Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

E. Hanumantha Rao

2023-10-04T10:19:49Z

Akashkumar: start

[[File:E_Hanumantha_Rao.jpg|thumb]]
'''Eshwar Hanumantha Rao''' (1930 – 21 January 2004) was an Indian wildlife photographer. Hanumantha Rao became one of the most highly sought after Indian wildlife photographers in post independence India and his photographs found place widely in printed materials. He was a fellow of the Royal Photographic Society and a recipient of numerous awards.

Rao was born in family that was in the textile business. In 1947 he bought a camera in Paris where he attended a Scouts Jamboree. He then began to take photographs, specializing in wildlife. His photographs were widely sought by publishing companies around the world earning royalty for his works. He noted that he was the first Indian to pay income tax as a photographer. He received an [[Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique|AFIAP]] in 1960, a [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] in 1986, the Kodak award for excellence in 1987 and the Karnataka Lalita Kala Academy Award for 1997–98. He was a [[Melvin Jones (Lions Club)|Melvin Jones]] Fellow, and a member of wildlife committees.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/he-dates-wild-beasts-through-the-lens-eye/articleshow/292380.cms| title=He dates wild beasts through the len's eye|newspaper=Times of India| date=20 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=22 January 2004|title=Obituary. E. Hanumantha Rao}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ypsbengaluru.com/yps-honorary-members/ Biographical note - YPS honorary members]
* [https://www.askaryphotoawards.com/tribute_hanumantha_rao.php Brief biography]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9NtjM0Njb0 Interview in Kannada]

[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Nature photographers]]
[[Category:Royal Photographic Society members]]

AP Dhillon

2023-10-01T04:28:30Z

Akashkumar:

{{Short description|Canadian rapper (born 1993)}}
{{Use Canadian English}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = AP Dhillon
| image = File:AP Dhillon CA.jpg
| caption = Ap Dhillon in 2021
| birth_name = Amritpal Singh Dhillon
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|1|10}}
| birth_place = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| citizenship = Canadian
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter|record producer}}
| years_active = 2018-present
| partner = [[Banita Sandhu]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| origin = [[Victoria, BC]], Canada
| instrument = Vocals
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]| [[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}}
| label = [[Run-Up Records]] Collab Creations
| current_member_of = Run-Up Records
| current_members = [[Gurinder Gill]] [[Shinda Kahlon]] Gminxr
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Gurinder Gill]]
* Gminxr
* Shinda Kahlon
* [[AR Paisley]]
* [[Manni Sandhu]]}}
}}
}}

'''Amritpal Singh Dhillon''' (born 10 January 1993), known professionally as '''AP Dhillon''', is an [[Canadian]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hendriques |first=Princia |date=2022-07-12 |title=AP Dhillon And 'The Boys 3' Crossover Makes The Internet Go 'Bawaal'; Rapper Drops Special Version Of 'Insane' |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/34768/ap-dhillon-and-the-boys-3-crossover-makes-the-internet-go-bawaal-rapper-drops-special-version-of-ins |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=Watch: Dutch Singer Recreates AP Dhillon's Hit Song 'Excuses' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/dutch-singer-recreates-punjabi-canadian-artist-ap-dhillon-s-song-excuses-2863221 |access-date=May 26, 2022 |publisher=NTDT}}</ref> singer, rapper and record producer associated with [[Punjabi music]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2021-11-19 |title=Boat ties up with Punjabi singer AP Dhillon for brand association |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/advertising/boat-ties-up-with-punjabi-singer-ap-dhillon-for-brand-association-11637307037388.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Five of his singles have peaked on the [[Official Charts Company]] UK Asian and Punjabi charts, while "Majhail" and "Brown Munde" have topped the Billboard’s chart. Dhillon, alongside his label-mates [[Gurinder Gill]], [[Shinda Kahlon]] and Gminxr works as trio under their label '[[Run-Up Records]]'.

== Early life ==
Amritpal Singh Dhillon was born into a [[Sikh]] family on 10 January 1993 in Mullianwal in the [[Gurdaspur district]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>Harshleen Anand. [https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/news/97871-ap-dhillons-old-singing-clip-from-college-days.html Old Clips Of AP Dhillon Singing During His College Days Just Raised 'Saada Pyaar' For Him]. ''[[Times Internet Limited|MensXP]]''. December 14, 2021.</ref> He studied at the Little Flower Convent School and completed his graduation in [[Civil Engineering]] from Baba Kuma Singh Ji Engineering College in [[Amritsar]]. Dhillon pursued a Diploma in [[Business administration|Business Administration and Management]] from [[Camosun College]] in [[Saanich, British Columbia]], Canada. He briefly worked at [[Best Buy]] before pivoting to music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=AP Dhillon: You Know His Music, Now Know The Man; Everything About The ‘Brown Munde’ Singer |url=https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/ap-dhillon-you-know-his-music-now-know-the-man-everything-about-the-brown-munde-singer-10094614 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhillon started his career in 2019 with singles "Fake" and "Faraar". In 2020, his single "Deadly", produced by Gminxr entered UK Asian chart published by the [[Official Charts Company]], and peaked at number 11.<ref name=":0" /> Also, the song entered top 5 on UK Punjabi chart.<ref name=":13" /> His next single "Droptop" with Gurinder Gill also appeared on both UK Asian and UK Punjabi chart.<ref name=":13" /> In June 2020, he collaborated with Gurinder Gill and Manni Sandhu for single "Majhail", which topped both the UK Asian and Punjabi chart, and became their best performance till date.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" /> In July 2020, he appeared in "Excuses" by Intense, which peaked at number 3 on UK Asian and topped the UK Punjabi chart.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In September 2020, he released "Brown Munde" with Gurinder Gill, Gminxr, and Shinda Kahlon. [[Nav (rapper)|Nav]], [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], Money Musik, Anmol Dalwani and [[Steel Banglez]] appeared in its music video.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumari|first=Priyanca|date=September 18, 2020|title=Breaking Boundaries: Sidhu Moose Wala and Steel Banglez Cameo in 'Brown Munde'|url=https://britasia.tv/breaking-boundaries-sidhu-moose-wala-steel-banglez-cameo-in-brown-munde/|access-date=September 19, 2020|website=BritAsia TV|language=en-GB}}</ref> The song entered Apple Music chart in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Top 100: Canada|url=https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-canada/pl.79bac9045a2540e0b195e983df8ba569|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919131834/https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/top-100-canada/pl.79bac9045a2540e0b195e983df8ba569|archive-date=September 19, 2020|access-date=September 19, 2020|website=[[Apple Music]]|language=en-gb}}</ref> The song debuted at number one on the UK Asian chart, became his second number one on the chart.

In 2020, AP Dhillon released his first EP, ''Not by Chance''. All seven of the songs from the EP charted on the NZ charts and occupied the top five of the Official Punjabi Music chart in the UK.<ref name="NZ" />

In 2021, AP Dhillon and his team performed a live concert for the first time as part of the "Over The Top – The Takeover Tour" in major 6 cities in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over The Top – AP Dhillon The Takeover Tour India|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/events/ap-dhillon-the-takeover-tour/ET00316876|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028083648/https://in.bookmyshow.com/events/ap-dhillon-the-takeover-tour/ET00316876 |archive-date=2021-10-28}}</ref><ref name=":3">Erin LeBlanc. [https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2022/04/16/meet-the-toronto-woman-behind-the-unique-mansion-that-has-hosted-stars-like-the-weeknd-and-belly.html Meet the Toronto woman behind the unique mansion that has hosted stars like The Weeknd and Belly]. ''[[The Star (Toronto)|The Star]]''. April 16, 2022.</ref> Dhillon partners with Boat for brand association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=boAt partners with AP Dhillon for #LiveTheSound campaign |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/boat-partners-with-ap-dhillon-for-livethesound-campaign/2371654/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

In 2022, Dhillon collaborated with [[Amazon Prime Video]] for the promotion of [[The Boys (season 3)]] under which he cues an exclusive version of his track ‘Insane’ in the trailer.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=Amazon Prime Video collaborates with A.P. Dhillon post a fantastic The Boys Season 3 finale |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amazon-prime-video-collaborates-with-a-p-dhillon-post-a-fantastic-the-boys-season-3-finale-10899281.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Dhillon was the first Punjabi artist to perform at the 2023 Juno Awards in Edmonton, Canada with his hit song "Summer High".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://etcanada.com/news/976572/juno-awards-2023-ap-dhillon-makes-history-with-first-punjabi-performance-at-the-show/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314005648/https://etcanada.com/news/976572/juno-awards-2023-ap-dhillon-makes-history-with-first-punjabi-performance-at-the-show/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 14, 2023 | title=Juno Awards 2023: AP Dhillon Makes History with First Punjabi Performance at the Show | date=March 13, 2023 }}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:14em;" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" rowspan="2" | Details
! scope="col"| Peak chart positions
|-
! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]] <ref>Peaks of EPs in Canada:
* ''Not by Chance'': {{Cite magazine|title=Billboard Canadian Albums Chart|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums|access-date=14 January 2021|magazine=Billboard}}
* ''Two Hearts Never Break the Same'': {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums/2022-10-22/|title=Billboard Canadian Albums: Week of October 22, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Not by Chance'' (with [[Gurinder Gill]] and Money Musik)
|
* Released: 23 December 2020
* Label: Run-Up
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
| 63
|-
!scope="row"|''Hidden Gems'' (with Gurinder Gill, Gminxr and Shinda Kahlon)
|
* Released: 21 November 2021
* Label: Run-Up
* Format: Digital download, streaming
| —
|-
! scope="row"|''Two Hearts Never Break the Same''
|
* Released: 7 October 2022
* Label: Run-Up
* Format: Digital download, streaming
| 53
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles with peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! colspan="6" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Music
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2022-10-22/|title=Canadian Hot 100: Week of October 22, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=October 18, 2022}}
* "True Stories": {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2023-07-01/|title=Canadian Hot 100: Week of July 1, 2023|magazine=Billboard|access-date=June 27, 2023}}
* "With You": {{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2023-09-02/|title=Canadian Hot 100: Week of September 2, 2023|magazine=Billboard|access-date=August 29, 2023}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Hot]] <ref name="NZ">Peaks on the NZ Hot Singles Chart:
* "Saada Pyaar": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4994|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=December 28, 2020|accessdate=December 26, 2020}}
* "Fate", "Takeover", "Chances" and "Goat": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4999|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=January 4, 2021|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}
* "Insane": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5055|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=April 26, 2021|accessdate=April 24, 2021}}
* "Ma Belle": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5172|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=July 26, 2021|accessdate=July 24, 2021}}
* "Desires": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5237|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=November 29, 2021|accessdate=November 27, 2021}}
* "Tere Te": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5241|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=December 6, 2021|accessdate=December 4, 2021}}
* "Summer High": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5379|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=August 15, 2022|access-date=August 13, 2022}}
* "Wo Noor": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5428|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=October 17, 2022|access-date=October 15, 2022}}
* "True Stories": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5599|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=June 26, 2023|access-date=June 24, 2023}}
* "Sleepless": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5619|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=July 24, 2023|access-date=July 22, 2023}}
* "With You": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5643|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=August 21, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023}}
* "Lifestyle" and "Scars": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5665|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=September 18, 2023|access-date=September 16, 2023}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hits of the World|IND]]
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official Charts Company#Chart synopsis|UK Asian]] <ref name=":0">AP Dhillon Chart history:

https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/61523/ap-dhillon

Singles on UK Asian Music Chart:

* "Majhail" and "Excuses": {{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}
* "Deadly" and "Droptop": {{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200717/asian/ |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| UK Punjabi
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2023-09-02|title=''Billboard'' Global 200: Week of September 2, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=August 29, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"Fake"
| rowspan="2" |2019
| — || — || — || — || — || —
| Gminxr
| rowspan="14" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" |"Top Boy"
| — || — || — || — || — || —
|AP Dhillon
|-
! scope="row"|"Arrogant" {{small|(with [[Shinda Kahlon]])}}
| rowspan="19" |2020
| — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="5"| Gminxr
|-
! scope="row"|"Feels" {{small|(with [[Gurinder Gill]])}}
| — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Most Wanted" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Hustlin'" {{small|(with a4 and Gminxr)}}
| — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Deadly"
| — || — || — || 11 || 4<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20200719/punjabi/|access-date=August 10, 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref> || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Kirsaan" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || — || — || —
| Gminxr & S-Kay
|-
! scope="row"|"Droptop" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || 28 || 8<ref name=":13" /> || —
| Gminxr
|-
! scope="row"|"Majhail" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill & [[Manni Sandhu]])}}
| — || — || — || 1<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200626/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>|| 1<ref name=":13" /> || —
| [[Manni Sandhu]]
|-
! scope="row"|"Excuses" {{small|(with Intense & Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || 4 || 3 || 1<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20200802/punjabi/|access-date=August 10, 2020|website=www.officialcharts.com|language=en}}</ref> || —
| Intense
|-
! scope="row"|"Free Smoke" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || — || — || —
| Manu
|-
! scope="row"|"Brown Munde" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill & Shinda Kahlon)}}
| — || — || — || 1 || 1 || —
| Gminxr
|-
! scope="row"|"Toxic" {{small|(with Intense)}}
| — || — || — || 3 || 3 || —
| Intense
|-
! scope="row"|"Foreigns" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || 2<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20201204/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> || 6 || —
| rowspan="7"| Money Musik
| rowspan="7"| ''Not by Chance''
|-
! scope="row"|"Saada Pyaar"
| — || 20 || — || 1<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20201225/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>|| 2 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Fate" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill & Shinda Kahlon)}}
| — || 33 || — || — || 5 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Drip" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill & Duvy)}}
| — || — || — || — || 17 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Takeover" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill & [[AR Paisley]])}}
| — || 28 || — || — || 10 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Chances" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || 29 || — || — || 4 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Goat" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || 21 || — || — || 3 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Insane" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon & Gurinder Gill)}}
| rowspan="8" |2021
| — || 10 || — || 1 || — || —
| Gminxr & Pvli
|rowspan="2"{{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Ma Belle" {{small|(with Amari)}}
| — || 27 || — || 3 || 3 || —
| AP Dhillon
|-
! scope="row"|"Against All Odds" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon & Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || — || 7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20211205/punjabi/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> || —
| rowspan="3"| Gminxr
| rowspan="6"| ''Hidden Gems''
|-
! scope="row"|"Majhe Aale" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon & Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || 32<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20211126/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> || 6 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Spaceship" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon)}}
| — || — || — || 8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20211210/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> || 5 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Tere Te" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || 30 || — || 3 || 3 || —
| rowspan="2"| AP Dhillon
|-
! scope="row"|"Desires" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || 22 || — || 2 || 2 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"War" {{small|(with Gurinder Gill)}}
| — || — || — || — || 8 || —
| Manu
|-
! scope="row" |"Summer High"
|rowspan="6"| 2022
| 79 || 15 || 13 || 1<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref>|| 1<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> || —
| Pvli & Sach
| rowspan="6"|''Two Hearts Never Break the Same''
|-
! scope="row"|"Dil Nu" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon)}}
| — || — || — || 16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20221125/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> || 7 || —
| rowspan="2"|Rebbel
|-
! scope="row"|"All Night" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon)}}
| — || — || — || 7 || 5 || —
|-
! scope="row"|"Hills"
| — || — || — || — || 6 || —
|Chris Beats
|-
! scope="row"|"Wo Noor"
| — || 39 || — || 4 || 3 || —
|Pvli
|-
! scope="row"|"Final Thoughts" {{small|(with [[Shinda Kahlon]])}}
| — || — || — || — || 9 || —
|Gminxr & Osrs
|-
! scope="row"| "True Stories" {{small|(with Shinda Kahlon)}}
| rowspan="5" | 2023
| 81 || 14 || — || 4 || 2 || —
|Gore Ocean
| rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Sleepless"
| — || 35 || — || 5 || 3 || —
| Castello Beats
|-
! scope="row"|"With You"
| 41 || 14 || 2 || — || — || 137
| Rebbel
| rowspan="3" |First of a Kind (from Amazon Original Series)
|-
! scope="row"| "Lifestyle" (with Shinda Kahlon)
| — || 39 || — || — || — || —
|Yogic Beats
|-
! scope="row"| "Scars"
| — || 36 || — || — || — || —
| Fantom
|}

==Production discography==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of singles as music producer along with year release
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Artists
! scope="col" | Album
|-
!scope="row"|Faraar<ref>{{Citation |title=FARAAR - GURINDER GILL {{!}} SHINDA KAHLON {{!}} AP DHILLON |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqyIYTVFNck |language=en |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref> {{Efn-ua|text=appearance in music video}}
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Gurinder Gill]], Shinda Kahlon
| rowspan="3" {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| Top Boy<ref>{{Citation |title=Top Boy {{!}} Full Video {{!}} AP Dhillon {{!}} Latest Song 2019 {{!}} Run-up Records |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDE_ecFcwWM |language=en |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref>
|AP Dhillon
|-
! scope="row"| Ma Belle<ref>{{Citation |title=Ma Belle - AP Dhillon (ft. Amari) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6piRLp7BV8o |language=en |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |2021
|AP Dhillon, Amari
|-
! scope="row"| Desires<ref>{{Citation |title=DESIRES - AP DHILLON {{!}} GURINDER GILL |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ONzh3tf884 |language=en |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |AP Dhillon, Gurinder Gill
| rowspan="2" |Hidden Gems
|-
! scope="row"|Tere Te<ref>{{Citation |title=TERE TE - AP DHILLON {{!}} GURINDER GILL |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG70qm6usR8 |language=en |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm13358220}}
* {{MusicBrainz artist|mbid=ed29f721-0d40-4a90-9f25-a91c2ccccd5e}}
* {{Discogs artist|artist=9788743}}

{{Authority control|state=autocollapse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, AP}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian rappers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi rappers]]
[[Category:Desi musicians]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian hip hop singers]]
[[Category:Canadian musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Canadian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Canadian male rappers]]
[[Category:Canadian record producers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian hip hop singers]]
[[Category:Camosun College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur]]
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters]]

Dharmendra Kumar

2023-07-16T13:50:48Z

Akashkumar: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharmendra Kumar
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pilibanga]]
| country = India
| successor =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
| citizenship =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| termstart = 2018
| termend =
| education =
| district =
| spouse =
| image =
| caption =
}}
'''Dharmendra Kumar''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] and currently member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pilibanga]] constituency 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmendra Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PILIBANGA (SC)(HANUMANGARGH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=2752 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmendra Kumar-धर्मेंद्र कुमार Bjp Candidate Pilibanga Election Result 2018 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/dharmendra-kumar-bjp-2018-pilibanga-9 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom

2023-07-15T02:26:51Z

Akashkumar:

{{Short description|2008 book by Barbara D. Metcalf}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom
| image = Cover of Husain Ahmad Madani- The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom.jpg
| caption = English cover
| author = [[Barbara D. Metcalf]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Makers of the Muslim World
| subject = [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]]
| genre = Biography
| publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]
| pub_date = 1 October 2008
| pages = 192
| isbn = 9781851685790
| oclc = 269441632
| website = [https://oneworld-publications.com/work/husain-ahmad-madani/ oneworld-publications.com]
}}
'''''Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom''''' is an authored work by [[Barbara D. Metcalf]], a professor at the [[University of California, Davis|University of California]], presenting an account of the life and endeavors of [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]]. With an examination of Madani's political activism, spiritual journey, and religious contributions, this book offers a nuanced perspective.<ref name=":Anwer">{{Cite news |last=Anwer |first=Ammar |title=Can the Afghan Taliban learn from their greatest Sheikh? |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/97485/can-the-afghan-taliban-learn-from-their-greatest-sheikh?amp=1 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504213137/https://tribune.com.pk/article/97485/can-the-afghan-taliban-learn-from-their-greatest-sheikh?amp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Published as part of the series ''Makers of the Muslim World'' by [[Oneworld Publications]], it embraces distinctive themes that echo Metcalf's study titled [[Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900|''Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900'']]. By delving into Madani's narrative, the book recognizes his central role in the [[Composite nationalism|nationalist politics]] of India's struggle for independence. Metcalf positions Madani's involvement in [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led anti-colonial nationalism as a contrasting force to the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s advocacy for a distinct Muslim religio-political identity, culminating in the separatist movements of the late 1940s. The author strives to rectify the prevalent Western bias that attributes Muslim political behavior solely to sacred texts, rather than considering geopolitical influences. Through a historicization of Madani's life and work, Metcalf endeavors to provide a comprehensive perspective that accounts for the multifaceted factors shaping his contributions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haroon |first=Sana |title=Book Review: Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India’s Freedom |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946461204900207 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=277 |doi=10.1177/001946461204900207 |issn=0019-4646 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725214007/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946461204900207 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Content ==
The opening chapter unfolds in the years 1915–1916 when [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]] embarked on a journey to [[Mecca]] in the [[Hejaz]], a region he had a deep connection with. During this time, Madani's visit to Mecca served as a poignant moment, as he had spent a considerable part of his life there. However, in December 1916, Madani, along with his teacher [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] and other colleagues and family members who shared the Deobandi ideology, faced a legal predicament. Their refusal to sign a document that fully endorsed the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharif]] revolt against the [[Ottoman Arabia|Ottoman rule]] resulted in their arrest. Metcalf suggests that these arrests reflect the significant influence Madani and Mahmud Hasan held over Muslim public opinion in India. Their steadfast loyalty to the Ottomans led to their subsequent imprisonment in a detention camp in [[Malta]] for a duration of five years, which should be viewed as an integral part of the broader narrative surrounding the [[World War I]].{{Sfn|Haroon|2012|p=278}}

Meanwhile, Madani's family in Mecca endured immense suffering and tragedy during his absence, as he learned through heartfelt letters recounting the multiple deaths that befell his kin. When Madani and his companions were finally released in 1920, their return to India marked a turning point in their lives. The experiences of incarceration and interactions with fellow prisoners of war had a profound impact on them. Metcalf suggests that it was during this period that Madani emerged as a nationalist thinker. In chapter three, titled a 'flashback', the author provides an account of Madani's formative years as an [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]]. This account delves into the context of his upbringing, with a particular focus on his father's insistence that he receive a traditional Islamic education and undergo devotional Sufi training. Both aspects of his education were acquired at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], with the former being imparted through the curriculum and the latter through Sufi initiation by one of the founders of the institution.{{Sfn|Haroon|2012|p=278}}

The subsequent chapters, spanning the period from 1920 to 1947, shed light on Madani's unwavering commitment to both [[Indian nationalism]] and Islam. Throughout these years, Madani actively engaged in teaching at Deoband and in [[Sylhet]]. He also played an instrumental role in various organizations, including the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat Committee]], the newly established [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] meetings, and numerous other Muslim voluntary associations, madrasas, and political organizations across India. Madani's primary concerns centered around the preservation of Islamic knowledge and the protection of [[Muslim personal law|Muslim Personal Law]]. These concerns were predominantly voiced through the platform of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]. Madani believed that an inclusive electoral system, devoid of religious discrimination, could serve both objectives. Consequently, the Jamiat Ulema allied with the Congress party and advocated for the abolition of separate electorates while advocating for the retention of reserved seats.{{Sfn|Haroon|2012|p=278}}

Madani's political stance faced opposition, notably in a heated exchange with the poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]]. Iqbal argued that Madani's understanding of composite Indian nationalism, which sought to encompass Muslims and Hindus within a territorially and historically defined framework, misconstrued the meanings of Arabic terms used to describe communities in the Quran and hadith.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Khaled |title=Madani-Iqbal debate over pluralism |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/107579/madani-iqbal-debate-over-pluralism |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202232947/https://tribune.com.pk/story/107579/madani-iqbal-debate-over-pluralism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chapter five, titled "Who speaks for the Muslims," effectively illustrates the diverse opinions regarding "Muslim politics" in colonial India. Metcalf draws attention to the political dynamics of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and highlights the "Madani formula" of autonomous provincial groupings as an alternative to the eventual partition of the subcontinent. However, the author cautions against assuming that either faction could claim to represent the entirety of India's Muslim population. Metcalf provides insights into the positions held by other scholars, Muslim secularists, political Islamists like [[Abul A'la Maududi]], and smaller Muslim organizations.{{Sfn|Haroon|2012|p=279}}

In conclusion, Metcalf asserts that this biography of Madani aims to illuminate his contributions to the anti-colonial politics of an undivided India. The author reflects on Madani's post-partition efforts in India, where he strove to foster an apolitical and educational environment that promoted self-discipline among Muslims. Madani's objective was to challenge the prevailing notion that every Muslim, including those who remained in India and those who had fought for a united India, bore some responsibility for the partition.{{Sfn|Haroon|2012|p=279}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is Barbara Metcalf, the winner of this year’s Sir Syed Excellence Award? |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/barbara-metcalf-winner-sir-syed-excellence-award-8216121/ |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123190259/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/barbara-metcalf-winner-sir-syed-excellence-award-8216121/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Zeeshan Chaudri, a PhD scholar at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) within the [[University of London]], provided his perspective on the book in question. Chaudri highlighted that the book primarily delves into Madani's political ideas and personal journey, neglecting to explore his roles as a jurist, theologian, and mystic.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Demarcating the Contours of the Deobandi tradition via a study of the 'Akābirīn' |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/37291/ |publisher=SOAS University of London |degree=PhD |doi=10.25501/soas.00037291 |language=en |first=Zeeshan |last=Chaudri |page=18 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615230001/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/37291/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an article featured in [[The Express Tribune|''The Express Tribune'']], Ammar Anwer expressed his appreciation for the researched account. Anwer reflected on the immense debt owed by Eastern societies to these inquisitive orientalists who have resurrected these historical figures and reintroduced them to the forefront of scholarly discussions that had long faded from our collective memory.<ref name=":Anwer" />

== See also ==
* [[Bibliography of Deobandi Movement]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{Google Books|ePsRAQAAIAAJ}}
[[Category:Deobandi biographical literature]]
[[Category:Works about Deobandism]]
[[Category:Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
[[Category:2008 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language books]]
[[Category:British books]]
[[Category:Books by Barbara D. Metcalf]]
[[Category:Oneworld Publications books]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]

State terrorism

2022-12-22T17:46:06Z

Akashkumar: Fresh article content.

{{Short description|Acts of terrorism conducted by a state}}
{{Distinguish|State-sponsored terrorism}}
{{Lead too short}}
{{terrorism}}
[[File:Nanking bodies 1937.jpg|thumb|''The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] carried out a [[Nanjing Massacre|terrorist massacre of Chinese civilians in Nanjing]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanjing Massacre {{!}} History, Summary & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Nanjing-Massacre |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|reason=The source does not describe this event as a terrorist attack.}}]]
'''State terrorism''' refers to acts of [[terrorism]] which a [[State (polity)|state]] conducts against another state or against its own [[citizen]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aust, Anthony|title=Handbook of International Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-521-13349-4|page=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74Zmct-7hGIC&pg=PA265}}</ref><ref name="britannica" /><ref>Selden & So, 2003: [https://books.google.com/books?id=D0icvm2EQLIC&pg=PA4 p. 4.]</ref><ref name="Martin">Martin, 2006: p. 111.</ref>

==Definition==

{{See also|Definition of terrorism|Terrorism}}

There is neither an academic nor an international legal consensus regarding the proper definition of the word "terrorism".<ref>{{cite book|author=Williamson, Myra|title=Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7546-7403-0|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Schmid, Alex P.|chapter=The Definition of Terrorism|title=The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-0-203-82873-1|page=39|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC&pg=PA39}}</ref> Some scholars believe the actions of governments can be labelled "terrorism".<ref>{{Cite book | last1= Nairn | first1= Tom | last2= James | first2= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic) | title= Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism | url= https://www.academia.edu/1642325 | year= 2005 | publisher= Pluto Press | location= London and New York}}</ref> Using the term 'terrorism' to mean violent action used with the predominant intention of causing terror, [[Paul James (academic)|Paul James]] and [[Jonathan Friedman]] distinguish between state terrorism against [[non-combatant]]s and state terrorism against [[combatant]]s, including '[[shock and awe]]' tactics:

<blockquote>Shock and Awe" as a subcategory of "rapid dominance" is the name given to massive intervention designed to strike terror into the minds of the enemy. It is a form of state-terrorism. The concept was however developed long before the Second Gulf War by Harlan Ullman as chair of a forum of retired military personnel.<ref>{{Cite book | year= 2006 | last1= James | first1= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic) | last2= Friedman | first2= Jonathan | title= Globalization and Violence, Vol. 3: Globalizing War and Intervention | url= https://www.academia.edu/3587732 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London |page= xxx}}</ref></blockquote>

However, others, including governments, international organisations, private institutions and scholars, believe the term "terrorism" is applicable only to the actions of [[violent non-state actor]]s. This approach is termed as an "actor-centric" definition which emphasizes the characteristics of the groups or individuals who use terrorism; whilst act-centric definitions emphasize the unique aspects of terrorism from other acts of violence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chenoweth |first1=Erica |last2=English |first2=Richard |last3=Gofas |first3=Andrew |last4=Kalyvas |first4=Stathis |title=The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=9780198732914 |page=153 |edition=First |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-terrorism-9780198732914?cc=us&lang=en&}}</ref> Historically, the term terrorism was used to refer to actions taken by governments against their own citizens whereas now it is more often perceived as targeting of non-combatants as part of a strategy directed ''against'' governments.<ref>{{cite book|author=Williamson, Myra|title=Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7546-7403-0|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40}}</ref>

Historian [[Henry Commager]] wrote that "Even when definitions of terrorism allow for ''state terrorism'', state actions in this area tend to be seen through the prism of war or national self-defense, not terror."<ref>{{cite book|author=Hor, Michael Yew Meng|title=Global anti-terrorism law and policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-10870-6|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzQOAR5rqvcC&pg=PA20|access-date=2016-11-12|archive-date=2019-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303234424/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzQOAR5rqvcC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA20|url-status=dead}}</ref> While states may accuse other states of [[state-sponsored terrorism]] when they support insurgencies, individuals who accuse their governments of terrorism are seen as radicals, because actions by legitimate governments are not generally seen as illegitimate. Academic writing tends to follow the definitions accepted by states.<ref>Donahue, pp. 19–20.</ref> Most states use the term "terrorism" for non-state actors only.<ref name="Schmid">{{cite book|author=Alex P. Schmid|title=Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-0-415-41157-8|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC}}</ref>

The [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] defines terrorism generally as "the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective", and states that "terrorism is not legally defined in all jurisdictions." The encyclopedia adds that "[e]stablishment terrorism, often called state or state-sponsored terrorism, is employed by governments—or more often by factions within governments—against that government's citizens, against factions within the government, or against foreign governments or groups."<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism/Types-of-terrorism |title=Terrorism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

While the most common modern usage of the word terrorism refers to [[political violence]] by [[Insurgency|insurgent]]s or conspirators,<ref>"Dealing with Terrorism", by Helen Purkitt, in Conflict in World Society, 1984, p. 162.</ref> several scholars make a broader interpretation of the nature of terrorism that encompasses the concepts of state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism.<ref>Michael Stohl, p. 14.</ref> [[Michael Stohl]] argues, "The use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents.<ref>''The Superpowers and International Terror'' Michael Stohl, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, March 27{{snd}}April 1, 1984.</ref> Stohl clarifies, however, that "[n]ot all acts of state violence are terrorism. It is important to understand that in terrorism the violence threatened or perpetrated, has purposes broader than simple physical harm to a victim. The audience of the act or threat of violence is more important than the immediate victim."<ref>Stohl, National Interests and State Terrorism, The Politics of Terrorism, Marcel Dekker 1988, p.275.</ref>

Scholar [[C. Augustus Martin|Gus Martin]] describes state terrorism as terrorism "committed by governments and quasi-governmental agencies and personnel against perceived threats", which can be directed against both domestic and foreign targets.<ref name="Martin" /> [[Noam Chomsky]] defines state terrorism as "terrorism practised by states (or governments) and their agents and allies".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chomsky, Noam|title=What Anthropologists Should Know about the Concept of Terrorism'|journal=Anthropology Today|volume=18|issue=2}}</ref>

Simon Taylor provides a definition of state terrorism as "state agents using threats or acts of violence against civilians, marked by a callous indifference to human life, to instill fear in a community beyond the initial victim for the purpose of preventing a change or challenge to the status quo."<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Simon |title=Status Quo Terrorism: State-Terrorism in South Africa during Apartheid |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=2 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2021.1916478|s2cid=235534871 }}</ref> These acts of violence can include both the types of state violence that some argue ought to be considered terrorism, such as: [[genocide]], [[mass murders]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[Forced disappearance|disappearances]], [[detention without trial]], and [[torture]]; and more widely accepted methods of terror including [[bombings]] and [[targeted killings]].

Stohl and [[George A. Lopez]] have designated three categories of state terrorism, based on the openness/secrecy with which the alleged terrorist acts are performed, and whether states directly perform the acts, support them, or acquiesce in them.<ref>Stohl & Lopez, 1988: pp. 207–208.</ref>

==History==
[[File:NantesChateauMuséeNoyades.jpg|thumb|The [[Drownings at Nantes]] were a series of mass executions by drowning during the Reign of Terror in France]]
[[Aristotle]] wrote critically of [[Fear|terror]] employed by [[tyrant]]s against their subjects.<ref>[http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.762/article_detail.asp "Those Hell-Hounds Called Terrorists"] By Harvey C. Mansfield, ''The Claremont Institute'', posted November 28, 2001.</ref> The earliest use of the word ''terrorism'' identified by the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' is a 1795 reference to tyrannical state behavior, the "[[Reign of Terror|reign of terrorism]]" in France.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' 2nd Edition, CD Version 3, 2002, Oxford University Press.</ref> In that same year, [[Edmund Burke]] decried the "thousands of those hell-hounds called terrorists" who he believed threatened Europe.<ref name="books.google.com"/> During the [[Reign of Terror]], the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobin]] government and other factions of the [[French Revolution]] used the apparatus of the state to kill and intimidate political opponents, and the Oxford English Dictionary includes as one definition of terrorism "Government by intimidation carried out by the party in power in France between 1789–1794".<ref name="teichman">{{cite journal|title=How to define terrorism|author=Teichman, Jenny|journal=Philosophy|volume=64|issue=250|pages=505–517|doi=10.1017/S0031819100044260|s2cid=144723359 }}</ref> The original general meaning of terrorism was of terrorism by the state, as reflected in the 1798 supplement of the Dictionnaire of the [[Académie française]], which described terrorism as ''systeme'', ''regime de la terreur''.<ref name="books.google.com">A History of Terrorism, by Walter Laqueur, Transaction Publishers, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7658-0799-8}}, at [https://books.google.com/books?id=RlqQHKpLfL8C], p. 6.</ref> Myra Williamson wrote:

<blockquote>The meaning of "terrorism" has undergone a transformation. During the Reign of Terror, a regime or system of terrorism was used as an instrument of governance, wielded by a recently established revolutionary ''state'' against the enemies of the people. Now the term "terrorism" is commonly used to describe terrorist acts committed by ''non-state or sub-national entities'' against a state. (italics in original)<ref>{{cite book|author=Williamson, Myra|title=Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7546-7403-0|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43}}</ref></blockquote>

Later examples of state terrorism include the [[police state]] measures employed by the Soviet Union beginning in the 1930s, and by Germany's [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]] in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref>Primoratz, Igor (2007); [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/terrorism/ "Terrorism"] in the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''.</ref> According to Igor Primoratz, "Both [the Nazis and the Soviets] sought to impose total political control on society. Such a radical aim could be pursued only by a similarly radical method: by terrorism directed by an extremely powerful political police at an atomized and defenseless population. Its success was due largely to its arbitrary character—to the unpredictability of its choice of victims. In both countries, the regime first suppressed all opposition; when it no longer had any opposition to speak of, political police took to persecuting 'potential' and 'objective opponents'. In the Soviet Union, it was eventually unleashed on victims chosen at random."<ref>Primoratz, Igor (2007).</ref>

{{quote box|align=right|width=25em|quote=The terror of tsarism was directed against the [[proletariat]]. Our [[Cheka|Extraordinary Commissions]] shoot landlords, capitalists, and generals who are striving to restore the capitalist order. Do you grasp this{{nbsp}}... distinction? Yes? For us communists it is quite sufficient.|source=[[Leon Trotsky]], ''[[Terrorism and Communism]]'', 1920.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gage|first=Beverly|title=The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror|location=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0199759286|page=[https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage/page/263 263]|url=https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage|url-access=registration}}</ref>}}

Military actions primarily directed against non-combatant targets have also been referred to as state terrorism. For example, the [[bombing of Guernica]] has been called an act of terrorism.<ref>What's wrong with terrorism? by Robert E. Goodin, Polity, 2006, {{ISBN|0-7456-3497-4}}, at [https://books.google.com/books?id=pV0oUUmuNfIC], p. 62.</ref> Other examples of state terrorism may include the World War II bombings of [[attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]], [[The Blitz|London]], [[Bombing of Dresden|Dresden]], [[Bombing of Chongqing|Chongqing]], and [[Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima|Hiroshima]].<ref>Michael Stohl, "The Superpowers and International Terror", Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, March 27{{snd}}April 1, 1984.</ref>

An act of sabotage, sometimes regarded as an act of terrorism, was the peacetime [[sinking of the Rainbow Warrior]], a ship owned by [[Greenpeace]], which occurred while in port at [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] on July 10, 1985. The bomb detonation killed [[Fernando Pereira]], a Dutch photographer. The organisation who committed the attack, the [[Directorate-General for External Security]] (DSGE), is a branch of [[List of intelligence agencies of France|France's intelligence services]]. The agents responsible pleaded guilty to [[manslaughter]] as part of a plea deal and were sentenced to ten years in prison, but were secretly released early to France under an agreement between the two countries' governments.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Russell-Einstein Manifesto, ICJ case and Rainbow Warrior bombing: Remembering humanity |journal=Down to Earth}}</ref>

[[File:Cambodia 2011 monuments 10.jpg|thumb|Rooms of the [[Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum]] contain thousands of photos taken by the [[Khmer Rouge]] of their victims]]

During [[the Troubles]], an ethno-nationalist conflict in [[Northern Ireland]] from the 1960's to the 1990's, the [[Military Reaction Force]] (MRF), a [[counterinsurgency]] unit of the British [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]], was tasked with tracking down members of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Irish Republican Army]] (IRA). During the period when it was active, the MRF was involved in the killings of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |title=Undercover soldiers 'killed unarmed civilians in Belfast'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24987465|access-date=28 November 2014|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Moloney2003">{{cite book |author=Ed Moloney|title=A Secret History of the IRA|url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofi00edmo|url-access=registration|access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-32502-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofi00edmo/page/119 119]–122/123}}</ref>

In November 2013, a BBC Panorama documentary was aired about the MRF. It drew on information from seven former members, as well as a number of other sources. Soldier H said: "We operated initially with them thinking that we were the [[Ulster Volunteer Force|UVF]]." Soldier F added: "We wanted to cause confusion."<ref name=ware>Ware, John. [http://republican-news.org/current/news/2013/11/britains_secret_terror_force.html "Britain's Secret Terror Force"]. Irish Republican News, 23 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.</ref> In June 1972, he{{Who}} was succeeded as commander by Captain James 'Hamish' McGregor.<ref name=panorama>{{Cite episode |title=Britain's Secret Terror Force |series=[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]] |people=Telling, Leo (director) |network=[[BBC]] }}</ref>

In June 2014, in the wake of the Panorama programme, the [[Police Service of Northern Ireland]] (PSNI) opened an investigation into the matter.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Police investigate Military Reaction Force allegations |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27785433|newspaper=[[BBC]]|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref> In an earlier review of the programme, the position of the PSNI was that none of the statements by soldiers in the programme could be taken as an admission of criminality.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Panorama MRF programme: Soldiers 'admitted no crimes'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27389349|newspaper=BBC|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref>

==By country==
===Argentina===
{{Main|Dirty War}}
{{See also|Operation Condor}}
The [[Dirty War]] is the name used for the period of state terrorism in Argentina between 1974 and 1983.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blakeley|first=Ruth|title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 96–97]|isbn=978-0-415-68617-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Borger|first=Julian|year=2004 |title=Kissinger backed dirty war against left in Argentina|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/28/argentina.julianborger|work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref>

===Belarus===
{{See also|Ryanair Flight 4978|Vitaly Shishov}}

===Brazil===
{{See also|Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)}}

===Chile===
{{See also|Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile}}
[[File:Casa de detención clandestina en José Domingo Cañas 01.JPG|thumb|The torture center of Chile's secret police [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|DINA]] at José Domingo Cañas 1367]]
Chile during [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s rule was accused of state terror against political opponents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas C. |title=State Terrorism in Latin America |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781461642800/State-Terrorism-in-Latin-America-Chile-Argentina-and-International-Human-Rights}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Terrorism and State Terror in Latin America |url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/modules/module/HISP5630 |work=University of Kent}}</ref>

===China===
{{See also|Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries|Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong|Cultural Revolution|Uyghur genocide}}
The [[Uyghur American Association]] has claimed that Beijing's approach to terrorism in Xinjiang constitutes state terrorism.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36718304.pdf|title=Constituting the Uyghur in U.S.-China Relations The Geopolitics of Identity Formation in the War on Terrorism|journal=[[Strategic Insights]]|volume=1|issue=7|author=Gaye Christoffersen|access-date=9 May 2020|page=7}}</ref> In 2006, a Spanish court opened an investigation into claims that the Chinese state was committing acts of state terrorism in [[Tibet]]. However, the investigation was dropped in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China rejects Spain's 'genocide' claims|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-rejects-spains-genocide-claims-481351.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-rejects-spains-genocide-claims-481351.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Spain drops 'genocide' case against China's Tibet leaders |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-28000937 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref>

===France===
The [[sinking of the Rainbow Warrior]] took place in [[Auckland Harbour]] on July 10, 1985. It was an attack carried out by French [[DGSE]] agents Captain [[Dominique Prieur]] and Commander [[Alain Mafart]] aimed at sinking the flagship craft of the [[Greenpeace]] Organisation in order to stop it from interfering in [[French nuclear testing in the South Pacific]]. The attack resulted in the death of Greenpeace photographer [[Fernando Pereira]] and led to a huge uproar over the first ever attack on New Zealand's sovereignty as a modern nation. [[France]] initially denied any involvement in the attack, and it even joined in condemning the attack as a [[definition of terrorism|terrorist act]].<ref name="diary">Diary compiled by Mike Andrews (Secretary of the Dargaville Maritime Museum)</ref> In July 1986, a [[United Nations]]-sponsored mediation effort between New Zealand and France resulted in the transfer of the two prisoners to the French Polynesian island of [[Hao (French Polynesia)|Hao]], so they could serve three years there, as well as an apology and an NZ$13 million payment from France to New Zealand.<ref name="UN">{{Cite journal |title=Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair |url=http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf |journal=Reports of International Arbitral Awards |volume=XX |pages=215–284, especially p 275}}</ref>

===India===
{{Main|India and state-sponsored terrorism}}

===Iran===
{{Main|Iran and state-sponsored terrorism}}

===Israel===
{{Main|Israel and state-sponsored terrorism}}

=== Italy ===
{{See also|Strategy of tension|Operation Gladio}}

===Libya===
In the 1980s, Libya under [[Muammar Gaddafi]] was accused of state terrorism following attacks abroad such as the [[Lockerbie bombing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jureńczyk|first=Łukasz|title=Great Britain Against Libya's state Terrorism in the 1980s|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=668142|journal=Historia i Polityka|language=en|volume=31|issue=24|pages=61–71|doi=10.12775/HiP.2018.011|issn=1899-5160|doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 9 July and 15 August 1984 seventeen merchant vessels were damaged in the [[Gulf of Suez]] and [[Bab al-Mandeb]] straits by underwater explosions. Terrorist group Al Jihad (thought to be a pro-[[Iran]]ian [[Shiite]] group connected to the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]]) issued a claim of responsibility for the mining, but circumstantial evidence indicated that Libya was responsible.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vernonlink.uk/red-sea| title = The Red Sea 1984}}</ref>

===Myanmar===
{{See also|Rohingya genocide }}
[[Myanmar]] has been accused of state terrorism in the [[Internal conflict in Myanmar|internal conflict]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rohingya are the victims of state terrorism; it must be stopped|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170917-the-rohingya-are-the-victims-of-state-terrorism-it-must-be-stopped/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/92/Dr.%20Islam.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref>

===North Korea===
North Korea has been accused of state terrorism on several occasions, such as in 1983 in the [[Rangoon bombing]], the [[Gimpo International Airport bombing]], and in 1987 when [[North Korea]]n agents detonated a bomb on [[Korean Air Flight 858]], killing everybody aboard.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/45313.pdf| title = United States Department of State}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
{{Main|Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism}}

===Qatar===
{{Main|Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism}}

===Soviet Union and Russia===
{{Main|Red Terror|White Terror (Russia)|Soviet Union and state terrorism (disambiguation){{!}}Soviet Union and state terrorism}}[[File:Vladimir Putin and Sergey Shoigu - Saint-Petersburg 2017-07-30 (1).jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and his long-time confidant Defence Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Paul |title=Ukraine conflict: Who's in Putin's inner circle and running the war? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60573261 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>]]
Following the February [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and the initial investigations into war crimes committed by Russian soldiers, there were calls for Russia to be designated a terrorist state. On May 10, 2022, [[Lithuania|Lithuania's]] parliament designated Russia a terrorist state and its [[Claims of genocide of Ukrainians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|actions in Ukraine]] a genocide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |title=Lithuania designates Russia as a terrorist country, a global first |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/10/1097911440/lithuania-russia-terrorism-genocide-ukraine |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref> The [[US Senate]] unanimously passed a resolution to this effect on July 27, 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Medina |first=Eduardo |title=The U.S. Senate passes a resolution seeking to label Russia as a sponsor of terrorism. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/world/europe/the-us-senate-passes-a-resolution-seeking-to-label-russia-as-a-sponsor-of-terrorism.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the [[US House of Representatives]] is to consider such legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Desiderio |first2=Andrew |last3=Forgey |first3=Quint |title=House group moves to label Russia as terrorist state |url=https://politi.co/3oEgGPg |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> On August 11, [[Saeima|Latvia's parliament]] designated Russia a state sponsor of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/latvia-designates-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-over-ukraine-war-2022-08-11/ |title=Latvia designates Russia a "state sponsor of terrorism" over Ukraine war |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812072058/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/latvia-designates-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-over-ukraine-war-2022-08-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ukraine]]'s [[Verkhovna Rada]] on 20 August 2022 also designated Russia as a terrorist state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rada recognizes Russia as "terrorist state," calls on world to follow suit |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3553758-rada-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state-calls-on-world-to-follow-suit.html |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> On October 17, the [[European Parliament]] approved a request to debate and vote on a resolution recognizing Russia as a terrorist state,<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Parliament to vote on recognising Russia a state sponsor of terror |url=https://news.yahoo.com/european-parliament-vote-recognising-russia-204205645.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=news.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> which it did on November 23.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221118IPR55707/european-parliament-declares-russia-to-be-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=News (European Parliament) |language=en}}</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
{{See also|Blockade of Yemen|Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism|Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks}}

===South Africa===
{{See also|1982 bombing of the African National Congress headquarters in London}}

Between 1979 and 1990, the [[Apartheid]] government in South Africa operated a branch of the [[South African Police]] known as [[Vlakplaas]] who routinely used methods of terrorism to support the state in maintaining Apartheid.<ref name="auto"/> These methods included the bombing of civilian buildings ([[COSATU House]] and [[Khotso House]]), and the targeted-killing and [[assassinations]] of [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-Apartheid]] activists.

In the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] hearings, the former Major-General and Commander of Vlakplaas, Sarel “Sakkie” du Plessis Crafford gave the following three reasons for the Apartheid state’s policy of [[extra-judicial]] killings:
(1) “It scared off other supporters and potential supporters; it made people reluctant to offer open support; it created distrust and demoralization amongst cadres.
(2) It gave white voters confidence that the security forces were in control and winning the fight against Communism and terrorism.
(3) The information gleaned during the interrogation needed to be protected against disclosure.”<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Simon |title=Status Quo Terrorism: State-Terrorism in South Africa during Apartheid |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2021.1916478|s2cid=235534871 }}</ref>

The most notorious of the Vlakplaas operatives were [[Eugene de Kock]] and the [[askari]] [[Joe Mamasela]], who were linked to several high-profile extra-judicial killings, including that of [[Griffiths Mxenge]]. Following South Africa's transition to [[democracy]], de Kock was later tried and convicted on eighty-nine charges and sentenced to 212 years in prison.

===Spain===
{{See also|GAL (paramilitary group)}}

===Sri Lanka===
{{Main|Sri Lanka and state terrorism}}

===Syria===
{{Main|State terrorism by Syria}}

===Turkey===
{{Main|Turkey and state-sponsored terrorism}}

===United Kingdom===
[[British Foreign Office]] documents declassified in 2021 revealed that during the [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]], British propagandists secretly incited anti-communists including army generals to eliminate the [[Communist Party of Indonesia|PKI]], and used [[black propaganda]], due to [[Indonesian President]] [[Sukarno]]'s hostility to the formation of former British colonies into the [[Federation of Malaya|Malayan federation]] from 1963.<ref name=lashmar>{{Cite news |title=Revealed: how UK spies incited mass murder of Indonesia's communists |last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Gilby |first2=Nicholas |last3=Oliver |first3=James |newspaper=The Observer |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/17/revealed-how-uk-spies-incited-mass-of-indonesias-communists}}</ref><ref name="Lashmar2021">{{cite news |last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Gilby |first2=Nicholas |last3=Oliver |first3=James |title=Slaughter in Indonesia: Britain's secret propaganda war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/17/slaughter-in-indonesia-britains-secret-propaganda-war |work=The Observer}}</ref> British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]]'s government had instructed propaganda specialists from the Foreign Office to send hundreds of inflammatory pamphlets to leading anti-communists in Indonesia, inciting them to kill the foreign minister, [[Subandrio]], and claiming that ethnic Chinese Indonesians deserved the violence meted out to them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/23/uks-propaganda-leaflets-inspired-1960s-massacre-of-indonesian-communists|title=UK's propaganda leaflets inspired 1960s massacre of Indonesian communists|last1=Lashmar|first1=Paul|last2=Gilby|first2=Nicholas|last3=Oliver|first3=James|work=The Observer|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>

Britain has been accused of involvement in state terrorism during [[the Troubles]], an ethno-nationalist conflict in [[Northern Ireland]] from the 1960s to the 1990s by covertly assisting [[Ulster loyalism#Paramilitary and vigilante groups|loyalist paramilitaries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/chron.htm |title=CAIN: Issues: Collusion - Chronology of Events in the Stevens Inquiries |website=Cain.ulst.ac.uk |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Dr Martin Melaugh |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/stevens3/stevens3summary.htm |title=CAIN: Issues: Violence: Stevens Enquiry (3) Overview and Recommendations, 17 April 2003 |website=Cain.ulst.ac.uk |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/collusion.pdf|title=Report of the Independent International Panel on Alleged Collusion in Sectarian Killings in Northern Ireland|website=Patfinucanecentre.org|access-date=2016-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155220/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/collusion.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/'I'm_lucky_to_be_above_the_ground'/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120061944/http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/'I'm_lucky_to_be_above_the_ground'/ |archive-date=2007-11-20 |title=Village - Politics, Media and Current Affairs in Ireland - 'I'm lucky to be above the ground' |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|United States and state terrorism}}
{{See also|Operation Condor|Central American crisis}}
[[File:Día por la Memoria, la Verdad y la Justicia 24-03-2019 (13).jpg|thumb|Argentines commemorate the [[Dirty War|victims]] of the U.S.-backed [[National Reorganization Process|military junta]] on 24 March 2019]]
Ruth J Blakeley, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the [[University of Sheffield]], accuses the [[United States]] of sponsoring and deploying state terrorism, which she defines as "the illegal targeting of individuals that the state has a duty to protect in order to instill fear in a target audience beyond the direct victim", on an "enormous scale" during the [[Cold War]]. The United States government justified this policy by saying it needed to contain the spread of [[Communism]], but Blakeley says the United States government also used it as a means to buttress and promote the interests of U.S. elites and multinational corporations. The U.S. supported governments who employed [[death squad]]s throughout Latin America and counterinsurgency training of [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] military forces included advocating the interrogation and torture of suspected insurgents.<ref>Blakeley, Ruth (2009). ''[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/ State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South].'' [[Routledge]]. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23] {{ISBN|0415686172}}</ref> [[J. Patrice McSherry]], a professor of political science at [[Long Island University]], says "hundreds of thousands of [[Latin America]]ns were tortured, abducted or killed by right-wing military regimes as part of the U.S.-led anti-communist crusade," which included U.S. support for [[Operation Condor]] and the Guatemalan military during the [[Guatemalan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McSherry|first1=J. Patrice|author-link1= J. Patrice McSherry|editor1=Esparza, Marcia |editor2=Henry R. Huttenbach|editor3=Daniel Feierstein|title=State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)|chapter=Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 107]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0415664578|chapter-url=https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377}}</ref> More people were repressed and killed throughout Latin America in the last three decades of the Cold War than in the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Eastern Bloc]], according to historian [[John Henry Coatsworth]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coatsworth|first1=John Henry|author-link=John Henry Coatsworth |chapter= The Cold War in Central America, 1975–1991 | editor1-last=Leffler|editor1-first=Melvyn P.|editor1-link=Melvyn P. Leffler|editor2-last=Westad|editor2-first=Odd Arne|editor2-link=Odd Arne Westad|title=The Cambridge History of the Cold War (Volume 3)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjTVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=230 |isbn=978-1107602311}}</ref>

Declassified documents from the U.S. Embassy in [[Jakarta]] in 2017 confirm that U.S. officials directly facilitated and encouraged the [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66|mass murder of hundreds of thousands of suspected Communists in Indonesia during the mid-1960s]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/|title=Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide|last= Melvin|first=Jess|website=Indonesia at Melbourne|publisher=[[University of Melbourne]]|access-date=May 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Scott|first=Margaret|title=Uncovering Indonesia's Act of Killing|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/10/20/uncovering-indonesias-act-of-killing/|work=[[The New York Review of Books]]|access-date=May 21, 2018}}</ref> Bradley Simpson, Director of the Indonesia/East Timor Documentation Project at the [[National Security Archive]], says "Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia."<ref>Simpson, Bradley. ''[http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesia Relations, 1960-1968].'' [[Stanford University Press]], 2010. p. 193. {{ISBN|0804771820}}</ref> According to Simpson, the terror in Indonesia was an "essential building block of the quasi [[neo-liberal]] policies the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia in the years to come".<ref>Brad Simpson (2009). [http://www.insideindonesia.org/accomplices-in-atrocity Accomplices in atrocity]. ''[[Inside Indonesia]].'' Retrieved May 21, 2018.</ref> Historian John Roosa, who commented on documents which were released by the U.S. embassy in Jakarta in 2017, said they confirmed that "the U.S. was part and parcel of the operation, strategizing with the Indonesian army and encouraging them to go after the PKI."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bevins |first=Vincent|authorlink=Vincent Bevins|title=What the United States Did in Indonesia|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/|work= The Atlantic|access-date=May 21, 2018}}</ref> Geoffrey B. Robinson, a historian at UCLA, argues that without the support of the U.S. and other powerful Western states, the Indonesian Army's program of mass killings would not have happened.<ref>{{cite book |last= Robinson|first=Geoffrey B.|title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=22–23, 177|isbn=9781400888863}}</ref>

===Uzbekistan===
{{Main|State terrorism by Uzbekistan}}

=== Venezuela ===
An [[Organization of American States]] report on human rights violations in Venezuela stated that [[Colectivo (Venezuela)|colectivos]], armed groups that support [[Nicolás Maduro]] and the ruling [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]] (PSUV) party, murdered at least 131 individuals between 2014 and 2017 during [[Venezuelan protests (2014–present)|anti-government protests]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=OAS says to present evidence of Venezuela rights violations to The Hague |language=en-US |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-rights-icct/oas-says-to-present-evidence-of-venezuela-rights-violations-to-the-hague-idUSKCN1IV066 |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>

The [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly of Venezuela]] designated the colectivos as [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist groups]] due to their "violence, paramilitary actions, intimidation, murders and other crimes," declaring their acts as state-sponsored terrorism.<ref name="NATerrorist">{{Cite press release |title=AN declaró como terroristas a los colectivos |trans-title=NA declares colectivos terrorists |url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_an-declaro-como-terroristas |access-date=9 April 2019 |work=Prensa AN |publisher=[[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly of Venezuela]] |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404014738/http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/ |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Criticism of the concept==

The chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has said the twelve previous international conventions on terrorism had never referred to state terrorism, which was not an international legal concept, and when states abuse their powers they should be judged against international conventions which deal with [[war crimes]], [[international human rights law]], and [[international humanitarian law]], rather than international anti-terrorism statutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7276.doc.htm |title=Addressing Security Council, Secretary-General Calls On Counter-Terrorism Committee To Develop Long-Term Strategy To Defeat Terror |access-date=2009-03-25 |work=United Nations }}</ref> In a similar vein, [[Kofi Annan]], at the time the [[United Nations Secretary-General]], said it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The [[Use of force in international law|use of force by states]] is already regulated under international law".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime |title=The Legal Debate is Over: Terrorism is a War Crime |access-date=2009-03-25 |work=Michael Lind, [[New America Foundation]] |archive-date=2009-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153711/http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime |url-status=dead }}</ref> Annan added, "...{{nbsp}}regardless of the differences between governments on the question of the definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians [or non-combatants], regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/sg-teheran26.htm |title=Press conference with Kofi Annan and Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi |access-date=2009-03-25 |work=[[United Nations]] }}</ref>

[[Bruce Hoffman|Dr. Bruce Hoffman]] has argued that failing to differentiate between state and non-state [[violence]] ignores the fact that there is a "fundamental qualitative difference between the two types of violence." Hoffman argues that even in [[war]], there are rules and accepted norms of behaviour that prohibit certain types of weapons and tactics and outlaw attacks on specific categories of targets. For instance, rules which are codified in the [[Geneva Conventions|Geneva]] and [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Conventions]] on warfare prohibit taking [[civilians]] as [[hostage]]s, outlaw [[reprisals]] against either civilians or [[POWs]], recognise [[neutral territory]], etc. Hoffman says "even the most cursory review of terrorist tactics and targets over the past quarter century reveals that terrorists have violated all these rules." Hoffman also says that when states transgress these rules of war "the term "[[war crime]]" is used to describe such acts."<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite book|author=Bruce Hoffman|title=Inside Terrorism|publisher=Columbia University Press (April 15, 1998)|year=1998|isbn=978-0-231-11468-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff/page/34 34]–35|url=https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff|url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[Walter Laqueur]] has said those who argue that state terrorism should be included in studies of terrorism ignore the fact that "The very existence of a [[sovereign state|state]] is based on its [[Monopoly on force|monopoly of power]]. If it were different, states would not have the right, nor would they be in a position, to maintain that minimum of order on which all civilized life rests."<ref name="Blakeley">{{cite book|author=Ruth Blakeley|title=State terrorism and neoliberalism|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-46240-2|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoxuDCMmlqoC}}</ref> Calling the concept a "[[red herring]]" he stated: "This argument has been used by the terrorists themselves, arguing that there is no difference between their activities and those by governments and states. It has also been employed by some sympathizers, and it rests on the deliberate obfuscation between all kinds of violence{{nbsp}}..."<ref name="Laqueur">{{cite book|author=Walter Laqueur|title=No end to war: terrorism in the twenty-first century|publisher=Continuum |year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-1435-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/noendtowarterror00laqu/page/237 237]|url=https://archive.org/details/noendtowarterror00laqu|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Asymmetric warfare]]
* [[Crimes against humanity]]
* [[Domestic terrorism]]
* [[Ethnic violence]]
* [[History of terrorism]]
* [[Left-wing terrorism]]
* [[Nationalist terrorism]]
* [[Religious terrorism]]
* [[Religious violence]]
* [[Right-wing terrorism]]
* [[Political repression]]
* [[Political violence]]
* [[Sociology of revolution]]
* [[State violence]]
* [[State sponsors of terrorism]]
* [[State-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[War crime]]s
* State terrorism by country:
** [[India and state-sponsored terrorism]]
** [[Iran and state-sponsored terrorism]]
** [[Israel and state-sponsored terrorism]]
** [[Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan#State terrorism|State terrorism by Kazakhstan]]
** [[Soviet Union and state terrorism (disambiguation)|Soviet Union and state terrorism]]
** [[Sri Lanka and state terrorism]]
** [[State terrorism by Syria]]
** [[United States and state terrorism]]
** [[State terrorism by Uzbekistan]]
** [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism]]
{{div col end}}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite journal|author=Barsamian, David|year =2001|title =The United States is a Leading Terrorist State|journal=[[Monthly Review]]|url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/1101chomsky.htm}}
* {{cite journal | year = 2007 | title = The Political Economy Of State Terror | journal = Defence and Peace Economics|volume=18|issue=5|pages=405–414|url=http://www.informaworld.com/index/781318312.pdf|doi=10.1080/10242690701455433 |author1=Kisangani, E. |author2=Nafziger, E. Wayne |name-list-style=amp | citeseerx = 10.1.1.579.1472 | s2cid = 155020309 }}
* {{cite book|author=Martin, Gus|title=Understanding terrorism: challenges, perspectives, and issues|publisher=SAGE|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4129-2722-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdXpn6NH2GcC}}
* {{Cite book | last1= Nairn | first1= Tom | last2= James | first2= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic) | title= Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism | url= https://www.academia.edu/1642325 | year= 2005 | publisher= Pluto Press | location= London and New York}}
* {{cite book|author=Primoratz, Igor|chapter=State Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism|title=Terrorism: The Philosophical Issues|editor=Primoratz, Igor|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4039-1817-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3NqQgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|editor1=Selden, Mark |editor2=So, Alvin Y.|title=War and state terrorism: the United States, Japan, and the Asia–Pacific in the long twentieth century|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7425-2391-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0icvm2EQLIC}}
* {{cite book|editor=Sluka, Jeffrey A.|title=Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8122-1711-7|url=https://archive.org/details/deathsquadanthro00sluk|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|title=Terrible beyond Endurance?: The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-313-25297-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFzlAAAAIAAJ|author1=Stohl, Michael |author2=Lopez, George A. |name-list-style=amp }}

==Further reading==



* {{cite book|title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: the North in the South|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0415686174|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/|author=Ruth Blakeley}}
* {{cite book|title=The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism: The Political Economy of Human Rights: Vol. 1|publisher=[[South End Press]]|year=1979|isbn=978-0-89608-090-4|url=https://archive.org/details/washingtonconnec0000chom|author1=Chomsky, Noam|author2=Herman, Edward S.|name-list-style=amp|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|author=Chomsky, Noam|title=The Culture of Terrorism|publisher=[[South End Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-89608-334-9|url=https://archive.org/details/cultureofterrori00chom|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|author=Curtis, Mark|title=Unpeople: Britain's Secret Human Rights Abuses |publisher=Vintage|year=2004 |isbn=978-0-09-946972-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PwUAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=George, Alexander|title=Western State Terrorism|publisher=Polity Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-7456-0931-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ENiQgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Glover, Jonathan|chapter=State terrorism|editor=Frey, Raymond Gillespie|title=Violence, terrorism, and Justice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-521-40950-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB77mNaj1aYC}}
* {{cite book|author=Hayner, Priscilla B.|title=Unspeakable truths: confronting state terror and atrocities|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-92477-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdRUbBu-lAAC}}
* {{cite book|author=Herbst, Philip|title=Talking terrorism: a dictionary of the loaded language of political violence|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-313-32486-4|url=https://archive.org/details/talkingterrorism0000herb|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|author=Herman, Edward S.|title=The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda|publisher=[[South End Press]]|year=1982|isbn=978-0896081345|url=https://archive.org/details/realterrornetwor00herm|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |editor=Kushner, Harvey W. |editor-link=Harvey Kushner |title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism |chapter=State terrorism |publisher=SAGE |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7619-2408-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfkAoDb_2IC |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761924081}}
* {{cite book|editor1=Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth |editor2=K. Lee Lerner|title=Terrorism : essential primary sources.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4144-0621-3|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismessenti00klee}}
* {{Cite book | last1= Nairn | first1= Tom | last2= James | first2= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic) | title= Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism | url= https://www.academia.edu/1642325 | year= 2005 | publisher= Pluto Press | location= London and New York}}
* {{cite book|author=Oliverio, Annamarie|title=The state of terror|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7914-3708-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6CWPXGTjtMC}}

==External links==

'''Prevention of terrorism'''
* [http://www.tkb.org/Home.jsp The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021205/https://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000137/01/Primorat.pdf State Terrorism and Counterterrorism]
{{Terrorism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Terrorism}}
[[Category:Political repression]]
[[Category:Terrorism committed by country| ]]
[[Category:Dirty wars]]

Draft:Balusingh Rajpurohit

2021-06-22T18:06:45Z

Akashkumar:

{{Infobox person
| name = Balusingh Rajpurohit
| image = Balusingh_Rajpurohit.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|04|01}}
| birth_place = Barmer
| nationality = India
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur and Digital Marketer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Balusingh Rajpurohit''' (born 1 Apirl 1993) is a digital entrepreneur, he is known for his internet marketing skills. He is basically From Barmer, Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-06-02|title=Balusingh Rajpurohit along with Junjaram Thory started a fact-checking campaign for a fair understanding of Covid-19
Read more At:
https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/balusingh-rajpurohit-along-with-junjaram-thory-started-a-fact-checking-campaign-for-a-fair-understanding-of-covid-1920210524163200/|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/balusingh-rajpurohit-along-with-junjaram-thory-started-a-fact-checking-campaign-for-a-fair-understanding-of-covid-1920210524163200//|date=24 May 2021|website=ANI}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-02|title=Interview With Entrepreneur Balusingh Rajpurohit|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/interview-with-entrepreneur-balusingh-rajpurohit/|date=17 May 2021|website=indiaeducationdiary}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-22|title=Balusingh Rajpurohit: Successful Business Visionary About Organisations|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/balusingh-rajpurohit-successful-business-visionary-about-organisations-sc17-nu293-ta293-1147610-1.html|date=17 May 2021|website=english.newstracklive}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He completed his education from Jai Narain Vyas University in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. In school, he was a keen sportsman and writer. He was adjourned as Best Debater. He was also awarded the Rajpurohit Samaj Rajasthan Stow Medal for excellence. He also achieved excellence in the game of Hockey. Winning various Inter school championships.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-01-30|title=Covid-19: A reminder of the power of hope and solidarity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/thebalusingh/covid-19-a-reminder-of-the-power-of-hope-and-solidarity-30430/|date=17 May 2021|website=Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-22|title=Meet Young Entrepreneur Balusingh Rajpurohit Who Is Known For His Marketing Strategies|url=https://udaipurkiran.com/meet-young-entrepreneur-balusingh-rajpurohit-who-is-known-for-his-marketing-strategies//|date=17 May 2021|website=udaipur kiran}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|balusinghrajpurohit.93}}
*{{Instagram|thebalusingh}}
*{{Twitter|BaluRajpurohit}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]