d25.4921287!3e0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUyMS4wIKXMDSoJLDEwMjExNDUzSAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Daribokgre has a tropical climate, hot and humid during the summer and rainy season (March–October) and pleasantly cool during the short winter (December–February). June–August is the period of heavy rain.<ref name="CensusEastGaroA"/>{{rp|page=5}}

== Demographics ==
In 2011, the total population was 125 in 19 households. Among these 48% were female. All 125 people belonged to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]]; there were no members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]]. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] was 64%.<ref name="CensusEastGaroB">{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/871/download/36348/DH_2011_1701_PART_B_DCHB_WEST_GARO_HILLS.pdf |title=Meghalaya: District Census Handbook: East Garo Hills -- Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Meghalaya, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|series=2 Part XII B}}</ref>{{rp|page=170–1}} In the rural areas of the Samanda sub-district as a whole, Christians were 97.6%, Hindus were 0.01%, and Muslims and Buddhists comprised 0.005% each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |date=21 January 2021 |title=C-01: Population by religious community, Meghalaya - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11384/download/14497/DDW17C-01%20MDDS.XLS |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]]}}</ref>

== Governance ==
[[File:Sign Daribokgre Community Reserve West Garo Oct24 A7CR 03612.jpg|thumb|Information, Daribokgre Community Reserve]]
Traditionally, the village was governed by one or more male ''nokmas'' (headmen). These are selected from the leading households of the village based on lineage. The ''nokma'' in consultation with the households allots the plots for ''jhumming'' every year. He also is responsible for settling disputes. As the Garo society is matrilinal, the ''nokma'' typically looks for a young man from his own lineage to marry his daughter. The son-in-law then inherits the household and becomes ''nokma'' when the father-in-law dies.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=223–35}}<ref name="Dialogue2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhury |first=D.R. |date=July–September 2005 |title=Autonomous District Councils and Panchayati Raj Institutions in North-East India |url=http://asthabharati.org/Dia_Jul%2005/dip.htm |journal=Dialogue |publisher=Astha Bharati |publication-place=Delhi |volume=7 |issue=1}}</ref>

The system has evolved after Indian Independence. The [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]] passed the Garo Hills District (Jhum) Regulation Act, 1954 that confers on the ''nokma'' the right to allot ''jhum'' land. However, disputes related to allotment are now referred to the Village Council instead of being resolved by the ''nokma''. Village Councils were created based on the Constitution of Village Council Act in 1958. The Village Council is intended to make each village a self-sufficient, efficiently administered unit. It is responsible for maintenance of public paths, roads, wells, tanks, etc., for registration of births and deaths and other record keeping, etc.<ref name="Dialogue2005"/>

=== Daribokgre Community Reserve ===
Since 2013, the Forest Department, Government of Meghalaya has declared 64 Community Reserves under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The Daribokgre Community Reserve with an area of {{cvt|173|ha|acre|abbr=on}} was notified on 10 July 2013. The notification gives complete control of the Community Reserve to the community to protect the flora and fauna, and the traditional conservation values and practices. All traditional rites and rituals are permitted, though hunting is not allowed. The Reserve is managed by the Daribokgre Community Reserve Management Committee.<ref name="CRNotify">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Community Reserves |url=https://www.megforest.gov.in/wildlife_community.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=[[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Forests and Environment Department]]}}</ref>

==Amenities==
As of 2011, pre-primary and primary schooling were available in the village. For higher classes, children had to commute over {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Daribokgre. The village has piped water supply. The village [[Postal Index Number|pincode]] is 794111 though there is no post office.<ref name=IndiaPostPIN>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Find Pin Code: State - Megalaya, District - East Garo Hills |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/findpincode.aspx |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[India Post]]}}</ref><ref name="CensusEastGaroA"/>{{rp|page=446–9}}

==Economy==
The economy is largely agrarian. In 2011, people cultivating their own or leased land comprised 50.8% of the main workers (those employed for >6 months in a year).<ref name="CensusEastGaroB"/>{{rp|page=172–3}}

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Orange Orchard Daribokgre East Garo Oct24 A7CR 03656.jpg|thumb|Orange orchard in Daribokgre]]
The traditional ''jhum'' system of rotational cropping is followed to a limited extent. In the ''jhum'' system, ''A'king'' land is owned by the community. Each year, the ''Nokma'' allots plots of ''A'king'' land to each household for pre-determined crops. After 2 years of use, a plot is left fallow for 6–8 years during which scrub forest grows. When the plot is again allotted for cropping, the scrub forest is cleared and burnt in a planned operation.<ref name="Burling">{{Cite book |last=Burling |first=R. |title=Rengsanggri |publisher=Tura Book Room, Garo Baptist Convention |year=1997 |edition=2nd |location=Tura}}</ref>{{rp|pages=27–42}}K/ref><ref name="CensusEastGaroA"/>{{rp|page=8}} This traditional cycle of 'slash-and-burn' rotational cultivation is believed to be sustainable ecologically and culturally.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Current Science Reports |date=25 February 2022 |title=Jhum for Sustainability: Agrobiodiversity in Garo Hills |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=376}}</ref>

In the first year, the plot is used for vegetables such as sweet potato, ginger, varieties of beans, sugarcane, onions, etc. In the second year, grains such as rice, maize or millet are grown on the plot. Bananas, oranges and pineapples are also grown. Gourds and squashes are grown on frames or on the walls of houses. In some plots, cash crops such as areca, cotton and chilli peppers are planted. The planting of vegetables is somewhat random, adding variety to the diet and improving the soil health. In a few low lying plots, rice is cultivated continuously.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=27–42}}

In recent times, some families took advantage of a custom that permitted planting of crops on any land not already covered by the ''jhum'' system. They constructed permanent fields in low-lying areas to grow wet rice. Some also planted pineapples, tea, coffee, oranges and areca palms. These families moved their houses away from the central village to the location of their permanent fields. Such permanent fields can be surveyed by the district administration and title (''patta'') granted to the cultivators. With the title comes the obligation to pay taxes, which is not the case with ''jhum'' land. These developments have created greater inequality in the village.<ref name="Burling"/>{{rp|pages=323–32}}

=== Animal husbandry ===
Raising of livestock is common though secondary to agriculture. The main animals in the district are cattle, pigs, goats, and fowl.<ref name="CensusEastGaroA"/>{{rp|pages=9–10}}<ref name="SHB2023">{{Cite book |url=https://des.megplanning.gov.in/pub_ref.htm |title=Statistical Handbook of Meghalaya 2023 |publisher=[[Government of Meghalaya|Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Meghalaya]] |date=November 2023 |location=Shillong |access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref>{{rp|page=71}}

==Transport==
[[File:Road Daribokgre East Garo Oct24 A7CR 03638.jpg|thumb|Road from Sasatgre in Daribokgre]]
Daribokgre is connected to important places in the district by black-topped roads. The Meghalaya Transport Corporation buses run at infrequent intervals.<ref name="CensusEastGaroA"/>{{rp|page=46}} The nearest railway station and airport are in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], at distances of {{Convert|201|km|mi|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|217|km|mi|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Guwahati Airport - Daribokgre, Meghalaya |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Guwahati+Airport+(GAU),+Borjhar,+Guwahati,+Assam/Daribokgre,+Meghalaya+794001/@25.9127731,90.3149482,207125m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x375a4142182c00c1:0x69ba1fb4e82844d8!2m2!1d91.5860468!2d26.1064727!1m5!1m1!1s0x37578e1352f89edb:0x7e6ab7ee9e0ff9ae!2m2!1d90.3238665!2d25.4921287!3e0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUyMS4wIKXMDSoJLDEwMjExNDUzSAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Guwahati Railway Station - Daribokgre, Meghalaya |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Guwahati+Railway+Station,+Mawhati,+Paltan+Bazaar,+Guwahati,+Assam+781001/Daribokgre,+Meghalaya+794001/@26.0069905,90.3544209,206959m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x375a5a28d03da289:0x301f3285c2271b5f!2m2!1d91.7512413!2d26.1822633!1m5!1m1!1s0x37578e1352f89edb:0x7e6ab7ee9e0ff9ae!2m2!1d90.3238665!2d25.4921287!3e0?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUyMS4wIKXMDSoJLDEwMjExNDUzSAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Nokpante Close Viewing Deck Daribokgre East Garo Oct24 A7CR 03645.jpg|thumb|Nokpante bachelors' house, Nok-Achik]]
Daribokgre is in the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve and is a convenient base for trekking in the [[Nokrek National Park]] and Nokrek Peak. Near the entrance to the National Park, visitors can get a glimpse of the traditional Garo lifestyle in the bamboo ''Nokpante'' bachelors' house. Several other tourist attractions located nearby include Rongbang Falls, Songkal Wari Open River Fish Sanctuary, the Hoolock Gibbon rescue centre at Chinabat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OT Staff |date=17 February 2024 |title=Did You Know About Meghalaya's Nokrek Biosphere Reserve? |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/nature/did-you-know-about-meghalayas-nokrek-biosphere-reserve |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2023 |title=Meghalaya CM Conrad Sangma inaugurates Viewing Deck, Nok•Achik |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/meghalaya/meghalaya-cm-conrad-sangma-inaugurates-viewing-deck-nokachik |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=[[Imphal Free Press]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Daribokgre}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in East Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Garo Hills]]
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of India]]

Srikanta (film)

2026-03-17T14:14:00Z

Akivulhasan876: adding new stub nd citations...

{{Short description|2017 Indian Kannada-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Srikanta
| image = Srikanta.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Manju Swaraj (Director)|Manju Swaraj]]
| writer = Manju Swaraj
| based_on = {{Based on|''Skhalana'' | [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]}}
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Chandini Sreedharan]]
| producer = M. S. Manu Gowda
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = B. Sureshbabu
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Mahashaila Cinebandha
| released = {{Film date|2017|01|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| language = [[Kannada]]
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}6 crore
| gross = 
}}

'''''Srikanta''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] directed by Manju Swaraj and produced by M. S. Manu Gowda under the banner Mahashaila Cinebandha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4588-manju-swaraj-to-direct-shivarajkumar-in-srikanta.html|title=Manju Swaraj To Direct Shivarajkumar in Srikanta|publisher=Chitraloka|date=17 February 2014|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> Based on the 2-page short story ''Skhalana'' by [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]] which was published in 1985 in the weekly Kannada magazine ''Taranga'', the film features [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Chandini Sreedharan]] in the lead roles, while [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Achyuth Kumar]] and [[Raj Deepak Shetty]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2016/12/23/460844.html|title=ಶ್ರೀಕಂಠನ ಹಾಡಿನ ಮೂಡು - ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ|date=23 December 2016 |language=kn|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/srikanta-on-floor-kannada-news-144898.html|title=Srikanta On Floor|work=Indiaglitz|date=17 October 2015|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>

''Srikanta'' was released on 6 January 2017 and was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/will-srikanta-release-on-jan-6|title=Will "Srikanta" release on Jan 6?|publisher=News Karnataka|date=23 December 2016|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
Due to an ongoing strike about the political scams in [[Karnataka]], Srikantha offers a ride to a reporter named Tarun who wants to go to [[Agumbe]]. Tarun asks about Srikanta's background and lifestyle, where Srikanta reveals his past.

'''Past''': Srikanta and his friends does odd jobs for politicians. In order to defeat [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Devaraj out of spite, Devaraj's [[Personal Assistant|PA]] Prabhu plans on running an equally popular humble social worker Satyamurthy, who also serves the public directly. Prabhu asks for Srikanta's help to spread publicity about the candidate. Srikanta obliges after payment, where he moves promotions to full swing. Shashi asks Srikanta for help as some goons acted inappropriately with her friend and took illicit photos.

Srikanta destroys the photos and later finds out that Shashi run an ashram for physically challenged children and is also collecting donations. Srikanta rounds many locals and asks them to volunteer for [[organ donation]] after they pass to help the children of the ashram. This pleases Shashi and makes her develops feelings for Srikanta, but Srikanta rejects her and tells that his lifestyle is not for her and it is her mistake to love him. Despite this, Srikanta and Shashi marry, but Srikanta does not change as Shashi had hoped even after she becomes pregnant.

Meanwhile, Satyamurthy is growing more and more popular against Devaraj. To bolster even more support, Srikanta is asked to bring more people to stage a [[publicity stunt]]. Srikanta's friends denies to volunteer, but one of his friends named Arundathi agrees to volunteer. As part of the stunt, gasoline is poured with no intention to actually light a fire. Despite this, someone lights a fire and quickly escapes, which shocks Srikanta as Arundathi is now dead. After seeing Prabhu escaping from the crowd, Srikanta tries to kill Prabhu, but Prabhu reveals that Satyamurthy had caused the burnings as he had been acting as a ruse of a humble person and was actually vying for a political seat for the whole time.

Srikanta tries to expose Satyamurthy, but realizes that Satyamurthy is almost untouchable at this point. Additionally, Shashi leaves Srikanta, but Srikanta barely convinces her to rejoin him and they bond with each other and their imminent child. Satyamurthy targets the ashram as it is a prime real estate, where he kicks out the ashram's head Subbanna and the residents. Srikanta and Prabhu plan a [[sting operation]] on the top political candidates, including Devaraj and Satyamurthy, causing the government to implode. As they prepare to deliver the evidence, Srikanta gets a call from Satyamurthy, who has kidnapped Shashi. Srikanta saves Shashi and a fight ensues while the evidence is being aired on all the [[news channels]]. Shashi and Srikanta barely escape from Satyamurthy, where the public joins and thrashes Satyamurthy to death.

'''Present''': Srikanta and Tarun arrive at Shashi's village, where many people are waiting. Srikanta opens the trunk and collect Shashi's dead corpse so that Shashi's parents can mourn, shocking Tarun. Srikanta and Tarun leave and continue their journey to Agumbe. Srikanta reveals that Satyamurthy had actually landed a swing on Shashi's [[womb]]. Despite Srikanta rushing Shashi via ambulance, the ambulance was struck by the riots which Srikanta himself had caused and Shashi died in the [[ambulance]]. Despite feeling the pain and sorrow due to his undoing, Srikanta finds solace in knowing that Shashi is always with him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Srikanta
* [[Chandini Sreedharan]] as Shashi
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Tarun, press reporter
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Subbanna
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Prabhu, Devaraj's PA
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as Brahmananda Swamiji
* [[Raj Deepak Shetty|Deepak Shetty]] as Satyamurthy
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]] as MLA Devaraj
* Anil Kumar as Satyamurthy's henchman
* Manjunath Gowda
* [[Sparsha Rekha|''Sparsha'' Rekha]] in an extended cameo as Srikanta's friend
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Srikanta
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 17 December 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=17|s=56}}
| label = Junglee Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sundaranga Jaana]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kurangu Bommai]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The background score and soundtrack of the film was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Srikanta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=17 December 2016 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/srikanta-original-motion-picture/1186217852|publisher=iTunes|access-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> It has lyrics penned by Prof. Krishne Gowda, Pradyumna Narahalli, Chethan Kumar and [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]. The album was released on 17 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/srikanta-audio-launch-on-dec-17-249315.html|title=Srikanta Audio Launch On Dec 17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214185615/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/srikanta-audio-launch-on-dec-17-249315.html|archivedate=14 December 2016|publisher=Filmibeat|date=16 December 2016|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=17|s=56}}
| title1 = Kaalittare Yuddhane
| extra1 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Shashank Sheshagiri, [[Chintan Vikas]]
| lyrics1 = Prof. Krishne Gowda
| length1 = 4:07

| title2 = Ondondsari
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Shilpa Srikanth
| lyrics2 = Prof. Krishne Gowda
| length2 = 3:19

| title3 = Kannane Kannane
| extra3 = [[Shiva Rajkumar]], Bobby
| lyrics3 = [[Pradyumna Narahalli]], Chethan Kumar
| length3 = 3:54

| title4 = Antharangada Aase
| extra4 = [[Shashank Sheshagiri]]
| lyrics4 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| length4 = 4:20

| title5 = Shiva Shiva Maharaja
| extra5 = [[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Shashank Sheshagiri]], Chintan Vikas
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 2:16
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
S. Shyam Prasad of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Manju Swaraj who had shown his good grip on narrating a story in films like ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]'' has one more winner on his hands. Srikanta has a simple enough storyline, but a superbly charted screenplay makes it engaging and entertaining."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shyam |first=Prasad. S|date=6 January 2017 |title=SRIKANTA MOVIE REVIEW: 'SRIKANTA' IS WELL CRAFTED, VERY ENGAGING |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/srikanta-movie-review-srikanta-is-well-crafted-very-engaging/articleshow/56378955.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319200832/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/srikanta-movie-review-srikanta-is-well-crafted-very-engaging/articleshow/56378955.cms |archive-date=19 March 2022 }}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The film doesn't go jingoistic and play to the gallery like [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s films that touch upon such topics of social reforms, but is rather subdued in its style".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunayana |first=Suresh |date=10 July 2017 |title=SRIKANTA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/srikanta/movie-review/56376030.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date= 20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/srikanta/movie-review/56376030.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6409236}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2010s road movies]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manju Swaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

Diocese of Khandwa

2026-03-17T03:34:32Z

Akivulhasan876: creating a article w/ sources

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Khandwa
|latin = Dioecesis Khandvaënsis
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = St Mary’s Cathedral in [[Khandwa]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 24,000
|map = Map of Roman Catholic Diocese of Khandwa.png
|population = 4,521,350
|population_as_of = 2006
|catholics = 30,601
|catholics_percent= 0.7
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Bishop Mar Augustine Madathikunnel
|metro_archbishop = Alangaram Arockia Sebastian Durairaj
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.khandwadiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Khandwa''' ({{langx|la| Khandvaën(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Khandwa]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]] in [[India]].

[[File:Roman Catholic Diocese of Khandwa in India.jpg|thumb|left|Map showing the location of the Diocese of Khandwa in India]]

==History==
On February 3, 1977, the Diocese of Khandwa was established from the [[Diocese of Indore]]. It falls under the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bhopal. The diocese follows the [[Latin Church|Latin]] (or Roman) rite.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNQlAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Diocese+of+Khandwa%22+-wikipedia&dq=%22Diocese+of+Khandwa%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=|page=7|title=The Catholic Directory of India|year=2005|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Khandwa ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop A.A.S Durairaj (May 11, 2009 – October 4, 2021)
** Bishop [[Leo Cornelio]] (later Archbishop) (June 3, 1999 – June 15, 2007)
** Bishop [[Abraham Viruthakulangara]] (later Archbishop) (March 4, 1977 – January 17, 1998)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/khan0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkhan.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|21.8287|N|76.3570|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandwa}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1977]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khandwa]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Lawrence de Tiracol

2026-03-14T21:04:52Z

Akivulhasan876: added first page v1.

{{short description|Indian singer and lyricist (1943–2016)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lawrence de Tiracol
| image = Lawrence de Tiracol Goa State Cultural Award function (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes at [[Institute Menezes Braganza]], 2015
| birth_name = Lourenco Alexinho Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1943|7|17|df=y}}
| other_names = Larry
| education = [[St. Sebastian Goan High School]]
| employer = [[Otis Worldwide]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|director|playwright|engineer}}
| years_active = 1950s–2012
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|4|26|1943|7|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Tiracol]], Goa, India
| burial_place = St. Anthony's Church cemetery, Tiracol, Goa, India
| spouse = Conception Fernandes
| children = 1
}}

'''Lourenco Alexinho Fernandes''' (17 July 1943 – 26 April 2016), popularly known as '''Lawrence de Tiracol''' or '''Larry''', was an Indian singer, lyricist, theatre director, playwright, and engineer who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
Lourenco Alexinho Fernandes was born on 17 July 1943, in [[Bombay]], [[British India]]. Raised in the [[Goan]] settlement of [[Dabul]], Fernandes received his education at [[St. Sebastian Goan High School]]. Like many Goans, he was introduced to ''[[tiatrs]]'' at an early age and developed a deep passion for the art form. After completing his engineering studies, Fernandes embarked on a successful career with [[Otis Worldwide]], a [[multinational corporation]] specializing in the manufacturing of elevators and escalators. His professional responsibilities eventually led him to the [[Middle East]], where he was entrusted with overseeing Otis's business interests in various countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, [[Dubai]], and others. For a period of 18 years, Fernandes dedicated himself to his work in the Middle East, gradually distancing himself from the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage and focusing on his corporate endeavors.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Fernandes made his debut in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] at a young age of 12–14.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-04-28 |title=Tiatr artiste, lyricist Lawrence de Tiracol no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatr-artiste-lyricist-lawrence-de-tiracol-no-more/articleshow/52016744.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was introduced to the stage by Francis de Parra in the ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Sotchem Bhirad''. Throughout his career, Fernandes had the privilege of sharing the stage with ''tiatr'' personalities such as [[Kid Boxer]], [[C. Alvares]], Francis de Parra, Rico Rod, [[Star of Arossim]], Seby Coutinho, Souza Ferrao, Remmie Colaco, and Anthony Mendes, among others. Notably, his collaboration with [[Jessie Dias]] in [[Bombay]] led to numerous memorable [[duet]]s performed live on stage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Just call him 'Larry'! |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/just-call-him-%E2%80%98larry%E2%80%99/2584.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

During his time in Bombay, Fernandes actively participated in the [[Goan music|Konkani music]] scene. He engaged in acting and singing in various ''tiatrs'', contributing to the vibrant cultural landscape. However, it was his work behind the scenes that truly made an impact. From 1994 to 2012, Fernandes produced a total of 44 high-profile [[Konkani language|Konkani]] music albums, showcasing his talent to the art form.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognition so befitting, Awards so deserving |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Recognition-so-befitting-Awards-so-deserving/84197 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> While away from his hometown of Bombay and [[Goa]], Fernandes continued his creative pursuits by writing song lyrics and compiling them. Upon his return to Bombay in 1994, after completing an assignment in the [[Gulf countries|Gulf]], he took the opportunity to produce his first audio cassette ''O Daina'' under the label of [[Tips Industries]]. This initial success was followed by another album titled ''Bhangarache Tandul'' released by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] later that same year.<ref name=":1" />

Fernandes played a pivotal role in the revival of [[Lorna Cordeiro|Lorna]], a singer in the Konkani music industry, after a lengthy hiatus of 27 years. During his time in Bombay, Fernandes collaborated closely with Ronnie Monserrate. Through their efforts, they successfully convinced Lorna to make a comeback, leading to the release of the acclaimed album ''Hello Lorna'' in 1994. Fernandes contributed significantly to this album by writing the majority of its songs, except for the special song "Aikat Mhozo Tavo", which was composed by Gabru Gomes of Mumbai specifically for Lorna's return. Interestingly, Fernandes and Gomes did not have a personal meeting during the assignment.<ref name=":1" />

Fernandes's contributions to the Konkani music industry extended far beyond his collaborations with Lorna. He is known as a versatile artist, having recorded over 48 albums on cassettes and CDs, with 22 albums featuring Lorna. His extensive [[repertoire]] includes more than 500 original songs, and he has worked with several music companies throughout his career. Additionally, Fernandes showcased his talent as a scriptwriter, having written scripts for three ''tiatrs'' titled ''Sonstin Sanddlolo'', ''Dukhacho Daag'' (The scar of pain), and ''Konnak Mhunnom Maim'' (Whom do I call Mother?).<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
On 26 April 2016, Fernandes died following a battle with [[renal failure]]. His demise was met with condolences from the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]], which expressed sincere sympathy to his bereaved family. Four days later, a funeral service was conducted at St. Anthony's Church in [[Tiracol]] to honor his memory.<ref name=":0" />

===Reactions===
[[Konkani language|Konkani]] actress [[Jessie Dias]], who had directed Fernandes's acclaimed ''[[tiatr]] production'' titled ''Konnak Mhunnon Maim'' (Whom do I call Mother?), fondly remembered him as a highly skilled lyricist with a captivating voice. Their respective journeys in the ''tiatr'' industry began around the same time, and Dias had the privilege of sharing the stage with Fernandes for the first time in her brother Lucas Cardozo's ''tiatr'' production, ''Eksuro'' (Alone).<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
On 23 May 2016, the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) arranged a commemorative event at the Black Box in Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]], to honor Fernandes. The occasion served as a platform for attendees to pay tribute to Fernandes and reflect on his contributions. [[Jessie Dias]], speaking at the event, highlighted their joint performance in the ''[[tiatr]] Eksuro'' that propelled them to fame. As a token of remembrance for her childhood friend Fernandes, Dias performed a portion of the song they had sung together. Fernandes, affectionately known as the "[[Elvis Presley]]" of [[Mumbai]] due to his distinctive singing style, was remembered by those present.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-06-07 |title=Lawrence De Tiracol, Comedian Alcin's deaths condoled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/lawrence-de-tiracol-comedian-alcins-deaths-condoled/articleshow/52627527.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Joaquim Barbosa, a devoted admirer of Fernandes, praised him as an extraordinary composer, while Alvaro Gomes emphasized Fernandes's instrumental role in [[Lorna Cordeiro]]]'s resurgence following her self-imposed exile of 25 years. Lorna, Fernandes's daughter, expressed her appreciation to TAG for organizing the special condolence gathering.<ref name=":2" />

In 2016, during the Thirteenth Session of the [[6th Goa Assembly]], a tribute was paid to Fernandes through an obituary reference. The motion was initiated by [[Anant Shet]], the [[Speaker of the Goa Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary Reference |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/_motions.php?is_ajax=1&assembly_id=6&session_id=167&member_id=59&motiontype_id=0&display_id=0 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|1955
|''Sotchem Bhirad''
|Child artiste
|Professional debut
|rowspan='5"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''Eksuro''
|Singer
|
|-
|
|''Sonstin Sanddlolo''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Dukhacho Daag''
|Writer
|
|-
|
|''Konnak Mhunnom Maim''
|Writer
|
|}

==Select discography==
===Audio albums===
*''O Daina'' (1994)
*''Bhangarache Tandul'' (1994)
*''Hello Lorna'' (1994)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiracol, Lawrence de}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]

Ayodhya

2026-03-13T22:52:58Z

Akivulhasan876: Improved structure and clarity

{{short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Redirect|Ayodhya Dham|other uses|Ayodhya (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the legendary city in Hindu mythology|Ayodhya (Ramayana)}}

{{protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]; [[WP:RFPP]] request, long term issue|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ayodhya
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 290
|image_style =
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|image1 = Ayodhya Ram Mandir Inauguration Day Picture.jpg
|caption1 = [[Ram Mandir]]
|image2 = Ruhi.jpg
|caption2 = [[Ram ki Paidi|Ram ki Paidi Ghat]] on [[Ghaghara|Sarayu River]]
|image3 = Hanuman Garhi Temple, a major religious site in Ayodhya utter pradesh.jpg
|caption3 = [[Hanuman Garhi Temple]]
|image4 = Kanak Bhawan.jpg
|caption4 = [[Kanak Bhawan|Kanak Bhawan Temple]]
|image5 = Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya.jpg
|caption5 = Vijayraghav Mandir
|image6 = River Saryu, Guptar Ghat.jpg
|caption6 = Guptar Ghat on [[Ghaghara|Sarayu River]]
|image7 = Paintings in Ayodhya Airport.jpg
|caption7 = [[Ayodhya Airport]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| nicknames = ''Ram Nagri'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=राय |first1=विवेक |date=7 October 2024 |title=अयोध्या में दीपोत्सव तैयारियां हुई शुरू, 25 लाख दीपों से जगमग होगी राम नगरी |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/ayodhya-deepotsav-ram-nagri-illuminated-with-light-of-25-lakh-lamps-ann-2798878 |work=ABP News |language=hi |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> ''The Temple Town''<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2021 |title=Ayodhya decked up for 'Vikas Deepotsav'; over 9 lakh earthen lamps to illuminate temple town |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ayodhya-vikas-deepotsav-earthen-lamps-diwali-ram-mandir-shree-ram-janmabhoomi-743176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103105420/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ayodhya-vikas-deepotsav-earthen-lamps-diwali-ram-mandir-shree-ram-janmabhoomi-743176 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Frenzied spiral grips Ayodhya, temple town turns festive burlesque ahead of Ram Mandir consecration |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/frenzied-spiral-grips-ayodhya-temple-town-turns-festive-burlesque-ahead-of-ram-temple-consecretion/cid/1995201 |work=The Telegraph |date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121013351/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/frenzied-spiral-grips-ayodhya-temple-town-turns-festive-burlesque-ahead-of-ram-temple-consecretion/cid/1995201 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Voices Of Ayodhya – Watch NDTV Special Episode From Temple Town |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/the-voices-of-ayodhya-watch-ndtv-special-episode-from-temple-town-755073 |work=NDTV |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122002546/https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/the-voices-of-ayodhya-watch-ndtv-special-episode-from-temple-town-755073 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = location in India and Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|47|57|N|82|12|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Girish Pati Tripathi<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=Meet Ayodhya's new mayor: A former UPSC aspirant and Mahant of a city mandir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520110850/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Awadhesh Prasad]] ([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-kanpur-gorakhpur-and-gonda-seats-in-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-101717465470862.html |title=Ayodhya, Kanpur, Gorakhpur and Gonda seats results LIVE updates: SP leads in Ayodhya as BJP's Lallu Singh falls behind |work=Hindustan Times |date =4 June 2024 |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Ved Prakash Gupta]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 120.8
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 93
| population_total = 55,890
| population_as_of = 2011<ref name="citypopulationde">{{Cite web |title=AYODHYA in Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh) |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0944705000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042007/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0944705000 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020 |publisher=.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="nclmnicin">{{Cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=12 February 2019 |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |page=49}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="nclmnicin" />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awadhi |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606184310/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |archive-date=6 June 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |website=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Ayodhyawasi, Awadhwasi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN(s)]]
| postal_code = 224001, 224123, 224133, 224135
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-5278]]
| registration_plate = UP-42
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|https://ayodhya.nic.in/}}
| blank_emblem_size = 220px
| blank_emblem_type = [[Wordmark]]
| image_blank_emblem =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Ayodhya''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Ayodhyā|ɐˈjoːd̪ʱjɐː|Ayodhya.ogg}}) is a city situated on the banks of the [[Ghaghara|Sarayu river]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh: Water level of Saryu river in Ayodhya rises |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttar-pradesh-water-level-of-saryu-river-in-ayodhya-rises20240915150403/ |work=ANI News |date=15 September 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Alert sounded as Saryu river crosses red mark in Ayodhya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/saryu-river-crosses-danger-mark-in-ayodhya/articleshow/111618933.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Ayodhya district]] as well as the [[Ayodhya division]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="district ayodhya">{{Cite web |title=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} City Of Lord Rama {{!}} India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108190706/https://ayodhya.nic.in/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=10 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About District |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109061219/https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/ |archive-date=9 November 2019 |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> Ayodhya became the top [[tourist destination]] of Uttar Pradesh with 110 million visitors in the first half of 2024, surpassing [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya top tourist destination in U.P. with 11 crore visitors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhya-top-tourist-destination-in-u-p-with-11-crore-visitors-101726340702232.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya emerges as the top destination in Uttar Pradesh with over 11 crore visitors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/ayodhya-emerges-as-the-top-destination-in-uttar-pradesh-with-over-11-crore-visitors/articleshow/113388767.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>

The settlement was historically known as '''Sāketa''' until it was renamed to Ayodhya during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=28-30|ps=: From Chinese sources we know that king Vikramaditya, i.e. Skandagupta, had the royal court installed in Ayodhya (according to Paramartha) ... The possibility remains open that the royal court had already moved from Pataliputra to Saketa/Ayodhya during the reign of Kumaragupta.}} The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that the religious leaders [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]] visited and lived in the city. The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five [[tirthankara]]s namely, [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Ajitanatha]], [[Abhinandananatha]], [[Sumatinatha]] and [[Anantanatha]], and associate it with the legendary [[Bharata Chakravarti]]. From the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period onwards, several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of the same city.

The [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|legendary city of Ayodhya]], popularly identified as the present-day Ayodhya, is identified in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Versions of the Ramayana|its many versions]] as the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Rama]] of [[Kosala]] and is hence regarded as the first of the [[Sapta Puri|seven most important pilgrimage sites]] for Hindus.<ref name="district ayodhya" /><ref>{{cite news |title=How holy triangle has led to a mega surge in UP's tourist footfall – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-holy-triangle-has-led-to-a-mega-surge-in-ups-tourist-footfall/articleshow/107006369.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121162619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-holy-triangle-has-led-to-a-mega-surge-in-ups-tourist-footfall/articleshow/107006369.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ayodhya dispute]] was centred on the [[Babri Masjid|Babri mosque]], built 1528–29 under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] and said to have been built on top of a Hindu temple that stood at the [[Ram Janmabhoomi|birth spot of Rama]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya |year=2017 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-8-173-05579-9}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}</ref> In 1992 a Hindu mob [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished the mosque]], provoking riots throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2019 |title=Ayodhya verdict: No place for fear, negativity in 'New India', says PM |language=en |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109184525/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html |archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] announced the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|final verdict]] that the land belonged to the government based on tax records;<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2019 |title=Ayodhya verdict: Supreme Court dismisses Shia Waqf Board's appeal, says land belongs to govt |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-verdict-supreme-court-dismisses-shia-waqf-board-s-appeal-says-land-belongs-to-govt-1617279-2019-11-09 |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109105049/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-verdict-supreme-court-dismisses-shia-waqf-board-s-appeal-says-land-belongs-to-govt-1617279-2019-11-09 |archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> It further ordered the land to be handed over to [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra|a trust]] to build the [[Ram Mandir]]; which was [[consecration of the Ram Mandir|consecrated in January 2024]]. It also ordered the government to give an alternate five acre tract of land to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to build the [[Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur|mosque]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2019 |title=Ram Mandir verdict: Supreme Court verdict on Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms |archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word "Ayodhya" is a regularly formed derivation of the [[Sanskrit]] verb ''yudh'', "to fight, or wage war".<ref>{{Cite web |title=yudh – KST (Online Sanskrit Dictionary) |url=https://kosha.sanskrit.today/word/en/yudh?q=yudh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025128/https://kosha.sanskrit.today/word/en/yudh?q=yudh |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=kosha.sanskrit.today}}</ref> ''Yodhya'' is the future passive participle, meaning "to be fought"; the initial ''a'' is the negative prefix; the whole, therefore, means "not to be fought" or, more idiomatically in English, "invincible".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=2}} This meaning is attested by the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', which uses it to refer to the unconquerable city of gods.{{sfn|Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage|1982|p=103}} The ninth century [[Jain]] poem ''[[Adi Purana]]'' also states that Ayodhya "does not exist by name alone but by the merit" of being unconquerable by enemies. ''Satyopakhyana'' interprets the word differently, stating that it means "that which cannot be conquered by sins" (instead of enemies).{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=4}}

"Saketa" is the older name for the city, attested in Sanskrit, Jain, Buddhist, Greek and Chinese sources.{{sfn|Lutgendorf, Imagining Ayodhya|1997|p=22}} According to [[Vaman Shivram Apte]], the word "Saketa" is derived from the Sanskrit words ''Saha'' (with) and ''Aketen'' (houses or buildings). The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is called Saketa "because of its magnificent buildings which had significant banners as their arms".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}} According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], the word may be derived from the roots ''sa'' and ''ketu'' ("with banner"); the variant name ''saketu'' is attested in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=12}}

The older name in English was "Oudh" or "Oude", and the princely state it was the capital of until 1856 is still known as [[Oudh State]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Ayodhya was stated to be the capital of the ancient [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala kingdom]] in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Hence it was also referred to as "Kosala". The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is famous as ''su-kośala'' "because of its prosperity and good skill".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}}

The cities of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] (Thailand), and [[Yogyakarta]] (Indonesia), are named after Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=K |date=5 December 2018 |title=Ayodhya & Ayutthaya |language=en |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-speaking-tree/ayodhya-ayutthaya/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831071339/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-speaking-tree/ayodhya-ayutthaya/ |archive-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noorduyn |first=Jacobus |date=1986 |title=The Etymology of the Name of Yogyakarta |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272 |url-status=live |journal=Archipel |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2272 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831065837/https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg|thumb|Terracotta image of Jain [[Tirthankar]] dated fourth century BCE excavated from Ayodhya]]
[[File:Ayodhya Nagri.jpg|thumb|Gold carving depiction of the legendary Ayodhya at the [[Ajmer Jain temple]]]]
{{See also|Ayodhya (legendary city)#Historicity}}

Ancient Indian [[Sanskrit]]-language epics, such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mention a [[Ayodhya (legendary city)|legendary city called Ayodhya]], which was the capital of the legendary [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvaku]] kings of Kosala, including Rama.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7}} Neither these texts, nor the earlier Sanskrit texts such as the [[Vedas]], mention a city called Saketa. Non-religious, non-legendary ancient Sanskrit texts, such as Panini's ''Ashtadhyayi'' and Patanjali's commentary on it, do mention Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7}} The later Buddhist text ''[[Mahavastu]]'' describes Saketa as the seat of the Ikshvaku king Sujata, whose descendants established the [[Shakya]] capital [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}}

The earliest of the Buddhist [[Pali canon|Pali-language texts]] and the Jain Prakrit-language texts mention a city called Saketa (Sageya or Saeya in Prakrit) as an important city of the [[Kosala]] [[mahajanapada]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=5–6}} Topographical indications in both Buddhist and Jain texts suggest that Saketa is the same as the present-day Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2}} For example, according to the ''[[Samyutta Nikaya]]'' and the ''[[Vinaya Pitaka]]'', Saketa was located at a distance of six ''[[yojana]]''s from [[Shravasti]]. The ''Vinaya Pitaka'' mentions that a big river was located between the two cities, and the ''[[Sutta Nipata]]'' mentions Saketa as the first halting place on the southward road from Shravasti to [[Pratishthana]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}}

Fourth century onwards, multiple texts, including Kalidasa's ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'', mention Ayodhya as another name for Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=6–7}} The later Jain canonical text ''Jambudvipa-Pannati'' describes a city called Viniya (or Vinita) as the birthplace of [[Rishabha|Lord Rishabhanatha]], and associates this city with [[Bharata Chakravartin]]; the ''[[Kalpa Sutra|Kalpa-Sutra]]'' describes Ikkhagabhumi as the birthplace of [[Rishabhanatha|Rishabhadev]]. The index on the Jain text ''Paumachariya'' clarifies that Aojjha (Aodhya), Kosala-puri ("Kosala city"), Viniya, and Saeya (Saketa) are synonyms. The post-Canonical Jain texts also mention "Aojjha"; for example, the ''Avassagacurni'' describes it as the principal city of Kosala, while the ''Avassaganijjutti'' names it as the capital of [[King Sagara|Sagara Chakravartin]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}} The ''Avassaganijjutti'' implies that Viniya ("Vinia"), Kosalapuri ("Kosalapura"), and Ikkhagabhumi were distinct cities, naming them as the capitals of Abhinamdana, Sumai, and Usabha respectively. Abhayadeva's commentary on the ''Thana Sutta'', another post-canonical text, identifies Saketa, Ayodhya, and Vinita as one city.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}}

According to one theory, the legendary Ayodhya city is the same as the historical city of Saketa and the present-day Ayodhya. According to another theory, the legendary Ayodhya is a mythical city,{{sfn|Arya|1990|p=44}} and the name "Ayodhya" came to be used for the Saketa (present-day Ayodhya) only around the fourth century, when a [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor (probably [[Skandagupta]]) moved his capital to Saketa, and renamed it to Ayodhya after the legendary city.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=12}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhagwan Singh Josh |author-link=Bhagwan Singh Josh |last2=Bipan Chandra |author-link2=Bipan Chandra |last3=Harbans Mukhia |author-link3=Harbans Mukhia |last4=K. N. Panikkar |author-link4=K. N. Panikkar |last5=Madhavan K. Palat |author-link5=Madhavan K. Palat |last6=Mridula Mukherjee |author-link6=Mridula Mukherjee |last7=Muzaffar Alam |author-link7=Muzaffar Alam |last8=R. Champakalakshmi |author-link8=R. Champakalakshmi |last9=Rajan Gurukkal |author-link9=Rajan Gurukkal |last10=Romila Thapar |author-link10=Romila Thapar |last11=Sarvepalli Gopal |author-link11=Sarvepalli Gopal |display-authors=etal |year=1990 |title=The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute |journal=Social Scientist |volume=18 |issue=1/2 |pages=76–81 |doi=10.2307/3517330 |jstor=3517330}}</ref> Alternative, but less likely, theories state that Saketa and Ayodhya were two adjoining cities, or that Ayodhya was a locality within the Saketa city.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=3}}

=== As Saketa ===
Archaeological and literary evidence suggests that the site of present-day Ayodhya had developed into an urban settlement by the fifth or sixth-century BC.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2}} The site is identified as the location of the ancient Sāketa city, which probably emerged as a marketplace located at the junction of the two important roads, the [[Shravasti]]-[[Pratishthana]] north–south road, and the [[Rajagriha]]-[[Varanasi]]-Shravasti-[[Taxila]] east–west road.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=13}} Ancient Buddhist texts, such as ''[[Samyutta Nikaya]]'', state that Saketa was located in the [[Kosala]] kingdom ruled by [[Prasenajit]] (or Pasenadi; c. sixth–5th century BC), whose capital was located at Shravasti.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5, 13}} The later Buddhist commentary ''Dhammapada-[[atthakatha]]'' states that the Saketa town was established by merchant Dhananjaya (the father of [[Visakha]]), on the suggestion of king Prasenajit.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}} The ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'' describes it as one of the six large cities of India.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}} The early Buddhist canonical texts mention [[Shravasti]] as the capital of Kosala, but the later texts, such as the Jain texts ''Nayadhammakahao'' and ''Pannavana Suttam'', and the Buddhist [[Jataka]]s, mention Saketa as the capital of Kosala.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2,5–6}}

As a busy town frequented by travellers, it appears to have become important for preachers such as [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=13}} The ''Samyutta Nikaya'' and ''[[Anguttara Nikaya]]'' mention that Buddha resided at Saketa at times.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}} The early Jain canonical texts (such as ''Antagada-dasao'', ''Anuttarovavaiya-dasao'', and ''Vivagasuya'') state that Mahavira visited Saketa; ''Nayadhammakahao'' states that [[Parshvanatha]] also visited Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}} The Jain texts, both canonical and post-canonical, describe Ayodhya as the location of various shrines, such as those of snake, [[yaksha]] Pasamiya, Muni Suvratasvamin, and Surappia.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}}

It is not clear what happened to Saketa after Kosala was conquered by the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] emperor [[Ajatashatru]] around fifth century BC. There is lack of historical sources about the city's situation for the next few centuries: it is possible that the city remained a commercial centre of secondary importance, but did not grow into a political centre of Magadha, whose capital was located at [[Pataliputra]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=14}} Several Buddhist buildings may have been constructed in the town during the rule of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]] in the third century BC: these buildings were probably located on the present-day human-made mounds in Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=14–18}} Excavations at Ayodhya have resulted in the discovery of a large brick wall, identified as a fortification wall by archaeologist [[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2}} This wall probably erected in the last quarter of the third-century BC.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=19–20}}

[[File:Dhanadeva Ayodhya inscription.jpg|thumb|The [[Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription]], first-century BC]]
[[File:Muladeva coin Kosala.jpg|thumb|Coin of ruler Muladeva, of the [[Deva dynasty (Saketa)|Deva dynasty]] minted in Ayodhya, Kosala. Obv: ''Muladevasa'', elephant to left facing symbol. Rev: Wreath, above symbol, below snake.]]
After the decline of the Maurya empire, Saketa appears to have come under the rule of [[Pushyamitra Shunga]]. The first century BC [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana|inscription of Dhanadeva]] suggests that he appointed a governor there.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=20}} The ''[[Yuga Purana]]'' mentions Saketa as the residence of a governor, and describes it as being attacked by a combined force of [[Yavanas|Greeks]], [[Mathura]]s, and [[Panchala]]s.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=18–19}} Patanjali's commentary on Panini also refers to the Greek siege of Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7,19}}

Later, Saketa appears to have become part of a small, independent kingdom.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18}} The ''Yuga Purana'' states that Saketa was ruled by seven powerful kings after the retreat of the Greeks.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=20}} The ''Vayu Purana'' and the ''Brahmanda Purana'' also state that seven powerful kings ruled in the capital of Kosala. The historicity of these kings is attested by the discovery of the coins of the [[Deva dynasty (Saketa)|Deva dynasty]] kings, including Dhanadeva, whose inscription describes him as the king of Kosala (''Kosaladhipati'').{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=21}} As the capital of Kosala, Saketa probably eclipsed Shravasti in importance during this period. The east–west route connecting Pataliputra to [[Taxila]], which earlier passed through Saketa and Shravasti, appears to have shifted southwards during this period, now passing through Saketa, [[Ahichhatra]] and [[Kanyakubja]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=22}}

After the Deva kings, Saketa appears to have been ruled by the [[Datta dynasty|Datta]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], and Mitra kings, although the chronological order of their rule is uncertain. Bakker theorises that the [[Datta dynasty|Dattas]] succeeded the Deva kings in the mid-1st century AD, and their kingdom was annexed to the Kushan Empire by [[Kanishka]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=24}} The Tibetan text ''Annals of Li Country'' (c. 11th century) mentions that an alliance of king Vijayakirti of [[Khotan]], king Kanika, the king of Gu-zan, and the king of Li, marched to India and captured the So-ked city. During this invasion, Vijayakirti took several Buddhist relics from Saketa, and placed them in the stupa of Phru-no. If Kanika is identified as Kanishka, and So-ked as Saketa, it appears that the invasion of Kushans and their allies led to the destruction of the Buddhist sites at Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=25}}

Nevertheless, Saketa appears to have remained a prosperous town during the Kushan rule.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=25}} The second century geographer [[Ptolemy]] mentions a metropolis "Sageda" or "Sagoda", which has been identified with Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18}} The earliest inscription that mentions Saketa as a place name is dated to the late Kushan period: it was found on the pedestal of a Buddha image in Shravasti, and records the gift of the image by Sihadeva of Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=24}} Before or after the Kushans, Saketa appears to have been ruled by a dynasty of kings whose names end in "-mitra", and whose coins have been found at Ayodhya. They may have been members of a local dynasty that was distinct from the [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] of Mathura. These kings are attested only by their coinage: Sangha-mitra, Vijaya-mitra, Satya-mitra, Deva-mitra, and Arya-mitra; coins of Kumuda-sena and Aja-varman have also been discovered.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=23}}

=== Gupta period ===

Around the fourth century, the region came under the control of the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], who revived [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=26}} The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' attest that the early Gupta kings ruled Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7}} No Gupta-era archaeological layers have been discovered in present-day Ayodhya, although a large number of Gupta coins have been discovered here. It is possible that during the Gupta period, the habitations in the city were located in the areas that have not yet been excavated.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=27}} The Buddhist sites that had suffered destruction during the Khotanese-Kushan invasion appear to have remained deserted.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=25–26}} The fifth-century Chinese traveller [[Faxian]] states that the ruins of Buddhist buildings existed at "Sha-chi" during his time.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=17}} One theory identifies Sha-chi with Saketa, although this identification is not undisputed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=J. C. Aggarwal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3JuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ram Janmabhoomi through the ages: Babri Masjid controversy |last2=N. K. Chowdhry |publisher=S. Chand |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8364-2745-5 |page=7 |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907214041/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3JuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> If Sha-chi is indeed Saketa, it appears that by the fifth century, the town no longer had a flourishing Buddhist community or any important Buddhist building that was still in use.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18}}

An important development during the Gupta time was the recognition of Saketa as the [[Ayodhya (legendary city)|legendary city of Ayodhya]], the capital of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=26}} The 436 AD Karamdanda (Karmdand) inscription, issued during the reign of [[Kumaragupta I]], names Ayodhya as the capital of the Kosala province, and records commander Prithvisena's offerings to Brahmins from Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=28}} Later, the capital of the [[Gupta Empire]] was moved from Pataliputra to Ayodhya. [[Paramartha (Chinese monk)|Paramartha]] states that king Vikramaditya moved the royal court to Ayodhya; Xuanzang also corroborates this, stating that this king moved the court to the "country of Shravasti", that is, Kosala.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=29}} A local oral tradition of Ayodhya, first recorded in writing by [[Robert Montgomery Martin]] in 1838,{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=30}} mentions that the city was deserted after the death of Rama's descendant [[Brihadbala]]. The city remain deserted until King Vikrama of [[Ujjain]] came searching for it, and re-established it. He cut down the forests that had covered the ancient ruins, erected the Ramgar fort, and built 360 temples.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=30}}

Vikramditya was a title of multiple Gupta kings, and the king who moved the capital to Ayodhya is identified as Skandagupta.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=29}} Bakker theorises that the move to Ayodhya may have been prompted by a flooding of the river Ganges at Pataliputra, the need to check the [[Huna people|Huna]] advance from the west, and Skandagupta's desire to compare himself with Rama (whose Ikshvaku dynasty is associated with the legendary Ayodhya).{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=30}} According to Paramaratha's ''Life of Vasubandhu'', Vikramaditya was a patron of scholars, and awarded 300,000 pieces of gold to [[Vasubandhu]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=31}} The text states that Vasubandhu was a native of Saketa ("Sha-ki-ta"), and describes Vikramaditya as the king of Ayodhya ("A-yu-ja").{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=8}} This wealth was used to build three monasteries in the country of A-yu-ja (Ayodhya).{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=31}} Paramartha further states that the later king Baladitya (identified with [[Narasimhagupta]]) and his mother also awarded large sums of gold to Vasubandhu, and these funds were used to build another Buddhist temple at Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=32}} These structures may have been seen by the seventh century Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]], who describes a [[stupa]] and a [[monastery]] at Ayodhya ("O-yu-t-o").{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18, 31}}

=== Decline as a political centre ===
Ayodhya probably suffered when the Hunas led by [[Mihirakula]] invaded the Gupta empire in the sixth century. After the fall of the Guptas, it may have been ruled by the [[Maukhari]] dynasty, whose coins have been found in the nearby areas. It was not devastated, as Xuanzang describes it as a flourishing town and a Buddhist centre.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=32–33}} However, it had lost its position as an important political centre to [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=33–34}} At the time of Xuanzang's visit, it was a part of [[Harsha]]'s empire, and was probably the seat of a vassal or an administrative officer. Xuanzang states that the city measured about 0.6&nbsp;km (20 [[li (unit)|li]]) in circumference. Another seventh-century source, ''[[Kāśikāvṛttī]]'', mentions that the town was surrounded by a moat similar to that around [[Pataliputra]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=33}}

After the fall of Harsha's empire, Ayodhya appears to have been variously controlled by local kings and the rulers of Kannauj, including [[Yashovarman]] and the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s. The town is not mentioned in any surviving texts or inscriptions composed during 650–1050 AD, although it may be identified with the "city of [[Harishchandra]]" mentioned in the eighth-century poem ''[[Gaudavaho]]''. Archaeological evidence (including images to [[Vishnu]], Jain [[tirthankara]]s, [[Ganesha]], the seven [[Matrikas]], and a Buddhist stupa) suggests that the religious activity in the area continued during this period.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=34}}

=== Early medieval period ===
According to Indologist [[Hans T. Bakker]], the only religious significance of Ayodhya in the first millennium AD was related to the ''Gopratara'' [[tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] (now called Guptar Ghat), where Rama and his followers are said to have ascended to heaven by entering the waters of Sarayu.{{sfn|Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage|1982|p=105}}<ref name="paramasivan-2009" />{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=12}}

In the 11th century, the [[Gahadavala]] dynasty came to power in the region, and promoted [[Vaishnavism]]. They built several [[Vishnu]] temples in Ayodhya, five of which survived till the end of [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign. Hans Bakker concludes that there might have been a temple at the supposed birth spot of Rama built by the Gahadavalas (see [[Vishnu Hari inscription]]). In subsequent years, the cult of Rama developed within Vaishnavism, with Rama being regarded as the foremost avatar of Vishnu. Between the 13th and 18th century, Ayodhya's importance as a pilgrimage centre grew.<ref name="paramasivan-2009">{{Cite book |last=Paramasivan |first=Vasudha |title=Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-447-05723-3 |editor-last=Heidi R. M. Pauwels |pages=101–116 |chapter=Yah Ayodhya Vah Ayodhya: Earthly and Cosmic Journeys in the Anand-lahari}}</ref>

In 1226 AD, Ayodhya became the capital of the province of [[Awadh]] (or "Oudh") within the [[Delhi sultanate]]. Muslim historians state that the area was little more than wilderness prior to this. Pilgrimage was tolerated, but the tax on pilgrims ensured that the temples did not receive much income.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}

=== Mughal period ===
[[File:Ayodhya seen from the river Ghaghara, Uttar Pradesh. Coloure Wellcome V0050436.jpg|thumb|right|Ayodhya in 1785 as seen from river [[Ghaghara]]; painting by [[William Hodges]]. It depicts the Svargadvar Ghat. A mosque of Aurangzeb period in the background.<ref>{{harvnb|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|pp=439–440}}: "It is remarkable to note that William Hodges, R.A., who visited Fyzabad and Ayodhya in 1783, made the well known painting of the bank with Svargadvāri mosque."</ref>]]

Under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, the [[Babri mosque]] was constructed in Ayodhya. The city was the capital of the province of [[Awadh]] (pronounced as "Oudh" by the British), which is also believed to be a variant of the name "Ayodhya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Awadh Archives in Ayodhya |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/awadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/awadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the central Muslim rule weakened, and Awadh became virtually independent, with Ayodhya as its capital. However, the rulers became increasingly dependent on the local Hindu nobles, and control over the temples and pilgrimage centres was relaxed.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}{{better source needed|date=August 2020}}

[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|right|[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], showing 'Ajodhia', 1903 map]]

===British period===

In the 1850s, a group of Hindus attacked the Babri mosque, on the grounds that it was built over [[Ram Janmabhoomi|the birthplace]] of the Hindu deity [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christophe Jaffrelot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA92 |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India) |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-14-024602-5 |page=92 |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907214041/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA92 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> To prevent further disputes, British colonial authorities divided the mosque premises between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>P. Carnegy: ''A Historical Sketch of Tehsil Fyzabad'', Lucknow 1870, cited by Harsh Narain, ''The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources'', 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications. {{ISBN|81-85504-16-4}} p.8-9, and by Peter Van der Veer ''Religious Nationalism'', p.153</ref> Ayodhya was annexed in 1856 by the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). The rulers of Awadh were [[Shia]], and the [[Sunni]] groups had already protested against the permissive attitude of the former government. The EIC intervened and managed to suppress the Sunni agitation. In 1857, the British annexed Oudh (Awadh) and subsequently reorganised it into the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}

{{clear left}}

=== Independent India ===
{{Ayodhya debate}}

{{See also|Ayodhya dispute}}

A movement was launched in 1984 by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] party to reclaim the Babri mosque site for a Rama temple. In 1992, a right wing [[Hindu nationalist]] rally turned into a riot, leading to the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the Babri mosque]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amy Chua |url=https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0 |title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – And Why They Fall |publisher=Doubleday |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-51284-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0/page/182 182] |url-access=registration}}</ref> A makeshift temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] for ''[[Ram Lalla Temple|Ram Lalla]]'', infant Rama was constructed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2002 |title=Ram Lalla deity to be taken to Ayodhya |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623012141/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |archive-date=23 June 2004}}</ref> Under the Indian government orders, no one was permitted near the site within 200 yards, and the gate was locked to the outside. Hindu pilgrims, however, began entering through a side door to offer worship.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In 2003, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) carried out an excavation at the mosque site to determine if it was built over the ruins of a temple. The excavation uncovered pillar bases indicating a temple had been in existence under the mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2003 |title=Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926043755/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |archive-date=26 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2003 |title=Evidence of temple found: ASI |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030906030401/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |archive-date=6 September 2003}}</ref> Besides Hindus, the Buddhist and Jain representatives claimed that their temples existed at the excavated site.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chishti |first=Seema |date=14 March 2003 |title=Can Ayodhya dig settle the dispute? |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848393.stm |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192812/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848393.stm |archive-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

On 5 July 2005, [[2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack|five terrorists]] attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with security forces, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered as they attempted to breach the cordon wall.

On 30 September 2010, the [[Lucknow]] bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] ruled that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]], one-third to the [[Nirmohi Akhara]] and one-third to the [[Hindu]] party for the shrine of "Ram Lalla" (infant Rama). The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present be given to Hindus in the final decree, while the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayodhya verdict: Allahabad High Court says divide land in 3 ways |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-433808 |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002110425/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063 |archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Allahabad, Ram Janmbhoomi Babri Masjid Judgement, Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench Hearing Ayodhya Matters |url=http://rjbm.nic.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002000743/http://rjbm.nic.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2010 |access-date=30 September 2010 |publisher=Rjbm.nic.in}}</ref> The judgement, along with evidences provided by the Archaeological Survey of India, upheld that the Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the Hindu temple, which is the birthplace of Rama, and that the mosque was not constructed according to the principles of Islam. The final verdict by the Supreme Court on the case ruled the disputed land in the favour of Hindus for the construction of Ram Mandir and ordered an alternative piece of land be given to the Muslim community for the construction of a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Pathikrit Sen |date=10 November 2019 |title=Ayodhya Verdict: Entire Disputed Site Goes to Hindus for Ram Mandir, Muslims to Get 5 Acres of Alternate Land |work=[[News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109055244/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html |archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2019 |title=Ayodhya Verdict Live Updates: Disputed Land To Be Given For Temple Construction, Muslims To Get 5-Acre Plot In Ayodhya, Says Top Court |work=[[NDTV]] |editor-last=Nair |editor-first=Arun |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704 |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109060357/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |editor2-first=Vaibhav |editor2-last=Tiwari}}</ref>

In a judgement pronounced by a 5 judge bench of the Supreme Court of India on 9 November 2019, the land was handed over to the government to form a trust for the construction of a temple. The court instructed the government to also allot a plot of {{convert|5|acres|ha|order=flip}} in Ayodhya to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque/Masjid.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2019 |title=Ayodhya verdict live: Country's unity strengthened after verdict, say religious leaders |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110001744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms |archive-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

Some South Koreans have identified the "Ayuta" mentioned in their ancient [[Samgungnyusa]] legend with Ayodhya. According to this legend, the ancient Korean princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]] came from Ayuta. In the 2000s, the local government of Ayodhya and South Korea acknowledged the connection and held a ceremony to raise a statue of the princess.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manjul |first=Tarannum |date=21 January 2010 |title=Korean relative of Kings of Ayodhya goes on evidence hunting |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/korean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on-evidence-hunting/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305120500/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/korean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on/569976/ |archive-date=5 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=V N |date=12 September 2004 |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811122813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahn |first=San Whan |date=12 May 2000 |title=Festivities organized to honor Indian princess |work=[[India Abroad]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105030814/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref>

==== Ram temple ====
{{Main|Ram Mandir}}

On 5 August 2020, the prime minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], laid the ceremonial foundation stone for a new temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi|what is believed to be the birthplace of the god, Ram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Avaneesh |date=5 August 2020 |title=Ram temple bhoomi pujan: Ceremony starts at 12.30 pm, PM to offer prayers to idol, address gathering |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075417/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814/ |archive-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2020 |title=Golden chapter, says PM Modi after laying foundation stone for Ram temple |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |editor-last=Tikku |editor-first=Aloke |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/story-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127132120/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/story-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> It was planned to build a new township, Navya Ayodhya, on a {{convert|500|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} site next to the [[Faizabad]]-[[Gorakhpur]] highway, which will have luxury hotels and apartment complexes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Rakesh |date=5 August 2020 |title=Ayodhya breaks ground today |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127132120/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817/ |archive-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>

The Ram Mandir ({{literal translation|Rama Temple}}) is a [[Hindu temple]] complex in Ayodhya, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="the new york times-2024">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Why India's New Ram Temple Is So Important |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206160611/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbc news-2024">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: India PM Modi inaugurates Hindu temple on razed Babri mosque site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095 |access-date=29 February 2024 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-UK |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122144228/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many [[Hindus]] believe that it is located at the site of [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the mythical birthplace of [[Rama]], a principal [[Hindu deities|deity]] of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907194334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=7 May 2020 |title=Land levelling for Ayodhya Ram temple soon, says mandir trust after video conference |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/07/land-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/07/land-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=8 May 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="reuters-2024">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=India's Modi leads consecration of Ram temple in Ayodhya|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-counts-down-opening-grand-ram-temple-ayodhya-2024-01-22 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Reuters |language=en-US|quote="Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi led the consecration on Monday of a grand temple to the Hindu god Lord Ram on a site believed to be his birthplace"}}</ref> The temple was inaugurated<ref name="bbc news-2024" /> on 22 January 2024 after a [[Ram Mandir Prana Pratishtha|prana pratishtha]] (consecration) ceremony.<ref name="the new york times-2024" /><ref name="reuters-2024" />

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|color5=Gold|footer=^ includes [[Christians]] and other religion|label6=Others^|label5=[[Buddhism]]|label4=[[Sikhism]]|label3=[[Jainism]]|label2=[[Islam]]|label1=[[Hinduism]]|color6=Black|color4=DarkKhaki|value1=93.23|color3=Brown|color2=Green|color1=DarkOrange|value6=0.16|value5=0.12|value4=0.14|value3=0.16|value2=6.19|title=Religion in Ayodhya}}
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Ayodhya had a population of 55,890. Males constituted 56.7% of the population and females 43.3%. Ayodhya had an average literacy rate of 78.1%.<ref name="citypopulationde" /> As per the religion data of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], the majority population is of [[Hindus|Hindu]] religion with 93.23%, and [[Muslims]] comes the second with 6.19%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya Nagar Palika Parishad City Population Census 2011–2021 {{!}} Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census.co.in/data/town/801109-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025126/https://www.census.co.in/data/town/801109-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh.html |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Ayodhya Diwali 2021 09.jpg|thumb|[[Deepawali]] being celebrated at [[Ram ki Paidi]] [[ghat]] on the banks of [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Saryu river]] in Ayodhya|left]]Ayodhya has a humid subtropical climate, typical of central India. Summers are long, dry and hot, lasting from late March to mid-June, with average daily temperatures near {{cvt|32|°C|°F}}.<ref name="nagarnigamayodhyain">{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Nagar Nigam, Ayodhya / Ayodhya City / Geographical status |url=http://nagarnigamayodhya.in/pages/en/newtopmenu/ayodhya-city/en-geographical-status |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075417/http://nagarnigamayodhya.in/pages/en/newtopmenu/ayodhya-city/en-geographical-status |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nagarnigamayodhya.in}}</ref> They are followed by the monsoon season which lasts till October, with annual precipitation of approximately {{cvt|1067|mm|in}} and average temperatures around {{cvt|28|°C|°F}}. Winter starts in early November and lasts till the end of January, followed by a short spring in February and early March. Average temperatures are mild, near {{cvt|16|°C|°F}}, but nights can be colder.<ref name="nagarnigamayodhyain" />

{{Weather box|collapsed =
|location = Gokarna
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 24
|Feb high C = 27
|Mar high C = 34
|Apr high C = 40
|May high C = 43
|Jun high C = 41
|Jul high C = 35
|Aug high C = 35
|Sep high C = 34
|Oct high C = 33
|Nov high C = 30
|Dec high C = 26
|Year high C =
|Jan low C = 12
|Feb low C = 14
|Mar low C = 20
|Apr low C = 26
|May low C = 31
|Jun low C = 32
|Jul low C = 29
|Aug low C = 27
|Sep low C = 26
|Oct low C = 24
|Nov low C = 20
|Dec low C = 15
|Year low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 23
|Feb precipitation mm = 18
|Mar precipitation mm = 11
|Apr precipitation mm = 8
|May precipitation mm = 14
|Jun precipitation mm = 113
|Jul precipitation mm = 438
|Aug precipitation mm = 316
|Sep precipitation mm = 219
|Oct precipitation mm = 49
|Nov precipitation mm = 0
|Dec precipitation mm = 2
|Year precipitation mm =
| source = https://weatherandclimate.com/india/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya
|date=}}

== Places of interest ==
[[File:Ayodhya Diwali 2021 12.jpg|centre|789x789px|thumb|Panoramic view of [[Ram ki Paidi]] [[ghat]]]]Ayodhya is an important place of pilgrimage for the Hindus. A verse in the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' names Ayodhya among "the most sacred and foremost cities", the others being [[Mathura]], [[Haridwar|Haridvara]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] and [[Ujjain|Avantika]]. This verse is also found in the other [[Purana]]s with slight variations.{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=2}} In [[Garuda Purana]], Ayodhya is said to be one of seven holiest places for [[Hindus]] in India, with [[Varanasi]] being the most sacrosanct.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stella Kramrisch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3 |title=The Hindu temple, Volume 1 |last2=Raymond Burnier |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1946 |isbn=978-81-208-0223-0 |page=3 |access-date=23 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134513/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, a [[Diwali]] celebration in Ayodhya, broke the Guinness World Record of its previous world record of 1,576,944 for the largest display of [[oil lamps|oil lamp]] with 2,223,676 displayed on the eve of Diwali.<ref>{{cite web |last=Addow |first=Amina |date=17 November 2023 |title=Largest display of oil lamps illuminate Indian city to celebrate Diwali |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2023/11/largest-display-of-oil-lamps-illuminate-indian-city-to-celebrate-diwali-761303 |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Ram Mandir ===
[[File:Ram Janmbhoomi Mandir, Ayodhya Dham.jpg|thumb|282x282px|[[Ram Mandir]] in Ayodhya is believed to be the birthplace of [[Rama]]]]
[[Ram Mandir]], also known as the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir, is a Hindu temple complex under construction in Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Travelli |first1=Alex |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |title=Why India's New Ram Temple Is So Important |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=22 January 2024}}</ref> The site is significant to Hindus as it is believed to be the birthplace of their revered deity [[Rama]]. [[Balak Ram]] or ''the Infant form of Rama'' is the presiding deity of the temple [[Consecration of the Ram Mandir|consecrated on 22 January 2024]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikita |last2=Tiwari |first2=Pushkar |date=23 January 2024 |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir Consecration Highlights: "Jan 22 Not Just A Date, It Is Beginning Of A New Era", Says PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-mandir-ram-temple-ayodhya-pran-pratistha-consecration-ceremony-inauguration-live-breaking-news-updates-4907770 |work=NDTV |agency=India News |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anant |date=25 January 2024 |title=Triumphant Hindu mobs stoke fears in India after Modi delivers temple |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/25/india-ayodhya-hindu-nationalism-attacks/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Hanuman Garhi Fort ===
[[File:Hanuman Garhi Temple, a major religious site in Ayodhya utter pradesh.jpg|thumb|259x259px|Hanuman Garhi Temple]]
[[Hanuman Garhi Temple|Hanuman Garhi]], a massive four-sided fort with circular bastions at each corner and a temple of Hanuman inside, is the most popular shrine in Ayodhya. Situated in the centre of town, it is approachable by a flight of 76 steps. Its legend is that Hanuman lived here in a cave and guarded the Janambhoomi, or Ramkot. The main temple contains the statue of Maa Anjani with Bal Hanuman seated on her lap. The faithful believe wishes are granted with a visit to the shrine. [[Kanak Bhawan]] is a temple said to have been given to [[Sita]] and Rama by Rama's stepmother [[Kaikeyi]] as a wedding gift, and only contains statues of Sita with her husband.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanak Bhawan {{!}} District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/tourist-place/kanak-bhawan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://ayodhya.nic.in/tourist-place/kanak-bhawan/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ramkot ===
Ramkot is the main place of worship in Ayodhya, and the site of the ancient citadel of its namesake, standing on elevated ground in the western city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, it attracts devotees from all over the world on "[[Ram Navami]]", the day of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami is celebrated with great pomp in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]], which falls between March and April. Swarg Dwar is believed to be the site of cremation of Rama. Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat are ancient earth mounds, the first identified by a stupa built by the emperor [[Ashoka]], and the second is an ancient monastery. Treta ke Thakur is a temple standing at the site of the [[Ashvamedha]] Yajnya of Rama. Three centuries prior, the Raja of Kulu built a new temple here, which was improved by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] of Indore in 1784, the same time the adjacent Ghats were built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Sarayu and placed in the new temple, which was known as Kaleram-ka-Mandir. Chhoti Devkali Mandir is the temple of goddess Ishani, or Durga, Kuldevi of Sita.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Satya |date=10 October 2018 |title=माता सीता की कुल देवी के रूप में विराजमान हैं माँ छोटी देवकाली |language=hindi |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |url=https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/chhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/chhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162/ |archive-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

=== Nageshwarnath Temple ===
The temple of Nageshwarnath was established by [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]], son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet while bathing in the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], and it was retrieved by a Nag-Kanya who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush built her this temple. It was the only temple to survive when Ayodhya was abandoned until the time of [[Vikramaditya]]. While the rest of city was in ruin and covered by dense forest, this temple allowed Vikramaditya to recognise the city. The festival of [[Shivratri]] is celebrated here with great splendor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Dharmendra |date=13 February 2018 |title=रामनगरी अयोध्या में आज महाशिवरात्रि पर भोले की बम-बम |language=hi |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html |archive-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

===Shri Valmiki Ramayana Bhawan===
[[File:Main entrance of shri Valmiki Ramayana bhawan, ayodhya.jpg|thumb|Shri Valmiki Ramayana Bhawan]]
Shri Valmiki Ramayan Bhawan (श्री वाल्मीकि रामायण भवन) is a prominent religious and cultural site located in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India. The Bhawan is dedicated to Maharishi Valmiki, the Adi Kavi (first poet) and author of the Ramayana. The complex serves as a center for the recitation, study, and promotion of the Ramayana. Devotees and scholars gather here regularly to read and listen to the epic, keeping alive the spiritual and cultural heritage of Lord Rama’s life and teachings. The architecture of the building reflects traditional North Indian temple style with marble structures and decorative domes.

=== Other places of interest ===
* [[Brahma Kund]]
* [[Ram ki Paidi]]

<gallery>
File:Idols of Prabhu Shri Rama and Sita Mata, Kanak Bhavan, Ayodhya, Faizabad, U.P., India.JPG|[[Kanak Bhawan]] Temple dedicated to [[Rama]] and his consort [[Sita]] is in the centre of Ayodhya.
File:Ayodhya city.jpg|Ayodhya Ghaat on the banks of the [[Ghaghara]] river
File:Saryu.JPG|Ghaghra river, locally known as Saryu
File:Hanuman Garih Temple, Ayodhya, Faizabad (U.P.), India.JPG|Hanuman Garhi temple
File:Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya.jpg|Vijayraghav Mandir
File:Saryu River Bank, Ayodhya, Faizabad, (U.P.), India..JPG|Steps on the banks of the Ghaghara river
File:Naya ghat, Saryu river, ayodhya.jpg|Boats in the Naya ghat on the Ghaghara river
</gallery>

=== Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok ===
The legendary princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]], who married king [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya]] of Korea, is believed by some to be a native of Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |title=Samguk Yusa |publisher=Yonsei University Press |year=1972 |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |location=Seoul}}</ref> In 2001, a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok]] was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2001 |title=Korean memorial to Indian princess |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803000831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm |archive-date=3 August 2019 |via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132456/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html |date=12 December 2019 }}, 1 March 2016, WebIndia123</ref>

== Sister cities ==
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gimhae]], South Korea
** The mayors of Ayodhya and Gimhae signed a sister city bond in March 2001, based on Ayodhya's identification as the birthplace of the legendary queen [[Heo Hwang-ok]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=V N |date=12 September 2004 |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322144105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms |archive-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Janakpur]], Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823152314/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
** Ayodhya and Janakpur became sister cities in November 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2014 |title=PM Narendra Modi signs 10 agreements with Nepal, inaugurates bus service |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service/articleshow/45278008.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920152250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service/articleshow/45278008.cms |archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> Ayodhya is the birthplace of [[Rama]] and Janakpur is the birthplace of his consort, [[Sita]].

== Transportation ==
=== Road ===
Ayodhya is connected by road to several major cities and towns, including [[Lucknow]] ({{cvt|130|km}}), [[Gorakhpur]] ({{cvt|140|km}}), [[Prayagraj]] ({{cvt|160|km}}), [[Varanasi]] ({{cvt|200|km}}) and [[Delhi]] ({{cvt|636|km}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach {{!}} District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831072916/https://ayodhya.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

A direct bus service has been started between Ayodhya and [[Janakpur]] (birthplace of Sita), in Nepal as a part of Ramayana circuit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2018 |title=Modi, Oli Jointly Inaugurate Janakpur-Ayodhya Direct Bus Service |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to/311857 |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511082244/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to/311857 |archive-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
The city is on the broad gauge Northern Railway line on Pandit Din Dayal Upadhyay Junction and Lucknow main route with [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Junction]] and [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station|Ayodhya Cantt]] railway stations.

Ramayana Circuit Train : Special Train that runs from Delhi to main sites of the Ramayana Circuit<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2022 |title=Explained: The Ramayan Railway Circuit That Will Retrace The Epic In 8,000 Kms Journey |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212051436/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Ayodhya Junction railway station, Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|[[Ayodhya Dham Junction railway station]]]]

=== Flight ===
The nearest airports are [[Maharishi Valmiki International Airport Ayodhya Dham|Maharishi Valmiki International Airport, Ayodhyadham]], {{cvt|5|km}} away, [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in Lucknow, {{cvt|134|km}} away, and [[Prayagraj Airport]], {{cvt|166|km}} away.
[[File:Ayodhya International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Ayodhya Airport|Maharishi Valmiki International Airport, Ayodhyadham]]]]

== See also ==
* [[Sapta Puri]]
* [[Haridwar]]
* [[Devashila Yatra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Arya |first=S. N. |year=1990 |title=Historicity of Ayodhya |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=51 |pages=44–48 |jstor=44148186}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |year=1982 |title=The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage |url=https://archive.org/details/AyodhyaAsPageOfPilgrimageHTBakker_201801/page/n0 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=24 |pages=103–126 |doi=10.1163/000000082790081267 |s2cid=161957449 |ref={{sfnref|Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage|1982}} |number=2}}
* {{Citation |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=Ayodhya, Part 1: The History of Ayodhya from the seventh century BC to the middle of the 18th century |year=1984 |place=Groningen |publisher=Egbert Forsten |isbn=90-6980-007-1 |ref={{sfnref|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |year=1991 |title=Ayodhyā: A Hindu Jerusalem: An Investigation of 'Holy War' as a Religious Idea in the Light of Communal Unrest in India |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Ayodhy%C4%81%3A+A+Hindu+Jerusalem%3A+An+Investigation+of+%27Holy+War%27+as+a+Religious+Idea+in+the+Light+of+Communal+Unrest+in+India&btnG= |url-status=live |journal=Numen |volume=38 |pages=80–109 |doi=10.2307/3270005 |jstor=3270005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025125/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Ayodhy%C4%81%3A+A+Hindu+Jerusalem%3A+An+Investigation+of+%27Holy+War%27+as+a+Religious+Idea+in+the+Light+of+Communal+Unrest+in+India&btnG= |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |ref={{sfnref|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}} |number=1|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=Rama and Ayodhya |publisher=Aryan Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-7305-451-8 |location=New Delhi |ref={{sfnref|Jain, Rama and Ayodhya|2013}} |author-link=Meenakshi Jain}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hill |first=John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0AJQgAACAAJ |title=Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes During the Later Han Dynasty first to second Centuries CE |publisher=BookSurge |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4392-2134-1 |ref={{sfnref|Hill, Through the Jade Gate to Rome|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kunal |first=Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ |title=Ayodhya Revisited |publisher=Ocean |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5 |ref={{sfnref|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016}} |author-link=Kishore Kunal}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |year=1997 |title=Imagining Ayodhya: Utopia and its Shadows in a Hindu Landscape |url=https://documents.pub/document/imagining-ayodhya-utopia-and-its-shadows-in-a-hindu-landscape.html |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=1 |pages=19–54 |doi=10.1007/s11407-997-0011-z |jstor=20106448 |s2cid=144225912 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125013736/https://documents.pub/document/imagining-ayodhya-utopia-and-its-shadows-in-a-hindu-landscape.html |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |ref={{sfnref|Lutgendorf, Imagining Ayodhya|1997}} |number=1|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand |title=Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/97 97] |ref={{sfnref|Gyanendra Pandey|2006}} |author-link=Gyanendra Pandey (historian) |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP3qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |title=Key Issues in Historical Theory |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-51946-1 |ref={{sfnref|Herman Paul|2015}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Narain |first=Harsh |title=The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources |year=1993 |place=Delhi |publisher=Penman Publishers}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Dhavalikar |first=M. K. |title=Reviewed Work(s): AYODHYĀ Part I (Pts. I-III) by Hans Bakker |work=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=69 |issue=1/4 |pages=319–320 |year=1988 |jstor=41693795}}
* {{Citation |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya |year=2017 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-579-9}}
* {{Citation |last=B. B. Lal |title=Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBwPgAACAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Aryan Books |isbn=978-81-7305-345-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Legge |first=James |title=A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) |year=1886 |others=New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Shourie |first=Arun |title=The Ayodhya Reference: Supreme Court Judgement and Commentaries |year=1995 |place=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Voice of India]] |isbn=978-81-85990-30-9 |last4=Jois |first4=Rama J |author-link=Arun Shourie |author-link2=Arun Jaitley |author-link3=Swapan Dasgupta}}
* {{Citation |last1=Shourie |first1=Arun |title=Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I |year=1990 |publisher=A Preliminary Survey |isbn=81-85990-49-2 |last2=Goel |first2=Sita Ram |last3=Narain |first3=Harsh |last4=Dubashi |first4=Jay |last5=Swarup |first5=Ram |author-link=Arun Shourie |author-link2=Sita Ram Goel |author-link5=Ram Swarup}}
* {{Citation |last=Thomas |first=F. W. |title=Sandanes, Nahapāna, Caṣṭana and Kaniṣka: Tung-li P'an-ch'i and Chinese Turkestan |page=90 |year=1944 |chapter=New Indian Antiquary VII}}
* {{Citation |last=Watters |first=Thomas |title=On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D. |volume=5 |year=1904–1905 |others=Mushiram Manoharlal: Delhi |place=London |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society}}
* {{Citation |title=Ajodhya State |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_182.gif |page=174 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224130015/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_182.gif |url-status=live |publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |archive-date=24 February 2021}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}{{EB1911 poster|Ajodhya}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Faizabad district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ayodhya| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Capitals of ancient kingdoms in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Rama]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]

2008 Indian Federation Cup

2026-03-11T03:21:10Z

Akivulhasan876: brief fixed information also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|30th edition of the Federation Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = 2008 Federation Cup
| dates = 4–21 December 2008
| other_titles =
| image = File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png
| imagesize =
| caption = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] hosted the final on 21 December 2008
| country = India
| num_teams = 16
| champions = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| count = 13
| runner-up = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| continentalcup1 = [[2009 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| matches =
| goals =
| top goal scorer =
| player =
| prevseason = [[2007 Indian Federation Cup|2007]]
| nextseason = [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup|2009–10]]
}}
The '''2008 Indian Federation Cup''' was the 30th season of the [[Indian Federation Cup]]. It was held between 4 and 21 December 2008. The cup winner were guaranteed a place in the [[2009 AFC Cup]].

==Results==

===Semi-finals===
Play was halted for eight minutes during the first semi-final after Dempo's [[Ranti Martins]] collided head-on with Churchill Brothers' [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna]] in the 73rd minute, after the two rose for a corner kick from the former's teammate [[Robert Lalthlamuana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Martins, Kalu injury mar Dempo win – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/martins-kalu-injury-mar-dempo-win/400378/ |accessdate=13 July 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 December 2008 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

{{Football box
|date=18 December 2008
|time=15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score=2–0
|report=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Mohun-Bagan-enters-final/article15363989.ece
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=
* [[Ranti Martins|Martins]] {{goal|13}}
* [[Clifford Miranda|Miranda]] {{goal|58}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=Shaji Kurian ([[Kerala Football Association|Kerala]])
}}
----
{{Football box
|date=18 December 2008
|time=18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–1
|aet=yes
|report=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bagan-hold-nerve-move-into-final/400376/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Sanju Pradhan|Pradhan]] {{goal|61}}
|goals2=[[José Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]] {{goal|65}}
|penalties1=
* [[Parveen Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Mehtab Hossain|Hossain]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Jayanta Sen|Sen]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore=3–5
|penalties2=
* {{pengoal}} [[José Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Marcos Alexandro de Carvalho Pereira|Pereira]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick|Bhowmick]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Lalawmpuia Pachuau|Pachuau]]
* {{pengoal}} [[James Lukram Singh|JL Singh]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Final===
{{Football box
|date=21 December 2008
|time=16:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score=0–1
|report=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Mohun-Bagan-bags-Federation-Cup/article15365799.ece
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[José Ramirez Barreto|Barreto]] {{goal|68}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]], Kolkata
|attendance=
|referee=T. Pradeep Kumar ([[Tamil Nadu Football Association|Tamil Nadu]])
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201121101950/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09fedcup.html 30th Federation Cup 2008] at indianfootball.de

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2008–09 in Indian football}}
{{2008 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:Indian Federation Cup seasons|2008]]
[[Category:2008–09 in Indian football|Federation Cup]]
[[Category:2008 in domestic association football cups]]

Dennis Simoes

2026-03-08T17:51:14Z

Akivulhasan876: creating the details added tags

{{Short description|Portuguese theatre actor and female impersonator}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dennis Simoes
| image = Dennis Simoes.jpg
| caption = Simoes performing in the ''[[tiatr]] Gorb''
| birth_date = {{circa|1901}}
| birth_place = [[Candolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| other_names = D. Simoes
| death_date = {{circa}}{{death year and age|1957|1901}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Theatre actor|female impersonator}}
| spouse = Carlota Simoes
| years_active = 1930s–{{circa|1957}}
}}

'''Dennis Simoes''' ({{circa|1901}} – {{circa|1957}}) was a Portuguese theatre actor and [[Drag queen|female impersonator]] known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Career==
Simoes was introduced to the realm of commercial ''[[tiatr]]'', a distinctive form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]], by playwright [[Aleixinho De Candolim]] during one of his productions. This encounter marked the beginning of Simoes' involvement in several ''tiatrs'' led by the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer [[Minguel Rod]]. It was through his collaborations with Minguel Rod that Simoes gained prominence as an actor, captivating audiences in [[Goa]] and leaving an impression on the ''tiatr'' community. Minguel Rod, recognizing Simoes' abilities, astutely crafted roles that perfectly complemented his skills within the framework of his ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=72}}</ref> Simoes garnered acclaim for his portrayal of a ''bhattkar'' ([[landlord]]) in Minguel Rod's ''Intruz vo Carnaval'' (Intruz or Carnival), a role that elevated his status and continues to be revered to this day. Throughout his career, Simoes assumed a diverse range of characters, including ''bhattkars'' (landlords), fathers, and ''gouio'' ([[simpleton]]). One notable performance included his portrayal of a simpleton [[bridegroom]] in ''Farikponn'' (Amends), a ''tiatr'' by the Konkani actor [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony De Sa]]. Simoes also exhibited versatility by [[Cross-gender acting|embodying female characters]], demonstrating his finesse as a [[Drag queen|female impersonator]]. His portrayal of a simpleton bride in the Konkani film actor [[C. Alvares]]' ''Conn To Mali?'' (Who is that gardener?) further solidified his popularity and recognition. Moreover, Simoes had the opportunity to collaborate with a host of popular artists in the'' tiatr Gorb'' (Pride), a production scripted and directed by the Goan theater actor and singer P. Nazareth (Peter Anthony Nazareth). The ensemble cast featured figures such as the Konkani comedian [[Jacinto Vaz]], singer [[Remmie Colaço]], and the film actor Shaikh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=23, 62, 78 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-28 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Tiatr Gorb by P. Nazareth.jpg|thumb|From left to right: [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Remmie Colaço]], Shaikh, and Simoes during a performance in ''Gorb tiatr''.]]
Simoes was among the early Goan Konkani ''[[tiatrist]]s'' who played a pivotal role in advancing the Konkani ''tiatr'' tradition throughout the first half of the 20th century. During this period, various ''tiatrists'' had varying degrees of longevity and made significant contributions as playwrights and song composers. Simoes was a member of the [[trio (music)|trio]] known as Kid-Young-Rod, known for their trio songs that drew large crowds to the theaters. Any ''tiatr'' production presented under the banner of Kid ([[Kid Boxer]])-Young (Young Menezes)-Rod (Minguel Rod) guaranteed a sold-out performance. Simoes collaborated with fellow members of this group, including [[Master Vaz]], Edward Almeida, [[Miss Marekin]], C. Pereira, Miss Julie, Miss Estrela, and Cruz Jazzwala. Over time, some members departed, and their positions were filled by [[Valente Mascarenhas]], Joao Inas, P. Nazareth, and Andrew Ferns.<ref name=":0" /> Simoes actively participated in the early phase of ''tiatr'' from 1892 to the 1930s, a period recognized as the pioneering era by professor André Raphael Fernandes of [[Goa University]], an author on the subject. During this period, playwrights were the trailblazers and the first to reap the rewards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=135–136 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-28 |archive-date=2024-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129152520/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Konkani writer and historian [[Wilson Mazarello]], in an article for ''[[The Times of India]]'', acknowledges Simoes as one of the early Konkani ''tiatrists'' who captivated audiences in both [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and Goa with his theatrical performances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-22 |title=When the tiatr had its season in the sun |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-the-tiatr-had-its-season-in-the-sun/articleshow/51936832.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220135833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-the-tiatr-had-its-season-in-the-sun/articleshow/51936832.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dennis Simoes, born in 1901 in the town of [[Candolim]] in [[Bardez]] taluka, [[Goa]], had a relatively obscure early and personal life, with limited accessible information through online and print sources. During that period, Goa was under Portuguese rule as part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now located in India). Later in life, Simoes relocated to [[Bombay]], which was part of [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[British India]] and is presently recognized as Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India. In Bombay, he entered into a marriage with Carlota Simoes, a well-known ''dixtticarn'' ([[exorcist]] or individual specializing in expelling [[evil spirits]]) from the [[Byculla]] locality in [[South Bombay]], now referred to as South Mumbai, India. Simoes spent the remainder of his life in Bombay until his death in 1957.<ref name=":1" />

==Selected stage works==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|Possibly 1930s
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Unnamed role
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Before 1947
|''Intruz vo Carnaval''
|''Bhattkar'' ([[landlord]])
|
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Farikponn''
|[[Simpleton]] bridegroom
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1945
|''Conn To Mali?''
|Female role; simpleton bride
|
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|1940s/1950s
|''Gorb''
|Unnamed role
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simoes, Dennis}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]

Hiranya (film)

2026-03-05T18:52:49Z

Akivulhasan876: created a data!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hiranya
| image = Hiranya (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prawin Avyukth
| producer = {{Ubl| Vigneshwara Gowda
| Vijay Gowda Bidharahalli}}
| writer = Prawin Avyukth
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Rajavardan]]
* Rihana
* Divya Suresh
* Huli Karthik
* Aravind Rao
* Dileep Shetty
* Girish}}
| music = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cinematography = Yogeshwaran R
| editing = Jnaanesh B Matad
| studio = Vedas Infinite Pictures
| released = {{film date|2024|7|19|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Hiranya''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by Prawin Avyukth in his directorial debut.<ref name=":TNIE1" /> The film stars [[Rajavardan]], Rihana, Divya Suresh, Huli Karthik, Aravind Rao, Dileep Shetty, and Girish.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajavardan]] as Raana
* Rihana as Abhinaya aka Abhi
* Divya Suresh as a [[call girl]]
* Huli Karthik
* Aravind Rao as Satyaprakash, Abhinaya's brother
* Dileep Shetty as Dileep Kumar
* Girish

== Production ==
Prawin Avyukth, known for directing short films like ''Saha'', ''Gumma'', and ''Kalla Kannu'', makes his feature film debut with this film. Prawin Avyukth's initial preference for the lead role was an actor like [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] or [[Sudeepa]]. However, as a newcomer, he was unable to cast them, and instead opted for [[Rajavardan]] after being impressed by his performance in ''[[Bicchugatti]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Hiranya isn't just about spectacle, it's about impactful storytelling : Prawin Avyukth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/16/hiranya-isnt-just-about-spectacle-its-about-impactful-storytelling-prawin-avyukth |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> particularly in the film's fight sequences.<ref name=":TNIE2">{{cite news |title='Hiranya' has transformed me into a complete action hero: Rajavardan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/May/15/hiranya-has-transformed-me-into-a-complete-action-hero-rajavardan-2575396.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2022, it was announced that Rihana would play the female lead in the film, marking her Kannada debut. Principal photography was reportedly set to commence on 21 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rihana to mark her Kannada debut in Rajavardan's Hiranya |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Feb/16/rihana-to-mark-her-kannada-debut-in-rajavardans-hiranya-29768.html |work=Cinema Express |date=10 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, it was reported that [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 8|''Bigg Boss Kannada'' season 8]] fame Divya Suresh would be joining the sets from 9 March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Divya Suresh to star alongside Rajavardan in Hiranya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Mar/05/divya-suresh-to-star-alongside-rajavardan-in-hiranya-2426426.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The title ''Hiranya'' was originally registered under [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]'s banner, but he granted permission for Rajavardan to use it for his film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raj Vardhan-Starrer Kannada Film Hiranya Trailer Out |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/raj-vardhan-starrer-kannada-film-hiranya-trailer-out-article-111711248/amp |work=Times Now |date=13 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720162132/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/raj-vardhan-starrer-kannada-film-hiranya-trailer-out-article-111711248/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was primarily shot in and around [[Bangalore]]. The film's fight sequences were choreographed by Vinod and Arjun.<ref name=":TNIE2" /> The film was produced by Vigneshwara Gowda and Vijay Gowda Bidharahalli under the banner of Vedas Infinite Pictures.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bicchugatti' actor Rajavardan pledges his eyes on birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bicchugatti-actor-rajavardan-pledges-his-eyes-on-birthday/articleshow/90439058.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hiranya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:03
| language = Kannada
| label = MRT Music
| producer =
| chronology = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| prev_title = [[Not Out (film)|Not Out]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Judah Sandhy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Padhe Padhe [From "Hiranya - The Hitman"] |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/padhe-padhe-feat.-rajavardan-rihana-divya-suresh-from-hiranya-the-hitman/LFPOpqgFxTo_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=13 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nanagantaane [From "Hiranya - The Hitman"] |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nanagantaane-feat.-rajavardan-rihana-divya-suresh-from-hiranya-the-hitman/MoruHEJj1QA_ |website=JioSaavn |date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Baila Baila [From "Hiranya - The Hitman"] |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/baila-baila-feat.-rajavardan-rihana-divya-suresh/7O8aVqILu1c_ |website=JioSaavn |date=16 July 2024}}</ref> The song "Nanagantaane" was released on 26 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Song from 'Hiranya' Celebrates Motherly Love |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/new-song-from-hiranya-celebrates-motherly-love-article-111358353/amp |work=Times Now |date=29 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630053733/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/new-song-from-hiranya-celebrates-motherly-love-article-111358353/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":TNIE1">{{cite news |title='Hiranya's' latest song 'Nanagantaane' gives a touching tribute to maternal love |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/04/hiranyas-latest-song-nanagantaane-gives-a-touching-tribute-to-maternal-love |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Padhe Padhe
| length1 = 3:29
| lyrics1 = Pramod Maravante
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| title2 = Nanagantaane
| length2 = 4:19
| lyrics2 = Pramod Maravante
| extra2 = [[Supriyaa Ram]]
| title3 = Baila Baila
| length3 = 4:15
| lyrics3 = Prawin Avyukth
| extra3 = [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| total_length = 12:03
}}

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Commercial entertainers bring in fan moments and reach a wide audience: Rajavardan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/18/commercial-entertainers-bring-in-fan-moments-and-reach-a-wide-audience-rajavardan |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "The movie follows the usual tried and tested action film formula, but several twists keep the audience hooked to the screen."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hiranya Movie Review : Hiranya review: A regular commercial saga with a creative narration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hiranya/movie-review/111879334.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 July 2024}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "It's a baby's day out but with a hitman, who first kidnaps and then does everything to save the baby. ''Hiranya'' is a one-time watch but be ready for the overloaded action and drama that comes along with it."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hiranya Movie Review: The Same Old Saga Of Evil Turning Good And Vice Versa! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/hiranya-movie-review-the-same-old-saga-of-evil-turning-good-and-vice-versa-review-111829973/amp |work=Times Now |date=18 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Y Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "Rihana, who debuts as a heroine with this movie, has acted well. Huli Karthik and Aravind Rao have given good support. The disadvantage of the movie is too many twists and action scenes. It is worth a watch if you enjoy action films."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review-Hiranya: Action galore with smattering of romance - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-hiranya-action-galore-with-smattering-of-romance/articleshow/111890460.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 July 2024}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted that "The film explores shades of good and evil while crafting a narrative that transcends mere action and inviting viewers to contemplate the transformative power of unexpected events and choices during moments of conflict".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Hiranya Movie Review: A newborn's tale of survival amidst action-packed drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Jul/19/hiranya-movie-review-a-newborns-tale-of-survival-amidst-action-packed-drama |work=Cinema Express |date=8 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Jeevanamsam

2026-03-04T05:10:27Z

Akivulhasan876: created new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jeevanamsam
| image = Jeevanamsam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Malliyam Rajagopal
| writer = Malliyam Rajagopal
| based_on = {{based on|''Jeevanamsam''|Malliyam Rajagopal}}
| producer = Das and Das
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]]
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Malliyam Productions
| distributor = Doss & Doss
| released = {{film date|1968|10|21|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 4724 ft
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jeevanamsam''''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|iː|v|ə|n|ɑː|m|s|əm}} {{translation|Alimony}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed and written by Malliyam Rajagopal.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=10 November 1968 |title=ஜீவனாம்சம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1968-11-10/page/n67/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240402140055/https://archive.org/details/kalki1968-11-10/page/n67/mode/2up |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film, his directorial debut,<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=18 April 2024 |title=கடும் போராட்டங்களை சந்தித்த பழம்பெரும் நடிகை சி.ஆர்.விஜயகுமாரி!.. நடந்தது இதுதான்..! |url=https://cinereporters.com/the-legendary-actress-who-faced-tough-struggles-as-an-ambitious-actress-this-is-what-happened/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418130229/https://cinereporters.com/the-legendary-actress-who-faced-tough-struggles-as-an-ambitious-actress-this-is-what-happened/ |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref> is based on his play of the same name.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Jeevanamsam |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Malliyam Productions |year=1968 |time=0:12 |time-caption=Opening credits, at}}</ref> It stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], while [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Pushpalatha]], [[Sivakumar]], debutante [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] (as a leading actress)<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=31 August 2006 |title=Every day is a learning experience, says Lakshmi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/every-day-is-a-learning-experience-says-lakshmi/article3098168.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612113630/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/every-day-is-a-learning-experience-says-lakshmi/article3098168.ece |archive-date=12 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Bindu Gopal |date=17 January 2015 |title=For old times' sake |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/454048/for-old-times-sake.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162523/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/454048/for-old-times-sake.html |archive-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> and [[Nagesh]] play pivotal roles. The film, released on 21 October 1968,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 1968 |title=Jeevanamsam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19681021&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> was successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 November 2008 |title=Bond of Tamil screen |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Bond-of-Tamil-screen/article15400631.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523044200/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Bond-of-Tamil-screen/article15400631.ece |archive-date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=மூன்றாவது நாயகர்கள் - பகுதி 4 {{!}} ஜெய்சங்கர் எனும் மூடிமறைக்கப்பட்ட அற்புதம்! |url=https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/special-article/45197-third-rank-heroes-of-tamil-cinema-a-wonderful-actor-jai-shankar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330061911/https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/special-article/45197-third-rank-heroes-of-tamil-cinema-a-wonderful-actor-jai-shankar.html |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=News TM |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Moorthi
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]] as Lalitha
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Balu
* [[Pushpalatha]] as Viji
* [[Nagesh]] as Advocate Ramanujam
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Janaki
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Moorthi's uncle
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Lalitha & Balu's father
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Meenakshi, Lalitha & Balu's mother
* [[Sivakumar]] as Sabapathy
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Lalitha, Moorthi's sister
* [[A. Veerappan|Veerappan]] as Janu's husband
* [[Sachu]] as Janu
* [[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Lalitha's & Balu's grandpa
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] as Lalitha & Balu's grandmother
*[[K. Vijayan]]
*[[Samikannu|A. Samikannu]] as Sabapathi's father}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and Malliyam Rajagopal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeevanamsam |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/jeevanamsam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240418140525/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/jeevanamsam |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=TamilSongsLyrics123}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Akkakko Kai Kai Malar Kai" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 03:51
|-
| "Enakkulle Nee Irukka Unakkulle" — Happy || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:20
|-
| "Enakkulle Nee Irukka Unakkulle" — Sad || P. Susheela || 03:20
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0290680}}

[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1968 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1968 drama films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bachchan (2013 film)

2026-03-03T21:20:34Z

Akivulhasan876: fix content additionally and updated info

{{short description|2013 film by Shashank}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bachchan
| image = Bachchan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]]
| producer = [[Uday K. Mehta]]
| writer = Shashank
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sudeepa]]|[[Parul Yadav]]}}
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Shekhar Chandra
| editing = Sri Crazymindz
| studio = Sri Venkateshwara Krupa Entertainers
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|04|11|ref1=}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bachchan-to-release-on-april-11/articleshow/19003548.cms|title=Bachchan to release on April 11|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 March 2013}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹10.5 crore<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Sudeep ruled box-office in 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-ruled-box-office-in-2013/articleshow/27580381.cms |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The Times of India |date=18 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref> to ₹11 crore <ref name="coll">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/dec/30/sandalwood-report-card-557121.html | title=Sandalwood Report Card | date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>
| gross = ₹20 crore<ref name=":0" /><ref name="coll" />
}}
'''''Bachchan''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Psychological film|psychological]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] and starring [[Sudeepa]], [[Parul Yadav]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], and [[Tulip Joshi]] in the lead roles.<ref name="v">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Bhavana-is-the-third-actress-in-Bachchan/articleshow/13686748.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-interviews/31920636_1_bhavana-ravi-shankar-bachchan |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2013 |title=Bhavana is the third actress in Bachchan |date=31 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 June 2012}}</ref> The musical score and soundtrack were composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] and cinematography was handled by Shekar Chandru.

''Bachchan'' was released on 11 April 2013 in [[India]] and was also released in [[Dubai]] and other countries like Germany and Australia ([[Perth]], [[Melbourne]] and [[Adelaide]]). The film was successful at the box office.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Bachchan-to-release-in-Germany-and-Australia/articleshow/20521172.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615022926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/news-interviews/39872005_1_australia-parul-yadav-film | url-status=live | archive-date=15 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Bachchan to release in Germany and Australia | date=10 June 2013}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Telugu and Hindi with the same name and in Tamil as ''Murattu Kaidhi'' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S Saraswathi |date=5 March 2015 |title=Which Tamil film will you watch this weekend? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/which-tamil-film-will-you-watch-this-weekend/20150305.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810091142/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/which-tamil-film-will-you-watch-this-weekend/20150305.htm |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
The core plot of the movie was used in the 2016 Bangladeshi film ''[[Mental (2016 film)|Mental]]''.

==Plot==
An anonymous person murders [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Mahesh Deshpande and Dr. Srinivas Iyengar. After an intense cat-and-mouse chase from the police. The person gets caught in the truck accident and is taken into custody. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] appoints Vijaykumar to investigate, who later interrogates the suspect. In the interrogation room. The person reveals himself as Bharath, a [[real estate]] dealer where he narrates that Jayaraj (a real estate kingpin), Dr. Srinivas Iyengar and SI Mahesh Deshpande had tortured Bharath for many days and had brainwashed Anjali to commit suicide during their wedding anniversary.

Vijaykumar investigates the incidents, only to learn from Anjali (who is actually alive) and a psychiatrist that Bharath has [[schizophrenia]], which resulted in him thinking that Anjali was killed by them. Bharath is admitted to [[NIMHANS]] where he undergoes treatment but escapes from the asylum where he tracks Jayaraj at his nightclub and whisks him away in a sheep truck. After a complaint from a lawyer due to a minor accident. Vijay Kumar deduces that Bharath is pretending to be ill and the murders were planned by him, his and Anjali's family. Vijay Kumar brings Bharath and Anjali's family where they divulge the truth behind these murders. Bharath was in love with Anjali's sister Ashwini, who is completing her [[Master of Science|MS]] in Bellary.

Ashwini learnt from Sanyappa and his wife Lakshmavva about the [[Crime|illegal]] [[mining]] activities resulting in water being contaminated and leading to diseases which destroyed their village inhabitants and also their infant child. Ashwini encouraged the villagers to protest against the factory by complaining to the [[District Collector|DC]]. However, the next morning, Ashwini found the village destroyed and reported to SI Deshpande where she is taken to Madhusudhan, who is a cabinet minister along with his partner Jayaraj. It is revealed that Deshpande and Dr. Iyengar were in cahoots with them and also revealed that they orchestrated the massacre when the villagers were ready to complain against them. They brutally killed Ashwini and buried her. Sanyappa, who escaped from the massacre learnt about Bharath and revealed Ashwini's death.

Devastated, Bharath and the family planned together to avenge Ashwini's death and distract the cops. After revealing the truth, Anjali tells that Bharath has brought Jayaraj and Madhusudhan at the latter's mining den where Vijay Kumar heads towards the mines. At the mines, Bharath kills Madhusudhan and Jayaraj by using the Haul truck, thereby avenging Ashwini's death. Sanyappa accidentally dies by burning the truck. Bharath surrenders to the police and the [[news coverage]] reports about Jayaraj and Madhusudhan's death in the accident at their mining. The mining is seised and strict actions will be taken against the miners for any harmful activities. Three months later, Vijay Kumar gives a false [[testify|testimation]] and saves Bharath from prison term, believing that he did the right thing in killing the anti-social elements. Bharath is released from custody and reunited with his family.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sudeepa]] as Bharath [[Pseudonym|aka]] Bachchan
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Ashwini, Bharath's love interest
* [[Parul Yadav]] as Anjali, Ashwini's younger sister
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Vijay Kumar, special branch Investigation officer
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Jayaraj, a land mafia crime boss
* [[Tulip Joshi]] as Monica
* [[Jai Jagadish (Kannada actor)|Jai Jagadish]] as Bharath's father
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Bharath's mother
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Dr. Srinivasa Iyengar
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Minister Madhusudhan
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Mahesh Deshpande, [[Circle Inspector]] of Police
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Ramnath (Anjali's father)
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]] as Lakshmi aka Lakshmavva
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Sanyappa Gadigi, Lakshmi's husband
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Jewellery Store Staff
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as Broker Puttaswamy
* [[Arun Sagar]] as Assistant CCB Officer
*[[Mohan Juneja]] as Jayaraj's Assistant
* [[Daisy Shah]] as a [[bar dancer]] ([[cameo appearance]] in the [[item song]] "Mysore Pakkalli")
{{colend}}

==Production==
Initially, [[Aindrita Ray]] was approached for the lead female role. Later [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] was finalized as the leading lady collaborating with [[Sudeepa]] for the second time after [[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]] (2011).<ref name="v"/> [[Jagapati Babu]] has been signed up to do a special appearance in film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jagapathi-babu-joins-the-sets-of-bachchan/articleshow/15290461.cms|title=Jagapathi Babu joins the sets of Bachchan|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 July 2012}}</ref> [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] were roped in to play the roles of the villains.<ref name="v"/> For the second lead actress role, an upcoming successful actress, [[Deepa Sannidhi]], had been signed on first. However, on 19 June, reports came out that the actress had been ousted following a change in the script and instead, [[Pranitha Subhash]] had been reportedly roped in.<ref>{{cite news |title= Deepa Sannidhi edged out of Bachchan |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Deepa-Sannidhi-edged-out-of-Bachchan/articleshow/14237625.cms |work= The Times of India |date= 19 June 2012}}</ref> The makers had been on the lookout for a suitable replacement, which they found in [[Hindi Cinema]] actress [[Tulip Joshi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tulip in 'Bachchan — The Angry Young Man'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tulip-in-bachchan-the-angry-young-man/articleshow/15140693.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/3-shades-of-Sudeeps-character-in-Bachchan/articleshow/19280494.cms|title=3 shades of Sudeep's character in Bachchan|website=The Times of India|date=30 March 2013 }}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] collaborating with [[Sudeepa]] for the third time after [[Kiccha Huccha]] (2010) and [[Vishnuvardhana (film)|Vishnuvardhana]] (2011). The audio was released by D beats.
{{Infobox album
| name = Bachchan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = April 15 2013
| recorded = D- Beats studio, [[Bangalore]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:40
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = D Beats
| producer = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title = [[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Kaddipudi]]
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| nNdat_N2SCM| Bachchan - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length = 19:40
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hello Hello
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Onchuru
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sudeepa]], [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| length2 = 4:19
| title3 = Sadaa Ninna
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Mysore Paakalli
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Bachchan Theme
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Sudeepa]]
| length5 = 2:19
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film made its theatrical release on 11 April 2013 on over 190 theatres in [[India]]. The film released in [[Dubai]] and other middle eastern countries on 18 April 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=170715|title=Dubai: Kannada movie 'Bachchan' to release across UAE|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref> and also released in [[Germany]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="The Times of India"/>
The Telugu dubbed version was released on 17 May 2014 in over 300 theatres.

=== Marketing ===
Actor [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] released the [[teaser trailer]] on 31 May 2012 at Gold Finch Hotel.

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were acquired by [[Udaya TV]] and [[Sun NXT]] for {{INRConvert|3.33|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bachchan-fetches-record-price/articleshow/21275671.cms|title=Bachchan fetches record price|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
''Bachchan'' received positive reviews from critics who appreciated its technical aspects, Sudeep's performance, action sequences, direction and visual style.

''[[Sify.com|Sify]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Sudeep comes out on the top with his brilliant performance, both in acting and in action sequences. When it comes to action movies, it could be one of Sudeep's best".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bachchan-review-kannada-15025808.html |title=Movie Review : Bachchan |website= [[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415082410/http://www.sify.com/movies/bachchan-review-kannada-15025808.html |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Shashank has shown conviction in the screenplay he created. He manages to tell a story without action being too overpowering. If you enjoy action and surprises, look no further than Bachchan. Make sure the AC is working in the theatre though".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/bachchan-bachchanesque/articleshow/21207517.cms|title= Bachchan: Bachchanesque|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Sudeep has done a commendable job as Bharath. Parul impresses you with her excellent dialogue delivery and expression. Ravishankar is amazing as a villain. Music by V Harikrishna has some catchy tunes. Cinematography by Shekhar Chandra is impressive. All credit to Imran".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bachchan/movie-review/19515331.cms?from=mdr|title= BACHCHAN MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{|class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|[[Sudeepa]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-male.php|title=Best Actor Male|publisher=awards.filmfare.com|access-date=2 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232452/http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-male.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Parul Yadav]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-supporting-female.php|title=Best Actor Supporting Role Female|publisher=awards.filmfare.com|access-date=2 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165340/http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-supporting-female.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Film
|Uday K. Mehta
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=6|<ref name="SIIMA 2014">{{cite web|url=http://siima.in/nominations/ |title=SIIMA nominees Kannada |publisher=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222803/http://siima.in/nominations/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|Sudeepa
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Comedian
|[[Bullet Prakash]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|Parul Yadav
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer
|[[Harsha (director)|Harsha]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Shekar Chandru
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2498312|Bachchan}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|bachchan}}

{{Shashank}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shashank]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films about water]]
[[Category:Films about pollution]]
[[Category:Films about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]

Malsaram

2026-03-03T21:08:00Z

Akivulhasan876: added a entry added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malsaram
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. Narayanan]]
| producer =
| writer = M. G. Mathew Sherif (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sherif
| starring = [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] Mancheri Chandran [[MG Soman]] [[Rani Chandra]]
| music = [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| cinematography =
| editing = K. Narayanan
| studio = Juliot Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1975|02|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Malsaram''''' is a 1975 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by K. Narayanan. The film stars [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], Mancheri Chandran, [[M. G. Soman]] and [[Rani Chandra]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. K. Arjunan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=628|title=Malsaram|accessdate=2014-10-02|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4987|title=Malsaram|accessdate=2014-10-02|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/183803-malsaram-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073555/http://spicyonion.com/title/183803-malsaram-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Malsaram|accessdate=2014-10-02|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
*Mancheri Chandran
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Rani Chandra]]
*Sakunthala
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. K. Arjunan]]. All lyrics written by [[P. Bhaskaran]]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chirichukondekayaaya" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Madhuri || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 2 || "Kanmunayaal Sharameyyum" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Paathiraavaam" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Venthinkalinnoru Manavaatti" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0280909}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Minor Raja

2026-03-03T18:24:14Z

Akivulhasan876: added basic article initial version

{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Minor Raja
| image =
| caption =
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[P. Kalaimani]]
| screenplay =
| producer = V. Rambabu K. P. Panakala Rao
| director = Katragadda Ravi Teja
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Shobana]] [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = K. Ram Gopal Reddy
| editing = V. Suresh Kumar
| based_on = ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]'' (1990)
| studio = Rakesh Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|6|4}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Minor Raja''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film, produced by V. Rambabu, K. P. Panakala Rao under the Rakesh Productions banner and directed by Katragadda Ravi Teja. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shobana]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] with music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 1991 |title=మైనర్ రాజా |language=te |pages=11 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Jun/28-jun-1991.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112091922/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Jun/28-jun-1991.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> The film is remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]'' (1990). The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=1991లో రాజేంద్రప్రసాద్ సినిమాలు ఎన్ని హిట్ అయ్యాయో తెలుసా ? |url=https://www.chaipakodi.com/2021/10/17/1991-rajendra-prasad-back-to-back-hit-movies/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Chai Pakodi |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230053939/https://www.chaipakodi.com/2021/10/17/1991-rajendra-prasad-back-to-back-hit-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins in a village where Zamindar Minor Raja is a wealthy, wayward tomcat who frolics with the courtesans. The vicious President of the town has a family feud with Minor for splendors passed down through the generations. Besides, Santhana Lakshmi, a naïve, stubborn, & tenacious beauty, returns after a long time. Initially, Minor & Santana Lakshmi are acquainted with squabbles. The President lusts for her and abducts when Minor guards Santana Lakshmi. Though the two fall in love, they challenge each other to propose because of their hoity-toity. Once, Minor seizes one fleeing hoodwinking woman and espouses them. Sita, an incoming school teacher, witnesses it and comprehends his divine integrity.

On the eve of a fair, Minor publicly throws a bet to win, stipulating he will win one of his choices and triumphs. Accordingly, he demands the girl on whom his chain decorates and lands at Santana Lakshmi. However, Minor mortifies Santana Lakshmi by denying her for the lack of femininity. Hence, her ego ignites and pledges to splice him at any cost. Being incognizant, Sita rents a place which is a whorehouse prior. Assuming it is previous, Minor sets foot to rag Santana Lakshmi. Therein, the President imputes guilt to them, so Minor forwards to wedlock Sita, who, too, accepts knowing his rectitude. Sita also seeks an oath to relinquish his past life, and he does, but it collapses Santana Lakshmi. Minor & Sita delightfully accomplished 7 years of material life with an infant, Chakri, and Santana Lakshmi is still awaiting him. So, the begrudged President ruses by spreading the word to Minor on behalf of Santana Lakshmi, saying that Chakri is not his progeny. Thus, furious, Minor lifts her to molest before all but leaves no stone unturned to keep his vow.

Anyhow, Santana Lakshmi accuses him at Panchayati that he committed the offense. Minor quiets to save his wife's honor when devastated Sita greets her into their house, bestowing half of her share. Despite this, Minor endures chagrins from the public but fails to get out of silence. Sita behests him to wedlock to Santhana Lakshmi to relieve the knotty and tries self-sacrifice. Ergo vexed, Minor divulges the totality when she bows down before his eminence. Simultaneously, the President impounds Chakri when Santhana Lakshmi rushes and Minor & Sita behind them. The heel threatens Santhana Lakshmi to fulfill his urge by putting Chakri at a pitfall and unwraps his conspiracy. Whereat, the Minor couple discerns her virtue. In that brawl, Santhana Lakshmi slays the President to shield Minor's family and pays the sentence. At last, she acquits after 14 years, when Sita is on her deathbed. Finally, the movie ends with Sita happily leaving her breath, uniting Minor & Santhana Lakshmi.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Minor Raja & Gopal Rayudu (Dual role)
*[[Shobana]] as Santhana Lakshmi
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Sita Mahalakshmi
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as President
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Avataram
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Paramasivam
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Ram Murthy
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Alamkaram
*[[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Sita's father
*Sanjeevi as Pattabhi
*Anitha as Paramasivam's wife
*Mamatha
*Chilakala Radha as Visalakshi
*[[Jaya Malini]] as [[item number]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Balamani
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Minor Raja
| type = film
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:53
| label = Surya Music
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Teneteega]]
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[Sarpayagam]]
| next_year = 1991
}}

Music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. Music released on Surya Music Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minor Raja (1990) |url=https://mio.to/album/Minor+Raja+%281990%29 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=MusicIndiaOnline |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230053942/https://mio.to/album/Minor+Raja+(1990) |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:53
| title1 = Manase Dhochu
| lyrics1 = [[Jaladi Raja Rao|Jaladi]]
| extra1 = [[Ramakrishna]], [[Jikki]]
| length1 = 5:00
| title2 = Cheliya
| lyrics2 = Jaladi
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:51
| title3 = Nadiveedhilo
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = O Madana
| lyrics4 = Jaladi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length4 = 4:31
| title5 = Vennella
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:54
| title6 = Yendammo
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 5:07
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt1579634}}

[[Category:1990 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Ticket (2017 film)

2026-03-03T03:14:16Z

Akivulhasan876: small cleaned up article to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|2022 film by Raaghav Ranganathan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ticket
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Raaghav|Raaghav Ranganathan]]
| producer = [[Preetha|Preetha Raaghav]]
| writer =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Raaghav Ranganathan|[[Karthik Kumar]]|[[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]|[[Sanam Shetty]]}}
| music = [[Navneeth Sundar]]
| cinematography = Raja Bhattacharjee
| editing =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2017}}
| runtime = 90 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil English
}}

'''''Ticket''''' is a 2017 Indian comedy drama film written and directed by [[Raaghav|Raaghav Ranganathan]], and produced by [[Preetha|Preetha Raaghav]]. Shot in Tamil and English, the film features Raaghav in the lead role, alongside [[Karthik Kumar]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] and [[Sanam Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110216/of-tales-straight-from-the-heart.html|title=Of tales straight from the heart|first=S.|last=Subhakeerthana|date=11 February 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

The film was premiered at the [[London Indian Film Festival]] in 2017, with screenings held in London, Wembley and Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ticket-a-pro-lgbt-film-is-directed-by-raghav.html|title=Ticket, a pro-LGBT film is directed by Raghav|date=10 July 2017|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/ticket-the-movie/|title=Ticket the Movie|date=16 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/60085/cinema/Kollywood/Ticket-movie-to-be-screen-london-film-festvial.htm|title=லண்டன் திரைப்பட விழாவில் டிக்கெட் திரையீடு | (Ticket movie to be screen London Film Festival)|date=13 June 2017|website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref> The movie was released in India in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6797046/releaseinfo/?ref_=tt_dt_rdat|title=Ticket (2021)|website=[[IMDb]] |date=25 February 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Raaghav|Raaghav Ranganathan]] as Avinash Ravichander
* [[Karthik Kumar]] as Athif Hussain
* [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] as Shalini
* [[Sanam Shetty]] as Ria
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as a Local Don
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Sona
* [[Vatsan Chakravarthy]] as Craig
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Kumar
* [[Balaji Venugopal]]
* Shylaja Chetlur as Priya Francis
}}

==Production==
The film marked the directorial debut of [[Raaghav|Raaghav Ranganathan]], who revealed that ''Ticket'' was a "thriller with a tinge of black humour". Raaghav played the lead role alongside [[Karthik Kumar]], [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] and [[Sanam Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/videos/2017/jun/13/trailer-of-ticket-promises-quite-some-thrills-and-intrigue-540.html|title=Trailer of Ticket promises thrills and intrigue|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=13 June 2017 }}</ref> The film began its shoot in mid-2015 and progressed throughout 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamildiplomat.com/i-hit-the-gym-to-overcome-the-pressure-in-getting-film-roles/|title=I hit the gym to overcome the pressure in getting film roles|date=7 October 2015|website=Tamil Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-hit-the-gym-to-overcome-the-pressure-in-getting-film-roles/articleshow/49242722.cms|title=I hit the gym to overcome the pressure in getting film roles|newspaper=The Times of India|first=M|last=Suganth|date=16 January 2017|accessdate=14 June 2021}}</ref> The title of the film was a play on the Tamil phrase "Ticket Vaangittaan!", alluding to death, a concept explored in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/perception-of-tamil-cinema-is-eclipsed-by-bollywood-1500685320.html|title=Perception of Tamil cinema is eclipsed by Bollywood|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

Raaghav worked on the post-production of the film in early 2017, alongside his acting commitments for another project titled ''Beep''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raghav-has-special-powers-in-his-next/articleshow/58140991.cms|title=Raghav has special powers in his next|website=The Times of India|date=12 April 2017 }}</ref>

==Release and reception==
The film was premiered at the [[London Indian Film Festival]] in 2017, with screenings held in London, Wembley and Birmingham. Raaghav had sent the film for consideration to the organisers, and the film was selected to be screened. It became first independent Tamil film to be premiered at the [[Empire, Leicester Square]] theatre in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ticket-goes-to-london-film-festival/articleshow/59138779.cms|title='Ticket' goes to London Film Festival|website=The Times of India|date=14 June 2017 }}</ref> A reviewer noted "''Ticket'' may not be ground-breaking cinema, but it is the perfect bit of lighter counterbalance to other, more weighty festival offerings, and a solid directorial debut from Raaghav Ranganathan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/liff-special-review-ticket-the-movie/|title=LIFF SPECIAL REVIEW: Ticket – The Movie|first=Katherine|last=Matthews|date=19 June 2017}}</ref> The film was also appreciated for its pro-[[LGBT]] theme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/raghav-preetha-open-up-about-his-gay-liplock-scene-interview-tamil-videos-72892|title=Raghav Preetha open up about his gay liplock scene : Interview videos - IndiaGlitz.com|via=www.indiaglitz.com}}</ref>

The film was initially set to have a theatrical release in 2017, but it did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ashanti Omkar, Tamil actor/director Raaghav Ranganathan | website=BBC | date=2017-06-25 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08v924v | access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wef.org.in/raaghav-ranganathan/|title=Raaghav Ranganathan | WEF | Women Economic Forum|date=2 August 2018 }}</ref> Libra Productions' Ravindar Chandrasekaran announced that he had procured the rights of the film in March 2018, but the film later did not have theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ravindar-chandrasekaran-to-release-raaghavn-ranganathans-ticket.html|title=Ravindar Chandrasekaran to release Raaghavn Ranganathan's Ticket|date=23 March 2018|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6797046}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ticket_(2022_film)}}
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2017 LGBTQ-related films]]

Indra Bahadur Rai

2026-02-28T22:05:11Z

Akivulhasan876: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Indian writer and literary critic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indra Bahadur Rai
| image = Indra BahadurRai.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|2|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Balasun Tea Estate]], [[Darjeeling District]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|3|6|1927|2|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Darjeeling]], [[India]]
| movement = [[Tesro Aayam]] Lila Lekhan
| spouse = {{Marriage|Mayadevi Rai||27 August 2017|end=her death}}
| children = 3 (1 son and 2 daughters)
| occupation = [[Novelist]], Short Story Writer, [[Essayist]], [[Literary Critic]]
| notable_works = ''Aaja Ramita Chha'' ''Raat Bhari Huri Chalyo''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Jagadamba Shree Puraskar]], Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar
}}

'''Indra Bahadur Rai''' (3 February 1927 – 6 March 2018) was an Indian [[Nepali language]] writer and literary critic from [[Darjeeling]], India. He wrote multiple essays, short stories, novels and criticism in his lifetime. ''Kheer'' and ''Raat Bhari Huri Chalyo'' are some of his most popular stories. He started a literary movement in [[Nepali literature]] known as [[Tesro Aayam]] with [[Ishwar Ballav]] and [[Bairagi Kainla]]. In 1977, he won the first ever [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali|Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Indra Bahadur Rai, the Writer Who Defined the Indian-Nepali Identity |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/remembering-indra-bahadur-rai-the-writer-who-defined-the-indian-nepali-identity |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Biography==
Indra Bahadur Rai did his schooling in [[Kurseong]] and [[Darjeeling]]. He completed his graduation from [[Calcutta University]] and his post-graduation in English from [[North Bengal University]]. He taught at Turnbull High School in Darjeeling for several years. He also worked as a professor of English at [[St. Joseph's College, Darjeeling]]. He was also the Vice Chairman of [[Darjeeling Municipality]].

==Literature==
[[File:Tesro Aayam Team.jpg|alt=Tesro Aayam Team: Ishwar Ballav, Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kainla from left.|thumb|245x245px|Tesro Aayam Team: Ishwar Ballav, Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kainla from left.]]
I.B. Rai entered the field of [[Nepali literature]] around 1950 when he started publishing literary criticisms in different journals such as ''Aadhar'', ''Bharati'', ''Diyo'', ''Diyalo'', and ''Roop Rekha''. His first novel ''Aaja Ramita Cha'' was published in 1964. After that, he entered the field of short stories. His first story was published in 1959. His first book ''Vipana Katipaya'', a collection of thirty short stories published in 1960, had a great influence on Nepali literature, especially on the genre of short stories. From 1963 onwards, he was a prominent figure in the ''dimensional literature'' movement, which is known as ''Aayameli Andolan'' in the history of Nepali literature. He, along with [[Ishwor Ballav]] and [[Bairagi Kainla]], searched the unexplored realms of Nepali literature. They successfully added a third dimension – ''[[Tesro Aayam]]'' – to Nepali literature.

One of the most well-known modern authors of [[Nepali literature]], Indra Bahadur Rai's major works are included in the syllabus of many universities for those studying Nepali in India. He had been an active writer for over 60 years and has received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (for his work ''Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu''), Jagadambashri Puraskar and Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indra Bahadur Rai|url=http://thehimalayanbeacon.com/encyclopedia/tiki-index.php?page=Indra+Bahadur+Rai|publisher=Gorkhapedia|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rai|first=Indra Bahadur|title=Nepali Literary Criticism in Sikkim|url=http://thehimalayanbeacon.com/encyclopedia/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=1|publisher=Gorkhapedia|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref> Rai was a very diverse writer and uses a wide range of literary styles that incorporate both traditional as well as modern techniques in his works. The texts he had written dealt with a range of topics, from small private whimsies to key historical events, making each document a unique forceful piece of literature. According to Prem Poddar, the writings of I.B. Rai, which reflect the heritage of the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Gorkha]]/Nepali nation and national identity, can be interpreted in two different ways:

''"As I see it, Rai’s reflections on the Nepali language, the Gorkha/Nepali community, and his own writing practice can be read in two ways. The first is in terms of telos: that writing will strengthen the nation or ethnie. The other way is the more troubled interrogative reading that raises the same questions of cultural identity, through textual elisions and ambivalences inter alia, about writing and the Gorkha/Nepali community. I raise the possibility, and vacillate between, both kinds of reading in this introductory essay, but the very act of vacillating veers me towards the latter."''<ref>{{cite book|title=Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation|year=2009|publisher=Mukti Prakashan|location=Darjeeling, India|isbn=978-81-909354-0-1|url=http://beacononline.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/books-gorkhas-imagined-indra-bahadur-rai-in-translation/|editor=Poddar, Prem |editor2=Prasad, Anmole}}</ref>

A selection of his short stories were translated into English in 2009 as ''Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Radcliffe|first1=Joanna|last2=Gurung|first2=Tek|title=Gorkhas Imagined: Darjeeling and the Issue of Gorkhaland|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/reviews/book-review/260-gorkhas-imagined-darjeeling-and-the-issue-of-gorkhaland.html|publisher=Darjeeling Times|accessdate=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526014109/http://darjeelingtimes.com/reviews/book-review/260-gorkhas-imagined-darjeeling-and-the-issue-of-gorkhaland.html|archive-date=26 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gurung|first=Chandra Sing|title=Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation - Book Review|url=http://explusultra.wun.ac.uk/images/issue2/Gorkhas_Imagined.pdf|publisher=Explusultra - The Postgraduate Ejournal of the Wun International Network in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies|accessdate=7 April 2011}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Pranab Man|title=Nepali dimension|url=http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/227-nepali-dimension.html|publisher=Himal|accessdate=1 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126180035/http://himalmag.com/component/content/article/227-nepali-dimension.html|archive-date=26 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bhattarai|first=Richa|title=Translated in full glory|url=http://theweek.myrepublica.com/details.php?news_id=18886|publisher=Républica|accessdate=1 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831022838/http://theweek.myrepublica.com/details.php?news_id=18886|archive-date=31 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==
I.B. Rai has edited many books and literary periodicals. His most important works are as follows:
* ''Vipana Katipaya'' (1961)
* ''Aaja Ramita Chha'' (1964)
* ''Tipeka Tippaniharu'' (1966)
* ''Bhanubhaktaka Kriti: Adhyayanharu'' (1971)
* ''Kathastha'' (1974)
* ''Nepali Upanyaska Adharharu'' (1974)
* ''Sandharbhama Ishwarballabhka Kavita'' (1976)
* ''Darjeelingma Nepali Natakko Ardhashatabdi'' (1989)
* ''Kathaputaliko Man'' (1992 )
* ''Pahad Ra Kholaharoo'' (1992 )
* ''Arthaharuko Pachhiltira'' (1994)
* ''Prishta-Prishtha'' (1995)
* ''Samayankan Dainikiya'' (1997)
* ''Lekhharu Ra Jhyal'' (2000)
* ''Pahenlo Din''
* ''Sahityako Apaharan: Markwadik Pratibadhdata''
* ''Sampurak'' (2014)
* ''Indrayan''
* ''Long Night of Storm - short stories translated into English by Prawin Adhikari''
* ''There's A Carnival Today - novel translated into English by Manjushree Thapa''

== Personal life and death ==
He was married to Maya Devi Rai till her death on 27 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Indra Bahadur Rai no more |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/03/06/author-indra-bahadur-rai-no-more |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> They had 3 children- a son and two daughters. He died on 6 March 2018 in Darjeeling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indra Bahadur Rai: The lone mountain towering over Nepali literature |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/03/08/indra-bahadur-rai-the-lone-mountain-towering-over-nepali-literature |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nepali literature]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award to Nepali Writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Video - Indra Bahadur Rai's Speech|url=http://www.kalimpong.info/2009/12/17/indra-bahadur-rai-speech-video/|publisher=Kalimpong.info|accessdate=4 April 2011}}

{{Authority control}}{{Nepali literature|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Indra Bahadur}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Jagadamba Shree Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Rai people]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Nepali language movement activists]]

Priyasha Bhardwaj

2026-02-25T20:57:38Z

Akivulhasan876: created stub

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyasha Bhardwaj
| image = Priyashabhardwaj.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for =
| spouse =
}}
'''Priyasha Bhardwaj''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress who primarily works in Hindi television and web series. She gained recognition for her role as Saundarya in the Disney+ Hotstar series [[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya (2020)]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purkayastha |first=Debasree |date=2020-07-13 |title=From Assam to Mumbai: 'Aarya' actor Priyasha Bhardwaj on making it as an outsider |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-assam-to-mumbai-aarya-actor-priyasha-bhardwaj-on-making-it-as-an-outsider/article32063388.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Priyasha later worked in various web series like [[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]] and [[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo|Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo]].<ref name="A">{{Cite web|last=Narain|first=Yatamanyu|date=19 May 2023|title=Priyasha Bhardwaj Recalls Working With Dimple Kapadia In Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo, 'She Is Extremely Passionate'|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/priyasha-bhardwaj-recalls-working-with-dimple-kapadia-in-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-she-is-extremely-passionate-exclusive-7863169.html|website=news18.com|publisher=[[News18 India]]|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="B" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Mohar|date=25 July 2020|title=Aarya actor Priyasha Bhardwaj: I have grown up feeling alienated|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/Aarya-actor-Priyasha-Bhardwaj-I-have-grown-up-feeling-alienated-22903231|website=mid-day.com|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=2023-05-17 |title=Priyasha Bhardwaj on Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo: Homi Adajania cautioned that my scenes were backbone of the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/priyasha-bhardwaj-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-homi-adajania-cautioned-my-scenes-were-backbone-exclusive-2380366-2023-05-17 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She is also known for her role as Inspector Bhoomi in Hindi TV Series [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |script-title=hi:'मिर्जापुर' की जमुना अब CID में, अक्षय कुमार की सास से है अनोखा कनेक्शन, जानिए कौन हैं प्रियाशा भारद्वाज |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/who-is-cid-new-inspector-bhumi-actress-priyasha-bhardwaj-playing-the-role-connection-with-dimple-kapadia-3252405.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
She grew up in [[Assam]] but later moved to Mumbai to pursue a career in acting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purkayastha|first=Debasree|date=13 July 2020|title=From Assam to Mumbai: 'Aarya' actor Priyasha Bhardwaj on making it as an outsider|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-assam-to-mumbai-aarya-actor-priyasha-bhardwaj-on-making-it-as-an-outsider/article32063388.ece|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> Before entering the entertainment industry, she worked in corporate sector.<ref name="B">{{Cite news |last=Rizvi|first=S Farah|date=19 March 2021|title=I'm busy wrapping three web series: Priyasha Bhardwaj|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/im-busy-wrapping-three-web-shows-priyasha-bhardwaj-101616154142918.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

Bhardwaj has appeared in numerous ads, including UNICEF's Motherhood Stories.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=21 October 2020|title=Mirzapur 2 actress Priyasha Bhardwaj talks about nepotism|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/mirzapur-2-actress-priyasha-bhardwaj-talks-about-nepotism-658713|publisher=India TV News|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

In addition to her screen work, Bhardwaj is also an active theatre artist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-12 |title=Get to know... Priyasha Bhardwaj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-star-on-aarya-sets-with-sushmita-sen-an-honest-account-of-highs-lows-and-life-lessons-101683911020951.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She is known for her clowning performance ''Fool Time Actoré'', which was based on the everyday life of an actor through a clowning-based narrative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gabhare |first=Runami |date=28 October 2025 |title=This one-woman play in Mumbai dives into the daily life of an actor |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/this-one-woman-play-in-mumbai-dives-into-the-daily-life-of-an-actor-23600491 |work=Mid Day}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2025–present
| [[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]]
| Inspector Bhoomi
|
|
|}

=== Web ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| [[Kaafir (Indian TV series)|Kaafir]]
|
|
|
|-
| 2019
| [[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur 2]]
|
|Season 2
|
|-
| 2019
| [[Made in Heaven]]
|
|
|
|-
| 2020
| [[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya (2020)]]
| Saundarya Singh Rathore<ref name="A" />
| Season 1
|
|-
| 2021
| Love J Action
| Nayan<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaffer|first=Askari|date=18 March 2021|title=Priyasha Bharadwaj comes with a love saga after 'Mirzapur 2'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/priyasha-bharadwaj-comes-with-a-love-saga-after-mirzapur-2-677391|website=thehansindia.com|publisher=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[Call My Agent: Bollywood|Call My Agent]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/call-my-agent |title=Call My Agent (2021) |website=MUBI |language=en |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>
|
|
|
|-
| 2023
| [[Jehanabad - Of Love & War|Jehanabad]]
| Ragini Awasthi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt25375470/fullcredits/ |title=Jehanabad - Of Love & War (TV Series 2023– ) |website=IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>{{rs|date=February 2026}}
|
|
|-
|2023
|[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]
|Young Savitri<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Priyasha Bhardwaj Opens Up On Filming Intense Action Scenes In 'Saas Bahu Aur Flamingo' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/priyasha-bhardwaj-opens-up-on-filming-intense-action-scenes-in-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-2602371.html |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=znews.India.com |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|2025
|[[Court Kacheri|TVF Court Kacheri]]
|Advocate Anusha Ghanshyam<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/court-kacheri/season-1/seasonreview/123258501.cms |title=Court Kacheri Season 1 Review: TVF's legal dramedy puts legacy on trial |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=August 13, 2025 |access-date=2025-12-30 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{IMDb name|10522091}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Priyasha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Agathoclea

2026-02-25T05:02:38Z

Akivulhasan876: creating the stub v1...

{{about|the Indo-Greek queen|the 3rd-century BC mistress of Ptolemy IV|Agathoclea (mistress of Ptolemy IV)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2016}}
{{one source|date=December 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Agathoclea
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] [[Queen regent]]
| image = Strato I Soter with the Divine Agathokleia.jpg
| caption = Coin of Agathokleia
| reign = 130-120 BCE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Strato I]]
| spouse = [[Menander I]]
| issue = [[Strato I]]
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date = c. 155 BC
| birth_place = [[Bactria]]
| death_date = c.100 BCE
| death_place = [[Sagala]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = Stupas in [[Gandhara]]
| religion =
}}
[[File:Agathokleia drachm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Drachm of Agathoclea. The obverse with the queen's portrait and Greek inscription: BAΣIΛIΣΣHΣ ΘEOTPOΠOY AΓAΘOKΛEIAΣ, ''Basilissēs Theotropou Agathokleias,'' "Of the Goddess-like queen Agathoclea". Reverse with [[Strato I]] standing in armour, and Kharosthi legend: ''Maharajasa Tratarasa Stratasa Agathukreya,'' "Of Saviour King Strato and Agathoclea."]]
[[File:Coin of Agathokleia & Strato.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Coin of [[Strato I]] and Agathoclea. Obverse with the conjugate busts of Strato and Agathoclea, and Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΙΑΣ, ''Basileōs Sōtēros Stratōnos Kai Agathokleias,'' "Of Saviour King Strato, and Agathoclea". Reverse with [[Athena|Athena Alkidemos]] throwing thunderbolt, and [[Kharoshthi|Kharosthi]] legend: ''Maharajasa Tratasara Dharmikasa Stratasa,'' "Of King Strato, the Saviour and Just (i.e. "of the Dharma")".]]
[[File:Coin of Agathokleia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coin of Agathoclea. Obverse with Agathoclea in profile. Reverse with the Greek straight bow and arrow container.]]
'''Agathoclea Theotropus''' ({{langx|grc|Ἀγαθόκλεια Θεότροπος|Agathokleia Theotropos}}; the [[epithet]] possibly means ''the Goddess-like'') was an [[Indo-Greek]] queen married to [[Menander I]], who ruled in parts of northern India in the 2nd-century BC as regent for her son [[Strato I]]. Born in Bactria, likely to a noble family (probably royal) with some authors such as [[William Woodthorpe Tarn|Tarn]] alleging she was a daughter of [[Eucratides I|Eucratides]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarn|first=W.W.|title=The Greeks in Bactria and India|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> however this is uncertain and Tarn is often criticised by modern authors for casually creating dynastic relationships. Nonetheless, Agathoclea would become one of the first woman ruler in the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic world]], and she seems to have been relatively significant due to her large presence on the coins of [[Strato I]].

==Date and genealogy==
The traditional view, introduced by Tarn and defended as late as 1998 by Bopearachchi, is that Agathokleia was the widow of [[Menander I]]. She may also have been the daughter of [[Eucratides I|Eucratides]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23448-1 |page=406 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Oe1u1H_OSMC&pg=PA406 |language=en}}</ref> In the civil wars after Menander's death, the Indo-Greek empire was divided, with Agathokleia and her young son Strato maintaining themselves in the eastern territories of [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]].

The modern view, embraced by R. C. Senior and probably more solid since it is founded on numismatic analysis, suggests that Agathokleia was a later queen, perhaps ruling from 110 BC–100 BC or slightly later. In this case, Agathoclea was likely the widow of another king, possibly [[King Nicias|Nicias]] or [[Theophilos (king)|Theophilus]]. In either case, Agathokleia was among the first women to rule a [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic Kingdom]].

Some of her subjects may have been reluctant to accept an infant king with a queen regent: unlike the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] and [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] Kingdoms, almost all Indo-Greek rulers were depicted as grown men. This was probably because the kings were required to command armies, as can be seen on their coins where they are often depicted with helmets and spears. Agathokleia seems to have associated herself with [[Athena]], the goddess of war. Athena was also the dynastic deity of the family of Menander, and Agathokleia's prominent position suggests that she was herself the daughter of a king, though she was probably too late to have been a daughter of the Bactrian king [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]].

==Coinage==
The coins of Agathokleia and Strato were all bilingual, and Agathoclea's name appears more often in the Greek legend than in the Indian.

''(See [[Strato I]] for details of legends.)''

Most of Agathoclea's coins were struck jointly with her son Strato, though on their first issues, he is not featured on the portrait.

'''Silver:''' Bust of Agathoclea/walking king

Bust of Strato and Agathoclea conjoined/Athena Alcidemus

'''Bronzes:''' Bust of either helmeted Athena or Agathoclea as a personification of this goddess/sitting Heracles

The later king [[Heliocles II]] overstruck some of Agathoclea's coins.

{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[Greco-Buddhism]]
*[[Indo-Scythians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*W. W. Tarn. ''The Greeks in Bactria and India.'' Third Edition. Cambridge: University Press, 1966.

==External links==
*[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Agathokleia+NOT+Menander&Thumb=1 Main coins of Agathokleia]
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-agathocleia.html Web page of Agathokleia's coins]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Menander I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] ruler in [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]]|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Strato I]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indo-Greek kings}}
{{Hellenistic rulers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agathokleia}}
[[Category:2nd-century BC Greek people]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Greek women]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian women]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek queens consort]]
[[Category:Euthydemid dynasty]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek regents]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC women regents]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC regents]]

Gitanjali Senior School, Begumpet

2026-02-22T13:28:10Z

Akivulhasan876: quick update

{{More citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| image = GSSchool.JPG
| established = June 1990
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| founders = Mr. and Mrs. Karan
| principal = Mrs. T Anjana Subramanyam
| city = Hyderabad
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|26|24.28|N|78|27|45.81|E}}
| campus = Mayuri Marg, [[Begumpet]]
| enrollment = 500+
| faculty = 50+
| alumni = Gitanjalians
| website = {{URL|gitanjalischools.com}}
{{URL|gitanjaliseniorschool.org}}
}}
'''Gitanjali Senior School''' was established by Mrs Gita Karan and Mr Uma Karan in June 1990 in [[Begumpet]], Hyderabad, India. The school has a primary school in Brahman Wadi, a kilometer away. Gitanjali Senior School has secured many national ranks in surveys and was ranked the third-best school in South India and the best in Andhra Pradesh in a survey conducted by Education World Magazine.<ref name=":0" />

The school has grades from classes 7 to 10 of [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] and checkpoint and [[IGCSE]]. It also offers A-Level and ISC Boards for class 11 and 12.

[[File:Chemistry Lab GSS.jpg|thumb|Gitanjali School Chemistry Lab]]

==Events==
For the first time, the institution hosted its MUN in 2015, attended by students from twin cities. The school also hosts a Sports Day and Investiture Ceremony and an Annual Day every year. It hosts Festanjali, the annual Inter-house fest for school students with literary events such as debate, elocution, and poetry. The sports events include cricket, football, basketball, kho-kho, and athletics. These are hosted under the category of Inter-House Events. An annual volleyball tournament is also held for the teachers.
[[File:GSSMUN.jpg|thumb|GSS MUN 2015]]

== Rankings ==
Since 2008, Education World has consistently ranked Gitanjali as the best school in Hyderabad and among the top 10 day-schools in the country, with a peak national ranking of 7.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationworld.in/userfiles/India's%20Best%20Day%20Schools%20league%20table.pdf|title=Education World: India's Best Day Schools}}</ref>

In 2018, Education Today ranked Gitanjali School at 6th among Top ICSE Schools in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationtoday.co/school-rankings/Top-20-icse-schools-of-India.php|title=Top 20 ICSE Schools of India}}</ref> Under the Academic Reputation category, Gitanjali was ranked 3rd in the country.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Education World Survey Year !! Rank – India<ref name=":0" /> (Day Schools)
|-
| 2008 || 7
|-
| 2009 || 10
|-
| 2010 || 9
|-
| 2011 || 8
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

YuppTV

2026-02-17T15:43:24Z

Akivulhasan876: page fix

{{short description|TV content provider in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=November 2017}}
{{third-party|date=June 2015}}
{{cleanup-PR|1=article|date=May 2017}}
}}
{{Infobox website
| name = YuppTV
| logo = YuppTV logo.svg
| screenshot =
| registration = Optional
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Odia language|Odia]], and [[English language|English]]
| launch_date =
| location = *[[Atlanta, Georgia]], United States
*[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| industry = Internet services<ref>[http://www.abu.org.my/Latest_News-@-YuppTV_Dongle_launched_in_US_for_South_Asians.aspx (Press Release) "YuppTV Dongle launched in US for South Asians"]. Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union.</ref>
| products =
| services = Live TV, catch-up TV, TV shows, movies<ref>[https://us.en.kb.sony.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/37077/related/1 "access the YUPPTV app on Sony BRAVIA"]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Sony.com. 2013-04-19.</ref>
| advertising =
| company_type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2006|df=yes}}
| key_people = Uday Reddy (CEO)
| website_type = [[Web portal]]
}}

'''YuppTV''' is an [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] (OTT) content provider for South Asian content including live television and films with recording and storage features. YuppTV allows broadcasters and content providers to reach an audience, and allows consumers to view content on up to six screens of connected TVs, STBs, PC, smartphones, tablets and game consoles.<ref>[http://www.greatandhra.com/articles/special-articles/yupptv-app-launches-globally-on-microsofts-xbox-360-65108.html "YuppTV App Launches Globally on Microsoft's XBOX 360"]. YuppTV launches app on XBOX360.</ref>

== Cricket ==

YuppTV has acquired the digital media rights for the [[2021 Indian Premier League]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Yupp TV acquired IPL 2021 digital right in 100+ countries |url= https://www.cricketzine.com/ipl-2021-live-streaming-tv-channel-indian-premier-league-2021/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=CricketZine}}</ref> in Australia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Japan, Bhutan, Maldives, Central Asia, Continental Europe, Central & South America, and Southeast Asia (except Malaysia, Singapore).

It also purchased the media rights for broadcasting [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].
[https://biggboss19watch.com/ Bigg Boss 19 Watch Online]

== Services ==
Headquartered in Atlanta and Hyderabad, YuppTV offers 300+ TV channels in 15 languages: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], and [[English language|English]].<ref>[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yupptv-launches-etv-telugu-viewers-005200502.html "ETV Telugu for YuppTV Customers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143640/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yupptv-launches-etv-telugu-viewers-005200502.html |date=April 27, 2015 }}.</ref>

== Partnerships ==

In July 2016, YuppTV joined hands with Mumbai-based content platform [[Arre (brand)|Arre]] to distribute content on its YuppTV Bazaar platform.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news18.com/news/tech/yupptv-ties-up-with-arre-to-offer-content-on-yupptv-bazaar-1265634.html | title=YuppTV Ties up With Arre to Offer Content on YuppTV Bazaar | publisher=News 18 | work=PTI | date=July 4, 2016 | access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/yupptv-welcomes-new-age-digital-media-brand-arre-on-yupptv-bazaar-116070400332_1.html | title=YuppTV welcomes new-age digital media brand, Arre on YuppTV Bazaar | publisher=Business Standard | work=Asian News International | date=July 4, 2016 | access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref> In March 2022, YuppTV entered into a partnership with [[Prasar Bharati]] to help the latter widen its reach.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Mar 8, 2022 |title=Deal with OTT platform to help widen DD reach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deal-with-ott-platform-to-help-widen-dd-reach/articleshow/90062831.cms |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{VOD services}}

[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Video on demand services]]

Bigg Boss Bangla season 1

2026-02-12T11:58:48Z

Akivulhasan876: creating basic info initial version...

{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 1
| bgcolor = #cac
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Mithun Chakraborthy]]
| num_days = 90
| num_housemates = 15
| winner = [[Aneek Dhar]]
| runner_up = [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
}}
| num_episodes =
| network = [[ETV Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|06|17}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2013|09|14}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series =
}}
'''''Bigg Boss Bangla 1''''' is the first season of the [[Bigg Boss Bangla|Bengali version]] of the Indian reality show ''[[Bigg Boss]]''.<ref name=afaqs>[https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/37795_Bigg-Boss-sets-out-to-capture-Bengali-nights Bigg Boss sets out to capture Bengali nights]</ref> It premiered on [[ETV Bangla]] on 17 June 2013. [[Mithun Chakraborty]] was the host for the season. The Grand Finale aired on 14 September 2013 where [[Aneek Dhar]] emerged as the winner and [[Rudranil Ghosh]] emerged as the runner-up.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/anik-dhar-wins-bengali-bigg-boss-season-1|title=Anik Dhar wins Bengali Bigg Boss season 1|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2018-06-21|language=en}}</ref>

==Housemates status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|-
!Housemates
!Day Entered
!Day Exited
! Status
|-
| Aneek
| Day 1
| Day 90
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| Rudhranil
| Day 1
| Day 90
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner up}}
|-
| Koneenica
| Day 1
| Day 90
|style="background:#7FFFD4"|{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Sudipta
| Day 1
| Day 12
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|Day 48
|Day 90
| style="background:#DDA0DD"|{{nowrap|3rd Runner -up}}
|-
| Carlyta
| Day 30
| Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Abhijit
| Day 1
|Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}

|-
| rowspan="2" | Mallika
| Day 1
| Day 26
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|Day 48
|Day 77
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Kartik
| Day 10
| Day 70
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Nandini
| Day 1
| Day 63
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Vikram
| Day 1
| Day 55
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Iris
| Day 1
| Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Sampurna
| Day 1
| Day 42
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Mahesh
| Day 1
| Day 35
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Manabi
| Day 1
| Day 21
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Kais
| Day 1
| Day 7
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
The list of contestants in the order of entering the house:

===Original contestants===
* [[Iris Maity]] – Actress.
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] – Actor.
* [[Aneek Dhar]] – Singer.
* Kais Kalim – Gym Trainer.
* [[Koneenica Banerjee]] – Actress.
* Mahesh Jalan – Astrologer.
*Mallika Majumdar – Actress.
* [[Sudipta Chakraborty]] – Actress.
* Abhijit Burman (Pota) – Singer.
* Nandini Pal – Presenter.
* Manabi Banerjee – Author.
* [[Sampurna Lahiri]] – Model, Film Actress.
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] – Film & Television Actor.

===Wildcard entrants===
* Kartik Das Baul
* Carlyta Mouhini

== Nominations table ==


<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! style="width: 5%;" |
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
|-
| colspan="15" style="background:#000; text-align:center;" |
|-
!Vote to:
! colspan="5" |Evict
!Save
! colspan="8" |Evict
|-
| colspan="15" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! Aneek
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| Rudranil Mallika
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Rudranil Mahesh
| Carlyta Abhijit
| Nandini Koneenica
| Abhijit Iris
| Carlyta Nandini
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 90)
|-
! Rudranil
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Banned''
| Mallika Mahesh
| Mahesh Koneenica
| Abhijit Aneek
| Koneenica Aneek
| Abhijit Kartik
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up''''' (Day 90)}}
|-
! Koneenica
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| Mallika Rudranil
| Mallika Sampurna
| Rudranil Iris
| Aneek Carlyta
| Iris Abhijit
| Rudranil Nandini
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up''''' (Day 90)}}
|-
! Sudipta
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 12)
| Rudranil Kartik
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up''''' (Day 90)}}
|-
! Parames
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Rudranil Kartik
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;" |{{nowrap|'''''4th runner-up''''' (Day 90)}}
|-
! Carlyta
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373; text-align:center" |''Exempt''
| Aneek Koneenica
| Koneenica Iris
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Iris Rudranil
| Abhijit Rudranil
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 82)
|-
! Abhijit
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Banned''
| Mahesh Mallika
| Koneenica Aneek
| Sampurna Rudranil
| Carlyta Abhijit
| Rudranil Nandini
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 80)
|-
! Mallika
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| Abhijit Rudranil
| Rudranil Mahesh
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 26)
| Nandini Kartik
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 75)
|-
! Kartik
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373; text-align:center" |''Exempt''
| Mahesh Mallika
| Mahesh Aneek
| Nandini Rudranil
| Carlyta Koneenica
| Vikram Abhijit
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 68)
|-
! Nandini
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| Rudranil Manabi
| Mahesh Mallika
| Abhijit Carlyta
| Koneenica Carlyta
| Abhijit Iris
| Carlyta Vikram
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 61)
|-
! Vikram
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Banned''
| Mahesh Mallika
| Koneenica Aneek
| Sampurna Nandini
| Carlyta Abhijit
| Nandini Rudranil
| colspan="6" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 54)
|-
! Iris
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| Manabi Rudranil
| Mahesh Mallika
| Koneenica Sampurna
| Nandini Carlyta
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Rudranil Kartik
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 47)
|-
! Sampurna
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| Manabi Vikram
| Mahesh Mallika
| Carlyta Mahesh
| Rudranil Vikram
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 40)
|-
! Mahesh
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Abhijit Rudranil
| Rudranil Vikram
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Vikram Iris
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 33)
|-
! Manabi
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"|''Not eligible''
| Rudranil Abhijit
| style="background:salmon;" |Aneek (to evict)
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 19)
|-
! Kais
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="13" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 5)
|-
| colspan="15" style="background:#000; text-align:center;" |
|-
!Notes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
!Against Public Vote
|Kais Mahesh Mallika
|Mahesh Sudipta
|Abhijit Manabi Rudranil
|Aneek Mahesh Mallika
|Aneek Carlyta Koneenica Mahesh
|Abhijit Aneek Iris Kartik Sampurna Vikram
|Abhijit Carlyta Iris
|Abhijit Aneek Carlyta Koneenica Rudranil Vikram
|Carlyta Mallika Nandini Rudranil
|Carlyta Kartik Koneenica Sudipta
|Aneek Koneenica Mallika Rudranil Sudipta
|Abhijit Aneek Carlyta Koneenica Rudranil Sudipta
|colspan="2" |Aneek Koneenica Parames Rudranil Sudipta
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|Re-entered}}
| colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Mallika'''
| colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Sudipta'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Kais'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Sudipta'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Manabi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Mallika'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Mahesh'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Sampurna'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Iris'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Vikram'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Nandini'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Kartik'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Mallika'''
| style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Abhijit'''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''Parames'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD" |'''Sudipta'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4" |'''Koneenica'''
|-
| style="background:#FA8072; text-align:center;" |'''Carlyta'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF" |'''Rudranil'''
| style="background:#73FB76" |'''Aneek'''
|-
|}
</blockquote>
{{smalldiv|1=
: {{color box|#959FFD|border=silver}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction.
: {{color box|#FBF373|border=silver}} indicates that the Housemate was immune prior to nominations.
: {{color box|salmon|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{color box|#fcf|border=silver}} indicates the contestant walked out due to emergency.
: {{color box|#FFE08B|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been ejected.
: {{color box|#CCFFCC|border=silver}} indicates the house captain.
}}

===Nomination notes===

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bigg Boss Bangla 1}}
[[Category:2013 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Bangla]]

UPL Limited

2026-02-08T13:48:37Z

Akivulhasan876: adding a article first draft

{{short description|Indian multinational chemical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = UPL Limited
| logo = UPL official logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt = United Phosphorus Ltd - UPL official logo
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt = United Phosphorus Ltd - UPL official logo
| image_caption = United Phosphorus Ltd New Logo
| former_name = United Phosphorus Limited (1969–2013)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|512070}}|{{NSE|UPL}}}}
| ISIN = INE628A01036
| industry = {{ubl|[[Agribusiness]]|[[Chemical industry|Chemicals]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969|05|29}}
| founder = [[Rajnikant Shroff]]
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.uplonline.com/contact-us |website=UPL Limited |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|Rajnikant Shroff (Chairman & MD)|Jaidev Shroff (CEO)<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Leadership |url=https://www.uplonline.com/about/global-leadership |website=UPL Limited |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Agrochemicals]]|[[Specialty chemicals]]}}
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|53576|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|11178|c}} (FY23)<ref>{{cite news |title=UPL Q4FY23 results: Net profit falls by 42.6%, declares dividend |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/upl-q4fy23-results-net-profit-falls-by-426-11683534087490.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=mint |date=8 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| profit = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|3569|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=UPL's Q4 net drops 43% to ₹792 crore on pricing pressure, delayed planting season |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/upls-q4-net-drops-43-to-792-crore-on-pricing-pressure-delayed-planting-season/article66826620.ece |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=8 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|82679|c}}
| assets_year = 2022
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|24661|c}}<ref name="Results">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2020-21 |url=https://www.upl-ltd.com/financial_result_and_report_pdfs/cecbuk71VBJZNFDF8Z53yIbgrKtu3TOfHSIYUC4w/UPL-Annual-Report-2020-21.pdf |website=UPL Limited |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>
| equity_year = 2022
| owners = {{ubl|Nerka Chemicals Pvt Ltd (20.10%)|[[Life Insurance Corporation]] (8.41%)|Uniphos Enterprises Ltd (5.11%)<ref name="Results"/>}}
| num_employees = 10,000+<ref name="Results"/>
| num_employees_year = FY21
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.upl-ltd.com/|upl-ltd.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''UPL Limited''', formerly '''United Phosphorus Limited''', is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational company]] that manufactures and markets [[Agrochemical|agrochemicals]], industrial chemicals, chemical intermediates, and [[specialty chemicals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Overview of UPL Limited |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20376936 |website=Bloomberg| date=20 May 2023 }}</ref> Headquartered in [[Mumbai]], the company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and marketing of conventional agrochemicals, seeds, and other agriculture-related products. It also manufactures fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, industrial and specialty chemicals, and nutrifeeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Profile for UPL Limited |url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/UPLL.NS |website=Reuters |access-date=16 March 2019 |language=en}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name = "Forbes">{{cite web |title=UPL Limited on the Forbes Asia's Fab 50 Companies List |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/upl-limited/#324126e55da2 |website=Forbes |access-date=16 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

United Phosphorus Limited was established on 29 May 1969.<ref name = "Forbes"/> The company changed its name to UPL Limited in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=UPL LTD – GDR (UPL:Singapore): Company Description – Bloomberg |url=http://www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot_article.asp?ticker=UPL:SP |website=Bloomberg |access-date=16 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

On 20 July 2018, UPL signed a US$4.2 billion agreement with Platform Specialty Products Corporation (now [[Element Solutions|Element Solutions Inc.]]) to acquire control of Arysta LifeScience Inc. The acquisition was completed in February 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=UPL completes acquisition of Arysta LifeScience for $4.2 billion |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/upl-completes-acquisition-of-arysta-lifescience-for-4-2-billion/articleshow/67836964.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=16 March 2019 |date=4 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UPL Jumps The Most In Four Years After $4.2 Billion Deal To Acquire Arysta Lifescience |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/upl-jumps-the-most-in-two-years-after-42-billion-deal-to-acquire-arysta-lifescience#gs.194zrt |website=BloombergQuint |date=23 July 2018 |access-date=16 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> making UPL the fifth largest generic agrochemicals company in the world after [[Bayer]], [[Corteva]], [[Syngenta]] and [[BASF]].<ref>{{cite web |title=All You Need To Know About UPL's Latest Buyout Plan |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/all-you-need-to-know-about-upls-latest-buyout-plan#gs.194z73 |website=BloombergQuint |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=16 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UPL Completes Acquisition of Arysta LifeScience |url=https://www.agriculture.com/news/business/upl-completes-acquisition-of-arysta-lifescience |website=Successful Farming |access-date=16 March 2019 |language=en |date=1 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{DJSI World}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Agriculture companies of India]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Dongargarh

2026-02-02T20:30:01Z

Akivulhasan876: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dongargarh
| other_name =
| nickname =
Dharma Nagari
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a =
| photo2b =
| photo3a =
| photo3b = Arieal View from Maa Bamleshwari Devi Temple on a hilltop.JPG
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 275
| foot_montage = ''From top, left to right:'' Maa Bamleshwari dongargarh, Early morning view of town from temple on a hilltop, Downhill Temple in Dongargarh, Bamleshwari Talab, Dongargarh, Dongargarh Railway station, Aerial view of town
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.188712|N|80.759072|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Mayor
| governing_body = Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 37,372
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 491445
| registration_plate = CG-08
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Dongargarh
}}
[[File:Dongargarh.jpg|thumb|Tapsi Lake]]
'''Dongargarh''' is a town and [[municipality]] in [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon District]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], India and the site of the Bambleshwari Temple and Chandragiri Jain Temple. A prominent pilgrim destination in Rajnandgaon District, the city lies about {{convert|35|km}} west from [[Rajnandgaon]], {{convert|67|km}} west from [[Durg]] and {{convert|132|km}} east from [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]] which are situated on National Highway 6. Featuring majestic mountains and ponds, Dongargarh is derived from the words: ''Dongarh'' meaning 'mountains' and ''garh'' meaning 'fort'.

The Maa Bamleshwari Devi Temple,<ref>{{cite web|author=| url=http://www.thebackpackdiaries.in/maa-bamleshwari-devi-temple-dongargarh/|title=Maa Bamleshwari Devi Temple Dongargarh|publisher=The Backpack Diaries|date=2018-04-20}}</ref> situated on a {{convert|1,600|ft}} high hilltop, is a popular landmark. It is of great spiritual importance and several legends are associated with this shrine too. Another prominent shrine in the vicinity is Chhoti Bamleshwari Temple. Devotees flock these temples during [[Navratri]]. Shivji Temple and temples dedicated to Lord [[Hanuman]] are also located here. The ropeway is an added attraction and is the only passenger ropeway in Chhattisgarh. A severe accident occurred in 2016 when the ropeway broke and fell down killing several people.

The town is known for religious Harmony and has considerable population of [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] apart from [[Hindus]].A 30 feet high statue of Budhha situated at the hilltop of the Pragyagiri hill is another attraction of the town. This is visible from the all the 06 major hills of the town. In addition to these, A Jain temple is also being constructed {{when|date=January 2015}} on a hill known as Chandragiri with the blessings of Jain saint Acharya Shri Vidyasagar Ji Maharaaj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vidyasagar.net/|title=Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj {{!}} Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj Pravachan {{!}} Jain Religion In Hindi|website=Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj {{!}} Vidyasagar Ji Maharaj Pravachan {{!}} Jain Religion In Hindi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> The temple is specially recognized for an ancient statue of the Teerthankara god Chandraprabhuji. One of the biggest [[gurudwaras]] in the state is also located in the heart of the city managed by the Sikh society which also run Khalsa Public School, one of the biggest schools in the town. Dongargarhs oldest and most beautiful Roman Catholic church (Sacred Heart Church) is situated just near the railway station as well as there is a tall and beautiful Calvary hill near the railway colony which has a huge cross on the tip of the hill which can be seen from a far distance during the day. Every year a huge crowd of devotees Christians and other Religions gather here during the month of April for the way of the cross marking the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ as well as to get his blessings.

The nearest airport [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Swami Vivekanand Airport]] is at [[Raipur]], {{convert|110|km}} away while the nearest railhead is [[Dongargarh Railway Station]]. Dongargarh has good road communication and buses and taxis are available from Rajnandgaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Dongargarh%20&district=Rajnandgaon |title=Dongargarh PinCode |publisher=citypincode.in |date= |access-date=2014-03-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dongargarh had a population of 37,372 with males constituting 52% of the population and females 48%. The city's average literacy rate is 80%, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 81% and, female literacy is 66%. In Dongragarh, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

{{see also|List of cities in Jharkhand}}

{{See also|List of cities in Chhattisgarh}}

==Transport==
===Railway===
'''Dongargarh(DGG)''' is A Station On The [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]]. It Falls Under Nagpur Division of [[South East Central Zone]]. It is situated {{convert|73.04|km|mi}} from [[Gondia]] & {{convert|63.76|km|mi}} from [[Durg]].
===Roadway===
'''Dongargarh''' is connected by '''National Highway 553|NH553''' which runs for {{convert|89.22|km|mi}} connecting [[Amgaon]] & [[Rajnandgaon]]. The city is also connected by '''National Highway 553A|NH553A''' which runs for {{convert|38.62|km|mi}} as a parallel highway to [[National Highway 53 (India)|NH53]] from Tumdiboda to Chichola. '''National Highway 553B|NH553B''' which runs for {{convert|37.50|km|mi}} also connects the city with [[Khairagarh]] on '''National Highway 130F|NH130F'''

==Education==
*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] (Only [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|Navodaya]] school in [[Rajnandgaon]] District),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DUNGARGARH|url=https://dungargarh.kvs.ac.in/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=dungargarh.kvs.ac.in}}</ref>
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] (Central School (India))
*St. Vincent Palloti International Residential School
*Wesleyan English Med. Hr. Secondary School
*Khalsa Public School
*Govt.Boys & Girls Hr.School
*Saraswati shishu mandir, Hr. School
*St. Peter's convent, High. School

==Gallery==
<gallery>
file:Way to bimbleswari.JPG |way to bambleshwari temple
file:Devi bimbleswari.JPG |devi bambleshwari
file:Ropway bimbleswari.JPG |ropeway of dongargarh from bambleshwari temple
file:Passage bimbleswari.JPG |passage from dongargarh to bambleshwari temple
file:Buddha 4 Pragyagiri.jpg |buddha statue at pragyagiri
file:Garden pragyagiri.JPG |pragyagiri garden
file:Rock pragyagiri.JPG |Rock pragyagiri
file:Sight of bamblesvari from pragyagiri.JPG |Sight of bamblesvari from pragyagiri
file:Detail pragyagiri.JPG |Detail pragyagiri
file:Entrance pragyagiri.JPG |Entrance pragyagiri
file:Buddha 3 Pragyagiri.jpg |Buddha statue pragyagiri
file:Notice pragyagiri.JPG|Notice pragyagiri
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Dongargaon, Chhattisgarh]]

==References==
<references />
{{Rajnandgaon district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajnandgaon district]]
[[Category:Rajnandgaon]]

Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-02T09:05:00Z

Akivulhasan876: creating new pg first draft

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhandara–Gondia {{Small|MH-11}}
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Bhandara-Gondiya.map}}
| map_caption = Bhandara-Gondiya Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]] [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]] [[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]] [[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni Morgaon]] [[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]] [[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 18,27,188 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| incumbent_image = 
| mp = [[Prashant Yadaorao Padole]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| preceded_by = [[Sunil Baburao Mendhe]]
}}

'''Bhandara–Gondia Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies, based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002 and [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency]] ceased to exist. Three of its assembly segments are in [[Bhandara district]], while the other three are in [[Gondia district]].(Member of parliament) resigned recently (2014-2017).

== Assembly segments ==
Presently, Bhandara–Gondia Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments with constituency number and reservations (if any) are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|60
|[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|[[Raju Manikrao Karemore|Raju Karemore]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|61
|[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]] (SC)
|[[Narendra Bhondekar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|62
|[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]
|[[Nana Patole]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|63
|[[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni-Morgaon]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|[[Rajkumar Badole]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|64
|[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]
|[[Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale|Vijay Rahangdale]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|65
|[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
|[[Vinod Agrawal (politician)|Vinod Agrawal]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2009 : See [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara]] Constituency''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Praful Patel]] ||bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Nanabhau Patole|Nana Patole]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2018 elections in India|2018]]^
|[[Madhukar Kukde]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Sunil Baburao Mendhe|Sunil Mendhe]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Prashant Yadaorao Padole]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|}
^ by poll

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]-[[Gondia]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results:bhandara–Gondia">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results:bhandara–Gondia |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1311.htm |accessdate=29 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Prashant Yadaorao Padole|Dr. Prashant Yadaorao Padole]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=5,87,413
|percentage=47.56
|change={{up}}47.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Sunil Baburao Mendhe]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=5,50,033
|percentage=44.53
|change={{down}}7.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Kumbhalkar Sanjay Bhaiyy
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=25,462
|percentage=2.06
|change={{down}}2.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Sanjay Gajanan Kewat
|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|votes=24,858
|percentage=2.01
|change=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate =Sewakbhau Nirdhan Waghaye
|votes =13,103
|percentage = 1.06
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 10,268
|percentage = 0.83
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =37,380
|percentage =3.03
|change ={{down}}12.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =12,35,073
|percentage =67.59
|change ={{down}}1.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]-[[Gondia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sunil Baburao Mendhe]]
|votes = 6,50,243
|percentage = 52.23
|change = {{increase}}10.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Nana Panchbudhe
|votes = 4,52,849
|percentage = 36.28
|change = {{decrease}}10.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Vijaya Rajesh Nandurkar
|votes = 52,659
|percentage = 4.23
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,97,394
|percentage = 15.85
|change = {{increase}}10.78
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,46,543
|percentage = 68.81
|change = {{increase}}14.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Bye election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2018: [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]-[[Gondia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Madhukar Kukde|Madhukarrao Yashwantrao Kukde]]
|category =
|votes = 4,42,213
|percentage = 46.61
|change = {{increase}}8.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hemant Shrawan Patle (Tanubhau)
|category =
|votes = 3,94,116
|percentage = 41.54
|change = {{decrease}}9.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
|candidate = L. K. Madavi
|category = ST
|votes = 40,326
|percentage = 4.25
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Ramvilash Shobhelal Maskare
|category =
|votes = 9,454
|percentage = 1.00
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Kashiram Jagan Gajbe
|category =
|votes = 8,204
|percentage = 0.86
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|category =
|votes = 6,602
|percentage = 0.70
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,097
|percentage = 5.07
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,48,849
|percentage = 53.92
|change = {{decrease}}18.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]-[[Gondia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = [[Nana Patole]]
|votes = 6,06,129
|percentage = 50.62
|change = {{increase}}35.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Praful Patel]]
|votes = 4,56,875
|percentage = 38.16
|change = {{decrease}}9.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Nasare
|votes = 50,958
|percentage = 4.26
|change = {{decrease}}11.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Prashant Mishra
|votes = 8,647
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,49,254
|percentage = 12.46
|change = {{decrease}}11.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,97,398
|percentage = 72.31
|change = {{increase}}1.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]-[[Gondia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Praful Manoharbhai Patel]]
|votes = 4,89,814
|percentage = 47.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = [[Nanabhau Falgunrao Patole]]
|votes = 2,37,899
|percentage = 23.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shishupal Natthu Patle]]
|votes = 1,58,938
|percentage = 15.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendrakumar Kasturchand Jaiswal
|votes = 68,246
|percentage = 6.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Bhaskarrao Mahadeorao Jibhakate
|votes = 9,243
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,51,915
|percentage = 24.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,30,750
|percentage = 71.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== By elections 1954{{efn|as [[Bhandara Loksabha constituency|Bhandara]]}} ===
{{Election box begin | title=1954 Indian Lok Sabha by-election: [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Ashok Ranjitram Mehta]]
|party= Praja Socialist Party
|votes= 1,49,636
|percentage= 21.67
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= B.N. Arjun
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 1,41,164
|percentage= 20.44
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Bhimrao Ambedkar]]
|party= Scheduled Castes Federation
|votes= 1,32,483
|percentage= 19.19
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= R.P. Sambhuram
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 1,24,267
|percentage= 18.00
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 8,681
|percentage= 1.23
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 547,549
|percentage= 79.3
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Praja Socialist Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency]] ( 1951 to 2004 elections for [[1st Lok Sabha|1st]] to [[14th Lok Sabha]] )
* [[Gondia Lok Sabha constituency]] ( 1962 election to [[3rd Lok Sabha]])
* [[Bhandara district]]
* [[Gondia district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/bhandara_gondiya/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html BhandaraGondiya lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|21.3|79.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandara-Gondia Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra created in 2008]]
[[Category:Bhandara district]]
[[Category:Gondia district]]

Sivagiri, Tenkasi

2026-02-01T16:13:32Z

Akivulhasan876: cleanup

{{About|a town in Tenkasi district in Tamil Nadu||Sivagiri (disambiguation){{!}}Sivagiri}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sivagiri(சிவகிரி)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = sivagiri seemai
| nickname = sivagiri seemai
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.33|N|77.43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 165
| population_total = 20160
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sivagiri''' is a [[panchayat town]] and a [[tourist place]] in [[Tenkasi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Sivagiri is located at a distance of 50 km north to [[Tenkasi]], 20 km south to [[Rajapalayam]], 95 km north-west to [[Tirunelveli]], 95 km south to [[Madurai]], 540 km south to [[Bangalore]], 150 km north to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and 580 km south to the state capital [[Chennai]].

It was one of the Palayams in ancient [[Madurai]]. It is located in the [[leeward side]] of the [[Western Ghats]]. Many seasonal rivers originate from this Mountains. One of the rivers is Kombai river which is located in the [[Western Ghats]], Sivagiri. Thalayanai waterfalls and Rasingaperi canal are also main tourist attractions located at the [[Western Ghats]] region in Sivagiri. Sastha Kovil waterfalls located at a distance of 6 km from Sivagiri in the reserved forest region of western ghats. Dharani Sugars is also operating in Dharani Nagar, Sivagiri. Many waterfalls, rivers flow from the Western Ghats across Sivagiri. Wild species such as [[elephants]], [[leopards]], [[wild boars]], [[sloth bears]], [[wild cats]], and [[Deer|deers]] were found in this region.
{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

== Location ==
This is one of the three Palayams and is located in the [[Sivagiri taluk]] of the Tenkasi district, on the slopes of the Western Ghats.

== Anglo wars ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
The polygar of Sivagiri bore a personal animosity to the [[Puli Thevar]] of Nerkkatumseval and refrained from joining the coalition he put together to fight the Anglo-Nawabi forces in 1754. In 1757, he joined forces with Yusuf Khan, the nawab military commander, against the Puli Thevar. When Kollamkondan again rebelled in 1764, following the execution of Yusuf Khan for having betrayed the nawab, Sivagiri was quick to join. Victories over the Anglo-Nawabi forces helped the revolt spread to other polygars.

== Notable events ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
{{Prose|section|date=December 2022}}
* After 1766, General Donald Campbell began a systematic campaign, taking the forts of the major confederates one by one, including Sivagiri.
* The polygar of Sivagiri and the Nayak polygar of Panchalamkurichi led the opposition to the Nawab, and the stalemate continued until the outbreak of the Second Mysore War in 1780.
* Hyder Ali invaded the Carnatic, took Madura and restored the kingdom of Madura under a Nayak prince.
* Polygar Chinna Thambi Varaguna proclaimed his allegiance to the new Madura king and mobilized the Western Bloc of polygars. The desperate situation the Nawab found himself in forced him to entrust the collection of revenue to the company, whose armies then undertook to pacify the country.
* Varaguna put up a stiff resistance to '''Colonel William Follarton''' and was defeated (in 1783) only through the treason of the polygar of Chokkampatti (q.v.), who had an old score to settle with him. Sivagiri and Panchalamkurichi submitted to the British, paid tribute, and posted bonds for the restoration of their forts. At the end of the Third Mysore War, and following the withdrawal of the British forces from Tirunelveli, Polygar Chinna Thambi Varaguna again sought to reassert himself.
* He annexed neighboring palayams, including Nerkattumseval and Perayur. In 1792 he invaded [[Sethur]], killed the polygar, and replaced him with a cousin, as if Sethur were his own dependency.
* The Company sent in an army and took him prisoner. He was forced to restore his conquests to their former ruler. He was allowed to retain his palayam only because the company did not wish to turn it over to the Nawab, who had asked for it.
* In 1797, the son of the ruling polygar rebelled against his father's government, probably with the support of Kattabomman of Panchalamkurichi.
* Prompt action by the Company quashed the revolt. During the First Polygar War, Sivagiri sided with the British and helped defeat and capture Kattabomman. At the end of the war (1799), the polygar of Sivagiri surrendered six forts and 1,000 armed men to [[Major J. Bannerman]].

== Administrative area during the late 1800s ==
Sivagiri palayam comprised 103 villages, survived into the 19th century as a leading zamindari name sangili veerapandiya chinna thambiyar ruling the 103 villages. In 1879 it had an area of 122.38 sq. m. and a population of 49,531.

==Geography==
Sivagiri is located at {{Coord|9.33|N|77.43|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Sivagiri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sivagiri]</ref> It has an average elevation of 165 [[metre]]s (541 [[foot (length)|feet]]). This was formerly a zamindari town.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> by Census Commissioner of India, Sivagiri had a population of 20,160. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Sivagiri has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 46%. In Sivagiri, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. Majority thevar community and senaiyar.

==Sivagiri Taluk==
Sivagiri today{{when|date=December 2022}} has become a Taluk in the Tenkasi District. Most of the old palayams are under this Taluk. It lies on the National Highway 208 to Tenkasi and is 16 km from [[Rajapalayam]] and is 36 km from [[Sankarankovil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/admin.html |title=Administrative Setup of Tirunelveli District |access-date=2010-12-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122220139/http://www.nellai.tn.nic.in/admin.html |archive-date=22 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Tenkasi district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tenkasi district]]
[[Category:Madurai Nayak dynasty]]
[[Category:Palayam]]

Kaplas Peak

2026-01-24T19:55:00Z

Akivulhasan876: created info!

{{Short description|Mountain in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kaplas Peak
| photo = Kuloru(4074m).jpg
| photo_caption = Kaplas peak (On the right side of the image)
| elevation_m = 4335
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1305
| prominence_ref =
| location = [[Jammu division]], [[India]]
| range = [[Himalayas]]
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption =
| label_position = right
| listing =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|51|51|N|75|40|56|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| first_ascent = Never been climbed
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Kaplas Peak''' is a mountain with a peak elevation of {{convert|4335|m|ft|0}}, at the border of [[Kathua district]], [[Udhampur district]] and [[Doda district]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/kaplas.html|title=Kaplas|work=PeakVisor|access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> Kaplas Peak is part of [[Pir Panjal range]], which is itself a part of [[Himalayas|Himalayan mountain range]], and is located near [[Sarthal valley]] of [[Kathua district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wikimapia.org/6124286/Kaplas-4341-m|title=Kaplas 4341 m India / Jammu and Kashmir / Bhaderwah /|work=wikimapia.org|access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> It lies 36 km from [[Bhaderwah]] and 52 km north-northeast of [[Kathua]].

== Geology ==
[[File:Snow clad himalayas as seen from kathua.jpg|thumb|left|Kaplas massif and nearby mountains, as visible from Kathua town]]
The mountain forms part of the Kaplas Granite Massif, a prominent intrusive body in the northwestern Himalaya. Geological studies describe the granite as coarse-grained, porphyritic and highly jointed, extending across parts of Bhaderwah and Doda.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Ashish |title=Field and Petrographic characteristics of the Bhalla and Doda granitic bodies associated with Kaplas granite in Doda district of J&K, India |url=https://gdckathua.in/pdf/61836Label.pdf |website=gdckathua.in |publisher=Government Degree College Kathua |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> It is associated with the nearby Bhalla and Doda granitic bodies and has been examined for its petrographic and geochemical characteristics.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Fotedar |first2=B. K. |last3=Raina |first3=A. K. |last4=Dhar |first4=B. L. |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNGS/article/view/32323?|title=Petrology of the Doda Granites, Jammu Lesser Himalaya, India|journal=Journal of Nepal Geological Society|date=1 November 1996|volume=14 |doi=10.3126/jngs.v14i0.32323 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> Researchers classify it within the [[Pre-collisional Himalaya|Himalayan crystalline complex]], noting its significance in understanding the tectono-magmatic history of the [[Jammu division|Jammu region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/68489|title=Petrochemistry of the Eastern Part of Piparan Granite, Doda District, Jammu Lesser Himalaya|work=Geological Society of India|date=1 July 1996|access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> The massif is easily visible from most parts of the Kathua district.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mountains of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Bhaderwah]]
[[Category:Mountains of India]]

Neel Kamal

2026-01-24T13:14:36Z

Akivulhasan876: added the page more to come

{{Wikt|sa:नीलकमल}}

'''''Neel Kamal''''' ({{Lit|Blue Lotus}} in Sanskrit) may refer to these Indian films:

* [[Neel Kamal (1947 film)|''Neel Kamal'' (1947 film)]], a Hindi film directed by Kidar Sharma with debut roles by Raj Kapoor and Madhubala
* [[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|''Neel Kamal'' (1968 film)]], a Hindi film directed by Ram Maheshwari starring Waheeda Rehman, Raaj Kumar and Manoj Kumar

== See also ==
{{canned search|neel kamal|neelkamal|nil kamal|nilkamal}}
* {{intitle|Neel Kamal}}
* {{intitle|Neelkamal}}
* {{intitle|Nil Kamal}}
* {{intitle|Nilkamal}}
* [[Blue lotus (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig}}