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Hindustan Times

2026-05-07T23:51:09Z

Ajithkumardas6: update content also and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|Indian daily newspaper}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Hindustan Times
| motto = ''First Voice. Last Word.''
| logo = [[File:Hindustan Times logo.svg|frameless]]
| image = [[File:Hindustan Times cover 03-28-10.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption = ''Hindustan Times'' (New Delhi edition) front page on 26 July 2024
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| owners = [[HT Media Ltd]]
| chief_editor = Sukumar Ranganathan
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| launched = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1924||}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| sister_newspapers = ''[[Hindustan Dainik]]'' ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''
| headquarters = Lotus Tower, Block A, Friends Colony East, New Friends Colony, [[New Delhi]], Delhi 110025
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| circulation = 606,018 daily<ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/abc-h1-2025-print-circulation-up-277-but-patchy-uneven-reality-beneath-the-topline-148159.html| title= Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise) | publisher= [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] | access-date= 28 July 2023 | archive-date= 28 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230728074928/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf | url-status= live }}</ref>
| circulation_date = April 2023
| oclc = 231696742
| ISSN = 0972-0243
| website = {{Official URL}}
| political_position =
}}

'''''Hindustan Times''''' is an Indian [[English language|English]]-language [[daily newspaper]] based in [[Delhi]]. It is the flagship publication of [[HT Media]] Limited, an entity controlled by the [[Birla family]], and is owned by [[Shobhana Bhartia]], the daughter of [[K. K. Birla]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2006/02/18/stories/2006021815040900.htm Nominated to Rajya Sabha – NATIONAL]. The Hindu. Retrieved 27 December 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paradise Papers: Hindustan Times Group set up firm in Bermuda, showed Rs 7 cr loss |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/paradise-papers-shobhna-bhartia-hindustan-times-appleby-bermuda-firm-4925776/ |access-date=6 June 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130122/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/paradise-papers-shobhna-bhartia-hindustan-times-appleby-bermuda-firm-4925776/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times|last=Dev|first=Atul|date=December 2018|website=[[The Caravan]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316185834/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was founded by [[Sunder Singh Lyallpuri]], founder-father of the [[Akali movement]] and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], in Delhi and played integral roles in the [[Indian independence movement]] as a nationalist daily.<ref name="Pandey2001">{{cite book|author=Gyanendra Pandey|title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA97|access-date=13 October 2018|date=22 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00250-9|pages=97–|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130122/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htmedia.in/?page_id=7|title=About Us |website=HT Media |access-date=25 September 2017|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107064343/http://www.htmedia.in/?page_id=7|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/05/world/indian-leader-faces-a-test-at-the-polls.html |url-access=subscription |title=Indian Leader Faces a Test at the Polls|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|date=5 March 1995|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=29 May 2015|location=India; Maharashtra State (India); Gujarat (India)|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107064344/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/05/world/indian-leader-faces-a-test-at-the-polls.html%20|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Hindustan Times'' is one of the [[List of newspapers in India by circulation|largest newspapers in India by circulation]]. According to the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]], it has a circulation of 993,645 copies {{As of|2017|11|lc=y}}.<ref name=ABCIND /> The Indian Readership Survey 2014 revealed that ''HT'' is the second-most widely read English newspaper in India after ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2014 |url=http://www.mruc.net/sites/default/files/IRS%202014%20Topline%20Findings_0.pdf |publisher=Newswatch.in |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 October 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118152927/http://www.mruc.net/sites/default/files/IRS%202014%20Topline%20Findings_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is popular in [[North India]], with simultaneous editions from [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Lucknow]], [[Patna]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Ranchi]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The print location of [[Nagpur]] was discontinued from September 1997, and that of [[Jaipur]] from June 2006. ''HT'' launched a youth daily, ''HT Next'', in 2004. The Kolkata edition was launched in early 2000, and that of Mumbai on 14 July 2005. Other sister publications of ''Hindustan Times'' are ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' (English business daily), ''[[Hindustan Dainik|Hindustan]]'' (Hindi daily), ''Nandan'' (monthly children's magazine) and ''Kadambani'' (monthly literary magazine). It also has a children's version like other newspapers. The media group owns a radio channel, [[Fever 104 FM|Fever 104.0 FM]], an education-related company, Studymate, and organises an annual Luxury Conference that has featured speakers like designer [[Diane von Fürstenberg]], shoemaker [[Christian Louboutin]], [[Gucci]] CEO [[Robert Polet]] and [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]] MD Patrick Normand.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== History ==
[[File:Hindustan Times 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 75th anniversary of ''Hindustan Times'']]
S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jalandhar) were made in charge of the newspaper. [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] and [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

According to Prem Shankar Jha, who wrote an official history of the newspaper in 1999, most of the early funding of the paper, therefore, came from Sikhs in Canada. When financial troubles started in the early years, the Akalis approached two interested potential buyers from the nationalist movement. These were Motilal Nehru and Madan Mohan Malaviya, and ultimately Malviya bought the ''Hindustan Times''. In fact, Malviya had to take out a loan of Rs. 40,000 with the help of Lala Lajpat Rai in order to finance the paper. In 1928, Gandhi chose a new editor, [[K. M. Panikkar]], for the paper. By that time, the paper was running into financial troubles again; [[G. D. Birla]] underwrote some expenses and ultimately assumed ownership.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Dev|first=Atul|title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|website=The Caravan|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316185834/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Devdas Gandhi]], son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], was inducted into the editors' panel, and was later appointed editor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shobhana Bhartia wants to benchmark HT with the best in the world|url=http://m.businesstoday.in//story/ht-group-shobhana-bhartia-in-most-powerful-business-women/1/188386.html|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|date=14 October 2012|archive-date=18 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318154237/http://m.businesstoday.in//story/ht-group-shobhana-bhartia-in-most-powerful-business-women/1/188386.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on 26 September 1924. The first issue was published from Naya Bazar, [[Delhi]] (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained writings and articles from [[C. F. Andrews]] and [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]], among others.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

K. M. Panikkar, also known as Sardar Panikkar, launched the ''Hindustan Times'' as a serious nationalist newspaper. As an Oxonian, historian and litterateur, Panikkar strived to make the paper broader than an Akali sheet. He became the editor and funds flowed freely from Akali patrons. He exerted himself strenuously, but the paper made very little headway. In two years, Panikkar could not take the print order any higher than 3,000. By then the Akali movement appeared to lose steam and funds dried up. The paper was saved from an untimely demise when [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] stepped in to realise his vision of a newspaper in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book| last=George| first=T. J. S. |author-link=T. J. S. George| title=Lessons in Journalism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNx0PgAACAAJ| year=2007| publisher=Viva Books Private Limited| isbn=978-81-309-0788-8}}</ref>

It has its roots in the [[Indian independence movement]] of the first half of the twentieth century and even faced the noted "''Hindustan Times'' Contempt Case (August–November, 1941)" at [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindustan Times Contempt Case (August–November, 1941) |year=2007 |publisher=READ BOOKS |isbn=978-1-4067-6748-3 |page=283 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtYhsX39MKQC&pg=PA316 |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130127/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtYhsX39MKQC&pg=PA316 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was edited at times by many important people in India, including [[Devdas Gandhi]], Sri Mulgaonkar, [[B. G. Verghese|B.G. Verghese]] and [[Khushwant Singh]]. [[Sanjoy Narayan]] was editor in chief of the paper from 2008 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dev |first1=Atul |title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Caravan |date=1 December 2018 |language=en |quote=In 2008, ... next editor hired was Sanjoy Narayan ... he lasted eight years |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316185834/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Ownership ==
[[File:Hindustan Times House New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Hindustan Times House, [[New Delhi]]]]
The Delhi-based ''Hindustan Times'' is part of the KK Birla Group and managed by [[Shobhana Bhartia]], daughter of the industrialist [[Krishna Kumar Birla]] and granddaughter of [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shobhana Bhartia: Inheriting, And Transforming HT Media |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/shobhana-bhartia-inheriting-and-transforming-ht-media/37355/1 |date= Mar 13, 2014 |first1=Deepak |last1=Ajwani |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> HT Media Limited is a subsidiary of The Hindustan Times Limited which is a subsidiary of Earthstone Holding (Two) Limited. The KK Birla Group owns a 69 percent stake in HT Media, currently valued at {{INR}} 834 crore. When Shobhana Bhartia joined ''Hindustan Times'' in 1986, she was the first female chief executive of a national newspaper. Shobhana has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sayantani |date=2024-02-13 |title=From MJ Akbar to Rajeev Chandrasekhar: Here are 9 journalists nominated to RS |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/from-mj-akbar-to-rajeev-chandrasekhar-here-are-9-journalists-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-11707718692168.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301161807/https://www.livemint.com/politics/from-mj-akbar-to-rajeev-chandrasekhar-here-are-9-journalists-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-11707718692168.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Along with ''Hindustan Times'', [[HT Media]] owns Desimartini, [[Fever 104 FM]], [[Hindustan Times Telugu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Telugu News, తెలుగు వార్తలు, తెలుగు న్యూస్, తాజా వార్తలు – Hindustan Times Telugu |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/ |publisher=telugu.hindustantimes.com |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130144357/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the newspaper ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Regina |last1=Anthony |first2=Priyanka |last2=Mehra |title=HT Media's net arm buys social networking site Desimartini.com |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8Vzfp4uoQWWMh3lMBtV2aN/HT-Media8217s-net-arm-buys-social-networking-site-Desimar.html |website=Livemint |access-date=26 February 2020 |date=21 November 2007 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027133814/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8Vzfp4uoQWWMh3lMBtV2aN/HT-Media8217s-net-arm-buys-social-networking-site-Desimar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
In The Brand Trust Report 2012, ''Hindustan Times'' was ranked 2971st among India's most trusted brands and subsequently, according to the Brand Trust Report 2013, ''Hindustan Times'' was ranked 434th among India's most trusted brands. In 2014 however, ''Hindustan Times'' was ranked 360th among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |title= All India brand trust ranking 2014 (top 1200 brands) |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Trust Advisory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref>

After the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 LoC strike]] in September, Shobhna Bhartia reportedly had started getting calls from the PM's office and from Amit Shah, and attention came to be focused on the Hate Tracker, a crowd-sourced database on the ''Hindustan Times'' website that recorded hate crimes in India which was launched under recently appointed editor Bobby Ghosh.<ref name="auto"/> Ghosh left the newspaper abruptly afterwards and ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' reported that he was asked to leave the newspaper after [[Shobhana Bhartia]] met Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] recently. Hindustan Times's general Counsel Dinesh Mittal rejected the report and said Bobby Ghosh left for personal reasons.<ref name="thewire">{{cite news|title=Hindustan Times Editor's Exit Preceded by Meeting Between Modi, Newspaper Owner|url=https://thewire.in/178102/hindustan-times-bobby-ghosh-narendra-modi-shobhana-bhartia/ |first1=Anuj |last1=Srivas |access-date=25 September 2017|newspaper=The Wire|date=25 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925065451/https://thewire.in/178102/hindustan-times-bobby-ghosh-narendra-modi-shobhana-bhartia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, the ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' magazine<ref>{{cite news|title=Under close watch|url=http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/under-close-watch/article9456570.ece |first1=Akshay |last1=Deshmane |access-date=24 April 2018|newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=20 January 2017|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728041634/https://www.frontline.in/cover-story/under-close-watch/article9456570.ece|url-status=dead }}</ref> published a report which stated that ''Hindustan Times''{{'}} editor [[Shishir Gupta]] was colluding with the government after releasing emails to [[Amit Shah]]. ''Hindustan Times'' rejected claims of collusion and said that the emails were a request for comment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/01/06/hts-defence-of-the-frontline-story-isnt-convincing |website=newslaundry |title=HT's defence of the Frontline story isn't convincing|date=6 January 2017|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911123054/https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/01/06/hts-defence-of-the-frontline-story-isnt-convincing|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also published a report in 2017 stating that Hindustan Times Limited was linked to an offshore entity called Go4i.com, of which Bhartia and her son Priyavat were listed as directors.<ref name="auto" />

== Columnists ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
* [[Barkha Dutt]] – journalist and [[NDTV]] Group editor, writes a fortnightly column
* [[Karan Thapar]] – President of Infotainment Television, television commentator and interviewer, a weekly columnist ("Sunday Sentiments")
* [[Indrajit Hazra]] – novelist and senior editor at ''Hindustan Times'', writes the weekly column "Red Herring"
* [[Sonal Kalra]] – author and editor of ''HT City'', the daily entertainment and lifestyle supplement of ''Hindustan Times'', writes the weekly column "A Calmer You"
* [[Samar Halarnkar]] – editor-at-large, writes on a variety of issues and also runs a food blog on the ''Hindustan Times'' website
* [[Anirban Mahapatra]] – writes a popular science column

==See also==
* [[List of newspapers in India by circulation]]
* [[List of newspapers in the world by circulation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustan Times| ]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Patna]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1920]]

Velli Thirai

2026-05-07T17:14:41Z

Ajithkumardas6: creating first article v1

{{short description|Indian satirical drama film}}
{{for|the 2003 Malayalam film|Vellithira (2003 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Velli Thirai
| image = Vellithirai.jpg
| director = [[Viji (Writer/Director)|Viji]]
| writer = Viji
| based_on = ''[[Udayananu Tharam]]'' (Malayalam)
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Gopika]]
| producer = [[Prakash Raj]]
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]] [[K. V. Guhan]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan|M. Kasi Vishwanathan]]
| distributor = Duet Films
| released = {{Film date|2008|03|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Velli Thirai''''' ({{translation|Silver Screen}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[satirical drama film]] directed by debutant Viji, the dialogue writer for [[Radha Mohan]]'s films, and produced by [[Prakash Raj]]. It is the Tamil remake of the 2005 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Udayananu Tharam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm|title=மோகன்லாலும், பின்னே தமிழ் ரீமேக்கும்... | Mohanlal movies and their remakes|date=5 July 2015|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032352/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Gopika]] in the lead roles, along with [[Prakash Raj]] in a prominent role.

Principal photography took place in locations in [[India]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Australia]]. The film score and soundtrack were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], with many songs altered from the original. The film was released on 7 March 2008. The film failed to do well at the Tamil Nadu box office.

==Plot==
Saravanan, a struggling assistant director, goes to Hyderabad in hopes of pursuing his dream. His roommate, Kanniah copies his script and gives it to a producer. Kanniah tells the producer that he wants to star in the film himself. The producer agrees to the condition after seeing the script. Kanniah becomes famous due to the film and is rechristened Dilipkanth (inspired by the name [[Rajinikanth]]). Saravanan does not give up and creates another story. However, he finds out that he cannot make his film unless Dileep plays the hero. Because of this, they lead into minor problems, which annoy Saravanan and their team. The shooting starts with Dileep as the hero but is halted midway, owing to various tantrums thrown by the new opportunistic hero. Determined to finish the movie, Saravanan seeks the help of his crew and friends in the cinema industry. Unknown to Dileep, Saravanan and his crew manipulate him into situations that match the storyline of the movie they are shooting for and capture Dileep's live reactions. They manage to fool Dileep and finish shooting the climax of the film even as the self-claimed new star makes a fool of himself. A few days later, he is invited to watch the premiere of the movie and is shocked to see the recent events of his life unfold on the silver screen. He soon realizes the effort put in by Saravanan and the crew and feels humbled. He genuinely acknowledges the talent of the director and leaves the place, apologizing to Saravanan for his pathetic behavior and agreeing that Saravanan is better than him in a very mannered way.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Director Saravanan
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Kannaiah / Actor Dilipkanth (Dileep)
*[[Gopika]] as Actress Mythili
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Ram Gopal Sharma
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Balaji
*[[Elango Kumaravel]] as Musthafa
*[[Charle]] as Assistant Director Santhanam
*[[Sampath Raj]] as Dinesh
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Reddy
*[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Driver Thirupathi
*Thaadi Balaji
*[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Mythili's mother
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Producer
*[[Ajay Raj]] as Crew member

;Cameos:
*[[Prathap Pothan]] as himself
*[[Ravi Mohan]]
*[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] as actress Lakshmi
*[[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]]
*[[Swarnamalya]] as anchor
*[[Shama Sikander]] as dancer
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Adithyan]]
{{div col end}}

==Production==
After the success of ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007), Moser Baer, who released the DVD of ''Mozhi'' under their company, collaborated with Duet Movies and launched three projects in 2007 with ''Vellithirai'' being one of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/film/News/sept2007/09article02.asp|date=8 September 2007|work=Chennai Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215171159/http://chennaionline.com/film/News/sept2007/09article02.asp|archive-date=15 December 2007|title=Duet Movies, Moser Baer launch 3 Tamil films |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Velli Thirai
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2007
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Evano Oruvan]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Kaalai]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The soundtrack consisted of five songs composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G. V. Prakash]]. The song "Sooriyane" is based on "[[Somebody Like You]]" by [[Keith Urban]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html|title=Tamil [Other Composers]|first=Karthik|last=S.|author-link=Karthik Srinivasan|website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Kanchi Paanai" || [[K. S. Chitra]], [[Jassie Gift]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|-
| "Sooriyane" || [[Lucky Ali]], [[Rahul Nambiar]] || [[Yugabharathi]]
|-
| "Thaiyya Thaiyya" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || Kabilan
|-
| "Uyirilae" || [[Naresh Iyer]] || [[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "Vizhiyilae" || [[K. S. Chitra]] || Palani Bharathi
|}

==Reception==
''Rediff'' wrote "Watch Vellithirai for some good old cat-and-mouse games in the movie industry with well-timed punches. The magic of the silver screen rarely disappoints".<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07ssvel.htm| title = Vellithirai is worth watching - Rediff.com| access-date = 27 November 2019| archive-date = 20 June 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230620155541/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07ssvel.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "On the whole Vellithira is not a faithful remake and therein lies its pitfalls, but at the same time it is a breezy fun movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vellithirai-review-tamil-pclw6rhgahajc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004144024/http://www.sify.com/movies/vellithirai-review-tamil-pclw6rhgahajc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2017|title = Vellithirai|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Prakash Raj}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Recognition of same-sex unions in Maharashtra

2026-05-05T20:50:31Z

Ajithkumardas6: created a details.

{{Short description|none}} 
{{SSM|minimal}}

[[Maharashtra]] does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]]s or [[civil union]]s. However, [[Cohabitation|live-in relationships]] are not unlawful in Maharashtra. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. The [[Bombay High Court]] upheld this constitutional right in July 2023. In August 2025, a same-sex couple filed a [[writ]] petition with the High Court, arguing that tax provisions resulted in unequal economic treatment for same-sex couples and sought inclusion under the term "spouse" for tax benefits under the ''[[Income-tax Act, 2025|Income Tax Act]]''.

==Legal history==
===Background===
[[Marriage]] in [[India]] is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different [[Religion in Maharashtra|religions]], notably [[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]], [[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]], and Islam. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bokakhat.gov.in/pdf/The_hindu_marriage_act.pdf|title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|work=bokakhat|access-date=September 5, 2022}}</ref> which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, [[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jains]], [[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhists]] and Sikhs, the ''[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-indian-christian-marriage-act-1872/ |website=lawyerslaw.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> and the ''[[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1937-26.pdf|title= Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|access-date=September 6, 2022|work=legislative.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the ''Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936'' and the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909'' regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2476/1/a1936_____3.pdf|title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|work=www.indiacode.nic.in|access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdf|title=Anand Marriage Act, 1909|work=legislative.gov.in|access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Special Marriage Act, 1954]]'' (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news18marathi.com/national/adults-aged-18-and-above-can-legally-choose-to-live-together-even-if-they-have-not-reached-the-marriageable-age-rajasthan-high-court-has-ruled-1551279.html|language=mr|title=वय 18+ असल्यास विवाहाशिवाय एकत्र राहता येणार; Live-in Relationshipवर हाय कोर्टाचा ऐतिहासिक निर्णय|work=News18|first=Jaykrishna|last=Nair|date=5 December 2025}}</ref> Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith couples]], [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste couples]], and spouses with [[Atheism|no religious beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf|title=The Special Marriage Act, 1954|work=legislative.gov|access-date=September 5, 2022}}</ref> None of these acts explicitly bans [[same-sex marriage]].

On 14 February 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in ''Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar'' that the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of [[child marriage]]s, [[bigamy]], cases of [[domestic violence]] and unlawful abandonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal-wires.com/case-study/case-study-smt-seema-v-ashwin-kumar-case/|title= Case Study: Smt Seema v. Ashwin Kumar|date=21 October 2022|work=Legal Wires}}</ref> Maharashtra had already passed a law requiring the registration of all marriages. In April 1999, [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor]] [[P. C. Alexander]] signed the ''Maharashtra Regulation of Marriage Bureaus and Registration of Marriages Act, 1998'' into law. It created local registrars of marriages, which shall issue [[Marriage license|marriage certificates]] upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The registrar may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. The act provides for the registration of all marriages solemnized in the state irrespective of the religion, caste or creed of the parties. It does not explicitly ban same-sex marriages, and defines marriage simply as including remarriage. However, the act generally refers to married spouses as "husband and wife"; it defines the "parties" to a marriage as "the husband and wife whose marriage has been solemnized".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15764/1/the_maharashtra_regulation_of_marriage_bureaus_and_registration_of_marriages_act%2C_1998.pdf|title=Maharashtra Regulation of Marriage Bureaus and Registration of Marriages Act, 1998|work=India Code|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

Most marriages ({{langx|mr|विवाह}}, {{transliteration|mr|vivāh}}, {{IPA|mr|ˈʋiʋaːɦ|pron}}; {{langx|hi|विवाह}}, {{transliteration|hi|vivāh}}; {{langx|bhb|वीवा}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dn790009.ca.archive.org/0/items/rudimentsofbhili00thomrich/rudimentsofbhili00thomrich.pdf|title=Rudiments of the Bhili language|access-date=5 May 2026|date=1895|publisher=United Printing Press}}</ref> {{transliteration|bhb|vīvā}}; {{langx|gon|मरमीं}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gondwana.in/en/gondi-dictionary|title=Gondi Dictionary|work=gondwana.in|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> {{transliteration|gon|maramīṁ}}; {{langx|kfq|ब्याव}},<ref>{{cite book|title=Korku Language: Grammar, Texts and Vocabulary|publisher=Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa|date=1999|first=K S|last=Nagaraja}}</ref> {{transliteration|kfq|byāw}}; {{langx|nll|वररि}},<ref>{{cite book|title=The Nihali Language (Grammar, Texts And Vocabulary)|date=2014|first=K S|last=Nagaraja|isbn=9788173431449|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref> {{transliteration|nll|warari}}) in Maharashtra are [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lagnavaarta.com/blog/honoring-tradition-embracing-change-navigating-cultural-expectations-in-maharashtrian-arranged-marriages|title=Honoring Tradition, Embracing Change: Navigating Cultural Expectations in Maharashtrian Arranged Marriages|work=Lagna Vaarta|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> Arranged marriage remains the prevailing norm across India, accounting for the vast majority of unions, and often placing pressure on LGBT individuals to marry partners of the opposite sex. Nevertheless, some same-sex couples have participated in traditional marriage ceremonies, although these unions lack legal recognition in Maharashtra. In December 2017, a same-sex couple, 43-year-old [[IIT Bombay]] engineer Hrishi Sathawane and his 35-year-old partner of [[Vietnam]]ese origin known only as Vinh, were married in a traditional Hindu ceremony in [[Yavatmal]]. The ceremony, which was attended by close friends and family members, involved an exchange of rings and garlands in accordance with Hindu custom.<ref name="yavatmal">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-based-iit-grad-marries-gay-partner-in-maharashtra/articleshow/62481141.cms US-based IIT grad marries gay partner in Maharashtra] ''The Times of India'', 13 January 2018</ref> In February 2019, two men, Vinodh Philip and Vincent Illaire, held a traditional marriage ceremony in [[Mumbai]] with the exchange of garlands and the wearing of a [[mangala sutra]] and toe rings as symbols of marriage.<ref name="mumbai">{{cite web|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2019/02/10/gay-couple-first-same-sex-wedding-party-mumbai/|title=Gay couple holds the first same-sex wedding party in Mumbai|work=PinkNews|date=10 February 2019|first=Josh|last=Jackman}}</ref> In 2022, a lesbian couple, Dr. Paromita Mukherjee and Dr. Surabhi Mitra, were engaged in a private ceremony in [[Nagpur]], though chose to have "big, fat, sea-side destination wedding" in [[Goa]]. The couple went public with the news of their wedding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelandleisureindia.in/people/interview-with-lesbian-doctor-couple-paromita-and-surabhi-mitra/|title=TravelIsLove: Lesbian Partners Paromita And Surabhi Reveal Their Grand Goa Wedding Plans|work=Travel and Leisure|first=Srushti|last=Kulkarni|date=16 February 2022}}</ref> Mukherjee said, "We are over the moon with the love we are garnering. Somewhere we knew that the society and its aware people will celebrate our love with us."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/exclusive-a-glimpse-into-lesbian-couple-paromita-mukherjee-and-surbhi-mitras-heartwarming-love-story/849049|title=[EXCLUSIVE] A glimpse into lesbian couple Paromita Mukherjee and Surabhi Mitra's heartwarming love story|work=Times Now News|first=Shreya|last=Tinkhede|date=13 January 2022}}</ref> Nevertheless, many gays and lesbians continue to marry partners of the opposite sex due to societal and family pressure. A 2009 report by the [[Humsafar Trust]] estimated that 70% of gay men in Mumbai and 80% in smaller cities across Maharashtra were married to women.<ref>{{cite web|title=Survey Suggests Some Gay Men in Heterosexual Marriages Are Considering Coming Out, Post‑377|url=https://www.theswaddle.com/survey-suggests-some-gay-men-in-heterosexual-marriages-are-considering-coming-out-post-377|work=The Swaddle|date=22 October 2018|first=Anubhuti|last=Matta}}</ref>

===Live-in relationships===
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
|map={{Same-sex marriage in India|width=300}}
}}

[[Cohabitation|Live-in relationships]] ({{langx|mr|सहवास संबंध}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/chaturang/live-in-relation-350696/|language=mr|title=सहजीवनाचा अर्थ|work=Loksatta|date=18 January 2014}}</ref> {{transliteration|mr|sahvāsa sambandha}}, {{IPA|mr|ˈsəɦʋaːsə ˈsəmbəndʱə|pron}}, or {{lang|mr|लिव्ह-इन रिलेशन}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/satara/live-means-a713/|title=लिव्ह-इन म्हणजे...|work=Lokmat|language=mr|date=18 July 2021}}</ref> {{transliteration|mr|livha-ina rileśana}}; {{langx|hi|सहवास संबंध}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/blogs/rekha-garg/live-in-relationship-consider-an-insecure-cohabitation-4943389.html|language=hi|work=Hindi News18|title=Live in Relationship: असुरक्षित सहजीवन पर विचार करें|first=Rekha|last=Garg}}</ref> {{transliteration|hi|sahvās sambandh}}) are not illegal in Maharashtra. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. State courts have upheld this constitutional right, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage. In July 2023, the [[Bombay High Court]] ruled that same-sex live-in relationships are not unlawful. Judges [[Revati Mohite Dere]] and Gauri Godse ordered the police to provide security to two women who had chosen to live together against the wishes of one of their parents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bombay-hc-directs-police-to-provide-security-to-same-sex-couple-against-family-opposition-implements-draft-guidelines-101688586688762.html|title=HC grant police cover to same-sex couple|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 July 2023|first=K A Y|last=Dodhiya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.com/pune-mirror-explore/bombay-high-court-orders-police-protection-for-a-same-sex-couple-in-pune/|title=Bombay High Court orders police protection for a same-sex couple in Pune|date=6 July 2023|work=Pune Mirror}}</ref> Same-sex couples remain in a legal grey zone. While they may live together and seek police protection if necessary, they lack many of the rights, obligations, responsibilities and security of marriage.

In August 2025, a same-sex couple, Payio Ashiho and Vivek Divan, filed a [[writ]] petition, arguing that tax provisions resulted in unequal economic treatment for same-sex couples and sought inclusion under the term "spouse" for tax benefits under the ''[[Income-tax Act, 2025|Income Tax Act]]''. In November 2025, the Bombay High Court refused interim relief in ''Payio Ashiho v. Union of India''. The federal [[Income Tax Department]] argued that their relationship could not be recognised as a "marriage" under the ''Income Tax Act'' as "it was not similarly recognised under any marriage law in India". Further proceedings were held on 10 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/bombay-high-court-refuses-same-sex-couple-marriage-not-recognised-income-tax-2818918-2025-11-13|title=Court denies tax benefits to same-sex couple as govt says marriage not recognised|work=India Today|date=13 November 2025|location=Mumbai|first=Akshat|last=Trivedi}}</ref>

===Transgender and intersex issues===
Like most of [[South Asia]], Maharashtra recognizes a traditional [[third gender]] community known as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' ({{lang|mr|हिजडा}}, {{transliteration|mr|hijḍā}}), historically holding respected community roles, and known for their distinct culture, communities led by [[gurus]], and traditional roles as performers. There are terms for [[eunuch]]s or [[transgender]] individuals in the languages of some [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] of Maharashtra, namely {{transliteration|gon|āḍigunllōḍ}} ({{lang|gon|आडिगुंल्‍लोड}}) in [[Gondi language|Gondi]]; however, this does not in itself demonstrate that a third gender category existed in their cultures or that there were ritual or kinship roles for such individuals. The Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]'' held that the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] does not require the legalisation of same-sex marriages but affirmed that transgender people may marry opposite-sex partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Legal-Progression-Social-Implications-Case-Comment-on-Supriyo-Chakraborty-Anr-v-Union-Of-India|title="Legal Progression & Social Implications Case Comment on Supriyo Chakraborty & Anr v. Union Of India"|work=Manupatra|date=27 May 2024|first1=Rajeev Pratap|last1=Singh Bhutyal|first2=Swasti|last2=Arya}}</ref> Following the Supreme Court's ruling in ''Supriyo'', five transgender women married their male partners in [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] in January 2025 under the ''Hindu Marriage Act''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/five-transgender-women-marry-their-partners-at-community-wedding-event-in-pimpri-chinchwad/articleshow/117652197.cms|title=Five transgender women marry their partners at community wedding in Pimpri Chinchwad|work=The Times of India|date=29 January 2025|first=Alim|last=Shaikh}}</ref> Some couples had already married prior to the court ruling. Madhuri Sarode, a transgender woman, and Jay Kumar Sharma were married in a Hindu temple in Mumbai in December 2016 in one of the first transgender marriages in India "that was [not] held in secret".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/first-open-transgender-wedding-in-mumbai/amp_articleshow/56253864.html|title=First open transgender wedding in Mumbai|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Another couple, Mahant Shivlakshmi and Sanjay Jhalte, were married in [[Nashik]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/gender/love-dont-judge-meet-trans-woman-man-couple-who-tied-the-knot|work=The Quint|date=24 June 2021|title=How Trans Woman Found Love, And Her Life Partner, on TikTok|first=Ram|last=Girase}}</ref>

==Religious performance==
Several same-sex couples have married in Hindu temples in Maharashtra. Family and community reactions have ranged from support to disapproval to violent persecution.<ref name="yavatmal"/><ref name="mumbai"/> In 2010, academic [[Ruth Vanita]] reported that many of these couples were "non-English-speaking young women from lower-income groups", and "[not] connected to any movement for equality; most of them were not aware of terms like "gay" or "lesbian". Many of them framed their desire to marry in terms drawn from traditional understandings of love and marriage, saying, for example, that they could not conceive of life without each other, and wanted to live and die together."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Same-Sex Weddings, Hindu Traditions, and Modern India|first=Ruth|last=Vanita|journal=Duke University Press|date=2010|volume=25|issue=4|pages=43–45}}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Catholic Church]] opposes same-sex marriage and does not allow its priests to officiate at such marriages. In December 2023, the [[Holy See]] published ''[[Fiducia supplicans]]'', a declaration allowing [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priests]] to [[Blessing in the Catholic Church|bless]] couples who are not considered to be [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|married according to church teaching]], including the [[Blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches|blessing of same-sex couples]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=JD |date=2023-12-22 |title=Is the 'false narrative' narrative a false narrative? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/is-the-false-narrative-narrative |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[The Pillar]] |language=en|archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223121603/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/is-the-false-narrative-narrative |url-status=live }}</ref> Archbishop [[Oswald Gracias]] responded to the declaration by calling it "an affirmation of our spirituality and a gift". Gracias said, "Our Indian mentality is so inclusive, understanding people of other religions and other faiths. All are searching for God, all are searching for the truth, all are searching for spirituality."<ref name="catholicblessings">{{cite web|url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/fiducia-supplicans-whos-saying-what|title='Fiducia supplicans': Who's saying what?|work=The Pillar|first=Luke|last=Coppen|date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
*''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Recognition of same-sex unions in India by state|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]

Tiruppur South Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:56:46Z

Ajithkumardas6: creating a article needs work

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{for|previous elections held in this constituency|Tiruppur Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tiruppur (South)
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 114
| map_image = Constitution-Tiruppur (South).svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 2008
| district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
| reservation = None
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]}}
| mla = [[K. Selvaraj (DMK politician)|K. Selvaraj]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 197,091
}}
'''Tiruppur South''' or 'Tiruppur (South)' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] newly formed after constituency delimitations in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archivedate=15 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 114. It is included in [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. Thangavel]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[K. Selvaraj (DMK politician)|K. Selvaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|61.63}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (South)}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thangaraj|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Dineshkumar|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dinesh|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balamurugan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193614|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (South)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruppur (South) Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a114|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Selvaraj (DMK politician)|K. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,535 |percentage=43.59% |change=+8.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,826 |percentage=40.87% |change=-3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugasundaram |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,898 |percentage=7.44% |change=+5.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anusha Ravi |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=9,934 |percentage=5.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vishalakchi |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,757 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,142 |percentage=0.66% |change=-0.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,709 |percentage=2.72% |change= -6.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=173,276 |percentage=62.67% |change= -3.61% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=118|percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 276,483 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (South)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,351 |percentage=44.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Selvaraj (DMK politician)|K. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,418 |percentage=34.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thangavel |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,597 |percentage=8.28% |change=-53.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Point Mani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,640 |percentage=4.65% |change=+1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Basheer Ahamed |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=2,547 |percentage=1.55% |change=-0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugasundaram |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,506 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,445 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Velumani |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,166 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sayed Masnsoor Husain |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,093 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,933 |percentage=9.71% |change= -21.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=164,166 |percentage=66.29% |change= -6.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,665 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -16.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (South)<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thangavel |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=75,424 |percentage=61.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Senthilkumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,121 |percentage=30.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Pointmani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,397 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohmedamanulla |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=2,645 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. M. Maswooth |party=Independent politician |votes=944 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,303 |percentage=31.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,375 |percentage=72.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,927 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.086|77.347|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruppur]]
[[Category:Tiruppur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

State of Arunachal Pradesh Act

2026-04-24T10:02:54Z

Ajithkumardas6:

{{Short description|Indian legislation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to provide for the establishment of the State of Arunachal Pradesh and for matters connected therewith
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1878/1/198669.pdf Act No. 69 of 1986]
| territorial_extent =
| enacted_by = Parliament of India
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Zail Singh]]
| date_assented = 24 December 1986
| date_commenced = 20 February 1987
| status = In force
}}

The '''State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986''' is an Act of the [[Parliament of India]] that provided for the establishment of the State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=Arunachal gears up for 40th Statehood Day celebrations at Itanagar |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/arunachal-gears-up-for-40th-statehood-day-celebrations-at-itanagar-1348759-2026-02-19 |access-date=13 April 2026 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> It was enacted as Act No. 69 of 1986 and came into force on 20 February 1987.<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
Prior to the Act, Arunachal Pradesh was a [[Union territory|Union Territory]]. The Act was passed to grant full statehood and to meet the political and administrative aspirations of the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 (Bare Act) |url=https://sooperkanoon.com/act/134214/state-of-arunachal-pradesh-act-1986-complete-act |publisher=SooperKanoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Bhavan Mizoram Hosts a Celebration of The Foundation Day of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh {{!}} Lok Bhavan Mizoram {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/raj-bhavan-mizoram-hosts-a-celebration-of-the-foundation-day-of-mizoram-and-arunachal-pradesh/ |access-date=13 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Provisions ==
The Act provided for:

* Establishment of the State of Arunachal Pradesh from the existing Union Territory.<ref name="indiacode">{{cite web |title=State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1878 |publisher=India Code}}</ref>
* Representation in Parliament and creation of a Legisllative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/arunachal-pradesh-state-laws/the-state-of-arunachal-pradesh-act-1986/ |publisher=LatestLaws}}</ref>
* Provisions relating to governance, judiciary, and distribution of assets and liabilities.<ref name="indiacode">{{cite web |title=State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1878 |publisher=India Code}}</ref>

The Act marked the transition of Arunachal Pradesh into a full fledged state of Indfia, strengthening federal governance and administrative development in the northeastern region.

== See also ==

* [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1980s in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1986 in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1986]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states|Arunachal Pradesh]]

Rani Kamalapati railway station

2026-04-22T13:08:12Z

Ajithkumardas6: created a info

{{Short description|Railway station in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rani Kamalapati railway station
| other_name = Habibganj railway station
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Outside view of Rani Kamlapati Railway Station 25.jpg
| image_caption = Old (left) and new (centre) main entrance buildings of the railway station
| address = Maharana Pratap Nagar Zone 2, Habibganj [[Bhopal]]-462011, [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.2216|N|77.4401|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Delhi–Chennai line]] [[Bhopal–Nagpur section]]
| connections = [[File:Indore_Metro_logo.png|24px|link=Bhoj Metro]] {{rcb|Bhoj Metro|Orange|croute}} [[Rani Kamalapati Railway Station metro station|Rani Kamalapati Railway Station]]
| structure = At–ground
| platform = 5
| elevation = {{convert|495.760|m|ft}}
| levels = 1
| tracks = 6
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1920}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhopals-habibganj-station-renamed-after-tribal-queen-101636829150509.html|title=Bhopal's Habibganj station renamed after tribal queen|date=14 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|1969}}<ref name="auto"/> 
{{start date and age|2021}}<ref name="auto"/>
| electrified = Yes
| code = RKMP HBJ (1920-2021)
| owned = [[Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation]]
| zone = [[West Central Railway zone]]
| former =
| status = Active
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Bhopal#India Madhya Pradesh
| map_dot_label = '''Habibganj'''
| mapframe =
| mapframe-zoom =
}}

'''Rani Kamalapati railway station''', formerly '''Habibganj railway station''' (station code: '''RKMP'''), is a ISO certified<ref name="Anon. c381">{{cite web |title=Certificate of Registration |url=https://ranikamalapatirailwaystation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/BANSAL-PATHWAYS-HABIBGANJ-PRIVATE-LIMITED-QRO-EGAC-9001.pdf |website=ranikamalapatirailwaystation.com |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201190726/https://ranikamalapatirailwaystation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/BANSAL-PATHWAYS-HABIBGANJ-PRIVATE-LIMITED-QRO-EGAC-9001.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Train station|railway station]] in [[Bhopal]], in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It lies on the [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] of the Indian Railways. It comes under [[West Central Railway zone]] (WCR) of the [[Indian Railways]] and serves as headquarters of [[Bhopal railway division]] of WCR. It serves as a secondary station to [[Bhopal Junction railway station]] (the main station in Bhopal). It is India's [[List of private railway stations|first private railway station]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Habibganj: Here is India's first private railway station|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/infra/habibganj-here-is-india-first-private-railway-station/story/253859.html|magazine=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=7 June 2017|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
The Bhopal–Itarsi section of [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] was opened in 1884.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title=IR History: Early Days – II| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)|access-date = 22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/final_gazettee/comm1.html| title = Introduction| work = Nagpur Itarsi Route| publisher = Nagpur district authorities| access-date = 17 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410104748/http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/FINAL_GAZETTEE/comm1.html| archive-date = 10 April 2009| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 1920s, the Habibganj railway station was opened on the above section. It served the village of [[Habibganj]], then located outside Bhopal. In 1969, the [[Madhya Pradesh Government]] redeveloped it as a second railway station in the city to decongest Bhopal railway station.<ref name="auto"/> The [[Nawabs of Bhopal|family of Prince Habibullah Khan]] gave land and Rs 15 [[lakh]] to develop the station. Hence, it came to be known as Habibganj after Habibullah Khan himself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siddique |first=Iram |date=15 November 2021 |title=In renaming Bhopal's Habibganj railway station, BJP's tribal outreach |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/renaming-bhopal-habibganj-railway-station-bjps-tribal-outreach-7622963/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129034402/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/renaming-bhopal-habibganj-railway-station-bjps-tribal-outreach-7622963/ |archive-date=29 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] privatised the railway station in June 2017, making it India's first private railway station.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sehra |first=Sumedha |date=9 June 2017 |title=What features will India's 1st privately run station have? |url=https://www.inshorts.com/news/what-features-will-indias-1st-privately-run-station-have-1496992560884 |publisher=Inshorts |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

In November 2021, the [[Madhya Pradesh Government]] changed its name to Rani Kamalapati railway station in the memory of Gond queen [[Rani Kamlapati]]. The railway station was redeveloped again and was opened in November 2021. The station code was also changed from HBJ to RKMP.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tomar |first1=Shruti |title=Bhopal's Habibganj station renamed after tribal queen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhopals-habibganj-station-renamed-after-tribal-queen-101636829150509.html |access-date=26 April 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |date=15 November 2021 |title=PM Modi inaugurates modern Rani Kamalapati railway station in Bhopal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-modi-inaugurates-modern-rani-kamalapati-railway-station-in-bhopal/article37502029.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2021 |title=हबीबगंज हुआ रानी कमलापति रेलवे स्टेशन:MP सरकार के नोटिफिकेशन जारी करते ही प्लेटफॉर्म पर बोर्ड बदले, रविवार को आएंगे रेल मंत्री |language=hi |trans-title=Habibganj is now Rani Kamlapati railway station: Boards changed on the platform as soon as the notification of the MP government was issued, the Railway Minister will come on Sunday |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/rani-kamlapati-railway-station-bhopal-bansal-project-director-on-platform-pattika-sticker-129113814.html |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Rani Kamalpati statue at Kamlapati Setu & bridge Lower Lake, Bhopal 03.jpg|thumb|[[Rani Kamalpati]] statue]]

== Major trains ==
The train which originates from Rani Kamalapati are :

● [[Rani Kamalapati–New Delhi Shatabdi Express]] (12001/12002)

● [[Rani Kamalapati–Jabalpur Jan Shatabdi Express]] (12061/12062)

● [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Rani Kamalapati Superfast Express]] (12153/12154)

● [[Shaan-e-Bhopal Express]] (12155/12156)

● [[Rewanchal Express]] (12185/12186)

● [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express]] (20171/20172)

● [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Rewa Vande Bharat Express]] (20173/20174)

● [[Santragachi–Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express]] (22169/22170)

● [[Pune–Rani Kamalapati Humsafar Express]] (22171/22172)

● [[Adhartal–Rani Kamalapati Intercity Express]] (22187/22188)

==Infrastructure==
The station has 5 platforms with 6 tracks. The railway station was redeveloped on the lines of Germany’s [[Heidelberg Hauptbahnhof|Heidelberg railway station]] and is promoted as India’s first world-class station. The station now has various facilities like large covered parking area, 24X7 power backup, drinking water, air-conditioned lobby, offices, shops, high speed escalator, lift, anchor stores, automobile showrooms, a convention centre, a hotel and a super speciality hospital.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://ranikamalapatirailwaystation.com/|title=World Class Railway Station | Rani Kamalapati Railway Station | Bansal Group|access-date=7 April 2023|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213181151/https://ranikamalapatirailwaystation.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The redeveloped railway station has received GEM 5 star rating in GEM Sustainability Certification by [[ASSOCHAM]] for Green, sustainable design and eco-friendly project. The station has planned an extensive reuse of water with Zero discharge technology being utilised for sewage treatment systems. A provision of rainwater harvesting is also present at the station. To ensure clean energy, solar energy generation is implemented in the station. Around 6800 and 7300 square metres are identified for soft and hard landscaping respectively.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Services==
The station is located {{convert|7|km}} away from {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}. It lies on the [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] of the Indian Railways. It serves as a secondary station to [[Bhopal Junction railway station]].

== See also ==
Other railway stations serving [[Bhopal]] metropolitan area
* [[Bhopal Junction railway station]]
* [[Mandideep railway station]]
* [[Misrod railway station]]
* [[Nishatpura railway station]]
* [[Sant Hirdaram Nagar railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rani Kamalapati railway station}}
* [https://ranikamalapatirailwaystation.com/ World Class Railway Station | Rani Kamalapati Railway Station | Bansal Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213181151/https://ranikamalapatirailwaystation.com/ |date=13 December 2022 }}

{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=Central Railway zone|left=Bhopal Junction|right=Misrod|type=[[Delhi–Chennai line]]}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1920]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Bhopal railway division]]

T. R. Gajapathy

2026-04-21T23:12:46Z

Ajithkumardas6: creating the entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. R. Gajapathy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| other_names =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| website =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Arcot Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1991
| predecessor1 = [[T. Palani]]
| successor1 = [[G. Viswanathan]]
}}
'''T. R. Gajapathy''' (Thiruvaithiyur Ramanuja Gajapathy) is an [[Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Arcot Assembly constituency]]. Gajapathy belongs to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party. As a DMK candidate, he contested and won the Arcot Assembly constituency in the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1989/tamil-nadu/arcot/40/12284/81 | title=Vidhan Sabha / 1989 / Tamil Nadu / Arcot | accessdate=30 November 2025}}</ref><ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly” Who's Who 1989. Madras-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. December 1989. p. 39.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arcot<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Gajapathy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,775 |percentage=36.50% |change=-2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Ramdoss |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,470 |percentage=21.49% |change=-37.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Palani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,581 |percentage=15.31% |change=-43.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. T. Kannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,053 |percentage=12.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Murthy |party=Independent politician |votes=11,476 |percentage=12.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,305 |percentage=15.02% |change= -4.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,262 |percentage=75.09% |change= -4.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,768 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kuldip Kumar (Uttarakhand)

2026-04-19T23:33:40Z

Ajithkumardas6: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2018}}
{{COI|date=May 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuldip Kumar
| image =
| profession = Politician
| birth_place = [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| birth_date =
| office =
| term_Start =
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father = Santram
| mother = Laxmi Devi
| spouse = Anamika
| children = 2
}}

'''Kuldip Kumar''' is an Indian Politician from [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] currently serving as the Vice President of [[BJP Uttarakhand]] from [[Vikasnagar]], [[Uttarakhand]]. He is also an ex Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] (2009–12).

==Early life==
Kuldeep Kumar was born in [[Mandi district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is the son of Santram and Laxmi Devi.

==Political career==
Kuldeep Kumar is an Indian Politician from [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] currently serving as the State General Secretary of [[Uttarakhand]] from [[Vikasnagar]], [[Uttarakhand]]. He is also an ex Member of [[Uttarakhand]] [[Legislative Assembly]] (2009–12). He lost in 2012, to Nav Prabhat. He has been politically and socially active for a very long time. He was the Secretary Bar Association in [[Vikasnagar]] from 2002 to 2003, [[District President]] (2002-04) then State General Secretary (2004–07) of Hindu Jagran Manch and Member of District Panchayat (2003–07) in Bulakiwala. From 2007 to 2009 he served as the State General Secretary of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM). It was in 2009 when he was elected as the member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. From 2015 to 2020 he also served as the Minister of BJP [Uttarakhand].And he was also State general secretary Of Uttarakhand from 2020 to 2022

In the [[2nd Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] he was on the [[2nd Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly#|Committee on Estimates]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Committee System in Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand Legislative |url=https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/117-second-vidhan-sabha |website=ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/ |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly 2009-2012">{{cite web |title=2nd Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly National Committees 2009-2012 |url=https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/117-second-vidhan-sabha |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121133220/https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/117-second-vidhan-sabha |archive-date=21 November 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kuldeep Kumar is married to Anamika and is the father of two kids, Akshat and Anshika.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:People from Mandi district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dinganglung Gangmei

2026-04-19T05:43:05Z

Ajithkumardas6: started new details added tags

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dinganglung Gangmei
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 January 1979
| birth_place = Gaidimjang Village
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Nungba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nungba]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = 
| predecessor1 = [[Gaikhangam]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Thanjikpou
| education = M.Sc
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| profession = Social Worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Dinganglung Gangmei''', also known as '''Dipu Gangmei''', is an Indian bureaucrat turned politician. He was an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] before taking voluntary retirement to contest an election in January 2022. He was elected to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nungba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nungba]] in the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022 Manipur Assembly election]], defeating the six-times MLA and [[Congress Working Committee]] member [[Gaikhangam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dinganglung Gangmei |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=232 |website=My Neta |access-date=22 March 2022}} - {{cite news |title=Senior Congress leader loses |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/senior-congress-leader-gaikhangam-gangmei-loses-to-retired-ias-officer-dinganglung-gangmei-in-nungba-ac |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=Imphal Free Press}} - {{cite news |title=Blow to BJP candidate in Nungba |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/9/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-8-The-High-Court-of-Manipur-has-stayed-the-Integrity-Certificat.amp.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> On 11 April 2022, he was elected chairman of the Hill Area committee of the Manipur Legislative Assembly.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangmei, Dinganglung}}
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:People from Tamenglong district]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Social workers from Manipur]]

A. Miller

2026-04-18T19:27:00Z

Ajithkumardas6: Made Basic Entry Added Tags.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Miller
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|9|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Rockwood Estate
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[B. M. Mubarak]]
| successor1 = [[K. Ramachandran]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Business
| footnotes =
| website =
}}
'''A. Miller''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] region in the [[Nilgiris district]]. A bachelor's degree holder, Miller belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] ([[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]) party. He contested and won from the [[Gudalur Assembly constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]s to become a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 375-376.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Miller |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,809 |percentage=57.43% |change=35.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pandiaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,116 |percentage=33.61% |change=-25.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. N. Nanjan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,091 |percentage=4.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. Bellie |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=2,860 |percentage=2.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,407 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. E. M. Abdul Azeez |party=Independent politician |votes=1,092 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=840 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,693 |percentage=23.83% |change=-13.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,215 |percentage=59.93% |change= -4.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,078 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, A.}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Namantar Shahid Smarak

2026-04-07T18:53:10Z

Ajithkumardas6: Put Up A Details

{{Short description|Martyrdom memorial in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox monument
|monument_name = Namantar Shahid Smarak
|image = Namantar Shahid Smarak Nagpur.jpg
|caption =
|location = Indora Bridge 10, Kamptee Road, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|designer = Uday Gajbhiye
|type = Martyrdom memorial
|material =
|length =
|width =
|height =
|begin =
|complete = 2013
|open =
|dedicated_to = Martyrs of the [[Namantar Andolan]]
|map_image =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord |21.1711|79.0966}}
|lat =
|long =
|extra =
}}
The '''Namantar Shahid Smarak''' (English: Name Change Martyrdom Memorial) is a large memorial sculpture dedicated to those who died in the [[Namantar Andolan]].<ref name=NAGPUR>{{cite news|title=NMC, other prominent leaders salute Bhim Sainiks who laid down their lives for 'Namantar' Movement|url=http://www.nagpurtoday.in/nmc-other-prominent-leaders-salute-bhim-sainiks-who-laid-down-their-lives-for-namantar-movement/|accessdate=22 June 2013|newspaper=Nagpur Today|date=28 May 2013}}</ref> In 2013, 19 years after the movement's success, the [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation|city government of Nagpur]] erected the monument in memory of the valour and the sacrifice of the [[Dalit]] martyrs.<ref name=NAGPUR/> The memorial was built by contractor Sunil Sharma on 2,225 m2 of land at a cost of {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}1.58 [[crore]] (approximately US$259,000).<ref name="NAGPUR" />

==Background==
{{Main|Namantar Andolan}}
The Dalits of India were on the bottom of the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]] for centuries. In [[Hindu]]ism, there are [[Varna (Hinduism)|four ''varnas'']] (classes) and in that system, the Dalits are below the lowest of them.<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2001">{{cite book |title=Human Rights Watch: Caste Discrimination: a Global Concern|year=2001|publisher=Human Rights Watch|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/globalcaste/caste0801-03.htm#P133_16342|accessdate=20 October 2013|chapter='Untouchability' and Segregation}}</ref> Dalits were considered polluted and this pollution was considered contagious.<ref name=Husager>{{cite web|last=Husager|first=Gitte Dyrhagen|title=Caste Discrimination and UN Human Rights Bodies|date=August 2013|publisher=The International Dalit Solidarity Network|location=Denmark|page=6|url=http://www.idsn.org/fileadmin/user_folder/pdf/New_files/UN/UNcompilation.pdf|edition=8th|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref> They worked in jobs which were considered ritually impure, they were not allowed to enter Hindu temples, they had to draw their water from separate wells and they had to live outside of villages.<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2001" /> Untouchability was [[outlaw]]ed in 1950,<ref name=Jaffrelot>{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Dr. Ambedkar's Strategies Against Untouchability and the Caste System|volume=III|number=4|year=2009|publisher=Indian Institute of Dalit Studies|series=Working Paper Series|pages=3, 9–10|chapter-url=http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/0904.pdf|accessdate=20 October 2013|chapter=Introduction|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712142739/http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/wp/0904.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> but despite the laws, discrimination continues today.<ref name="National Crime Records Bureau">{{cite book|title=Crime in India - 2012|year=2012|publisher=National Crime Records Bureau - Ministry of Home Affairs|pages=105–116|chapter-url=http://ncrb.gov.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%207.pdf|accessdate=20 October 2013|chapter=Chapter 7: Crime against Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021080808/http://ncrb.gov.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%207.pdf|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Centre for the study of Casteism, comminalism and the law national law school of India University, Banglore">{{cite book|title=Evaluation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and its Impact on the Eradication of Untouchability|publisher=Centre for the Study of Casteism, Communalism and the Law of the National Law School of India University, Banglore|pages=199–202|chapter-url=http://www.nls.ac.in/csseip/Files/Material%20for%20uploading/PCRA_report_II_from_intro%5B1%5D.pdf|accessdate=20 October 2013|chapter=Implementation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act (PCRA), 1955|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307082340/https://www.nls.ac.in/csseip/Files/Material%20for%20uploading/PCRA_report_II_from_intro%5b1%5d.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, one of the first Dalits to earn a college education was [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<ref name=Jaffrelot /> Fighting discrimination, he attended [[Elphinstone College]] in Bombay,<ref name=Pritchett>{{cite book|last=Pritchett|first=Frances W.|title=Dr. Ambedkar's Life: And Beyond|chapter=In the 1900's: A Guarded Gateway, But with a Gap|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1900s.html|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> earned a master's degree from [[Columbia University]] in the United States and then earned a doctoral degree from the [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=Columbia>{{cite web|title=Bhimrao Ambedkar|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=21 October 2013}}</ref> The [[British Raj]] made education more available to Untouchables but discrimination continued. Ambedkar established hostels, schools and colleges which were open to Dalits.<ref name=Mahapatra>{{cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=B.C.|last2=Ashok|first2=Kumar|title=Dalits in Third Millennium|year=2004|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=8176254975|pages=43–53|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY2c9HCMHucC&dq=%225+Ambedkar+and+his+Philosophy+towards+education%22&pg=PA43|edition=1st|accessdate=21 October 2013|chapter=Chapter 5: Ambedkar and his Philosophy Towards Education}}</ref> As part of the movement surrounding the independence of India from Britain, major social changes took place and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was appointed to lead the committee to draft a new [[Constitution of India|constitution for India]]. He proposed, and the new country passed into law, a wide range of civil liberties, including the legal abolition of untouchability.<ref name=Shahare>{{cite book|last=Shahare|first=M. L.|title=Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar: His Life and Work|year=1987|publisher=Indian Council of Educational Research and Training|pages=90–104|chapter-url=http://164.100.47.134/plibrary/ebooks/DR%20Ambedkar/(sno24)Ambedkar1.pdf|accessdate=21 October 2013|chapter=Chapter XI: Making of the Indian Constitution}}</ref><ref name=Divakar>{{cite journal|last=Divakar|first=N. Paul|title=Untouchability and Violence against Dalits|journal=FOCUS|date=June 2007|volume=48|url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/section2/2007/06/untouchability-and-violence-against-dalits.html|accessdate=21 October 2013|publisher=Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center (Hurights Osaka)}}</ref>

Many Indian universities were renamed after people like Ambedkar and those changes were welcomed with few arguments.<ref name="Shastree1996">{{cite book |last=Shastree |first=Uttara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYInC70BSEgC&pg=PA100 |title=Religious Converts in India: Socio-political Study of Neo-Buddhists |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1996 |isbn=9788170996293 |pages=100–101}}</ref> The Dalit community in the state of Maharashtra proposed to rename Marathwada University in honour of Ambedkar.<ref name=NAGPUR /><ref name="Omvedt1993">{{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |authorlink=Gail Omvedt |year=1993 |title=Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingrevol0000omve |url-access=registration |publisher=M.E. Sharpe Publishers |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingrevol0000omve/page/65 65–66] |isbn=9780765631763}}</ref><ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |title=Understanding the Marathwada Riots: A Repudiation of Eclectic Marxism |first=Dipankar |last=Gupta |journal=Social Scientist |volume=7 |issue=10 |date=May 1979 |pages=3–22 |jstor=3516774|doi=10.2307/3516774 }} {{subscription required}}</ref> The chief minister, the legislature, and university leaders approved the change,<ref name="Holocaust by Damle">{{cite journal|last=Damle|first=Y. B.|title=Holocaust in Marathwad: 1978|journal=ICSSR Research Abstracts Quarterly|date=January–June 1994|volume=XXIII|number=1 & 2|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HistorySociology/A%20DOCUMENTS%20ON%20HISTORY%20OF%20SOCIOLOGY%20IN%20INDIA/A%206%20Primary%20sources/C)%20Published%20and%20Unpublished%20Papers%20of%20Y.B.Damle/1)%20Published%20Papers/A%206%20C%201%2018.pdf|accessdate=11 August 2013|publisher=Indian Council of Social Science and Research}}</ref> but a storm of opposition arose among Hindus.{{Vague|date=March 2014}} On 27 July 1978 riots began and the name change was stopped.<ref name="Shastree1996"/><ref name="Holocaust by Damle"/> The riots affected 25,000 Dalits<ref name="Samiti">{{cite journal |last=Samiti |first=Atyachar Virodh |date=12 May 1979 |title=The Marathwada Riots: A Report |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=14 |issue=19 |pages=845–852 |jstor=4367590}} {{subscription required}}</ref> and at least 27 were killed,<ref name=NAGPUR/> five by the police.<ref name="JAOUL">{{cite journal |last=Jaoul |first=Nicolas |year=2008 |title=The 'Righteous Anger' of the Powerless Investigating Dalit Outrage over Caste Violence |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/1892 |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |volume=2 |accessdate=22 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Namantar Andolan]] (Name Change Movement) continued for 16 years before the university was renamed [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]].<ref name="Shastree1996"/>

==Development==
Many organisations and political parties proposed the idea for a memorial late in the 1990s and worked for 12 years to see a memorial realized. In 2010, the government of Nagpur announced the decision to build the memorial.<ref name="संत्रानगरीत साकारणार">{{cite news|last=सकाळ वृत्तसेवा|title=संत्रानगरीत साकारणार "नामांतर शहीदस्मारक'|url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20101223/5394929903403642115.htm|accessdate=21 October 2013|language=Marathi|newspaper=[[Sakal]]|date=23 December 2010|agency=The Sakal Group|location=Nagpur|quote=नागपूर - नामांतर चळवळीतील 27 हुतात्म्यांची नावे याठिकाणी ब्लॅक ग्रेनाइटवर कोरण्यात येणार आहेत.....मराठवाडा विद्यापीठाच्या नामांतर चळवळीत प्राणाची आहुती देणाऱ्या हुतात्म्यांच्या स्मृती सदैव तेवत ठेवण्याच्या उद्देशाने महापालिकेच्या वतीने संत्रानगरीत "नामांतर शहीदस्मारक' उभारण्यात येणार आहे, अशी माहिती स्थायी समिती अध्यक्ष संदीप जोशी यांनी आज पत्रपरिषदेत दिली……1977 ते 1994 या कालावधीत मराठवाडा विद्यापीठाच्या नामांतरासाठी महाराष्ट्रात अनेक आंदोलने, मोर्चे काढण्यात आलेत….10 ते 12 वर्षांपासून नामांतर शहीद स्मारकाची विविध पातळ्यांवर मागणी सुरू होती. विविध संघटना व पक्षांनी ही मागणी लावून धरली होती. अखेर यावर्षी त्याला हिरवी झेंडी मिळाली." '''English translation:''' "Nagpur - 27 names of the martyrs of Namantar Movement will be carved on Black Granite at this place. ... To keep the memory of the martyrs sacrifice of Namanatar Andolan Marathwada University, Municipal Corporation of Orange city (Nagpur) is erecting "Namantar Shahid Smarak" (Namantar Martyrdom Memorial), this information was given by Samiti President Sandeep Joshi in the press conference today. ... In 1977 to 1994, for renaming Marathwada University many movements, protest marches were laid. ... Since 10 to 12 years 'Namantar Shahid Smarak' was demanded at various levels. Many organizations and political parties raised this demand. Finally this year it (the demand) was green signalled.}}</ref> An initial proposed design unveiled in April 2011 was not considered acceptable because it did not represent the history of the Namantar Andolan. Many suggestions were given for the memorial's design.<ref name="स्मारकावर नामांतर आंदोलनाचे प्रतीक अंकित असावे">{{cite news|last=सकाळ वृत्तसेवा|title=स्मारकावर नामांतर आंदोलनाचे प्रतीक अंकित असावे|url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110412/4622339723781431742.htm|accessdate=21 October 2013|newspaper=[[Sakal]]|date=12 April 2011|agency=The Sakal Group|location=Nagpur|language=Marathi|quote=नामांतर आंदोलनातील शहीद स्मारकाची प्रतिकृती तयार झाली. परंतु, या प्रतिकृतीकडे बघितल्यास नामांतर चळवळीचा कोणताही इतिहास या स्मारकातून पुढे येत नाही. औरंगाबादेतील डॉ. आंबेडकर मराठवाडा विद्यापीठाचे प्रवेशद्वार शहीद स्मारकाच्या प्रतिकृतीमध्ये अंकित केल्यास नामांतर आंदोलनाचा इतिहास जिवंत होईल. यातून चळवळीला प्रेरणा मिळेल, असा आशावाद यावेळी रिपब्लिकन मुव्हमेंटचे नरेश वहाणे यांनी व्यक्त केला. तर, दिलीप पाटील यांनी महापालिकेने आंबेडकरी चळवळीचा सन्मान करीत नामांतर आंदोलनाच्या लढ्याचा इतिहास स्मारकावर अंकित करावा, अशी मागणी केली. निळू भगत यांनी नामांतर आंदोलनातील इतिहासाचा लढा स्वतःच्या चित्रकृतीतून सादर केला." '''English translation:''' "The Namantar Andolan Shahid Smarak replica is complete. But, this replica of the memorial does not tell any history of the Namantar Andolan. Aurangabad's Dr Ambedkar Marathwada University's entrance gate replica if infused in the replica can make the history alive. This may inspire the movement; the optimism was expressed by Republican movements Naresh Vahane. Dilip Patil, while expressing his respect for the Dalit movement he demanded to carve history of the Namantar Andolan on memorial. Nilu Bhagat presented the sketch of Namanta Andolan.}}</ref> The final design was completed by sculptor Uday Gajbhiye.<ref name=NAGPUR />

Because many Dalits had [[B. R. Ambedkar#Conversion to Buddhism|converted to Buddhism with B.R. Ambedkar]], the choice of ''[[Vesak|Buddha Jayanti]]'' (Buddha's Birthday) to inaugurate the monument was auspicious. [[Jogendra Kawade]], the leader of the [[Namantar Andolan#Long March|Namantar Long March]], was present that day and he said:

{{quote box
| quote = A nation stands after sacrifice and laying lives for a nation's cause. The fight for naming Marathwada University after Dr Ambedkar was not a single person's fight but was a movement launched with massive support of people which bore the fruits after 16 years of continuous struggle. The Indora Bridge 10 which inspired thousands of Bhim Sainiks to launch the long march which witnessed bloody sacrifice by the Bhim Sainiks, now, stands as Shahid Smarak in a glorious and magnificent way fittingly saluting the sacrifice of Bhim Sainiks, ... This Memorial would continue to inspire the present and future generations as well.<ref name=NAGPUR />
| quoted = 1
}}

.

==Design==
The memorial is located at Indora Bridge 10 on Kamptee Road, [[Nagpur]].<ref name="NAGPUR" /> The location was selected because it is the site where Avinash Dongre, a child protesting in support of the Namantar Andolan, was shot in the head by police on 4 August 1978.<ref name="महापालिकेला नामांतर" /><ref name="भीमसैनिकाची 'डरकाळी'">{{cite news|title=कोवळ्या भीमसैनिकाची 'डरकाळी' आजही स्मरणात|url=http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=K2SZx|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=[[Sakal]]|date=4 August 2013|agency=The Sakal Group|location=Nagpur|language=Marathi|quote=नामांतर झालेच पाहिजे...' ही "डरकाळी' फोडत धावत आलेला कोवळा भीमसैनिक अविनाश डोंगरे दहा नंबर पुलाजवळ पोलिसांच्या गोळीने "शहीद' होतो... तो दिवस 4 ऑगस्ट 1978." '''English translation:''' "Change the name ... uttering in a loud deep voice and running, child ''Bhimsainik'' Avinash Dongre near 10 number bridge (Indora Bridge) was martyred by police bullet. ... on August 4, 1978. [translator's note: Bhimsainik is an affectionate title used for Ambedkar followers and means Soldiers of Bhim (Ambedkar)]}}</ref> Four others - Dilip Ramteke, Abdul Sattar, Roshan Borkar and Ratan Mendhe - also lost their lives nearby.<ref name="महापालिकेला नामांतर">{{cite news|last=Kewal|first=Jeevantare|title=महापालिकेला नामांतर शहीद सूर्यांकुरांच्या रक्ताचा विसर|url=http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=K24PG|accessdate=6 August 2013|newspaper=[[Sakal]]|date=27 May 2013|agency=The Sakal Group|location=Nagpur|language=Marathi|quote=4 ऑगस्ट 1978 रोजी पेटलेल्या आंदोलनात इंदोऱ्यासहित उपराजधीतील सर्वच वस्त्यांमध्ये आंबेडकरी निखाऱ्यांनीही पेट घेतला. याच दिवशी पुकारलेल्या नामांतराच्या एल्गारात "दहा नंबर' पुलाजवळ "डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर की जय' ही घोषणा देणारा चिमकुला अविनाश डोंगरे रस्त्यावर आला आणि त्याच्या दिशेने आलेल्या एका गोळीने त्याचे डोके छेदताच तो जमिनीवर कोसळला. अविनाशने अखेरचा श्‍वास घेतला. अविनाश डोंगरे याच्यासहित उपराजधानीतील दिलीप रामटेके, अब्दुल सत्तार, रोशन बोरकर, रतन मेंढे अशा पाच आंबेडकरी कार्यकर्त्यांनी दीक्षाभूमीची माती कपाळाला लावून नामांतर आंदोलनात जिवाची आहुती दिली." '''English translation:''' "On August 4, 1978 the Andolan was burning at Indora and along with Indora all the Dalit habitations in sub-capital (Nagpur) were burning in the same fire. On the same day the Namantar voice was raised near "10 number Bridge" 'Victory of Ambedkar'(a slogan) was cried out by a child Avinash Dongre came onto the road and one bullet came in his direction, was struck in the head by a bullet; he fell to the ground. That was Avinash's last breath. Along with Avinash Dongre, in the sub-capital (several other) Ambedkar workers, Dilip Ramteke, Abdul Sattar, Roshan Borkar, Ratan Mendhe (these five) sacrificed their lives on the soil of Deekhabhoomi during Namnatar Andolan.}}</ref> The memorial has a total of 27 sculptures of ''Bhim Sainiks'' (Soldiers of [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|Bhim]])<ref name="NAGPUR" /> who died during the event, who are shown in the act of their struggle.<ref name="बहुप्रतिक्षित नामांतर शहीद स्मारक" />{{vague|date=March 2014}} There are also 27 plaques with the name of each person,<ref name="संत्रानगरीत साकारणार" /> and the memorial also has a monolith to pay homage to the martyrs.

Nearby, there is a mini-theater for plays and discussions and a library with materials related to the history of the Namantar Andolan.<ref name="बहुप्रतिक्षित नामांतर शहीद स्मारक">{{cite news|title=बहुप्रतिक्षित नामांतर शहीद स्मारकाचे आज लोकार्पण|url=http://www.esakal.com/Tiny.aspx?K=O24ZG|accessdate=9 August 2013|newspaper=[[Sakal]]|date=24 May 2013|agency=The Sakal Group|location=Nagpur|language=Marathi|quote=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर मराठवाठा विद्यापीठ नामांतर आंदोलनात अनेक भीम सैनिक शहीद झाले. या आंदोलनातील शहीदाचे स्मारक तयार करणारी नागपूर महापालिका राज्यात पहिली आहे. येथे पोलिस व भीमसैनिक यांच्यातील संघर्षाची प्रतिकृती तयार करण्यात आली आहे. श्रद्धांजलीसाठी स्तंभ तयार करण्यात आला असून रोषणाईने सायंकाळी परिसर न्हाऊन निघत असल्याने अधिकच आकर्षक दिसत असल्याचे उपमहापौर संदीप जाधव यांनी सांगितले. येथे एक लहान थिएटर, लघुनाट्य तसेच चर्चासत्रासाठी खुले व्यासपीठ तयार करण्यात आले आहे. येथे असलेल्या वाचनालयात आंदोलनाचा संपूर्ण इतिहास नागरिकांसाठी उपलब्ध करून देण्यात आल्याचे जाधव यांनी सांगितले." '''English translation:''' "In Namantar Andolan of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University many Bhimsainiks became martyrs. Nagpur Municipal Corporation is the first municipal corporation to construct the Andolan martyr monument in the state. Here the struggle between Bhimsainiks and police has been created. The column has been created to pay homage. The lighting decorations created makes the premises attractive in the evening said Deputy Mayor Sandeep Jadhav. The movement history has been made available at the library for citizens near monument said Jadhav.}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Plaque at Namantar Shahid Smarak.png|Plaque at the entrance gate
File:Namantar Shahid Smarak Sculpture 1.png|Bhim Sainiks with B. R. Ambedkar in the background
File:Namantar Shahid Smarak Sculpture 2.png|Giving aid to a fallen comrade
File:Namantar Shahid Smarak Sculpture 3.png|Victim of a [[lathi charge]]
</gallery>

'''The martyrs of Namantar Andolan:'''<ref name="the martyrs">{{cite news|last=Kewal|first=Jeevantare|title=आंबेडकरी सूर्यांकुरांचे रक्त वाया गेलेले नाही!|url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110114/4660942014937444303.htm|accessdate=2 August 2013|newspaper=[[Sakal]]|date=14 January 2011|agency=The Sakal Group|location=Nagpur|language=Marathi|quote='''नामातंर लढ्यातील शहीद''': उत्तर नागपुरात दहा नंबरी पुलाजवळ "नामांतर झालेच पाहिज', अशी घोषणा देत चिमुकला अविनाश डोंगरे रस्त्यावर येताच त्याच्या डोक्‍यात बंदुकीची गोळी शिरली आणि तो जमिनीवर कोसळला; ही आठवण आजही ताजी आहे. तसेच राज्यभरातील दिलीप रामटेके, रोशन बोरकर, ज्ञानेश्‍वर साखरे, डोमाजी कुत्तरमारे, चंदर कांबळे, पोचिराम कांबळे, जनार्दन मवाळे, शब्बीर अली काजल हुसैन, गौतम वाघमारे, रतन मेंढे, सुहासिनी बनसोड, नारायण गायकवाड, अब्दुल सत्तार, दिवाकर थोरात, जनार्दन मस्के, भालचंद्र बोरकर, शीला वाघमारे, प्रतिभा तायडे, गोविंद भुरेवार, मनोज वाघमारे, कैलास पंडित, रतन परदेशी नामांतरासाठी शहीद झाले असल्याची माहिती समता सैनिक दलाचे केंद्रीय संघटक ऍड. विमलसूर्य चिमणकर यांनी दिली." '''English translation:''' - "'''Martyrs of Namantar struggle''': In northern Nagpur near 10 Number bridge "Change the name" slogan was given by child Avinash Dongre, he came on the road, bullet entered in his head and he fell on the ground; the memory is still alive. Similarly, Dilip Ramteke, Roshan Borkar, Dyneshwar Sakahre, Domaji Kuttarmare, Chandar Kamble, Pochiram Kamble, Janadan Mawale, Shabbir Kajal Husain, Ratan Mendhe, Suhasini Bansod, Narayan Gaikwad, Abdual Sattar, Diwakar Thorat, Janardan Mhaske, Bhalchandra Borkar, Shila Waghmare, Pratibha Tayde, Govind Bhurewar, Manoj Waghmare, Kailas Pandit, Ratan Pardeshi from the (Maharashtra) state became martyr for Namantar, this information was given by [[Samata Sainik Dal]]'s central constitutor, [[advocate]] Vimalsurya Chimankar.}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Suhasini Bansod (सुहासिनी बनसोड)
* Govind Bhurewar (गोविंद भुरेवार)
* Bhalchandra Borkar (भालचंद्र बोरकर)
* Roshan Borkar (रोशन बोरकर)
* Avinash Dongre (अविनाश डोंगरे)
* Narayan Gaikwad (नारायण गायकवाड)
* Shabbir Ali Kajal Hussain (शब्बीर अली काजल हुसैन)
* Chandar Kamble (चंदर कांबळे)
* Pochiram Kamble (पोचिराम कांबळे)
* Domaji Kuttarmare (डोमाजी कुत्तरमारे)
* Janardan Mawale (जनार्दन मवाळे)
* Janardan Mhaske (जनार्दन मस्के)
* Ratan Mendhe (रतन मेंढे)
* Kailas Pandit (कैलास पंडित)
* Ratan Pardeshi (रतन परदेशी)
* Dilip Ramteke (दिलीप रामटेके)
* Dyneshwar Sakhare (ज्ञानेश्‍वर साखरे)
* Abdul Sattar (अब्दुल सत्तार)
* Pratibha Tayade (प्रतिभा तायडे)
* Diwakar Thorat (दिवाकर थोरात)
* Gautam Waghmare (गौतम वाघमारे)
* Manoj Waghmare (मनोज वाघमारे)
* Shila Waghmare (शीला वाघमारे)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Battle of Koregaon]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Nagpur}}

[[Category:2010s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Martyrs' monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Dalit monuments]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Statues in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist martyrs]]

Khaling language

2026-03-26T17:14:43Z

Ajithkumardas6: Created

{{Short description|Kiranti language of India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Khaling
|altname=khāliṅ
|nativename=खालिङ
|states=[[Nepal]]
|region=[[Solukhumbu District|Solukhumbu]] and [[Khotang District|Khotang]] districts
|speakers=14,467 in Nepal
| ethnicity= [[Rai people|Khaling Rai]]
|date=2011 census
|ref=e18
|speakers2=unknown number in India<ref name=e18/>
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]] |fam5=Western
|fam6=Upper Dudhkosi
|script=[[Devanagari]]
|iso3=klr
|glotto=khal1275
|glottorefname=Khaling
}}

'''Khaling''' (kʰɛ̂l brâː ख्या:ल् ब्रा:) is a [[Kiranti language]] spoken in [[Solukhumbu district]], Nepal and [[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]], and [[Kalimpong]] in India. It is one of the few Kiranti languages with [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] contrasts, which are of secondary origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |last2=Lahaussois |first2=Aimée |last3=Michailovsky |first3=Boyd |last4=Rai |first4=Dhan Bahadur |title=An Overview of Khaling Verbal Morphology |journal=Language and Linguistics |date=2012 |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1095–1170 |id={{ProQuest|1525426362}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |editor1-last=Palancar |chapter=Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling |pages=41–66 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wka7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |editor1-first=Enrique L. |editor2-last=Léonard |editor2-first=Jean Léo |title=Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-045275-4 }}</ref>

Khaling has approximately 15,000 speakers and is therefore considered a vulnerable language. Khaling has a complex system of stem alternations: as many as 10 distinct stems have to be posited for a word (Jacques et al. 2012). Khaling is very unusual in having an auditory demonstrative (see Jacques and Lahaussois 2014). Khaling is also known as [[Rai languages|Rai]], Khalinge Rai, Khael Bra, and Khael Baat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4408|title=Did you know Khaling is vulnerable?|website=Endangered Languages|access-date=2016-05-01|archive-date=2016-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610131624/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4408|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==General information==
Khaling is still being acquired by children who live in Khaling-speaking areas, as well as non-Khaling children who happen to live in that area.

==Geographical distribution==
Khaling is spoken in the following VDC's of Nepal (''[[Ethnologue]]'').

*[[Solukhumbu District]], [[Province No. 1]]: [[Kaku, Nepal|Kanku]], [[Basa, Nepal|Basa]], [[Baku, Nepal|Waku]], Buksa, [[Jubing]], [[Pawai]] and [[Phuleli]] villages
*[[Khotang District]], [[Province No. 1]]: [[Buipa]] Fuleli and [[Kharmi]] villages
*[[Udayapur District]], [[Province No. 1]]: Triyuga Municipality Gaighat, Basaha, Belter, Rampur city.
*[[Sankhuwasabha District]], [[Province No. 1]]: Tungkhaling village
*[[Sunsari District]], [[Province No. 1]]: [[Dharan, Nepal|Dharan]]
*[[Ilam District]], [[Province No. 1]]: [[Pyang|Pang]], [[Sumbek]], and [[Mai Pokhari]] villages

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="4" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[rounded vowel|rounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[rounded vowel|rounded]]
|-
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
|-
![[high vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|इ}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|{{IPA link|ʉ}} {{angbr|अ्यु}}
|{{IPA link |ʉː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link |u}} {{angbr|उ}}
|{{IPA link |uː}}
|- align="center"
![[high-mid vowel|High-mid]]
|{{IPA link |e}} {{angbr|ए}}
|{{IPA link |eː}}
|{{IPA link |ɵ}} {{angbr|अ्यो}}
|{{IPA link |ɵː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link |o}} {{angbr|ओ}}
|{{IPA link |oː}}
|- align="center"
![[low-mid vowel|Low-mid]]
|{{IPA link |ɛ}} {{angbr|अ्या}}
|{{IPA link |ɛː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link |ʌ}} {{angbr|अ}}
|
|{{IPA|oɔ}} {{angbr|अ्वा}}
|
|- align="center"
![[low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link |ä}} {{angbr|आ}}
|{{IPA link |äː}}
|
|
|}
*Khaling language has rising-falling is denoted by using / ः/ while using Devanagari script.
*/ʌ/ and /oɔ/ do not appear as long vowels.
*Long vowels are denoted by ⟨ऽ⟩.

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Khaling consonant phonemes
! colspan="3" |
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|म}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|न}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ङ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Affricate]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
! [[unaspirated]]
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|प}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}} {{angbr|त}}
| {{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|च}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|क}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|अ्}}
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|फ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} {{angbr|थ}}
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{angbr|छ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|ख}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
! [[unaspirated]]
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|ब}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}} {{angbr|द}}
| {{IPA link|dz}} {{angbr|ज}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|ग}}
|
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|bʱ}} {{angbr|भ}}
| {{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} {{angbr|ध}}
| {{IPA link|dzʱ}} {{angbr|झ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}} {{angbr|घ}}
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|स}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}} {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|ह}}
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|र}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|ल}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Continuant consonant|Frictionless continuant]]
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|व}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|य}}
|
|
|}

* Glotta stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}} is one of the consonants of Koyu/Koyee(Koi) language which is represent by using {{angbr|अ्}}.
* To write Khaling language Devanagari lipi or Kirat Sirijungga lipi is used.

==See also==
* [[Rai people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Hale, Austin, editor. 1973. Collected papers on Khaling, Kulung, Darai, Newari, Chitwan Tharu. Nepal Studies in Linguistics, 1. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute for Nepal and Asian Studies. vii, 87 p.
* {{cite journal |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |last2=Lahaussois |first2=Aimée |last3=Michailovsky |first3=Boyd |last4=Rai |first4=Dhan Bahadur |title=An Overview of Khaling Verbal Morphology |journal=Language and Linguistics |date=2012 |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1095–1170 |id={{ProQuest|1525426362}} }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |last2=Lahaussois |first2=Aimée |title=The auditory demonstrative in Khaling |journal=Studies in Language |date=22 August 2014 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=393–404 |doi=10.1075/sl.38.2.05jac |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01244878/file/tikim.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |title=Derivational verbal morphology in Khaling |journal=Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics |date=2015 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |doi=10.1163/2405478X-00801005 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |last2=Lahaussois |first2=Aimée |last3=Rai |first3=Dhan Bahadur |title=Reflexive paradigms in Khaling |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |date=8 July 2016 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.1075/ltba.39.1.02jac |s2cid=124825481 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356782/file/Reflexive_paradigms_in_Khaling_Lahaussois.pdf }}
*Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Dhan Bahadur Rai & Yadav Kumar. 2015. Khaling-Nepali-English Dictionary, version 1.0. Paris: Projet HimalCo. http://himalco.huma-num.fr/.
*Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1972. Khaling phonemic summary. Tibeto-Burman Phonemic Summaries, 12. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal Studies, Tribhuvan University. 73 p.
*Toba, Ingrid. 1973. "The Khaling verb." Nepal Studies in Linguistics 1: 1-14.
*Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1975. A Khaling-English, English-Khaling glossary. Kathmandu: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. xiii, 86 p.
* {{cite journal |last1=Toba |first1=Ingrid |title=Folk Art and Culture Change as Observed in a Khaling Village |journal=Kailash |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=1977 |pages=13–27 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/227132 }}
*Toba, Sueyoshi. 1981. Khaling texts. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 97 p.
*Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. Khaling Texts. YAK 7. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
*Toba, Sueyoshi. 1984. Khaling. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
* {{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Caughley |title=Review of: The structure of Kiranti languages: comparative grammar and texts, by Karen Ebert {{!}} SIL Nepal |journal=Journal of Nepalese Studies |date=1996 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=243–246 }}
*Hansson, G. (1991). ''The Rai of Eastern Nepal, Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping: Findings of the Linguistic Survey of Nepal''. Linguistic Survey of Nepal and Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University.
* {{cite journal |last1=Hodson |first1=T. C. |title=Note on the Numeral Systems of the Tibeto-Burman Dialects |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1913 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=315–336 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00044592 |jstor=25188969 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Matisoff |first1=James A. |title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction |date=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-09843-5 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619 |page=174 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Michailovsky |first1=Boyd |last2=Mazaudon |first2=Martine |title=Notes on the Hayu Language |journal=Kailash |volume=1 |date=1973 |pages=135–152 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/227137 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=van Driem |first1=George |title=The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1990 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00021273 |jstor=618970 |s2cid=128967034 }}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KJIvfHOWbk Khaling Rai Song; स्याल थन्न्य मो अो स्यो]

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kiranti languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kiranti languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Gitanjali J Angmo

2026-03-21T14:17:08Z

Ajithkumardas6:

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur, and educator}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Gitanjali J Angmo.jpg
| birth_place = [[Balasore, Odisha]], India
| education = [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]] (MBA)
| occupation = Social entrepreneur, and educator
| spouse = [[Sonam Wangchuk]]
| honours = [[Women Transforming India]] (2022)
| website = {{URL|https://gitanjali.in/}}
}}
'''Gitanjali J Angmo''' is an Indian social entrepreneur, and educator, known for her work in education and community development in [[Ladakh]]. She is the Founder, CEO, and Dean of the Himalayan Institute of Alternatives, Ladakh (HIAL). She received the [[Women Transforming India award|Women Transforming India Award]] by the Government of India for her contributions to education and community development.

== Early life and education ==
Gitanjali was born in [[Balasore]], [[Odisha]] to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] Jain family. She pursued a graduation in physics from [[Fakir Mohan University]] and then a [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) with a focus on Marketing and Finance from [[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]] (XIMB).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Bio and CV - Gitanjali - Social Entrepreneur - educator - Lifelong Learner |url=https://gitanjali.in/bio-and-cv/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhawat |first=Meemansa |title=Who is Gitanjali Angmo? Activist Sonam Wangchuk's wife condemns his arrest, says, 'he's being treated like...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-is-gitanjali-angmo-activist-sonam-wangchuk-s-wife-condemns-his-arrest-says-he-s-being-treated-like-3181794 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
'''Corporate and''' '''entrepreneurial ventures'''

Before transitioning into social entrepreneurship, Gitanjali had a career in the corporate sector. She later ventured into entrepreneurship, founding several businesses, including Pushan and Shanghai Power Projects Ltd.<ref name=":0" />

As a social entrepreneur, she established Helios Books, Aum Hospitals, AUM Trust, and the Love Your Liver Foundation, focusing on education, healthcare, and wellness.<ref name=":0" />

=== Himalayan Institute of Alternatives, Ladakh (HIAL) ===
In 2017, Gitanjali co-founded HIAL with her husband [[Sonam Wangchuk]]. HIAL aims to provide an alternative model of higher education tailored to the unique challenges and opportunities of mountain communities. The institute emphasises a five-pillar framework: Contextual Learning, Experiential Learning, Transdisciplinary Approach, Community Engagement, and Holistic Development.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gitanjali J Angmo: Reimagining School and Higher Education in Ladakh |url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/gitanjali-j-angmo-reimagining-school-and-higher-education-in-ladakh |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Team |url=https://hial.edu.in/executiveteam.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=hial.edu.in}}</ref>

'''Advisory''' '''roles and recognition'''

Gitanjali has served as an advisor to the [[Maharashtra International Education Board]] (MIEB) and has headed a Cambridge-affiliated school in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2022, she received the [[Women Transforming India award|Women Transforming India Award]] by the [[Government of India]] through [[NITI Aayog]], recognising her contributions to education and community development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WTI2021book_310322 |url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-04/WTI2021book_310322.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pressreleaseshare.aspx |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1808715}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Latestly |first=Team |date=2022-03-23 |title=Gitanjali J Angmo of Leh from Himalayan Institute of Alternatives Honoured in the 5th ... - Latest Tweet by Prasar Bharati News Services {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/gitanjali-j-angmo-of-leh-from-himalayan-institute-of-alternatives-honoured-in-the-5th-latest-tweet-by-prasar-bharati-news-services-3504688.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
A lifelong student of [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s philosophy, the [[Vedas]], and the [[Upanishads]], Gitanjali integrates spiritual insights into her educational and developmental frameworks. She founded Transform India in 2022, aiming to inspire a holistic approach to nation-building.<ref name=":1" />

She is married to [[Sonam Wangchuk]] and identifies herself as a practising Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wangchuk being treated as 'criminal' without any reason, alleges wife Gitanjali Angmo |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/wangchuk-being-treated-as-criminal-without-any-reason-alleges-wife-gitanjali-angmo/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gitanjali J, Angmo}}
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:People from Balasore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fakir Mohan University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tiger Prabhakar

2026-03-20T16:25:32Z

Ajithkumardas6: adjust references further per standard format

{{short description|Indian Kannada film actor (1948–2001)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{infobox person
| name = Tiger Prabhakar
| image = Tiger-Prabhakar-pic.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name = Prabhakar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|03|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|3|25|1948|3|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|composer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jayamala]]|1985|1994|end=div}}
{{marriage|[[Anju (actress)]]|1996|1997|end=separated}}
| children = 2, including [[Vinod Prabhakar]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Srusthi | website=[[Sify]] | url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13604243&ctid=5&cid=2427 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221210442/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13604243&ctid=5&cid=2427 | archive-date=2004-12-21 | access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref>
}}

'''Tiger Prabhakar''' (30 March 1948 – 25 March 2001) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema]]. He has also acted in a few [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. He was also known as '''Kannada Prabhakar'''.

==Career==
Prabhakar started his career by appearing in small negative roles<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title= This fighter finally met his match |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/This-fighter-finally-met-his-match/articleshow/35859915.cms? |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 28 March 2001}}</ref> in Kannada movies and went on to become one of the most sought after villains in Kannada and Telugu movies during the late 70s and 80s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/index.html|title='TIGER' ERA ENDS|work=Chitraloka|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406090324/http://www.chitraloka.com:80/index.html|archive-date=6 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Chitraloka.com | url=http://www.chitraloka.com:80/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406090324/http://www.chitraloka.com:80/index.html | archive-date=2001-04-06 | access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref> He graduated to playing full-fledged action hero roles in Kannada movies 1983-84 onward and remained one of the most sought after heroes until 1993-94. He made a successful pair with all the top Kannada heroines of the time like [[Jayamala]], [[Aarathi]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]. Prabhakar has also directed more than 10 films in Kannada in which he starred as the hero.

=== Acting style ===
Prabhakar's unique acting style, his physique helped him become extremely popular amongst the masses. He excelled in action sequences. He even excelled in his comedic timing and excelled in many movies in comedy scenes as is seen in many movies where he played [[Anant Nag]]'s friend in movies like ''[[Nanna Devaru]]'', ''Dhairya Lakshmi'', ''[[Gayathri Maduve]]''. He would wear a cross to the sets, being a Christian but would be asked to hide or remove it sometimes.<ref name="https://kannada.filmibeat.com 2015 g674">{{cite web | title=ನಟ ಟೈಗರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾಕರ್ 'ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್' ಆಗಿದ್ದೇ ತಪ್ಪಾಯ್ತಾ.? | website=kannada.filmibeat.com | date=2015-04-02 | url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/vinod-prabhakar-controversial-statement-on-caste-politics-in-sandalwood-018179.html | language=kn | access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref>

Prabhakar introduced [[Kanglish]], a mix of Kannada and English dialogues, to Kannada movies.<ref name="TOI"/>

== Death ==
Tiger Prabhakar died on 25 March 2001 at Mallya Hospital in Bangalore, Karnataka, at the age of 52. He died due to multi-organ failure, primarily kidney failure, after a prolonged illness.<ref>{{cite news |title=This fighter finally met his match |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/this-fighter-finally-met-his-match/articleshow/35859915.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

In later interviews, his son Vinod Prabhakar clarified that several rumours circulated about the actor's illness and death, including reports claiming amputation due to gangrene. However, the family stated that these claims were incorrect and that he died due to complications from illness leading to organ failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinod Prabhakar reveals the truth behind Tiger Prabhakar's death |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/vinod-prabhakar-reveals-the-truth-behind-tiger-prabhakar-s-death-018232.html |website=Filmibeat Kannada |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Tiger Prabhakar death has tragic mystery behind this |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/actor-tiger-prabhakar-death-has-tragic-mystery-behind-this-srb-slhqqq |website=Asianet News Kannada |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}

===As actor===
===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Note
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1969
| ''[[Kadina Rahasya]]''
| Tribal Warrior
|
|-
| ''Punya Purusha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mathrubhoomi (film)|Mathrubhoomi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1970
| ''Kallara Kalla''
|
|
|-
| ''Modala Rathri''
| Anthony
|
|-
| ''[[Baalu Belagithu]]''
| The ruffian who attacks Lakshmi ([[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]])
|
|-
| ''[[Paropakari]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Mahadiya Mane''
|
|
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Prathidhwani]]''
|
|
|-
| 1972
| ''[[Nari Munidare Mari]]''
| Member of bandits gang
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Naari Munidare Maari--ನಾರಿ ಮುನಿದರೆ ಮಾರಿ ।Movie {{!}} Narasimharaju {{!}} Kalpana {{!}} M.P.Shankar | date=2 October 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOF8USuN_Dw |access-date=2024-01-17 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1973
| ''Triveni''
|
|
|-
| ''Cow Boy Kulla''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]''
| Moosa
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1974
| ''[[Professor Huchuraya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anna Attige]]''
| Dacoit
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1975
| ''[[Kalla Kulla]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagya Jyothi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naga Kanye]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1976
| ''Bengaluru Bhootha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bangarada Gudi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Badavara Bandhu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aparadhi (1976 film)|Aparadhi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1977
| ''[[Lakshmi Nivasa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Giri Kanye]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shrimanthana Magalu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sahodarara Savaal]]''
| Kaalappa
|
|-
| ''[[Olavu Geluvu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kittu Puttu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1978
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]''
| David
|
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Lakshmi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]''
| Anthony
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1979
| ''[[Seetharamu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Huliya Haalina Mevu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pakka Kalla]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Preethi Madu Thamashe Nodu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vijay Vikram]]''
| Chengappa
|
|-
| ''[[Putani Agent 123]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naniruvude Ninagagi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]''
| Chandru
|
|-
| rowspan="15" | 1980
| ''[[Point Parimala]]''
| Cheeta
|
|-
| ''[[Nanna Rosha Nooru Varusha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rama Parushurama]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaalinga]]''
| Danny
|
|-
| ''[[Kulla Kulli]]''
| Jeeva
|
|-
| ''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]''
| Rodrigues
|
|-
| ''[[Ravichandra]]''
| Shatranj
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Anuraga]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Moogana Sedu]]''
| Robert
|
|-
| ''[[Haddina Kannu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Simha Jodi]]''
| Louis
|
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Geetha]]''
| Narahari
|
|-
| ''[[Aarada Gaaya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Janma Janmada Anubandha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pattanakke Banda Pathniyaru]]''
| Fateh Khan
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1981
| ''[[Thayiya Madilalli]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Havina Hede]]''
| Antony
|
|-
| ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prachanda Putanigalu]]''
| Rudra
|
|-
| ''[[Naga Kala Bhairava]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]''
| astrologer
|
|-
| ''[[Maha Prachandaru]]''
| Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Devara Aata]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ganesha Mahime]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Snehitara Savaal]]''
| Sangram
|
|-
| ''[[Bhaari Bharjari Bete]]''
| Gajendra
|
|-
| ''[[Shikari (1981 film)|Shikari]]''
| Johnny
|
|-
| rowspan="18" | 1982
| ''[[Chellida Raktha]]''
| Basavayya
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasa Simha]]''
| Nandanlal
|
|-
| ''[[Archana (1982 film)|Archana]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Matsara]]''
| Inspector Prabhakar
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Mathsara (1982) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prema-mathsara-1982 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mullina Gulabi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mutthinantha Atthige]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Benki Chendu]]''
| Nanjunda
|
|-
| ''[[Karmika Kallanalla]]''
| Wilson
|
|-
| ''[[Garuda Rekhe]]''
| Narasimha
|
|-
| ''[[Boodi Mucchida Kenda]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ajith (1982 film)|Ajith]]''
| Ali
|
|-
| ''[[Oorige Upakari]]''
| Bairaa
|
|-
| ''[[Tony (1982 film)|Tony]]''
| Sudheer
|
|-
| ''[[Jimmy Gallu]]''
| Prabhakar
|
|-
| ''[[Nyaya Ellide]]''
| Javed
|
|-
| ''[[Nanna Devaru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kannu Theresida Hennu]]''
| Bettayya aka Betta
|
|-
| ''[[Khadeema Kallaru]]''
| Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | 1983
| ''[[Simhasana (film)|Simhasana]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Onde Guri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jaggu (1983 film)|Jaggu]]''
| Raghunath
|
|-
| ''[[Nyaya Geddithu]]''
| Santosh
|
|-
| ''[[Chandi Chamundi]]''
| Basavaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Chakravyuha (1983 Film)|Chakravyuha]]''
| Anil Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Dampathiyaru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sididedda Sahodara]]''
| Jagga
|
|-
| ''[[Kranthiyogi Basavanna]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1983 film)|Mutthaide Bhagya]]''
| Rajashekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Geluvu Nannade]]''
| Mahendra
|
|-
| ''[[Hasida Hebbuli]]''
| Patel
|
|-
| ''[[Mududida Tavare Aralithu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gayathri Maduve]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Karune Illada Kanoonu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Yuddha]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1984
| ''[[Raktha Tilaka]]''
| Ramaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Huliyada Kala]]''
| Kala aka Kali Prasad
|
|-
| ''[[Vigneshwara Vahana]]''
| Vasu and Vinod (Double Role)
|
|-
| ''[[Jiddu (film)|Jiddu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thayi Nadu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Huli Hejje]]''
| Purushottam
|
|-
| ''[[Kanoonige Saval]]''
| [[Raja Venkatappa Nayaka]]
| Special Appearance in a Skit
|-
| ''[[Premigala Saval]]''
| Ramanna
|
|-
| ''[[Hosa Ithihasa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Preethi Vathsalya]]''
| Prabhakar
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1985
| ''[[Kadina Raja]]''
| Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Pralaya Rudra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sedina Hakki]]''
| Chandrakanth
|
|-
| ''[[Swabhimana]]''
| Anand
|
|-
| ''[[Thayi Mamathe]]''
| Triple role
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1986
| ''[[Thayiye Nanna Devaru]]''
| Narasimha
|
|-
| ''[[Kedi No. 1]]''
| Raju
|
|-
| ''[[Agni Parikshe]]''
| Jagannath
|
|-
| ''[[Seelu Nakshathra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tiger (1986 film)|Tiger]]''
| Inspector Bharat
|
|-
| ''[[Belli Naga]]''
| Bhargava
|
|-
| ''[[Aparadhi Nanalla]]''
| Bhoopathi
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparadhi Nanalla {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aparadhi_nanalla |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1987
| ''[[Premaloka]]''
| College principal
|
|-
| ''[[Onde Goodina Hakkigalu]]''
| Kapanipathi
|
|-
| ''[[Huli Hebbuli]]''
| Vijay
|
|-
| ''[[Sathwa Pareekshe]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thaliya Aane]]''
| Vikram
|
|-
| ''[[Agni Parva]]''
| Dharmaraj
|
|-
| ''Bedi''
| Prathap
|
|-
| ''[[Bandha Muktha]]''
| Anthony
|
|-
| ''[[Athiratha Maharatha]]''
| Prithviraj
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1988
| ''[[Shakthi (1988 film)|Shakthi]]''
| Gopi ''Shakthi''
|
|-
| ''[[Kirathaka (1988 film)|Kirathaka]]''
| [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Rajesh
|
|-
| ''[[Bharath (film)|Bharath]]''
| Bharath
|
|-
| ''[[Kampana]]''
| Dr. Anand
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kampana (1988) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/kampana-1988 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mathru Vathsalya]]''
| Prabhakar
|
|-
| ''Dharmathma''
| Father Thomas and Richard
|
|-
| ''[[Nee Nanna Daiva]]''
| Prathap
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1989
| ''[[Mutthinantha Manushya]]''
| Shivu
|
|-
| ''[[Bidisada Bandha]]''
| ''[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]'' Rajasekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Padma Vyuha]]''
| Ashok Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Bangarada Baduku]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Idu Saadhya]]''
| Muniyappa
|
|-
| ''[[Onti Salaga]]''
| Pratap
|
|-
| ''[[Namma Bhoomi]]''
| General Prabhakar
|
|-
| ''[[Hosa Kavya]]''
| Soori
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Yuvaraja]]''
|
|-
| ''[[En Swamy Aliyandre]]''
| Vishwanath
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1990
| ''[[Ranabheri]]''
| Jagadish
|
|-
| ''[[Pundara Ganda]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Tiger Gangu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kiladi Thatha]]''
| Triple role
|
|-
| ''Trinethra''
| Karthik
|
|-
| ''[[Sididedda Gandu]]''
| Vijay and Ashok
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Kempu Roja]]''
| Anand
|
|-
| ''Ashoka Chakra''
| Rajashekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Challange (1990 film)|Challenge]]''
| Prabhakar
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1991
| ''[[Varagala Bete]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Pareekshe]]''
| Lakshmana
|
|-
| ''[[CBI Vijay]]''
| Vijay
|
|-
| ''[[Keralida Kesari]]''
| Jayanth
|
|-
| ''[[C. B. I. Shiva]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Central Rowdy]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bombay Dada]]''
| Subhash
|
|-
| ''[[Mathru Bhagya]]''
| Pradeep
|
|-
| ''[[Kiladi Gandu]]''
| Raghuveer
|
|-
| ''[[Kaliyuga Bheema]]''
| Rajasekhar Gonsalves Mohammad Ali aka Raja
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992
| ''[[Putta Hendthi]]''
| Manja
|
|-
| ''[[Samara Simha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1993
| ''[[Vikram (1993 film)|Vikram]]''
| Vikram
|
|-
| ''[[Jaga Mechida Huduga]]''
| Nagaraj Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Bhavya Bharatha]]''
| Siddhartha
|
|-
| ''[[Jwala (1993 film)|Jwala]]''
| Manohar
|
|-
| ''[[Mahendra Varma]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jailer Jagannath]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kempaiah IPS]]''
| Halappa
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1994
| ''[[Time Bomb (1994 film)|Time Bomb]]''
| Police Commissioner Durai
|
|-
| ''[[Karulina Koogu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Mahesh Kumar]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gopi Kalyana]]''
| Bhima
|
|-
| ''[[Mayor Prabhakar]]''
| Prabhakar
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995
| ''[[Chinnada Raja]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Yama Kinkara]]''
| Yamadharmaraja
|
|-
| ''[[Chiranjeevi Rajegowda]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Vasu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
| ''[[Boss (1996 film)|Boss]]''
| Bhaskar
|
|-
| ''Ranger''
|
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Cheluva]]''
| Prathap
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998
| ''[[Arjun Abhimanyu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[My Dear Tiger]]''
| Rajashekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Marthanda (film)|Marthanda]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[King (1998 film)|King]]''
|
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Khalanayaka]]''
|
|
|-
| 2000
| ''Minchu''
| Himself
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Mysore Huli]]''
| Mahendra
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Real Rowdy]]''
| S.P. Chaudhary
|
|-
| 2005
| ''Good Bad Ugly''
|
|
|-
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1971
|''[[Chalaki Rani Kiladi Raja]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalaki Rani Khiladi Raja |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chalaki-rani-khiladi-raja/cast/2060031788/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Joseph
|Debut Film in Telugu
|-
|1972
|''[[Nijam Nirupistha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nijam Nirupistha (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PEX |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Gang member
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1978
|''[[Adavi Manushulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Adavi Manushulu (1978) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/adavi-manushulu-1978-telugu-movie |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|''[[Lawyer Viswanath]]''
|Soda Jaggu
|
|-
|''[[Dongala Veta]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Dongala Veta Telugu Full Movie {{!}} Krishna {{!}} JayaPrada {{!}} KongaraJaggayya {{!}} BabyRani {{!}} South CinemaHall | date=4 September 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOXRo7BexIE |access-date=2023-04-26 |language=en}}</ref>
|Dancer in song
|
|-
|''[[Annadammula Savaal]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Anna Thammulla Sawal (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SUJ/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhayankar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1979
|''[[Yugandhar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Iddaru Asadhyule]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Iddaru Asadyule (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BGQJ/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jagan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''[[Chuttalunnaru Jagratha]]''
|Katthula Rathi
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Bava]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Bava (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UNV |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Sanyasi Babu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981
|''[[Gharana Gangulu]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=GHARANA GANGULU {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SHOBHAN BABU {{!}} SRI DEVI {{!}} NUTHAN PRASAD {{!}} V9 VIDEOS | date=23 January 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Anvr5l6TsKU |access-date=2023-05-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|Syam
|
|-
|''[[Chattaniki Kallu Levu]]''
|Javed
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|''Billa Ranga''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billa Ranga 1982 (1982) {{!}} Billa Ranga 1982 Telugu Movie {{!}} Billa Ranga 1982 Cast & Crew, Story, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/billa-ranga-1982.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref>
|Raviraj
|
|-
|''Pratigna''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Hitman
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1983
|''[[Roshagadu]]''
|Bhayankar
|
|-
|''[[Puli Bebbuli]]''
|Rudraiah
|
|-
|''[[Moogavani Paga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moogavani Paga (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XUS |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Murder Maridayya
|''[[Moogana Sedu]]'' remake
|-
|''[[Palleturi Pidugu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palleturi Pidugu - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/palleturi_pidugu |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Drunken miscreant
|
|-
|''[[Dharma Poratam]]''
|Ranga
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|''[[Jwala (1985 film)|Jwala]]''
|Sarvottama Rao
|
|-
|''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]''
|Mastan Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1986
|''[[Brahmastram (1986 film)|Brahmastram]]''
|Nagaraju
|
|-
|''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]''
|Sardar
|
|-
|''[[Ide Naa Samadhanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Ide Naa Samadhanam (1986) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ide-naa-samadhanam-1986-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Jaganmohan Rao
|
|-
|''Police Officer''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Officer (1986) |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/police-officer-1986-telugu |website=Moviebuff}}</ref>
|SP Bhavani/ Prabhakar
|Dual role
|-
|''[[Ravana Brahma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravana Brahma (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABHJ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Tiger Dasu
|
|-
|''[[Kirathakudu]]''
|Snake
|
|-
|''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]''
|Vankachakra Ram Murthy
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1987
|''[[Rakshasa Samharam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakshasa Samharam (1987) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/rakshasa-samharam-1987 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>
|Dada Chanakya
|
|-
|''[[Thandri Kodukula Challenge]]''
|Narahari
|
|-
|''[[Prema Samrat]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=PREMA SAMRAT Telugu Movie SUMAN, BHANU PRIYA, TIGER PRABHAKAR | date=21 December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoKlqdfXiso |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|Jagga Rao
|
|-
|''[[Muddayi]]''
|Ranjit Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]''
|Inspector Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]''
|Jimoomba
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|''[[Vicky Daada]]''
|Prabhakar
|
|-
|''[[Palnati Rudraiah]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=PALNATI RUDRAIAH {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SUMAN {{!}} VIJAYA SANTHI {{!}} TELUGU MOVIE ZONE | date=31 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYvn_unxil8 |access-date=2023-04-25 |language=en}}</ref>
|Saindhava Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1990
|''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]''
|KP
|
|-
|''[[Neti Siddhartha]]''
|Jogender
|
|-
|''[[Kodama Simham]]''
|Gajapati
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Nippu Ravva]]''
|Prabhakar
|
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1971
|''[[Kettikaran]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kettikaran {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kettikaran |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Fight Master
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Gaayathri]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1978
|''[[Idhu Eppadi Irukku]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=இது எப்படி இருக்கு திரைப்படம் {{!}} Idhu Epdi Iruku Tamil Full Movie {{!}} EXCLUSIVE {{!}} GOLDENCINEMA. | date=3 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2lX-F5Dz80 |access-date=2023-07-28 |language=en}}</ref>
|Sastry
|
|-
|''[[Thai Meethu Sathiyam]]''
| Balu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''[[Kaalam Bathil Sollum]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaalam Bathil Sollum (1980) FULL HD Tamil Movie {{!}} #JaiShankar #Radhika #Sarathbabu #movie #oldmovies | date=5 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddqjool0MrQ |access-date=2023-08-01 |language=en}}</ref>
|Thandavan
|
|-
|''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai]]''
| Velu
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Amara Kaaviyam (1981 film)|Amara Kaaviyam]]''
|Chinnadurai
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Thyagi]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Thyagi Full Movie HD | date=12 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOAmnw1V200 |access-date=2023-09-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|Prathap
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Annai Bhoomi 3D]]''
|General Prabhakar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|''[[Annaamalai]]''
|Don
|
|-
|''[[Pandian (film)|Pandian]]''
|Parameshwaran
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Rojavai Killathe]]''
|Peter
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]''
|Pratap Rayudu
|
|}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''[[Dhruvam]]''
|Hyder Marakkar
|
|-
|''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]''
|Devaraja Gowda
|
|-
|1997
|''Ranger''
|Tiger
|
|}

===Hindi===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1984
|''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|Inquilaab]]''
|Anil Raj
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Jawab Hum Denge]]''
|D.J.
|
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1988
|''Shakthi''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Bidisada Bandha''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Kaliyuga Bheema]]''
| Rajashekar Gonzales Mohammed Ali
|
|-
|''Bombay Daada''
| Subhash
|
|-
|1993
|''Mahendra Varma''
| Mahendra Varma
|
|-
|1994
|''Mr.Mahesh Kumar''
| Mr.Mahesh Kumar
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Yama Kinkara]]''
|
|
|-
|1997
|''Arjun Abhimanyu''
|
|
|-
|1998
|''Mr.Dear Tiger''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''Mysore Huli''
| Mr Mahendra
| rowspan="2" |Also Composer
|-
|2005
|''Good Bad Ugly''
|
|}

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm6478127}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, Tiger}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]

Karabi Manna

2026-03-20T01:54:20Z

Ajithkumardas6: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Karabi Manna''' (born 1975)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Karabi Manna(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- HARIPAL(HOOGHLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=440 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Haripal Assembly constituency in [[Hooghly district]]. She won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the All India Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Haripal, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/haripal-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797276-2021-05-01 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Manna is from [[Singur]], Hooghly district, West Bengal. Her husband [[Becharam Manna]], is a former MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Haripal (West Bengal) Assembly Election Results 2021 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/haripal-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7294682/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She completed her diploma in Homeopathic medicine and surgery in 1999 at [[Netai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]], which is affiliated with West Bengal Central Council of Homeopathy.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Manna won from [[Haripal Assembly constituency]] representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. She polled 110,215 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Samiran Mitra of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 23,072 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haripal Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Dr Karabi Manna of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/haripal-election-result-2021-live-updates-haripal-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695897.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TimesNow |title=Haripal Assembly Election Results 2021 - Haripal Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haripal-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manna, Karabi}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

National Cadet Corps (India)

2026-03-12T14:02:36Z

Ajithkumardas6: reworked layout for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Military youth organization}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = National Cadet Corps
| native_name = राष्ट्रीय कैडेट कोर
| image = File:Emblem of National Cadet Corps (India).png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Emblem of National Cadet Corps
| dates = {{start date and age|July 16, 1948}} – present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance = {{ubl|{{army|India}}|{{navy|India}}|{{air force|India}}}}
| command_structure = {{armed forces|India}}
| type = [[auxiliaries|Civilian auxiliary]]
| role = Student uniformed group
| size = 1,700,000–2,300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |title=Size of NCC |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526073131/http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| garrison = [[New Delhi]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| motto = {{lang|hi|एकता और अनुशासन}} ''Unity and Discipline''
| colors = Red for the Army, Deep blue for the Navy and Light Blue for the Air Force.
| equipment =
| battles = Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 Bangladesh liberation war of 1971
| battle_honours =
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|indiancc.nic.in}}|{{URL|indiancc.mygov.in}}}}
| current_commander = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Lieutenant Generals, Army Headquarters.svg}} [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Virendra Vats]]<ref>{{cite web |title=DG NCC {{!}} National Cadet Corps {{!}} India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2173448}}</ref>
| notable_commanders = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Lieutenant Generals, Army Headquarters.svg}} [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt. Gen.]] Vikrant Prasher<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Ram Nath Kovind presents Shaurya Chakra to Lt Col Vikrant Prasher |url=https://orissadiary.com/president-ram-nath-kovind-presents-shaurya-chakra-lt-col-vikrant-prasher/amp/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref>
| current_commander_label = Director General
| identification_symbol = [[File:NCC Flag.png|200px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag
| aircraft_trainer = [[Pipistrel Virus|Microlight Aircraft — Pipistrel Virus SW 80 (Garud)]], [[Zenith STOL CH 701]]
}}
[[File:NCC - Kolhapur.jpg|thumb]]
The '''National Cadet Corps''' (NCC) is the [[youth wing]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] with its headquarters in [[New Delhi, India]]. It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis as a Tri-Services Organisation, comprising the [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|the Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]. Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and drill. Officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course.

== History ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1973 - Colnect 372315 - 25th Anniv National Cadet Corps - Emblem.jpeg|thumb|right|150px|1973 Indian Postal stamp to commemorate the 25th anniversary of NCC]]
The NCC in India was formed in 1948. It can be traced back to the ‘University Corps’, which was created under the Indian Defence Act 1917, with the objective to make up for a shortage of personnel in the Army. In 1920, when the Indian Territorial Act was passed, the ‘University Corps’ was replaced by the University Training Corps (UTC). The aim was to raise the status of the UTC and make it more attractive to the youth. UTC Officers and cadets wear Army uniform. It was a significant step towards the 'Indianisation' of the Indian armed forces. It was renamed the UOTC so the National Cadet Corps can be considered a successor to the [[Officers Training Corps|University Officers Training Corps]] (UOTC) which was established by the [[British Raj|Government of India]] in 1942. During [[World War II]], the UOTC never came up to the expectations set by the British. This led to the idea that some better schemes should be formed, which could train more young men in a better way, even during peace. The first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the function of raising the first NCC Unit at Delhi on the fourth Sunday of November in 1948. This day is traditionally celebrated as the ''NCC Day''. A committee headed by [[H. N. Kunzru]] recommended a cadet organization to be established in schools and universities at a national level. The ''soldier youth foundation Act'' was accepted by the [[Governor General]], and on the 15th of July 1950 the ''soldier youth foundation'' came into existence.
[[File:National_Cadet_Corps.jpg|alt=|thumb|Senior Wing (SW) Cadets of the NCC during Republic Day Preparations]]
In 1949, the Girls Division was formed in order to provide equal opportunities to school and college-going girls. The NCC was given an inter-service image in 1950 when the Air Wing was added, followed by the Naval Wing in 1952. In the same year, the NCC curriculum was extended to include community development/social service activities as a part of the NCC syllabus at the behest of Late Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] who took a keen interest in the growth of the NCC. Following the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], to meet the requirement of the Nation, NCC training was made compulsory in 1963. This was discontinued in 1968, when the Corps was again made voluntary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/ywsd/handbook_NCC.pdf |title=Handbook NCC |publisher=Directorate of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

During [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]] & [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh-Pakistani war of 1971]], NCC cadets were the second line of defence. They organized camps to assist [[Ordnance Factory Board|ordnance factories]], supplying arms and ammunition to the front and also were used as patrol parties to capture enemy paratroopers. The NCC cadets also worked hand in hand with the [[Civil defense]] authorities and actively took part in rescue works and traffic control.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books..co.in/books?id=Kh4VLl1WgqgC&pg=PA300&lpg=PA300&dq=ANO+in+NCC+ranks&source=bl&ots=Z1Vti-QBqV&sig=a2DVLtDRs5oGOI8ZWDTcTJcZYbY&hl=en&ei=ZWS1ToLlC4jwrQeirNWOBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=ANO%20in%20NCC%20ranks&f=false |title=Paramilitary Forces of India |publisher=Mr.M.C. Sharma }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

After the 1965 and 1971 wars, the NCC syllabus was revised. Rather than just being a second line of defence, the revised NCC syllabus laid greater stress on developing qualities of leadership and officer like qualities. The military training which the NCC cadets received was reduced and greater importance was given to social service and youth management.

NCC cadets across the country are fully geared up to take part in Civil Defence Mock Drill to be conducted across 244 districts of the country on May 7th, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/civil-defence-mock-drill-to-be-conducted-across-244-districts-of-the-country-tomorrow/|title=Civil Defence Mock Drill May 7th, 2024|publisher=Akashvani}}</ref>

== Motto and aim ==
The discussion for the motto of NCC was started in 11th central advisory meeting (CAC) held on 11 August 1978. At that time there were many mottos in mind like "Duty and wisdom"; "Duty, Unity and Discipline"; "Duty and Unity"; "Unity and Discipline". Later, at the 12th CAC meeting on 12 October 1980 they selected and declared "Unity and discipline" as the motto for the NCC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Motto of NCC {{!}} National Cadet Corps|url=http://nccindia.nic.in/en/motto-ncc|website=nccindia.nic.in|access-date=2019-09-03|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229163112/http://nccindia.nic.in/en/motto-ncc|url-status=dead}}</ref> In living up to its motto, the NCC strives to be and is one of the greatest cohesive forces of the nation, bringing together the youth hailing from different parts of the country and molding them into united and disciplined citizens of the nation.

== Organisation ==
The NCC is headed by the Director General (DG), an officer of [[three-star rank]]. The DG is assisted by two Additional Director Generals (A and B) of [[two-star rank]] (major-general, rear-admiral or air vice-marshal). Five Brigadier level officers and other civil officials also assist him.

The Headquarters is located in Delhi. The organisational structure continues as follows:

* '''Directorate''' – There are 17 Directorates<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |title=Directorates |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526073131/http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> located in the state capitals headed by an officer of the rank of a Maj Gen from the three Services.
* '''Division / Regimental Corps''' – There are 3 such Specialised Corps located in Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore respectively. They are independent of the state directorate and report to the HQ. These divisions form the support function of the regular NCC. Each is headed by a Senior Officer- an equivalent rank of (Lt.) General. Internal Affairs, Administration, Development and Research: Lt. Gen. [SUO] Arvind Shekhar (New Delhi). Recruitment, Training, Media and HR: Lt. Gen. [SUO] Prithvi Pant Negi (Mumbai). Special Forces, Infantry, Gallantry Committee & Commendations: Lt. Gen. [SUO] Bhav Salimath (Bangalore).
* '''Group''' – Depending upon the size of the state and growth of NCC in the states, Directorates have up to 14 Group Headquarters under them through which they exercise their command and control of the organisation in the state. Each group is headed by an officer of the rank of Brigadier or equivalent known as Group Commander.
* '''Battalion'''- Each NCC Group Headquarters control 5–7 units (Bns) commanded by Colonel/Lt.Col or equivalent.
* '''Company''' – Each Battalion consists of companies which are commanded by the Associate NCC Officer (ANO) of the rank of lieutenant to major.

In all there are 96 Group Headquarters in the country who exercise control over a network of 700 Army wing units (including technical and girls unit), 73 Naval wing units and 64 Air Squadrons. There are two training establishments namely Officers Training School, Kamptee (Nagpur, Maharashtra) and Women Officers Training School, Gwalior. Besides this Vice Chancellor's of various universities across India are conferred with honorary rank of commandant in NCC, to promote and support NCC in their respective University.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Director No||Directorates
|-
| 1||[[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2||[[Bihar]] & [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| 3||[[Delhi]]
|-
| 4||[[Gujarat]],[[Dadra & Nagar Haveli,Daman and Diu]]
|-
| 5||[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]
|-
| 6||[[Goa]] & [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 7||[[Kerala]] & [[Lakshdweep]]
|-
| 8||[[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| 9||[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 10||North East Region ([[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Tripura]])
|-
| 11||[[Odisha]]
|-
| 12||[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Chandigarh]]
|-
| 13||[[Rajasthan]]
|-
| 14||[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|-
| 15||[[Uttarakhand]]
|-I'm
| 16||[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 17||[[West Bengal]] & [[Sikkim]]
|-

|}
[[File:Ready reference book.png|thumb|A ready reference book for PI Staff prepared by 5 Kerala Naval Unit NCC, Changanacherry (Kottayam, Kerala).]]

===Units===

These 17 directorates are divided into 837 units. These units divided into three service groups Army, Naval and Air. Out of those are 700 Army units, 73 Naval and 64 Air units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |title=RTI application |publisher=NCC, India |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526073131/http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Types of Army NCC units and their numbers are given below :
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Type of Unit !! Number
|-
| ARMD SQN || 11
|-
| ARTY REGT || 03
|-
| ARTY BTY || 20
|-
| ENGR REGT || 02
|-
| ENGR COY || 11
|-
| SIG REGT || 01
|-
| SIG COY || 13
|-
| MED BN || 02
|-
| MED COY || 11
|-
| R&V REGT || 03
|-
| R&V SQN || 15
|-
| EME BN || 02
|-
| EME COY || 06
|-
| CTR || 11
|-
| CTC || 12
|-
| INF BN || 369
|-
| INF INDEP COY || 46
|-
| GIRLS BN || 97
|-
| GIRLS INDEP COY || 12
|}

=== Arms ===
* HQ: HQ NCC, DTE, Group HQ, BN & COYHQ
* Army: Technical (Engineers, Signals, Medical, EME, CTR),:Non Technical (Infantry, Armoured & ARTY)
* Air: Flying & Technical
* Navy: Unit, Naval Tech., Medical, DAS
* TRG: OTA - [[Gwalior]] & OTA - Kamptee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |publisher=NCC |title=RTI |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526073131/http://nccindia.nic.in/rti/pc.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Strength ===
* Army: Each battalion or unit under the NCC consists of platoons or coy. For senior division boys each platoon consists of 52 cadets and each coy consists 160 cadets. Each BN has 4 to 7 coys so each BN carries around 640 to 1120 cadets. A senior wing girls BN consists of 2 to 7 coy means a total of 320 to 1120 cadets. For junior division boys and junior wing girls each troop has 100 cadets and each BN has at least one troop.
* Navy: For senior division boys each BN or unit consists of 4 to 8 divisions and each division consists of 50 cadets. For senior wing girls similar arrangement exists as of senior division boys. For junior division boys and junior wing girls each BN has a troop of 100 cadets.
* Air: For senior division boys and senior wing girls each unit consists of at least 2 fleets each consists of 100 cadets. So each unit known as Squadron carries around 200 cadets. For junior wing girls and junior division boys each squadron has a troop consisted of 100 cadets.

However, each unit can have up to 24 troops of senior division boys expanding their strength to 2400 cadets but this is maximum limit.

== Personnel ==
=== Cadet Ranks ===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|- align=center
|+Ranks and Insignias of the NCC
!|
!colspan=2|Under Officer ranks
!colspan=3|SNCO ranks
!colspan=2|JNCO ranks
!colspan=1|Junior Cadets
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Army Wing Insignia'''
| [[File:NCC Army SUO.svg|60px]]
| [[File:NCC Army JUO.svg|60px]]
| [[File:Arm Band CSM.jpg|109px]]
| [[File:CQMS Army Wing.jpg|90px]]
| [[File:NCC Army SGT.svg|80px]]
| [[File:NCC Army CPL.svg|80px]]
| [[File:NCC Army LCPL.svg|80px]]
| ''No insignia''
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Army Wing Ranks'''
| Cadet Senior Under Officer (CSUO)
| Cadet Junior Under Officer (CJUO)
| Company Sergeant Major (CSM)
| Company Quartermaster Sergeant (CQMS)
| Sergeant (SGT)
| Corporal (CPL)
| Lance Corporal (L/CPL)
| Cadet (CDT)
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Navy Wing Insignia'''
| [[File:NCC_Navy_SCC.png|60px]]
| [[File:NCC_Navy_CC.png|60px]]
| rowspan=2|''No Equivalent''
| colspan=2 style="vertical-align: middle" | [[File:Ncc-navy-cadets-po- -petty-officer-badge 3 1.jpg|80px]]
| style="vertical-align: middle" | [[File:Ncc-navy-cadets-LC-Leading Cadet- badge.jpg|80px]]
| ''No insignia''
| ''No insignia''
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Navy Wing Ranks'''
| Senior Cadet Captain (SCC)
| Cadet Captain (CC)
| colspan=2|Petty Officer Cadet (PO CDT)
| Leading Cadet (LC)
| Naval Cadet I (NC I)
| Naval Cadet II (NC II)
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Air Force Wing Insignia'''
| [[File:NCC_Air_SUO.png|60px]]
| [[File:NCC_Air_JUO.png|60px]]
| style="vertical-align: middle" | [[File:CWO rank NCC air wing.png|thumb]]
| colspan=2 style="vertical-align: middle" | [[File:NCC Air Force Sgt.svg|80px]]
| style="vertical-align: middle" | [[File:NCC Air Force Cpl.svg|80px]]
| style="vertical-align: middle" | [[File:NCC Army LCPL.svg|80px]]
| ''No insignia''
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Air Force Wing Ranks'''
| Cadet Senior Under Officer (CSUO)
| Cadet Under Officer (CUO)
| Cadet Warrant Officer (CWO)
| colspan=2|Sergeant (SGT)
| Corporal (CPL)
| Leading Flight Cadet (LFC)
| Flight Cadet (F/CDT)
|}

JD boys and JW girls are given ranks up to Company Sergeant Major (CSM) in the Army Wing. Only SD boys and SW girls are given ranks above CSM in the Army Wing.
In the Air Force and Navy Wings JD boys and JW girls are given ranks up to Cadet Warrant Officer/Petty Officer Cadet only and SD boys and SW girls are given ranks above Cadet Warrant Officer/Petty Officer Cadet.<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=NCC |title=National Cadet Corps Act |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s307811dc6c422334ce36a09ff5cd6fe71/uploads/2020/01/2020011436.pdf |website=indiancc.nic.in |publisher=NCC |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=NCC |title=Hand Book |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s307811dc6c422334ce36a09ff5cd6fe71/uploads/2020/01/2020011518.pdf |website=indiancc.nic.in |publisher=NCC}}</ref>

=== Regular Officers ===
The NCC directorates are headed by service officers of the rank of major general and equivalent; group headquarters are headed by service officers of the rank of brigadiers and equivalent. Regular NCC (Army Wing) units are commanded by officers of the rank of Colonel (selection grade); independent NCC Units (Army) are commanded by service officer of the rank of colonel (TS)/lieutenant colonel/major or equivalent. They are responsible for proper training, planning and execution of NCC activities. In addition, each battalion also has an Administration Officer of the rank of Lieutenant Colonel/ Major.

=== Whole Time Lady Officers ===
A cadre of whole time lady officers (WTLO) with cadre strength 110 officers has been sanctioned in 1995. They are to be commissioned partly through departmental channel and partly through UPSC in a phased manner.

=== Associate NCC Officer ===
ANO is an important link in the NCC organization between the battalion and the cadets. As a matter of fact, ANO is the feeder node of NCC since they are the one who is in direct contact with the cadets all throughout the year. There are two training establishments namely Officers Training Academy, Kamptee and Officers Training Academy, Gwalior. These two institutions train the school and college teachers selected to head the company/troop. Courses in these institutions range from 21 days to 90 days in duration.

'''"ANOs are commissioned in NCC and not compare in regular Armed forces".'''

Associate NCC officers are given the following ranks according to their seniority and their training.

* For colleges (in charge of SD & SW): (NCC Army Wing)
# Major
# Captain
# Lieutenant

* For schools (in charge of JD & JW, equivalent commissioned officer):
# Chief Officer
# 1st Officer
# 2nd Officer
# 3rd Officer

=== Uniform ===
Army NCC cadets wear khaki uniforms, Naval NCC cadets wear the white uniform and Air Force NCC cadets wear grey uniforms. The uniform is compulsory at all meetings and training of the NCC.

Cadets from SD boys Army wing wear khaki full sleeve shirts and trousers. Cadets from JD wear a khaki shirt and khaki trousers. Girl cadets from SW and JW both wear khaki full sleeve shirts and trousers. Cadets from SD boys Naval wing wear white half sleeve shirts and white trousers and JD boys wear half sleeve white shirts and white shorts. Girls from Naval wing SW and JW wear white half sleeve shirts and trousers. Cadets from SD boys Air wing wear light blue half sleeve shirts and trousers & JD cadets wear light blue half sleeve shirts and trousers. Girls from SW and JW wear light blue half sleeve shirts and trousers.

In addition to these uniforms, SW and JW cadets wear white [[Shalwar kameez]]es during activities other than when on parade. A rifle green beret is compulsory for all cadets, except [[Sikh]] cadets who wear a rifle green turban. For physical training, cadets wear brown canvas shoes, and for drill, they wear black leather shoes called D.M.S (Drill March Shoes). Woolen sweaters are compulsory in cold areas. The colour of these sweaters vary: they are rifle green for the army,black for the navy, and navy blue for the air force. All wear hackles with the beret.

=== Training ===
[[File:Scuba Diving Camp conducted for NCC Cadets at Mumbai in 2014 (4).JPG|320x240px|thumbnail|right|Scuba Diving Camp conducted for NCC Cadets at Mumbai in 2014]]
Total training period for SD and SW is 3 years with an extension of 1 year permissible & training period for JD & JW is of 2 years. Every cadet of the Senior or Junior Division has to undergo service training for a period of at least 4 hours per week during the training year. However, no training is carried out during periods when the college or school through which a cadet is enrolled is closed for a vacation. Every cadet of the Senior and Junior Division has undergo service training for a minimum period of 75% of total hours during the annual college and school session. Every cadet (in case of JD, who has completed one full year of training and is in his second year) attends an annual training camp of 9–10 days, also known as National Combined Annual Training Camp. For SD/SW the duration is usually for up to 30 days. At the end of the camp training the cadets receive a certificate of successful completion.

=== Certificates & Examination ===
There are Three Certificates in NCC. Below describes about it from lower value to higher value:-
* Certificate – A : It can be taken by JD/JW cadets of the NCC, during class year 8 and 9 and 10. After passing those classes it can't be obtained. The candidate must have attended a minimum 75% of total training periods laid down in the syllabus for the first and second years of JD/JW NCC (All Wings). The candidate must have attended one Annual Training Camp.
* Certificate – B : It can be taken by SD/SW cadets of the NCC, after class year 10 and those studying for a degree. The candidate must have attended a minimum 75% of total training periods laid down in the syllabus for the first and second years of SD/SW NCC (All Wings). The cadet must have attended one Annual Training Camp/NIC. Cadets who possess Certificate - A will be awarded 10 bonus marks. An air wing cadet must do a minimum 10 Glider launches.
* Certificate – C : Is the highest level certificate for NCC cadets. It can be taken in the third year of training, in the third year of degree course. Those who possess a Certificate - B can take it in the first year after their +2, and in the first year of their degree. The cadet must have attended two Annual Training Camps or one Annual Training Camp and one of the following: RD Camp Delhi, Centrally Organised Camp, Para Training Camp, Attachment Training with service units, National Integration Camp, Youth Exchange Programme, or Foreign Cruise (Navy Wing only).

===Grading in Certificates===
Three certificates are awarded: 'A' grade, 'B' grade, 'C' grade.

A cadet has to obtain 45% marks in each paper & 50% marks in the aggregate to pass the examination. Grading is based on total marks obtained will be awarded as follows.
Grading 'A' – Cadets obtaining 80% marks and above,
Grading 'B' – Cadets obtaining 65% marks and above but below 80%,
Grading 'C' – Cadets obtaining 50% marks and above but below 65%,
Fail – Cadets obtaining less than 45% in any paper or less than 50% in aggregate.The grading has changed now its negative marking for all B and C certificate exams , that is +2 for every right answer, -0.5 for every wrong answer and no deduction if question not marked.

== Activities ==
=== Republic Day Camp (RDC) ===
[[File:Admiral DK Joshi, Chief of Naval Staff, interacting with NCC Cadets.jpg|250px|thumbnail|[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Devendra Kumar Joshi|Admiral Devendra Kumar Joshi]] interacting with NCC cadets at the Republic Day Camp 2014. DG NCC Lt Gen Aniruddha Chakravarty is also seen.]]

Before the RDC, all group headquarters participate in the IGC (Inter-Group Competition). After the IGC, the selected cadets are trained by the drill instructors of the Indian Army and they are given rigorous military training and drill training daily until the time comes when the cadets have to depart to Delhi to represent their respective states.
* NCC Republic Day Camp is the culmination of all NCC Training activities. RDC is held at Cariappa Parade Ground, Delhi Cantt from 01 to 29 Jan. [https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089855 2341] Selected NCC Cadets from 17 directorates attend the Camp. The Camp is inaugurated by the [[Vice President of India]] and culminates with Prime Minister's Rally on 28 Jan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nccindia.nic.in/camp_training.htm |title=Republic Day Camp (RDC) |publisher=NCC |access-date=2011-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814110643/http://nccindia.nic.in/camp_training.htm |archive-date=2013-08-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* During the camp visit of [[Raksha Mantri]], [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Ministers]], [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], Chief of Defence Staff along with various State Ministers/VIPs shall also be organised.
* During the RDC, various competitions are conducted amongst the 17 NCC Directorates to decide the Champion Directorate for award of Prime Minister's Banner. Competitions are keenly contested in various events such as National Integration Awareness presentation, Drill, Line & Flag Area, Cultural Programs i.e. (group song, group dance & ballet), Best Cadet of Senior Division (Boys) and Senior Wing (Girls) in each Service - Army, Navy & Air Force and Best Cadet Boys and Girls each from Junior Wing. Aero modelling and Ship modelling are also conducted during RDC.
* The selections for cadets who will represent India in Youth Exchange Program are also conducted.

[[File:Girls NCC Band of Birla Balika Vidyalaya Pilani participating at full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2011, in New Delhi on January 23, 2011.jpg|thumb|The Girls NCC Band from the [[Birla Balika Vidyapeeth]] school participating in a full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade in 2011.]]

The National Cadet Corps maintains two [[Indian military bands|cadet bands]]: the Boys Band of the NCC and the Girls Band of the NCC. They are commonly formed up during the NCC Republic Day Camp in late January, during which the bands participate in the Republic Day Parade on 26 January and the Prime Minister's Rally on 28 Biggest camps of N.C.C.

Combined Annual Training Camps (CATC)
In the CATCs, the boys (senior and junior divisions) and girl cadets (senior and junior wings) of a particular NCC unit participate in the 10-day camp. Classes are conducted as per the given syllabus wherein certain aspects of NCC training are taught once again. The camp acts as a refresher training for the cadets and they are also trained in basic skills of survival and emergencies besides other topics. They are taught certain skills pertaining specifically to their Wing for e.g., a Naval cadet is trained in boat-rowing, oaring, Semaphore, etc. Another activity in the camp is the "dogwatch" wherein two cadets are to stay on sentry duty for two hours at any time given time of the day. Those caught sleeping, especially during late night or early morning shifts, or otherwise missing from duty are severely reprimanded or penalized. Cadets are also introduced to weapons such as a .22 caliber rifle. They are also given tasks of serving food to fellow cadets.

===Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat Camp (EBSB)===

EBSB is to propagate national integration among cadets and society. Only the best cadets in drills and marching are sent to represent their states.'This camp is considered for SSLC and higher secondary course (+2) grace marks.
These camps are conducted on All-India basis and help bridge the cultural gap among various States of India. In addition, there are six special EBSB camps conducted at [[Leh]], [[Nagrota]] (J&K)
, Chakabama (NER, [[Nagaland]]), [[Srinagar]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Port Blair]].There are now camps being conducted between two directorates only, best cadet system is now removed and locations for camp have spanned all across states. Out of the two directorates conducting the camp one acts as the host and other as the guest to interchange culture and traditions to increase friendship and bonding and comradeship among cadets.

=== Advance Leadership Camp (ALC) ===
Advance Leadership Camp is conducted 6 times in various places throughout India. A cadet must have completed Basic Leadership Camp in order to qualify for this camp. In this camp the officers give cadets training for SSB screening and entrance.

=== Army Attachment Camp ===
These camps are conducted by the NCC in collaboration with [[Indian Army]], as the willing cadets are attached to a specific army battalion undergoing the training period of 10–15 days each. In this camp, the cadets are trained by the instructors of the particular regiment, in the military tactics including day/night warfare & also get familiar with the small arms and heavy weapon systems and are introduced to regimental traditions and customs in infantry regiments and service traditions in other arms and services.

=== Hiking And Trekking Camps ===
Adventurous treks and hikes up mountains take place, with expeditions to local mountains and hills.

=== Thal Sainik Camp (TSC) ===
The TSC is a 12-day camp conducted in [[Delhi]] every year in the late autumn, in which the cadets are selected from all 17 directorates (30+3 SD / JD and SW / JW cadets from each directorate), by the selection procedure conducting 3 pre-TSC camps each of 10–12 days in a week interval. The selected cadets then are sent to the TSC to represent their respective directorates in the following competitions:
* [[Obstacle course]] – In which the obstacles include 6-feet wall, zig-zag, double ditch, balancing, 3-feet bar, left bar, right bar, incline, etc. It is done after wearing full tactical gear with rifles.
* Firing – It consists of two types – [[Shooting]] ([[Grouping (firearms)|Grouping]], Snap-shooting & Application). It is done with a standard .22 caliber rifle at the range of 25 meters & 50 meters.
* Map Reading – which includes working with a compass, service protractor & a map.
* Field craft and battle craft.
* Tent pitching.
* Health and Hygiene.

=== Vayu Sainik Camp (VSC) ===
The All India Vayu Sainik Camp is the most prestigious and glorious camp of the NCC air wing. This time AIVSC was held at Air Force Station at Banglore Karnataka . In-fact, representing at NATIONAL level itself gives you enough power & confidence. The AIVSC is the apex training camp of NCC and is designed to expose the cadets to a strenuous military way of life, in addition to rousing their competitive spirits by pitting them against their peers in a number of aviation-related disciplines such as Microlight Flying, Aero Modelling, Skeet Shooting, .22 Rifle Firing, Drill and written tests of various subjects related to flying. Basically this camp is the culmination of various NCC training activities conducted amongst 16 directorates to decide the champion directorate.

On the first day all the cadets were briefed by the camp commandant regarding camp. Each day there was an activity either it was any competition or any other.

Apart from these events one day was decided to give A visit to Air Force Station, Jodhpur where cadets see and learn how various fighter planes and helicopters works, Luckily cadets also got opportunity to fly in an Indian Air Force Mi-17 helicopter and Pipistrel microlight aircraft and also got chance to visit glorious places of interest in and around Jodhpur.

The camp, in fact, portrays a reflection of 'mini India'. The camp is visited by a number of dignitaries, including DDG and many other army and air force officials.

=== Nau Sainik Camp (NSC) ===
NSC is one of the golden camps of NCC, its part of naval wing and conducted under the Indian navy.
This centrally organised Naval Camp is conducted annually for selected Naval Wing Cadets. Boat pulling, semaphore, whaler rigging, firing, drill competitions are the main attraction of the camp. The competition is conducted from IGC (inter group completion), PRE NSC 1, 2, 3 and AINSC. It is generally held at Naval Maritime Academy (NAMAC) at Mumbai but started to be held at Karwar from 2014.The coming NSC 2023 is going to be held at INS Shivaji, Lonavala Mumbai from 13 October.

=== All India Yachting Regetta (AIYR) ===
This centrally organised Naval Camp is conducted annually for selected Naval Wing Cadets. Yachting (Sailing) is the main attraction of the camp. It is generally held at Naval Base INS Chilika at Odisha.

=== Rock Climbing Training Camps (RCTC) ===
Eight rock climbing camps are held each year to expose the cadets to the basics of elementary rock climbing and to inculcate spirit of adventure amongst cadets. Four of these camps are held at Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh and other four camps at Nayyardam near Trivandrum in Kerala.

=== Naval Wing Activities ===
Naval wing syllabus is common for both boys and girls. During sea training naval subjects like Seamanship, Navigation, Communication, Gunnery, Damage Control and Ship Safety are taught to cadets. Swimming, Scuba Diving and Wind Surfing are the other interesting activities.

=== Air Wing Activities ===
Gliding, Microlite Flying (generally the [[Zenith STOL CH 701]]) and attachment training with air force stations and establishments are the main activities. 100 [[Pipistrel Virus]] SW 80 on order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/india-inks-rs-130-crore-deal-for-194-microlight-aircraft/150311/ |title=India inks Rs 130-crore deal for 194 microlight aircraft |author=The Financial Express |date=12 October 2015 |work=financialexpress.com |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Youth Exchange Programme (YEP) ===
[[File:NCC India Cadets arriving at Changi airport for ICEP Singapore 2024.jpg|thumb|Cadets of NCC India being welcomed by their liaison cadets from NCC Singapore for ICEP Singapore on 10 November,2024]]
[[File:Drill practice.jpg|thumb|Cadets from Brunei, Hong Kong and India training in PDS of NCC Singapore during ICEP 2024.]]
The aim of YEP is a country-to-country exchange of cadets belonging to NCC or other equivalent government or youth organizations of friendly countries and participation in various activities and appreciation of each other's socio-economic and cultural realities. More than 100 cadets proceed abroad on YEP annually. It is the most prestigious camp in NCC.
The cadets currently visit country's namely Singapore, United Kingdom, Mauritius, Vietnam, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri lanka and Russia. The cadets for YEP are selected annually during the RDC held in Delhi going through various tests and selection criteria.

Cadets from foreign nations also visit India in YEP every year during RDC and Desert Safari held in Rajasthan DTE. Around 25 countries participate in PM Rally during RDC.

=== Overseas Deployment ===
A select few cadets from the Senior Division (Navy) are attached to the 1st Training Squadron of the Indian Navy, for a period of 30–45 days, wherein they are trained in Naval Subjects and Practical Seamanship as well as travel to friendly foreign nations on Goodwill Missions. A total of 10-20 cadets are selected to represent the National Cadet Corps, for this camp.

==List of Directors-general of the NCC==
The Director-Generals of the NCC held the rank of major-general from 1951 until 1983, when the appointment was upgraded to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]].<ref name="architects">{{cite web|title=The Architects|url=https://indiancc.nic.in/the-architects/|website=National Cadet Corps|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:Left"
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 160px;" | Appointment Date
! scope="col" style="width: 160px;" | Left Office
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Director-General National Cadet Corps'''
|-
|rowspan='1'|[[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
|[[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
|31 March 1948
|1 August 1950
|-
|rowspan='13'|[[Major general (India)|Major General]]
|Virendra Singh (''first tenure'')
|20 September 1951
|13 November 1955
|-
|[[Dewan Prem Chand]] (''first tenure'')
|14 November 1955
|6 September 1957
|-
|Amrik Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|MC}}}}
|7 September 1957
|4 February 1959
|-
|Rajender Singh Paintal
|15 February 1959
|6 October 1961
|-
|[[Anant Singh Pathania]] {{small|[[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[Military Cross|MC]]}}
|7 October 1961
|23 October 1962
|-
|Virendra Singh (''second tenure'')
|4 November 1962
|31 July 1966
|-
|Dewan Prem Chand {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}} (''second tenure'')
|1 August 1966
|4 August 1967
|-
|D. S. Kalha {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|15 August 1967
|19 May 1970
|-
|M. G. Hazari {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|30 June 1970
|28 March 1973
|-
|B. M. Bhattacharjea {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|MVC|AVSM}}}}
|23 April 1973
|31 December 1975
|-
|H. K. Bakshi
|14 January 1976
|26 April 1978
|-
|M. Thomas {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 May 1978
|21 December 1980
|-
|Narindar Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|22 December 1980
|31 May 1983
|-
| rowspan="21" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant-General]]
|S. L. Malhotra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 June 1983
|31 October 1986
|-
|M. Mayadas {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|1 November 1986
|31 July 1988
|-
|A. Banerjee {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|1 August 1988
|31 August 1990
|-
|M. K. Lahiri {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|17 September 1990
|30 September 1992
|-
|G. L. Bakshi {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|1 October 1992
|31 July 1994
|-
|R. Mohan {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 August 1994
|30 September 1996
|-
|B. S. Malik {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|28 February 1997
|24 April 1999
|-
|A. S. Rao {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|25 April 1999
|31 October 2001
|-
|B. K. Bopanna {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 November 2001
|31 July 2004
|-
|M. C. Bhandari {{small|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM & Bar]]}}
|1 August 2004
|27 September 2006
|-
|P. S. Chaudhary {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
|28 September 2006
|30 November 2008
|-
|Raj Kumar Karwal {{small|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM & Bar]]}}
|1 December 2008
|31 January 2011
|-
|P. S. Bhalla {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|21 February 2011
|30 November 2013
|-
|Aniruddha Chakravarty {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 December 2013<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen A Chakravarty Takes Over as DG NCC |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=22 August 2021 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=100948 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|31 August 2016
|-
|Vinod Vashisht {{small|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM & Bar]]}}
|23 December 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Vinod Vashisht takes over as DG NCC |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=22 August 2021 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155847 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|October 2017
|-
|B. S. Sahrawat {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|SM}}}}
|22 December 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen B S Sahrawat takes over as DG, NCC |date=22 December 2017 |access-date=22 August 2021 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174762 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|10 April 2018
|-
|P. P. Malhotra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|11 April 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen PP Malhotra takes over as DG NCC |date=17 April 2018|access-date=22 August 2021 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178719|work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|30 January 2019
|-
|Rajeev Chopra {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|31 January 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=LT Gen Rajeev Chopra takes over as DG NCC |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=22 August 2021 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187893 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|31 December 2020
|-
|[[Tarun Kumar Aich]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 January 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt. Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich takes over as Director General, National Cadet Corps |date=1 January 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=218015 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|26 September 2021
|-
|Gurbirpal Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM |AVSM|VSM}}}}
|27 September 2021 <ref>{{cite news |title=Lt. Gen. Gurbirpal Singh takes over as Director General, National Cadet Corps |date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1758565}}</ref>
|13 August 2025
|-
|[[Virendra Vats]] [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
|14 August 2025
|Incumbent
|}

== See also ==
* [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS)
* [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]] (RIMC)
* [[Chail Military School#RIM|Rashtriya Military Schools]] (RMS)
* [[Sainik School]]s
* [[Cadets (youth program)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|https://indiancc.nic.in/}}

{{Indian Army arms and services}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Youth organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Military education and training in India]]
[[Category:Military youth groups]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

New Delhi–Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi Express

2026-03-11T17:23:06Z

Ajithkumardas6: created stub.

{{short description|Superfast express train in India}}
{{no footnotes|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = ADD8E6
| name = New Delhi – Daurai (Ajmer) ''Shatabdi Express''
| logo =
| image = Ajmer shatabdi.jpg
| caption = New Delhi – Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi Express At Rewari Junction
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1994|12|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| stops = 10
| end = [[Daurai railway station|Daurai]] (DOZ)
| distance = {{convert|451|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 1st Class, AC Chair Car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el = Yes
| trainnumber = 12015 / 12016
| line_used = *[[Delhi–Jaipur line|New Delhi–Jaipur]]
*[[Jaipur–Ahmedabad line|Jaipur–Ahmedabad line (till Daurai)]]
| speed = {{convert|67|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
{{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
Top operating speed
| map = {{New Delhi–Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 12015 / 12016 '''New Delhi–Daurai (Ajmer) ''Shatabdi Express''''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express train]] of the [[Shatabdi Express]] category belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} and [[Daurai railway station|Daurai]] ([[Ajmer]]) in India.

It operates as train number 12015 from [[New Delhi]] to [[Daurai railway station|Daurai]] and as train number 12016 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], and [[Rajasthan]], and have priority above all other trains.

==Service==

12015 New Delhi–Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi Express covers the distance of 444 kilometres in 06 hours 45 mins (66 km/h) and in 06 hours 35 mins as 12016 Daurai (Ajmer)–New Delhi Shatabdi Express (67 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is {{convert|67|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

== Route and halts ==
The stations at which the 12015 – Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi Express halts are as follows:
* [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
* [[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantonment]]
* [[Gurgaon railway station|Gurgaon]]
* [[Rewari Junction railway station|Rewari Junction]]
* [[Alwar Junction railway station|Alwar Junction]]
* [[Bandikui Junction railway station|Bandikui Junction]]<ref name = "NR - Stoppage at Bandikui">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=21 April 2016 |title=TEMPORARY STOPPAGE TO THE 12015/12016 NEW DELHI – AJMER – NEW DELHI SHATABDI EXPRESS TRAIN AT BANDIKUI STATION |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5381&did=14612405709298515ECE3D71FDF98D753190B619369A2.web91 |website= |location= |publisher=[[Northern Railway zone|NR]] |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>
* [[Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station|Gandhi Nagar Jaipur]]
* [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction]]
* [[Kishangarh]]
* [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer Junction]]
* [[Daurai railway station|Daurai]]<ref name = "NR - Extension to Daurai">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=11 May 2018 |title=AJMER SHATABDI EXTENDED TO RUN TO/FROM DAURAI |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6522&did=15260371123916F60BB08934D0E39A45842FFF053C0B6 |website= |location= |publisher=[[Northern Railway zone|NR]] |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>

==Traction==

As the route is now fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]-based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

== Coach composition ==
The coach composition of 12015 Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi is as follows:
* 2 EOG Brake and Luggage van coach
* 14 AC Chair car
* 2 AC Executive Chair Car

== Coach positioning ==

Coach Positioning of 12015 Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi at

[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Station]] is:

LOCO-EOG-C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9-C10-C11-C12-C13-C14-E1-E2-EOG

Vice Versa Coach positioning at [[Daurai railway station|Daurai]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html |title=SHATABDI TRAIN LIST |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014914/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/shatabdi_trn_list.html |archivedate=23 July 2013 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeBJJheuVOk|title=IRFCA - First Video On You Tube of "12015" New Delhi - Ajmer Shatabdi Express Running with LHB Rakes|via=YouTube|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/ajmer-shatabdi-catches-fire-passengers-unhurt/article5592326.ece|title=Ajmer Shatabdi catches fire, passengers unhurt|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/vishalkhare/6995316340/|title=12016 Ajmer New Delhi Shatabdi Express|via=Flickr|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2711&id=0,4,268|title=Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal|publisher=nr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
* {{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-delhi-ajmer-shatabdi-express-saved-from-turning-into-burning-train-2475813.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232830/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-delhi-ajmer-shatabdi-express-saved-from-turning-into-burning-train-2475813.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2014|title=Delhi–Ajmer Shatabdi Express saved from turning into 'Burning Train'|work=Daily Bhaskar|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Shatabdi Express}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Delhi-Ajmer Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Chhaya Vora

2026-03-06T08:41:35Z

Ajithkumardas6: started first info from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Chhaya Vora
| birth_place = Gujarat, India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = [[Uttank Vora]]
| family = [[Neeraj Vora]]
}}

'''Chhaya Vora''' is an [[India|Indian]] television and film actress.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhaya Vora Makes TV Comeback With 'Saavi Ki Savaari' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/chhaya-vora-makes-tv-comeback-with-saavi-ki-savaari--news-217994}}</ref> Her works are predominantly present in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film industries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Sikander Kher and Chhaya Vora roped in for Shashant Shah's next film |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/exclusive-sikander-kher-and-chhaya-vora-roped-shashant-shahs-next-film-221227}}</ref> She is the daughter-in-law of Gujarati instrumentalist Vinayakrai Vora. Vora started her career with Gujarati theatre in late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=There's a lot to learn from young actors, says veteran actress Chhaya Vora |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/theres-a-lot-to-learn-from-young-actors-says-veteran-actress-chhaya-vora/articleshow/89363096.cms}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vora started her career as a Gujarati theatre artist in 1986. She got her first break in the Gujarati movie ''[[Mijaaj]]''(2018).<ref>{{Cite web |title=BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/vadodara/movies/mijaaj/ET00068464}}</ref> Her next project was ''Chitkar'' (2018).<ref>{{Citation |last=Shah |first=Latesh |title=Chitkar |date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10899834/ |type=Thriller |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref> Her last release was the 2022 Gujarati film ''[[Chabutro (film)|Chabutro.]]'' She played the mother of [[Gangubai Kothewali|Gangubai]] in the biographical movie ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=12 February 2022 |title=Chhaya Vora Shares Her Experience Working With Sanjay Leela Bhansali & Alia Bhatt In Gangubai Kathiyawadi |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/chhaya-vora-shares-her-experience-working-with-sanjay-leela-bhansali-alia-bhatt-in-gangubai-kathiyawadi/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> She acted in the Indian soap opera ''[[Shubharambh]]'' as the main cast.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shubharambh fame Chhaya Vora delighted as son Uroovaak gets married |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shubharambh-fame-chhaya-vora-delighted-as-son-uroovaak-gets-married-pics/articleshow/91852668.cms}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vora, Chaya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

Kadhal Virus

2026-03-03T04:34:54Z

Ajithkumardas6: minor cleanup

{{Short description|2002 film directed by Kathir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kadhal Virus.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Kathir]]
| writer = Kathir
| producer = Kathir
| starring = [[Richard Rishi]] [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
| studio = Sound & Light Studios
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Arjun Jena]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|12|19}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kadhal Virus''''' ({{translation|Love virus}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] written, directed and produced by [[Kathir]]. The film stars [[Richard Rishi]] and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]], making their Tamil debut in lead roles, with [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] in a supporting role. [[A. R. Rahman]] composed the music, while [[Arjun Jena]] was the cinematographer. The film tells the story of a young director, trying to pursue his dream by overcoming all hurdles. It was released on 19 December 2002,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhal Virus / காதல் வைரஸ் (2002) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kadhal-virus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220100158/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kadhal-virus |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and fared poorly at the box office.

== Plot ==
Deepak is an aspiring filmmaker trying to get his first production out. He gets a chance to go to [[Coonoor]] to write a script for a movie where he meets and falls in love with Geetha. After a struggle, Geeta understands his love and convinces her father. The couple decide to get married once his first film is made. Deepak leaves for Chennai, promising to write letters to Geeta. However the postman who is secretly in love with Geeta hides all the letters sent by Deepak, including the later changing his address. A chasm develops between the lovers because of the communication issue caused by the postman.

Geeta convinces her father to search for Deepak and finds him successfully in a movie set. However she and her father misunderstand Deepak shouting at his assistants to be words meant for them and they leave. Deepak is heartbroken when he learns of Geeta's visit, however she is lost for ever in his life. Years go past, and now Deepak is a highly successful film director. He is in search of new faces for his upcoming movie. He comes across Rajiv, who is a poor aspiring actor. It however turns out that Rajiv is from a wealthy family, but has chosen a hard life because of his passion to be a movie star. Deepak knows of the hardships of the cine field and advises Rajiv to go back to his family giving up his dream, because Deepak feels Rajiv can lead a better life with his family. This leads to Rajiv getting rejected by other movie directors as well. Deepak does this to help Rajiv lead a good life rather than him struggling and wasting his time. Rajiv however consumes poison and attempts suicide.

Fate leads to Deepak overhearing a conversation between Geeta and her friend in a poor slum. Deepak is initially elated to see Geeta, however he is pained that she lives in such a filthy place. It turns out that Rajiv had married Geeta. She fully supports Rajiv in realising his dream, but is repulsed to learn Deepak still has feelings for her and as a result rejected Rajiv and refuses him to have a career in cine industry. This is a complete misunderstanding on her part. Deepak decides to set things right. He invites Rajiv to his studio and promises he'll be the hero of his movie, under one condition that Rajiv must not tell Geeta that he is playing the protagonist in Deepak's movie. Rajiv is elated, and promises to keep this a secret.

Deepak alters his story to suit Rajiv. Due to the tweaks, the actor originally roped in to play the hero of the movie has to be chucked out of his role. The actor pleads with Deepak not to do it as it would ruin his reputation and dream. Deepak however does not budge and goes ahead with his plan to cast Rajiv. This causes friction between the movie producer and Deepak, leading to the producer dumping him. Deepak, out of his love for Geeta, decides to produce the movie himself, taking loans from creditors. The young actor whom Deepak chucked out of his movie vents out his anger by stabbing Deepak on the movie set. Deepak is admitted to a hospital and his health deteriorates. The creditors demand their money back and Deepak settles the debt with his own money. He continues directing the movie under severe financial and physical strain. He is determined to complete the movie and goes penniless as a result. The movie is completed and released. Deepak watches the movie in a theatre sitting with commoners. He is completely broke and a pauper, but filled with happiness as he has made his lover's wish of making her husband a hero come true.

Rajiv reveals to Geeta about the movie. Geeta is upset when she finds out Deepak is the director, but realises the hardships Deepak had to undergo. By chance she runs into the postman who reveals that it was him rather than Deepak who ruined her life. Geeta goes in search of Deepak, finally meets him in the theatre only to find him dead with a smile on his face.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Richard Rishi|Richard]] as Deepak
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] as Geetha
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Puthir
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Rajiv
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Raghu
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Aavudai Aachi
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Film producer
* Laxmi Rattan as Geetha's father
* Jaya Murali as Geetha's mother
* [[Ragasudha]] as Geetha's friend
* Arvind Kathare as Deepak's friend and Geetha's cousin
* Ramesh Maali as Deepak's friend
* [[Deepak Dinkar]] as Deepak's friend
* [[Vasudevan Baskaran]] as Sudhakaran
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Postman
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Police Inspector
* Lekhasri as Woman at the bus stand
* [[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Protester
* [[Theni Kunjarammal]] as Old woman
* Sakthivel as Theatre owner
* [[T. G. Thyagarajan]] as himself (Cameo appearance)
* [[Kathir]] as himself (Cameo appearance)
* [[Mysskin]] as Kathir's assistant (uncredited role)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/mysskin-s-alter-ego-revealed-in-vijay-s-yesteryear-film-with-interesting-titbits-of-his-filmmaking-journey/597797|title=Mysskin’s alter ego revealed in Vijay’s yesteryear film with interesting titbits of his filmmaking journey|date=27 May 2020|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com}}</ref>
* [[Vetrimaaran]] as Deepak's assistant (uncredited role)
}}

A sequence in the film stars '''guest appearances''' from:
{{cast listing|
* [[A. R. Rahman]]
* [[Bharathiraja]]
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]]
* [[G. M. Kumar]]
* [[K. Balachander]]
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
* [[Keyaar]]
* [[Mani Ratnam]]
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar]]
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* Nikkil Murugan
* [[P. Vasu]]
* [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]]
* [[Prashanth]]
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Rajkiran]]
* [[Ramesh Khanna]]
* [[Saran (director)|Saran]]
* [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
* [[Silambarasan]]
* [[T. Rajender]]
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
* [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
* [[Vijayakanth]]
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
* [[Vikraman]]
}}

== Production ==
[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], then a model, was cast in the lead role and was coached acting skills by then-assistant directors such as [[Vetrimaaran]] and [[Mysskin]].<ref name="srihin">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=4 March 2020 |title=18 years in cinema, actor Srikanth says he is 'unaffected by trolling' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/04/18-years-in-cinema-actor-srikanth-says-he-is-unaffected-by-trolling-2111737.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/04/18-years-in-cinema-actor-srikanth-says-he-is-unaffected-by-trolling-2111737.html |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Srikanth was later dropped and [[Richard Rishi|Richard]], previously a child actor, was selected to make his debut in the leading role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=Shalini's sibling Richard |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/Jul/26/shalinis-sibling-richard-172950.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111103224/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/Jul/26/shalinis-sibling-richard-172950.html |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Early reports suggested that [[Bhumika Chawla]] would star in the film but she later opted out.<ref name="Tamilmagan">{{Cite web |last=Tamilmagan |title=Kadal Virus |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/kadalvirus.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040426143227/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/kadalvirus.asp |archive-date=26 April 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=27 January 2001 |title=On the floors |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/27tamil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102101302/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/27tamil.htm |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Her role was later handed to [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]], who would make her Tamil debut as a leading heroine with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2001 |title=Juniors in senior stakes |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jul/20pad.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124342/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jul/20pad.htm |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The team decided to film a sequence with several prominent directors as a part of the film's launch event.<ref name="Tamilmagan" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhal Virus Tamil Audio CDs By A.R. Rahman |url=https://www.vintageav.shop/product/kadhal-virus-tamil-audio-cds-by-a-r-rahman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111102302/https://www.vintageav.shop/product/kadhal-virus-tamil-audio-cds-by-a-r-rahman/ |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=VintageAV.shop |language=en-US}}</ref> The song "Ye Ye Ennachu Unakku" was one of the earliest South Indian film songs to be played on [[Channel V India]], then known mainly for only playing English and Hindi songs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=13 February 2019 |title=How 'kothavaranga' evolved into 'Mustafa Mustafa' {{!}} Kathir on directing some of A. R. Rahman's best love songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/valentines-day-director-kathir-and-his-series-of-love-films/article26258104.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922164356/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/valentines-day-director-kathir-and-his-series-of-love-films/article26258104.ece |archive-date=22 September 2019 |access-date=11 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| "Ye Ye Ennachu Unakku" || [[Vasundhara Das]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
|-
| "Sonnalum" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Vaan Nila" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || Vaalee
|-
| "Enthan Vanil" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| "Baila More" || [[Silambarasan]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || Vaalee
|-
| "O Kadhale" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Clinton Cerejo]] || Vaalee
|}

== Reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' mentioned that "the screenplay is incoherent in parts" and that "the dialogue and expressions are sometimes too clichéd". She blamed the film's production delay revealing that "initially the film did kindle a lot of interest — what with A. R. Rahman as composer and a fresh lead pair to boot, but because it has been in the making for too long, the euphoria first triggered did wane a little".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 January 2003 |title=Kadhal Virus |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/03/stories/2003010301330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030912080350/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/03/stories/2003010301330200.htm |archive-date=12 September 2003 |access-date=1 December 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "So, while taking a lot of effort to put in style and gloss, Kathir forgets to put in even half the effort in his scripting and narration. The scripting is slip-shod, the narration is jerky, and leaves much to be desired. The director totally ignores the time factor, and the continuity in logic, between scenes preceding and those following".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=29 December 2002 |title=Kaadhal Virus |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov239.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319090409/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov239.asp |archive-date=19 March 2005 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Blame it on the avalanche of love stories hitting the screen in recent times that directors seem to have run out of ideas. Kathir, the much hyped director wanted to try out something different with ''Kathal Virus'', but has ended up in making an intolerable film". The critic added, "the music of A.R.Rahman does not fit into the narration. The lead pair is a total letdown as Richard and Sridevi looks wooden and uncomfortable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2003 |title=Kathal Virus |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kathal-virus-review-tamil-pcluyxhbeafig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420211950/https://www.sify.com/movies/kathal-virus-review-tamil-pcluyxhbeafig.html |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "Cinema means business for some. To some, it is a form of art. For director Kadhir, cinema is poetry. He cant make a film without love, without poetries, without extreme close-ups of roses in bloom and without love letters getting mixed up. 'Kaadhal Virus' has all these ingredients."<ref>{{cite web |title=Kadhal Virus |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kadalvirus.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414202222/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/kadalvirus.shtml |archive-date=14 April 2003 |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

The film became a box office failure, with Kathir feeling that having "Virus" in the title was wrong since it possibly led audiences to believe it was about [[Computer virus|computer viruses]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Kathir}}
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 romance films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kathir]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Sonowal Khel

2026-02-27T09:56:24Z

Ajithkumardas6: creating the article more to come

[[File:Golden dome.jpg|thumb|A 8-foot-high golden-dome crowned on [[Sivasagar Sivadol|Sivadol]] in [[Sivasagar]], Assam]]
'''''Sonowal''''' is a designation of the gold-washers of [[Assam]].<ref name=":0">{{harvcol|Prinsep|1838|pp=621–628}}</ref> They were previously addressed as '''Xunia Thakur'''.<ref name=":1">{{harvcol|Borboruah|1997|pp=453–459}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Sonowal'' comes from the word 'Son' ({{langx|as|সোন/Xün}}) which means gold in Assamese.<ref group=web name="HT2016">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/sarbananda-sonowal-national-hero-who-struck-gold-for-bjp-in-assam/story-D1cCrjyxwUDJFsqSbJrvwJ.html "Sarbananda Sonowal, ‘national hero’ who struck gold for BJP in Assam"], ''Hindustan Times''</ref>

== History ==
''Sonowal'' was a multicaste '[[Guild|khel]]' (guild) of the many khels that existed in the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]] of the [[Medieval India|late medieval]]{{sfn|Gogoi|2006|p=65}} period. This khel was involved in the [[Gold panning|gold-washing]] business and it consisted of paiks from different communities viz, [[Sonowal Kacharis|''Kacharis'']], Bihiyas ([[Chutia people|''Chutias'']]),{{sfn|Dalton|1872|p=521}}<ref>"In the present time the Sooteeahs are called Hindoo Sooteeahs, and Ahom Sooteeahs, the last named being those with whom the Ahoms or Saums intermarried at an early date. The class of the Assam population known as Beheeahs in upper Assam, also consider themselves belonging to the Hindu Sooteeah family."{{harvcol|Hannay|1848|p=468}}</ref> [[Koch (caste)|''Koch'']], and ''[[Jalia Kaibarta|Keot]]''.<ref name=":1" /> However, the ''Kachari'' and ''Bihiya'' Sonowals were most numerous. Most of these Sonowals migrated from ''Sadiya'' and ''Sisi-Dhemaji'' regions respectively and resided in the forested area between the ''[[Dihing|Buri Dihing]]'' and ''Dibru'' rivers (Matak territories) during the early 19th century.{{sfn|Prinsep|1838|p=676}} Gold-washing was the occupation of Sonowal paiks but other paiks sometimes used to join them and receives their share.<ref name=":0" />

Although the designation of these [[Paik system|paiks]] was ''Sonowal'', they were generally known only by the names of their 'khel' or tribe or chief under whom they resided. They were placed in different parts of the country (Assam) under the authority of [[Phukan]]s, [[Barua]]hs and other chiefs.<ref name=":0" />

However, the [[Sonowal Kacharis|Kachari Sonowal]] was a distinct class from rest of the Sonowals. And unlike others, they were entirely under the orders of the King himself, and they supplied him with gold when called upon to do so. They formerly resided at [[Sadiya]] and its vicinity.<ref name=":0" />

The Keot Sonowals went extinct in due course of time.<ref name=":1" /> The Kachari Sonowal is the only khel that exists today and is recognized as one of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|''Scheduled Tribes'']] (''ST'') of Assam.

== Surnames ==
The ''paiks'' in a ''khel'' were organized under a gradation of officials who commanded a set number of them. They were ''[[Bora (surname)|Bora]]'' (20 ''paiks''), ''[[Saikia]]'' (100), ''[[Hazarika]]'' (1000), ''[[Barua]]h'' and ''[[Phukan]]'' (6000)''.''

The designations ''Thengal Baruah'' and ''Sonowal Baruah'' were introduced only in the reign of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] King [[Purandar Singha]] (1818–19, 1833–1838).{{sfn|Borboruah|1997|p=562}} These officers remained in overall charges of these guilds and had to take a note of the total output of such washings conducted under the state initiative.{{sfn|Goswami|1986|p=105}}

Formerly, the descendants of these officials used to use these designations as surnames. But as these surnames are common to all [[Assamese people]] irrespective of their caste, some frauds were found to take advantage of it in getting ''ST'' certificate.<ref group=web name=Assamtribune>[https://assamtribune.com/fraudulence-in-caste-certificate-detected "Fraudulence in caste certificate detected"], ''Assam Tribune''</ref> Hence, as per guidance of All Assam Tribal Sangha, all the new generation of Kachari Sonowals have started using '''Sonowal''<nowiki/>' as a surname.

== Notable Sonowals ==

* [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], Indian politician, former chief minister of Assam.
* [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]], Indian politician, former chief minister of Assam.
* [[Pradan Baruah]], Indian politician, former member of Assam Legislative assembly, MP of Lakhimpur Lok Sabha.
* [[Jogesh Das]], prominent writer, recipient of Sahitya Academi Award
* [[Lohit Sonowal]], inspector of Commando Battalion of Assam Police, awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]] military decoration

== See also ==

* [[Sonowal Kacharis]]
* [[Thengal-Kachari|Thengal Kacharis]]
*[[Rupowal Khel]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Prinsep
|first=James
|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
|title= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
|year=1838
|volume=7
|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjczAQAAMAAJ
|language=en
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Hannay
|first=S.F
|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
|year=1848
|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal
|location=Calcutta
|language=en
}}
*{{Cite book|last=Borboruah|first=Hiteswar|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.451863|title=Ahomar Din Ed. 2nd|date=1997}}
*{{Cite book|last=Gogoi|first=Nitul Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrN5_kseuDcC&pg=PA65|title=Continuity and Change Among the Ahom|date=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-281-9|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Edward Tuite|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wxWAAAAcAAJ&dq=bihiya+ahom&pg=PA77|title=Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal|date=1872|publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Goswami|first=Surendra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHYWAQAAMAAJ&q=silver+washing+assam|title=A History of Revenue Administration in Assam, 1228-1826 A.D.: A Detailed History of the Revenue System of the Ahom Rulers|date=1986|publisher=Spectrum Publications|language=en}}
{{refend}}

===Internet===
{{reflist|group=web}}

[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Gold]]
[[Category:Assamese nationalism]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Assam]]

T. V. Chandran

2026-02-22T23:32:49Z

Ajithkumardas6: creating first pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter, and actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. V. Chandran
| image = T.V. Chandran.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Thalassery]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras State]], India
| years_active = 1975–present
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director | screenwriter | actor}}
| spouse = Revathi
| children = 1 
| website = {{URL|tvchandran.com}}
}}

'''T. V. Chandran''' (born 23 November 1950) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and actor, predominantly working in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Born in a Malayali family in [[Thalassery]], Chandran worked as a [[Reserve Bank of India]] employee before entering the film industry. He started his film career as an assistant director to [[P. A. Backer]]. He also acted the lead role in Backer's highly acclaimed political drama ''[[Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol]]'' (1975). He made his directorial debut with the unreleased feature ''[[Krishnan Kutty]]'' (1981), and followed this with the [[Tamil film]] ''[[Hemavin Kadhalargal]]'' (1985). Chandran came into prominence after ''[[Alicinte Anveshanam]]'' (1989), which was nominated for the Golden Leopard at the [[Locarno International Film Festival]]. This was followed with ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' (1993), his most famous film to date. Chandran is most known for his [[art-house]] films which have references to history and undertones of politics and [[feminism]]. He is also known for his trilogy on [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 Gujarat riots]], consisting of ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (2004), ''[[Vilapangalkappuram]]'' (2008) and ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' (2012). Other highly acclaimed films include ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]'' (1997), ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]'' (2001) and ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' (2003).{{Citation needed|date= March 2023}}

Chandran has won several film awards including six [[National Film Awards]] and ten [[Kerala State Film Awards]]. In 2023, Chandran was awarded the [[J. C. Daniel Award]], the highest award in [[Malayalam cinema]]. In addition to these, he is a recipient of a number of awards at various International film festivals.{{Citation needed|date= March 2023}}

==Early life and background==
T. V. Chandran was born in [[Thalassery|Telicherry]] (Thalassery), [[Malabar District]], [[Madras State]], the present day [[Kannur District]], Kerala, to Narayanan and Karthyayini Amma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?sletter=T&pigsection=Actor&picata=1 |title=CiniDiary |publisher=CiniDiary |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708160002/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?sletter=T&pigsection=Actor&picata=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After graduating with a degree from [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080522184224/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/09/stories/2008050950060200.htm "In memory of a master filmmaker"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> and a post graduation from [[Farook College]], [[University of Calicut]],<ref>[http://farookcollege.ac.in/main/alumninews.asp "Alumni Meet – Fostalgia-Diamond 2008"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427093311/http://www.farookcollege.ac.in/main/AlumniNews.asp |date=27 April 2011 }}. Farook College. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> he embarked on a career as a [[Reserve Bank of India]] employee before starting his film career.<ref name="Soul of fire">{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/99955C937985A13A6525694000620189|title=Soul on Fire|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 April 1998|access-date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213923/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/99955C937985A13A6525694000620189|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> In his college days, Chandran was sympathetic to [[naxalism|naxalite ideology]] and was closely associated with the [[Communist Party]].

Chandran's son Yadavan Chandran and brother Soman are also filmmakers. Yadavan has directed docu-films and has assisted Chandran in many of his films. Soman has been working as an assistant with Chandran right from his first film.<ref name="Danny Screen"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100507092111/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/04/stories/2010050450130200.htm "A journey of discovery"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> Chandran's attachment with his other brother, who died in [[Nigeria]] in the 1980s, later inspired the film ''[[Sankaranum Mohananum]]''.<ref name="Sankaranum Mohananum">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/25/stories/2011032550740200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130085535/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/25/stories/2011032550740200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2012|title=My brother and I|author=Vijay George|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 March 2011|access-date=4 April 2011}}</ref>

==Career==

===Early years: 1975–1981===
T. V. Chandran has had no formal training in film-making.<ref name="Soul of fire"/> He began his film career as an actor in [[P. A. Backer]]'s ''[[Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol]]'' (1975). The leftist political cinema that came out during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] period was adjudged [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] in the [[Kerala State Film Award]]s. P. A. Backer was awarded [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] that year for his directorial debut. The cast includes T. V. Chandran, Raveendran, J. Siddiqui and Shalini.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/09/stories/2008050950060200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522184224/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/09/stories/2008050950060200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2008|title=In memory of a master filmmaker|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 May 2008|access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/backer.html|title=P.A.Backer|publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net|access-date=16 March 2011|archive-date=17 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117060906/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/backer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chandran then worked as an assistant to P. A. Backer and the [[avant-garde]] filmmaker [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]]. According to Chandran, it was his association with director [[V. K. Pavithran]] (who also produced ''Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/pavithran.html|title=Pavithran|publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net|access-date=16 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204656/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/pavithran.html|archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref> that caused his transformation into the "condemned status" of a filmmaker. He says: "Our association had begun when I was just over 14, and since then we used to clandestinely share our interest in the film medium. Filmmaking was an event of celebration in the case of Pavithran and every phase of his productions had an exciting participation of the masses."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061112122826/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/13/stories/2006031310360300.htm "Homage paid to Pavithran"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref>

===Breakthrough: 1981–89===
Chandran debuted as a director with ''[[Krishnan Kutty]]'' (1981).<ref name="Soul of fire"/><ref name="Danny Screen"/> A critical and commercial failure, this experimental film did not even have a wide public release. The film represents a continuation of P. A. Backer's style of independent film.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|author=Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/174 174]|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref> Chandran's next venture was the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] feature film ''[[Hemavin Kadhalargal]]'' (1985). This film starred [[Delhi Ganesh]] and [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]. The film marked the debut of the latter, who dominated Tamil cinema for quite a long time. Though ''Hemavin Kadhalargal'' was a commercial success and garnered favourable reviews, Chandran got his much needed break only with his third venture ''[[Alicinte Anveshanam]]'' (1989). A [[mystery film]] by genre, it narrated the journey of a lady in search of her missing husband. It was the official entry from India for the [[Locarno International Film Festival]], and got a nomination for the Golden Leopard.<ref name="Soul of fire"/>

===International acclaim: 1993–2001===
In 1993, Chandran's much acclaimed ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'', was released. He cast two of India's greatest method actors, [[Mammootty]] and [[Nasiruddin Shah]], in the film that focused on the feudal era. It was based on [[C. V. Sreeraman]]'s two short stories: "Ponthan Mada" and "Sheema Thampuran". The film earned the national and state awards to Mammootty.<ref name="Soul of fire"/>

Chandran's next venture ''[[Ormakal Undayirikkanam]]'' (1995) starred [[Bharath Gopi]], Mammootty, Master Nitin, [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Sreenivasan]]. It portrayed the rise of the Communists to power in 1957 and the [[Vimochana Samaram]] (Liberation Struggle) of 1959. The film earned a national and a state award to Chandran.<ref name="Soul of fire"/> Film critic [[Kozhikodan]] included the film on his list of the ten best Malayalam movies of all time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kozhikodan |author-link=Kozhikodan |year=2001 |title=മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും മികച്ച പത്ത് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ [Malayala Cinemayile Ekkalatheyum Mikacha Pathu Chithrangal: 10 Best Films of All Time in Malayalam Cinema] |location=[[Calicut]], India |publisher=Poorna Publications }}</ref> With critical success coming back to back, Chandran wrote and directed ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''. Produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC), it was screened at the Zanzibar International Film Festival. The film won many major awards, including national and state awards.<ref>* {{cite web|url=http://www.nfdcindia.com/view_film.php?film_id=58|title=Mangamma (T.V.Chandran/ 1997 / 102 Mins/ Malayalam/ Social)|publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]|access-date=29 April 2011|archive-date=30 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930064349/http://www.nfdcindia.com/view_film.php?film_id=58|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=TV Highlights: The Week Ahead – Mangamma|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-05-21}}</ref>

The references to [[feminism]] can be best observed in ''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]'' (2000), a drama about Susanna, who appears to be a prostitute living with five different people at the same time. [[Vani Viswanath]] played the title role, widely appreciated to be the best in her career.<ref>. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> Chandran originally cast noted dancer [[Mallika Sarabhai]] in this role, but she opted out citing her busy schedule. As compensation, Sarabhai was given a major role by Chandran in his next venture ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]'' (2001), a [[comedy drama]] with [[Mammootty]] in the title role.<ref name="Danny Screen"/> It was Chandran's third collaboration with Mammootty. The film garnered universal acclaim with most of the critics hailing the performance of Mammootty. Chandran himself has rated this as the finest performance by any lead actor. The protagonist of this film is a mute witness to many historical world events. It won numerous awards including a National Film Award and three State Film Awards.<ref name="Danny Screen">Unni R. Nair. (7 June 2001). [http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010706/rmal1.html "Dani— Travelling with history"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920041220/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010706/rmal1.html |date=20 September 2008 }}. ''[[Screen India]]''. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040530121457/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/18/stories/2002031800960300.htm "Dissecting Danny"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 18 March 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20021126141123/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110800920100.htm "Remarkable portraits"]}}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 8 November 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/web_exclusive/160902/#storycontent "മമ്മൂട്ടി:ഭാഷയും ദേശവും- 6"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307121112/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/web_exclusive/160902 |date=7 March 2011 }}. (in Malayalam). ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref>

===''Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam'' and onwards: 2003–2012===
Chandrans following project, ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' (2003), dealt with [[child marriage]] and [[polygamy]] prevailing in traditional Muslim communities of Kerala. [[Meera Jasmine]] played the lead role, who won the National and State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film as a teenage Muslim girl. The premiere of the film saw protests from a group of Islamic periodicals in Kerala. The date of release was postponed more than once for this reason. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]]. T. V. Chandran narrowly missed his second national award as the best director for this film. As there was a tie, the casting vote of the chairman of the jury went to Bengali director [[Goutam Ghose]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031104050528/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/29/stories/2003082901530400.htm "A lesson forever"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 29 August 2003. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050105085014/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600110500.htm "Mature portrayal"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 26 September 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040117075736/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/12/07/stories/2003120700290500.htm "Married at 12, mother at 14"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 7 December 2003. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> With ''Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam'', Chandran ended his association with music director [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], bringing in background music specialist Issac Thomas Kottukapally to score his [[social thriller]] ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (2004). Co-produced by and starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], the film follows a murder mystery. The film tells the story of a civil engineer who commits suicide as a protest against the 2002 [[2002 Gujarat violence|Gujarat riots]]. The film stands odd in the filmography of Chandran for the narrative style it had.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040829234514/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/16/stories/2004081601370200.htm "Going offbeat"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 16 August 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> The film emerged the biggest winner at the Kerala State Film Awards with four wins.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060917001549/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/24/stories/2005072411480100.htm "Akale bags top honours, Syamaprasad is best director"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 24 July 2005. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> Chandran then worked in a Tamil psychological drama – ''[[Aadum Koothu]]'' (2005). The film unfolds from the life of a college student who can see what others don't. The film – starring [[Navya Nair]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] and [[Prakash Raj]] – was screened at various film festivals in 2005–06, but was not released in theatres. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 2005. ''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' – based on the aftermath of the [[2002 Gujarat violence|Gujarat riots]] of 2002 – was released in 2005. [[Priyanka Nair|Priyanka]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Sudheesh]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] played the pivotal roles, and Priyanka won a state award for her performance in the film as a Muslim woman gang raped by a group of communalists.

In 2008, Chandran returned as an actor after his debut in ''Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol'', in [[M. G. Sasi]]'s ''[[Atayalangal]]''. He played the supporting role of Bhaskara Kurup in the film that won five state film awards.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514083950/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/09/stories/2008050950030100.htm "Indelible impressions"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/09/stories/2008040955460100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412031920/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/09/stories/2008040955460100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2008|title=Atayalangal is best film|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 April 2008|access-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> With ''[[Boomi Malayalam]]'' (2009), another film focusing on themes of feminism, he associated with [[Suresh Gopi]] for the first time. The film was structurally different from Chandran's earlier attempts at mapping female life as the film depicted the plight of seven different women who represent different periods of time with all of them sharing a common feeling—–fear.

Most of Chandran's films were average performers at the box office even though they received strong positive reviews from critics and garnered awards at state, national and international levels. All of his films were screened at major national and international film festivals. He forayed into mainstream cinema with his next venture – ''[[Sankaranum Mohananum]]'' (2011) – a comedy fantasy starring [[Jayasurya]], [[Meera Nandan]] and [[Rima Kallingal]]. The film had Jayasurya appearing in 20 different getups. It was not a commercial success and was panned by critics. The film was screened at the "Malayalam Cinema Today" Section of the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A slice of Kerala|url=http://expressbuzz.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/A-slice-of-Kerala/340473.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=7 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>

Chandran concluded his trilogy on 2002 Gujarat riots with the film ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' (2012), a drama starring [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] and [[Sreenivasan]]. The film started production in June 2012 and had its title adapted from the famous short story "Bhoomiyude Avakashikal" by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=167051|title=ടി വി ചന്ദ്രന്‍ ചിത്രത്തില്‍ ശ്രീനിവാസന്‍ നായകന്‍|language=ml|newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]]|date=19 June 2012|access-date=21 June 2012|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313051451/http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=167051|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sreenivasan-to-act-in-bhoomiyude-avakashikal/264390-71-210.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610055234/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sreenivasan-to-act-in-bhoomiyude-avakashikal/264390-71-210.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2012|title=Actor Sreenivasan to act in 'Bhoomiyude Avakashikal'|publisher=IBNLive|date=5 June 2012|access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> The film's protagonist is driven away from [[Ahmedabad]] following the riots and eventually lands up in a secluded house in Kerala, in the company of insects and animals with whom he shares his thoughts, concerns, doubts and frustrations.<ref>{{cite news|author=C. S. Venkiteswaran|author-link=C. S. Venkiteswaran|date=4 October 2012|title=All things bright and beautiful...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008043654/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/all-things-bright-and-beautiful/article3965306.ece|archive-date=8 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was an official selection at at least three film festivals.

===Later years: 2015–present===
In 2016, Chandran directed ''[[Mohavalayam]]'' which narrates the life of Malayalis who reach Bahrain from Saudi Arabia, crossing the [[King Fahd Causeway]]. It was the first Indian film to be shot entirely in Bahrain.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsofbahrain.com/bahrain/6818.html |title=In a first, shooting of Indian film in Bahrain |newspaper=[[Daily Tribune (Bahrain)|Daily Tribune]] |date=14 October 2015 |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729130446/https://www.newsofbahrain.com/bahrain/6818.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2018, Chandran started the production works of his next project ''[[Pengalila]]'' which depicts the emotional bond between an 8-year-old girl and a 65-year-old daily wage worker who comes to clean up the backyard of the girl's house.<ref>[https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/10/tv-chandrans-pengalila-to-release-on-march-8-10045.html "TV Chandran's Pengalila to be released on March 8"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204558/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/10/tv-chandrans-pengalila-to-release-on-march-8-10045.html |date=22 February 2019 }}. ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]''. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/050818/an-unusual-bond.html "An unusual bond"]. ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''. 5 August 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.</ref> In 2023, Chandran received the highest award in [[Malayalam cinema]], the [[J. C. Daniel Award]] for the year 2022.<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/j-c-daniel-award-t-v-chandran/1107250 "2022ലെ ജെ സി ഡാനിയേൽ പുരസ്കാരം സംവിധായകൻ ടി വി ചന്ദ്രന്"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729123003/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/j-c-daniel-award-t-v-chandran/1107250 |date=29 July 2023 }}. ''[[Deshabhimani]]'' (in Malayalam). 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.</ref>

Chandran has also directed a few tele-films and tele-serials. Notable among them are the tele-film ''Varum Varaykakal'', which won the State TV Award for Second Best Tele-film,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109062011/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/03/stories/2001120301570300.htm Samaksham wins five State TV awards"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 3 December 2001. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> and the tele-serial, ''Sadasivante Kumbasaram.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030701042617/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/18/stories/2002031800940200.htm "From the ramp to the screen"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 18 March 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref>

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* 1993 – [[National Film Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Ponthan Mada]]''
* 1995 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]: ''[[Ormakal Undayirikkanam]]''
* 1997 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]: ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''
* 2001 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]: ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
* 2003 – [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]] : ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''
* 2005 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] : ''[[Aadum Koothu]]''

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* 1989 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]]: ''[[Alicinte Anveshanam]]''
* 1993 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]]: ''[[Ponthan Mada]]''
* 1995 – [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]]: ''[[Ormakal Undayirikkanam]]''
* 1997 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''
* 2000 – [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]]:''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]''
* 2001 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] : ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
* 2003 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]]: ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''
* 2004 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]]: ''[[Kathavasheshan]]''
* 2004 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] : ''[[Kathavasheshan]]''
* 2008 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]]: ''[[Boomi Malayalam]]''
* 2022 – [[J. C. Daniel Award]]

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Producer
!Screenplay
![[Author|Story]]
!Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1981
|''[[Krishnan Kutty]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Unreleased film
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1985
|''[[Hemavin Kadhalargal]]'' (''Hema's Lovers'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Tamil film]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1989
|''[[Alicinte Anveshanam]]'' (''The Search of Alice'')
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] Nominated for the Golden Leopard at [[Locarno International Film Festival]] Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1993
|''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' (''Pumpkin Mada'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Director]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] [[Muttathu Varkey Award]] Participation at Pessaro Film Festival Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1995
|''[[Ormakal Undayirikkanam]]'' (''Memories and Desires'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]] Participation at Phnom Penh International Film Festival Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1997
|''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] Audience Prize for Best Film at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] Participation at Zanzibar International Film Festival Participation at SAARC Film Festival Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2000
|''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]] Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Film Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Director Padmarajan Award for Best Director Padmarajan Award for Best Screenplay Bharathan Award for Best Director [[Asianet Film Award#Best Screenplay|Asianet Film Award for Best Screenplay]] Mathrubhumi Award for Best Director
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2001
|''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] Audience Prize for Best Film at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] [[Asianet Film Award]] for Best Film (Special Jury Prize) Mathrubhumi Film Award for Best Film (Special Jury Prize) John Abraham Award for Best Feature Film Participation at the Cinemaya International Film Festival Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2003
|''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' (''Lesson One: A Wail'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] Don Quixote Award for Best Film Mobyl Award at the Dhaka International Film Festival [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]] for Best Film<ref>{{cite news|title=Film critics' awards announced|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020105530400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040215234117/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020105530400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2004|date=1 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Director<ref>{{cite news|title=TV Chandran film wins critics' award|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-01/thiruvananthapuram/28330706_1_kerala-film-critics-association-award-meera-jasmine|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104002958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-01/thiruvananthapuram/28330706_1_kerala-film-critics-association-award-meera-jasmine|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|date=1 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Mathrubhumi Award for Best Film Padmarajan Award for Best Film<ref>{{cite news|title=Padmarajan Puraskaram announced |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/12/stories/2004051204910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040620141041/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/12/stories/2004051204910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2004|date=12 May 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Ramu Kariat Award<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040219025152/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/18/stories/2004011804230400.htm "Ramu Kariat award for T.V. Chandran"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 18 January 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</ref> Participation at [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]] Participation at [[Bangkok International Film Festival]] 2004<ref>{{cite news|title=The Thai Extravaganza |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301330100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530153414/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301330100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2004|date=23 January 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Participation at [[Cairo International Film Festival]] 2004 Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL OF INDIA 2003|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archieve/iffi/iffi2003/padam_onnu.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035452/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archieve/iffi/iffi2003/padam_onnu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2004
|''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' (''The Deceased'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] Participation at The Cinemaya International Film Festival Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=20 Feature & 15 non-feature films in the Indian Panorama at IFFI|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=12620|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=10 October 2005|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2005
|''[[Aadum Koothu]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Tamil film]] [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] Competition entry at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|title=14 films to vie for top award at IFFK|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-05/thiruvananthapuram/27804160_1_iffk-indian-films-top-award|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103083007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-05/thiruvananthapuram/27804160_1_iffk-indian-films-top-award|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2006|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam cinema dominates Indian Panorama|url=http://www.rediff.co.in/movies/2006/nov/22south.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 November 2006|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2008
|''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' (''Beyond the Wail'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Entry at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|title=14 films for IFFK competition section |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/31/stories/2008103159300300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127031021/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/31/stories/2008103159300300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2010|date=31 October 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Curtains go down on IFFI 2008|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20081202/1119038.html|publisher=Webindia123.com|date=2 February 2008|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111052/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20081202/1119038.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2008
|''[[Boomi Malayalam]]'' (''The Mother Earth'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] John Abraham Award for Best Film<ref>{{cite web|title=T V Chandran bags John Abraham award|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/t-v-chandran-awards-230209.html|work=Oneindia|date=23 February 2009|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023906/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2009/t-v-chandran-awards-230209.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''[[Sankaranum Mohananum]]'' (''Sankaran and Mohanan'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Entry at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|title=A slice of Kerala|url=http://expressbuzz.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/A-slice-of-Kerala/340473.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|publisher=Expressbuzz.com|access-date=28 October 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2012
|''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' (''The Inheritors of the Earth'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Competition entry at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/two-malayalam-films-for-iffk-competition/59602/|title= Two Malayalam films for IFFK competition|newspaper=Business Standard|location=India|date=23 September 2012|access-date=23 September 2012}}</ref> Indian Panorama selection at the [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2012/October/citytimes_October189.xml&section=citytimes "A Panorama of choice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020100726/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2012%2FOctober%2Fcitytimes_October189.xml&section=citytimes |date=20 October 2012 }}. ''Khaleej Times''. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> Indian Panorama selection at the [[Chennai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/showcase-of-the-best/article4160220.ece|title=Showcase of the best|author=Sudhish Kamath|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 December 2012|access-date=15 December 2012|archive-date=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205230735/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/showcase-of-the-best/article4160220.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2016
|''[[Mohavalayam]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2019
|''[[Pengalila]]'' (''Sister Leaf'')
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|}

; As actor
* ''[[Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol]]'' (''When the River Kabani Turned Red''; 1976)
* ''Kattu Vannu Vilichappol'' (2000)
* ''[[Atayalangal]]'' (''The Imprints''; 2008)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.tvchandran.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|0151535|T. V. Chandran}}
* [http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/chandran.html T. V. Chandran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204603/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/chandran.html |date=25 May 2011 }} at Cinema of Malayalam
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm Official Website of Information and Public Relation Department of Kerala]

{{T. V. Chandran}}
{{J. C. Daniel Award}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, T. V.}}
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kannur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kannur]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Farook College alumni]]

SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada

2026-02-21T17:49:57Z

Ajithkumardas6:

{{Short description|Kannada-language media award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in Kannada cinema
| presenter = Vibri Media Group
| country = [[India]]
| year = 21 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)
| holder = [[Ashika Ranganath]], ''[[O2 (2024 film)|O2]]'' ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])
| awardname = SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada
| total_awarded =
| most_wins = [[Rachita Ram]] (3)
| total_recipients =
| most_nominations = Rachita Ram (7)
| image = Ashika Ranganath.jpg
| image caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Ashika Ranganath]]
| holder_label = Most recent winner
}}

'''SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], for best acting done by an actress in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. The award was first given in 2012 for films released in 2011.

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="25" |[[wiktionary:superlative|Categories]]
! width="100" |Recipient
!Notes
|- style="height:2.5em;"
| width="250" |Most wins
| width="150" |[[Rachita Ram]]
|3
|-
|Most nominations
|Rachita Ram
|7
|- style="height:2.5em;"
|Oldest winner
|[[Milana Nagaraj]]
|Age 31
|-
|Youngest winner
|[[Shanvi Srivastava]]
|Age 24
|}

* [[Rachita Ram]] has maximum awards with three wins, followed by [[Ashika Ranganath]] with two wins.
* One actress has won the awards in consecutive years: Rachita Ram (2018-2019).
* [[Shanvi Srivastava]] is the only actress to have also won the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]].
* Rachita Ram have received the most nominations with seven, followed by [[Radhika Pandit]] and Ashika Ranganath with four nominations.

=== Multiple winners ===
{|class="wikitable"
! Wins !! Recipient(s)
|-
| 3 || [[Rachita Ram]]
|-
|2
|[[Ashika Ranganath]]
|}

=== Multiple nominations ===
{|class="wikitable"
! Nominations !! Recipient(s)
|-
| 7 || [[Rachita Ram]]
|-
| 4 || [[Radhika Pandit]], [[Ashika Ranganath]]
|-
| 3 || [[Pranitha Subhash]], [[Parul Yadav]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Chaithra J Achar]]
|-
| 2 || [[Ramya]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Amulya]], [[Shraddha Srinath]], [[Nivedhitha|Niveditha]], [[Nishvika Naidu]], [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
|}

== Winners and nominees ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Table key
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center;" style="background:#FAEB86; height:20px; width:20px"|{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
|Indicates the winner
|}
=== 2010s ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;"|Year
!style="width:30%;text-align:center;"|Actress
!style="width:30%;text-align:center;"|Film
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|{{Refh}}
|-
|style="text-align:center" |2011 {{small|([[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|1st]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Sanju Weds Geetha|'''Sanju Weds Geetha''']]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Kannada |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003600/http://siima.in/2012/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA Awards 2012: Winners List|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2012-Winners-List/articleshow/14371865.cms|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2012 {{small|([[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2nd]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Priyamani]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Chaarulatha]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Kannada |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003132/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref><ref>Kamath, Sudhish (15 September 2013) [http://m.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece Stars in Sharjah]. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2017-01-14.</ref>
|-
|[[Ragini Dwivedi]]
|''[[Shiva (2012 film)|Shiva]]''
|-
|[[Pranitha Subhash]]
|''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]''
|-
|[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
|''[[Sidlingu]]''
|-
|[[Radhika Pandit]]
|''[[Addhuri]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2013 {{small|([[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Aindrita Ray]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Bhajarangi]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003615/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-15|title=3rd SIIMA 2014 winners list: Googly wins 4 big awards!|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-kannada-googly-wins-four-awards-sivarajkumar-bags-best-actor-award-winners-list-609131|access-date=2020-09-28|website=IB Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kriti Kharbanda]]
|''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''
|-
|[[Amulya]]
|''[[Shravani Subramanya]]''
|-
|[[Radhika Pandit]]
|''[[Dilwala]]''
|-
|[[Pranitha Subhash]]
|''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2014 {{small|([[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Radhika Pandit]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari|'''Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528004455/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-11|title=Mr and Mrs Ramachari, Yash and Radhika shine at SIIMA 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-award-winners-at-siima/articleshow/48432299.cms|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kriti Kharbanda]]
|''[[Super Ranga]]''
|-
|[[Amulya]]
|''[[Gajakesari]]''
|-
|[[Parul Yadav]]
| ''Shivajinagara''
|-
|[[Pranitha Subhash]]
|''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2015 {{small|([[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Rachita Ram]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Ranna (film)|'''Ranna''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web|title=SIIMA 2016 winners|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=2017-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|archivedate=2016-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/siima-2016-kannada-winners-list | title=SIIMA Awards 2016 Kannada films and awards complete winners list|accessdate=29 September 2016|work=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mayuri Kyatari]]
|''[[Krishna Leela (2015 film)|Krishna Leela]]''
|-
|[[Parul Yadav]]
|''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]''
|-
|[[Radhika Pandit]]
|''[[Endendigu]]''
|-
|[[Shanvi Srivastava]]
|''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2016 {{small|([[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|6th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shraddha Srinath]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[U Turn (2016 film)|'''U Turn''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-01|title=6th SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Jr NTR bags Best Actor, Kirik Party wins Best Film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2017-jr-ntr-bags-best-actor-kirik-party-wins-best-film-1021817-2017-07-01|access-date=2021-09-28|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hariprriya]]
|''[[Neer Dose]]''
|-
|[[Parul Yadav]]
|''[[Killing Veerappan]]''
|-
|[[Shruti Hariharan]]
|''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
|-
|[[Vedhika]]
|''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2017 {{small|([[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shanvi Srivastava]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Tarak (film)|'''Tarak''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2017|title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/7th-siima-awards-complete-kannada-nominations-list/articleshow/65308460.cms|title=SIIMA 2018: 7th SIIMA awards - Complete Kannada nominations list|website=Times of India|date=7 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nivedhitha]]
|''[[Shuddhi (2017 film)|Shuddhi]]''
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|[[Chamak (film)|''Chamak'']]
|-
|[[Shraddha Srinath]]
|''[[Operation Alamelamma]]''
|-
|[[Shruti Hariharan]]
|''[[Beautiful Manasugalu]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2018 {{small|([[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Rachita Ram]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Ayogya (2018 film)|'''Ayogya''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 16, 2019|title=SIIMA 2019: Vijay Deverakonda and Keerthy Suresh win big. See pics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2019-vijay-deverakonda-and-keerthy-suresh-win-big-see-pics-1581463-2019-08-16|access-date=2020-09-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA 2019 Full Winner List: Yash, Keerthy Suresh and Vijay Deverakonda take home major awards|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siima-2019-full-winner-list-yash-keerthy-suresh-and-vijay-deverakonda-take-home-major-awards-468092|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Pinkvilla|date=16 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ashika Ranganath]]
|''[[Raambo 2]]''
|-
|[[Manvitha Harish]]
|''[[Tagaru]]''
|-
|[[Shruti Hariharan]]
|''[[Nathicharami]]''
|-
|[[Sonu Gowda]]
|''[[Gultoo]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2019 {{small|([[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Rachita Ram]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|'''Ayushman Bhava''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Winners for 2019|url=https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-2|access-date=22 August 2021|website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-11 |title=SIIMA Awards 2021 Winners: Rakshit Shetty, Rashmika, Darshan, and Rachita Ram among top honors |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakshit-shetty-rashmika-darshan-and-rachita-ram-among-top-honors-at-siima-2021/articleshow/86347445.cms |access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|[[Yajamana (2019 film)|''Yajamana'']]
|-
|[[Shanvi Srivastava]]
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
|-
|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]
|''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]''
|-
|[[Radhika Narayan]]
|''[[Mundina Nildana]]''
|}

=== 2020s ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;"|Year
!style="width:30%;text-align:center;"|Actress
!style="width:30%;text-align:center;"|Film
!style="width:5%;text-align:center;" class="unsortable"|{{Refh}}
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2020 {{small|([[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Milana Nagaraj]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Love Mocktail|'''Love Mocktail''']]''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=SIIMA Awards 2020: Dhananjay best actor and Love Mocktail best film among Kannada winners|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/siima-2020-awards-list-dhananjay-best-actor-and-love-mocktail-best-movie-rmd-271969.html/amp|website=TV9 Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nivedhitha]]
|''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]''
|-
|[[Kushee Ravi]]
|[[Dia (film)|''Dia'']]
|-
|[[Yagna Shetty]]
|''[[Act 1978]]''
|-
|[[Nishvika Naidu]]
|[[Gentleman (2020 film)|''Gentleman'']]
|-
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |2021 {{small|([[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ashika Ranganath]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''''[[Madhagaja]]'''''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-20 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022: ಪ್ಯಾನ್‌ ಇಂಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳ ಮಿಂಚು; ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಸಲ 'ಸೈಮಾ ಅವಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್ 2022' |work=Hindustan Times Kannada |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/siima-is-back-with-its-10th-edition-this-time-siima-awards-is-organized-in-bangalore-181660989156998.html |access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|''[[Pogaru]]''
|-
|[[Rachita Ram]]
|''[[Love You Rachchu]]''
|-
|[[Amrutha Iyengar]]
|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|-
|[[Nishvika Naidu]]
|''[[Sakath]]''
|-
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2022 {{small|([[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|11th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Srinidhi Shetty]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |[[KGF: Chapter 2|'''''KGF: Chapter 2''''']]
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ashika Ranganath]]
|''[[Raymo]]''
|-
|[[Sapthami Gowda]]
|''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
|-
|[[Rachita Ram]]
|''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''
|-
|[[Sharmila Mandre]]
|''[[Gaalipata 2]]''
|-
|[[Chaithra J Achar]]
|''Gilky''
|-
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |2023 {{small|([[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|12th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |[[Chaithra J Achar|'''Chaithra J Achar''']] '''{{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |''[[Toby (film)|'''Toby''']]''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024 winners: Nani, Mrunal Thakur, Shruti Haasan, Rakshit Shetty and others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/siima-awards-2024-winners-nani-mrunal-thakur-shruti-haasan-rakshit-shetty-and-others-101726377747271-amp.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Meghana Raj]]
|''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
|-
|[[Megha Shetty]]
|[[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
|-
|[[Rachita Ram]]
|''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]''
|-
|[[Rukmini Vasanth]]
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side A]]''
|-
|Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy
|''[[Aachar & Co]]''
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |2024 {{small|([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|13th]])}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ashika Ranganath]] {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[O2 (2024 film)|''O2'']]'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chaithra J Achar]]
|[[Blink (2024 Indian film)|''Blink'']]
|-
|[[Rachita Ram]]
|[[Matinee (2024 film)|''Matinee'']]
|-
|[[Roshni Prakash]]
|[[Murphy (film)|''Murphy'']]
|-
|[[Rukmini Vasanth]]
|[[Bhairathi Ranagal|''Bhairathi Ranagal'']]
|-
|[[Sharanya Shetty]]
|[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi|''Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi'']]
|}

== See also ==
* [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}{{DEFAULTSORT:SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Kannada}}
[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards|Best actress]]

Biju Expressway

2026-02-20T09:14:55Z

Ajithkumardas6: basic update information to improve readability and added references based on references

{{Short description|Road in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|image= Biju Expressway 01.jpg
|name= Biju Expressway
|marker_image=none
|map=
|length_km= 650
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= Chandili, [[Koraput district]]
|destinations=
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Rourkela]]
|state= Odisha
|cities=
|maint =
}}
'''Biju Expressway''' is a [[State highways in India|State Expressway]] in the state of [[Odisha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150414/jsp/frontpage/story_14491.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161230013847/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150414/jsp/frontpage/story_14491.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2016|title=Biju link takes off, battles low budget|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> with a total length of 650 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Biju-Expressway-Yet-to-Cut-Through-Red-Tape/2015/05/11/article2808200.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030123554/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Biju-Expressway-Yet-to-Cut-Through-Red-Tape/2015/05/11/article2808200.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2015|title=Biju Expressway Yet to Cut Through 'Red' Tape|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It starts at [[Chandili]] (border village in [[Koraput district]]) and goes on to touch border towns/market centres such as [[Kotpad]], [[Borigumma|Boriguma]], [[Nabarangpur]], [[Papadahandi]], Ambapani, Godbhanja, [[Dharamgarh|Dharmagarh]], [[Sinapali|Sinapalli]], Bhella, [[Nuapada]], [[Paikmal|Paikamal]], [[Padmapur|Padampur]], Sohela, [[Bargarh]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Jharsuguda]], [[Sundergarh|Sundargarh]] before ending at [[Rourkela]]. The main expressway is between Vedvyas and [[Sambalpur]]. The Biju Expressway contains three toll gates. The first one is 6 km before Rajgangpur Bypass.The second tollgate is at Masunikani and the third gate is at [[Rengali]]. The maximum capable speed limit of [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] SRTL (Larsen & Toubro Sambalpur Rourkela Tollway Limited) is 160 km/h between the 163 km stretch from Vedvyas to [[Rengali]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tender-for-rs-3-200-cr-biju-expressway-in-october-114090101182_1.html|title=Tender for Rs 3,200 cr Biju Expressway in October|author=Sadananda Mohapatra|date=1 September 2014|work=business-standard.com}}</ref> The current Odisha Government has numbered this Expressway as '''National Highway 126B'''([[National Highway 126B (India)|NH126B]]), Auxiliary highway of [[National Highway 26 (India)|NH26]] as it runs nearly parallel to [[National Highway 26 (India)|NH26]]. Biju Expressway has the distinction of being the Subsidiary Highway longer than the Main National Highway. Main [[National Highway 26 (India)|NH26]] covers {{convert|555|km|mi}} distance, Biju Expressway as [[National Highway 126B (India)|NH126B]] runs for {{convert|650|km|mi}} distance.

== Important Landmarks ==
*SH-10, Biju Expressway (ବିଜୁ ଏକ୍ସପ୍ରେସୱେ)
*Vedvyas (ବେଦବ୍ୟାସ)
*Kansbahal (କାଂଶବାହାଲ)
*Kutra (କୁତ୍ରା)
*Tudalaga (ତୁଡାଲଗା)
*Bargaon (ବଡ଼ଗାଁ)
*Jarangloi (ଜରଙ୍ଗଲୋଇ)
*Karamdihi (କରମଡ଼଼ିହି)
*[[Sundargarh]] (ସୁନ୍ଦରଗଡ)
*Kirei (କିରେଇ)
*[[Jharsuguda]] Bypass (ଝାରସୁଗୁଡା ବାଇପାସ)
*Badmal (ବଡ଼ମାଲ)
*[[Rengali]] (ରେଙ୍ଗାଲି)
*Ainthapali [[Sambalpur]] (ଅଇଁଠାପାଲି ସମ୍ବଲପୁର)
*[[Bargarh]] (ବରଗଡ଼)
*Sohela (ସୋହେଲା)
*SH-03 Biju Expressway (ବିଜୁ ଏକ୍ସପ୍ରେସୱେ)
*Padampur (ପଦ୍ମପୁର)
*Paikmal (ପାଇକମାଲ)
*Nuapada (ନୂଆପଡା)
[[File:BijuExpressway.jpg|thumb|Proposed route map of Biju Expressway]]
The total cost of the project is around ₹3,630 crore. The project will be completed in phased manner, in the first phase of the project, a {{convert|256|km|mi}} long four-lane road will be established by converting an existing road and a further 402 km will be converted into a two-lane road. In the second phase, 258 km of road will be converted into four lanes.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Naveen-Patnaik-launches-Rs-3200cr-Biju-Expressway-project/articleshow/41105400.cms|title=Naveen Patnaik launches Rs 3,200cr Biju Expressway project|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The first phase of the project was completed by December 2017, and the second phase was completed by the end of 2019. Since completion, it has reduce the travel time between the two cities from 12 hrs 45 mins to 9 hrs 45 mins hrs.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>

{{convert|308|km|mi}} of the total length would be converted into the four lane standard while the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) will further develop another 183 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Biju-Expressway-to-Bridge-Economic-Divide/2015/07/12/article2915744.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712183428/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Biju-Expressway-to-Bridge-Economic-Divide/2015/07/12/article2915744.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2015|title=Biju Expressway to Bridge Economic Divide|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The 160 km road from [[Rourkela]] to [[Sambalpur]] (SH-10) will be converted into four lanes through [[Public–private partnerships in India|Public Private Partnership]] (PPP).

==Status updates==
[[File:Biju Expressway 03.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] inaugurating Biju Expressway from Rourkela to Sambalpur]]
Status updates of the {{convert|650|km|mi}}long under construction Biju Expressway. The road will connect Rourkela to Chandili via Sambalpur, Nuapada, out of which the {{convert|350|km|mi}}long Rourkela-Sambalpur-Nuapada section will be 6 lanes wide and the remaining {{convert|300|km|mi}} Nuapada-Chandili section will be 4 lanes wide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=Biju Expressway Route Map, Cost, Progress, and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/biju-expressway/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

* June 2017: Road from Rourkela to Sambalpur to be completed by December 2017. All sections to be completed by June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/odisha-completes-three-major-roads-in-one-year/1088323|title=Odisha completes three major roads in one year}}</ref>
* March 2018: The {{convert|163|km|mi}} long four-lane expressway from Vedvyas to [[Sambalpur]] was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]].
* March 2019: 70% of the total work completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/naveen-patnaik-lists-his-govts-achievements-as-bjd-eyes-for-a-fifth-term/articleshow/68276631.cms|title=Naveen Patnaik lists his govt's achievements as BJD eyes for a fifth term | Bhubaneswar News - Times of India}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Biju Expressway 02.jpg|Part of Biju Expressway from Rourkela to Sambalpur
File:Biju Expressway 04.jpg|Part of Biju Expressway from Rourkela to Sambalpur
File:Biju Expressway 05.jpg|Part of Biju Expressway from Rourkela to Sambalpur
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Expressways in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]

Hardeep Grewal (Punjabi actor)

2026-02-16T12:54:00Z

Ajithkumardas6: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Singer and Actor}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Hardeep Grewal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| occupation = Singer and actor
| works = [[Tunka Tunka]], [[Six Each]]
| years_active = 2015–present
| label =
}}

'''Hardeep Grewal''' is an Indian singer, lyricist, actor, and film producer associated with the [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]] and film industries.<ref name=":71">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=‘Tunka Tunka’, ‘Batch 2013' fame actor Hardeep Grewal says OTTs bring about balance in regional entertainment world |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hardeep-grewal-regional-entertainment-world-interview-8335371/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|last=Sood|first=Ribha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Hardeep Grewal is all set to showcase his talent as an actor in Punjabi film Batch 2013 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/singer-hardeep-grewal-is-all-set-to-showcase-his-talent-as-an-actor-in-punjabi-film-batch-2013-430036/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Ritika |date=2021-06-19 |title=Hardeep Grewal is all set to mark his acting debut with the film 'Tunka Tunka'! |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/hardeep-grewal-is-all-set-to-mark-his-acting-debut-with-the-film-tunka-tunka |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=PTC News}}</ref> He is known for playing lead roles in films like [[Six Each]], [[Tunka Tunka]] and Batch 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Ritika |date=2022-01-01 |title=Hardeep Grewal unveiled first look of his next venture S.W.A.T Punjab |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/hardeep-grewal-unveiled-first-look-of-his-next-venture-s-w-a-t-punjab |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=PTC News}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Grewal was born in Jamalpur village, [[Ludhiana]] district, [[Punjab]], India.<ref name=":71" /> He completed his schooling in Punjab and later pursued engineering, earning postgraduate qualifications in production engineering. Before entering the entertainment industry, he worked as a lecturer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title='Thokar' fame Hardeep Grewal drops new romantic song 'I Don't Know' |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/thokar-fame-hardeep-grewal-drops-new-romantic-song-i-dont-know-en |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Music ===
Grewal began his professional music career in 2015 with the release of his debut album Thokar. Following his debut, he released several songs like “Thokar,” “Bulandiyan,” “40 Kille,” “Juti Jharrke,” “Jindarriye,” and “Mashhoor.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=ਸਾਂਝਾ |first=ਏਬੀਪੀ |title=ਹਰਦੀਪ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਦੀ Body Transformation ਦਿਖਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਉਸ ਦੀ Dedication, ਇਸ ਮਹੀਨੇ ਰਿਲੀਜ਼ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ ਫਿਲਮ |url=https://punjabi.abplive.com/entertainment/hardeep-grewal-s-body-transformation-shows-his-dedication-the-film-will-be-released-this-month-626007 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=ABP Sanjha |language=pa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-03 |title=ਹਰਦੀਪ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਨੇ ਬਿਆਨ ਕੀਤੀ ''ਸਖ਼ਤ ਮਿਹਨਤ'' ਦੀ ਕਹਾਣੀ, ਵੱਡੇ ਸਟਾਰਾਂ ਲਈ ਬਣੀ ਚੁਣੌਤੀ |url=https://jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/hardeep-grewal-s-unimaginable-body-transformation-for--1304390 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Jagbani}}</ref> His work as a singer and lyricist is often associated with motivational and socially reflective themes.

=== Film ===
Grewal later expanded his career into Punjabi cinema. He made his acting debut with [[Tunka Tunka]] (2021), in which he also served as a writer and producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunka Tunka {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tunka_tunka |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> He followed this with Batch 2013 (2022), continuing his involvement in acting, writing, and production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batch 2013 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batch_2013 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> In subsequent years, Grewal appeared in Je Paisa Bolda Hunda (2024) as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Je Paisa Bolda Hunda {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/je_paisa_bolda_hunda |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> He later starred in the crime drama [[Six Each]] (2025), in which he also contributed as a writer and producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਿਨੇਮਾ 2025; ਕਹਾਣੀ, ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਾਤਮਕਤਾ |url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/satrang/punjabi-cinema-2025-story-business-and-artistry/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Punjabi Tribune |language=pa}}</ref>

== Discography ==
===Album===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Album !! Type
|-
| 2015 || ''Thokar''|| ''Studio album''
|-
| 2016 || ''Taare''|| ''Studio album''
|-
| 2018 || ''Bulandiyan''|| ''Studio album''
|-
| 2019 || ''Unstoppable''|| ''Studio album''
|}

===Single===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Notes
|-
| ''2015''|| ''Thokar''|| ''Single''
|-
| ''2015''|| ''40 Kille''|| ''Single''
|-
| ''2016''|| ''Juti Jharrke''|| ''Single''
|-
| ''2018''|| ''Bulandiyan''|| ''Single''
|-
| ''2019''|| ''Jindarriye''|| ''Single''
|-
| ''2019''|| ''Mashhoor''|| ''Single''
|-
| ''2020''|| ''Hook n Crook''|| ''Single''
|-
| ''2020''|| ''Yes You Can''|| ''Single''
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| ''2021''|| ''[[Tunka Tunka]]'' || ''Actor, writer, producer''
|-
| ''2022''|| ''Batch 2013''|| ''Actor, writer, producer''
|-
| ''2024''|| ''Je Paisa Bolda Hunda''|| ''Actor''
|-
| ''2025''|| ''[[Six Each]]'' || ''Actor, writer, producer''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Hardeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Holding Back

2026-02-16T05:51:54Z

Ajithkumardas6:

{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{for|the Indian film|Holding Back (film)}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Holding Back
| type = single
| artist = [[Banks (singer)|Banks]]
| album = [[Serpentina (album)|Serpentina]]
| released = {{Start date|2022|02|25}}
| genre =
| length = 3:53
| label =
* [[AWAL]]
* Her Name Is Banks
| writer =
* Israel Heller
* [[Banks (singer)|Jillian Rose Banks]]
* Jasmin Mary Tadjiky
* [[Beat Butcha|Eliot Peter Phillip Dubock]]
* Rachel Moulden
| producer =
* [[Beat Butcha]]
* [[Tālā (musician)|Tālā]]
* Banks
| prev_title = [[Skinnydipped]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = I Still Love You
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{External music video|header=Lyric video|{{YouTube|9MKUt1HvLf8|"Holding Back"}}}}
}}

"'''Holding Back'''" is a song by American singer-songwriter [[Banks (singer)|Banks]], released on February 25, 2022 as the third single from her fourth studio album, ''[[Serpentina (album)|Serpentina]]'' (2022).

==Background and promotion==
After releaseing two previous singles, "[[The Devil (Banks song)|The Devil]]" and "[[Skinnydipped]]",<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kenneally |first=Cerys |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/banks-announces-fourth-album-with-new-single-holding-back |title=Banks announces fourth album with new single "Holding Back" |magazine=[[The Line of Best Fit]] |date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Banks debuted "Holding Back" on February 24, 2022, in ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newstead |first=Al |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/banks-single-holding-back-announces-new-album-serpentina/13774614 |title=Banks Isn't 'Holding Back' on Her New Single and Fourth Album, ''Serpentina'' |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=February 28, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Graves |first=Wren |url=https://consequence.net/2022/02/banks-serpentina-holding-back-kimmel-watch/ |title=Banks Announces New Album Serpentina, Debuts "Holding Back" on Kimmel: Watch |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]] |date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref> Alongside the single's release, she announced her then-upcoming fourth album, ''Serpentina''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sanchez |first=Emma |url=https://variancemagazine.com/sounds/12857-banks-holding-back |title=Banks Shares Explosive New Single 'Holding Back,' Confirms New Album |magazine=[[Variance (magazine)|Variance]] |date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225165531/https://variancemagazine.com/sounds/12857-banks-holding-back |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lavin |first=Will |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/banks-announces-new-album-serpentina-shares-anthemic-single-holding-back-3170003 |title=Banks Announces New Album ''Serpentina'', Shares Anthemic Single 'Holding Back' |magazine=[[NME]] |date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225195504/https://www.nme.com/news/music/banks-announces-new-album-serpentina-shares-anthemic-single-holding-back-3170003 |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Milewski |first=Kathryn |url=https://live365.com/blog/banks-releases-new-single-holding-back-announces-upcoming-album-serpentina/ |title=Banks Releases New Single 'Holding Back' & Announces Upcoming Album ''Serpentina'' |publisher=[[Live365]] |date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Murray |first=Robin |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/banks-launches-new-album-serpentina/ |title=Banks Launches New Album ''Serpentina'' |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref>

According to Banks, "Holding Back" carries an "energy that is so big it could take up the whole room". She stated that amid the negativity of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], she wanted to uplift listeners through her music, offering a contrast to the darker material on her earlier albums ''[[Goddess (Banks album)|Goddess]]'' (2014) and ''[[The Altar]]'' (2016). She added that the song "makes me feel ready to conquer the world".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mier |first=Thomás |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/banks-announces-serpentina-drops-holding-back-1295634/ |url-access=limited |title=Banks Slithers into the Driver's Seat of Her Destiny as She Announces LP ''Serpentina'' |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225052156/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/banks-announces-serpentina-drops-holding-back-1295634/ |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Line of Best Fit]]''{{'}}s Hannah Broughton described "Holding Back" as "rapturous", noting that the song showcases new vocal approaches from Banks including "[[Nao (singer)|Nao]]-like pitched-up vocals".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Broughton |first=Hannah |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/banks-serpentina-album-review |title=Banks Leans into Her '00s R&B and Pop Influences on ''Serpentina'' |magazine=[[The Line of Best Fit]] |date=April 5, 2022 |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410142731/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/banks-serpentina-album-review |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Composition==
Skyy Rincon of ''MXDWN'' described "Holding Back" as "euphoric", highlighting its "mellifluous harmonization". She stated that the song "starts off on an intense note", and noted its "dreamy atmosphere" as it develops with layered vocalizations and melodies. Rincon concluded that the track results in a "decadent, heavenly listener experience".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rincon |first=Skyt |url=https://music.mxdwn.com/2022/02/24/news/banks-announces-new-album-serpentina-for-april-2022-release-debuts-euphoric-new-single-holding-back/ |title=Banks Announces New Album Serpentina For April 2022 Release, Debuts Euphoric New Single "Holding Back" |magazine=MXDWN |date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref>

==Personnel==
Credits were adapted from [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tidal.com/album/261306766/credits |title=Holding Back |at=Credits |publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] |date=February 15, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref>

* [[Banks (singer)|Banks]] – lead vocal, songwriter, producer
* [[Beat Butcha|Eliot Peter Phillip Dubock]] – songwriter, producer
* Israel Heller – songwriter
* Jasmin Mary Tadjiky – songwriter
* Rachel Emily Moulden – songwriter
* [[Tālā (musician)|Tālā]] – producer

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of release dates and formats
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format(s)
! scope="col"| Label
! scope="col"| {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row"| Various
| June 16, 2022
| {{hlist|[[Music download|Digital download]]|[[streaming]]}}
| {{hlist|[[AWAL]]|Her Name Is Banks}}
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3Qt1YsLiibSWZhhqi1W4DI |title=Holding Back |publisher=[[Spotify]] |date=February 15, 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|1TO9-ujYh7A|"Skinnydipped" audio}}

{{Banks}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 singles]]
[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:Banks (singer) songs]]
[[Category:AWAL singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Banks (singer)]]

List of vice presidents of India

2026-02-15T13:16:14Z

Ajithkumardas6: Revised content for better accuracy

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Politics of India}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg
| width1 = 400
| height1 = 500
| image2 = Varahagiri Venkata Giri, 3rd Vice President of India.jpg
| width2 = 400
| height2 = 500
| image3 = The Vice President, Shri Shri M. Hamid Ansari during the release of his book ‘Citizen and Society’ at Rashtrapati Bhavan in 2016.jpg
| width3 = 400
| height3 = 500
| image4 = Shri C P Radhakrishnan, Honourable Vice President of India (cropped).jpg
| width4 = 400
| height4 = 500
| footer = {{bulleted list
|Top left: [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] was the first and longest-serving vice president of India.
|Top right: [[V. V. Giri]] was the first vice president to serve as acting president upon the demise of the president.
|Bottom left: [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] was the second-longest-serving vice president and the only vice president to serve under three presidents.
|Bottom right: [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] is the current vice president.}}
}}
The [[vice president of India]] is the second highest constitutional office in the [[government of India]] after the [[President of India|president]]. In accordance with Article 63 of the [[Constitution of India]], the vice president discharges the functions of the president when a contingency arises due to the resignation, removal, death, impeachment or the inability of the president to discharge their functions. They are also the ''[[ex officio]]'' chairperson of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name=nn>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsnation.in/india-news/powers-and-responsibilities-of-vice-president-of-india-article-177178.html|title=Powers and responsibilities of Vice President of India|website=News Nation|date=17 July 2017|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/fact-box-vice-president-of-india-1502173602-1|title=Fact Box: Vice President of India|last=Jha|first=Jitesh|work=Dainik Jagran|date=8 August 2017|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205003517/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/fact-box-vice-president-of-india-1502173602-1|archive-date=5 December 2017|url-status=live}}
</ref>

The vice president is elected by an electoral college consisting of all members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of [[proportional representation]] by means of the [[single transferable vote]] via a secret ballot conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]]. Once elected the vice president continues in office for a five-year term, but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term, until a successor assumes office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/examining-anti-trafficking-bill-2018|title=Following the elections of the Vice President of India|last=Relhan|first=Vibhor|publisher=PRS Legislative Research|date=5 August 2017|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> They can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/practice_procedure/book1.asp|title=The Upper House of Indian Parliament|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407101930/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/practice_procedure/book1.asp|archive-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live}}
</ref> They are responsible for the protection of the rights and privileges of the members of the Council of States. They also decide whether a bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha is a financial bill.<ref name=nn/>
There have been 15 vice presidents since the inception of the post in 1950. The first vice president of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], took oath at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 13 May 1952.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan-to-venkaiah-naidu-all-the-vice-presidents-of-india/articleshow/59932876.cms|title=From Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan to Venkaiah Naidu: All the Vice Presidents of India|work=The Times of India|date=5 August 2017|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911065932/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan-to-venkaiah-naidu-all-the-vice-presidents-of-india/articleshow/59932876.cms|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}
</ref> He later served as the president.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html|title=Radhakrishnan of India, Philosopher, Dead at 86|last=Greenhouse|first=Linda|work=The New York Times|date=17 April 1975|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212090229/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html|archive-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live}}
</ref> Following the death of [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] in 1969, [[Varahagiri Venkata Giri]] resigned from the post of vice president to contest the presidential election and got elected.<ref name=it>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/venkaiah-naidu-gopalkrishna-gandhi-vice-presidential-election-1024892-2017-07-18|title=Venkaiah Naidu vs Gopalkrishna Gandhi: 6 vice-presidents who went on to become presidents|work=India Today|date=18 July 2017|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> Out of 15 vice presidents, six of them later went on to become the president.<ref name=it/> [[Krishan Kant]] has been the only one to die during his tenure.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/27vp1.htm|title=Krishan Kant is first vice-president to die in office|last=Jafri|first=Syed Amin|work=Rediff.com|date=27 July 2002|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031948/http://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/27vp1.htm|archive-date=16 December 2018|url-status=live}}
</ref> [[Venkaiah Naidu]]<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venkaiah-naidu-sworn-in-as-vice-president/article19471240.ece|title=Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President|date=11 August 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173947/http://rstv.nic.in/rstv/aboutus.asp|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=live}}
</ref> is the first vice president to be born after [[Independent India|Indian Independence]].

==List of vice presidents==
This list is numbered based on vice presidents elected after winning an Indian vice presidential election. The vice president of India does not represent any political party. The colors used in the table indicate the related party from which they originally came.



{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Vice Presidents {{!}} Vice President of India {{!}} Government of India |url=https://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/former-vice-Presidents |access-date= |website=vicepresidentofindia.nic.in}}</ref>
!Election
![[President of India|President]]
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Photograph_of_Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan_presented_to_First_Lady_Jacqueline_Kennedy_in_1962.jpg|97x97px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|13 May 1952
|13 May 1957
| rowspan="2" |10 years
|[[1952 Indian vice presidential election|1952]] {{small|(Unopposed)}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendra Prasad]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-
|13 May 1957
|13 May 1962
|[[1957 Indian vice presidential election|1957]] {{small|(Unopposed)}}
|-
|[[File:Zakir Husain, 2nd Vice President of India.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Zakir Husain]]
|13 May 1962
|13 May 1967
|5 years
|[[1962 Indian vice presidential election|1962]] {{small|(95.3%)}}
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|[[File:Varahagiri Venkata Giri, 3rd Vice President of India.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[V. V. Giri]]
|13 May 1967
|3 May 1969{{efn|name="president"|Resigned after being elected as the [[President of India]].}}
|{{Ayd|13 may 1967|3 may 1969}}
|[[1967 Indian vice presidential election|1967]] {{small|(71.45%)}}
|[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]
|-
|[[File:Gopal Swarup Pathak1.jpg|93x93px]]
|[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]
|31 August 1969
|31 August 1974
|5 years
|[[1969 Indian vice presidential election|1969]] {{small|(52.7%)}}
|[[Varahagiri Venkata Giri]]
----[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
|[[File:Basappa Danappa Jatti, 5th Vice President of India.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[B. D. Jatti]]
|31 August 1974
|31 August 1979
|5 years
|[[1974 Indian vice presidential election|1974]] {{small|(78.7%)}}
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
----[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
|-
|[[File:Mohammad Hidayatullah, 6th Vice President of India.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
|31 August 1979
|31 August 1984
|5 years
|[[1979 Indian vice presidential election|1979]] {{small|(Unopposed)}}
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
----[[Zail Singh]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-
|[[File:Ramaswamy_Venkataraman_(2012_stamp_of_India)_(cropped).jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|31 August 1984
|24 July 1987{{efn|name="president"}}
|{{Ayd|31 august 1984|24 july 1987}}
|[[1984 Indian vice presidential election|1984]] {{small|(71.05%)}}
|[[Zail Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|-
|[[File:Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg|103x103px]]
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|3 September 1987
|24 July 1992{{efn|name="president"}}
|{{Ayd|3 september 1987|24 july 1992}}
|[[1987 Indian vice presidential election|1987]] {{small|(Unopposed)}}
|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
|[[File:President_Clinton_with_Indian_president_K._R._Narayanan_(cropped).jpg|103x103px]]
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|21 August 1992
|24 July 1997{{efn|name="president"}}
|{{Ayd|21 august 1992|24 july 1997}}
|[[1992 Indian vice presidential election|1992]] {{small|(99.86%)}}
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
|[[File:Krishan Kant, 10th Vice President of India.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Krishan Kant]]
|21 August 1997
|27 July 2002{{efn|Died in Office}}
|{{Ayd|21 august 1997|27 july 2002}}
|[[1997 Indian vice presidential election|1997]] {{small|(61.76%)}}
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
----[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|-
|[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|19 August 2002
|21 July 2007{{Efn|Resigned to contest the [[2007 Indian presidential election]], but lost to [[Pratibha Patil]].}}
|{{Ayd|19 august 2002|21 july 2007}}
|[[2002 Indian vice presidential election|2002]] {{small|(59.82%)}}
|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Hamid Ansari retire cropped.png|center|frameless|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
|11 August 2007
|11 August 2012
| rowspan="2" |10 years
|[[2007 Indian vice presidential election|2007]] (60.5%)
|[[Pratibha Patil]]
----[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|11 August 2012
|11 August 2017
|[[2012 Indian vice presidential election|2012]] {{small|(67.31%)}}
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
----[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
|[[File:Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
|11 August 2017
|11 August 2022
|5 years
|[[2017 Indian vice presidential election|2017]] {{small|(67.89%)}}
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
----[[Droupadi Murmu]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|[[File:Shri JDhankhar.png|75x75px]]
|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
|11 August 2022
|{{dts|2025|7|21|format=dmy}}{{efn|Resigned}}
|{{Ayd|11 august 2022|21 july 2025}}
|[[2022 Indian vice presidential election|2022]] {{small|(74.37%)}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
|[[File:Shri C P Radhakrishnan, Honourable Vice President of India (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
|12 September 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|12 september 2025|}}
|[[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025]] {{small|(60.1%)}}
|}

== Statistics ==

{{Pie chart
| caption= Representation of vice presidents by party of candidacy
| label1 = Independent
| value1 = 33.333| color1 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
| label2 = Indian National Congress
| value2 = 33.333| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| value3 = 26.667| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label4 = Janata Dal
| value4 = 6.667| color4 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
}}

;Timeline
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =
id:BJP value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2) legend:BJP
id:INC value:rgb(0,0.74902,1) legend: INC
id:IND value:gray(0.8) legend:IND
id:JD value:kelleygreen legend:JD
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1952 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:10 start:1952

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:100

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
barset:VP

PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
barset:VP

from: 13/05/1952 till: 12/05/1962 color:IND text:"[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|S. Radhakrishnan]]" fontsize:10
from: 13/05/1962 till: 12/05/1967 color:IND text:"[[Zakir Husain|Husain]]" fontsize:10
from: 13/05/1967 till: 03/05/1969 color:IND text:"[[V. V. Giri|Giri]]" fontsize:10
from: 31/08/1969 till: 30/08/1974 color:IND text:"[[Gopal Swarup Pathak|Pathak]]" fontsize:10
from: 31/08/1974 till: 30/08/1979 color:INC text:"[[B. D. Jatti|Jatti]]" fontsize:10
from: 31/08/1979 till: 30/08/1984 color:IND text:"[[Mohammad Hidayatullah|Hidayatullah]]" fontsize:10
from: 31/08/1984 till: 24/07/1987 color:INC text:"[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|Venkataraman]]" fontsize:10
from: 03/09/1987 till: 24/07/1992 color:INC text:"[[Shankar Dayal Sharma|Sharma]]" fontsize:10
from: 21/08/1992 till: 24/07/1997 color:INC text:"[[K. R. Narayanan|Narayanan]]" fontsize:10
from: 21/08/1997 till: 27/07/2002 color:JD text:"[[Krishan Kant|Kant]]" fontsize:10
from: 19/08/2002 till: 21/07/2007 color:BJP text:"[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat|Shekhawat]]" fontsize:10
from: 11/08/2007 till: 10/08/2017 color:INC text:"[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Ansari]]" fontsize:10
from: 11/08/2017 till: 10/08/2022 color:BJP text:"[[Venkaiah Naidu|Naidu]]" fontsize:10
from: 11/08/2022 till: 21/07/2025 color:BJP text:"[[Jagdeep Dhankhar|Dhankhar]]" fontsize:10
from: 09/09/2025 till: end color:BJP text:"[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]" fontsize:10
}}

==See also==
* [[President of India]]
* [[Vice President of India]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]
* [[List of prime ministers of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/ Vice-President of India (official website)]

{{Vice Presidents of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vice presidents of India}}
[[Category:Lists of vice presidents|India]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in India]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha]]

List of vice presidents of India

2026-02-15T13:16:14Z

Ajithkumardas6: Revised content for better accuracy

Artificial intelligence in India

2026-02-14T08:13:54Z

Ajithkumardas6: put up initial bio more to come

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

The '''[[artificial intelligence]]''' (AI) market in India is projected to reach $8 billion by 2025, growing at 40% [[CAGR]] from 2020 to 2025.<ref name="trade">{{cite web |url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/india-artificial-intelligence |title=India Artificial Intelligence |date=30 April 2024 |publisher=International Trade Administration |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref> This growth is part of the broader [[AI boom]], a global period of rapid technological advancements with India being pioneer starting in the early 2010s with NLP based Chatbots from [[Haptik]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2017-10-10 |title=Inside Haptik.ai, a made in India and for India personal assistant and end to end chatbot platform |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/inside-haptik-ai-a-made-in-india-and-for-india-personal-assistant-and-end-to-end-chatbot-platform-4128927.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Corover.ai, [[Niki.ai]] and then gaining prominence in the early 2020s based on [[reinforcement learning]], marked by breakthroughs such as [[Generative artificial intelligence|generative AI]] models from [[Kruti|Krutrim]], Sarvam, CoRover, [[OpenAI]] and [[AlphaFold|Alphafold]] by [[Google DeepMind]]. In India, the development of AI has been similarly transformative, with [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare|applications in healthcare]], finance, and education, bolstered by government initiatives like [[NITI Aayog]]'s 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf}}</ref> National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. Institutions such as the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] and the [[Indian Institute of Science]] published breakthrough AI research papers and patents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Raghotham |date=12 September 2024 |title=IISc scientists develop brain-inspired analog computing platform |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/technology/iisc-scientists-report-computing-breakthrough-3187052 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-15 |title=IISc scientists achieve breakthrough in AI hardware |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Sep/15/iisc-scientists-achieve-breakthrough-in-ai-hardware |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnani |first=Meeta |date=2022-01-27 |title=ISI director & AI researcher wins Padma Shri for contributions to science & engineering |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/isi-director-ai-researcher-wins-padma-shri-for-contributions-to-science-engineering/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

India's transformation to AI is primarily being driven by [[Startup India|startups]] and government initiatives & policies like [[Digital India]]. By fostering technological trust through [[digital public infrastructure]], India is tackling socioeconomic issues by taking a bottom-up approach to AI. [[NASSCOM]] and [[Boston Consulting Group]] estimate that by 2027, India's AI services might be valued at $17 billion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=2024-09-05 |title=India Is Emerging as a Key Player in the Global AI Race |url=https://time.com/7018294/india-ai-artificial-intelligence-ambani/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> According to 2025 Technology and Innovation Report, by [[UN Trade and Development]], India ranks 10th globally for private sector investments in AI.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=4 April 2025 |title=India ranks tenth with $1.4 billion private investment in Artificial Intelligence: United Nations report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranks-tenth-with-14-billion-private-investment-in-artificial-intelligence-united-nations-report/article69411505.ece |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> According to [[Mary Meeker]], India has emerged as a key market for AI platforms, accounting for the largest share of [[ChatGPT]]'s mobile app users and having the third-largest user base for [[DeepSeek (chatbot)|DeepSeek]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barik |first=Soumyarendra |date=2025-06-02 |title=India's rapid AI adoption, China's open source lead in focus in Mary Meeker report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/china-india-rapid-ai-adoption-open-source-mary-meeker-report-10043217/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Meeker |first1=Mary |last2=Simons |first2=Jay |last3=Chae |first3=Daegwon |last4=Krey |first4=Alexander |date=30 May 2025 |title=Trends – Artificial Intelligence; BOND; May 2025 |url=https://www.bondcap.com/report/pdf/Trends_Artificial_Intelligence.pdf |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=bondcap.com}}</ref>

While AI presents significant opportunities for economic growth and social development in India, challenges such as data privacy concerns, skill shortages, and ethical considerations need to be addressed for responsible AI deployment.<ref name="carnegie">{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2016/08/india-and-the-artificial-intelligence-revolution?lang=en |title=India and the Artificial Intelligence Revolution |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref> The growth of AI in India has also led to an increase in the number of [[Cyberattack|cyberattacks]] that use AI to target organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Nearly 95% Indian Firms Hit By AI-linked Security Incidents In Past Year: Study |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/nearly-95-indian-firms-hit-by-ai-linked-security-incidents-in-past-year-study-557175 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=BW Businessworld}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early days (1960s-1980s) ===
The [[TIFRAC]] (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator) was designed and developed by a team led by [[Rangaswamy Narasimhan]] between 1954 and 1960. He worked on [[pattern recognition]] from 1961 to 1964 at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]]'s Digital Computer Laboratory. In order to conduct research on database technology, [[computer networking]], [[computer graphics]], and [[System software|systems software]], he and [[M. G. K. Menon]] founded the National Centre for Software Development and Computing Techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Rangaswamy Narasimhan: Doyen of Computer Science and Technology |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/013/05/0407-0409 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Resonance |agency=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> In 1965, he established the [[Computer Society of India]] and supervised the initial research work on AI at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]. Jagdish Lal launched the first computer science program in 1976 at [[Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College]]. [[H. K. Kesavan]] from the [[University of Waterloo]] and [[Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman]] from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] joined the [[IIT Kanpur]] Electrical Engineering Department in 1963–1964 as Assistant Professor and Head of Department, respectively. H.N. Mahabala, who was employed at [[Bendix Corporation]]'s Computer Division, joined the department in 1965. He previously worked with [[Marvin Minsky]]. The IIT Kanpur Computer Center was led by H. K. Kesavan, with Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman serving as his deputy. Kesavan informally permitted Rajaraman and Mahabala to introduce artificial intelligence into computer science classes. The computer science program was approved by IIT Kanpur in 1971 and split out from the electrical engineering department. In 1973, an [[IBM System/370 Model 155]] was installed at [[IIT Madras]]. [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]], head of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at [[Stanford University]] visited IIT Kanpur in 1971. He donated [[PDP-1]] with a [[time-sharing operating system]]. During the 1970s, the balance of payments deficit in India restricted import of computers. The Department of Computer Science and Automation at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] established in 1969, played an important role in nurturing the development of data science and artificial intelligence in India. First course on AI was introduced in 1970's by G. Krishna. [[B. L. Deekshatulu]] introduced the first course on pattern recognition in early 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Artificial Intelligence Appreciation Day. Celebrating the Impact and Future of AI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=151932&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=CSE at IITK: The DEC-1090 years. Remembering Rajeev Motwani. From IITK to IBM |url=https://iitk.ac.in/dora/spark/issue-3/spark-issue-3.pdf |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=The Spark}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandru |first=Vijay |date=2020-12-21 |title=The academic legacy of AI in India |url=https://www.historiansofthenow.org/post/the-academic-legacy-of-ai-in-india |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Historians of the Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Landscape of Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning Research in India |url=https://itihaasa.com/public/pdf/LandscapeofAI-MLResearch.pdf |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=Itihaasa Research and Digital}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Smita |date=2018-06-15 |title=Top 10 Machine Learning Researchers In India |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/top-10-machine-learning-researchers-in-india/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Foundation phase ===

==== 1980s ====
In the 1980s, the [[Indian Statistical Institute]]'s '''Optical Character Recognition Project''' was one of the country's first attempts at studying artificial intelligence and machine learning. OCR technology has benefited greatly from the work of ISI's Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, which is headed by [[Bidyut Baran Chaudhuri]]. He also contributed in the development of [[computer vision]] and [[digital image processing]].<ref name="ieee2">{{cite web |title=IEEE Life Fellow Dictionary |url=https://services27.ieee.org/fellowsdirectory/getdetailprofile.html?custNum=wuV%2FRGDgNqLkDSNuwOHoig%3D%3D&bccaptions=Chronological&bclocations=%2Ffellowsdirectory%2FmenuCHRONOLOGICAL.html%3FbeginYr%3D2001%26endYr%3D2001 |accessdate=20 November 2018 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit |url=https://cvpru.isical.ac.in/content/computer-vision-and-pattern-recognition-unit |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Indian Statistical Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A pioneer developer of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) System for Bangla and Devnagri script. |url=https://www.isical.ac.in/~cvpr/CVPR-WebSite/index.html |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=CVPR Unit |agency=Indian Statistical Institute}}</ref> As part of the '''Indian Fifth Generation Computer Systems Research Programme''', the [[Department of Electronics & IT|Department of Electronics]], with support from the [[United Nations Development Programme]], initiated the '''Knowledge Based Computer Systems Project''' in 1986, marking the beginning of India's first major AI research program. [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] requested that the Department of Electronics and [[IISc]] to initiate the '''Parallel Processing Project''' in 1986–1987. The [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|Center for Development of Advanced Computing]] eventually joined those efforts. IIT Madras was selected to develop system diagnosis, [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI]] for image processing, [[National Centre for Software Technology]] for [[natural language processing]] and [[TIFR]] for [[speech processing]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saint-Dizier |first=Patrick |date=1991-06-15 |title=The Knowledge-Based Computer System Development Program of India: A Review |url=https://ojs.aaai.org/aimagazine/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/898 |journal=AI Magazine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=33 |doi=10.1609/aimag.v12i2.898 |issn=2371-9621}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 1998 |title=Supercomputer Unveiled |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/supercomputer-unveiled-198033001036_1.html |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 1987, the proposal of [[N. Seshagiri]], Director General of the [[National Informatics Centre]] for the prototype development of supercomputer was cleared.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninan |first=T.N |date=1987-11-15 |title=Government approves ambitious project to indigenously develop prototype supercomputer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19871115-government-approves-ambitious-project-to-indigenously-develop-prototype-supercomputer-799502-1987-11-14 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=B K |date=23 November 2024 |title=Supercomputers: Tracing India's journey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/supercomputers-tracing-india-s-journey-3288243 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Negotiations for a [[Cray supercomputer]] were underway between the [[Reagan administration]] and the [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi government]]. US Defense Secretaries [[Frank Carlucci]] and [[Caspar Weinberger]] visited [[New Delhi]] after the US approved the transfer in 1988. The sale of a lower-end XMP-14 supercomputer was permitted in lieu of the [[Cray]] XMP-24 supercomputer due to security concerns. The Center for Development of Advanced Computing was formally established in March 1988 by the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] (previously the Ministry of IT) within the [[Department of Information Technology]] (formerly the Department of Electronics) in response to a recommendation made to the Prime Minister by the Scientific Advisory Council. The '''National Initiative in Supercomputing''', which produced the [[PARAM|PARAM series]], was led by [[Vijay P. Bhatkar]]. For the first ten years, supercomputing and Indian language computing were the two main focus areas. [[C-DAC]] has expanded its operations in order to meet the needs in a number of domains, including network and internet software, [[real-time systems]], artificial intelligence, and [[Natural language processing|NLP]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Auerbach |first=Stuart |date=31 October 1986 |title=U.S. to Let India Buy Supercomputer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1986/11/01/us-to-let-india-buy-supercomputer/af0fcff7-cb2e-4485-b27b-de5d29625ef7/ |access-date=30 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-06-06 |title=Reagan and India: Great Expectations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/reagan-and-india-great-expectations/articleshow/722192.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasuki |first=S.N. |date=1989-03-15 |title=Indian supercomputer progresses |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19890315-indian-supercomputer-progresses-815885-1989-03-14 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2005-01-13 |title=Target: Teraflops |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30203102.ece |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitroda |first=Sam |date=2024-08-20 |title=Vignettes of working with Rajiv Gandhi: How C-DAC was set up in 1988 |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/vignettes-of-working-with-rajiv-gandhi-how-c-dac-was-set-up-in-1988 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar |url=https://msubaroda.ac.in/Distinguishedalumnidetail?id=194 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda}}</ref>

Under the direction of Professor KV Ramakrishnamacharyulu from [[National Sanskrit University]] and Professor Rajeev Sangal from the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], the Akshar Bharati Research Group was established in 1984 with support from IIT Kanpur and the [[University of Hyderabad]] for computational processing of [[Indian languages (India)|Indian languages]]. They focused on [[computational linguistics]], NLP with ontological database systems, and Indian language/translation theories with linguistic tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sangal |first1=Rajeev |last2=Chaitanya |first2=Vineet |date=2 August 2012 |title=NLP: A Paninian Perspective |url=https://sanskrit.uohyd.ac.in/felicitation/sangal.pdf |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=University of Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Vyakarana |url=https://nsktu.ac.in/index.php/department-of-vyakarana/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210232454/https://nsktu.ac.in/index.php/department-of-vyakarana/ |archive-date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=nsktu.ac.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-05-28 |title=Celebrating Rajeev Sangal - IIITH |url=https://fac-webpages.iiit.ac.in/celebrating-rajeev-sangal/event/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Dr. Rajeev Sangal |url=https://www.mahindrauniversity.edu.in/dr-rajeev-sangal/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Mahindra University |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== 1990s ====
From IIT Kanpur, Mohan Tambe joined [[C-DAC]] in the 1990s to work on Graphics and Intelligence based Script Technology (GIST), which addressed the challenge of adapting personal computer software based on [[Latin script]] to [[Devanagari script|Devanagiri]] and a number of other Indian language scripts. He was previously working on the '''Machine Translation for Indian languages Project'''. Within C-DAC, he established the GIST group. The technology was expanded to encompass [[Natural language processing|NLP]], artificial intelligence-based machine-aided language learning and translation, multimedia and multilingual computing solutions, and more. GIST resulted in the creation of G-CLASS (GIST cross language search plug-ins suite), a cross-language search engine. The Applied Artificial Intelligence Group at C-DAC has developed some basic and novel applications in the field of NLP, including [[machine translation]], information extraction/retrieval, [[automatic summarization]], [[speech recognition]], [[Text-to-speech synthesizer|text-to-speech synthesis]], intelligent language teaching, and natural language-based document management with Decision Support Systems. These applications are the result of the foundation laid by previous language technology activities. Software firms in the Indian private sector began looking into AI applications, mostly in the area of [[business process automation]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-12 |title=A success story |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30183690.ece |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

In order to allow machines to read, comprehend, and interpret [[human languages]], the Language Technologies Research Center was founded in October 1999 at the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]. It focused on the advancements in [[semantic parsing]], [[information extraction]], [[natural language generation]], [[sentiment analysis]], and [[Dialogue system|dialogue systems]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-10 |title=IIIT-Hyderabad's Language Technologies Research Centre celebrates its Silver Jubilee |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/iiit-hyderabads-language-technologies-research-centre-celebrates-its-silver-jubilee-1845679 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the early AI research in India was driven by societal needs.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khemani |first=Deepak |date=2012 |title=A Perspective on AI Research in India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1609/aimag.v33i1.2356 |journal=AI Magazine |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=96–98 |doi=10.1609/aimag.v33i1.2356 |issn=2371-9621}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=A Furtado |first1=Xavier |last2=Sen |first2=Aniruddha |date=June 1996 |title=Synthesis of unlimited speech in Indian languages using formant-based rules |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/sadh/021/03/0345-0362.pdf |journal=Sādhanā |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=345–362 |doi=10.1007/BF02745528 |via=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Shyam S |date=17 July 2008 |title=Development of Resources and Techniques for Processing of some Indian Languages |url=https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/sites/www.ldc.upenn.edu/files/agrawal2008.pdf |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> For example;

* Eklavya, a knowledge-based program created by [[IIT Madras|IIT Madas]], helped [[Community health worker|community health workers]] deal with [[toddler]] illness symptoms by generating systematic case histories, offering basic treatment advice, or indicating when a [[Referral (medicine)|referral]] was necessary.
* The [[National Centre for Software Technology]] (NCST) created the Vidya language teaching system, which enhances educational quality through the use of speech-vision processing, [[Machine learning|ML]], and NLP.
* [[C-DAC]] created the Sarani flight-scheduling expert system.
* [[TIFR]] and the [[Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute]] created a [[Formant Synthesis|formant]]-based speech synthesis system for the [[Indian Railways]].
* [[IISc]] and [[ISRO]] built an image processing facility that uses AI and computer vision.

=== Growth phase ===
Around 2003, [[language technology]], [[computer vision]], and [[data science]] research groups were established at the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]. With an emphasis on applied and translational research, the institute has the largest group of AI and machine learning researchers in India as of 2023. They also work on blockchain and [[quantum computing]]. In partnership with [[Intel]], they created the Indian Driving Dataset, which contains the largest amount of road data for unstructured driving situations worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Pradeep |title=IIIT-Hyderabad has the largest group in AI and machine learning in India: Prof. P.J. Narayanan |url=https://www.dqindia.com/iiit-hyderabad-has-the-largest-group-in-ai-and-machine-learning-in-india-prof-p-j-narayanan/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Dataquest |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Government of Karnataka]] established the Machine Intelligence & Robotics CoE (MINRO) at the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bengaluru]] in 2018 with the goal of creating frameworks and regulations for ethical and responsible AI technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-03-02 |title=Siddaramaiah brings technology innovation under single umbrella |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/siddaramaiah-brings-technology-innovation-under-single-umbrella/article22911123.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Machine Intelligence and Robotics (CoE-MINRO) |url=https://eitbt.karnataka.gov.in/it/public/129/minro-%28machine-intelligence-and-robotics%29/en |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Department of Information Technology, Government of Karnataka}}</ref> It researches on [[human-machine interface]], [[Industrial robot|industrial robotics]] and [[automation]], data science and analysis, pattern recognition, [[machine intelligence]], and AI systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Gopika |date=2024-05-06 |title=7 Best Data Science and AI Institutes in India - Top IITs 2024 |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/deep-tech/7-leading-data-science-and-ai-institutes-in-india/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 7 September 2018, [[NITI Aayog]], [[Intel]], and [[TIFR]] announced their intention to establish [[International Center for Transformative Artificial Intelligence]] (ICTAI) in [[Bengaluru]] to support applied research. Under the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, it will create and implement AI-led application-based research projects on AI foundational frameworks, tools, and assets, such as curated datasets and distinctive AI algorithms in smart mobility, healthcare, and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2018 |title=NITI Aayog, Intel and TIFR collaborate to set up a Model International Center for Transformative AI (ICTAI) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183377 |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=NITI Aayog, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Derek |date=2018-09-11 |title=NITI Aayog, TIFR and Intel Establish International Center for Transformative Artificial Intelligence |url=https://community.intel.com/t5/Blogs/Intel/Policy-Intel/NITI-Aayog-TIFR-and-Intel-Establish-International-Center-for/post/1333053 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=community.intel.com |language=en}}</ref> On 16 November 2018, the [[Government of Maharashtra|Government of Maharastra]] signed [[MoU]] with the NITI Aayog and [[Wadhwani Institute for Artificial Intelligence]] to launch ICTAI for [[Rural health care in India|rural healthcare]] in collaboration with [[PATH (global health organization)|PATH]], Lords Education and Health Society, Wadhwani Initiative for Sustainable Healthcare, [[IIT Madras]], [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust]], and Stanford Center for Population Health Sciences. It will prioritize study, diagnosis, and treatment of illnesses such as [[Tuberculosis in India|tuberculosis]] and [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2018 |title=Maharashtra Govt. launches AI Centre for rural healthcare |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/98/12041/maharashtra-govt-launches-ai-centre-for-rural-healthcare.html |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=biospectrumindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-14 |title=Mumbai: Artificial Intelligence centre for rural healthcare launched |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-artificial-intelligence-centre-for-rural-healthcare-launched-5445104/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

NITI Aayog signed partnership agreement with [[Microsoft]] in 2018 to help expedite the use of AI for the development and adoption of local language computing, and to create [[farm]] advice services. Microsoft-NITI Aayog Problem to Solution Incubation Test Bed will be established. Microsoft will also help develop AI-assisted models for [[diabetic retinopathy]] screening.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2018 |title=NITI Aayog Partners With Microsoft To Boost AI Accessibility In India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/niti-aayog-partners-with-microsoft-to-boost-artificial-intelligence-ai-accessibility-in-india-1931340 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Surabhi |date=2018-10-12 |title=Microsoft and Niti Aayog partner to deploy AI solution |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/microsoft-and-niti-aayog-partner-to-deploy-ai-solution/articleshow/66184093.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

NITI Aayog drafted a proposal in 2019 to establish an institutional framework for AI. A cabinet note has been issued proposing to allocate ₹7,500 crore initially over three years for the establishment of 20 AI adaption centers, five core research institutes, and a cloud computing platform named AIRAWAT.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2020 |title=AIRAWAT - Establishing an AI Specific Cloud Computing Infrastructure for India |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-01/AIRAWAT_Approach_Paper.pdf |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=NITI Aayog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Yogima |date=2019-05-20 |title=Niti Aayog proposes Rs 7,500-crore plan for Artificial Intelligence push |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/niti-aayog-proposes-rs-7500-crore-plan-for-artificial-intelligence-push/articleshow/69403255.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Acceleration phase ===
[[INDIAai]], a collaborative initiative of the National E-Government Division and [[NASSCOM]] for AI-related advancements, was introduced by [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] on 30 May 2020. In partnership with Intel and the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], the '''Responsible AI for Youth Program''' was also introduced to foster the development of AI-related skills.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2020 |title=IT Minister Launches National AI Portal of India. Inaugurate Intel India's Initiative to Promote AI among School Students |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1627950 |access-date=31 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India}}</ref> The Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence was founded in September 2020 by [[IIT Delhi]] to advance research in AI, ML, and data science in the fields of healthcare, [[materials science]], robotics, [[industry 4.0]], [[weather prediction]], and transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Gopika |date=2024-05-06 |title=7 Best Data Science and AI Institutes in India - Top IITs 2024 |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/deep-tech/7-leading-data-science-and-ai-institutes-in-india/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> $10 million was contributed by [[Yardi Systems]]' Anant Yardi in 2021 for education, infrastructure and research related activities.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-11-12 |title=IIT-D alumnus gifts $10 million to his alma mater to develop labs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iit-d-alumnus-gifts-10-million-to-his-alma-mater-to-develop-labs/article37466300.ece |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sharad Kumar Saraf and Sudarshan Kumar Saraf, the founders of Technocraft Industries, donated ₹15 [[crore]] to establish the Technocraft Centre for Applied Artificial Intelligence at [[IIT Bombay]] in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-01 |title=IIT-Bombay receives Rs 15 crore for setting up AI centre. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/iit-bombay-receives-rs-15-crore-for-setting-up-ai-centre-/articleshow/81271333.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-14 |title=IITs set up schools, centres to foster research in AI |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/iits-set-up-schools-centres-to-foster-research-in-ai-101615746588661.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821115818/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/iits-set-up-schools-centres-to-foster-research-in-ai-101615746588661.html |archive-date=2022-08-21 |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2021, the Mehta Family Foundation and [[IIT Guwahati]] signed an [[MoU]] to establish the Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Kangkan |date=2021-04-29 |title=IIT-Guwahati opens new chapter with school for data science, artificial intelligence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/iit-guwahati-opens-new-chapter-with-school-for-data-science-artificial-intelligence/articleshow/82307930.cms |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

According to [[Stanford University]]'s annual AI Index report, India ranked fifth globally in 2022 in terms of investments received by businesses offering AI products and services.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahaskar |first=Abhijit |date=2023-04-12 |title=India ranks 5th in countries with most AI investment |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/india-ranks-fifth-in-ai-startup-investments-receives-3-24bn-in-2022-stanford-report-11681314138709.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814205649/https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/india-ranks-fifth-in-ai-startup-investments-receives-3-24bn-in-2022-stanford-report-11681314138709.html |archive-date=2024-08-14 |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=Mint |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Indian software professionals made the most global contribution to nearly 24% of [[GitHub]] projects pertaining to AI.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-21 |title=Data {{!}} India tops AI projects in GitHub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-india-tops-ai-projects-in-github/article67214270.ece |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Centre for Machine Intelligence and Data Science was officially opened by IIT Bombay on 28 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-20 |title=Inauguration of C-MinDS and AI.Impact Workshop - Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |url=https://acr.iitbombay.org/events_list/inauguration-of-c-minds-and-ai-impact-workshop/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720121957/https://acr.iitbombay.org/events_list/inauguration-of-c-minds-and-ai-impact-workshop/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-07-20 |access-date=2025-02-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Machine Intelligence and Data Science (C-MInDS) |url=https://www.minds.iitb.ac.in/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422094755/https://www.minds.iitb.ac.in/about |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-04-22 |access-date=2025-02-01 |language=en}}</ref> The [[National Research Foundation (India)|National Research Foundation]] was created to advance research in a variety of fields, including AI with a budget of ₹50,000 crore for five years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shanthi |date=2021-05-21 |title=What Are The Key AI Initiatives Of Indian Government? |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/what-are-the-key-ai-initiatives-of-indian-government/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=Parliament passes the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF) Bill, 2023 with the Rajya Sabha adopting the Bill by a voice vote |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1947230 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India}}</ref>

The [[Union Cabinet]] approved an extension of the [[Digital India]] program in 2023, allocating ₹14,903 crore starting FY2021-22 to FY2025-26 for the addition of nine new supercomputers under the National Super Computer Mission. All 22 of the Schedule 8 languages will be available for [[Bhashini]]. There will be the establishment of three AI Centers of Excellence focused on sustainable cities, agriculture, and health.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=Union Cabinet approves expansion of the Digital India programme with an outlay of ₹ 14,903 crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1949426 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-16 |title=Digital India expansion gets ₹14,903 crore outlay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-extension-of-digital-india-project-with-outlay-of-14903-crore/article67201285.ece |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] addressed international concerns about the negative use of artificial intelligence during a virtual [[G20]] conference hosted by India in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=PM Modi calls for global regulation of AI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-calls-for-global-regulation-of-ai/articleshow/105423735.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

To assist the Indian government and policymakers on data science and AI-related policy issues, [[Sunil Wadhwani]] gave ₹110 crore to [[IIT Madras]] in 2024 for Wadhwani School of Data Science and AI. The institute will combine fundamental and applied research in systems biology, manufacturing, energy and the environment, healthcare, agriculture, smart cities and transportation, financial analytics, and defense.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Sreeradha |date=2024-01-30 |title=IIT-Madras gets Rs 110 crore endowment from Sunil Wadhwani |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-madras-gets-rs-110-crore-endowment-from-sunil-wadhwani/articleshow/107260336.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

India invested {{INRConvert|10371.92|c|lk=on}} on '''IndiaAI Mission'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=P |first1=Suraksha |last2=Roy |first2=Annapurna |date=2024-03-08 |title=Union Cabinet approves Rs 10,372-crore India AI mission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/union-cabinet-approves-rs-10372-crore-india-ai-mission/articleshow/108306007.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sahana |date=2024-03-17 |title=India's US$1.25 billion push to power AI |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-024-00035-5 |journal=Nature India |language=en |doi=10.1038/d44151-024-00035-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> With a budget of ₹990 crore, [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister for Education]] [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] announced on 15 October 2024, the creation of three AI Centers of Excellence in [[New Delhi]]: one for agricultural (under [[IIT Ropar]]), one for sustainable cities (under [[IIT Kanpur]]), and one for healthcare (under [[AIIMS]] and [[IIT Delhi]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title=Dharmendra Pradhan announces 3 'Centres of Excellence' in AI for healthcare, agriculture, and sustainable cities |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/dharmendra-pradhan-announces-3-centres-of-excellence-in-ai-for-healthcare-agriculture-and-sustainable-cities20241015173837/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The Center for Generative AI, Shrijan at [[IIT Jodhpur]] was established on 25 October 2024 by [[Meta Platforms]] and IndiaAI to support long-term sustainability of [[Foundation model|Foundation Models]] and [[GenAI|GenAI research]] in healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities, smart mobility, sustainability, financial inclusion, and social inclusion. Additionally, the '''YuvAI initiative for Skilling and Capacity Building''' was launched in collaboration with the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] to advance [[Open source ai|open-source AI]]. Meta has pledged to donate up to ₹750 [[Lakh|lakhs]] over a three-year period. [[Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya]], the [[Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences|Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences]], the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], and the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur]], will work together with Shrijan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2024 |title=IndiaAI at MeitY & Meta collaborates to advance Open Source AI Innovation, R&D and Skill Development in India |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2068251 |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2024 |title=IndiaAI, Meta announce establishment of Center for Generative AI, Shrijan at IIT Jodhpur |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indiaai-meta-announce-establishment-of-center-for-generative-ai-shrijan-at-iit-jodhpur20241025230622/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref> In November 2024, the [[Karnataka government]] approved a ₹28 crore investment to construct a Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-15 |title=Centre of Excellence in AI to come up in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/centre-of-excellence-in-ai-to-come-up-in-bengaluru/article68868424.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

From 2025 to 2027, [[Microsoft]] to invest {{INRConvert|25000|c|lk=on}} on [[Cloud computing|cloud]] and AI infrastructure.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-07 |title=Microsoft announces US $3bn investment over two years in India cloud and AI infrastructure to accelerate adoption of AI, skilling and innovation |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/microsoft-announces-us-3bn-investment-over-two-years-in-india-cloud-and-ai-infrastructure-to-accelerate-adoption-of-ai-skilling-and-innovation/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Microsoft |language=en-IN}}</ref> The construction of a 3 [[Gigawatt|GW]] [[data center]] for AI services in [[Jamnagar]] was announced by [[Reliance Industries]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=24 January 2025 |title=Billionaire Mukesh Ambani Plans World's Biggest Data Center in India's Gujarat |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-23/billionaire-mukesh-ambani-plans-world-s-biggest-data-center-in-india-s-gujarat?srnd=phx-ai |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref> On 12 June 2025, India's first locally developed, [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] [[agentic AI]], [[Kruti]], was introduced by Ola Krutrim.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |last=Peerzada |first=Abrar |date=15 June 2025 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal's Krutrim bets on India-first AI to rival global peers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/krutrim-kruti-ai-bhavesh-aggarwal-india-localised-ai-assistant-125061500577_1.html |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems ==
The mission which has a five-year budget of ₹3,660 crore, was authorized by the Union Cabinet in December 2018 under the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]. A technological vertical in AI and ML, [[IoT]], [[data bank]] and [[DaaS]], [[data analysis]], autonomous systems and robotics, [[cyber security]], and [[quantum engineering]] has been assigned to each of the 25 technological innovation hubs that have been formed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) |url=https://nmicps.in/home/bannerimages/Quarterly_Bulletin_Oct_2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901204014/http://nmicps.in/home/bannerimages/Quarterly_Bulletin_Oct_2023.pdf | publisher=Department of Science and Technology Ministry of Science and Technology | date=October 2023 |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=nmicps.in}}</ref>

To translate academic research on AI at the proof-of-concept stage into commercially viable goods and services, IIT Kharagpur established the AI4ICPS Innovation Hub Foundation in 2020. Under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS), the Department of Science and Technology awarded it a grant of ₹170 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Sejuti |date=2020-11-25 |title=IIT Kharagpur Sets Up AI & ML Innovation Hub To Transform The Industrial Sector With Scalable Application |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/iit-kharagpur-sets-up-ai-ml-hub-to-transform-industrial-sector-with-scalable-application/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=IIT Kharagpur Innovation Hub On AI, ML To Translate Research To Industrially Scalable Products |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iit-kharagpur-innovation-hub-on-ai-ml-translate-research-industrially-scalable-products-2330044 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

With a [[seed money]] of ₹230 [[crore]] from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and the [[Government of Karnataka]], an Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Technology Park was established at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as not-for-profit foundation in November 2020 for mission-mode research and development projects in cyber-security, healthcare, education, mobility, infrastructure, agriculture, and retail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2020 |title=ARTPARK to usher in a new model of industry, academia and government collaboration in AI & Robotics for societal impact |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1677000 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Technology Park launched in IISc Bengaluru |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/artificial-intelligence-robotics-technology-park-launched-iisc-bengaluru-7819484/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

TiHAN at [[IIT Hyderabad]] hosted India's first Autonomous Navigations Testbed Facility (Aerial & Terrestrial) in 2022, which was opened by [[Jitendra Singh Rana]] from [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]] to develop next-generation autonomous navigation technology.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luthra |first=Swati |date=2022-07-04 |title=India's first autonomous navigation facility, TiHAN, launched at IIT Hyderabad |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-autonomous-navigation-facility-tihan-launched-at-iit-hyderabad-11656943204369.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521041052/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-autonomous-navigation-facility-tihan-launched-at-iit-hyderabad-11656943204369.html |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=5 July 2022 |title=TiHAN: India's first technology innovation hub on autonomous navigation facility launched at IIT Hyderabad - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-technology/tihan-indias-first-technology-innovation-hub-on-autonomous-navigation-facility-launched-at-iit-hyderabad/92681196 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref>

To develop spectral and energy-efficient wireless communications technology for [[5G]] and [[5G-Advanced]], Kiran Kumar Kuchi of IIT Hyderabad and IIITB Comet Foundation in 2024 developed an O-RAN base station solution that triples capacity and improves cell coverage when compared to [[4G]] networks.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-09 |title=IIITB COMET Foundation devises solution for better connectivity of advanced radio networks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/iiitb-comet-foundation-devises-solution-for-better-connectivity-of-advanced-radio-networks/article67828907.ece |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''Technology Innovation Hubs'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2022 |title=25 Technology Innovation Hubs across the country through NM-ICPS are boosting new and emerging technologies to power national initiatives |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1800518 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Location
!Area of research
|-
|AI4ICPS I-Hub Foundation
|[[IIT Kharagpur]]
|Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
|-
|TIH Foundation for IoT and IoE
|[[IIT Bombay]]
|[[Internet of things]] & Internet of everything
|-
|IIIT-H Data I-Hub Foundation
|[[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]
|Data Banks & Data Services, Data Analysis
|-
|I-HUB for Robotics and Autonomous Systems Innovation Foundation
|[[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru]]
|Robotics & Autonomous Systems
|-
|IHUB NTIHAC Foundation
|[[IIT Kanpur]]
|Cyber Security and Cyber Security for Physical Infrastructure
|-
|IHUB Drishti Foundation
|[[IIT Jodhpur]]
|[[Computer vision]], [[Augmented reality|Augmented]] and [[virtual reality]]
|-
|Divyasampark IHUB Roorkee for Devices Materials and Technology Foundation
|[[IIT Roorkee]]
|Device Technology and Materials
|-
|IIT Patna Vishlesan I-hub Foundation
|[[IIT Patna]]
|Speech, Video & Text Analytics
|-
|IIT Madras Pravartak Technologies Foundation
|[[IIT Madras]]
|Sensors, Networking, Actuator & controls
|-
|NMICPS Technology Innovation Hub on Autonomous Navigation Foundation (TiHAN)
|[[IIT Hyderabad]]
|Autonomous Navigation and Data Acquisition systems
|-
|I-DAPT-HUB Foundation
|[[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]
|Data Analytics & Predictive Technologies
|-
|IIT Guwahati Technology Innovation and Development Foundation
|[[IIT Guwahati]]
|Technologies for underwater exploration
|-
|IIT Mandi I-Hub and HCI Foundation
|[[IIT Mandi]]
|[[Human–computer interaction]]
|-
|I-Hub Foundation for Cobotics
|[[IIT Delhi]]
|[[Cobot|Collaborative robotics]]
|-
|IIT Ropar Technology and Innovation Foundation
|[[IIT Ropar]]
|Technologies for agriculture & water.
|-
|Technology Innovation in Exploration & Mining Foundation
|[[IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]]
|Technologies for mining
|-
|IIT Palakkad Technology I-Hub Foundation
|[[IIT Palakkad]]
|Intelligent collaborative systems
|-
|IIITB Comet Foundation
|[[International Institute of Information Technology, Bengaluru]]
|Advanced communication system
|-
|BITS BioCYTiH Foundation
|[[BITS Pilani]]
|Bio-Cyber-Physical Systems
|-
|IDEAS- Institute of Data Engineering, Analytics and Science Foundation
|[[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[Kolkata]]
|Data Science, Big Data Analytics and Data curation
|-
|IITI Drishti CPS Foundation
|[[IIT Indore]]
|System Simulation, Modelling & Visualization
|-
|IHUB Anubhuti-IIITD Foundation
|[[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi]]
|[[Cognitive computing|Cognitive Computing]] & Social Sensing
|-
|I-Hub Quantum Technology Foundation
|[[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]]
|[[Quantum technology|Quantum technologies]]
|-
|IIT Tirupati Navavishkar I-Hub Foundation
|[[IIT Tirupati]]
|Positioning & Precision Technologies
|-
|IIT Bhilai Innovation and Technology Foundation
|[[IIT Bhilai]]
|[[Fintech]]
|}

== Legislation ==

India currently does not have specific laws regulating artificial intelligence (AI). However, the Indian government has introduced several initiatives and guidelines aimed at the responsible development and deployment of AI technologies.<ref name="morganlewis">{{cite web |url=https://www.morganlewis.com/blogs/sourcingatmorganlewis/2024/01/ai-regulation-in-india-current-state-and-future-perspectives |title=AI Regulation in India: Current State and Future Perspectives |publisher=Morgan Lewis |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref><ref name="indiabriefing">{{cite web |url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/india-regulation-of-ai-and-large-language-models-31680.html/ |title=Regulation of AI and Large Language Models in India |date=27 March 2024 |publisher=India Briefing |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref> The Indian government has tasked [[NITI Aayog]], its apex public policy think tank, with establishing guidelines and policies for AI. In 2018, NITI Aayog released the '''National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence''', also known as '''#AIForAll''', which focuses on healthcare, agriculture, education, [[smart cities]], and [[smart mobility]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2018 |title=National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=NITI Aayog}}</ref>

In 2021, NITI Aayog published the "Principles for Responsible AI," addressing ethical considerations for AI deployment in India. These principles cover system considerations, such as decision-making and accountability, and societal considerations, such as the impact of automation on employment. The second part of this document, "Operationalizing Principles for Responsible AI," released in August 2021, focuses on implementing these ethical principles through regulatory and policy interventions, capacity building, and incentivizing ethical practices.<ref name="morganlewis" /><ref name="indiabriefing" />

In 2023, the Indian government enacted the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023|Digital Personal Data Protection Act]], which addresses some privacy concerns related to AI platforms. [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)]] has also issued advisories requiring platforms to obtain explicit permission before deploying unreliable AI models and to label AI-generated content to prevent misuse.<ref name="morganlewis" /><ref name="indiabriefing" /> India is a member of the [[Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence|Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)]], which promotes the responsible use of AI through international collaboration. In 2023, the GPAI Summit was held in New Delhi, where experts discussed responsible AI, data governance, and the future of work.<ref name="morganlewis" />

Other Indian agencies, such as the [[Bureau of Indian Standards|Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)]], are also working on AI policies. BIS has established a committee to propose draft standards for AI, focusing on safety, reliability, and ethical considerations.<ref name="dataguidance">{{cite web |url=https://www.dataguidance.com/opinion/india-ai-regulation-current-state-and-future |title=India: AI regulation - current state and future perspectives |publisher=Data Guidance |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref> India has not yet enacted specific AI regulations. However, the government has introduced measures to promote innovation and address ethical concerns and risks associated with AI. These efforts aim to support the growth of India's AI ecosystem and ensure responsible AI deployment.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/india-will-regulate-ai-but-not-at-the-cost-of-innovation-govt-official-9335211/ |title=India will regulate AI, but not at the cost of innovation: Govt official |date=17 May 2024 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref>

India has launched an AI Data Bank aimed at fostering innovation and enhancing national security. This initiative is designed to harness the power of artificial intelligence by providing a centralized repository of data that can be utilized across various sectors, including governance, business, healthcare, education, and space exploration. By facilitating access to crucial information, the AI Data Bank will support research and development efforts, stimulate technological advancements, and bolster the country’s security framework. This strategic move underscores India's commitment to leveraging AI for national progress and safeguarding its interests in an increasingly digital world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AI for India: Advancing India's AI Development - Innovation, Ethics, and Governance |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2075176#:~:text=India%20Unveils%20AI%20Data%20Bank%20to%20Propel%20Innovation%20and%20Strengthen%20National%20Security&text=%22Artificial%20Intelligence%20(AI)%20is,ASSOCHAM%20AI%20Leadership%20Meet%202024. }}</ref>

== Bharat GPT initiative ==
The Bharat GPT is a non-profit initiative, started in February 2023.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Jindal |first=Siddharth |date=2024-03-18 |title=Everything You Need to Know About BharatGPT |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/everything-you-need-to-know-about-bharatgpt/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> The goal is to develop India focused [[Multilingualism|multilingual]], [[Multimodal learning|multimodal]] [[Large language model|large language models]] and [[generative pre-trained transformer]]. Together with the applications and implementation frameworks, the Bharat GPT Consortium intends to publish a series of [[Foundation model|foundation models]] in order to meet the needs of developers and businesses.<ref name=":8" /> The '''Bharat''' '''GPT Consortium''' was established in 2022 under the [[Public–private partnerships in India|public-private partnership]] with [[IIT Bombay]], [[Jio Platforms]], [[NASSCOM]], Seetha Mahalaxmi Healthcare, [[Bhashini#Background|Digital India Bhashini Division]] ([[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]), [[IIT Madras]], [[IIT Mandi]], [[IIT Hyderabad]], [[IIT Kanpur]], [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], and [[Indian Institute of Management Indore]] as members.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Reliance Jio to partner with IIT-B for Bharat GPT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/reliance-jio-to-partner-with-iit-b-for-bharat-gpt-101703703960287.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224060808/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/reliance-jio-to-partner-with-iit-b-for-bharat-gpt-101703703960287.html |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Jio working on Bharat GPT with IIT-B, says Akash Ambani |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/jio-working-on-bharat-gpt-with-iit-b-says-akash-ambani-9085539/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Bharat GPT development team is led by Professor Ganesh Ramakrishnan of IIT Bombay as principal investigator, with support from Professor Mohan Raghavan and Professor Maunendra Sankar Desarkar of IIT Hyderabad, Professor Rohit Saluja of IIT Mandi, Professor V Kamakoti of IIT Madras, Professor Arnab Bhattacharya of IIT Kanpur, Professor Kshitij Jadhav of IIT Bombay, Professor Aditya Maheshwari of IIM Indore, and Professor Ravi Kiran of IIIT-Hyderabad.<ref name=":10" /> The text-based foundation model will be released first, followed by speech and video models. In addition to licensing commercial use, the effort has been [[Open-source artificial intelligence|open-sourcing]] a large portion of its work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2024-01-23 |title=BharatGPT Aims to Become Meta of Indic LLMs |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/it-services/bharatgpt-aims-to-become-meta-of-indic-llms/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Bharat GPT is anticipated to be activated by [[Speech recognition|speech]] and [[gesture recognition]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=All about BharatGPT, the joint AI project of Reliance Jio & IIT Bombay |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/technology/all-about-bharatgpt-the-joint-ai-project-of-reliance-jio-iit-bombay-2829861 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 December 2023, Akash Ambani announced that Jio Platforms and IIT Bombay were collaborating on Bharat GPT program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=Jio working on 'Bharat GPT' with IIT-Bombay; to launch OS for televisions: Akash Ambani |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/jio-working-on-bharat-gpt-with-iit-bombay-to-launch-os-for-televisions-akash-ambani-575887/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Jio Platforms will assist Bharat GPT with specialized downstream telecom and retail applications by developing smaller, customized models.<ref name=":11" /> By investigating the potential of AI to foster innovation across a range of goods and services, Jio hopes to achieve its larger goal of establishing a whole ecosystem of growth through Bharat GPT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goel |first=Yashika |date=2023-12-28 |title=India's "Bharatgpt" AI Will Be Built by Reliance Jio and IIT Bombay.. |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/indias-bharatgpt-ai-will/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Business Outreach}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Surabhi |date=2023-12-28 |title=BharatGPT: Akash Ambani drops key updates on Reliance Jio-IIT Bombay's key AI project |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-bharatgpt-akash-ambani-drops-key-updates-on-reliance-jio-iit-bombays-key-ai-project-bkg-3350016/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=FE Tech Bytes |language=en}}</ref> Bharat GPT Consortium is assisting in the interpretation of official documents, such as court orders, in close collaboration with the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":12" />

India's first [[ChatGPT]]-style service, will be launched in March 2024 by Bharat GPT Consortium, with assistance from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], and [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-25 |title=BharatGPT Hanooman: All you need to know about the AI model developed by Reliance and 9 IITs across the country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/bharatgpt-hanooman-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-ai-model-developed-by-reliance-and-9-iits-across-the-country/articleshow/107879328.cms |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The four primary areas in which Bharat GPT sees its model operating are healthcare, financial services, governance, and education, supporting 11 [[Indian languages (India)|Indian languages]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=20 February 2024 |title=AI Model Backed by Asia's Richest Person to Launch in March |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-21/an-ai-model-backed-by-mukesh-ambani-speeds-toward-a-march-india-rollout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306224444/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-21/an-ai-model-backed-by-mukesh-ambani-speeds-toward-a-march-india-rollout |archive-date=2024-03-06 |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hanooman series ===
Seetha Mahalaxmi Healthcare (SML) revealed the Hanooman series [[Large language model|LLM]] in February 2024 in collaboration with the Bharat GPT Consortium. Among the Hanooman series, the first four AI models—1.5 billion, 7 billion, 13 billion, and 40 billion parameters in size—will be made available as [[Open source|open-source]] after being trained on 22 Indian languages. The ability to generate text-to-text, [[Text-to-video model|text-to-video]], [[speech synthesis]] and [[speech recognition]] will be aided by Hanooman's [[multimodal learning]] capability. SML is negotiating with healthcare organizations, [[BFSI]], and mobile app developers to create customized models by refining the Hanooman series. The healthcare model VizzhyGPT is the first of these refined iterations, having been trained on extensive [[multiomics]], [[clinical research]], and [[electronic health record]] data.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Lohchab |first=Himanshi |date=2024-02-20 |title=SML in partnership with BharatGPT ecosystem unveils 'Hanooman' Indic LLMs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bharatgpt-consortium-unveils-hanooman-a-series-of-indic-large-language-models/articleshow/107857921.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Hanooman's [[alpha version]], which lacks multimodal features and internet access, was launched on 10 May 2024, in 98 international languages, including 12 Indian languages ([[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]). It enables tutoring, coding, and conversation. The platform is collaborating with [[NASSCOM]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], and the [[Government of Telangana]]. [[Yotta Infrastructure]] will supply GPU cloud infrastructure. As of 14 May 2024, the Hanooman chatbot is accessible via both a [[Web client|web-client]] and an [[Android application]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ashutosh |date=10 May 2024 |title=Indian GenAI platform Hanooman goes live in 98 global languages |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/indian-genai-platform-hanooman-goes-live-in-98-global-languages-124051000962_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516072238/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/indian-genai-platform-hanooman-goes-live-in-98-global-languages-124051000962_1.html |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=A Bhartiya AI: Hanooman AI launched in India, works in 98 languages including 12 Indian |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/a-bhartiya-ai-hanooman-ai-launched-in-india-works-in-98-languages-including-12-indian-13770720.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

Hanooman is jointly owned by SML and 3AI Holding Limited, an AI [[investment company]] based in [[Abu Dhabi]]. Both businesses will own 50% share under joint ownership arrangement. In order to improve Hanooman's text, voice, image, and coding capabilities for users, it will be able to access 3AI Holding's Omega [[GenAI]], which is being created with 665 billion [[Parameter|parameters]] and 20 trillion tokens. For business clients, Hanooman will launch a [[Proprietary software|proprietary model]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Paromita |date=2024-04-04 |title=3AI and SML Partner to Jointly Own GenAI platform Hanooman |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/3ai-and-sml-partner-to-jointly-own-genai-platform-hanooman/472171 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-04 |title=Abu Dhabi's 3AI, SML in pact to jointly own Indian genAI platform Hanooman |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/3ai-holding-sml-in-pact-to-jointly-own-genai-platform-hanooman/articleshow/109038811.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== BharatGen ==
BharatGen, formerly BharatGPT, marks the next phase of India’s sovereign AI development efforts. IIT Bombay Professor Ganesh Ramakrishnan thought of creating a homegrown solution that would use [[GenAI]] and take into account the linguistic and cultural diversity of India. An [[open source|open-source]], [[Multimodal learning|multimodal]], [[Multilingualism|multilingual]], India-centric [[foundation model]] called BharatGen was formally introduced on 30 September 2024. With an investment of less than {{INRConvert|235|c|lk=on|year=2024}}, the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] is funding the project under National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems. Due to security concerns in mission-critical applications like defense, the project gained strategic importance and aims to reduce reliance on foreign AI models. Professor Ganesh Ramakrishnan has been advocating for a [[Public–private partnerships in India|public–private partnership]] in AI through the Bharat GPT program. The earlier Bharat GPT efforts have taken on a more formal role in the BharatGen project, which is anticipated for completion by 2026.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2024-10-02 |title=Government of India Launches BharatGen, First Government-Funded Multimodal AI Initiative |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/government-of-india-launches-bharatgen-first-government-funded-multimodal-ai-initiative/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2025-02-24 |title=This Govt-Funded ₹235 Cr AI Initiative is India's Real Answer to DeepSeek |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/this-govt-funded-%E2%82%B9235-cr-ai-initiative-is-indias-real-answer-to-deepseek/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

As a national mission, BharatGen has been set up to facilitate inter-ministerial cooperation by taking [[whole-of-government approach]]. The AI will be developed from the ground up, guaranteeing that all [[intellectual property]] stays in the country. IndiaAI Compute Facility will spearhead the project. BharatGen will have robust academic base, incorporating faculty and research institutions into its ecosystem to guarantee sustained innovation. [[Yotta Infrastructure]], and Neysa are providing [[Cloud computing|cloud support]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2025-02-24 |title=This Govt-Funded ₹235 Cr AI Initiative is India's Real Answer to DeepSeek |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/this-govt-funded-%E2%82%B9235-cr-ai-initiative-is-indias-real-answer-to-deepseek/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2025-01-29 |title=India Will Have its Own LLM Soon, Says IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/india-will-have-its-own-llm-soon-says-it-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Backend (computing)|backend]] [[algorithm]] development and the necessary technical work was done by a collaborative team from BharatGen consortium. As of February 2025, the BharatGen consortium has 50–60 researchers and a wide range of student contributors from the [[Indian Institute of Management Indore]], the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], [[IIT Bombay]], [[IIT Kanpur]], [[IIT Hyderabad]], [[IIT Mandi]], and [[IIT Madras]]. BharatGen consortium will work with behavioral economists, engineers, AI researchers, and design specialists, to develop a multidisciplinary strategy to use AI to address India's problems. The AI model takes into account the 1,600 languages and scripts that make up the Indian knowledge system. Each institute of the consortium is investigating particular tasks to create models in [[Speech recognition|voice]], [[Language model|language]], and [[Computer vision|vision]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Niraj |date=2024-10-04 |title=BharatGen geared to put a desi spin on ChatGPT, IIT-Bombay plays role |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bharatgen-geared-to-put-a-desi-spin-on-chatgpt-101727982824794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004070214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bharatgen-geared-to-put-a-desi-spin-on-chatgpt-101727982824794.html |archive-date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=18 December 2024 |title=Parliament Question: Launch of BharatGen |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2085534 |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India}}</ref>

As of 30 January 2025, the framework for the AI model is ready. The development team has spent the last one and a half years working on the project. The initial version should be available in four to ten months, according to [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], Minister of Electronics and IT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Ankita |date=2025-01-30 |title=India to develop its own AI model like ChatGPT and DeepSeek in 10 months: Ashwini Vaishnaw |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/india-to-develop-its-own-ai-model-like-chatgpt-and-deepseek-in-10-months-ashwini-vaishnaw-2672368-2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In order to concentrate on primary data collection, BharatGen started the [[Bharat Data Sagar]] initiative, a multilingual repository for AI research. The goal of this data collection is to satisfy the need for training data for Indian languages that are underrepresented in [[Data corpus|data corpora]]. It will capture the Indian linguistic nuances, which are frequently disregarded in international AI models. BharatGen offers tools and technologies to facilitate the creation of region specific tailored content by translating between local languages and dialects. In order to accurately portray India's languages, dialects, and cultural context, BharatGen focuses on gathering and curating data unique to the nation.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" />

Using [[Computer vision|vision]] language models, BharatGen launched e-vikrAI in October 2024. It makes e-commerce easier for non-English speaking vendors by automating the cataloguing process and doing away with the need for human input. Sellers only need to provide an image of their product to get auto-generated titles, descriptions, features, and pricing recommendations. e-vikrAI improves accessibility by translating and vocalizing product descriptions in Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2024-10-16 |title=BharatGen Launches e-vikrAI, Vision Language Model for Indic e-Commerce |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/bharatgen-launches-e-vikrai-vision-language-model-for-indic-e-commerce/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-25 |title=Two Hyderabad research institutes lead country's AI revolution with BharatGen's e-VikrAI |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/two-hyderabad-research-institutes-lead-countrys-ai-revolution-with-bharatgens-e-vikrai-1833071 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== IndiaAI Mission and compute facility ==
The '''IndiaAI Mission''' was approved in 7 March 2024 consisting of seven core pillars, and an allocation of {{INRConvert|10371.92|c|lk=on}} across various components as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Core pillars
!Fund allocation for 2024-2029
|-
|IndiaAI Compute
|{{INRConvert|4563.36|c|lk=on}}
|-
|IndiaAI Datasets Platform
|{{INRConvert|199.55|c|lk=on}}
|-
|IndiaAI Application Development Initiatives
|{{INRConvert|689.05|c|lk=on}}
|-
|IndiaAI FutureSkills
|{{INRConvert|882.94|c|lk=on}}
|-
|IndiaAI Innovation Center
|{{INRConvert|1971.37|c|lk=on}}
|-
|IndiaAI Startup Financing
|{{INRConvert|1942.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
|Safe & Trusted AI
|{{INRConvert|20.46|c|lk=on}}
|}
Additionally, IndiaAI Overheads and Contingency received funding of {{INRConvert|102.69|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Sakshi Sadashiv |date=2024-12-05 |title=IndiaAI Mission: Rs. 10,372 Cr Budget Breakdown Revealed |url=https://www.medianama.com/2024/12/223-indiaai-mission-expenditure-budget/ |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[digital public infrastructure]] framework for AI in India guarantees consent-based, ethically generated datasets while lowering dependency on foreign and [[synthetic data]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=6 March 2025 |title=Ashwini Vaishnaw unveils India AI compute portal, AIKosha and other AI initiatives on IndiaAI Mission anniversary to enable India's AI research and innovation ecosystem |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2108961 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India.}}</ref>

On 30 January 2025, [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister for Electronics and information Technology]], confirmed that the IndiaAI Mission would customize native AI solutions for the Indian context using [[Indian languages (India)|Indian languages]], supported by a state-of-the-art shared computing infrastructure. The initial AI model starts with a compute capacity of about 10,000 [[GPUs]], with the remaining 8693 GPUs to be added shortly. The facility includes 7,200 [[AMD Instinct#Products|AMD Instinct MI200]] and [[AMD Instinct#Products|MI300 series]], 12,896 [[Hopper (microarchitecture)#H100 accelerator and DGX H100|Nvidia H100]], and 1,480 [[Hopper (microarchitecture)#H100 accelerator and DGX H100|H200]] processors. The cost of computing the AI model will be less than [[₹]]100 per hour following a 40% government subsidy, with half-yearly and annual plans for developers, researchers, and students.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title=With robust and high end Common computing facility in place, India all set to launch its own safe & secure indigenous AI model at affordable cost soon: Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2097709 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=22 January 2025 |title=IndiaAI Mission selects 10 firms to bid for 10,000 GPU mega tender |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/indiaai-mission-selects-10-firms-to-bid-for-10-000-gpu-mega-tender-article-12916413.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129013128/https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/indiaai-mission-selects-10-firms-to-bid-for-10-000-gpu-mega-tender-article-12916413.html |archive-date=2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

Startups, MSMEs, universities, researchers, students, and governmental organizations will all be able to access AI compute, network, storage, platform, and cloud services through the IndiaAI Compute Portal. Easy access to Nvidia H100, H200, [[A100 GPU|A100]], [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units#Tesla|L40S]], and [[List of Nvidia graphics processing units#Tesla|L4]], [[AMD Instinct#MI300 series|AMD MI300x]] and [[AMD Instinct#Products|325X]], [[Intel#'IDM 2.0' strategy|Intel Gaudi 2]], [[AWS Trainium]], and [[Inferentia]] will be made possible by the portal. Nearly 45% of the IndiaAI Mission's budget goes into the AI Compute Portal.<ref name=":14" />

Accessing more expensive GPUs would cost ₹150 per hour, while utilizing less expensive GPUs would cost ₹115.85 per hour. Orient Technologies, CMS Computers Limited, SHI Locuz, CtrlS, NxtGen Cloud Technologies, [[Yotta Infrastructure]], [[Jio Platforms]], [[Tata Communications]], E2E Networks, and Vensysco Technologies have been approved by the government to provide 18,693 GPUs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barik |first=Soumyarendra |date=2025-01-31 |title=India braces up for AI challenge, plans own LLM foundational model to rival ChatGPT, DeepSeek R1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/india-world-class-ai-model-ashwini-vaishnaw-9807337/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the IndianAI Mission, the [[union government]], in April 2025, selected [[Sarvam AI]], to develop the country's first sovereign [[LLM]], which will include the capabilities of reasoning, voice, and fluency in Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Sarvam AI to build India's first sovereign LLM with reasoning and voice capabilities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/artificial-intelligence/sarvam-ai-to-build-indias-first-sovereign-llm-with-reasoning-and-voice-capabilities-9967108/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2025 |title=India selects Sarvam to build sovereign AI model under IndiaAI mission - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/tech-today/news/story/india-selects-sarvam-to-build-sovereign-ai-model-under-indiaai-mission-473791-2025-04-28 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Business Today}}</ref> As of May 2025, the government, as part of the IndianAI Mission, is supporting Indian researchers in designing indigenous GPUs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chintapali |first=Rohit |date=3 May 2025 |title=Spotlight: IndiaAI Mission |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/spotlight-indiaai-mission-555677 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=BW Businessworld}}</ref>

Ashwini Vaishnaw announced AIKosha: IndiaAI Datasets Platform, the AI Compute Portal, the AI Competency Framework for Public Sector Officials, iGOT-AI Mission Karmayogi, the IndiaAI Startups Global Acceleration Program with [[Station F]], the IndiaAI Application Development Initiative, and IndiaAI FutureSkills on 6 March 2025, as part of the IndiaAI Mission to strengthen AI-driven research, innovation, and skill development. For public officials, the iGOT-AI Mission Karmayogi incorporates AI-driven learning recommendations.

'''AIKosha: IndiaAI Datasets Platform'''

To facilitate AI innovation, AIKosha will offer a safe, centralized platform with easy access to a database of models, use cases, and datasets. Through an integrated development environment, tools, and tutorials, it offers AI [[Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] capabilities. AIKosha has features like permission-based access, content discoverability, AI readiness scoring of datasets, and security methods including secure [[API|APIs]], [[Firewall (computing)|firewalls]] for real-time harmful traffic filtering, and [[data encryption]] both in motion and at rest. More than 80 models and 300 datasets are available on AIKosha.<ref name=":14" /> Both the public and private sector organizations gather AIKosha datasets, which include [[Census of India|census data]], [[geospatial data]], and [[Linguistics|linguistic]] data.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Parasnis |first=Sharveya |date=2025-03-07 |title=IndiaAI Mission: MeitY Launches New AI Initiatives |url=https://www.medianama.com/2025/03/223-meity-ai-driven-initiatives-indiaai-mission-ashwini-vaishnaw/ |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''IndiaAI Startups Global Acceleration Program'''

The IndiaAI Mission will begin a four-month acceleration program in partnership with [[Station F]] and [[HEC Paris]] from 2025. The ten shortlisted AI [[startup companies]] will have access to networking opportunities, mentorship, and international market expansion in [[Europe]].<ref name=":14" />

=== AI Research Analytics and Knowledge Dissemination Platform ===
With a peak performance of 13,170 [[teraflops]], AIRAWAT-PSAI is the biggest and fastest AI supercomputing machine in India. It was deployed at [[C-DAC|C-DAC, Pune]] in 2023 and is maintained by Netweb Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-17 |title=India's AI supercomputer 'AIRAWAT' makes it to the list of world's '100 most powerful' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/indias-ai-supercomputer-airawat-makes-it-to-the-list-of-worlds-100-most-powerful/articleshow/100487763.cms |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[MeitY]] is also funding the implementation of 200 AI [[Petaflops]] [[Mixed-precision arithmetic|Mixed Precision]] peak computing capacity (scalable to 790 AI Petaflops) [[Proof of concept|Proof of Concept]] for AI Research Analytics and Knowledge Dissemination Platform (AIRAWAT), which is being carried out by C-DAC, Pune. A combined peak compute of 410 AI Petaflops Mixed Precision and a sustained compute capability of 8.5 Petaflops ([[Rmax (computing)|Rmax]]) [[Double-precision floating-point format|Double Precision]] are achieved by combining the 200 AI Petaflop AIRAWAT PoC with the 210 AI Petaflop [[PARAM Siddhi-AI]]. 13 Petaflops is the maximum computation capacity (Double Precision, Rpeak). A plan for expanding AIRAWAT to 1,000 AI Petaflops of Mixed Precision computing capacity has been envisioned by MeitY. With its extensive, power-optimized AI cloud infrastructure, AIRAWAT will serve as a common computational cloud platform for Big Data Analytics and Assimilation, linking all Centers for Research Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (COREs), Indian Centres for Transformational AI (ICTAIs), and other academic, research lab, scientific community, industry, and start-up institutions with the National Knowledge Network.

With an emphasis on [[NLP (computer science)|NLP]], surveillance and [[image processing]], [[pattern recognition]], [[medical imaging]], education, agriculture, finance, healthcare, audio assistance, robotics, national security, defense, the automotive industry, supply chain management, [[human resource development]], and anomalous behavior detection from [[video analytics]], AIRAWAT will support the field of applied AI. Deployed under the [[National Supercomputing Mission]], it will support the [[Digital India]] [[Bhashini]] initiative and accomplish the goals of the National Program on AI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIRAWAT-PSAI |url=https://airawat.cdac.in/airawat/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2023 |title=AI Supercomputer 'AIRAWAT' puts India among top supercomputing league |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1926942 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2024 |title=Year End Review 2024 of Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology Part-1 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088268 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India.}}</ref>

== International collaboration ==
[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] with [[NITI Aayog]] officially opened the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution liaison office in [[Navi Mumbai]] on 11 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2018 |title=PM addresses event to mark launch of the Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1549430 |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=C4IR India |url=https://centres.weforum.org/centre-for-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/india |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=centres.weforum.org |language=en}}</ref> It's objective is to foster the responsible adoption and deployment of new technologies by designing policy frameworks and protocols with the government, corporations, academic institutions, [[startups]], and international organizations. The Indian team will collaborate with their counterparts in [[Beijing]], [[Tokyo]], and [[San Francisco]] to focus on [[blockchain]] & [[Distributed ledger|DLT]], AI & [[Machine learning|ML]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-11 |title=WEF launches Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wef-launches-centre-for-fourth-industrial-revolution-in-india/articleshow/66166216.cms |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> To increase farmers' incomes, [[World Economic Forum#Organization|C4IR]] has been working on AI-driven agricultural initiatives since 2018. In January 2024, C4IR, [[MeitY]], [[NASSCOM]], and the [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser]] launched the '''AI for India 2030 initiative'''. Its goal is to offer a systematic approach to the ethical, inclusive, and responsible adoption of AI in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-01-20 |title=India at forefront of age defined by tech evolution: WEF report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-at-forefront-of-age-defined-by-tech-evolution-wef-report/article69119315.ece |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaushik |first1=Purushottam |last2=Sharma |first2=Harsh |last3=Sarna |first3=Ayushi |date=22 January 2025 |title=AI for India 2030: A blueprint for inclusive growth and global leadership |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/ai-for-india-2030-blueprint-inclusive-growth-global-leadership/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR) India – an Impact Journey |url=https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_C4IR_India_An_Impact_Journey_2025.pdf |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref>

India's [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] and Japan's [[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry|Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry]] signed a memorandum of cooperation on 29 October 2018, which outlines the two nations' cooperation in AI and [[IoT]] as part of '''India-Japan Cooperation on Digital Partnership'''. In an effort to strengthen ties between NITI Aayog and [[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry|METI]], India and Japan signed a broad statement of intent on AI under "Society 5.0" that included the exploration of potential institutional collaborations, such as joint projects between [[IIT Hyderabad]] and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre ([[National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology]]), related to [[machine learning]], [[deep learning]], [[data mining]], and other AI themes. Joint scientific and technological cooperation in [[Machine learning|ML]], and [[probabilistic logic]] techniques for various data types and combinations were added to the extended MoU on 24 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2018 |title=India-Japan Fact Sheets. India-Japan Development Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific, including Africa |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184461 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau ]] |agency=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-12-24 |title=Japanese research institute, IIT-H renew MoU |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/japanese-research-institute-iit-h-renew-mou/article38030467.ece |access-date=2025-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2021, the Indian [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and the [[United States Department of State]] were designated as the nodal agencies for the '''US India Artificial Intelligence Initiative''' launched under Indo-US Science and Technology Forum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Neha |date=24 March 2021 |title=US India Artificial Intelligence Initiative: Everything you need to know about |url=https://cio.techgig.com/technology/us-india-artificial-intelligence-initiative-everything-you-need-to-know-about/articleshow_b2b/81672393.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=TechGig}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Shailaja |date=2021-03-19 |title=India-US launches Artificial Intelligence Initiative |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/india-us-launches-artificial-intelligence-initiative-1616138584-1 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> It will provide a forum for bilateral research and development cooperation. It will also facilitate AI innovation, exchange ideas for building an AI workforce, and suggest ways to promote collaborations.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-03-18 |title=India, US launch AI-focused forum to scale up science & technology relationship |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/india-us-launch-ai-focused-forum-to-scale-up-science-technology-relationship-11616072222839.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322010058/https://www.livemint.com/science/news/india-us-launch-ai-focused-forum-to-scale-up-science-technology-relationship-11616072222839.html |archive-date=2021-03-22 |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=US-India Artificial Intelligence Initiative |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/us-india-artificial-intelligence-initiative/article34183767.ece |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Tulika |date=2023-07-01 |title=All about US India Artificial Intelligence Initiative (USIAI) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/all-about-us-india-artificial-intelligence-initiative-usiai-1616403169-1 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[United States]] and India expanded their joint cyber training and exercises in 2022 and initiated the '''Defense Artificial Intelligence Dialogue'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Readout of the Inaugural U.S. – India Advanced Domains Defense Dialogue |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3408336/readout-of-the-inaugural-us-india-advanced-domains-defense-dialogue/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Si-soo |first=Park |date=2022-04-12 |title=US, India agree to cooperate on space situational awareness |url=https://spacenews.com/us-india-agree-to-cooperate-on-space-situational-awareness/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> According to [[Cleo Paskal]], a non-resident senior fellow at the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]], the Indian community has influenced AI research and development in the US for many years. Things are taken to the next level by the Defense Artificial Intelligence Dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demarest |first=Colin |date=2022-04-18 |title=US and India launch talks about military AI |url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/artificial-intelligence/2022/04/15/us-and-india-launch-talks-about-military-ai/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=C4ISRNet |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, the US intends to join six of India's Technology Innovation Hubs to support collaborative research projects in fields including AI, advanced wireless technologies, and data science to further advancements in applications like agriculture, health, and climate. Thirty-five projects have been selected for implementation by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|DST]] and [[U.S. National Science Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, US announce major partnership for cooperation in critical areas after Modi-Biden talks |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/india-us-announce-major-partnership-for-cooperation-in-critical-areas-after-modi-biden-talks-8568641.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525043523/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/india-us-announce-major-partnership-for-cooperation-in-critical-areas-after-modi-biden-talks-8568641.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=10 August 2022 |title=Best plans discussed for Indo-US joint research projects to be implemented through technology innovation hubs - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/best-plans-discussed-for-indo-us-joint-research-projects-to-be-implemented-through-technology-innovation-hubs/93467037 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the [[United States–India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology]], the US and India announced setting aside more than $2 million in 2024 for collaborative research initiatives that will advance AI and [[quantum technology]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2023 |title=India and the United States today jointly launched a call for proposals on Critical and Emerging Technology: Quantum Technologies and Artificial Intelligence for Transforming Lives |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1940458 |access-date=7 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2024 |title=US, India announce over USD 2 million grants for AI and quantum technology research projects |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/us/us-india-announce-over-usd-2-million-grants-for-ai-and-quantum-technology-research-projects20241012052522/ |access-date=7 February 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref>

In order to develop [[Advanced driver-assistance system|advanced driver-assistance systems]] and [[vehicular automation]] technologies that can be used in different parts of the world, the Japanese business [[Honda]] began collaborative research on AI technologies with [[IIT Delhi]] and [[IIT Bombay]] in 2024. This was done in order to further advance the company's own Honda Cooperative Intelligence AI platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Honda Begins Joint Research on AI Technologies with the Indian Institutes of Technology in Delhi and Bombay to Further Advance Honda CI (Cooperative Intelligence) |url=https://global.honda/en/topics/2024/ct_2024-09-11eng.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Honda Global |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Honda begins joint research with IIT Delhi, Bombay on AI technologies |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/honda-begins-joint-research-with-iit-delhi-bombay-on-artificial-intelligence-technologies/cid/2047289#goog_rewarded |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913201600/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/honda-begins-joint-research-with-iit-delhi-bombay-on-artificial-intelligence-technologies/cid/2047289 |archive-date=2024-09-13 |access-date=2025-02-06 |language=en}}</ref>

To create safe, open, secure, and reliable AI, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced the '''India-France Roadmap on Artificial Intelligence''' on 12 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2025 |title=India – France Joint Statement on the visit of Shri Narendra Modi, Hon'ble Prime Minister of India to France |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2102247 |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-12 |title=India, France seek to ensure standards governing AI use reflect democratic values |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/india-france-seek-to-ensure-standards-governing-ai-use-reflect-democratic-values/articleshow/118180351.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The goal is to make sure that the rules and guidelines governing the use of AI represent democratic principles and maximize its potential for the advancement of humanity and the common good.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=India-France Declaration on Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/39034/IndiaFrance+Declaration+on+Artificial+Intelligence+February+12+2025 |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India-France Declaration on Artificial Intelligence |url=https://in.ambafrance.org/India-France-Declaration-on-Artificial-Intelligence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214105745/https://in.ambafrance.org/India-France-Declaration-on-Artificial-Intelligence |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=La France en Inde / France in India |language=en}}</ref>

The [[India-EU Trade and Technology Council]] has made AI a top priority. In 2025, the [[European AI Office]] and the India AI Mission agreed to strengthen collaboration on [[Large language model|large language models]], including collaborative efforts to create frameworks and tools for responsible and ethical AI. It will expand upon the advancements in [[high-performance computing]] applications related to [[bioinformatics]], [[climate change]], and [[Natural disaster|natural disasters]] that have been made possible by collaborative [[research and development]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2025 |title=India is pillar of certainty for Europe in increasingly uncertain world: EU chief Ursula von der Leyen |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-is-pillar-of-certainty-for-europe-in-increasingly-uncertain-world-eu-chief-ursula-von-der-leyen20250228173331/ |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2025 |title=India, EU reiterate commitment for "human-centric, sustainable, responsible" AI; agree for cooperation on info exchange, language models |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/india-eu-reiterate-commitment-for-human-centric-sustainable-responsible-ai-agree-for-cooperation-on-info-exchange-language-models20250301173949/ |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref>

On 2 July 2025, the [[Government of Telangana]] launched the Telangana Data Exchange (TGDeX) in partnership with [[IISc]] and the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]. It will enable access to structured datasets and developer tools required to create AI solutions. TGDeX will utilize Open Data Telangana platform. TGDeX's goal of hosting more than 2,000 AI-ready datasets over the next five years will be aided by the Telangana AI Mission (T-AIM), [[T–Hub]], MATH (AI/ML Centre of Excellence of T-Hub), IIT Hyderabad, and [[IIIT Hyderabad|IIIT-Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-30 |title=First State-led digital public infra for AI TGDeX set for launch in Telangana on July 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/first-state-led-digital-public-infra-for-ai-tgdex-set-for-launch-in-telangana-on-july-2/article69756528.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaurwal |first=Shubham |title=Can Telangana Lead India's AI Revolution? A New DPI for AI Set to Launch |url=https://www.tice.news/tice-trending/can-telangana-lead-indias-ai-revolution-a-new-dpi-for-ai-set-to-launch-9452179 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.tice.news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Chaitanya |date=2025-07-01 |title=Telangana Launches TGDeX: First State-Led AI Data Exchange |url=https://www.medianama.com/2025/07/223-telangana-tgdex-india-first-state-led-ai-data-exchange/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> Launched in August 2025, the '''India-Japan AI Cooperation Initiative''' aims to advance strategic cooperation in AI through cooperative research, university-company partnerships, [[LLM]] development, and cooperation in building a reliable AI ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2025 |title=Fact Sheet : India-Japan Economic Security Cooperation |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2162043 |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2025 |title=PM Modi invites Japanese PM Ishiba for AI Impact Summit in India next year |url=https://aninews.in/news/world/asia/pm-modi-invites-japanese-pm-ishiba-for-ai-impact-summit-in-india-next-year20250829194848/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |work=ANI}}</ref>

== Impact ==

=== Agriculture ===
On 12 December 2023, KissanAI announced the release of Dhenu 1.0, world's first agriculture-specific [[Large language model|LLM]] designed for Indian farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Shreshtha |date=23 December 2023 |title=What is KissanAI? Explore The Startup Streamlining Farmers' Lives! |url=https://www.tice.news/tice-trending/kissanai-chatgpt-see-how-this-startup-is-simplifying-farmer-everyday-life-2049132 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=tice.news |language=en}}</ref> It can handle 300,000 instruction sets and understand English, [[Hindi]], and [[Hinglish]] queries. The platform provides voice-based, tailored assistance. KissanAI used Sarvam AI's OpenHathi for [[bilingual]] support and worked with NimbleBox for [[API|APIs]]. Dhenu 1.0 utilizes OpenHermes 2.5 [[Mistral AI#Models|Mistral 7B]]. KissanAI is supported by [[Microsoft for Startups]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Shyam Nandan |date=2023-12-12 |title=KissanAI Unveils Dhenu 1.0 LLM for India's Agricultural Challenges |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/deep-tech/kissanai-unveils-dhenu-1-0-llm-for-indias-agricultural-challenges/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jindal |first=Siddharth |date=2023-12-25 |title=How Pratik Desai is Sowing AI Seeds in India |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/how-pratik-desai-is-sowing-ai-seeds-in-india/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> For climate resilient agriculture practices, KissanAI partnered with the [[United Nations Development Programme]] in January 2024 to develop a voice-based [[vernacular]] [[GenAI]] virtual assistant. The main goals of this project are to overcome language barriers and offer easily comprehensible information so that female farmers can actively engage in and profit from generative AI developments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jindal |first=Siddharth |date=2024-01-05 |title=KissanAI Partners with UNDP to Launch CoPilot for Farmers |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/kissanai-partners-with-undp-to-launch-copilot-for-farmers/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Shyam Nandan |date=2024-06-08 |title=KissanAI accepted for NVIDIA Inception Program |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/kissanai-accepted-for-nvidia-inception-program/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Dhenu2, an [[Open source|open-source]] version, was launched in October 2024, providing solutions for agribusinesses, farmers, and policymakers worldwide. It is available in three models: 8B, 3B, and 1B, and is powered by the [[Llama 3]]. The platform is based on 1.5 million synthetic and real-world instructions that cover more than 4,000 agricultural topics and categories. Over 100,000 farmers were interviewed to gain insights that provided practical information for better decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jindal |first=Siddharth |date=2024-10-24 |title=KissanAI Launches Dhenu2 AI to Empower Farmers with Real-World Insights |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/kissanai-launches-dhenu2-ai-to-empower-farmers-with-real-world-insights/ |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh Open Network for Agriculture, a [[digital public infrastructure]], powered by [[Gemini (language model)|Gemini]] and [[Open Network for Digital Commerce#Beckn Protocol|Beckn protocol]], was launched in January 2025 by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in collaboration with [[Google Cloud Platform]]. Farmers will get one-stop access to market linkages, loans, mechanization, and advisory services for selling their produce. [[Voice user interface]] will be available to farmers in Hindi, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], with other [[Indian languages (India)|Indian languages]] to be added in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=8 January 2025 |title=UP govt, Google Cloud sign MOU for launch of Gemini-powered, Beckn-enabled open network for agriculture |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital-india/up-govt-google-cloud-sign-mou-for-launch-of-gemini-powered-beckn-enabled-open-network-for-agriculture/117053955 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>

AgriHub, a center of excellence for [[sustainable agriculture]] co-funded by the [[MeitY]] and the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], was opened by [[IIT Indore]] on 27 January 2025. It will use AI, machine learning, and [[deep learning]] to revolutionize the agricultural industry. By using big data analytics and [[Genomics|genomic]] research to support data-driven agriculture, it will enable research in [[precision agriculture]], [[xerophyte]], and AI-driven disease diagnostics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=IIT-I unveils AI-driven Centre of Excellence for sustainable agri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/iit-i-unveils-ai-driven-centre-of-excellence-for-sustainable-agri/articleshow/117612188.cms |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Farmers in [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]] have embraced AI-powered weather sensors created by [[IIT Ropar]]. It provides real-time information on atmospheric conditions by utilizing data gathered from satellites, weather balloons and a network of weather stations on the ground. Parameters like temperature, humidity, precipitation, and lux are used with data from the [[India Meteorological Department]] to forecast rainfall.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Vibhor |date=2025-01-29 |title=Kinnow farmers adopt AI-powered weather stations to mitigate risks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/kinnow-farmers-adopt-ai-powered-weather-stations-to-mitigate-risks/articleshow/117652011.cms |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

AI is being used by the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] to assist farmers. An AI-powered chatbot called Kisan e-Mitra was built to help farmers with their questions on [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi]] scheme in multiple Indian languages. The [[National Pest Surveillance System]] uses AI and [[Machine learning|ML]] to identify pest infestation, allowing for prompt action for healthier crops and addressing the loss of produce brought on by climate change. AI-based analytics that use field photos to monitor and evaluate crop health utilizing weather, soil moisture, and satellite data for [[wheat]] and [[rice]] cultivation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Use of AI in agriculture |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2100755 |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India}}</ref>

The use of AI in Khutbav village by the Agriculture Development Trust and [[Microsoft]] in 2025 led to a 40% increase in yield and a 50% reduction in production costs due to water and pesticide usage. Through a smartphone application Agripilot.ai developed by Click2Cloud, the AI notify farmers of possible pest attacks, soil conditions, air speed, and weather conditions to determine when to apply pesticides and how much water the crop requires. Utilizing a variety of data sources, including [[satellite imagery]], [[weather forecasts]], soil sensors, and inputs unique to each farm, the AI generate personalized suggestions for farmers. Microsoft's Azure Data Manager for Agriculture (formerly Microsoft FarmBeats), is used to process this data. The annual fee for AI services is ₹10,000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khairnar |first=Abhay |date=11 February 2025 |title=How AI is revolutionising sugarcane farming in Maha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/how-ai-is-revolutionising-sugarcane-farming-in-maha-101739214058733.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In order to offer insights, the data is analyzed by the open-source research project FarmVibes.ai in conjunction with historical crop data. For the farmer, [[Microsoft Azure]] [[OpenAI]] Service transforms these details into easy-to-follow steps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title='Farm Of The Future': How AI Is Helping Sugarcane Farmers In Maharashtra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/farm-of-the-future-how-ai-is-helping-sugarcane-farmers-in-maharashtra-7419774 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 100 villages, the [[Assam Government|Assam government]] will support the establishment of AI-powered agri-hubs, where drones and AI would assist farmers in making data-driven decisions, increasing yields, and promoting sustainability, according to the state budget for 2025–2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=Assam mulls India's first AI lab for cyber surveillance |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2025/03/10/cal48-as-budget-ai.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

=== Industry ===
With an investment of ₹20 crore, [[Tata Consultancy Services]] founded the FC Kohli Centre on Intelligent Systems at [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]] in 2015 to conduct research in the fields of [[robotics]], cognitive sciences, neural language processing, and intelligent systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2015 |title=TCS to set up centre on intelligent systems at IIIT Hyderabad |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/pR3Mz7SmtxOQwVxK9djUXM/TCS-to-set-up-centre-on-intelligent-systems-at-IIIT-Hyderaba.html |access-date=31 January 2025 |work=Mint |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kohli Research Block Inaugurated |url=https://www.tcs.com/who-we-are/newsroom/press-release/kohli-research-block-inaugurated |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Tata Consultancy Services |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KCIS: Where The Intelligent Systems Are - |url=https://blogs.iiit.ac.in/monthly_news/kcis-where-the-intelligent-systems-are/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2018, [[Capillary Technologies]] and [[IIT Kharagpur]] established the Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence Research for financial analytics, [[industrial automation]], digital healthcare, and [[Intelligent transportation system|intelligent transportation systems]], with a combined investment of [[₹]]56.4 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umarji |first=Vinay |date=2 March 2018 |title=IIT-KGP to set up AI research centre in JV with Capillary Technologies |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iit-kgp-to-set-up-ai-research-centre-in-jv-with-capillary-technologies-118030200481_1.html |access-date=31 January 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asokan |first=Akshaya |date=2018-12-28 |title=IIT Kharagpur To Open Second Centre Of Excellence For AI|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/iit-kharagpur-to-open-second-centre-of-excellence-for-ai/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> By March 2019, a second campus at Kukatpallya will open.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-28 |title=IIT Kharagpur to set up off campus centre, research park in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/iit-kharagpur-to-set-up-off-campus-centre-research-park-in-hyderabad/articleshow/67280331.cms |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In July, the [[Karnataka government]] and [[NASSCOM]] jointly established the Center of Excellence for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence on a [[Public–private partnerships in India|public–private partnership]] for helping [[small and medium enterprises]] and make big data sets for training models available.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangani |first=Priyanka |date=2018-07-05 |title=Government of Karnataka and NASSCOM launch Centre of Excellence for Data Science in Bengaluru |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/government-of-karnataka-and-nasscom-launch-centre-of-excellence-for-data-science-in-bengaluru/articleshow/64871146.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chawla |first=Kaanchi |date=2025-01-08 |title=A New Era of Innovation Led by Karnataka's Centres of Excellence |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2025/01/a-new-era-of-innovation-led-by-karnatakas-centres-of-excellence/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Elets eGov |language=en}}</ref>

For fundamental research in [[deep learning]], [[reinforcement learning]], network analytics, interpretable machine learning, and domain-aware AI, [[Bosch (company)|Bosch]] established the [[Robert Bosch]] Center for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence at IIT Madras in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-06 |title=Bosch opens centre for data science and artificial intelligence at IIT Madras |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bosch-opens-centre-for-data-science-and-artificial-intelligence-at-iit-madras/story-i1AXLRrX3Rrsvfqo7dTQAK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121012802/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/bosch-opens-centre-for-data-science-and-artificial-intelligence-at-iit-madras/story-i1AXLRrX3Rrsvfqo7dTQAK.html |archive-date=2020-01-21 |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudholkar |first=Niranjan |date=11 February 2019 |title=Bosch opens AI Center at IIT Madras |url=https://www.themachinist.in/news/5144/bosch-ai-center-iit-madras# |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=The Machinist |language=en}}</ref> The center will concentrate its applied research on [[systems biology]], [[smart cities]], manufacturing analytics, financial analytics, and healthcare. Additionally, it is the location of India's largest [[deep reinforcement learning]] group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2019 |title=Center For Data Science And Artificial Intelligence Opened At IIT Madras |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iit-madras-bosch-opens-center-for-data-science-and-artificial-intelligence-1989244 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> At the Microsoft Research Lab in [[Bengaluru]], Microsoft introduced Societal Impact through Cloud and Artificial Intelligence in 2019 to use cloud computing and AI to address long-term societal issues in transportation, agriculture, health and wellness, and education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-21 |title=Microsoft Research launches SCAI centre in Bengaluru |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/microsoft-research-launches-scai-centre-in-bengaluru/articleshow/70771110.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[Accenture]] opened its first Nano Lab in the [[Asia–Pacific]] on 4 February 2020, in [[Hyderabad]], for applied research in security, [[extended reality]], and AI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=Accenture opens innovation hub in Hyderabad |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/accenture-opens-innovation-hub-in-hyderabad-11580820640918.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=mint}}</ref> The [[Nvidia]] AI Technology Center was founded at [[IIT Hyderabad]] in 2020 with the goal of accelerating AI research and commercialization.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-07-09 |title=IITH, NVIDIA to establish joint AI research centre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/iith-nvidia-to-establish-joint-ai-research-centre/article32034625.ece |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It focuses on the application of AI in language comprehension, smart cities, and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title=IIT Hyderabad and NVIDIA establish joint AI research centre in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-hyderabad-and-nvidia-establish-joint-ai-research-centre-in-india-1698718-2020-07-09 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Situation awareness|Situational awareness]], operator environment analysis, [[Smart appliance|smart appliances]], [[Autonomous Navigation System|autonomous navigation systems]], [[Edge device|edge devices]] for [[IoT]] and [[industry 4.0]], and [[Conversational user interface|conversational user interfaces]] were among the AI applications that [[Tata Elxsi]]'s Artificial Intelligence Centre of Excellence began deploying in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deoras |first=Srishti |date=2020-09-15 |title=Behind Tata Elxsi's Artificial Intelligence Centre of Excellence |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/behind-tata-elxsis-artificial-intelligence-centre-of-excellence/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, [[Intel]] established INAI, an applied artificial intelligence research center in [[Hyderabad]], in partnership with the [[Public Health Foundation of India]], [[IIIT-H]], and the [[Government of Telangana]]. INAI will focus on population-level issues in the smart mobility and healthcare sectors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ishwar |first=Sai |date=12 October 2020 |title=Intel partners with Telangana govt to launch applied AI research centre |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/intel-partners-with-telangana-govt-to-launch-applied-ai-research-centre-120101201520_1.html |access-date=7 February 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

SiMa.ai established a new design center in Bengaluru in 2021 to work on the MLSoC platform, the first machine learning [[System on a chip|SoC]] specifically designed for the industry. This platform can support any framework, [[Neural network (machine learning)|neural network]], or [[Foundation model|foundational model]] for any workload.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=New SiMa.ai design centre in Bengaluru |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-new-sima-ai-design-centre-in-bengaluru-2183391/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] and IISc announced their intention to establish the Kotak-IISc AI-ML Center for research and innovation in [[fintech]], as well as to cultivate the necessary talent pool to satisfy industry demands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotak IISc AI-ML Centre inaugurated: Kotak IISc AI–ML Centre- Cutting edge research in AI/ML for Fintech applications. |url=https://kiac.iisc.ac.in/kotak-iisc-ai-ml-centre-inaugurated/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Victor |date=2021-09-17 |title=IISc To Setup AI-ML Centre in Bangalore |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/iisc-to-setup-ai-ml-centre-in-bangalore/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Private businesses are attempting to create smaller, less expensive [[large language model]]. Examples of these include AI4Bharat's Airawat series, Sarvam AI's OpenHathi series, CoRover.ai's BharatGPT, [[Tech Mahindra]]'s Indus project, [[Ola Consumer|Ola]]'s Krutrim, TWO AI's Sutra series, and SML's series.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=D'Monte |first1=Leslie |last2=Das |first2=Shouvik |date=28 January 2025 |title=Mint Explainer: DeepSeek's lean AI and India's AI future |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/deepseek-lean-ai-chinas-low-cost-ai-model-indias-ai-strategy-indias-ai-future-indias-ai-innovations-domocratising-ai-11738050918646.html |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jindal |first=Siddharth |date=2024-09-27 |title=[Exclusive] SML to Release India's First Multimodal 'Hanooman' Next Week |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/exclusive-sml-to-release-indias-first-multimodal-hanooman-next-week/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[IIT Delhi]]'s Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence and an Indian [[deep tech]] firm KnowDis are working together to create AI models that could find possible [[antibodies]] to treat a variety of illnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=KnowDis brings together stakeholders to solve healthcare problems through AI |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/20/22114/knowdis-brings-together-stakeholders-to-solve-healthcare-problems-through-ai-.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=BioSpectrum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=Generative AI Meets Drug Discovery: KnowDis and IIT-Delhi Collaboration for AI-driven Antibody Design |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/generative-ai-meets-drug-discovery-knowdis-and-iit-delhi-collaboration-for-ai-driven-antibody-design20230223175134/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In part of its $1 billion pledge to accelerate AI-led innovation for the ai360 ecosystem, [[Wipro]] announced on 18 August 2023, the opening of a Center of Excellence in Generative Artificial Intelligence in collaboration with IIT Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-17 |title=Wipro launches Center of Excellence on generative AI at IIT Delhi |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/wipro-launches-center-of-excellence-on-generative-ai-at-iit-delhi/article67201853.ece |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-16 |title=Wipro launches Center of Excellence on generative AI at IIT Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/wipro-launches-center-of-excellence-on-generative-ai-at-iit-delhi/articleshow/102775225.cms |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> To study AI, the [[Adani Group]] and the [[International Holding Company]] established a joint venture on 28 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=P R |first=Sanjai |date=28 December 2023 |title=Adani Group Forges Artificial Intelligence (AI) Joint Venture with UAE's IHC |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-28/adani-group-forges-ai-joint-venture-with-middle-east-backer-ihc |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=bloomberg.com}}</ref>

On 29 August 2024, [[Mukesh Ambani]] revealed the creation of an application agnostic suite of tools and platforms called Jio Brain, to hasten the [[Reliance Group]]'s adoption of AI and set the stage for [[6G]] development with plans to offer services to [[Vendor|vendors]]. JioBrain combines high speed and low latency of [[5G]] with automation, [[anomaly detection]], and predictive forecasting. Reliance intends to use it to optimize processes in education, healthcare, entertainment, retail, and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=2024-08-29 |title=RIL AGM: Mukesh Ambani introduces 'JioBrain' to streamline AI adoption |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/reliance-agm-mukesh-ambani-introduces-jiobrain-to-streamline-ai-adoption/118196 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barik |first=Soumyarendra |date=2024-08-29 |title=Reliance AGM: Mukesh Ambani announces suite of AI tools called 'Jio Brain' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/reliance-agm-mukesh-ambani-announces-ai-tools-called-jio-brain-9539712/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Vijay |date=2025-03-01 |title=Akash Ambani says JioBrain, Cloud PC application will launch soon |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/mumbai-tech-week-reliance-jio-akash-ambani-jiobrain-cloud-pc-india-19566541.htm |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> JioBrain includes over 500 [[REST]] [[API|APIs]] and data APIs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Gagandeep |date=1 February 2024 |title=Jio introduces AI platform Jio Brain |url=https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/jio-introduces-ai-platform-jio-brain |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=lightreading.com |language=en}}</ref> It can be used for [[NLP (computer science)|NLP]], image-to-video, text-to-music, text-to-image and video, speech-to-speech, speech-to-text translation, code generation, explanation, optimization, and debugging. Additionally, it contains [[feature engineering]], model chaining, and [[hyperparameter optimization]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Akash |last2=Suvarna |first2=Siddharth |date=2024-01-30 |title=Jio Brain Announced as a 5G Integrated ML Platform for Enterprise Clients |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/internet/news/jio-brain-5g-integrated-ml-platform-ai-services-enterprise-clients-4959419 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref> Jio Brain offers mobile and enterprise-ready [[LLM]]-as-a-service capability for [[GenAI]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2024-01-30 |title=Jio Launches 'Jio Brain', 5G Integrated Generative AI Service {{!}} AIM |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/jio-launches-jio-brain-5g-integrated-generative-ai-service/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

AI has been used in medical devices, medical reports, predicting advertising & marketing results, do product design & development, healthcare & cognitive testing with diagnostic AI. GenAI is being used by Indian brands for product ideation, visual concept development, social post creation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Annapurna |date=2024-10-22 |title=Jingle AI the way: Advertising, marketing agencies tap AI opportunities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/ai-revolution-in-marketing-experts-predict-significant-consumer-behaviour-shifts/articleshow/114435154.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 August 2023 |title=Langoor Digital partners with Quilt AI to revolutionize marketing with AI Solutions |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/digital/langoor-digital-partners-with-quilt-ai-to-revolutionize-marketing-with-ai-solutions |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, [[Citadel Securities]] and [[IIT Kanpur]] announced a collaboration to construct the Translational and Transformative Training and Investigations Laboratory, an advanced [[GPU]] research facility for work on machine learning, intelligent systems, data science, [[data visualization]], translational AI, and [[high-performance computing]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=IIT-Kanpur, Citadel Securities establish an advanced GPU research lab |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-kanpur-citadel-securities-establish-an-advanced-gpu-research-lab-9788358/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Project Waterworth]], a 50,000 km undersea cable for high-speed connectivity required to propel AI innovation, was unveiled by Meta on 14 February 2025. It will link South Africa, Brazil, India, the United States, and other regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Gaya |last2=Aimé |first2=Alex-Handrah |date=2025-02-14 |title=Unlocking global AI potential with next-generation subsea infrastructure |url=https://engineering.fb.com/2025/02/14/connectivity/project-waterworth-ai-subsea-infrastructure/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Engineering at Meta |language=en-US}}</ref> India is among the nations with the highest usage of [[Meta AI]] on [[WhatsApp]] and [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kawale |first=Ajinkya |date=20 February 2025 |title=India among largest Meta AI adopters, backs open-source innovation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/india-among-largest-meta-ai-adopters-backs-open-source-innovation-125022000986_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220130626/https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/india-among-largest-meta-ai-adopters-backs-open-source-innovation-125022000986_1.html |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Defence ===
A task force for the Strategic Implementation of AI for National Security and Defence was established in February 2018 by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]]'s Department of Defence Production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarangi |first=Subhasish |title=National Initiatives on Artificial Intelligence in Defence |url=https://www.usiofindia.org/strategic-perspective/national-initiatives-on-artificial-intelligence-in-defence.html#_edn5 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The United Service Institution of India}}</ref> The process of getting the military ready for AI use was started by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2019 |title=Artificial Intelligence |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187044 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref> The [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics]] was approved to develop AI solutions for [[Signals intelligence|signal intelligence]] to improve intelligence collection and analysis capabilities at a cost of [[₹]]73.9 [[crore]] and Energy Harvesting Based Infrared Sensor Network for Automated Human Intrusion Detection (EYESIRa) at a cost of ₹1.8 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Chanchal |date=2019-01-02 |title=Defence Ministry to prepare forces for use of Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defence-ministry-forces-artificial-intelligence-1422245-2019-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the [[Indian Army]], with assistance from the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]], began operating the Quantum Lab and Artificial Intelligence Center at the [[Military College of Telecommunication Engineering]]. With an emphasis on robotics and artificial intelligence, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] and [[Indian Institute of Science]] established the Joint Advanced Technology Programme-Center of Excellence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Army sets up quantum computing lab, AI centre at engineering institute in Mhow |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/army-sets-up-quantum-computing-lab-ai-centre-at-engineering-institute-in-mhow-7697802/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2021 |title=MoU between DRDO and IISc for Joint Advanced Technology Program |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1696259 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref> In 2022, the [[Indian Navy]] created an AI Core group and set up a Center of Excellence for AI and [[Big data analysis|Big Data analysis]] at [[INS Valsura]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2022-01-28 |title=Indian Navy ropes in new-age tech with 30 Artificial Intelligence projects in the works |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jan/28/indian-navy-ropes-in-new-age-tech-with30-artificial-intelligence-projects-in-the-works-2412338.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordoloi |first=Pritam |date=2022-07-25 |title=Indian Navy's quest to become an AI-enabled force |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/it-services/indian-navys-quest-to-become-an-ai-enabled-force/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian Army incubated Artificial Intelligence Offensive Drone Operations Project in partnership with an Indian startup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2021 |title=Indian Army Demonstrates Drone Swarms During Army Day Parade |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1688807 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Abhishek |date=2021-01-15 |title=Indian Army gets ready for 'swarm' drone attacks {{!}} Know all about the aerial warfare tactic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-gets-ready-for-swarm-drone-attacks-1759493-2021-01-15 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Tonbo Imaging integrated real-time target identification and [[Edge AI]] [[image processing]] into [[MPATGM]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velayanikal |first=Malavika |date=2021-02-15 |title=Guided missiles homing in with Indian deep tech |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/guided-missiles-homing-in-with-indian-deep-tech-11613314273154.html |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref> During Exercise Dakshin Shakti 2021, the Indian Army integrated AI into its [[Military intelligence|intelligence]], [[surveillance]], and [[reconnaissance]] architecture to provide a cohesive operational intelligence picture of the battlefield.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2021 |title=Army chief visits Jaisalmer to review Exercise Dakshin Shakti |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1775333 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref>

In 2022, the Indian government established the '''Defence Artificial Intelligence Council''' and the '''Defence AI Project Agency''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2022 |title=Enhancement of Capabilities of AI Technology |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1846937 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-21 |title=India now wants artificial intelligence-based weapon systems |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-moves-to-develop-ai-based-military-systems/articleshow/64250232.cms |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and it also published a list of 75 defense-related AI priority projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2022 |title=Raksha Mantri launches 75 Artificial Intelligence products/technologies during first-ever 'AI in Defence' symposium & exhibition in New Delhi |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1840740 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title=Artificial Intelligence In Defence |url=https://www.ddpmod.gov.in/publication/artificial-intelligence-defence |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=ddpmod.gov.in |agency=Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence}}</ref> [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] earmarked ₹1,000 crore annually till 2026 for capacity building, infrastructure setup, data preparation, and Al project implementation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2022 |title=Task force for implementation of AI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1810442 |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |pages= |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref> The Indian Army, the Indian Navy and the [[Indian Air Force]] set aside ₹100 crore annually for the development of AI-specific applications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooda (Retd.) |first=Lt. Gen. Deependra Singh |date=16 February 2023 |title=Implementing Artificial Intelligence in the Indian Military |url=https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/implementing-artificial-intelligence-in-the-indian-military.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Delhi Policy Group |language=en}}</ref> The military is already deploying some AI-enabled projects and equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhinandan |date=2022-07-16 |title=Indian Army gets future ready with AI-based equipment |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/indian-army-gets-future-ready-ai-based-equipment |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2024-12-30 |title=How the Indian Army is using AI to boost national security and defence capabilities |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-ais-role-in-national-security-enhancing-defence-and-intelligence-capabilities-3703077/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> At Air Force Station Rajokri, the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] Centre of Excellence for Artificial Intelligence was established in 2022 as part of the Unit for Digitization, Automation, Artificial Intelligence, and Application Networking (UDAAN).<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2022 |title=Artificial Intelligence (AI) Centre of Excellence (Coe) launched by IAF |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1840695 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref> [[Swarm robotics|Swarm drone systems]] were introduced by the [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]] for offensive operations close to [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2022-08-26 |title=Army receives swarm drones, eyes light tanks to check PLA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-receives-swarm-drones-eyes-light-tanks-to-check-pla-101661537524265.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204215650/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-receives-swarm-drones-eyes-light-tanks-to-check-pla-101661537524265.html |archive-date=2022-12-04 |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

Grene Robotics revealed Indrajaal Autonomous Drone Defense Dome.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurmanath |first=K. V. |date=2023-09-04 |title=Grene Robotics unveils autonomous anti-drone system |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/grene-robotics-unveils-autonomous-anti-drone-system/article67266526.ece |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> For offensive operations, the military began acquiring AI-enabled [[UAVs]] and [[Swarm drone|swarm drones]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=2021-06-28 |title=Exclusive: Indian Army acquiring AI-equipped drones for attack operations |url=https://www.medianama.com/2021/06/223-indian-army-drones-attack-2/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadidal |first=Akhil |date=2023-03-06 |title=Indian Army receives 'swarming' UAVs |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indian-army-receives-swarming-uavs |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2023-02-13 |title=Army gets its first set of offensive swarm drone system, IAF next |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-gets-its-first-set-of-offensive-swarm-drone-system-iaf-next/1368508/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Bharat Electronics]] developed AI-enabled audio transcription and analysis software for battlefield communication. Using AI during transport operations, the Indian Army's Research & Development branch patented driver tiredness monitoring system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N.D. |first=Vivek |date=1 October 2024 |title=AI and Indian Defense: Enhancing National Security Through Innovation |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/ai-and-indian-defense-enhancing-national-security-through-innovation/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naaz |first=Fareha |date=10 August 2023 |title=Indian Army secures patent for AI-driven accident prevention system, 'alerts drivers from falling asleep' |url=https://www.livemint.com/ai/indian-army-secures-patent-for-ai-driven-accident-prevention-system-alerts-drivers-from-falling-asleep-11691637234217.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=Mint}}</ref> As part of initial investment, the [[Indian Armed Forces]] is investing about $50 million (€47.2 million) yearly on AI, according to Delhi Policy Group [[think tank]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Murali |date=18 October 2023 |title=Indian army ramps up AI, but how effective will it be? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-army-ramps-up-ai-but-how-effective-will-it-be/a-67134664 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> For [[high altitude]] [[logistics]] at forward outposts, [[Military robot|military robots]] are deployed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-09-23 |title=Army inducts robotic mules; drones, high-altitude tents under evaluation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-inducts-robotic-mules-drones-high-altitude-tents-under-evaluation/article68675123.ece |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Ajeyo |date=2023-04-05 |title=Indian Army to replace mules with robots to take on China at LAC by 2030 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/indian-army-to-replace-mules-with-robots-to-take-on-china-at-lac-by-2030-12410522.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Army is developing autonomous combat vehicles, robotic surveillance platforms, and Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) solutions as part of the Defence AI roadmap.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Priya |date=2024-03-11 |title=Indian Army working on AI, autonomous combat vehicles, robotic surveillance platforms, more: Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/indian-army-working-on-ai-autonomous-combat-vehicles-robotic-surveillance-platforms-more-report-420964-2024-03-11 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Military College of Telecommunication Engineering|MCTE]] is working with the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] and, [[Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research]], on AI and military-grade [[chipset]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2024 |title=SAMEER, MeitY and MCTE, Indian Army forge strategic partnership for technological advancement |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2028008 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-07 |title=Indian Army and MeitY unite forces for technological defence overhaul |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-and-meity-unite-forces-for-technological-defence-overhaul/articleshow/105801908.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Phase III of AI-enabled space-based surveillance has been authorized.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=2024-10-12 |title=CCS 'approves launch of 52 spy satellites for Rs 27,000 crore to boost space surveillance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ccs-approves-launch-of-52-spy-satellites-for-rs-27000-crore-to-boost-space-surveillance/articleshow/114158442.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haider |first=Usman |date=22 January 2025 |title=India's New Space-Based Spy Network |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/01/indias-new-space-based-spy-network/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[DRDO]] Chairman and Secretary of the Department of Defense Research & Development Samir V. Kamat said the agency started concentrating on the potential use of AI in the development of military systems and subsystems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Lt Col Anil |date=2024-12-12 |title=India's DRDO working on multiple cutting-edge military technology areas |url=https://salute.co.in/indias-drdo-working-on-multiple-cutting-edge-military-technology-areas/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Salute |language=en-US}}</ref> The Indian government intends to leverage the private sector's sizable AI workforce and [[dual-use technologies]] for defense by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levesques |first=Antoine |date=18 January 2024 |title=Early steps in India's use of AI for defence |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2024/01/early-steps-in-indias-use-of-ai-for-defence/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=International Institute for Strategic Studies |language=en}}</ref> In order to conduct research on autonomous platforms, improved surveillance, [[predictive maintenance]], and [[intelligent decision support system]], the Indian Army AI Incubation Center was established.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2024-12-19 |title=Indian Army Collaborates with BEL to Launch AI Incubation Centre in Bengaluru |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/indian-army-collaborates-with-bel-to-launch-ai-incubation-centre-in-bengaluru/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian Navy launched [[INS Surat]] with AI capabilities.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-20 |title=Yard 12707 (Surat) and Yard 12651 (Nilgiri) delivered to Indian Navy |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2086668 |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherji |first=Biman |date=2025-01-23 |title=India's bet on AI-enabled warships needs boost to counter China, experts say |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3296024/indias-bet-ai-enabled-warships-needs-boost-counter-china-experts-say |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

In order to identify and locate any hostile objects in the sky during [[Operation Sindoor]], the Indian military employed AI cloud-based integrated air command and control systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barik |first=Soumyarendra |date=16 May 2025 |title=AI in the battlefield: How India leveraged new age warfare to thwart Pakistan's aerial attacks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ai-india-pakistan-conflict-aerial-attacks-10009639/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref> The Indian Army tested an AI-powered [[Negev NG-7]] on 9 June 2025, developed by BSS Material.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Shivani |last2=Sinha |first2=Sahil |date=2025-06-09 |title=India successfully tests AI-enabled light machine guns in high-altitude terrain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-successfully-tests-ai-enabled-negev-lmg-at-14000-feet-eyes-future-warfare-edge-2737961-2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2025 |title=Indian Army is testing an AI machine gun that can detect, decide and destroy enemy on its own: Watch live demo |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-is-testing-an-ai-machine-gun-that-can-detect-decide-and-destroy-enemy-on-its-own-watch-live-demo/articleshow/122045586.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> MoD has approved 129 AI projects until 2026, 77 of which have been finished. To identify and categorize hostile aircraft activities, [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] has created an AI system accessible through the [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]]. To analyze and automate enemy intercepts in the [[Western Theatre Command (India)|Western Theater]], the Indian Army has developed an Intercept Management System that generates intelligence picture by interpreting data using AI and [[Data and information visualization|visualization]]. It can use AI to perform automated analysis and interpretation, as well as classify and visualize intercepts. To identify airborne targets and eliminate the threat far from susceptible locations, [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics|CAIR]] has created an AI-based Air Defense Control and Reporting System.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barik |first=Soumyarendra |date=2025-05-16 |title=AI in the battlefield: How India leveraged new age warfare to thwart Pakistan's aerial attacks |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ai-india-pakistan-conflict-aerial-attacks-10009639/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

To guarantee smooth data exchange between field units and command centers, [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] tested AI-enabled sensors with secure communication networks during Exercise Divya Drishti in July 2025. A sensor-to-shooter link was successfully established by the Indian Army, allowing for a quicker and more efficient reaction time.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-28 |title=Indian Army tests AI, surveillance tech in high-altitude 'Divya Drishti' exercise in Sikkim |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/28/indian-army-tests-ai-surveillance-tech-in-high-altitude-divya-drishti-exercise-in-sikkim |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-28 |title=Watch: Indian Army simulates future warfare using AI and drones near China border |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/watch-indian-army-simulates-future-warfare-using-ai-and-drones-near-china-border/articleshow/122949671.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 10 September 2025, the Indian Army received a patent for its AI-powered Automatic Target Classifying System. Using real-time data, such as images or radar signals, it can automatically recognize and categorize targets on radar by comparing them to a database of recorded data. It is useful for guiding missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anish |date=2025-09-11 |title=Indian Army's AI Innovation Boosts Target Detection, Secures Patent |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/indian-army-ai-target-detection-patent-articleshow-krhuyct |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Sudarsanan |date=2025-09-11 |title=Indian Army secures patent for AI-based Automatic Target Classifying System |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/indian-army-secures-patent-for-ai-based-automatic-target-classifying-system-19670917.htm |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Internal security ===
To dismantle [[Organised crime in India|organized crime]] and [[Terrorism in India|terrorism]] networks, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] established [[NATGRID#Organised Crime Network Database|Organised Crime Network Database]] on 26 December 2025. The database was launched by [[Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] at Anti-Terror Conference in Delhi. Investigative agencies can utilize the OCND, an AI-powered advanced analytics tool to rapidly gather comprehensive information about terrorist networks and [[crime syndicates]]. Investigating agencies can instantly access [[First information report|first information reports]], [[Chargesheet|chargesheets]], dossiers, and other vital information about crimes from all [[Indian states]]. To create the OCND, the [[National Investigation Agency]] collaborated closely with state police agencies and [[NATGRID]]. OCND functions like [[ChatGPT]] and offers voice matching and fingerprint data in addition to profile data.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-26 |title='Functions like ChatGPT': AI-powered Organised Crime Network Database launched; provides FIRs and dossiers in real time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/functions-like-chatgpt-ai-powered-organised-crime-network-database-launched-provides-firs-and-dossiers-to-agencies-in-real-time/articleshow/126187643.cms |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-27 |title=AI-powered Organised Crime Network Database (OCND) launches in India with ChatGPT-like functionality |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-ai-powered-organised-crime-network-database-ocnd-launches-in-india-with-chatgpt-like-functionality-4090196/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=FE Tech Bytes |language=en}}</ref>

=== Space ===
MOI-TD, India's first AI lab in space, is being built by TakeMe2Space. AI's potential utility in space will be demonstrated with the MOI-TD mission. In order to foresee natural disasters and comprehend climate change, the MOI-TD will assist with environmental monitoring, weather pattern analysis, and Earth's surface change tracking. The lab will process the data in real time, allowing for analysis of the information at the time of collection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Anurag |date=2025-02-11 |title=Hyderabad Startup Building India's First AI Lab in Orbit |url=https://www.analyticsinsight.net/artificial-intelligence/hyderabad-startup-building-indias-first-ai-lab-in-orbit |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Analytics Insight |language=en}}</ref> The MOI-TD mission showed that it was possible to run external code on the satellite, securely downlink encrypted data, and uplink huge AI models from a ground station through OrbitLab, a web-based console. It effectively validated key subsystems, including computer infrastructure (Zero Cube AI Accelerator, [[PSLV Orbital Experiment Module|POEM]] Adapter Board), actuators (MagnetoTorquers, AirTorquers, [[Reaction wheel|Reaction Wheel]]), and sensors ([[Sun sensor|Sun Sensor]], Horizon Sensor, Solar Cell, [[Inertial measurement unit|IMUs]]). The foundation for space-based computing is laid by MOI-TD. The creation of space-based data centers will be facilitated by the upcoming MOI-1 AI Lab mission. Support for the project came from the [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=TakeMe2Space secures Rs 5.5 crore in Pre-Seed Funding to launch India's first AI lab in space |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/start-ups-takeme2space-secures-rs-5-5-crore-in-pre-seed-funding-to-launch-indias-first-ai-lab-in-space-3767831/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> One study by the [[University of Southampton]] on TakeMe2Space's AI lab used a low-power AI system to lessen [[Motion blur (media)|motion blur]] in satellite imagery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sanjana |date=2025-02-08 |title=This Hyderabad Startup is Building India's First AI Lab in Orbit |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/deep-tech/this-hyderabad-startup-is-building-indias-first-ai-lab-in-orbit/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], Qure.ai's AI chest X-ray reporting tool, qXR, was used to identify patients for high, medium, or low risk so that [[RT-PCR]] testing could be performed. It can identify [[pulmonary consolidation]], [[ground-glass opacity]], and other signs of [[COVID-19]]. The tool provides measurements like the proportion of lung size and volume impacted by the anomalies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bora |first=Garima |date=2020-04-30 |title=Qure.ai can detect Covid-19 lung infections in less than a minute, help triage patients |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/qure-ai-can-detect-covid-19-lung-infections-in-less-than-a-minute-help-triage-patients/articleshow/75464679.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 July 2022 |title=AI, ML making equitable, high-quality healthcare a reality: Qure.ai |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/ai-ml-making-equitable-high-quality-healthcare-a-reality-qure-ai-122070600388_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160438/https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/ai-ml-making-equitable-high-quality-healthcare-a-reality-qure-ai-122070600388_1.html |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> The Computational and Data Sciences Collaborative Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical and Healthcare Imaging was established by [[Wipro]] [[GE HealthCare]] at [[IISc]] in September 2020. Its goal is to develop advanced diagnostic and medical image-reconstruction techniques and protocols for quicker and better imaging by utilizing deep learning, AI, and future-ready digital interfaces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Wipro GE Healthcare, IISc set up health tech innovation lab |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/98/17265/wipro-ge-healthcare-iisc-set-up-health-tech-innovation-lab.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=BioSpectrum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goled |first=Shraddha |date=2020-09-24 |title=Wipro GE Healthcare Collaborates With IISc To Set Up AI Healthcare Innovation Lab |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/wipro-ge-healthcare-collaborates-with-iisc-to-set-up-ai-healthcare-innovation-lab/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

With an emphasis on neurological disease diagnosis and population-level clinical impact analysis, [[Siemens Healthineers]] established the Computational Data Sciences Collaborative Laboratory for AI in Precision Medicine at [[IISc]] in 2024 to create [[Open source|open-source]] AI tools to automate the segmentation of pathological findings in neuroimaging data.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pilla |first=Viswanath |date=2024-01-24 |title=Siemens Healthineers, IISc opens AI lab for precision medicine |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/siemens-healthineers-iisc-opens-ai-lab-for-precision-medicine/articleshow/107114377.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As part of the Interdisciplinary Group for Advanced Research on Birth Outcomes – DBT India Initiative (GARBH-Ini) program, [[IIT Madras]] and [[Translational Health Science and Technology Institute]] in 2024 created India's first AI model, Garbhini-GA2, which will accurately estimate the age of the [[fetus]] in [[pregnant women]] in the [[Second trimester|second]] and [[Third trimester|third trimesters]]. In contrast to the current methods of determining a fetus's age in India, which use the Hadlock model developed using pregnancy data from Western countries or the more recent INTERGROWTH-21st model, the Garbhini-GA2, which is specific to the Indian population, uses genetic algorithm-based methods for estimating [[gestational age]]. This model reduces the error by nearly three times. The study was carried out in collaboration with [[Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Christian Medical College Vellore]], [[Safdarjung Hospital]], and Gurugram Civil Hospital. Following the completion of pan-India validation, Garbhini-GA2 will be implemented in clinics throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=IIT-M & THSTI develop first India-specific AI model to determine foetus age |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/91/24243/iit-m-thsti-develop-first-india-specific-ai-model-to-determine-foetus-age.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=BioSpectrum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivapriyan |first=ETB |date=26 February 2024 |title=IIT Madras researchers develop first India-specific AI model to determine age of foetus |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/iit-madras-researchers-develop-first-india-specific-ai-model-to-determine-age-of-foetus-2910363 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]'s [[Department of Biotechnology]] provided financing for the research, with additional support from the Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (IIT Madras) and the Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems Medicine (IIT Madras).<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-26 |title=India-specific model to give accurate gestational age of foetus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-specific-model-to-give-accurate-gestational-age-of-foetus/article67888396.ece |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-26 |title=IIT Madras, THSTI researchers develop first India-specific AI model for foetus age |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-madras-thsti-researchers-develop-first-india-specific-ai-model-for-foetus-age-2507157-2024-02-26 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In order to support healthy aging, constructive lifestyle modifications, and psycho-social wellbeing, Wipro and the Centre for Brain Research at IISc partnered in May 2024 to create an AI-based personal care engine that will consider a person's past medical history, desired health state, and behavioral responses to offer personalized help with chronic disease prevention and treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Wipro collaborates with Centre for Brain Research at IISc for AI-driven health behaviour innovations |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/100/24690/wipro-collaborates-with-centre-for-brain-research-at-iisc-for-ai-driven-health-behaviour-innovations.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=BioSpectrum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-28 |title=Wipro teams up with Centre for Brain Research at IISc on AI-driven health behaviour innovations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/wipro-teams-up-with-centre-for-brain-research-at-iisc-on-ai-driven-health-behaviour-innovations/articleshow/110486795.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Researchers from [[St. John's Medical College|St. John's Hospital]] and [[IIIT-B]] are focusing on using [[computer vision]] for early detection of [[autism]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=T.R |first=Jahnavi |date=2024-11-21 |title=Researchers use computer vision for early detection of autism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/researchers-use-computer-vision-for-early-detection-of-autism/article68894133.ece |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Mobility ===
In an effort to improve road safety and decrease fatalities by half, [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]] [[Nitin Gadkari]] inaugurated Intelligent Solutions for Road Safety through Technology and Engineering (iRASTE) under Mission Zero on 11 September 2021. The pilot project will run for two years in [[Nagpur]]. [[Intel]], [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], [[Central Road Research Institute]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], and [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]] are part of the pilot project. It is focusing on vehicle safety, mobility analysis, and infrastructure safety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iRASTE |url=https://inai.iiit.ac.in/iraste-telangana.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=inai.iiit.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandharv |first=kumar |date=2021-09-13 |title=Nitin Gadkari Launches AI-Powered iRASTE Project For Road Safety |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/nitin-gadkari-launches-ai-powered-iraste-project-for-road-safety/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

To improve vehicle safety, [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation|NMC]] will outfit its fleet of vehicles with [[Advanced driver-assistance system|advanced driver-assistance systems]] and [[Collision avoidance system|collision avoidance systems]]. They will also be equipped with sensors which will continuously monitor the road network's dynamic risks for mobility analysis, mapping the city into three zones: white (normal), grey (accident could happen), and black (accident has already happened). The data will be gathered by Intel AI Center at [[IIIT-H]] for monitoring and fixing the grey and black zones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Vivek |date=2021-09-11 |title=With aim to enhance road safety in Nagpur, Nitin Gadkari launches iRASTE initiative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/with-aim-to-enhance-road-safety-in-nagpur-nitin-gadkari-launches-iraste-initiative-7501907/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=iRASTE project aims reducing road accidents, finding factors responsible: Intel India head |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/iraste-project-aims-reducing-road-accidents-finding-factors-responsible-intel-india-head-1029918.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

MINRO at IIIT-B is working on traffic analysis of Indian road conditions, analyzing traffic data, and using data for multimodal transport to make recommendations about the locations of [[Urban rail transit in India|rail transit]] and [[Bus station|bus stations]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kannaiah |first=Venkatesh |date=2024-03-25 |title=Our work on building 5G-Advanced base stations will be a game changer: Debabrata Das, Director, IIIT Bangalore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/5g-advanced-base-stations-will-be-a-game-changer-debabrata-das-director-iiit-bangalore-9230265/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Government ===
In 2021, the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] introduced the first phase of MCA21 V3.0. It will allow for the electronic filing of documents under the [[corporate law]] and public access to corporate information. AI will be utilized by the platform to gather, organize, and classify stakeholder comments and inputs and produce analytical reports that will facilitate speedy policy choices.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-24 |title=Corporate Affairs Ministry launches first phase of MCA21 V3.0 portal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/corporate-affairs-ministry-launches-first-phase-of-mca21-v3-0-portal/articleshow/82910166.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

With assistance from [[Google]], the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]] and the [[Wadhwani Institute for Artificial Intelligence]] created Krishi 24/7, the first AI-powered automated agricultural news monitoring and analysis tool. Through better decision-making, Krishi 24/7 will support the identification of valuable news, provide timely notifications, and respond quickly to safeguard farmers' interests and advance sustainable agricultural growth. The application converts news articles into English after scanning them in several languages. It ensures that the ministry is informed in a timely manner about pertinent occurrences that are published online by extracting key information from news items, including the headline, crop name, event type, date, location, severity, summary, and source link. The [[National Centre for Disease Control|National Center for Disease Control]] has effectively implemented a comparable automated surveillance and analysis tool for disease outbreaks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2023 |title=Krishi 24/7, the first-ever AI-powered solution for automated agricultural news monitoring and analysis |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1975109 |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India.}}</ref>

As part of the Safe City initiative, 1,000 AI cameras with [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] were placed at a cost of ₹96 [[crore]] in [[Lucknow]]'s commercial districts, colleges, hostels, large crossings, and public gathering spots. By integrating with the [[National Crime Records Bureau#National Automated Fingerprint Identification System|National Automated Fingerprint Identification System]], the cameras will detect suspicious movement of individuals by comparing their faces to a police database, notify control rooms of any criminal activities, and send out alerts against [[illegal dumping]]. For a more responsive and linked security network, AI will be included into [[Crisis hotline|crisis hotlines]] and [[Helpline|helplines]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-09 |title=In a 1st, 1K AI-enabled cameras to keep Lucknow safe and clean |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/aienabled-cams-for-city-safety-and-cleanliness/articleshow/107542349.cms |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In collaboration with the [[Indian government]], IIIT-B created Datalake, a tool that analyzes government data on a range of projects to determine whether the objectives of the policy have been fulfilled and whether there is room for improvement. It can forecast how to modify the beneficiary structure to comply with the policy and benefit the citizens.<ref name=":4" />

The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] used [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] and AI-powered crowd density monitoring, RFID wristbands as part of the security setup for the [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2024 |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: A Seamless and Spiritually Enriching Journey Awaits Devotees |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088675 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-30 |title=U.P. government to use AI-enabled cameras, RFID wristbands to track pilgrims at Mahakumbh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/up-government-to-use-ai-enabled-cameras-rfid-wristbands-to-track-pilgrims-at-mahakumbh/article69043950.ece |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Plans to establish India's first AI lab aimed at strengthening cyber surveillance operations against [[deepfake]] threats and the country’s first tea auction driven by [[blockchain]] and AI, were announced by the [[Assam Government|Assam government]] in the state budget for 2025–2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Prabin |date=2025-03-10 |title=With Rs 2.6L-cr budget, Assam launches satellite plans, green & AI innovation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/with-rs-2-6l-cr-budget-assam-launches-satellite-plans-green-ai-innovation/articleshow/118856827.cms |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It will focus on real-time online threat detection, [[digital forensics]], and cybersecurity. The lab will track cyberthreats, and assess misleading media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=Assam To Set Up India's First AI-Powered Anti-Deepfake & Cyber Surveillance Lab |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/assam-to-set-up-indias-first-ai-powered-anti-deepfake-cyber-surveillance-lab |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref>

The AI Competency Framework was unveiled on 6 March 2025 by [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister for Electronics and information Technology]], in recognition of the crucial role AI plays in governance. Its goal is to provide public sector professionals with the necessary skills for upskilling programs and AI competency mapping. This framework guarantees informed AI policy-making and implementation by conforming to international best practices. To improve government officials' iGOT Karmayogi platform learning experience, a tailored content suggestion system driven by AI was also unveiled.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" />

=== Society ===
[[Wadhwani Institute for Artificial Intelligence|Wadhwani AI]], a $30 million nonprofit research institute, was established in 2018 by [[Romesh Wadhwani]] and [[Sunil Wadhwani]] with the goal of enhancing the lives of the world's poorest 2 billion people. [[New York University]], the [[University of Southern California]], [[Indian Institutes of Technology|India Institutes of Technology]], and [[University of Mumbai]] will collaborate with the institute. The objective is to have solutions that show how AI can help the [[underprivileged]], and then to build on those initial instances. Wadhwani AI will support universities from [[developing nations]] in expanding their AI capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheney |first=Catherine |date=2018-02-21 |title=Indian billionaire brothers launch AI development research institute |url=https://www.devex.com/news/indian-billionaire-brothers-launch-ai-development-research-institute-92168 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Devex |language=en}}</ref>

As part of [[Microsoft]]'s Global Skills for Social Impact charter, the ADVANTA(I)GE India program's first phase trained 2.4 million people in AI skills between 2024 and 2025; 74% of these persons came from [[Tier 2 cities in india|tier 2]] and [[Classification of Indian cities|tier 3]] cities, and 65% of them were women. Another 10 million people will be trained by 2030 as part of the second phase.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-07 |title=Microsoft to provide AI skilling opportunities to 2 million people in India by 2025 |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/microsoft-to-provide-ai-skilling-opportunities-to-2-million-people-in-india-by-2025/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Microsoft |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] launched '''IndiaAI Application Development Initiative''' on 6 March 2025. The aim is to create, scale, and encourage the usage of AI to improve the socioeconomic landscape of the country. In order to solve issues in the fields of healthcare, agriculture, governance, [[Climate change in India|climate change]], [[Disaster management in India|disaster management]], and [[learning disabilities]], IndiaAI has initiated the '''IndiaAI''' '''Innovation Challenge'''. Enhancing access to public services, improving healthcare, increasing agricultural productivity, helping people with learning disabilities, and lessening the effects of climate change are the goals. With the goal of lowering entry barriers in the field of AI, the '''IndiaAI FutureSkills Initiative''' will expand the number of AI courses offered in undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral level. To deliver foundational level training, IndiaAI Data Labs are being set up in [[Tier 2 cities in india|tier 2]] and [[Classification of Indian cities|tier 3]] locations throughout the country. IndiaAI has created the two courses for the positions of Data Curator and Data Annotator, with an emphasis on industries like manufacturing, healthcare, education, and agriculture. These will be taught in IndiaAI Data Labs located throughout 28 centers of the [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology]], and [[Industrial training institute|industrial training institutes]].<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2025 |title=Government of India Expands AI-Driven Skilling |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2113095 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India.}}</ref>

An MoU was signed on 5 June 2025, between [[OpenAI]] and the IndiaAI Mission to establish OpenAI Academy, which would provide AI education training materials in Hindi, English, and four regional languages for students, developers, educators, civil servants, nonprofit leaders, and small business owners.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sadashiv |first=Sakshi |date=5 June 2025 |title=OpenAI signs MoU with IndiaAI Mission to launch OpenAI Academy in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/openai-signs-mou-with-indiaai-mission-to-launch-openai-academy-in-india-11749131568891.html |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=livemint.com}}</ref> It will integrate with IndiaAI FutureSkills Initiative and iGOT Karmayogi platform. One million teachers will receive training on how to use GenAI in the classroom. Additionally, 50 startups or fellows recognized by the IndiaAI Mission will get API credits from OpenAI worth up to $100,000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Govind |date=2025-06-05 |title=OpenAI launches first global education platform in India in partnership with IndiaAI Mission |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/openai-launches-first-global-education-platform-in-india-in-partnership-with-indiaai-mission-11749131822971.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607083416/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/openai-launches-first-global-education-platform-in-india-in-partnership-with-indiaai-mission-11749131822971.html |archive-date=2025-06-07 |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=livemint.com |language=en}}</ref> OpenAI has extended its '''AI for Impact Accelerator program''' by giving 11 [[NGOs]] a total of $150,000 in technical funding to develop AI solutions for underserved industries like healthcare, education, and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Supriya |date=2025-06-03 |title=OpenAI Academy expands to India, commits $150,000 to nonprofits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/openai-academy-expands-to-india-commits-150000-to-nonprofits/articleshow/121602608.cms |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Finance and insurance ===
In India's [[BFSI|banking, financial services and insurance]] (BFSI) industries, AI is already in use as of 2024 and the use of AI by BFSI companies is growing.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=AI, GenAI, and blockchain: How technology is transforming BFSI sector |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/ai-genai-and-blockchain-how-technology-is-transforming-bfsi-sector-124110501372_1.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> Banks in India are using it for [[predictive analytics]], fraud detection, and personalisation services.<ref name=":13" /> In capital markets, AI is being used for [[high-frequency trading]] and [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analysis]].<ref name=":13" /> AI is being used by insurance companies for underwriting, fraud detection and damage assessment.<ref name=":13" /> However, with the growth of AI usage in the BFSI sector, the Indian government has also stated that AI, including deepfakes and prompt hacking of large language models, is being used for cyberattacks on BFSI companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doval |first=Pankaj |date=7 April 2025 |title=Govt-backed report warns of threats to BFSI from deep fakes and AI-generated content |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/govt-backed-report-warns-of-threats-to-bfsi-from-deep-fakes-and-ai-generated-content/articleshow/120071326.cms |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== AI companies of India ==

The following is a list of notable '''AI companies of India''', along with their corporate headquarters location.


{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name !!|Headquarters !!|AI field !! class="unsortable" |Founded year
|-
|[[Sarvam AI]] || [[Bengaluru]]|| [[Large language model|AI LLM]] || 2023
|-
|[[Fractal Analytics]] || [[New York City]] || Data analytics || 2000 in Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nataraj |first=Poornima |date=2022-01-05 |title=Analytics & AI firm Fractal raises $360 million investment, becomes the second unicorn of 2022 |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/analytics-ai-firm-fractal-raises-360-million-investment-becomes-the-second-unicorn-of-2022/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Glance (company)|Glance]] || [[Bengaluru]]|| Social media || 2019
|-
|[[Haptik]]|| [[Mumbai]] || Chatbot, intelligence assistant || 2013 in Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Bhavya |date=2022-12-27 |title=AI start-up Haptik says company's revenue grew 2.5x, onboarded 5,000 SMBs in 2022 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/entrepreneurship/story/ai-start-up-haptik-says-companys-revenue-grew-25x-onboarded-5000-smbs-in-2022-357943-2022-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Infibeam|Infibeam Avenues Ltd (Phronetic.ai)]] || [[GIFT City]]|| Fraud detection and authentication and risk identification in financial & commerce sector || 2010<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Infibeam Avenues Ltd's AI-Hub at GIFT City christened as 'Phronetic.ai' |url=https://www.vccircle.com/infibeamavenuesltd-s-ai-hub-at-gift-city-christened-as-phronetic-ai |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=VCCircle}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karvy Corporate|kFin Technologies]] || Hyderabad || Insurance || 2017
|-
|Ola Krutrim || [[Bangalore]] || [[Agentic AI]] and chatbots || 2023
|-
|[[Niki.ai]] || Bengaluru || Chatbots || 2015
|-
|[[Persistent Systems]] || [[Pune]] || Data analytics || 1990
|-
|[[Tata Technologies]] || Pune || AI/ML-based manufacturing R&D<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Radhika |date=30 September 2023 |title=Tata Technologies' use of AI/ML reduced power consumption by 18% on shopfloor |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/tata-technologies-use-of-aiml-reduced-power-consumption-by-18-on-shopfloor-117039 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>|| 1989
|-
|[[Uniphore|Uniphore Software Systems]] || [[Palo Alto, California]]|| Conversational automation || 2008 in Chennai, India
|-
|[[Yellow.ai]] || [[San Mateo, California]]|| Messenger || 2016 in Bangalore, India
|-
|[[Zoho Corporation]] || [[Chennai]] || General AI || 1996 in New Jersey, USA
|-
|KissanAI
|[[Surat]]
|Agriculture<ref>{{Cite news |last=P |first=Suraksha |date=2024-01-16 |title=Agri LLM Dhenu 1.0 on pilot to seed a new AI revolution |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/agri-llm-dhenu-1-0-on-pilot-to-seed-a-new-ai-revolution/articleshow/106842348.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=KissanAI - Company Profile - Tracxn |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kissanai/__x3sXGV7_rxe7YavDuiM5qrDOHNcurTbKAKtt_jGhgdo#about-the-company |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=tracxn.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sarvam AI]] || Bengaluru ||Generative AI, [[Large language model|large language models]]||2023
|-
|AAGYAVISION
|Bengaluru
|Custom-designed chip, radar hardware, and AI-powered algorithms for real-time control and signal analysis<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-27 |title=AMD India Funds Semiconductor Startup AAGYAVISION |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/amd-india-funds-semiconductor-startup-aagyavision/493921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701073157/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/amd-india-funds-semiconductor-startup-aagyavision/493921 |archive-date=2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>
|2022<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aagyavision Private Limited - Company, Directors, Charges and Compliance details |url=https://www.filesure.in/company/aagyavision-private-limited/U72900KA2022PTC158189?tab=about |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=FileSure |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|NxtGen Cloud Technologies
|Bengaluru
|Agentic and generative AI, sovereign cloud<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=NxtGen Introduces M, India-Made Open Generative AI Platform |url=https://www.opensourceforu.com/2025/08/nxtgen-introduces-m-india-made-open-generative-ai-platform/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=opensourceforu.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-08 |title=NxtGen Launches Indigenous Open Source-Based Agentic AI Platform |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/nxtgen-launches-indigenous-open-source-based-agentic-ai/495661 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>
|2012
|}

== Safety and regulation ==
In order to determine whether to create an [[AI Safety Institute]] (AISI) that can establish standards, frameworks, and guidelines for AI development without serving as a regulatory body or stifling innovation, [[MeitY]] conducted consultation process with [[Meta Platforms]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[IBM]], [[OpenAI]], [[NASSCOM]], Broadband India Forum, [[Software Alliance]], [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], The Quantum Hub, Digital Empowerment Foundation, and [[Access Now]] on 7 October 2024. It was decided that instead of focusing on regulation, the AISI would focus on damage detection, risk identification, and standards setting for which interoperable systems are necessary to prevent the development of silos which may eventually influence future policies. The Safe and Trusted Pillar of the IndiaAI Mission has been allocated [[₹]]20 [[crore]], which the AISI may use for the inaugural budget. More money from the IndiaAI Mission's other verticals may be used in the future.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-13 |title=Govt mulls setting up Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-mulls-setting-up-artificial-intelligence-safety-institute-101728833433153.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120105636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-mulls-setting-up-artificial-intelligence-safety-institute-101728833433153.html |archive-date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevanandam |first=Nivash |date=15 October 2024 |title=MeitY Hosts Consultation for Establishing India AI Safety Institute under IndiaAI Mission's Safe and Trusted Pillar |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/news/meity-hosts-consultation-for-establishing-india-ai-safety-institute-under-indiaai-mission-s-safe-and-trusted-pillar |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=IndiaAI |language=en}}</ref>

In order to develop an AI policy report tailored to India and assess the country's AI ecosystem's strengths and future prospects, [[UNESCO]] and MeitY began consulting on AI Readiness Assessment Methodology under Safety and Ethics in Artificial Intelligence from 2024. It is to encourage the ethical and responsible use of AI in industries. The study will help find areas where government can become involved, especially in attempts to strengthen institutional and regulatory capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2024 |title=UNESCO and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Host Multi-Stakeholder Consultation on Safety and Ethics in Artificial Intelligence |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2073920 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2025 |title=UNESCO and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) host stakeholder consultation on AI Readiness Assessment Methodology (RAM) in India |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2094899 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India}}</ref>

[[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister for Electronics & Information Technology]] [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] announced the creation of an [[IndiaAI Safety Institute]] on 30 January 2025, to ensure the ethical and safe application of AI models. The institute will promote domestic [[research and development]] that is grounded in India's social, economic, cultural, and linguistic diversity and is based on Indian datasets. With the help of academic and research institutions, as well as private sector partners, the institute will follow the [[hub-and-spoke]] approach to carry out projects within Safe and Trusted Pillar of the IndiaAI Mission. Among the major safety-related initiatives are eight ongoing projects to implement a techno-legal strategy to protect data privacy while conducting an ethical audit of algorithmic effectiveness.<ref name=":5" />

First round of projects are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annexure 3 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/jan/doc2025130492201.pdf |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Theme
!Institute
!Project
|-
|[[Machine unlearning]]
|[[IIT Jodhpur]]
|Develop method for targeted unlearning in [[Open source|open-source]] [[Generative artificial intelligence|generative]] [[Foundation model|foundation models]] while minimizing negative impact on overall model performance.
|-
|[[Synthetic data]] generation
|[[IIT Roorkee]]
|
* Design and develop method for generating synthetic data for mitigating bias in datasets.
* Framework for mitigating bias in machine learning pipeline for responsible AI.
* Develop algorithm for handling the bias at the model training and in-processing stage of machine learning model development.
|-
|AI bias mitigation strategy
|[[National Institute of Technology, Raipur]]
|Development of algorithms for bias mitigation in health care system applications, image analysis, and diagnostic decisions.
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Explainable AI]] framework
|[[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]]
| rowspan="2" |
* Enabling explainable and privacy preserving AI.
* Creating AI models to provide accurate and interpretable results for human activity analysis for effective security in crowded environment.
|-
|Mindgraph Technologies
|-
| rowspan="4" |Privacy enhancing strategies
|[[IIT Delhi]]
| rowspan="4" |
* Privacy preserving machine learning models.
* Develop [[Distributed computing|distributed]] learning algorithms that can perform in an adversarial environment susceptible to attacks.
|-
|[[IIT Dharwad]]
|-
|[[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi]]
|-
|[[Telecommunication Engineering Centre]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |AI ethical certification framework
|[[IIIT-Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" |
* Nishpaksh: tools for assessing fairness of AI model.
* Develop three step certification process involving bias risk assessment, processing for metrics, and bias testing to ensure fairness for AI systems in the Indian context.
|-
|[[Telecommunication Engineering Centre|TEC]]
|-
|AI algorithm auditing framework
|Civic Data Lab
|ParakhAI: open-source framework and toolkit for participatory algorithmic auditing. It will involve citizens in the responsible design, development, and deployment of algorithmic decision making systems.
|-
| rowspan="2" |AI governance testing framework
|[[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]
| rowspan="2" |Track [[large language model]], transparency, risk-assessment, context and knowledge for [[Large language model|LLMs]]. Identify and address specific gaps in the existing governance testing frameworks related to LLM's downstream use-case and deployment.
|-
|TEC
|}
Themes for second round of projects include [[Watermark (data file)|watermarking]] and labelling, ethical AI frameworks, AI risk-assessment and management, stress testing tools, and [[deepfake]] detection tools.<ref name=":5" />

[[Infosys]] released an open-source "Responsible AI" toolbox on 26 February 2025. The program, is a component of the Infosys Topaz Responsible AI Suite. It assists in identifying and stopping security risks, privacy violations, biased outputs, damaging content, copyright infringement, false information, deepfakes, and the use of malevolent AI. The toolkit can improve the transparency of outcomes produced by AI. It works with both on-premises and cloud systems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Infosys Unveils Open Source 'Responsible AI' Toolkit To Promote Ethical Use |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/infosys-unveils-open-source-responsible-ai-toolkit-to-promote-ethical-use-7799415 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Citing concerns about the confidentiality of government data and documents, the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] issued an internal department caution advising staff not to use AI tools like [[ChatGPT]] and [[DeepSeek (chatbot)|DeepSeek]] for work-related purposes.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sarita |last2=Ohri |first2=Nikunj |date=5 February 2025 |title=India's finance ministry asks employees to avoid AI tools like ChatGPT, DeepSeek |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/indias-finance-ministry-asks-employees-avoid-ai-tools-like-chatgpt-deepseek-2025-02-05/ |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

In order to comply with the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023]] and other sovereignty requirements, [[OpenAI]] allowed the local storage of data for ChatGPT Enterprise, ChatGPT Edu, and OpenAI [[API]] platform customers from 8 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aryan |first=Aashish |date=8 May 2025 |title=OpenAI to store ChatGPT Enterprise and API user data locally in India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/openai-chatgpt-india-data-residency-enterprise-edu-api-launch-125050800140_1.html |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lohchab |first=Himanshi |date=2025-05-20 |title=ET Explainer: What OpenAI's local data residency means for India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/et-explainer-what-openais-local-data-residency-means-for-india/articleshow/121275267.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Talks to establish data center operations in India have already been started by OpenAI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aryan |first=Aashish |date=13 February 2025 |title=ChatGPT maker OpenAI's plan to set up India data centre in the works |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/chatgpt-maker-openai-s-plan-to-set-up-india-data-centre-in-the-works-125021301533_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220163942/https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/chatgpt-maker-openai-s-plan-to-set-up-india-data-centre-in-the-works-125021301533_1.html |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Google]] launched its Safety Charter for India's AI-led transformation on 18 June 2025. Keeping end users safe, cybersecurity for government and enterprise infrastructure, and responsibly developing AI are the three core pillars that it outlines for addressing the difficulties of the online world in partnership with the larger ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Urvashi |date=2025-06-18 |title=Google unveils Safety Charter to secure India's AI-powered digital future |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/technology/google-unveils-safety-charter-to-secure-indias-ai-powered-digital-future/124147 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Ayushi |date=2025-06-17 |title=As AI grows, Google introduces Safety Charter in India to fight scams and boost cybersecurity |url=https://www.digit.in/news/general/as-ai-grows-google-rolls-out-safety-charter-in-india-to-fight-scams-and-boost-cybersecurity.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Digit |language=en}}</ref> In order to operationalize Google's Safety Charter, Google Safety Engineering Center in [[Hyderabad]] was established.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Merin Susan |date=2025-06-19 |title=Google Opens Cybersecurity Hub in Hyderabad to Strengthen India's Digital Safety Infra |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/google-opens-cybersecurity-hub-in-hyderabad-to-strengthen-indias-digital-safety-infra/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[HCLTech]]
* [[Infosys]]
* [[Tata Elxsi]]
* [[Sarvam AI]]

==Related articles==
* [[Artificial intelligence industry in Canada]]
* [[Artificial intelligence industry in China]]
* [[Artificial intelligence industry in Italy]]
* [[Artificial intelligence industry in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Artificial intelligence in Brazilian industry]]
* [[Artificial intelligence industry in China]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Artificial intelligence by country|India]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Computer science in India]]

Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet

2026-02-10T17:21:22Z

Ajithkumardas6: cleanup references additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian missile propulsion system}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet
| image = File:Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) missile being tested on 8 February 2019.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt =
| caption = SFDR based missile during its second flight
| type = Missile propulsion system
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged =
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive =
| is_artillery =
| is_vehicle =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service =
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer =
*[[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]]
*[[Research Centre Imarat]]
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| launch_platform =
| transport = 
| ref = <ref name=pib2 /><ref name=drdo />
}}

'''Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet''' ('''SFDR''') is a [[missile]] [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] currently being developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian [[Beyond-visual-range missile|long range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/articleshow/81350920.cms|title = SFDR missile propulsion system successfully tested | India News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 March 2021 }}</ref>

== Description ==
The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> It is an extremely long-range missile with a projected range of 350 km.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO joins exclusive club after long-range air-to-air missile test|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/drdo-joins-exclusive-club-after-long-range-air-to-air-missile-test-121030501399_1.html|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>

Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian air-to-air missiles.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" />

In its current form, the SFDR-based missile must first be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.<ref name="pib2" />

== Development ==
The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.<ref name=thbl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-successfully-tests-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-propelled-missile/article26230574.ece|title=India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 February 2019|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> The missile is being developed primarily by the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] and [[Research Centre Imarat]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thbl" /> [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Material Research Laboratory]] developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.<ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sushant|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successfully-tests-ramjet-technology-to-help-develop-long-range-missiles-7215607/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.<ref name="drdo" /> As of 2023, the SFDR is among 55 high priority DRDO projects that have failed to meet project deadlines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2023-03-16 |title=Ramjet Technology: India's Impressive Progress and the Future of Aerospace |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-ramjet-technology-indias-impressive-progress-and-the-future-of-aerospace-3011785/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Testing ==
* SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This was the first time where a nozzle-less booster test was demonstrated in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile test was partially successful as the second [[ramjet]] engine stage had failed to activate during the flight.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
*The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
* DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology from the [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR), [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]], [[Odisha]] on 5 March 2021. "All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations", DRDO officials said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology-in-odisha-chandipur/728485|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur|date=5 March 2021|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref>
* Another successful test was carried out on 8 April 2022 .The test demonstrated reliable functioning of all critical components involved in the complex missile system and met all the mission objectives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another feat for DRDO as India successfully flight tests missile system SFDR booster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/08/another-feat-for-drdo-as-india-successfully-flight-tests-missile-system-sfdr-booster-2439610.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113746/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/08/another-feat-for-drdo-as-india-successfully-flight-tests-missile-system-sfdr-booster-2439610.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* In November 2022, SFDR successfully demonstrated fuel flow controller actuation during flight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/DEFENCE%20AR%202022-23%20LOW.pdf |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>
* [[Astra_(missile)#Gandiva|Gandiva]], formerly Astra Mark 3, with solid-fuel ducted ramjet propulsion was put to test flight in 2023, enabling the missile to intercept airborne threats over a very long distance at supersonic speed. The missile was configured with nozzle-less booster, thrust modulation system and a sustainer motor to deliver [[specific impulse]] in ramjet mode.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=ASTRA MK-III: India's most advanced air-to-air missile set to alter balance of power with its unmatched range |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/astra-mk-iii-indias-most-advanced-air-to-air-missile-set-to-alter-balance-of-power-with-its-unmatched-range/articleshow/118726844.cms |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=Ministry of Defence – Year End Review 2023 |work=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>
*On 13 December 2024, the DRDO successfully conducted the final test of the Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) propulsion based missile system from a static launcher at the Launch Complex-III of the Integrated Test Range in Odisha. The missile achieved a speed over Mach 3 and knocked out an aerial target successfully.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2024-12-13 |title=India rides high as missile with cutting-edge SFDR technology tested successfully |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Dec/13/india-rides-high-as-missile-with-cutting-edge-sfdr-technology-tested-successfully |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*On 3 February 2026 at 10:45 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], DRDO conducted a demonstration flight trail for the SFDR from ITR Odisha. The subsystems including nozzle less booster, SFDR motor and fuel flow controller performed in textbook precision after it was propelled by a ground-based motor to the desired speed.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DRDO carries out successful demonstration of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet technology |date=2026-02-03 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2222635&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=DRDO conducts successful test of Solid Fuel Ramjet technology for long range supersonic missiles |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-successful-test-solid-fuel-ramjet-technology-supersonic-missiles-10511737/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
* [[Astra (missile)]]
* [[K-100 (missile)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|DRDO Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Air-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Guided missiles of India]]
[[Category:Ramjet engines]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Dus Bahane 2.0

2026-01-19T18:03:22Z

Ajithkumardas6: started the data w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox song
| name= Dus Bahane 2.0
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| album = [[Baaghi 3]]
| language = Hindi
| released = {{Start date|2020|02|12|df=y}}
| recorded =2019
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| genre =
*[[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]]
*[[filmi]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=21}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|writer=| composer = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| lyricist = Panchhi Jalonvi
| producer = [[Meghdeep Bose]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|OgpRminfnRA|"Dus Bahane 2.0"}}
| type = song
}}
}}

"'''Dus Bahane 2.0'''" ({{Translation|Ten Excuses 2.0}}) is a [[Hindi]] song from the 2020 film ''[[Baaghi 3]]''. The song was a recreation of the original "[[Dus Bahane]]" from the film ''[[Dus]]'' which was sung by [[Vishal–Shekhar]] featuring the vocals of [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Tulsi Kumar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=When Vishal-Shekhar stepped in to rescue their song 'Dus Bahane' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-when-vishal-shekhar-stepped-in-to-rescue-their-song-dus-bahane-2813590|access-date=13 June 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/baaghi-3-song-dus-bahaane-heres-why-vishal-shekhar-agreed-to-revamp-their-song/22594156 |title=Baaghi 3 song Dus Bahaane: Here's why Vishal-Shekhar agreed to revamp their song |date=12 February 2020 |website=mid-day |language=en|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/music/vishal-shekhar-on-remixing-dus-bahane-for-baaghi-3-we-are-trying-to-fix-it-so-it-isn-t-reduced-to-another-shoddy-remix/story-xASyXplKux8fjipgF4eneM_amp.html |title=Vishal-Shekhar on remixing Dus Bahane for Baaghi 3: 'We are trying to fix it so it isn't reduced to another shoddy remix' |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 February 2020 |access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vishal-shekhar-excited-to-remix-their-own-song-for-the-first-time/articleshow/74132496.cms |title=Vishal-Shekhar excited to remix their own song for the first time – Times of India |website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2020 }}</ref>
The song was recorded, mixed and mastered by [[Eric Pillai]] - Future Sound Of Bombay in [[Mumbai]]. The song is arranged and programmed by [[Meghdeep Bose]].

==Music video==
The makers of ''Baaghi 3'' released its first song "Dus Bahane 2.0" on Wednesday. The track is a rehash of the title track "Dus Bahane" of 2005 film ''[[Dus]]''. The music video featured [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baaghi 3 song Dus Bahane 2.0: Recreate and ruin|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dus-bahane-2-0-baaghi-3-tiger-shroff-shraddha-kapoor-watch-video-6264239/|access-date=2020-02-12|website=The Indian Express|date=12 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
A teaser of the song was released on 1 February 2020. The official song was released on the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]'s [[YouTube]] channel on 12 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dus Bahane 2.0 from Baaghi 3 out: Tiger Shroff is okay.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dus-bahane-2-0-from-baaghi-3-out-tiger-shroff-is-okay-but-we-miss-abhishek-bachchan-1645686-2020-02-12|access-date=2020-02-12|website=India Today|date=11 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The song was also made available for Online streaming on [[Saavn]],<ref name="Ek Do Teen Saavn">{{cite web|title=Dus Bahane 2.0 at Saavn|date=12 February 2020 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dus-bahane-2.0-feat.-k.k.-shaan-tulsi-kumar/IjAzXzpyaEo|publisher=[[Saavn]]|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref> [[iTunes]] and [[Gaana]] on the same day. The full music album was released on 5 March 2020 by T-Series.{{fact|date=June 2022}}

==Music credits==
Credits adapted from T-Series.

* [[Vishal–Shekhar|Vishal and Shekhar]] – composer
* [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Tulsi Kumar]] – Singers
* Panchhi Jalonvi – Lyrics
* [[Meghdeep Bose]] – Music Producer & Arranger
* Nitin FCP – Song Editor
* [[Eric Pillai]] – mixing, mastering [at Future Sound of Bombay]
* Michael Edwin Pillai – assistance mixing, assistance mastering
* Sohrabuddin – recording engineer [at T-Series Studio ([[Delhi]])]
* [[Meghdeep Bose]] – recording engineer [at Sound Bakery ([[Mumbai]])]
* Priyanshu Soni – recording assistance
* Prince Gupta – Choreography

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{YouTube|id=OgpRminfnRA|title="Dus Bahane 2.0" (full video version)}}
*{{YouTube|id=mIWpsOjQNDw|title="Dus Bahane 2.0" (lyrical version)}}

{{Baaghi}}
{{T-Series}}
{{Vishal–Shekhar}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2020 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Vishal–Shekhar songs]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]
[[Category:Music videos shot in Serbia]]

List of Kannada films of 1990

2026-01-07T04:22:39Z

Ajithkumardas6: slightly enhanced section based on references and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|None}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Sandalwood film list}}

== Top-grossing films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!Title
!Collection
!Ref.
|-
|1.
|''[[Muthina Haara]]''
|₹5 crore (₹51.33 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|2.
|''[[Rani Maharani]]''
|₹3.75 crore (₹38.5 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|3.
|''[[Abhimanyu (1990 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
|₹3.5 crore (₹35.93 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|4.
|''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]''
|₹3 crore (₹30.79 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|5.
|''[[Nammoora Hammera|Nammoora Hammeera]]''
|₹2 crore (₹15.39 crore in 2025
|
|}

== List ==
The following is a list of films produced in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] industry in India in [[1990 in film|1990]], presented in alphabetical order.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Music
|-
| ''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]'' || [[M. S. Rajashekar]] || [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], [[Sudharani]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Aata Bombata]]'' || [[B. C. Gowrishankar]] || [[Shankar Nag]], Srilatha, [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Aavesha]]'' || Peraala || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Devaraj]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Bhavya]], [[Ramkumar]], [[Doddanna]], Shivaranjini || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1990 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Sudharani]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Agni Divya'' || V. Raajan || [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Bhavya]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|-
| ''[[Ajay Vijay]]'' || [[A. T. Raghu]] || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]], Aneetha, [[Chitra (actress)|Chitra]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Jaggesh]] || Yuvaraj
|-
| ''Amrutha Bindu'' || Hamshi || Raviraj, [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Abhinaya (Kannada actress)|Abhinaya]], [[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]] || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|-
| ''Anantha Prema'' || T. Janardhan || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Vanitha Vasu]], [[Abhilasha (actress)|Abhilasha]], [[Umashri]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Anukoolakkobba Ganda]]'' || [[M. S. Rajashekar]] || [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidhyashree]], [[Lokesh]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Ashoka Chakra'' || [[B Ramamurthy ]]|| [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Sudharani]], [[Doddanna]] || Manoranjan Prabhakar
|-
| ''[[Ashwamedha (film)|Ashwamedha]]'' || [[C. R. Simha]] || [[Kumar Bangarappa]], Keerthi, Geetanjali, [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Srividya]] || [[S. P. Venkitesh|Sangeetha Raja]]
|-
| ''Baare Nanna Muddina Rani'' || [[Siddalingaiah]] || [[Shashikumar]], [[Mahalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]], [[Umashri]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[Bannada Gejje]]'' || [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Suresh Heblikar]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Bhale Chathura'' || [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Chandrika (Kannada actress)|Chandrika]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Srinivasa Murthy]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Chakra'' || [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] || [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Girija Lokesh]], Gayathri Prabhakar, Rajashekar Kadamba || Seetharama Raju
|-
| ''Chakravarthy'' || [[D. Rajendra Babu]] || [[Ambareesh]], Karishma, [[Sharat Saxena]], [[Lokanath]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
| ''Challenge'' || Raj Kishor || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]], Srilatha, [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Challenge Gopalakrishna]]'' || [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]], [[M. S. Umesh]], [[Doddanna]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Chapala Chennigaraya]]'' || [[H. R. Bhargava]] || [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Vanitha Vasu]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[College Hero]]'' || Chandrahasa || [[Vinod Raj]], Madhushri, [[Anjali Sudhakar|Anjali]], [[Abhijeeth]], Shivaranjini, [[Vinaya Prasad]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Ekalavya'' || Srikanth Nahata || [[Ambareesh]], [[Jaya Pradha]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] || [[S. P. Venkitesh|Sangeetha Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]'' || [[Phani Ramachandra]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Radhakrishna]]'' || [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Chandrika (Kannada actress)|Chandrika]], [[Vanitha Vasu]], [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] || [[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
| ''Halliya Surasuraru'' || Tiptur Raghu || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], [[Bhavya]], [[Sudharani]] || [[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
| ''[[Hosa Jeevana]]'' || [[H. R. Bhargava]] || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Deepika Chikhalia]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Ivalentha Hendthi'' || G. K. Mudduraj || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Mahalakshmi (kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Kadina Hakki'' || Shankar Sugathe || Shashibhushana, Ajay, Kalyani, Vasanth Nakoda, Sarvamangala || Lakshminarayana Goochi
|-
| ''Kaliyuga Krishna'' || Pervodi || [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]], Amrutha, [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
| ''Kempu Gulabi'' || [[Vijay (director)|Vijay]] || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Ambareesh]], Parijatha, [[Abhinaya (Kannada actress)|Abhinaya]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Kempu Surya'' || [[A. T. Raghu]] || [[Ambareesh]], [[Suman Ranganathan]], [[M. P. Shankar]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''Kiladi Thata'' || [[Sundarnath Suvarna]] || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[C. R. Simha]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], Sithara || [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
| ''Love Letter'' || K. Sukumaran || [[Arun Govil]], Sangeeta Naik, Brinda || [[Bombay Ravi]]
|-
| ''Maheshwara'' || [[Dinesh Babu]] || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
|-
| ''Mathsara'' || K. V. Jayaram || [[Ambareesh]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], [[Jai Jagadish]] || [[S. P. Venkitesh|Sangeetha Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Mathe Haditu Kogile]]'' || [[H. R. Bhargava]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Bhavya]], [[Rupini|Roopini]], [[Shamili|Baby Shamili]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[Mruthyunjaya]]'' || Chi. Dattaraj || [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Malashri]], [[Shashikumar]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Muraligana Amruthapana'' || [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Sudha Chandran]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|-
| ''[[Muthina Haara]]'' || [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[K. S. Ashwath]], [[Ramkumar]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Nammoora Hammera]]'' || Peraala || [[Ambareesh]], [[Suman Ranganathan]], [[Umashree]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]], [[Devaraj]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Neene Nanna Jeeva'' || T. Janardhan || [[Balaraj]], Amrutha, [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Vanitha Vasu]] || Manoranjan Prabhakar
|-
| ''[[Nigooda Rahasya]]'' || Peraala || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Vanitha Vasu]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Panchama Veda (film)|Panchama Veda]]'' || [[P. H. Vishwanath]] || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Sudharani]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] || [[S. P. Venkitesh|Sangeetha Raja]]
|-
| ''Poli Kitty'' || K. V. Jayaram || [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]], [[Devaraj]], [[Ilavarasi|Manjula Sharma]], [[Lokanath]] || [[S. P. Venkitesh|Sangeetha Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Policena Hendthi]]'' || [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Shashikumar]], [[Devaraj]], [[Malashri]], [[Vinaya Prasad]] || [[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
| ''[[Prathama Ushakirana]]'' || [[Suresh Heblikar]] || [[Girish Karnad]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Suresh Heblikar]], [[Vanitha Vasu]] || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|-
| ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]'' || [[V. Somashekhar]] || [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Malashri]], [[Sudharani]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Pundara Ganda'' || P. Raju || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]], [[Vajramuni]] || [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
|-
| ''[[Raja Kempu Roja]]'' || S. Umesh || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Malashri]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Ramarajyadalli Rakshasaru]]'' || [[D. Rajendra Babu]] || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Shashikumar]], Sonika Gill, [[Gayatri (actress)|Gayathri]] || [[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
| ''Ranabheri'' || V. Somashekar || [[Ambareesh]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Chandrika (Kannada actress)|Chandrika]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Rani Maharani]]'' || [[B Ramamurthy]] || [[Ambareesh]], [[Malashri]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Doddanna]], [[Jaggesh]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Rudra Thandava'' || [[B Ramamurthy]] || [[Balaraj]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyashree]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Santha Shishunala Sharifa]]'' || [[T. S. Nagabharana]] || [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Suman Ranganathan]] || [[C. Ashwath]]
|-
| ''[[Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa]]'' || [[Renuka Sharma]] || [[Srinivasa Murthy]], [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]], [[Sudharani]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], Master Sanjay, [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
| ''[[Shivashankar]]'' || [[H. R. Bhargava]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Shobhana]], [[Doddanna]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]'' || [[Dwarakish]] || [[Sunil (Kannada actor)|Sunil]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], Indudhar, Shrivatsa, [[R. Dilip (Tamil actor)|Dileep]], [[Honnavalli Krishna]] || [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
| ''Sididedda Gandu'' || S. Umesh || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], Sudharshan || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2]]'' || P. Nanjundappa || [[Shankar Nag]], [[Bhavya]], [[Devaraj]], [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]], Shivaranjini || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Sri Satyanarayana Pooja Phala'' || Dhananjaya || [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Bhavya]], [[Jai Jagadish]] || [[M. Ranga Rao]]
|-
| ''Swarna Samsara'' || [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Mahalakshmi (kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Tiger Gangu'' || [[Sundarnath Suvarna]] || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], Pavithra, [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], Mamatha Rao || [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
| ''Trinetra'' || Raj Kishore || [[Shashikumar]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Devaraj]], [[Chandrika (Kannada actress)|Chandrika]], [[Sudharani]], [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]], [[Jaggesh]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Udbhava'' || [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] || [[Ananth Nag]], Mamatha Rao, [[K. S. Ashwath]] || Mysore Gopi
|-
| ''[[Utkarsha]]'' || [[Sunil Kumar Desai]] || [[Ambareesh]], [[Devaraj]], Abhilasha, [[Vanitha Vasu]] || Guna Singh
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/moviepages.htm
* http://www.kannadastore.com/

==See also==

*[[Kannada films of 1989]]
*[[Kannada films of 1991]]

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}
{{1990 films}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannada Films Of 1990}}
[[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|1990]]
[[Category:Lists of 1990 films by language|Kannada]]
[[Category:1990 in Indian cinema]]

K. P. Padmanabha Menon

2026-01-04T18:52:51Z

Ajithkumardas6: new

{{short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:K. P. Padmanabha Menon.jpg|thumb|K. P. Padmanabha Menon (1857-1919)]]
'''K. P. Padhmanabha Menon''', [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland#Members and fellows|MRAS]] (1857-1919) was an Indian historian and lawyer.<ref name="HistoryOfKerala"/> He is best known as the author of ''History of Kerala'' and ''History of Cochin''.

==Early life==
He was born in October 1857 at Elamakkara, near [[Edappally]]. He was the son of P. Sankunni Menon, Diwan Peishcar of [[Travancore]] and the author of ''A History of Travancore'', one of the earlier scholarly works on the history of Travancore, and Parvati Amma. He was the youngest of the three children born to the couple. After graduating in law, Menon became an apprentice under Sir H. H. Sheppard, who was the then [[Advocate-General]] to the Government of Madras. Sheppard subsequently became a judge of the [[Madras High Court]] and later served as the legal adviser to the [[Secretary of State for India]].<ref name="HistoryOfKerala">{{cite book |last= Menon|first= K.P. Padhmanabha|title= History Of Kerala Vol I|year= 1924|publisher= Cochin Govt. Press|location= [[Ernakulam]]|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.76712/2015.76712.History-Of-Kerala-Vol-I#page/n15/mode/2up}}</ref>

In 1885, in order to care for his mother during her advanced years, Menon settled in Ernakulam, where he began legal practice before the Appeal Court of the Cochin State. In 1899, he moved to Travancore. He was thereafter nominated by the Government of Travancore as a non-official member of the Legislative Council. Subsequently, Menon was elected by the public as a member of the Marumakkathayam Committee, which was constituted to reform the laws and customary practices of the [[Nair|Nayar]] community. He later served on a committee appointed by the Government of Cochin, whose report ultimately led to the enactment of the Nayar Regulation.<ref name="HistoryOfKerala"/>

==Writing career==
Menon's ''History of Kerala'' in four volumes with 2,500 pages was completed in 1910. Padmanabha Menon used a portion of the [[Aluva Palace]] for this work. The work was published in 1924, five years after his death.<ref>{{cite news|title="The men who belonged to history"|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-men-who-belonged-to-history/article6090485.ece|accessdate=20 January 2018|newspaper=The Hindu online|date=7 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120084731/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-men-who-belonged-to-history/article6090485.ece|archivedate=20 January 2018}}</ref> Menon also wrote ''History of Cochin'' (''Kochirajya Charitram''), a history of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], in two volumes, published in 1912 and 1914 respectively.<ref name="Calicut">{{cite book |title=Recent Perspectives on Social History of Medieval Kerala |url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/HIS3E06.pdf |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |accessdate=11 February 2023 |page=7 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212104312/http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/HIS3E06.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> K. P. Padmanabha Menon introduced the method of social history and is regarded as the first modern historian of Kerala.<ref name="Calicut"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, KP}}
[[Category:Historians from British India]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Historians of Kerala]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
{{India-historian-stub}}

Mass line

2025-12-29T20:19:41Z

Ajithkumardas6: brief correct formatting for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Maoist organizational method}}
{{Maoism sidebar |expanded=concepts}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title = Mass line
|s = 群众路线
|t=群眾路線
|j=kwan4 zung3 lou6 sin3
|poj=kûn-chiòng lō͘-sòaⁿ
|p = qúnzhòng lùxiàn
|w = ch'ün-chung lu-hsien
}}

The '''mass line''' is a political, organizational, and leadership methodology developed by [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) during the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]]. Who used the term first is disputed, with some crediting [[Li Lisan]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=Edward |last2=Zhang |first2=Chi |date=2021-05-04 |title=The Mass Line approach to countering violent extremism in China: the road from propaganda to hearts and minds |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14799855.2020.1825379 |journal=Asian Security |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=4 |doi=10.1080/14799855.2020.1825379 |issn=1479-9855|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and others [[Zhou Enlai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schram |first=Stuart |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/thought-of-mao-tsetung/2DA4C693E131E41A72AE2CB3E8B90B94 |title=The Thought of Mao Tse-Tung |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31062-8 |series=Contemporary China Institute Publications |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511521454}}</ref> In mass line methodology, leadership formulates policy based on theory, implements it based on the people's real world conditions, revises the theory and policy based on actual practice, and uses that revised theory as the guide to future practice. This process is summarized as leadership "from the masses, to the masses", repeated indefinitely.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Cheek |first=Timothy |title=Resolution of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on Methods of Leadership |date=2002 |work=Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions |pages=120–121 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_11 |access-date=2024-05-27 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_11 |isbn=978-1-349-63485-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Mao developed the mass line into an organizing methodology that encompasses philosophy, strategy, tactics, leadership, and [[organizational theory]], which has been applied by many [[Communism#Marxist communism|communists]] subsequent to the Chinese Communist Revolution: from [[Che Guevara]] in [[Latin America]], to [[Ho Chi Minh]] in [[Vietnam]].<ref name=":7" /> Many CCP leaders have attributed their attainment of power to the faithful pursuit of effective "mass line" tactics, and a "correct" mass line is supposed to be the essential prerequisite for the full consolidation of power.<ref name="steiner">{{Cite journal |last=Steiner |first=H. Arthur |date=June 1951 |title=Current "Mass Line" Tactics in Communist China |url= |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=422–436 |doi=10.2307/1951469 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=1951469|s2cid=145666761 }}</ref>

==Theory==
In its original conception, the mass line referred to both an ideological goal as well as a working method based on "pooling the wisdom of the masses" ({{lang-zh|t=集中群眾智慧|s=集中群众智慧|p=jízhōng qúnzhòng zhìhuì}}) from which CCP leadership could formulate policy after further deliberation, adjustments, implementation and experimentation, which would in turn continue to receive feedback from the masses.<ref name="Lin2019">{{cite book |last1=Lin |first1=Chun |title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi |date=2019 |publisher=[[ANU Press]] |isbn=9781788734769 |editor1-last=Sorace |editor1-first=Christian |location=Canberra |page=122 |chapter=Mass Line |jstor=j.ctvk3gng9.23 |oclc=1107512484 |editor2-last=Franceschini |editor2-first=Ivan |editor3-last=Loubere |editor3-first=Nicholas |jstor-access=free}}</ref> The methodology is as follows:

# An initial policy is formulated based on historical analysis and theory.<ref name=":0" />
# As it is implemented, the policy and underlying theory are revised consistent with real world conditions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Karl |first=Rebecca E. |title=Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history |date=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4 |location=Durham [NC] |pages=58–59 |oclc=503828045}}</ref>
# This revised theory then becomes the guide to future correct action.<ref name=":0" />

Thus, the mass line is a method in which theory is refined by practice, with leadership flowing "to the masses - from the masses - to the masses".<ref name=":0" />

In doing this, a line of feedback is formed between leaders and masses, representing the aggregate interests of ordinary people on their behalf, in a [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[Party line (politics)|political line]], ostensibly derived "from the peasants".<ref name="mao1961" /> It is government's role to listen to the scattered ideas of the masses, turn them into systemic ones, and return them back to the people as a guide for action.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lin |first=Chun |title=The transformation of Chinese socialism |date=2006 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-3785-0 |location=Durham [N.C.] |pages=142, 144, 147 |oclc=63178961}}</ref> This is a process by which leadership refines the views of the people, "pooling the wisdom of the masses", while constantly adjusting and testing decisions in an "endless spiral" of improvement.<ref name=":1" />

Pragmatic considerations evident in mass line include its ability to reconcile central leadership with mass consultation. It alleviates "two problematic tendencies" that occur with centralization: losing touch with popular sentiment and creating political apathy among citizens.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lieberthal |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Lieberthal |title=Governing China: from revolution through reform |date=2004 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-92492-3 |edition=2nd |location=New York |pages=64–65}}</ref> Some have gone as far as to speculate that Mao's success resulted from his understanding of how government can employ mass line to its strength.<ref name="steiner" />

Mass line is also part of a long spanning Marxist–Leninist "epistemology (''zhishi lun'') or methodology (''fangfa lun'')".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammond |first=Edward |date=January 1978 |title=Marxism and the Mass Line |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009770047800400101 |journal=Modern China |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1177/009770047800400101 |issn=0097-7004|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mao acknowledged inspiration in the [[October Revolution]] and subsequent formation of [[Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin's]] [[Vanguard Party]].<ref>{{Citation |last=TSE-TUNG |first=MAO |title=Speech at the Second Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China |date=1977 |work=Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung |pages=332–349 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-022984-3.50060-8 |access-date=2024-05-28 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-022984-3.50060-8 |isbn=978-0-08-022984-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mass line also exhibits elements of ancient Chinese beliefs, which emphasized the importance of wise rulers reading signs of popular discontent in order to avoid social calamity.<ref name=":1" /> Some argue that Mao's conception of the mass line reflected his faith in the people as well as a theory of "history from below."<ref name=":1" />

The principle of the mass line is reflected in the Party slogan "[[Serve the People|serve the people]]".<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=43}}

The legacy of mass line principles is also reflected in the interpersonal relationships between party officials in local party branches and the people in their jurisdictions.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=195}} In many localities, county and township-level officials are required to visit villages in their jurisdictions to personally acquaint themselves with residents and their needs.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=195}} Academic Jing Vivian Zhan describes China's petitioning system as related to mass line principles.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Zhan |first=Jing Vivian |title=China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-04898-9 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |doi=10.1017/9781009049757}}</ref>{{Rp|page=117}} Through the petitioning system, citizens can register complaints about socioeconomic problems with government departments and provide a mechanism for the state to collect political inputs from, and remain in contact with, the public.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=117}}

== History ==

=== Mao Zedong ===
Throughout Mao Zedong's early revolutionary activity among the peasantry of the Hunan Province, he preached that the CCP must rely on the masses for its strength, serve their needs, "draw inspiration" from them, and orient its political ideology and organizational tactics to their responsiveness.<ref name="steiner" /> This is formally articulated in the 1927 ''[[Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan]]'', which Mao wrote while working in [[Changsha]]. Among other observations, the ''Hunan Report'' highlighted the challenges to and successes of local communist mobilization.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Elbaum |first=Max |url= |title=Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che |title-link=Revolution in the Air |date=2018-04-10 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=978-1-78663-458-0 |language=en |oclc=1031091411 |author-link=Max Elbaum}}</ref>

In 1948, Mao stated that discussion of mass line had been ongoing for "the past dozen years".<ref name=":5" /> This situates its conception in the 1930s at the beginning of the [[Yan'an Rectification Movement]] (1935–1947). Mao's published works reflect this: in a speech given at the [[Yan'an Forum|Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art]] in 1942, mass line was articulated as an unofficial doctrine of communism. In one section, Mao argues that cultural workers have a role to play in the revolutionary army just as peasants do, emphasizing that artists and their like must serve the people by becoming one with the masses.<ref>{{Citation |last=Cheek |first=Timothy |title=Talks at the Yan'an Conference on Literature and Art 1942 |date=2002 |work=Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions |pages=112–117 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_4 |access-date=2024-05-27 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_4 |isbn=978-1-349-63485-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Becoming one with the masses was also asserted as a strategy by which leaders and local organizers could form a common language, [[Maoism]], allowing them to unite and "analyze China's problems and propose solutions":<ref name=":3" /><blockquote>“''Revolutionary statesmen, the political specialists who know the science or art of revolutionary politics, are simply the leaders of millions upon millions of statesmen—the masses. Their task is to collect the opinions of these mass statesmen, sift and refine them, and return them to the masses who then take them and put them into practice''”.<ref>{{Citation |title=Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art |date=1965-01-01 |work=Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung |pages=87 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080229829500102 |access-date=2024-05-27 |publisher=Pergamon |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-022982-9.50010-2 |isbn=978-0-08-022982-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>On June 1, 1943, Mao formally articulated this message, the essence of mass line, in a report to the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]]. In the report, titled ''Resolution of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on Methods of Leadership,'' Mao argued that correct governance comes "from the masses," and is delivered back "to the masses". This required strict adherence to two principles: combining the "general with the particular" and "leadership with the masses".<ref name=":2" /> In asserting this, Mao answered challenges proposed in the Hunan Report by summarizing lessons learned in the Yan'an Rectification Movement.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Cheek |first=Timothy |title=Resolution of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on Methods of Leadership June 1, 1943 |date=2002 |work=Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions |pages=117–123 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_5 |access-date=2024-05-27 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_5 |isbn=978-1-349-63485-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The report was passed by the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party]] in 1943.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The discourse of mass line politics involved a [[vernacular]] style.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Xiaofei |title=Enchanted Revolution: Ghosts, Shamans, and Gender Politics in Chinese Communist Propaganda, 1942-1953 |date=2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-765447-7 |location=New York (N.Y.)}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=62}}

In 1945, [[Liu Shaoqi]] delivered a report to the [[7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]], emphasizing the necessity of selfless leadership, accountable to the masses. Thus, certain mass points had to be instilled in the minds of party members. One of such was the paramount importance of external audit of leadership by the masses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacFarquhar |first=Roderick |date=1973 |title=Problems of Liberalization and the Succession at the Eighth Party Congress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/652160 |journal=The China Quarterly |issue=56 |pages=637–640 |jstor=652160 |issn=0305-7410}}</ref>

After recognizing that large numbers of cadres properly trained in mass line tactics were necessary to build a "complete [[Socialist mode of production|socialist]] order", the CCP intensified its [[Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party|cadre training program]] in 1950–1951 to ensure that all cadres and other workers would be "carefully indoctrinated in basic [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] mass line theory and practice".<ref name="steiner" /> The problem was deemed so serious, that CCP leadership temporarily deferred several important social reforms pending the completion of the cadre training program.<ref name="steiner" /> In 1958, regulation required Military Officers to work one month each year in the ranks as common soldiers.<ref name=":3" /> Bureaucrats were under similar pressures to learn from peasants, leading many to adopt the practice of personally inspecting locales. Liu Shaoqi, for example, frequented [[Tianjin]], the municipality where his wife was born.<ref name=":3" /> Across many programs implemented throughout the 1950s, the focus was the "delicate area" of leadership relations with the unconverted masses: those who had not yet bought into the communist program.<ref name="steiner" />

In 1956, the [[8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] was held. In contrast with Liu Shaoqi's emphasis on the "audit by the masses" in his 7th Congress Report, the 8th Congress emphasized leadership's role as the director of the mass line. This was articulated by [[Deng Xiaoping]] in his report:<blockquote>"''Whether the Party can remain correct in leadership will be determined by whether the Party can systematically sum up after analysis and coordination the experiences and views of the masses and turn them into the Party's views, and then taking the resulting ideas back to the masses, explaining and popularizing them until the masses embrace the ideas as their own...''"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacFarquhar |first=Roderick |date=December 1973 |title=Problems of Liberalization and the Succession at the Eighth Party Congress Roderick MacFarquhar |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000019524 |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=56 |pages=639 |doi=10.1017/s0305741000019524 |issn=0305-7410|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>The next period would see a grappling with the role of leadership in mass line. In the 1957 essay ''[[On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People|On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People]]'', Mao outlines a new application of mass line feedback between leadership and masses. Arguing that bureaucracy has eroded mass line's efficacy, Mao proposes that intellectuals among the masses engage in a critique of government<ref>{{Citation |last=Cheek |first=Timothy |title=On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People June 1957 |date=2002 |work=Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions |pages=127–159 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_8 |access-date=2024-05-27 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1007/978-1-137-08687-7_8 |isbn=978-1-349-63485-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> in what would come to be known as the [[Hundred Flowers Campaign]]. These critiques were promptly shut down when they became critical of government. An [[Anti-Rightist Campaign]] followed from 1957 to 1959.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

While mass line was emphasized in the late 1950 and into the 1960s,<ref name=":9" /> its practice became less clear. This has led some to argue that post 1960s China was "a situation of unprecedented mass activity without the mass line".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Graham |date=1980 |title=On the Mass Line |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/189074 |journal=[[Modern China (journal)|Modern China]] |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=237 |doi=10.1177/009770048000600204 |issn=0097-7004 |jstor=189074|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* In 1961, Mao criticized [[Joseph Stalin]] for a lack of faith in the peasantry and the masses of people, being mechanical in his understanding of the development of socialism, and not actively engaging the masses in the struggle for socialism.<ref name="mao1961">{{Cite book |last=Mao |first=Zedong |title=A Critique of Soviet Economics |title-link=A Critique of Soviet Economics |date=1977 |publisher=[[Monthly Review Press]] |isbn=978-0-85345-412-0 |language=en |author-link=Mao Zedong}}</ref> This critique closely followed the Anti-Rightist Campaign, in which Mao had sought to weed out those with contrary views to government.
* In 1966 the ''Sixteen Articles'', repeatedly eulogized mass action, while simultaneously providing strict instructions for party leaders and citizenry alike.
* In the 1966 [[Cultural Revolution]] that followed, local mass activity was widespread in organizations such as the [[Red Guards]], but was steered, in part, by the ideological leadership of Mao. This was evident in adherence to the philosophies of the [[The Little Red Book|''Little Red Book'']].
* Other [[List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese political campaigns]] during the 1960s exhibited high mass mobilization, steered by leadership.

By Mao's death on September 9, 1976, his own role had been elevated to the point that he had become the defining factor in the mass line.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Lieberthal |first=Kenneth |title=Governing China: from revolution through reform |date=2004 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-92492-3 |edition=2nd |location=New York |pages=125–127}}</ref>

In 1977, the new preeminent political leader of China, Deng Xiaoping, moved the country into decades of reform. While partially honouring the legacy of Mao in his 1981 ''[[Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China]]'', Deng's leadership placed a lesser emphasis on Maoist egalitarianism and collectivism fundamental to mass line.<ref name=":6" />

=== Xi Jinping ===
{{See also|Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities}}
One of the distinctive features of the [[Xi Jinping Core Administration|national leadership]] of [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party]] [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] has been the revival of the mass line in CCP theory and praxis.<ref name="english.peopledaily.com.cn">{{cite web |date=10 December 2013 |title=Xi demands implementation of 'mass line' campaign |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90785/8479207.html |work=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref><ref name="thediplomat.com">{{cite web|date=9 September 2013 |title="China's "Mass Line" Campaign" |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/chinas-mass-line-campaign-2/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> Xi's ideological contributions, described as [[Xi Jinping Thought]], seek to reinvigorate the mass line.<ref name=":Tsang&Cheung">{{Cite book |last1=Tsang |first1=Steve |author-link=Steve Chang |title=The Political Thought of Xi Jinping |last2=Cheung |first2=Olivia |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197689363}}</ref>{{Rp|page=10}} In 2013, Xi initiated the first of his Party's Education Programs on Selected Themes, which addressed the mass line.<ref name=":Hou2">{{Cite book |last=Hou |first=Xiaojia |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |chapter=China's Shift to Personalistic Rule: Xi Jinping's Centralization of Political Power |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref>{{Rp|page=95}} This program sought to address four types of harmful behaviors by party cadres and to require cadres to conduct self-examination and self-criticism in front of their subordinates and to solicit criticism from their subordinates.<ref name=":Hou2"/>{{Rp|page=95}}

As of 2014, this revival is still ongoing, and is "not a short-term movement" according to the ''[[People's Daily]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=CPC's "mass line" campaign not a short-term movement |url=http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206976/8325279.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826050448/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206976/8325279.html |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[People's Daily]] Online }}</ref> A new official website was launched, focusing on the mass line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dickson |first1=Bruce J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L2SDAAAQBAJ&q=http://qzlx.people.com.cn&pg=PT162 |title=The Dictator's Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party's Strategy for Survival |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780190228576 |page=150 |language=en |access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref>

In his own words, Xi has described the campaign in terms of "purification" of the CCP, often involving the elimination of "[[hedonism]] and extravagance",<ref>{{cite web |title=People's Daily editorial stresses stronger ties with masses |url=http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206974/8305468.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818212607/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206974/8305468.html |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=[[People's Daily]] Online }}</ref> although the purification implied is sometimes extended metaphorically to issues such as "reducing air pollution".<ref name="english.peopledaily.com.cn"/>

As part of this campaign, Xi Jinping has declared that "All Party organs and members should be frugal and make determined efforts to oppose [[Conspicuous consumption|ostentation]] and reject hedonism",<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Xinhua Insight: Secretive government receptions defy China's central authority |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2013-01/23/c_132123374_2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128181710/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2013-01/23/c_132123374_2.htm |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=[[Xinhua]]}}</ref> although the interpretation of what this means seems to have varied from one province to the next somewhat. [[Hebei province]] reportedly reduced public spending on official receptions by 24%, cancelled the order of 17,000 new cars, and punished 2,750 government officials.<ref name="english.peopledaily.com.cn"/> ''[[The Economist]]'' reported two specific examples of punishments under the new mass line: the suspended [[Capital punishment in China|death sentence]] for corruption given to Liu Zhijun and charging the 17-year-old-son of a high-ranking military officer for an alleged connection to a gang rape.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2013 |title=Masses of meetings |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2013/07/13/masses-of-meetings |access-date=2022-11-12 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Perhaps 20,000 party officials were punished within the first year of the revival campaign.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tiezzi |first=Shannon |date=December 27, 2013 |title=The Mass Line Campaign in the 21st Century |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/the-mass-line-campaign-in-the-21st-century/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |quote=Xinhua says that almost 20,000 Party officials have been punished this year ...}}</ref>

Academic Alexander Korolev argues that: "If implemented not as a [[Propaganda in China|propaganda]] tool but as a mechanism of interest articulation and aggregation, the mass line has the potential to offer China alternative routes of [[democratization]]."<ref name="Korolev">{{cite journal |last=A. |first=Korolev |date=14 July 2017 |title=De-ideologized Mass Line, Regime Responsiveness, and State-Society Relations |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/664741 |journal=[[China Review]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=7–36}}</ref>

As part of his emphasis on the mass line, Xi states that officials should "pay more grassroots visits to listen to opinions from the masses ... think like the masses ... spare no efforts in eliminating public grievances and safeguarding people's interests."<ref name=":Wang">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Frances Yaping |title=The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197757512 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197757505.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=27}}

==Connection with propaganda==
{{Further|Propaganda in China}}
According to Steiner, the mass line is closely related to the CCP's propaganda apparatus.<ref name=steiner/> Despite the vast output from the CCP's propaganda apparatus, in January 1951 the Central Committee published a directive condemning as a "principal weakness of the Party's propaganda" a failure to effectively give "systematic guidance and control of various levels of party organizations".<ref name=steiner/>

The directive said that "One of the inborn duties of a Communist lies in the incessant effort to carry out propaganda among the people so as to educate them, to wage relentless war against all reactionary and mistaken conceptions and principles, and to promote as well as raise the political consciousness of the masses."<ref name=steiner/>

The directive called for the establishment of networks of "propaganda officers"—one in every party cell—and "reporting officers" at higher levels. Propaganda activity was to be conducted among the masses under strict control and in "fixed activity programs".<ref name=steiner/> Among other duties, propaganda officers were to maintain "constant public contact" so they could "assist the Party in the choice of propaganda matter and methods appropriate for different periods of time".<ref name=steiner/>

Earlier directives connected the need to boost consciousness of the mass line with criticisms and [[Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticisms]] in the press. CCP members were supposed to "be trained to appreciate that criticism and self-criticism in newspapers and periodicals are necessary methods for strengthening the relations between the Party and the popular masses".<ref name=steiner/>

==Mass organizations==
{{See also|People's organization}}
During the Maoist era the state supported a range of mass organizations, coordinated by the CCP through its [[United Front (China)|united front]] system. The most significant of the mass organizations encompassed large numbers of people from major social groups, including workers through trade unions, students, youth, and women. Their purpose was to "penetrate society, to bring vast sections of the population further into the party's net," [[Frederick Teiwes]] writes.<ref name="teiwes">{{cite book |last=Teiwes |first=Frederick C. |url=https://archive.org/details/modernchinesesta00davi |title=The Modern Chinese State |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |editor-last=Shambaugh |editor-first=David |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernchinesesta00davi/page/n128 105]–160 |chapter=The Chinese State During the Maoist Era |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511528194 |isbn=9780521776035 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Thought reform in the People's Republic of China]]
*[[General line of the party]] (Soviet Union)

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Maoism}}
{{Portal bar|Communism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mass Line}}
[[Category:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party]]
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Maoist China]]

Aavin scam

2025-12-26T21:04:42Z

Ajithkumardas6: Made The Stub Basic Info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Short description|2014 Tamil Nadu milk adulteration scam linked to AIADMK members}}

The '''Aavin milk scam''' involved continuous diversion of supply vans from various districts midway on the route to [[Chennai]] and diluting with water. [[Aavin]] is the co-operative milk society of the state government of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The scam was found out on 19 August 2014 when police investigated the van from Narayanapuram village that was carrying empty milk cans that left [[Tiruvannamalai]] chilling centre bound to Chennai. Following the news, the state minister for milk was stripped of his post, nine Aavin officials were suspended and the chief suspect, Vaidyanathan, was arrested. The initial estimate of the losses have been valued at one per cent of the total ten lakh litres, amounting to {{INR}}23 lakhs a day.

==Background==
The Dairy Development Department was established in [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1958 and the administrative and statutory control of all the milk co-operative societies in the state came under its jurisdiction. The Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation Limited was registered on 1 February 1981 and the commercial activities like procurement, processing, chilling, packing and sale of milk were transferred from the department to the Federation, which was called Aavin. The dairy units in the state operate in a three-tier model at state, district and village levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Citizen charter|url=http://www.aavinmilk.com/citizen.html|publisher=Aavin|year=2011|accessdate=1 October 2014|archive-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116115743/http://www.aavinmilk.com/citizen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aavin was one of the few original agencies using vendor machines in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Channel Management and Retail Marketing |last=Dhotre |first=Meenal |location=Mumbai |year=2010 |isbn=9789350432488|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House |page=187}}</ref> Booths were run in the capital city where flavoured milk, milk sweets, [[ghee]], butter and plain milk are sold. Each year, the organization introduced new products.<ref>{{cite book|title=California Studies in Food and Culture, Volume 34: Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia|page=223|year=2012|location=CA, USA|isbn=9780520952249 |last=Ray |first=Krishnendu Srinivas Tulasi|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> The agency provided high-quality milk at reasonably low cost in the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Birth in the Age of AIDS : Women, Reproduction, and HIV/AIDS in India|last=Van Hollen|first= Cecilia|location=Palo Alto, CA |publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804786140 |date=April 2013|page=191}}</ref>

==Scam==
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=right
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
|width = 30%
| title=Arrest of the accused
| halign=center
| quote=However after inquiry and investigation carried out by the high court of Madras, it was concurred that there was no iota of proof against the accused Mr. N. Vaidhyanathan and the case was discharged.The High Court of Madras discharged the case under the pretext "It would a waste of court time to further investigate this case" as per order issued by the court.
| salign=right
|source= —"Aavin scam is a lie"-High court official, ''[[Court Order]]'', 2018 <ref name=deccan1/>
}}
Aavin procures milk from various district milk unions in the state through delivery tankers. Vaidyanathan, the person involved in leasing the milk trucks, is believed to have diverted the trucks to Govindapuram, a village in the outskirts of [[Tindivanam]].<ref name=hindu1/> The Vellimedupettai police on complaints from local residents on 19 August 2014 raided the vehicles and found that milk vans carrying supplies to Aavin in Chennai were diverted midway and adulterated with water. The police arrested eight people involved, but found that they were involved in the business for the past six months. Initial investigations revealed that the modus operandi was diversion of hundreds of milk tankers (each having 12,000 litres of milk) near a preset post in Tindivanam, where 2,000 litres of milk were taken off from the sealed containers and refilled with water. All the tankers were owned by [[AIADMK]] party person N. Vaidyanathan. The stolen milk was siphoned off to private milk agencies, which sold or produced dairy products. The investigation also revealed that the operation was carried out for more than ten years. The kingpin of the operation, Vaidyanathan, started as a concessionaire of Aavin milk in 1987 and subsequently emerged as an owner of hundreds of trucks that supply milk to Aavin. He is alleged to have the backing of several officials who could change policies for his benefit.<ref name=deccan1>{{cite news|title=Aavin rip off was well planned|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140927/nation-crime/article/aavin-rip-was-well-planned|last=V.P.|first=Raju|date=27 September 2014|access-date=1 October 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref> The initial estimate of the losses one per cent of the total ten lakh litres, amounting to {{INR}} 23 lakhs a day.<ref name=hindu1/> The investigating agencies then traced the owner of the truck to be Vaidyanathan and arrested him in Chennai.However, after inquiry and investigation carried out by the high court of Madras, it was concurred that there was no iota of proof against the accused Mr. N. Vaidhyanathan and the case was discharged. Court discharged the case under the pretext "It would a waste of court time to further investigate this case" as per order issued by the court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Contractor Remanded in Aavin Scam|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Contractor-Remanded-in-Aavin-Scam/2014/09/22/article2443244.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104226/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Contractor-Remanded-in-Aavin-Scam/2014/09/22/article2443244.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|work=The Express News Service|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=1 October 2014|location=Villupuram}}</ref>

==Enquiry==
The case was transferred to the CB-CID division of the Tamil Nadu state police and twenty-one teams including four in Chennai were set up to conduct raids in various divisions of the Union.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Van seizure blows the lid off Aavin scam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/van-seizure-blows-the-lid-off-aavin-scam/article6451108.ece|work=The Hindu|last=T.|first=Ramakrishnan|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref> The CB-CID summoned the General Managers of all the District Co-operative Milk Unions to enquire about the adulteration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cops Grill Aavin GMs in Milk Adulteration Case|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Cops-Grill-Aavin-GMs-in-Milk-Adulteration-Case/2014/09/13/article2428731.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006212521/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Cops-Grill-Aavin-GMs-in-Milk-Adulteration-Case/2014/09/13/article2428731.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|work=Express News Service|date=13 September 2014|accessdate=1 October 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Two held in Aavin scam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140920/nation-current-affairs/article/two-held-aavin-scam|work=Deccan Herald|date=13 September 2014|access-date=1 October 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The Vellore milk union stopped utilizing the trucks and Aavin started procuring from Vellore using its own vehicles for procurement. Farmer associations also demanded a CBI probe as the suspects were operating in neighbouring states like Andhra Pradesh. They also called for streamlining the operation of the organization as it was deviating from the guidelines specified by the National Dairy Development Board.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=Plea for CBI probe into Aavin scam|location=Coimbatore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/plea-for-cbi-probe-into-aavin-scam/article6463348.ece|work=The Hindu|date=1 October 2014|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> The state minister for dairy development, Moorthy, was stripped of his post in connection with the scam on allegations that the prime accused, Vaidyanathan, was closely associated with him.<ref>{{cite news|title=PMK demands special investigation into Aavin milk adulteration scam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/PMK-demands-special-investigation-into-Aavin-milk-adulteration-scam/articleshow/43096390.cms|last=S.|first=Karthick|work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2014|accessdate=1 October 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref>

In October 2016, Mr. Vaidyanathan has provided a detailed explanation on the current standing of the Aavin issue . It can be noticed that the allegations of swindling lakhs of money is completely false as the charge sheet issued by the Police of Tamil Nadu on the transport companies owned by Vaidhyanathan have posted a total worth of ₹ 20,400 only for the losses incurred. Also, he mentions that the allegation has been falsely implicated on him since he has not paid his fleet drivers their due salary. Furthermore, the allegation on him also states that due to the improper payment of salary committed by him has forced the drivers to steal the milk from his tankers during transit. Currently, the inquiry is still in progress. He also has stated that he has been cornered by the Aavin officials as he has collected enough information to prove against them the adulteration and the scam involved in aavin packet films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/71151-aavin-vaithiyanathan-speaks-about-allegations-against-him.art|title='இதுதான் ஆவின்!' குற்றச்சாட்டுக்கள் பற்றி மனம் திறக்கிறார் ஆவின் வைத்தியநாதன்!}}</ref> It can also be noted that in 2014, he has filed a detailed [[affidavit]] in the [[Madras High Court]] Madurai branch detailing the multi crore sachet tender. This could be the potential reason for enraging the officials to have gone out of the way in laying a theft case where neither his vehicles nor his officials were involved. <ref>Case Status: WP.10384 of 2014 </ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

B. B. Lal (governor)

2025-12-12T10:30:19Z

Ajithkumardas6: Made First Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{About|the [[List of governors of Sikkim|governor of Sikkim]]|the writer and archaeologist|B. B. Lal}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Bipen Behari Lal
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1917|1|30}}<ref name=biodata/>
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2008|1|5|1917|1|30}}<ref name=death/>
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency =
| office = 1st [[Governor of Sikkim]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]] [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
| term_start = 16 May 1975
| term_end = 9 January 1981
| predecessor = ''Post Started''| successor = [[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Bipen Behari Lal''' (30 January 1917 – 5 January 2008) was an Indian civil servant who served as the [[List of governors of Sikkim|first governor of the state of Sikkim]] after its merger with India. Prior to the merger, he served as the Chief Executive of the Kingdom of Sikkim.<ref name="governor">{{cite web |author= |date= |title=B. B. Lal |url=https://rajbhavansikkim.gov.in/former-head/shri-b-b-lal/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Raj Bhavan Sikkim |page=}}</ref>

==Career==
Lal joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1941 and was given various responsibilities in the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] until 1965.<ref name=biodata>{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-96 |title=Biodata of B.B. Lal |page=16 |date= |author= |access-date= 17 June 2021}}</ref> In 1966, he was moved to the Central Government where he served in various capacities.<ref name="biodata"/>

In 1974, Lal was the [[Government of India]]-appointed Chief Executive in the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]].<ref name="chiefExec">{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-96 |page=7|title=Appointment of B.B. Lal as the Chief Executive |date=19 September 1974 |access-date= 17 June 2021}}</ref> Soon after the [[Annexation of Sikkim]] by India in May 1975, he was made the first [[List of governors of Sikkim|governor of the new state of Sikkim]]. He served in this capacity till early 1981.

==Death==
He died in [[New Delhi]], on 5 January 2008.<ref name=death>{{cite web |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20080106/863865.html |title=First Governor of Sikkim dies |date=January 2008 |author= |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182925/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20080106/863865.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chief Executive of the Kingdom of Sikkim|years=19 September 1974 - 15 May 1975}}
{{S-non | reason = Merger of Sikkim with India}}
|-
{{s-new|}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Sikkim|Governor of Sikkim]]|years=16 May 1975 - 9 January 1981}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Sikkim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Bipen Bihari}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Sikkim]]

Narsinghgarh, Madhya Pradesh

2025-11-27T17:08:19Z

Ajithkumardas6: Put Up A Bio!

{{About|the town in Rajgarh district||Narsinghgarh (disambiguation){{!}}Narsinghgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narsinghgarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Nursinggurh
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size =
|photo1a = Narshinghgar For.jpg
|photo2a = Narsinghgarh fort.jpeg
| spacing = 4
| position =
| color_border = White
| color = pink
| foot_montage = Narsinghgarh fort in Rajgarh District, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
| image_caption =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7|N|77.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rajgarh District|Rajgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| governing_body = Narsinghgarh Municipality
| area_total_km2 = 1368
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 483
| population_footnotes = <ref name="censusofindia">{{cite web | url = http://www.rajgarh.nic.in/census2001.html | title = population | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date = 10 October 2012 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053456/http://www.rajgarh.nic.in/census2001.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| population_total = 32329
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 465669
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07375
| registration_plate = MP-39
| website = {{URL|narsinghgarh.com}}
}}

'''Narsinghgarh''' is a [[town]] and a [[municipality]], near [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh city]] in [[Rajgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==History==
The town is over 300 years old, having been founded in 1681 by Dewan Parasram. After partition Rawat Paras Ramji named his state after Bhagwan Shri Narsingh (incarnation of the god Vishnu), who was his deity and aradhya Dev. Thereafter, he founded the town of Narsinghgarh and transferred his capital there and constructed the temple of his aradhya Dev Shri Narsingh Bhagwan. He built a tank known as Paras Ram Sagar. The town's lake still bears the name of the founder. The royal family was well connected directly and indirectly in relationship with all the important [[Rajput]] royal families of India. The State of Narsinghgarh was carved out of the State of Rajgarh by Paras Ramji, the younger brother of the then Ruler of Rajgarh, Rawat Mohan Singhji in 1681 A.D
*Rawat Paras Ramji (1681–95)
*Rawat Dalel Singhji (1695)
*Rawat Moti Singhji (1695–1751)
*Rawat Khuman Singhji (1751–66)
*Rawat Achal Singhji (1766–95)
*Rawat Sobhagh Singhji (1795–1827)
*Raja Hanwant Singhji (1827–73)
*Raja Pratap Singhji (1873–90)
*Raja Mehtab Singhji (1890–95)
*Raja Arjun Singhji (1895–1924)
*Maharaja Vikram Singhji (1924–57)
*Maharaja Bhanu Prakash Singhji (1957–2019)

==Fort==
[[File:Narsinghgarh fort.jpeg|thumb|Narsinghgarh Fort]]
The fort and palace at Narsinghgarh was the official residence of the rulers of [[Narsinghgarh State]] till Maharaja Bhanu Prakash Singhji shifted to the Bhanu Niwas Palace in the town in 1962. In Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan the rulers of Narsinghgarh were the only rulers who lived in the fort. The fort was built nearly 300 years ago in the Rajpur, Mughal and Malwa style. The entire complex covers an area of 45.323 acres and a built in area of more than 177000 sq. feet. It has 304 rooms, 4 halls, 12 chowks and 64 varandas. It is situated nearly 350 feet above the town on the hood of a snake-like hill and the approach to the Fort by vehicles is through its tail. This fort is the third biggest in the former State of [[Madhya Bharat]], now part of Madhya Pradesh State, after the Forts of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] & [[Gwalior]]. The fort's pool was made in 19th century.

==Geography==
Narsinghgarh is located on [[Malwa]] Plateau at {{Coord|23.7|N|77.1|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Narsinghgarh.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Narsinghgarh, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|accessdate=15 April 2023}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 483 [[metre]]s (1584 [[foot (length)|feet]]).
The town is 72 km from the [[Raja Bhoj Airport]] and is reached by a good road. Town is surrounded by Vindhyanchal Mountain Range and has three lakes. It is situated between [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] & [[Bhopal]] on the Jaipur-Jabalpur National Highway No.12 and is 82 km. from [[Bhopal]], 265 Kilometers from [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and 200 Kilometers from [[Indore]]. The main railway stations are [[Bhopal Junction]] on the main Delhi-Chennai line and [[Biaora]] nearly 33 km on the Maksi-Gwalior branch line. The town of [[Vidisha]] is 84 km. east of Narsinghgarh. The town of [[Sundersi]] is 81 kilometers south west of Narsinghgarh. There is a new railway line proposed from [[Bhopal]] to [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] via [[Bairagarh, Bhopal|Bairagarh]], [[Shyampur, Bhopal|Shyampur]], Narsinghgarh, [[Biaora]], [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]], [[Khilchipur]], [[Jhalawar]], [[Ramganj Mandi]] etc. Close to Narsinghgarh is a state wildlife sanctuary with a big lake and a good rest house.
Area of Narsinghgarh – 1368 km2 >and total 306 villages.<ref>[http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Rajgarh.pdf District profile. Rajgarh] cgwb.gov.in</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Narsinghgarh state emblem.jpg|thumb|Narsinghgarh state emblem]]
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Narsinghgarh had a population of 27,657. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Narsinghgarh has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 57%. In Narsinghgarh, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Art and music==
The Rulers of Narsinghgarh were patrons of arts and music. The Malwa School of Arts as known today had its origin in the Narsinghgarh School of Arts in the 18th and 19th centuries. One of its artists was Madhav Das, whose collections of paintings were known as "Rag Ragini". The temples of Kunwarani ji and Chapawatji built by the Ranis of Narsinghgarh on the banks of Paras Ram Sagar depicted the paintings of Krishna Leela. From Narsinghgarh it was carried to Mandu and thus later on called the Malwa School of Arts.

The college of Narsinghgarh is affiliated with Khairagarh University.

==Tourist attractions==
Narsinghgarh's main tourist attractions are Bada Mahadev Mandir, Chota Mahadev Mandir, Gupteshwar Mahadev Mandir, Nadiya Pani, Kodu Pani, raghunathji mandir, Narsinghgarh Fort, Badi Hanuman Gadi, shri jagannath mandir, Choti Hanuman Gadi, Jamaat Mandir and the jal Mandir.There is also Swarn Jain temple, dedicated to Mallinath Swamy along with Jain Dadawadi, it is made up of marble with detailed mirror and gold work, a visual treat for the visitors. There is also one wildlife sanctuary near Narsinghgarh, which is called "Paradise of Peacock"(chiddi kho). Also within short distance there is Shyam Ji shakha mandir, famous for its history and beauty.<ref>{{cite web |title=श्यामजी साँका मंदिर, नरसिंहगढ़ NARSINGHGARH |url=https://kalpanaye.in/shyamji-shakha-mandir/ |website=Kalpanaye |date=6 October 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125052006/https://kalpanaye.in/shyamji-shakha-mandir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Narsinghgarh mahotsav is celebrated in winter every year. Nearby Narsinghgarh is Kotra village having wonderful Shamji temple along with Karotia – A narrow cave like structure on the Satpura ranges.

==See also==
* [[Narsinghgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhopal Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajgarh district]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]

Institutions of Eminence

2025-11-23T01:29:43Z

Ajithkumardas6: Created

{{short description|Group of higher educational institution in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Institutions of Eminence
| image = Institutes of Eminence Logo.png
| formation = 2016
| type = Higher-education recognition scheme
| headquarters =
| budget = {{INRConvert|18000.00|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2024–25 est.)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe26.pdf|title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2024-2025}}</ref>
| region_served = [[Republic of India]]
| membership = Universities and institutes of higher education
| key_people =
| website = {{URL|https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Institutions of Eminence''' ('''IoE''') is a recognition status set up in 2017 for [[higher education]] institutes in [[India]], by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]. Recognised institutions are granted more autonomy, both administratively and academically, are allowed to open offshore campuses, and enjoy better collaboration opportunities with global universities. The plan encompasses twenty institutions, twelve of which have already been declared Institutes of Eminence {{as of|2021|4|lc=y}}.<ref name="Jan2021">{{cite web |title=Institute of Eminence » Institutions |url=https://www.education.gov.in/en/ioe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423075856/https://www.education.gov.in/en/ioe |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=23 April 2021 |website=education.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]}}</ref><ref name=Shiv/> Public institutions are granted up to {{INRConvert|1000|c|year=2016}}; no funding is awarded to private institutions.

== Incentives ==
The regulatory infrastructure for the Institutes of Eminence (IoE) plan was provided by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) through the ''UGC (Declaration of Government Institutions as Institutions of Eminence) Guidelines, 2017''<ref name=Guidelines>{{cite web |title=UGC (Declaration of Government Institutions as Institutions of Eminence) Guidelines, 2017|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/2170800_Guidelines-for-Educational-lnstitutions-as-lnstitutions-of-Eminence-2017.pdf |publisher=University Grants Commission |access-date=15 October 2019|date=7 September 2017}}</ref> for public institutions and ''UGC (Institutions of Eminence Deemed to be Universities) Regulations, 2017''<ref name=Regulations>{{cite web |title=UGC (Institutions of Eminence Deemed to be Universities) Regulations, 2017 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/5403862_Gazette-Institutions-of-Eminence-Deemed-to-be-Universities.pdf |access-date=15 October 2019|work=[[The Gazette of India]]|date=29 August 2017}}</ref> for private [[deemed to be university]] institutions. According to these, both categories of institutions are granted more autonomy, both administratively (e.g. setting fees) and academically, and both will enjoy better collaboration opportunities with global universities. Public institutions are also granted up to {{INRConvert|1000|c|year=2016}} but no funding is awarded to private institutions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nanda |first1=Prashant K. |title=IISc, 2 IITs among 6 in govt's 'institutes of eminence' list |url=https://www.livemint.com/Education/c4ujfEI65dTxP4lOpjFTAK/IISc-2-IITs-among-6-in-govts-institutes-of-eminence-list.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[LiveMint]] |date=10 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The IoE scheme was first announced in the presentation of the [[2016 Union budget of India]] on 29 February 2016 by the [[Finance Minister of India]], [[Arun Jaitley]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Yojana |title=Budget proposes creation of 20 world-class universities |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20160301163946161 |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[University World News]] |date=1 March 2016}}</ref> The purpose of the plan was stated as "... to empower Higher Educational Institutions to help them become world class teaching and research institutions".<ref name=PR6>{{cite press release|title=Government declares 6 educational 'Institutions of Eminence'; 3 Institutions from Public Sector and 3 from Private Sector shortlisted |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1538188 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]|date=9 July 2018}}</ref> The plan will include twenty institutes, ten private and ten public.<ref name=PR6/> The UGC set the guidelines and regulations for IoE in 2017<ref name=Guidelines/><ref name=Regulations/> and set up an Empowered Expert Committee (EEC) which was tasked with the selection of the institutes and later with monitoring them.<ref name=PR30>{{cite press release|title=Press note |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/ioe/download/Press_Note_for_release-Dec.7,%202018.pdf |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

The EEC considered 114 applications, 74 from public institutes and 40 from private ones, including institutes which are yet to be established, and in May 2018 shortlisted eight public institutes and three private ones.<ref name=Anna/> However, on the principle of giving equal weight to both categories of institutions,<ref name=PR30/> only six institutes were recommended by the UGC in July 2018, three from each category,<ref name=PR6/> a move which has drawn some criticism.<ref name=Anna>{{cite news |last1=Mannan |first1=S. Mannar |title=Anna University, IIT-M were among institutes listed for IOE tag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/12/anna-university-iit-m-were-among-institutes-listed-for-ioe-tag-1842130.html |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 July 2018}}</ref> More criticism was drawn to the fact that one of the private institutes recommended, [[Jio Institute]], which was sponsored by [[Reliance Foundation]], does not yet exist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jio Institute: HRD ministry issues clarification after 'Institution of Eminence' tag to Jio Institute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hrd-ministry-issues-clarification-after-institution-of-eminence-tag-to-jio-institute/articleshow/64923290.cms |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The recommendation of the UGC was accepted by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD), granting the IoE status to the three public universities and issuing a letter of intent to the three private ones.<ref name=PR20/>

In December 2018, the EEC recommended 19 more institutes, completing a list of 15 institutes from each category, allowing for five institutes in each category in a reserve list.<ref name=PR30/> These institutes were ranked by the UGC based on [[QS World University Rankings]], in which [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) was used as a tie-breaker for private universities. The resulting 14 institutes, seven in each category, were recommended by the UGC for IoE status in August 2019.<ref name=PR20>{{cite press release|title=20 Institution recommended for status of 'Institutions of Eminence'
|url=https://www.punekarnews.in/20-institutions-recommended-for-status-of-institutions-of-eminence/ |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]|date=2 August 2019}} A copy of the [https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192458 original press release].</ref> This included two public institutes, [[Anna University]] and [[Jadavpur University]], which will be considered for IoE status only if the respective state universities will comment to finance half of the investment. For private institutes, since not enough institutes were ranked, one vacant position was granted in the "greenfield" category, which gives the institute three years to operationalise the institution, after which the EEC will consider giving them the IoE status.<ref>{{cite news |title=Good news! UGC recommends Institution of Eminence status to DU, IIT Madras and other universities |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/good-news-ugc-recommends-institution-of-eminence-status-to-du-iit-madras-and-kharagpur-1576723-2019-08-03 |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> This move again drew some controversy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niazi |first1=Shuriah |title=Fourteen more universities named Institutes of Eminence |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190809141155941 |access-date=15 October 2019 |work=[[University World News]] |date=9 August 2019}}</ref> In September 2019, the MHRD awarded IoE status to an additional five public institutes, four existing private institutes, and another private institute in the greenfield category.<ref name=award10>{{cite news |title=IIT-Madras, Delhi University, three others get Institution of Eminence status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hrd-ministry-awards-ioe-status-to-5-public-institutions/article29341635.ece |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 September 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The five private universities were issued a letter of intent to grant them the IoE status, while two more private universities, [[Shiv Nadar University]] and [[O. P. Jindal Global University]], required state legislation to end the existing private university status, in order to be declared IoE [[Deemed Universities]].<ref name=award10/>

By October 2020, the first two private universities to be issued the letter of intent, [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]] and [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]], were conferred the IoE status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Process of IoE to be mapped with indicators of THE, QS rankings: Education minister |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/process-of-ioe-to-be-mapped-with-indicators-of-the-qs-rankings-education-minister-6895199/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=23 April 2021 |language=en |date=27 October 2020}}</ref> In the same month, having met the legislation requirements, O. P. Jindal Global University was conferred the IoE status.<ref name=OP>{{cite news |title=OP Jindal University conferred 'eminence' tag by Centre |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/2020/oct/30/op-jindal-university-conferred-eminence-tag-by-centre-2217002.html |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 October 2020}}</ref> Shiv Nadar University followed in March 2021.<ref name=Shiv>{{cite news |title=Shiv Nadar University Delhi NCR Gets Institution Of Eminence Tag |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/shiv-nadar-university-delhi-ncr-gets-institution-of-eminence-tag-6662031.html |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

In January 2021 the Government of India issued further guidelines, allowing IoEs to open offshore campuses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nanda |first1=Prashant K. |title=Institutions of Eminence get approval to open foreign campuses |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/institutions-of-eminence-get-approval-to-open-foreign-campuses-11610130388250.html |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=9 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== List of institutes ==

{{as of|2023|6|df=US}}, the public institutions declared IoE are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Institutions of Eminence |url=https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Home/ListofIOE |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ioe.ugc.ac.in |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214133524/https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/Home/ListofIOE |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
!Location!! Date of Notification
|-
| [[Banaras Hindu University]]
|[[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| 17 February 2020
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Science]]
|[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]|| 11 October 2018
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|| 11 October 2018
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]|| 11 October 2018
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
|[[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]]|| 20 February 2020
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|| 17 February 2020
|-
| [[University of Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]|| 2 March 2020
|-
| [[University of Hyderabad]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]|| 17 February 2020
|-

|}

The private institutions declared IoE are:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
!Location!! Date of Notification
|-
| [[BITS Pilani|Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani]]
|[[Pilani]], [[Rajasthan]]|| 14 October 2020
|-
| [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
|[[Manipal]], [[Karnataka]]|| 14 October 2020
|-
| [[O. P. Jindal Global University]]
|[[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]]|| 4 November 2020
|-
| [[Shiv Nadar University]]
|[[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| 3 August 2022
|}

== See also ==
*[[Institutes of National Importance]], another recognition scheme for higher education in India
*[[BRICS Universities League]], a consortium of leading research universities from [[BRICS]] countries
*[[List of universities in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://ioe.ugc.ac.in/}}

[[Category:Education in India]]

Rangiya–New Tinsukia Express

2025-11-11T17:36:07Z

Ajithkumardas6: created details

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rangiya–New Tinsukia Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}} (RNY)
| stops = 24
| end = {{stnlnk|New Tinsukia Junction}} (NTSK)
| distance = {{convert|596|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14h 15m
| frequency = Six days {{efn|Runs six days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Second Sitting, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15927/15928
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Rangia - New Tinsukia) Intercity Express route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Rangiya–New Tinsukia Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}} and {{stnlnk|New Tinsukia Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 15927/15928 train numbers on a six days in a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=sep1615/city055 Train service extended for festive season]</ref><ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=sep3015/city057 New train timings to make space for freight]</ref><ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=753&did=1416316266328FFCD5D1741819487BCB0101253A0850C.web107 TRAINS SERVICES DISRUPTED DUE TO AGITATION AT SARUPATHAR]</ref>

== Service==

The 15927/Rangiya–New Tinsukia Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and covers 596 km in 14h 15m. The 15928/New Tinsukia–Rangiya Express has an average speed of 43 km/h and covers 596 km in 14h.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guwahati}}
* {{stnlnk|Chaparmukh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hojai}}
* {{stnlnk|Lanka}}
* {{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Diphu}}
* {{stnlnk|Dimapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Furkating Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Titabar}}
* {{stnlnk|Mariani Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Amguri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Simaluguri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sibsagar Town}}
* {{stnlnk|Dibrugarh}}
* {{stnlnk|New Tinsukia Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches:

* 2 Second Sitting
* 12 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guwahati|Guwahati Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Rangiya to Tinsukia, and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Rangiya Junction railway station]]
* [[New Tinsukia Junction railway station]]
* [[Rangiya–Dibrugarh Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/15525 15927/Rangiya - New Tinsukia Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/15526 15928/New Tinsukia - Rangiya Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangiya-New Tinsukia Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Rangiya]]
[[Category:Transport in Tinsukia]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Prana Mithrulu

2025-10-23T16:27:49Z

Ajithkumardas6: slightly added content to improve readability and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prana Mithrulu
| image = Prana Mithrulu.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = P. Pullaiah
| story = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| producer = V. Venkateswarlu
| director = [[P. Pullaiah]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Jaggayya]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| studio = Padmasri Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1967|5|5}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Prana Mithrulu''''' ({{Translation|Close friends}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by V. Venkateswarlu under the Padmasri Pictures banner and directed by [[P. Pullaiah]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Jaggayya]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elley |first=Derek |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6 |pages=277 |author-link=Derek Elley}}</ref> The film's factory label subplot was inspired by ''[[Becket (1964 film)|Becket]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=393 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Zamindar Chinna Babu Gopala Krishna, a proprietor of a shipping company who always enjoys life in the frolic. Chinnaiah / Chinna, an orphan and a true blue, was raised along with Babu. They share a bond beyond a casual friendship, one of the brothers, and it is acknowledged by Babu's mother, Jagadamba, who treats them equally. Once, Chinna and Babu tease Parvati, a school teacher, when she slaps Chinna. Thereafter, they fall in love. Diwanji looks after business affairs, is malice, and wants to grab the property. He tries to cheat and manipulate Babu in many ways, but at every step, Chinna stands as a barrier between them and protects his sovereignty. Diwanji gets fed up with Chinna's behavior and humiliates him as a servant. Angered, Babu entrusts his entire authority. Diwanji cannot tolerate it, so he uses innocence and pretends to resign from the job. Here, Jagadamba feels it's good for everyone to separate Chinna & Babu. She offers Chinna a vast amount and asks him to leave Babu so that Babu can take up his responsibilities. But Chinna throws it away and replies that he cannot live without Babu. Then Jagadamba pleads with him, and he gives her a word to do it. Knowing that Chinna is leaving Babu prays for him to not do so but Chinna does not stand, therefore, Babu keeps the oath on him not to move which makes Chinna a statue. At that moment, Jagadamba's diplomacy fails to bring them together.

Meanwhile, Babu humors and teases Chinna about Parvati and, in a bid to force him to accept love for Parvati, asks him to bring her to him for pleasure. He obliges and asks Parvati the same. Heartbroken, she confronts and gives herself to Babu, who sends her safely conscious of the situation. Plus, furious Parvati refuses ever to go back to Chinna. To clean his image and push Chinna to his senses, Babu marries Padmavati. Herein, via Chinna, she comprehends the complex character of Babu, and they form an excellent marital bond. Meanwhile, Parvati continues to wither away. Labor problems persist in the factory, and no one knows how to handle them. So, Babu sends Chinna as a trojan horse into the labor camp to prey upon the beliefs and vulnerabilities of the workforce. At that point, Chinna forges and establishes himself as a labor leader who intends to serve his master. Parvati discerns the drama and desperately tries to educate the labor masses against the plot. The naive belief of the laborers and their plights changes Chinna's heart. He confronts Babu and stands up as their leader in a true light. Parvati continues not to believe him and accuses him of will.

Subsequently, Babu cannot bear the rupture between him & Chinna and retrieves him, but in vain. Therein, Babu's ego flares, leading to his violent behavior. In one instance, he assaults a laborer, Simhalu. However, Chinna rescues him from the mob. Then, he tries to prove himself by asking Babu to apologize, but he refuses. In uncontrollable fury, Babu half-sanctions Chinna's murder. Diwan contrives to take these loose words into action. Knowing full well from Padma's help that his life is under threat, Chinna continues on a peaceful march for self-respect to Babu's house. This earns him back Parvati's respect. Ignoring her pleas of life being more important, he marches on. Chinna controls the mob at the house. Despite carrying his gun, Babu fails to shoot Chinna, but a counterplan by Diwan backfires as Appalu, who is Diwan's henchman, times wrong and fires at Chinna, who meets a heroic death. Babu realizes his mistakes, but it is too late. Sensing ominous signs, Parvathi, too, falls at the feet of the local deity and dies. The culprits are all arrested by the police. A statue of Chinna rises in front of the Zamindar Babu's building, and all the laborers pay tearful tribute to Chinna.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Chinnaiah
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Parvathi
*[[Jaggayya]] as Chinna Babu Gopala Krishna
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Diwanji
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Simhalu
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Seshayya
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Appalu
*Dr. Sivaramakrishnaiah as Nandesam Seth
*A. V. Subba Rao as Raja Visweswara Rao
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Pichaiah
*Jagga Rao as Kondaiah
*[[Santha Kumari]] as Jagadamba
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Padmavathi
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Lachamma
*Geetanjali as Kalavar Rani
*Sukanya as [[item number]]

==Soundtrack==
Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prana Mithrulu (1967)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DSK/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230302070921/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DSK/info |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Kala Kala Navve"
|[[Dasaradhi Rangacharya|Dasaradhi]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:19
|-
|"Gunde Jhallu"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|P. Susheela
|3:33
|-
|"Pilupu Vinu"
|Dasaradhi
|P. Susheela
|3:37
|-
|"Thellavarenu Kodi Koosenu"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|Ghantasala
|3:26
|-
|"Manasu Mamatha"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela, Prayaga
|2:49
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=0256279}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Pullayya]]

Pat Boy

2025-10-20T16:37:38Z

Ajithkumardas6: enhanced layout based on references further based on references

{{Short description|American businesswoman and politician}}
{{For|the rapper|Jesús Pat Chablé}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| state_house = Indiana
| district = 9th
| termstart = 2019
| termend = October 17, 2025
| predecessor = [[Scott Pelath]]
| successor = [[Randy Novak]]
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|70|2020|10|21}}
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[DePaul University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
}}

'''Patricia A. Boy''' (born 1950) is an American businesswoman and politician who served in the [[Indiana House of Representatives]] from 2019 to 2025. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Boy represented Indiana's 9th House district, which contains [[Michigan City, Indiana|Michigan City]] and the surrounding area. Prior to her election to the state house, Boy was a member of the Michigan City Common Council from 2004 to 2018.

== Biography ==
Boy was born in 1950. She attended [[DePaul University]] from 1968 until 1973, graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in English. Boy was the owner of File Clerk Corp., a [[data management]] company, from 1988 until its closure in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patricia A. "Pat" Boy |url=http://voterly.com/politicians/tfKg8AJQkc/patricia-a-pat-boy |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Voterly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patricia A. Boy |url=http://legdb.iga.in.gov/#!/legislator/38106/Patricia-Boy |access-date=August 11, 2022 |website=[[Indiana General Assembly]]}}</ref>

In 2004, Boy was elected to the [[Michigan City, Indiana|Michigan City]] Common Council as member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. She served on the council until 2018, when she ran for the [[Indiana House of Representatives]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carden |first=Dan |date=2022-01-02 |title=State legislator seeks third term |pages=2 |work=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107365251/state-legislator-seeks-third-term/ |access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref> Boy ran for Indiana's 9th House district, which was being vacated by incumbent Democratic representative [[Scott Pelath]]. Boy defeated two opponents in the Democratic primary, receiving 48% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dolan |first=Bill |date=2018-02-11 |title=Few primary races for NWI's state, congress districts |pages=5 |work=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107365482/races/ |access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref> In the general election, Boy defeated attorney Dan Granquist, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] nominee, receiving 60% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patricia Boy |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Patricia_Boy |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=[[Ballotpedia]] |language=en}}</ref> Her election was part of a wider "pink wave" that occurred in 2018, in which a record number of women across the United States were elected to political office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howey |first=Brian |date=November 15, 2018 |title=There was an underfunded 'pink wave' in Indiana |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/politics/howey-there-was-underfunded-pink-wave-indiana/531-7720d278-0dca-4a2a-a9f2-b515e919d605 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=[[WTHR]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Boy ran for re-election in 2020, defeating Republican Dion Bergeron and receiving 56% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maddux |first=Stan |date=2020-10-21 |title=9th District incumbent touts nonpartisan map |pages=15 |work=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107365381/9th-district-incumbent-touts/ |access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2020 |title=Indiana State House - District 9 Election Results |url=https://www.azcentral.com/elections/results/race/2020-11-03-state_house-IN-15217/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]] |language=en}}</ref> Boy ran for re-election in 2022, defeating Bergeron in a rematch.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 31, 2022 |title=Michigan City resident Dion Bergeron to run for state representative |url=https://www.lpheralddispatch.com/news/local/michigan-city-resident-dion-bergeron-to-run-for-state-representative/article_e95afd76-90a9-5305-bd54-a846f1b3f914.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=LaPorte County Herald-Dispatch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carden |first=Dan |date=November 8, 2022 |title=Incumbents sweep to victory in Region Indiana House races |url=https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/incumbents-sweep-to-victory-in-region-indiana-house-races/article_ec83b443-1cb1-5772-9f42-f8774529c178.html |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Boy served as the [[ranking member]] on the Natural Resources Committee in the state house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carden |first=Dan |date=December 23, 2021 |title=Meet the 2022 Northwest Indiana legislative delegation |url=https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/meet-the-2022-northwest-indiana-legislative-delegation/collection_e803541a-4202-5ad0-866b-c014fb43ffc2.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |language=en}}</ref>

Boy retired from the Indiana House in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Downard |first=Whitney |date=October 7, 2025 |title=Michigan City representative retires from public service |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/michigan-city-representative-retires-from-public-service/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Indiana Capital Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boy, Pat}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:DePaul University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Michigan City, Indiana]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the Indiana General Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:Women state legislators in Indiana]]

Phalodi district

2025-09-25T22:40:28Z

Ajithkumardas6:

{{Short description|District in the Jodhpur division of the Rajasthan state of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phalodi district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[District]]
| image_map = Phalodi in Rajasthan (India).svg
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| nickname =
| motto =
| map_caption = Phalodi District in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|08|30|N|72|26|10|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Rajasthan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur Division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 7 August 2023
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Phalodi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|District Collector & Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Shweta Chouhan on aug2025, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Administration : Phalodi District |url=https://phalodi.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/357973/1285/30261 |date=26 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = KUNDAN KANWARIA on aug2025, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Administration : Phalodi District |url=https://phalodi.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/357973/1285/30261 |date=26 June 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| map_caption1 = Location of Phalodi District in [[Rajasthan]]
}}
'''Phalodi district''' is one of the six districts in the [[Jodhpur division]] of the [[Rajasthan]] state of India. This district is known for its salt industry,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Salt town 'Phalodi' losing sheen, workers in trouble |date=2 December 2018 |newspaper=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/salt-town-phalodi-losing-sheen-workers-in-trouble-118120200256_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203125403/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/salt-town-phalodi-losing-sheen-workers-in-trouble-118120200256_1.html |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it is one of the hottest places in India.<ref>"In May 2016 the district of Phalodi in the west of the state set a new record for India's highest ever recorded temperature, over 51°C." {{Cite book|title=Berlitz Pocket Guide Rajasthan |series=Insight Guides |publisher=Apa Publications (UK) Limited |year=2019 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9TuZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT183 183] |isbn=978-1-78573-199-0 }}</ref> The city of [[Phalodi]] is the administrative headquarters of the district.

==History==
Phalodi District was established on 7 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About District: District Phalodi |publisher=Government of Rajasthan |url=https://phalodi.rajasthan.gov.in/sm/jankalyan-category-and-entry-type/357930/1285/4/1 }}</ref> The area was formerly part of [[Jodhpur District]].
==Administrative divisions==
Phalodi has 8 tehsils
*Aau
*Bap
*Bapini
*Dechoo
*Ghantiyali
*Lohawat
*Phalodi
*Setrawa

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phalodi District}}
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Districts in Jodhpur division]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Abraham Kovoor

2025-08-23T04:28:29Z

Ajithkumardas6: Made First Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Sri Lankan rationalist and professor (1898–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2007}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abraham Kovoor
| birth_name = Abraham Thomas Kovoor
| image = Abraham_Kovoor.jpg
| image_size = 210
| caption = Abraham Thomas Kovoor
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|9|18|1898|4|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| occupation =
| spouse =
| family = [[Iype Thoma Kathanar]] (father)
}}

'''Abraham Thomas Kovoor''' (10 April 1898 – 18 September 1978) was an Indian professor and [[rationalist]] who gained prominence after retirement for his campaign to expose as [[fraud]]s various Indian and Sri Lankan [[Godman (Hindu ascetic)|"god-men"]] and so-called [[paranormal]] phenomena. His direct, trenchant criticism of [[Spirituality|spiritual]] frauds and organized religions was enthusiastically received by audiences, initiating a new dynamism in the rationalist movement, especially in Sri Lanka and India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://arumugam.tripod.com/kovoor.htm| title=Dr Abraham T. Kovoor: The Rationalist of Indian Subcontinent| publisher=[[Dr Prakash Arumugam]] |date=1998-01-30 | access-date =2021-08-15 }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Abraham Kovoor was born into the aristocratic '''Kovoor''' family of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] at [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]]. Kovoor was the son of Rev. [[Iype Thoma Kathanar]] (Kovoor Achen), Vicar General of the [[Mar Thoma Church|Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar]].<ref name="reporter_live_kovoor_PK">{{Cite news|url=http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/25/149554.html|title=പി കെ = ആമിര്‍ ഖാനില്‍ നിന്ന് കോവൂരിലേക്കുള്ള ദൂരം |date=2014-12-25|work=Reporter – Malayalam News Channel – Breaking News, Latest News, Kerala, India, World, Politics, Movies, Entertainment, Sports, Business, Pravasi, Environment|access-date=2018-01-28|language=en-US|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132654/http://www.reporterlive.com/2014/12/25/149554.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After working briefly as a lecturer in botany at C.M.S.College in Kerala, Kovoor arrived in Ceylon in February 1928. Abraham's younger brother, [[Kovoor Thomas Behanan|Behanan]] was a renowned sociologist and psychologist. Before his arrival in Ceylon, Kovoor married Kunjamma, daughter of a judge. The couple had a son, Aries. Kovoor's first assignment in Ceylon was teaching botany at [[Jaffna College]], Vaddukoddai for 15 years until 1943. Subsequently, he also taught at [[Richmond College, Galle|Richmond College]], Galle, and St. Thomas College, Mount Lavinia from 1947 to 1953, before retiring in 1959 as a teacher at [[Thurstan College]], [[Colombo]]. He also practiced [[hypnotherapy]] and [[applied psychology]].

==As a rationalist==
{{Criticism of Christianity sidebar}}
After retirement Kovoor devoted his life to the rationalist movement. He spent most of his time building up the [[Ceylon Rationalist Association]], and was its president from 1960 to his death. He edited an annual journal, ''The Ceylon Rationalist Ambassador''. Kovoor became a widower when his wife Konjamma died in 1976. In his will, he wrote as follows: "My body should not be buried on my death. The body of my wife also should not be buried. We have dedicated our bodies to the use of medical colleges on our death. I desire that my skeleton should be surrendered to Thurston College, Colombo, which I served for many years. I entrust this task to my son, Aries Kovoor, who is a professor at the Sorbonne University, Paris. My eyes should be donated to an eye bank immediately after death." Kovoor died on 18 September 1978 due to cancer. His skeleton is preserved inside one of the science labs in Thurstan College, Colombo.

==Publications and Kovoor's challenge==
{{main|Abraham Kovoor's challenge}}

After his numerous encounters with god-men, astrologers, and other people who claimed to have psychic powers, Kovoor concluded that there was no objective truth to such claims. He wrote, "Nobody has and nobody ever had supernatural powers. They exist only in the pages of scriptures and sensation-mongering newspapers." His books ''Begone Godmen'' and ''Gods, Demons and Spirits'', about his encounters with people claiming psychic powers, are still bestsellers in India.

In 1963, Kovoor announced an award of Rs. 100,000 for anyone who could demonstrate supernatural or miraculous powers under foolproof and fraud-proof conditions. The challenge listed 23 miracles or feats that godmen (and Western mystics and performers such as [[Uri Geller]] and [[Jeane Dixon]]) claimed to perform, such as reading the serial numbers from currency in sealed envelopes, materializing objects, predicting future events, converting liquids from one kind to another, and walking on water. Some sought publicity by taking on his challenge, but they forfeited the initial deposit amount. The Sri Lankan Rationalist Association, led by Professor [[Carlo Fonseka]], renewed the challenge in 2012 and increased the reward to one million dollars. (Similar challenges have been posed by [[Basava Premanand]] and [[James Randi]].)

==Legacy==
The [[Malayalam]] movie ''[[Punarjanmam]]'' (1972), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Maru Piravi]]'' (1973) and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''Ninthakatha'' were made on the basis of his case diary. [[Aamir Khan]]'s character in ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014) is inspired by Kovoor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir Khan's character in PK is inspired from Abraham Kovoor |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=285086 |website=www.daijiworld.com |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135707/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=285086 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bharathiya Yuktivadi Sangam declared a national award called the A. T. Kovoor Award for the Secular Artist. The first recipient was Indian film star [[Kamal Haasan]] in acknowledgment of his humanist activities and secular life.

Kovoor's work remains controversial in India. In 2008, Punjab Chief Minister [[Parkash Singh Badal]], leader of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], imposed an "immediate ban" on Kovoor's ''God, Demons and Spirits'', translated into Punjabi by Megh Raj Mitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iheu.org/node/3119 |title=Punjab bans rationalist literature |date=22 March 2008 |publisher=[[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315044342/http://www.iheu.org/node/3119 |archive-date=2011-03-15 }}</ref> Popular rationalist [[Basava Premanand]], founder of the [[Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations]], was heavily influenced by Kovoor.<ref>{{cite book|author=Johannes Quack|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNbxUwhS5RUC&pg=PA101|year= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199812608|pages=98, 99, 101}}</ref><ref name="Ruhela1997">{{cite book|chapter=Magic Realism |author=Rahul Singh|editor=Satya Pal Ruhela|title=Sri Sathya Sai Baba and the Press, 1972–1996|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4ldAqBuIpwC&pg=PA40|year=1997|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-8175330412|pages=141–142}} republished article from ''[[The Times of India]] – The Sunday Review'' of 27 August 1995</ref>

==Books by and on Kovoor==
===In English===
# ''Begone Godmen'' – [[Jaico Publishing House]], Mumbai, India
# ''Gods, Demons and Spirits'' – Jaico Publishing House, Mumbai, India
# ''Selected Works of A T Kovoor'' – Indian Atheist Publishers, New Delhi, India
# ''Exposing Paranormal Claims'' – [[Indian CSICOP]], [[Podannur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
# ''Soul, Spiril, Rebirth & Possession'' – Indian CSICOP, Podannur, Tamil Nadu, India
# ''On Christianity'' – Indian CSICOP, Podannur, Tamil Nadu, India
# ''On Buddhism'' – Indian CSICOP, Podannur, Tamil Nadu, India
# ''Astrology & Hinduism'' – Indian CSICOP, Podannur, Tamil Nadu, India

===In Kannada===
# ''Kovoor Kanda Vaigynanika Sathyagalu'', (Anuvaada – K. Mayigowda, Sapna Book House Bangalore).
# ''Devaru Devva Vignana'', (Anuvaada Navakarnataka Publications Bangalore).

===In Tamil===
# ''Kora Iravukal'', Veerakesari Publications, Colombo
# ''ManakolangkaL'', Veerakesari Publications, Colombo

===In Malayalam===
# ''Kovoorinte Sampoorna Kruthikal'' (Complete Works of Kovoor) – Translated by [[Joseph Edamaruku]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nastiknation.org/product/kovoorinte-sampoorna-krithikal/ |title = കോവൂരിന്റെ സമ്പൂർണ കൃതികൾ – Nastik Nation}}</ref>
# ''Kovoorinte Thiranjetutha Kruthikal'' (Selected Works of Kovoor) – Translated by Joseph Edamaruku. Prabhat Book House, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
# ''Samsarikkunna Kuthira'' (The Talking Horse) – Translated by Joseph Edamaruku. Current Books, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
# ''Yukthivadam'' (Rationalism) – Translated by Joseph Edamaruku. Current Books, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
# ''Anamarutha'' – Translated by Joseph Edamaruku. D C Books, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
# ''Indriyatheetha Jnanavum Parapsychologiyum'' – Translated by Joseph Edamaruku. Indian Atheist Publishers, New Delhi, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therali.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=75|title=Therali – Malayalam Books |date=30 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030182028/http://www.therali.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=75 |archive-date=30 October 2007 }}</ref>
# ''Yukthichintha'' (Rational Thought) – Translated by [[Johnson Eyeroor]]. Current Books, Kottayam, Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam Books Online |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=157 |website=www.puzha.com |access-date=3 December 2005 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518181729/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=157 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===In Hindi===
# ''Aur Dev Purush Har Gaye'' – Tarakbharti Parkashan, Barnala, Punjab, India
# {{Transliteration|hi|Dev, daanav aur Ruhain}} – Tarakbharti Parkashan

===In Punjabi===
# ''Tey Dev Pursh Har Gaye'' – Tarakbharti Parkashan, Barnala, Punjab
# ''Pret Atma Puner Janam Te Kasran'' – Tarakbharti Parkashan
# ''Kramatan Da Pardan Phash'' – Tarakbharti Parkashan
# ''Dev, Daint te Ruhan'' – Tarakbharti Parkashan

===In Sinhala===
# ''Deviyo Saha Bhoothayo'' – A Translation by Dharmapala Senarante
# ''Ma Kala Gaveshana'' – A Translation by Dharmapala Senarante

===In Bengali===
# ''Bhut Bhagaban Shaitan bonam Dr. Kovoor'' – Bhabani Prasad Shahoo

==References==

{{Reflist}}



==Further reading==
* Edamaruku: Dr Kovoor: Crusader against religious frauds. ''Caravan'', December 1978, pp. 31–34.
* {{cite book|author=Johannes Quack|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNbxUwhS5RUC&pg=PA96|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199812608|pages=96–97}}

==External links==
* [http://www.carvaka4india.com/search/label/Abraham%20Kovoor Selected Writings of Abraham Kovoor]
* [https://arumugam.tripod.com/kovoor.htm The Rationalist of the Indian Subcontinent]: Dr Prakash Arumugam
* [https://arumugam.tripod.com/ganga-water.htm The Miracle of the Ganga Water]: Essay by Abraham Kovoor – Dr Prakash Arumugam
* [https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2006/07/30/pow03.asp Lanka's Kovoor – theory]: The Sunday Observer Sri Lanka 30.07.2006 –Essay by Dr Prakash Arumugam
* [https://archive.today/20060927064125/http://www.randi.org/jr/030802.html Dr. Bhagavantham and Sai Baba]
* [http://www.randi.org/research/ Challenge of James Randi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112050935/http://www.buddhiwadi.org/Kovoor.htm "Kovoor" in ''Rationalism, Humanism and Atheism in Twentieth Century Indian Thought'']
* {{YouTube|fzjLvTnNHtg|James Randi paying respect to Dr. Kovoor}}

{{Sathya Sai Baba}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kovoor, A. T.}}
[[Category:Indian rationalists]]
[[Category:Indian atheism activists]]
[[Category:Critics of Sathya Sai Baba]]
[[Category:Indian sceptics]]
[[Category:Indian former Christians]]
[[Category:Indian religious sceptics]]
[[Category:Indian materialists]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:1898 births|Kovoor, Abraham Thomas]]
[[Category:1978 deaths|Kovoor, Abraham Thomas]]
[[Category:Malayali people|Kovoor, Abraham Thomas]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Alumni of Thurstan College]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan sceptics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Sri Lankan people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Academics from Colombo]]
[[Category:Deshamanya]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Writers about religion and science]]

Leheriya

2025-07-20T20:09:32Z

Ajithkumardas6: Put Up A Article!

{{short description|Tie-dyeing technique of Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}

[[File:Man's 'wave' turban (laharia), India, Rajasthan, 19th century, cotton, coil-resist-dyed, metallic thread - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC04475.JPG|Leheriya craft on Rajasthani men's turban cloth. (Royal Ontario Museum, Canada)|thumb|300px]]

'''Leheriya''' is a traditional style of [[textile]] [[tie dye]] from [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shop |first=Pernia's Pop-Up |title=What is Leheriya? {{!}} Origin, Technique, Variations of Craft & more 2024 |url=https://www.perniaspopupshop.com/encyclopedia/rajasthan/leheriya |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=pernias popup shop |language=en}}</ref> Its designs are inspired by the natural wave(leher) patterns formed by the wind blowing across the desert sands of western [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leheriya Textiles from Rajasthan |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/leheriya-textiles-from-rajasthan/VQUx10aU1dn0LQ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> The craft is exclusive to Rajasthan, with its main centres being the cities of [[Jaipur]] and [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leheriya Textiles from Rajasthan |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/leheriya-textiles-from-rajasthan/VQUx10aU1dn0LQ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "leheriya" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word “lahara,” meaning “wave.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Smriti |date=2023-08-29 |title=Leheriya: The Tied And Dyed Threads of Rajasthan |url=https://www.abirpothi.com/leheriya-the-tied-and-dyed-threads-of-rajasthan/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Abirpothi |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Technique ==
Leheria dyeing is done on thin [[cotton]] or [[silk]] cloth, usually in lengths appropriate for [[dupatta]], [[turban]]s or [[sari]]s. According to ''World Textiles: A Visual Guide to Traditional Techniques'', the fabric is "rolled diagonally from one corner to the opposite [[selvedge]], and then tied at the required intervals and dyed". Wave patterns result from fanlike folds made before dyeing.<ref name=gs>Gillow and Sentance, p. 126.</ref> Traditional leheria employs [[natural dye]]s and multiple washes and uses [[indigo]] or [[alizarin]] during the final stage of preparation.<ref name="kapur">Mita Kapur, "Fabric Traditions", ''The Hindu'', 24 September 2006. Accessed 8 July 2008.</ref>

=== Mothara ===
An additional dyeing using the leheria technique produces ''mothara''. In the making of mothara, the original resists are removed and the fabric is re-rolled and tied along the opposite diagonal. This results in a checkered pattern with small undyed areas occurring at regular intervals. The undyed areas are about the size of a [[lentil]], hence the name ''mothara'' (''moth'' means lentil in Hindi).<ref name=gs/>

== Use ==
Leheria turbans were a standard part of male business attire in Rajasthan during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Leheria is still produced in [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Udaipur]], and [[Nathdwara]]. It is offered for sale with most of its resist ties still in place as proof of authenticity, with a small portion of fabric unrolled to display its pattern.<ref name=gs/>

Leheria occasionally appears in fashion collections, such as Designer Malini Ramani's beach collection in the Spring 2006 [[Delhi]] fashion show.<ref>Paromita Chakrabarti, "Ramp Rage", ''The Financial Express'' 6 April 2006. Accessed 8 July 2008.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bandhani]]
*[[Shibori]]
*[[Madurai Sungudi|Sungudi]]
*[[Tie-dye]]
*[[Tritik]]

==References==
*{{cite book | last = Gillow | first = John |author2=Sentance, Bryan | title = World Textiles | publisher = Thames & Hudson | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-500-28247-1 }}
{{reflist}}
{{dyeing}}

[[Category:Painted fabrics]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Rajasthani arts]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Rajasthani clothing]]

Pappanji

2025-07-04T18:36:22Z

Ajithkumardas6:

{{short description|Effigy made as part of new year celebrations at Kochi, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = Pappanji
|AKA = Papanji, Papanhi
|image = Pappanji burning, Fort Kochi 2011 (01).jpg
|image_size = 
|image_upright = 
|caption = Pappanji burning in 2011
|Folklore = 
|Grouping =
|Sub_Grouping =
|Family = 
|Country = [[India]]
|Region = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Cochin]],[[Ernakulam district]],[[Kerala]]
|Details = 
|First_Attested = 
|Similar_entities = 
}}
'''Pappanji''' ({{IPA|ml|pɐpːaːɲːi|IPA}}, also spelled as Pappaanji, Papanji or Papanhi) is an [[effigy]] of a European old man, prepared as part of the New Year celebrations in [[Fort Kochi]], [[Cochin]]. It is prepared in the form of a European old man as a symbol of the passing year. With Pappanji being burned at midnight on the last day of December, the concept is that the year is over. It is thought to have originated from the remnants of the Christmas and New Year celebrations of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]].

In many parts of Kerala, [[Santa Claus]] is sometimes referred locally as ''Christmas Pappanji''.<ref>{{cite news |title=നാടാകെ ക്രിസ്മസ് തിമിര്‍പ്പില്‍ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-thrissurkerala-23-12-2015/525982 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223202606/http://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-thrissurkerala-23-12-2015/525982 |url-status=live }}</ref> But the carnival's organizers disassociate Pappanji with Santa Claus.<ref name="Week">{{cite news |title=New Year in Fort Kochi: 'Pappanji', Carnival and more |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/12/31/new-year-in-fort-kochi-pappanji-carnival-and-more.html |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519062246/https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/12/31/new-year-in-fort-kochi-pappanji-carnival-and-more.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Asha |title=The old man finally gets his colours right |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/the-old-man-finally-gets-his-colours-right/articleshow/45750948.cms |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 January 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2016-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225160919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/The-old-man-finally-gets-his-colours-right/articleshow/45750948.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Origin==
Some historians says that the Pappanji burning ceremony in Kochi is thought to have originated from the remnants of the Christmas and New Year celebrations of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] who ruled Fort Kochi region from 1503 to 1663.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=കൊച്ചിയുടെ സ്വന്തം പപ്പാഞ്ഞി; വേറെ നാടുണ്ടോ ഇതു പോലെ ? |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2019/12/20/pappanji-burning-clebration-in-kochi-interview-with-artist-boney-thomas.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2020-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206124306/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2019/12/20/pappanji-burning-clebration-in-kochi-interview-with-artist-boney-thomas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> With the permission of the then [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin king]], they built a fort called [[Fort Emmanuel]], which is thought to be the first European fort in India and established a small city called Santa Cruz around the fort.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Churches and other institutions were also built there. As Catholics, they celebrated Christmas and New Year magnificently. The Pappanji burning is believed to have originated from the remnants of this culture.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

Some other believes that the myth of Pappanji was originated from the [[Jewish culture]] of the coast of Kerala, which has a history of over two thousand years.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=Pappanji |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] Daily -Sunday Special Issue |date=20 March 2016 |language=Malayalam}}</ref> The historic [[Paradesi Synagogue]] at [[Mattancherry]], near Fort Kochi, records the arrival of Jewish settlers in 70 AD.<ref name="Garland">{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Connel |title=The Pappanji of Kochi |url=https://garlandmag.com/article/the-pappanji-of-kochi/ |website=garlandmag.com |publisher=Garland Magazine |language=en-AU |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514173011/https://garlandmag.com/article/the-pappanji-of-kochi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the eighth day of the Feast of [[Enoch]], which commemorates the defeat of the Greek army and the recapture of their land, the effigy of the Greek general Bagris is burned after [[Torah reading]].<ref name="Manorama"/> Straw and dry grass are used for making the effigy. Salt and green leaves are inserted into it to create a small crack while burning.<ref name="Manorama"/> It is believed that the burning of Pappanji in Kochi may have been borrowed from the ritual of burning the Bagris.<ref name="Manorama"/> The Pappanji burning ceremony takes place on the eighth day after Christmas Eve, similar to the festival of Enoch.<ref name="Manorama"/>

==Concept==
At midnight on 31 December, the New Year is celebrated by lighting the Pappanji, the symbol of the passing year.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> The concept is to burn that year and hopefully move on to the new year.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Celebration==
[[File:Pappanji burning, Fort Kochi 2011 (02).jpg|thumb|Pappanji burning, Fort Kochi in 2011]]
The tradition of making and burning Pappanji has been around in Kochi since long. In the early days, during Christmas-new year days, it was common for children to make small Pappanjis along the way.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Wearing a coat, suit, hat and shoes, Pappanji looked like an old European man smoking a cigar.<ref>{{cite news |title=കൊച്ചിയിൽ പുതുവത്സരത്തിന് പപ്പാഞ്ഞിയില്ല; 35 വർഷത്തിനിടെ ആദ്യം ! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2020/12/29/pappanji-burning-festival-cancelled-first-time-in-35-years.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521105135/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2020/12/29/pappanji-burning-festival-cancelled-first-time-in-35-years.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mat">{{Cite web |title=പാപ്പാഞ്ഞിക്കാലം |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/nagaram/article-1.4400132 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Mathrubhumi Archives |date=29 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613194002/https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/nagaram/article-1.4400132 |url-status=live }}</ref> There were hundreds of such Pappanjis can be seen in the streets of Fort Kochi, all made with old clothes filled with straw.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Priyadershini |title=Fort Kochi misses its date with the Carnival Pappanji again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/fort-kochi-misses-its-date-with-the-carnival-pappanji-again/article38081354.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 December 2021 |language=en-IN |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102062911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/fort-kochi-misses-its-date-with-the-carnival-pappanji-again/article38081354.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> But later the number decreased, and then for a while people prepared Pappanji in the shape of Santa Claus too.<ref name="mat" /> However, the Pappanji later regained its old form.

With the adoption of the Pappanji burning ritual by the [[Cochin Carnival]], it became a widespread celebration.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> As part of the carnival, a huge effigy of Pappanji is made, and burned at the [[Fort Kochi Beach]]. The Cochin Carnival was started in 1985 by a group of young people in Kochi following the Beach Fest held as part of the United Nations 'Youth Year' celebrations.<ref name="The News Minute">{{cite news |title=Kochi's iconic giant 'Pappanji' is getting ready for New Year celebrations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kochi-s-iconic-giant-pappanji-getting-ready-new-year-celebrations-114748 |work=The News Minute |date=25 December 2019 |language=en |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509024754/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kochi-s-iconic-giant-pappanji-getting-ready-new-year-celebrations-114748 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has roots of Portuguese catholic culture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |title=Cheerful Pappanji all set to ring in the New Year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/cheerful-pappanji-all-set-to-ring-in-the-new-year/articleshow/67299340.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2019-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104020754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/cheerful-pappanji-all-set-to-ring-in-the-new-year/articleshow/67299340.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the launch of the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]] in 2012, the production of Pappanji was spearheaded by the Kochi Biennale Foundation.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Since then, Pappanji has been prepared by some of the best artists in Kerala. The Pappanji burning ceremony attracts thousands of tourists, including foreigners to Kochi during [[New Year's Eve]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=T |first=Anilkumar |date=2023-12-15 |title=Pappanji-burning fete a ticking time bomb: Experts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Dec/15/pappanji-burning-fete-a-ticking-time-bombexperts-2641628.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-01-01 |title=Fort Kochi's Cochin Carnival sees huge turnout, New Year welcomed in style |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/fort-kochis-cochin-carnival-sees-huge-turnout-new-year-welcomed-in-style |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=Neha Agness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDvkEAAAQBAJ&dq=new+year+pappanji+foreigners&pg=PT35 |title=The Cochin Carnival Unveiled |date=2023-11-28 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-89186-561-7 |language=en}}</ref> The traditional burning of Papanji drew criticism when several people, including women, were injured in a stampede, in 2023.<ref name=":0" /> Following this, to control the crowd, the authorities are mulling to hold the burning of Papanji, which attracts thousands to Fort Kochi, at multiple beaches in Ernakulam, including [[Vypin]], [[Kuzhuppilly|Kuzhupilly]] and [[Cherai Beach|Cherai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=T |first=Anilkumar |date=2023-01-12 |title=Pappanji burning no longer a Fort Kochi event |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Jan/12/pappanji-burning-no-longer-a-fort-kochi-event-2536950.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Culture of Kochi]]
* [[Burning of Judas]]
* [[Zozobra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:New Year celebrations]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]
[[Category:Culture of Kochi]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]

Thief of Baghdad (TV series)

2025-06-23T04:15:01Z

Ajithkumardas6: creating the info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = 40 minutes
| country = India
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2000|10|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2001}}
| num_episodes = 48
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
| editor = {{ubl|Mahesh M. Mistry|Sanjay Chowdhury}}
| genre = Fantasy
| writer = Shafique Ansari
| screenplay = Ram Govind
| story = Ram Govind
| director = Vijay Pandey
| producer = Reena Wadhwa
| company = R.W. Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/reena-wadhwa-on-how-husband-ashok-ceo-of-ambit-holdings-encouraged-her-to-go-back-to-acting/articleshow/44925591.cms|title=Reena Wadhwa on how husband Ashok, CEO of Ambit Holdings, encouraged her to go back to acting|first=Sujata|last=Reddy|date=22 November 2014|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| executive_producer = Sanjay Wadhwa
Purnendu M. Shekhar
Rajeev Sharma
Sangeeta Bajpai
Deepak Chabria
| theme_music_composer = Raju Singh
| composer = {{ubl|Bittu Merchant|Raju Singh}}
| location =
| based_on =
| image =
}}
'''''Thief of Baghdad''''' is an Indian [[fantasy]] [[adventure]] TV series that first originally aired on [[Zee TV]] between 2000–2001. The show was loosely based on the [[Arabian Nights]] story.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/oct/oct18.htm|title=Zee comes out with five new shows|date=2000-10-18|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref> It was originally intended to run for 48 episodes<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do9DDwAAQBAJ&q=thief+of+baghdad+reena+wadhwa&pg=PA151|title=Contes et légendes d'Orient: au cinéma et à la télévision (Tales and legends of the East: In cinema and television)|last=Dumont|first=Hervé|date=2017-12-18|publisher=BoD - Books on Demand|isbn=9782322101351|location=Paris|pages=151|language=fr}}</ref> but it went off-air in June 2001 abruptly due to a conflict between the production house and [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/thief-of-baghdad-ends-on-zee-tv/|title=Thief Of Baghdad ends on ZEE TV|date=2001-07-12|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> It was directed by Vijay Pandey, who has earlier directed shows like Sword of Tipu Sultan, Great Maratha, Arth, [[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand|Des Mein Nikla Hoga Chand]] and [[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar|Saat Phere]]. It was also syndicated on sister channels [[Zee Next]] and Zee Smile and [[Zee Anmol]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040808/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Fun times for kids|date=2004-08-08|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001210/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Timeless tale|date=2000-12-10|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Set in the Middle East during an era of marvellous adventures and magical folk tales as narrated in the Arabian Nights, 'Thief of Baghdad' tells the story of Jafar, a ruthless warlord serving under the command of the evil genie 'Shah Jinn' and his obsession with conquering the entire world to become its undisputed king.

Shortly after invading the city of Baghdad with his army and brutally vanquishing a secret rebellion led by Mukhtar, a spiritual leader and revolutionary, Jafar is informed by Shah Jinn and his sorceress aide Badi about a prospect which can greatly assist him in achieving his seemingly overwhelming objective. Jafar must convince a princess belonging to a peaceful kingdom of fairies to marry him of her own volition in order to gain complete authority and control over the inhabitants of both realms. Immediately, he decides to interrupt the birthday celebration of the beautiful princess Yasmeen and take her away from her kingdom to imprison her in his palace full of grim spells preventing her from escaping back to her home. As the princess begins to develop feelings of despair and anguish, hope appears in the form of a notorious thief known only throughout the city as the 'Thief of Baghdad', a sly and artful hero who steals from the rich to help the poor and oppressed.

One night during an intrusion into Jafar's palace to retrieve a collection of magical items stolen from three visiting merchants, the Thief coincidentally encounters the captive princess and they both recall their romance with each other prior to the events which unfolded with the appearance of Jafar. Realising the severity of the situation and its impact on every inhabitant in both realms, the Thief decides to do whatever he can to stop the tyranny of Jafar and rescue the Princess from his vile grasp.

As the series progresses the Thief and several allies he forms relationships with all have to endure and overcome the dangerous obstacles and ghastly traps Jafar has set to secure his position as the ultimate king of kings.

== Cast ==
*Ahmed aka Thief Of Baghdad – [[Narendra Jha]]
*Yasmeen – Kim Lasrado
*Jafar – [[Vikrant Chaturvedi]]
*Tugral - [[Shiva Rindani|Shiva]]
*Abbas - [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]]
*Masood - [[Surendra Pal|Surinder Pal]]
*Qasim - Browney Prasher
*Jamal Zardari - Puneetchandra Sharrma
*Faridgul - Shailendra Shrivastav
*Zareen – Pallavi Solanki
*Badi - [[Zahida Parveen]]
*Neki - Jaya Mathur
*Khanam - Asha Bachani
*Yusuf Sani - Sunil Nagar
*Malika Nasreen - Seema Pandey
*Firoz Bakht – Sumit Pathak
*Alim Haqqani - [[Prithvi Zutshi]]
*Azra – Shashi Sharma
*Kulsum - Prerna Agarwal
*Chitrasen - Radha Kishan
*Zahoor Malkooti - [[Sanjay Batra]]
*Usman - Mukesh Ahuja
*Rustam - Master Mohit Makkad
*Hakimbaba - [[Shahnawaz Pradhan|Shahnawaz]]
*Raziya - Rajshree
*

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5619208}}
{{One Thousand and One Nights}}
[[Category:1999 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:Indian epic television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about genies]]
[[Category:Television series about dragons]]
[[Category:Television series set in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Works based on Aladdin]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]

Ottakkovilpatti

2025-05-11T22:13:14Z

Ajithkumardas6: General cleanup and improvements

{{Orphan|date=March 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ottakkovilpatti

| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.179572|N|78.344701|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = [[Melur]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Village]]
| governing_body = [[Kottampatti]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_metro_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 625 101
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India#Fixed .28landline.29 numbers|0452]]
| website =
}}
'''Ottakkovilpatti''' is a village located in [[Madurai]] District in the State of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The village is 22&nbsp;km from [[Melur]] and 50&nbsp;km from [[Madurai]].
[[File:Kottapuli dinesh.jpg|thumb|Kottapuli Dinesh Festival celebration]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Madurai district]]

Ramesha Bandisiddegowda

2025-04-09T13:09:58Z

Ajithkumardas6:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''A. B. Ramesha Bandisiddegowda''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a three time member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shrirangapattana Assembly constituency]] in [[Mandya district]]. He represented [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A B Ramesha Bandisiddegowda in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/a-b-ramesha-bandisiddegowda-shrirangapattana-candidate-s10a190c017/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Election Result 2023 Winners: Full list of victorious candidates">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 Winners: Full list of victorious candidates|date=13 May 2023|work=|accessdate=4 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404112205/https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|archivedate=4 April 2025|publisher=mint|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ramesha is from [[Srirangapatna|Shrirangapattana]]. His father A S Bandisiddegowda is a former Janata Party MLA from Shrirangapattana, winning two times in [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] and [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]. He did his Diploma in Electronic and Telecommunication at D. Banumayya College, [[Mysore]] but discontinued in the final year in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.B. Ramesha Bandisiddegowda(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SHRIRANGAPATTANA(MANDYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8308 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ramesha won from [[Shrirangapattana Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 72,817 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ravindra Srikantaiah of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 11,137 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A B Ramesha Bandisiddegowda in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/a-b-ramesha-bandisiddegowda-shrirangapattana-candidate-s10a190c017/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Shrirangapattana Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate A.b. Ramesha Bandisiddegowda Wins From Shrirangapattana |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/shrirangapattana-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601908 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-14 |title=List of winning candidates and their constituencies in Karnataka assembly elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/list-of-winning-candidates-and-their-constituencies-in-karnataka-assembly-elections/articleshow/100224510.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Earlier, he became an MLA for the first time winning against actor and Congress candidate [[M. H. Ambareesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-17 |title=SMK’s Remark Irks Ambi’s Supporters |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/Apr/17/smk%E2%80%99s-remark-irks-ambi%E2%80%99s-supporters-600975.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing Janata Dal (S) and retained the seat in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-08 |title=Actor-turned-politician Ambareesh's choice for Srirangapatna... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/actor-turned-politician-ambareeshs-choice-for-srirangapatna-in-mandya-district-is-trailing-at-srirangapatna-congress-candidate-s-l-lingaraju-is-trailing-by-7602-votes-over-jds-candidate-ramesh-bandisiddegowda-the-sitting-mla-ambareesh-has-opposed-the-party-decision-to-allot-ticket-to-ravindra-and-had-threatened-to-withdraw-from-the-fray-leading-to-change-of-candidate-/articleshow/19946369.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He lost the next election in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] to Srikantaiah of JD(S) but moved to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and won the 2023 election from the same seat.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

He was Appointed as chairman for Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation (Cescom) on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesha, Bandisiddegowda}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group D

2025-02-28T15:36:14Z

Ajithkumardas6: Made Some Info Basic Info.

{{refimprove|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group D
| fromdate = 11 October 2024
| todate = 2 February 2025
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{flag|India}}
| participants = 8
| matches = 28
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
The [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]] is the 90th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556116/bcci-announces-domestic-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25 |title=BCCI announces domestic fixtures for home season 2024-25|work=bcci.tv|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/bcci-announce-indian-domestic-schedule-for-2024-25-full-list-of-tournaments-and-start-dates|title=BCCI announce Indian domestic schedule for 2024/25: Full list of tournaments and start dates|work=wisden|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> It is contested by 38 teams, divided into four elite groups and a plate group, with eight teams in Group D. It took place between 11 October 2024 to 2 February 2025.

==Points table==
{{2024–25 Ranji Trophy Group D}}
==Fixtures==
===Round 7===
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score1 = 185 (53.2 overs)
| score2 = 106 (27.5 overs)
| score1_2nd = 154 (48.4 overs)
| score2_2nd = 189 (55.4 overs)
| result = Jharkhand won by 44 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445949.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| points = Jharkhand 6, Tamil Nadu 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 474 (117 overs)
| score2 = 164 (41 overs)
| score1_2nd =
| score2_2nd = 118 (41.1 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| result = Saurashtra won by an innings and 144 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445946.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| points = Saurashtra 7, Assam 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 241 (67.4 overs)
| score2 = 374 (106.4 overs)
| score1_2nd = 114 (30.5 overs)
| score2_2nd =
| result = Delhi won by an innings and 19 runs
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445948.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| points = Delhi 7, Railways 0
}}
----
{{Cricket match summary
| date = 30 January–2 February 2025
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| score1 = 283 (80.4 overs)
| score2 = 406 (124.3 overs)
| score1_2nd = ''222/4 (53 overs)''
| score2_2nd =
| result = ''Stumps, Day 3''
| scorecard = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1445947.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Raipur]]
| points =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2024-25-1445824 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2024–25}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2024-25}}
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2024]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

List of Telugu films of 1944

2025-01-21T23:50:18Z

Ajithkumardas6: quick fix

{{Short description|None}}
{{Tollywood films}}
{{morefootnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] film industry based in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1944 in film|1944]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pedia.desibantu.com/tollywood-1944-cinema-list/|title=1944 Telugu Films|access-date=2019-12-02|publisher=pedia.desibantu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://earlytollywood.blogspot.com/2008/01/list-of-movies-released-in-1941-1951.html|title=1940's Telugu Films|access-date=2019-12-02|publisher=earlytollywood}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Production
|-
|''[[Bhishma (1944 film)|Bhishma]]''|| [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayana Murthy]] || Jandhyala Gaurinatha Sastri, [[Krishnaveni (actress)|C. Krishnaveni]], [[Sriranjani (Telugu actress)|Sriranjani]] || Bhavani Pictures
|-
|''[[Circus King (1944 film)|Circus King]]''|| || ||
|-
|''[[Oka Roju Raju]]''|| Jyothi Sinha || Jandhyala Gaurinatha Sastri, Purnima ||
|-
|''[[Samsara Naradhi]]''|| [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayana Murthy]] || Madhali Krishamurthy, Bharat Sastri || Bhavani Pictures
|-
|''[[Seeta Rama Jananam]]''|| [[Ghantasala Balaramayya]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]], Tripurasundari, [[Vemuri Gaggaiah]], [[Rushyendramani]], Parepalli Subba Rao, [[Kamala Kotnis]] || Prathiba Pictures
|-
|''[[Tahsildar (film)|Tahsildar]]''|| [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]] || [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]], [[C. H. Narayana Rao]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Kamala Kotnis]] || Sri Jagadesh Films
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?languages=te|1&sort=year,asc&start=51 Earliest Telugu language films at IMDb.com (88 to 91)]

{{Tollywood|horiz}}
{{1944 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1944]]
[[Category:Lists of 1944 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1944 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

[[te:తెలుగు సినిమాలు]]

Lakshmibai

2025-01-06T17:24:18Z

Ajithkumardas6: Put Up New Data

'''Lakshmibai''' or '''Laxmibai''' is a name. It can be both a feminine given name and a surname. Notable people with this name include:

== Given name ==
* [[Lakshmibai Newalkar]] (1828–1858), consort of the Maharaja of Jhansi, a princely state in what is today Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[V. Lakshmibai]] (c. 1945 – 2023), Indian mathematician
* [[Lakshmibai Tilak]] (1868–1936), Indian writer
* [[Lakshmibai Rajwade]] (1887–1984), Indian doctor
* [[Laxmibai Kelkar]] (1905–1978), Indian social reformer

== Surname ==
* [[Adruti Laxmibai]] (1899–unknown), Indian activist and politician

== See also ==
*{{intitle}}
* [[Lakshmibai College (disambiguation)]]
* [[Laxmibai Nagar]], residential area in New Delhi, India
* [[Laxmibai Nagar railway station]], in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

{{given name|type = both}}