Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Template:Decade link

2026-09-07T15:40:50Z

Ajay Kumar: New template created

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Template:Year box/core

2026-09-07T15:40:08Z

Ajay Kumar: New template

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Template:Year box/outer core

2026-09-07T15:38:41Z

Ajay Kumar: New template

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2026 in Indian sports

2026-09-07T15:38:19Z

Ajay Kumar: Added new details

{{short description|2026 Sporting season for India}}
{{Year box}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
The year '''2026 in Indian sports''' describes the new [[2026 in sports|sporting events]] that have happened, or will happen, in 2026. The main highlights for this year are: the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] in India and [[Sri Lanka]], [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] in Glasgow, [[Scotland]], the [[2026 Asian Games]] in [[Aichi]]-[[Nagoya]], Japan and the [[2026 Summer Youth Olympics]] in [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] respectively.

This year, several honours have been awarded to the athletes who have contributed to the nation in various sporting disciplines. [[Vijay Amritraj]] (tennis) was [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2020–2029)|awarded]] the [[Padma Bhushan]]. At the same time, the [[Padma Shri]] [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|awardees]] include [[Baldev Singh (field hockey)|Baldev Singh]] (field hockey), Bhagwandas Raikwar (martial arts), [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (cricket), K. Pajanivel (martial arts), [[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]] (para-athletics), [[Rohit Sharma]] (cricket) and [[Savita Punia]] (field hockey) respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards 2026 announced|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547&reg=3&lang=1|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=25 January 2026|accessdate=2 May 2026}}</ref> The [[Arjuna Award]]s were announced in August 2026 to felicitate 17 sportspersons. The recipients include [[Tejaswin Shankar]], [[Muhammad Ajmal Variyathodi]], [[Priyanka Goswami]] (athletics); [[Treesa Jolly]], [[Gayatri Gopichand]] (badminton); [[Narender Berwal]] (boxing); [[Vidit Gujrathi]], [[Divya Deshmukh]] (chess); [[Dhanush Srikanth]] (deaf shooting); [[Lalremsiami]], [[Rajkumar Pal]] (hockey); [[Surjeet Singh Narwal]], [[Pooja Hathwala]] (kabaddi); [[Rudransh Khandelwal]] (para-shooting); [[Ekta Bhyan]] (para-athletics); [[Arvind Singh (rower)|Arvind Singh]] (rowing); and [[Akhil Sheoran]] (shooting) respectively. The Lifetime Arjuna Award Honour was given to [[Arumainayagam|Isaiah Arumainayagam]] (football).

== Multi-sport events==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! colspan=4| Medals
|-
| 6–22 February
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[2026 Winter Olympics]] ([[India at the 2026 Winter Olympics|summary]])
| International
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |0
| '''0'''
|-
| 22–30 April
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Asian Beach Games]] ([[India at the 2026 Asian Beach Games|summary]])
| Continental
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |3
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |2
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |1
| '''6'''
|-
| 23 July – 2 August
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] ([[India at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|summary]])
| International
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |13
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |17
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |9
| '''39'''
|-
| 19 September – 4 October
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[2026 Asian Games]] ([[India at the 2026 Asian Games|summary]])

| Continental
|-
| 18–24 October
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[2026 Asian Para Games]] ([[India at the 2026 Asian Para Games|summary]])
| Continental
|-
| 31 October – 13 November
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[2026 Summer Youth Olympics]]
| International
|-
| 28 November – 7 December
| {{flagicon|KSA}} [[2026 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]]
| Continental
|-
|}

=== Results===
*'''Winter Olympics''' – India sent two athletes with [[Stanzin Lundup]] finishing 104th<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Saurabh |date=13 February 2026 |title=Winter Olympics: India's Stanzin finishes 104th in men's 10km cross-country skiing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/india-stanzin-lundup-104th-mens-10km-freestyle-cross-country-skiing-winter-olympics-2868022-2026-02-13 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]] finishing at 39th position<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=Winter Olympics: Arif Khan records India’s best-ever finish in men’s slalom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/winter-olympics-arif-khan-records-indias-best-ever-finish-in-mens-slalom/articleshow/128546389.cms |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> in their respective events.
*'''Asian Beach Games''' – India sent a total of 31 athletes, with the nation winning six medals (3 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze) and finishing sixth in the medals tally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddique |first=Amrin |date=1 May 2026 |title=India Signs Off with Six Medals at Asian Beach Games 2026 |url=https://revsportz.in/india-signs-off-with-six-medals-at-asian-beach-games-2026/ |access-date=1 May 2026 |website=[[Revsportz]] |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Commonwealth Games''' – The Indian contingent consisted of 122 athletes and won a total of 39 medals (13 gold, 17 silver, 9 bronze), finishing fourth in the medals tally. Boxing was the most successful contingent, with the nation winning seven gold medals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2026 |title=India secure top-four finish at 2026 Commonwealth Games after historic 39-medal campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/news/india-secure-top-four-finish-at-2026-commonwealth-games-after-historic-39-medal-campaign/articleshow/132813477.cms |access-date=6 September 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Archery==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! colspan=4| Medals
|-
| 31 Oct 2025 – 29 March
| [[2026 Indoor Archery World Series]]
| International
| colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|-
| 31 March – 4 July
| [[2026 World Archery Para Series]]
| International
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |12
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |5
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |5
| '''22'''
|-
| 7 April – 13 September
| [[2026 Archery World Cup]]
| International
|style="background:#F7F6A8;" |4
|style="background:#DCE5E5;" |1
|style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
| '''{{center|7}}'''
|-
|}

=== Results===
*'''Indoor Archery World Series''' – Kushal Dalal won gold in the men's compound individual at the GT Open.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.worldarchery.sport/news/202242/dalal-takes-first-indoor-title-after-double-shoot-strassen |title=Dalal takes first indoor title after double shoot-off in Strassen |website=[[World Archery]] |date=16 November 2025 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> [[Abhishek Verma (archer)|Abhishek Verma]] won bronze in the men's compound individual and [[Jyothi Surekha Vennam]] won bronze in the women's compound individual at the Taipei Open.
*'''Archery World Cup''' – The Indian compound women's team clinched the gold medal in the first stage, defeating the USA in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/archery-world-cup-2026-puebla-women-compound-team-india-report |title=Archery World Cup 2026 Puebla: Jyothi Surekha-led Indian women’s compound team wins gold medal |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=12 April 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref> [[Sahil Jadhav]] won bronze in the compound men's individual in the second stage.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/archery-world-cup-stage-2-sahil-jadhav-wins-maiden-world-cup-bronze-in-shanghai-1503591858.html |title=Archery World Cup Stage 2: Sahil Jadhav wins maiden World Cup bronze in Shanghai|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=9 May 2026 | access-date=9 May 2026}}</ref> The Indian recurve women's team clinched the gold medal in the second stage, defeating China in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/india-secure-dramatic-gold-at-archery-world-cup-as-deepika-leads-team-to-glory-2026-05-10-1040593 |title=India secure dramatic gold at Archery World Cup as Deepika leads team to glory |website=[[India TV]] |date=10 May 2026 | access-date=10 May 2026}}</ref> [[Dhiraj Bommadevara]] won the recurve men's individual event in the third stage. He also won the gold medal in the recurve mixed team event along with [[Kumkum Mohod]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/archery-world-cup-2026-antalya-stage-3-india-results |title=India secure dramatic gold at Archery World Cup as Deepika leads team to gloryArchery World Cup 2026 Antalya: Dhiraj Bommadevara stars as Indian recurve archers win two gold medals |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=14 June 2026 | access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> The women's compound team won silver in the fourth stage. [[Prithika Pradeep]] won bronze in the women's compound individual event in the same stage.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.olympics.com/en/news/archery-world-cup-2026-madrid-stage-4-india-compound-results-report |title=Archery World Cup 2026 Madrid: Prithika Pradeep stars with two medals in India’s compound campaign|website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=11 July 2026 | access-date=6 September 2026}}</ref>

== Athletics==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 10 January
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[2026 World Athletics Cross Country Championships]]
| International
|-
| 6 January – 8 February
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]]
| Continental
|-
| 24–25 March
| {{flagicon|IND}} 2026 [[Indian Indoor Athletics Championships]]
| National
|-
| 12 April
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[2026 World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships]]
| International
|-
| 2–3 May
| {{flagicon|BOT}} [[2026 World Athletics Relays]]
| International
|-
| 22–25 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 National Federation Cup Senior Athletics Championships]]
| National
|-
| 5–9 August
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[2026 World Athletics U20 Championships]]
| International
|-
| 8–11 October
| {{flagicon|IND}} 2026 [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]]
| National
|-
|}

=== Results===
* '''World Athletics Cross Country Championships''' – India participated in the competition with seven athletes but did not win any medals.
*'''Asian Indoor Athletics Championships''' – [[Tejaswin Shankar]] won gold in the men's heptathlon event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/tejaswin-shankar-clinches-indias-lone-gold-in-asian-indoor-athletics-championships/article70608632.ece |title=Tejaswin Shankar clinches India’s lone gold in Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 February 2026 | access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> [[Tajinderpal Singh Toor]] won silver in the men's shot put event. [[Pooja Singh (athlete)|Pooja Singh]] won a silver medal in the women's high jump. Jothi Aadarsh Ram won bronze in the men's high jump event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/asian-indoor-cships-praveen-chitravel-4th-manikanta-disqualifies-55883 |title=J Aadarsh Ram wins India's first-ever men's high jump medal at Asian Indoor Athletics C'ships |website=The Bridge |date=6 February 2026 | access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref> [[Ancy Sojan]] won bronze in the women's long jump event.
*'''Race Walking Team Championships''' – India sent 15 athletes but did not win any medals. [[Priyanka Goswami]] finished 10th in the senior women's marathon, contributing to the nation's 5th-place finish in the women's team marathon event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/world-race-walking-team-championships-2026-india-results-report |title=World Race Walking Team Championships 2026: Priyanka Goswami leads Indian women to fifth-place finish |website=The Bridge |date=13 April 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''World Athletics Relays''' – India fielded five relay teams; however, none of them advanced to the final round.

==Badminton==
*
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner(s)
|-
| 6 January – 13 December
| {{flagicon image|2012 BWF logo.svg}} [[2026 BWF World Tour]]<br>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 India Open]] (Super 750)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Syed Modi International]] (Super 300)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Guwahati Masters]] (Super 100)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Odisha Masters]] (Super 100)
| International
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 3–8 February
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships]]
| Continental
| {{bd|JPN}} (M)<br>{{bd|KOR}} (W)
|-
| 8–14 February
| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships]]
| International
| {{bd|CHN}}
|-
| 7–12 April
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 Badminton Asia Championships]]
| Continental
| {{bd|KOR}}
|-
| 24 April – 3 May
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup]]
| International
| {{bd|CHN}} (T)<br>{{bd|KOR}} (U)
|-
| 26 June – 5 July
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[2026 Badminton Asia Junior Championships]]
| Continental
| {{bd|CHN}}
|-
| 17–23 August
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 BWF World Championships]]
| International
|
|-
| 5–18 October
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[2026 BWF World Junior Championships]]
| International
|
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Premier Badminton League]]
| Domestic
|
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures ===

=== Results===
* '''World Tour''' – [[P. V. Sindhu]] finished in 3/4 position in the [[2026 Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]] after losing to [[Wang Zhiyi]] in the semis.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/malaysia-open-pv-sindhu-loses-to-wang-zhiyi-in-semifinals/articleshow/126447484.cms |title=Malaysia Open: PV Sindhu loses to Wang Zhiyi in semifinals |website=[[Times of India]] |date=10 January 2026 | access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref> [[Devika Sihag]] won the women's singles title in the [[2026 Thailand Masters (badminton)|2026 Thailand Masters]] and became the third Indian WS player to win a Super 300 title.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/devika-sihag-wins-super-300-titles-in-thailand-masters-3rd-indian-after-pv-sindhu-saina-nehwal/article70577507.ece |title=Devika Sihag wins maiden Super 300 title, becomes only third Indian women’s singles player to do so |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=2 February 2026 | access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> [[Lakshya Sen]] finished as the runner-up in the [[2026 All England Open]] after losing to [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin Chun-yi]] in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All England Open 2026 badminton: Resilient Lakshya Sen makes second BWF Super 1000 final |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/all-england-open-2026-badminton-semi-final-report-india-lakshya-sen}}</ref> [[Isharani Baruah]] and [[Tanvi Sharma]] finished in the 3/4 position respectively in the women's singles of the [[2026 Orléans Masters]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orleans Masters 2026 badminton: Tanvi Sharma and Isharani Baruah's semi-final exits end India’s campaign |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/orleans-masters-2026-badminton-semi-finals-report-india|date=21 March 2026 | access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> [[Shriyanshi Valishetty]] finished as the runner up in the [[2026 Baoji China Masters]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/badminton-shriyanshi-valishetty-wins-silver-at-baoji-china-masters/ |title=Badminton: Shriyanshi Valishetty Wins Silver at Baoji China Masters |website=[[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] |date=17 May 2026 | access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> whereas, [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] and [[Chirag Shetty]] ended as runner-up in the [[2026 Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/thailand-open-2026-badminton-men-doubles-final-report-india |title=Thailand Open 2026 badminton: Satwiksairaj Rankireddy-Chirag Shetty finish runners-up |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=17 May 2026 | access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> and won the [[2026 Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]] by beating [[Fajar Alfian]] and [[Muhammad Shohibul Fikri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results {{!}} KFF Singapore Badminton Open 2026 |url=https://bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com/tournament/5649/kff-singapore-badminton-open-2026/results/podium/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=bwfworldtour.bwfbadminton.com}}</ref> [[Rounak Chouhan]] and [[Devika Sihag]] finished 3/4 in their respective events and [[Srikanth Kidambi]] finished 2nd in [[2026 U.S. Open (badminton)|U.S. Open]]. [[P. V. Sindhu]] clinched her maiden [[2026 Japan Open|Japan Open]] title by beating [[Akane Yamaguchi]] in the final. [[Tanvi Sharma]] became the youngest and fourth overall Indian WS player to win a Super 300 title after winning the [[2026 Taipei Open|Taipei Open]], while [[Unnati Hooda]] finished 3/4 in the same event. [[Ashmita Chaliha]] won the [[2026 Korea Masters|Korea Masters]] by beating [[Han Qianxi]] in the final, while [[Rakshitha Ramraj]] finished 3/4 in the same event.
*'''Asia Team Championships''' – Defending champions India crashed out in the quarterfinals in the [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships – Women's team event|women's team event]], losing to China by 0–3 and finished in seventh position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/india-women-exit-badminton-asia-team-championships-after-quarterfinal-loss-to-china/articleshow/127973842.cms |title=India women exit Badminton Asia Team Championships after quarterfinal loss to China |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 February 2026 | access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref> In the [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships – Men's team event|men's team event]], India lost to South Korea in the quarterfinals by 1–3, finishing eighth in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/badminton-asia-team-championships-2026-india-women-lose-to-china-in-quarterfinals-ind-v-chn/article70598720.ece |title=Badminton Asia Team Championships: India men lose 1–3 to Korea, women fail to defend title after 0–3 defeat |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=6 February 2026 | access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''Para-Badminton World Championships''' – India secured 15 medals, consisting of 2 gold, 5 silver, and 8 bronze, finishing third in the medal standings. [[Pramod Bhagat]] was the standout player, winning 2 golds in the [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships – Men's Singles SL3|men's singles SL3]] and the men's doubles SL3-SL4 events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/bwf-para-world-championships-pramod-bhagat-clinches-sl3-gold-wins-record-sixth-title-11003092 |title=BWF Para World Championships: Pramod Bhagat Clinches SL3 Gold, Wins Record Sixth Title |website=[[NDTV]] |date=14 February 2026 | access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
*'''Asia Individual Championships''' – [[Ayush Shetty]] won a silver medal in the men's singles event after being defeated by [[Shi Yuqi]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ayush-shetty-wins-silver-after-loss-to-shi-yuqi-in-asia-championships |title=Ayush Shetty wins silver after loss to Shi Yuqi in Asia Championships |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=12 April 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Thomas & Uber Cup''' – The Indian women's team finished in 11th position, failing to qualify for the knockouts for the first time since the [[2018 Uber Cup group stage|2018 edition]]. The Indian men's team won the bronze medal, after losing to [[France]] by 0–3 in the semi-finals. This was their second-ever medal in tournament history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/badminton/thomas-cup-2026-india-settle-for-bronze-medal-crash-out-in-semi-final-after-3-0-defeat-vs-france-article-154227649 |title=Thomas Cup 2026: India Settle For Bronze Medal; Crash Out In Semi-Final After 3-0 Defeat VS France |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=3 May 2026 | access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Asia Junior Championships''' – The Indian team finished fifth in the mixed team event and failed to win any medal across both team and individual events.
*'''World Championships''' – [[Treesa Jolly]] and [[Gayatri Gopichand]] won the bronze medal in the women's doubles event. This was India's second medal in women's doubles at the World Championships after [[Jwala Gutta]] and [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] won bronze in 2011.

== Boxing==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 20 April – 2 December
| {{flagicon|BRA}}/{{flagicon|CHN}}/{{flagicon|UZB}} [[2026 World Boxing Cup]]
| International
|-
| 14–27 October
| {{flagicon|MNE}} [[2026 World Boxing U19 Championships]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===
== Chess==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 16 January – 1 February
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2026]]
| International
|-
| 13–15 February
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[FIDE Freestyle Chess World Championship 2026]]
| International
|-
| 28 March – 16 April
| {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Candidates Tournament 2026]]<br>{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Women's Candidates Tournament 2026]]
| International
|-
| 5 May – 28 August
|{{flagicon|POL}}/{{flagicon|ROU}}/{{flagicon|CRO}}/{{flagicon|USA}} [[Grand Chess Tour 2026]]
| International
|-
| 25 May – 5 June
| {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Norway Chess 2026]]
| International
|-
| 15–28 September
| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[46th Chess Olympiad]]
| International
|-
| TBA
| {{flagicon|}} [[World Chess Championship 2026]]
| International
|-
| TBA
| {{flagicon|}} [[Women's World Chess Championship 2026]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures ===
*'''World Championship''' – {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] will face {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Javokhir Sindarov]] in TBD 2026 to defend his World champion title.
*'''Women's World Championship''' – {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishali Rameshbabu]] will challenge {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ju Wenjun]] in TBD 2026 to clinch her first-ever world championship title.

=== Results===
*'''Tata Steel Tournament''' – The country was represented by five players in the Masters and Challengers categories. The best finish by an Indian in this edition was [[Gukesh Dommaraju]], who placed joint eighth.
*'''Freestyle World Championship''' – [[Arjun Erigaisi]] finished at sixth position, while [[Pranav Venkatesh]] could not make past the play-ins.
*'''Candidates Tournament''' – [[Vaishali Rameshbabu]] won the women's tournament, becoming the second Indian woman after [[Koneru Humpy]] to compete in the Women's World Championship.<ref>{{cite web|first=McGourty |last=Colin|date=14 April 2026|title=Vaishali Wins Women's Candidates; Sindarov Breaks Record|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2026-fide-candidates-tournament-round-14|website=Chess.com|access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref> [[Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa]] finished 7th in the open tournament, while [[Divya Deshmukh]] also finished 7th in the women's category.
*'''Grand Chess Tour''' – [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] finished 6th in the Super Rapid & Blitz Poland. [[R. Praggnanandhaa]] finished joint-5th in the Super Chess Classic Romania and he also won the Super Rapid&Biltz St.Louis.

== Cricket==
{{Main|International cricket in 2025–26|International cricket in 2026|International cricket in 2026–27}}
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Format
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 15 Oct 2025 – 28 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Ranji Trophy]]
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| Domestic
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| 24 Dec 2025 – 18 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| [[List A cricket|List-A]]
| Domestic
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|-
| 9 January – 5 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026 Women's Premier League]]
| [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| Domestic
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 9 January – 6 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} 2026 [[Indian Street Premier League]]
| [[T10 cricket]]
| Domestic
| [[Chennai Singams]]
|-
| 11–31 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2025–26|2026 New Zealand men's tour of India]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
| {{cr|NZ}} (ODI)<br>{{cr|IND}} (T20I)
|-
| 15 January – 6 February
| {{flagicon|ZIM}}/{{flagicon|NAM}} [[2026 Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup]]
| [[One-day International|One-day]]
| International
| {{cr19|IND}}
|-
| 6–28 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Senior Women's One Day Trophy]]
| [[List A cricket|List-A]]
| Domestic
| [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|-
| 7 February – 8 March
| {{flagicon|IND}}/{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]
| [[Twenty-20]]
| International
| {{cr|IND}}
|-
| 13–22 February
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 Women's Asia Cup Rising Stars]]
| [[WT20I]]
| Continental
| {{crw|IND|name=India-A}}
|-
| 15 February – 9 March
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[India women's cricket team in Australia in 2025–26|2026 India women's tour of Australia]]
| [[WT20I]]/[[Women's One Day International|WODI]]/[[Women's Test cricket|W-Test]]
| Bilateral
| {{crw|IND}} (T20I)<br>{{crw|AUS}} (ODI & Test)
|-
| 26 March – 31 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Indian Premier League]]
| [[Twenty-20]]
| Domestic
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| 17–27 April
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[India women's cricket team in South Africa in 2026|2026 India women's tour of South Africa]]
| [[WT20I]]
| Bilateral
| {{crw|RSA}}
|-
| 28 May – 13 July
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[India women's cricket team in England in 2026|2026 India women's tour of England]]
| [[WT20I]]/[[Women's Test cricket|W-Test]]
| Bilateral
| {{cr|ENG}} (WT20I)<br>{{cr|IND}} (Test)
|-
| 6–20 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Afghan cricket team in India in 2026|2026 Afghanistan men's tour of India]]
| [[One-day International|ODI]]/[[Test cricket|Test]]
| Bilateral
|{{cr|IND}}
|-
| 12 June – 5 July
| {{flagicon|ENG}}/{{flagicon|WAL}} [[2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]
| [[WT20I]]
| International
|{{crw|AUS}}
|-
| 26–28 June
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2026|2026 India men's tour of Ireland]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]
| Bilateral
| {{cr|IRE}}
|-
| 1–19 July
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Indian cricket team in England in 2026|2026 India men's tour of England]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
| {{cr|ENG}} (T20I & ODI)
|-
| 23–26 July
| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2026|2026 India men's tour of Zimbabwe]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]
| Bilateral
| {{cr|IND}}
|-
| 15–27 August
| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2026|2026 India men's tour of Sri Lanka]]
| [[Test cricket]]
| Bilateral
| {{cr|IND}}
|- style=background:#ccf
| 22 September – 11 October
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Australia A cricket team in India in 2026–27|2026–27 Australia A Tour of India]]
| [[First-class cricket|First-class]] / [[List A cricket|List-A]]
| International
|-
| 27 September – 17 October
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2026–27|2026 West Indies men's tour of India]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
|-
| 13–17 December
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2026–27|2026 Sri Lanka men's tour of India]]
| [[Twenty-20|T20I]]/[[One-day International|ODI]]
| Bilateral
|-
|}

=== Men's results===
* '''Ranji Trophy''' – [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] defeated [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] by virtue of a first-innings lead to win their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |date=28 February 2026|title=Jammu and Kashmir win their first ever Ranji Trophy title |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/jammu-kashmir-jk-win-first-ranji-trophy-title-karnataka-final-10556934/ |website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* '''Vijay Hazare Trophy''' – [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] defeated [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] by 38 runs to win their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 January 2026 |title=Vidarbha exorcise 2025 final demons to clinch maiden Vijay Hazare Trophy title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/vidarbha-win-maiden-vijay-hazare-trophy-2026-atharva-taide-century-2853981-2026-01-18 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* '''Indian Street Premier League''' – [[Chennai Singams]] defeated [[Tiigers of Kolkata]] by 29 runs to clinch their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=7 February 2026 |title=Chennai Singams clinch maiden ISPL title with dominant win over Tiigers of Kolkata |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/chennai-singams-clinch-maiden-ispl-title-with-dominant-win-over-tiigers-of-kolkata/ |website=[[Tribune India]]}}</ref>
* '''IND v NZ''' – New Zealand won the ODI series against India 2–1, achieving their first-ever ODI series victory on Indian soil. India won the T20I series by 4–1, achieving their seventh consecutive bilateral T20I series title after the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web | access-date=3 February 2026 |title=IND vs NZ 5th T20 2026: India beat New Zealand to end series on a high |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-vs-new-zealand-t20-cricket-2026-series-match-5-report |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>
* '''Men's U-19 World Cup''' – India crushed England by 100 runs to win their sixth Men's Under-19 World Cup title.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=6 February 2026 |title=India win a record sixth title {{!}} U19 CWC 2026 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/u19-cricket-worldcup-2026/videos/india-win-a-record-sixth-title-u19-cwc-2026 |website=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>
* '''Men's T20 World Cup ''' – India defeated New Zealand by a commanding 96 runs to win their second consecutive and third overall T20 World Cup title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maniyar |first=Aachal |date=9 March 2026 |title=T20 World Cup 2026 final: Full list of records broken as India thrash New Zealand by 96 runs to claim third title |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/t20-world-cup-2026-final-full-list-of-records-broken-as-india-thrash-new-zealand-96-runs-to-claim-third-title-indvsnz-11772997209819.html |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Indian Premier League''' - [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] won their second consecutive title after defeating [[Gujarat Titans]] by 5 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2026-06-01 |title=RCB's 2nd IPL victory sparks celebrations in Karnataka, leaders extend congratulations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/rcbs-2nd-ipl-victory-sparks-celebrations-in-karnataka-leaders-extend-congratulations |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2026|IRE v IND]]''' – Ireland registered a historic first-ever series victory against India, whitewashing them by 2-0 and broke India's streak of 16 consecutive T20I series wins.
*'''[[Indian cricket team in England in 2026|ENG v IND]]''' – England won the their first-ever multi-match T20I series against India by a convincing margin of 4-0. They also won the ODI series by 2-1.
*'''[[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2026|ZIM v IND]]''' – India won the T20I series by 3-0.
*'''[[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2026|SL v IND]]''' – India won the Test series by 1-0.

=== Women's results===
*'''Women's Premier League''' – [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] defeated [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] by 6 wickets to win their second WPL title, after [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket) final|2024]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB pull off record chase in Vadodara to win second title as DC fail to lift WPL final jinx |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/rcb-dc-wpl-2026-final-smriti-mandhana-royal-challengers-bengaluru-record-chase-vadodara-report-13976708.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''Senior One-day Trophy''' – [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] defeated [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] by 7 wickets to clinch their second title.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi beats Railways by 7 wickets to win senior women’s one-day trophy final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/senior-womens-one-day-trophy-final-delhi-winner-beats-railways/article70687896.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Asia Cup Rising Stars''' – [[India women's national cricket team|India A]] defeated [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|Bangladesh A]] by 46 runs to win their second title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asiancricket.org/news/2025/19919 |title=India A Women Clinch 46-Run Win Over Bangladesh A to lift DP World Asia Cup Rising Stars Womens 2026 |work=[[Asian Cricket Council]] |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''AUS v IND''' – [[Australia]] won both the ODI series (by 2-1) and Test series (by 1-0), while India won the T20I series (by 2-1).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-women-in-australia-2025-26-1478874/australia-women-vs-india-women-3rd-t20i-1478914/match-report |title=Mandhana, Rodrigues and Patil script famous India series win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''SA v IND''' – [[South Africa]] won the T20I series by 4-1. This was South Africa's first-ever T20I home series victory against India.
*'''[[2026 Women's T20 World Cup]]''' – India finished third in the group stage and got eliminated from the tournament.

== Field hockey==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner(s)
|-
| 9 December 2025 – 28 June
| {{flagicon image|Fih hockey logo.svg}} [[2025–26 Men's FIH Pro League]]
| International
| {{BEL}}
|-
| 28 December 2025 – 26 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Hockey India League]] (Men & Women)
| Domestic
| [[Kalinga Lancers]] (Men)<br>[[Delhi SG Pipers]] (Women)
|-
| 8 – 14 March
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers]] (India Leg)
| International
| {{fhw|ENG}}
|- style=background:#ccf
| 14 – 30 August
| {{flagicon|BEL}}/{{flagicon|NED}} [[2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]<br>{{flagicon|BEL}}/{{flagicon|NED}} [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
| International
|
|-
|}

=== Upcoming fixtures===

=== Results===
* '''Men's Hockey India League''' – [[Kalinga Lancers]] defeated [[Ranchi Royals]] to win their second title in HIL history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/47722390/ranchi-royals-face-kalinga-lancers-hockey-india-league-final-indian-sports-live-january-25 |title= Kalinga Lancers win men's Hockey India League title: Indian Sports, January 26 |website=[[ESPN India]] |date=26 January 2026 | access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
* '''Women's Hockey India League''' – [[SG Pipers Hockey]] defeated [[Shrachi Bengal Tigers]] in penalty shoot-off to clinch their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/womens-hero-hockey-india-league-2025-26-sg-pipers-win-title-shootout-2849956-2026-01-10 |title= SG Pipers claim Women's Hockey India League after shootout win vs Bengal Tigers |website=[[India Today]] |date=10 January 2026 | access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
* '''Women's World Cup Qualifier''' – India finished as the runners-up, losing to England in the final by 0–2 and qualified for the [[2026 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/india-vs-england-score-highlights-goals-result-fih-womens-world-cup-qualifiers-final/article70744141.ece |title=India loses 0–2 to England in FIH Women’s World Cup Qualifers[sic] Final |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=14 February 2026 | access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
* '''FIH Men's World Cup''' – The Indian men's hockey team finished in eighth place after losing their placement match to {{BEL}} in a penalty shootout.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/47722390/ |title=Praggnanandhaa wins Grand Chess Tour title; India (M) finish eighth in Hockey WC after losing to Belgium in shootout: Indian Sports, August 28 |website=[[ESPN India]] |date=28 August 2026 | access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>
* '''FIH Women's World Cup''' – The Indian women's hockey team secured a historic fifth-place finish, beating world No. 5 {{GER}} 3–1 in the classification match to mark their best World Cup performance since 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/fih-women-hockey-world-cup-2026-india-vs-germany-classification-match-report |title=Women's Hockey World Cup 2026: India beat Germany 3-1 to finish fifth |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=27 August 2026 | access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

== Football==
{{Details|2025–26 in Indian football{{!}}2025–26|2026–27 in Indian football}}
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 15 Dec 2025 – 8 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Santosh Trophy]]
| Domestic
| [[Services football team|Services]]
|-
| 20 Dec 2025 – 17 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Indian Women's League]]
| Domestic
| [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
|-
| 14 February – 21 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Indian Super League]]
| Domestic
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
| 25 February – 23 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025–26 Indian Football League]]
| Domestic
| [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|-
| 1–21 March
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup]]
| Continental
| {{fbw|JPN}}
|-
| 23 March – 3 April
| {{flagicon|MDV}} [[2026 SAFF U-20 Championship]]
| Regional
| {{fbu|20|BAN}}
|-
| 25–31 March
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2026 Tri-Nation Series]]
| Trilateral
| {{fbw|TJK}}
|-
| 1–18 April
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup]]
| Continental
| {{fbwu|20|JPN}}
|-
| 11–15 April
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[2026 FIFA Series (women's matches)|2026 FIFA Women's Series (Kenya Stage)]]
| Continental
| {{fbw|AUS}}
|-
| 1–17 May
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup]]
| Continental
| {{fbwu|17|PRK}}
|-
| 5–22 May
| {{flagicon|KSA}} [[2026 AFC U-17 Asian Cup]]
| Continental
| {{fbu|17|JPN}}
|-
| 25 May – 5 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 SAFF Women's Championship]]
| Regional
| {{IND}}
|-
| 26–30 May
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[2026 Unity Cup]]
| Quadlateral
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Nigeria]]
|-
| 25 July – 23 August
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Durand Cup]]
| Domestic
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
| 17–23 August
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[2026–27 AFC Women's Champions League|2026 AFC WCL Preliminary Stage]]
| Continental
| [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
|-
| 21 September – 6 October
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[2026 SAFF Championship]]
| Regional
|
|-
|}

=== Men's Results ===
*'''Santosh Trophy''' – [[Services football team|Services]] defeated [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] by 1–0 to clinch their eighth title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/santosh-trophy-2025-26-final-services-vs-kerala-final-match-report |title=Santosh Trophy 2025-26: Services defeat Kerala in final to secure eighth title |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=8 February 2026 | access-date=23 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Indian Super League''' – [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] won their first-ever [[Indian Super League|ISL]] title and became the national champions since the [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04 NFL]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-end-22-year-wait-lift-national-title-by-winning-isl/articleshow/131247903.cms |title=East Bengal end 22-year wait, lift national title by winning ISL |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 May 2026 | access-date=23 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Indian Football League''' – [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] won their first-ever [[Indian Football League|IFL]] title and were promoted to the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/diamond-harbour-fc-win-indian-football-league-title-and-secure-isl-promotion-prnt/cid/2161060 |title=Diamond Harbour FC clinch Indian Football League title and secure ISL promotion |website=[[Telegraph India]] |date=18 May 2026 | access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''U-20 SAFF Championship''' – [[India national under-20 football team|India]] ended as runner-up after they got beaten by [[Bangladesh national under-20 football team|Bangladesh]] by 3–4 on penalties in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saff-u20-championship-2026-football-india-vs-bangladesh-final-match-report |title=SAFF U20 Championship 2026: India’s title defence ends, Bangladesh wins penalty shootout in final |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=3 April 2026 | access-date=23 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''U-23 Tri-Nation Series''' – [[India national under-23 football team|India]] finished as the runner-up in the tournament after being defeated by [[Tajikistan national under-23 football team|Tajikistan]] with a score of 0–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nagalandpost.com/india-fall-to-tajikistan-0-1-in-u23-tri-nation-cship-decider/ |title=India fall to Tajikistan 0-1 in U23 Tri-Nation C’ship decider |website=[[Nagaland Post]] |date=1 April 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''U-17 Asian Cup''' – [[India national under-17 football team|India]] did not win any matches and failed to advance past the group stage.
*'''Unity Cup -''' India did not win any matches and finished bottom of the table without scoring any goal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-30 |title=India vs Zimbabwe, Unity Cup Highlights: Listless IND lose 0-1 to ZIM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/ind-vs-zim-live-score-india-vs-zimbabwe-football-unity-cup-3rd-place-match-today-10715623/ |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Women's Results ===
*'''Indian Women's League''' – [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] won their second-consecutive [[Indian Women's League|IWL]] title.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Bengal crowned IWL 2025-26 champions |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-crowned-iwl-2025-26-champions |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=12 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Women's Asian Cup''' – [[India women's national football team|India]] did not win any matches and failed to advance past the [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Group C|group stage]].
*'''Women's U-20 Asian Cup''' – [[India women's national under-20 football team|India]] did not advance past the group stage, but concluded its campaign on a high note by defeating the higher-ranked [[Chinese Taipei women's national under-18 softball team|Chinese Taipei]] 1–3.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-vs-chinese-taipei-score-result-highlights-afc-u20-womens-asian-cup-2026-quarterfinals-qualification-scenarios/article70838023.ece |title=India exits AFC U-20 Women’s Asian Cup 2026 despite beating Chinese Taipei |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=8 April 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''FIFA Series''' – [[India women's national football team|India]] finished third in the Kenya stage of the tournament, defeating [[Malawi women's national football team|Malawi]] in the third-place playoff by 3–2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/fifa-series-2026-india-vs-malawi-women-football-report |title=FIFA Series 2026: Indian women’s football team beats Malawi 3-2 to finish third in Kenya |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=15 April 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Women's U-17 Asian Cup''' – [[India women's national under-17 football team|India]] finished 7th in the tournament after a 0–3 defeat to [[China women's national under-17 football team|China]]. This represents their best-ever finish in tournament history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/india-bow-out-of-afc-u17-womens-asian-cup-after-0-3-quarter-final-loss-to-china-11480361 |title=India Bow Out Of AFC U17 Women's Asian Cup After 0-3 Quarter-final Loss To China |website=[[NDTV Sports]] |date=11 May 2026 | access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>

== Futsal==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 13 – 25 January
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 SAFF Women's Futsal Championship]]
| Regional
| {{fsw|BAN}}
|-
| 14 – 26 January
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 SAFF Futsal Championship]]
| Regional
| {{futsal|MDV}}
|-
|}
=== Results===
*'''SAFF Men's Futsal Championship''' – India finished as the runners-up in the tournament with 3 wins, 2 draws and 1 loss.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-thrash-pakistan-to-clinch-silver-in-saff-futsal-championship-2026 |title=India thrash Pakistan to clinch silver in SAFF Futsal Championship 2026 |website=[[All India Football Federation]] |date=26 January 2026 | access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
*'''SAFF Women's Futsal Championship''' – India finished as the runners-up in the tournament with 4 wins and 2 losses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-defeat-sri-lanka-to-finish-runners-up-in-saff-womens-futsal-championship |title=India defeat Sri Lanka to finish runners-up in SAFF Women’s Futsal Championship |website=[[All India Football Federation]] |date=25 January 2026 | access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
== Golf ==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 3 February – TBA
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Professional Golf Tour of India]]
| Domestic
|-
| 11 February – 28 November
| {{flagicon|}} [[2026 Asian Development Tour]]
| Continental
|-
| 23 September – 6 December
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Indian Golf Premier League]]
| Domestic
|-
|}
=== Results ===
*'''Asian Development Tour''' – Pukhraj Singh Gill won the ADT Players Championship, which was also part of the [[2026 Professional Golf of Malaysia Tour]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://telanganatoday.com/pukhraj-singh-gill-wins-adt-players-championship-after-thrilling-play-off |title=Pukhraj Singh Gill wins ADT Players Championship after thrilling play-off |website=[[Telangana Today]] |date=9 May 2026 | access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>

== Handball==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 15 – 29 January
| {{flagicon|KUW}} [[2026 Asian Men's Handball Championship]]
| International
| {{hb|BHR}}
|-
| 24 June – 5 July
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 IHF Women's U20 Handball World Championship]]
| International
| {{hbwj|GER}}
|-
|}

=== Results===
*'''Asian Men's Handball Championship''' – India finished in fifteenth place and did not win any matches in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ihf.info/competitions/men/308/22nd-asian-mens-championship-qualification/260711/news/262741 |title=Bahrain, Kuwait, Japan And Qatar Make Asian Championship Semi-Finals |website=[[International Handball Federation]] |date=26 January 2026 | access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
*'''IHF Women's U20 Handball World Championship''' – India finished in 32nd place and did not win any matches in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/39b5f602-3993-4a4a-9f92-e08fabc006cb/pdf/109MTR.PDF |title=25th IHF Women's Junior World Championship 2026: India 36 - 42 Canada |website=[[International Handball Federation]] |date=3 July 2026 | access-date=29 August 2026}}</ref>

== Pickleball==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 24 January – 8 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 World Pickleball League]]
| Domestic
|-
|}
=== Upcoming fixtures===

=== Results===
*'''World Pickleball League''' – Dilli Dilwale defeated Chennai Super Champs by 3-2 to clinch their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/toddboss/2026/02/09/team-dilli-dillwale-upsets-chennai-to-take-the-world-pickleball-league-season-two-title/ |title=Team Dilli Dillwale upsets Chennai To Take The World Pickleball League Season Two Title. |website=[[Forbes]] |date=9 February 2026 | access-date=1 May 2026}}</ref>

== Rugby ==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winners
|-
| 16–28 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Rugby Premier League]]
| Domestic
| [[Hyderabad Heroes]] (M)<br>[[Delhi Redz]] (W)
|-
|}

=== Results===

== Sepaktakraw==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winner
|-
| 16–23 May

| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[2026 ISTAF World Cup]]
| International

| {{MAS}}
|-
| 3–11 August

| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 King's Cup Sepaktakraw World Championship|2026 King's Cup]]
| International

| {{THA}}
|-
|}

=== Results===
* '''ISTAF World Cup''' – The Indian men's national team achieved a historic milestone by capturing the Silver Medal in the high-stakes quadrant category. India advanced to the final after defeating powerhouse Myanmar in the semifinals, before finishing as runners-up to the host nation, Malaysia.
* '''King's Cup World Championship''' – India secured the Bronze Medal in the men's quadrant. The Indian squad clinched a spot on the world podium after a hard-fought, three-set battle in the semifinals against the hosts and eventual champions, Thailand, losing 15–9, 9–15, 9–15.

== Shooting==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Medals / Winners
|-
| 2 – 14 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships]]
| Continental
| {{IND}}
|-
| 25 March – 8 December
| [[2026 ISSF World Cup]]
| International
|
|-
| 15 – 26 June
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[2026 ISSF Junior World Championships]]
| International
| {{IND}}

|-
| 3 – 14 September
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[2026 World Shooting Para Sport Championships|2026 World Para Shooting Championships]]
| International
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Shooting League of India]]
| Domestic
|
|-
|}

=== Results===
* '''Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships''' – India achieved a total of 94 medals, including 51 gold, 23 silver, and 20 bronze, across both senior and junior events, finishing at the top of the medal tally.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 March 2026 |date=13 February 2026|title=India leads medal standings as Asian Rifle/Pistol Championship concludes in New Delhi |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/news/4934 |website=[[International Shooting Sport Federation]]}}</ref>
*'''World Cup''' – [[Palak Gulia]] and Mukesh Nelavalli won gold in the mixed 10m air pistol event in the second stage.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2026 |date=7 April 2026|title=ISSF World Cup: Palak, Mukesh Nelavalli win 10m air pistol mixed team gold with world record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/issf-world-cup-palak-mukesh-nelavalli-smash-world-record-to-win-10m-air-pistol-mixed-team-gold/articleshow/130086084.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Vivaan Kapoor]] and Neeru Dhanda won bronze in the mixed trap event in the third stage.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 May 2026 |date=10 May 2026|title=ISSF World Cup: Neeru Dhanda and Vivaan Kapoor win bronze in trap mixed team event |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/issf-world-cup-neeru-dhanda-and-vivaan-kapoor-win-bronze-in-trap-mixed-team-event/ |website=[[All India Radio|Akashvani]]}}</ref> [[Esha Singh]] won a gold medal and broke the [[List of world records in shooting|world record]] in the women's 25m pistol event in the fourth stage.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 May 2026 |date=27 May 2026|title=At 21, Esha Singh breaks a world record and beats the Olympic champion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/esha-singh-world-record-beats-olympic-champion-25m-pistol-final-10711276/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Table tennis==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 4 – 8 February
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 ITTF-ATTU Asian Cup]]
| Continental
|-
| 28 April – 10 May
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[2026 World Team Table Tennis Championships]]
| International
|-
| 9–26 July
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Ultimate Table Tennis season]]
| Domestic
|-
| 13 – 19 November
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[2026 World Para Table Tennis Championships]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===
*'''ITTF-ATTU Asian Cup''' – India did not win any medals, with Akash Pal being the only player to qualify for the knockouts before he was eliminated in the round of 16.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/table-tennis/ittf-attu-asian-cup-akash-pal-lose-lin-shidong-55894 |title=ITTF-ATTU Asian Cup: Indian campaign ends as Akash Pal falls to world No 2 |website=The Bridge |date=7 February 2026 | access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
*'''World Team Championships''' – Both the men's and women's teams were eliminated in the Round of 32 in their respective events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uniindia.com/india-knocked-out-of-world-team-table-tennis-championships/sports/news/3834150.html |title=India knocked out of World Team Table Tennis Championships |website=[[United News of India]] |date=6 May 2026 | access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref>

== Weightlifting==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 2 – 8 May
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[2026 World Junior Weightlifting Championships]]
| International
|-
| 10 – 17 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Asian Weightlifting Championships]]
| Continental
|-
| 22 – 28 June
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[2026 Youth World Weightlifting Championships]]
| International
|-
| 27 October – 8 November
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 World Weightlifting Championships]]
| International
|-
|}

=== Results===
*'''World Junior Championships''' – Yash Khandagale won two silver medals and one bronze in the 71 kg event. With this, India finished 13th in the medal tally.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/junior-weightlifting-world-championships-2026-indian-medals-results-yash-khandagale-silver-mens-71kg/article70940187.ece |title=Maharashtra’s Yash bags three medals for India at Junior Weightlifting World Championships |website=[[Sportstar]] |date=5 May 2026 | access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref>
*'''Asian Weightlifting Championships''' – India won 10 medals (1 silver, 3 bronze) and finished 11th in the medal tally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-weightlifting-championships-2026-india-medal-winners |title=Asian Weightlifting Championships 2026: India blank on final day but finish campaign with 10 medals |website=[[Olympics.com]] |date=17 May 2026 | access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref>

== Wrestling==
=== Calendar===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
! Winners
|-
| 15 January – 1 February
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 Pro Wrestling League]]
| Domestic
|[[Haryana Thunders]]
|-
| 27 July – 2 August
| {{flagicon|AZE}} [[2026 U17 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
| 17 – 23 August
| {{flagicon|SVK}} [[2026 U20 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
| 5 – 13 September
| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[2026 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
| 12 – 18 October
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[2026 U23 World Wrestling Championships]]
| International
|-
|}
=== Results===
* '''Pro Wrestling League''' – [[Haryana Thunders]] defeated [[Delhi Dangal Warriors]] to claim their maiden title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2026/Feb/02/haryana-thunders-crowned-pro-wrestling-league-champs |title=Haryana Thunders crowned Pro Wrestling League champs |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2026 | access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref>
== Volleyball ==
=== Calendar ===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 20–28 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[2026 AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup]]
| Continental
|-
| 12–18 July
| {{flagicon|BHR}} [[2026 Asian Men's U18 Volleyball Championship]]
| Continental
|-
| TBD
| {{flagicon|}} [[2026 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship]]
| Continental
|-
|-
|}

=== Results ===

== Wushu ==
=== Calendar ===
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:95%;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Date
! Venue / Event
! Status
|-
| 4–7 April
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[2026 World Junior Wushu Championships]]
| International
|-
|-
|}
=== Results ===
*'''World Junior Championships''' – India won a total of nine medals (3 gold, 2 silver, 4 bronze) and finished in 11th position.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://theprint.in/sport/historic-performance-by-india-at-the-10th-world-junior-wushu-championship/2892413/ |title=Historic performance by India at the 10th World Junior Wushu Championship |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=30 March 2026 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Sport in India}}
{{Years in Sports|2026}}
[[Category:2026 in Indian sport| ]]
[[Category:2026 in India|sports]]

The Bhatkeshri Estate

2026-09-02T04:37:50Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page The Bhatkeshri Estate to Bhatkeshri Estate over redirect: Remove the definite article from the title.

#REDIRECT [[Bhatkeshri Estate]]

Bhatkeshri Estate

2026-09-02T04:37:49Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page The Bhatkeshri Estate to Bhatkeshri Estate over redirect: Remove the definite article from the title.

'''Bhatkeshri Estate''' was a prominent historical zamindari estate associated with Bhatkeshri in the Saran region of Bihar, India. The estate was associated with a prominent Kushwaha (Koeri) landed family and developed into a large and influential zamindari establishment with extensive agricultural lands and a wide network of villages and rural settlements.<ref name="Rajput">Rajput, Dr. Aviraj Singh. ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate''. 1940.</ref>

The history of Bhatkeshri Estate forms an important part of the regional history of Saran and is associated with the development of landed power, agrarian administration, village society and the history of prominent zamindari families in Bihar.

== Historical background ==
The development of Bhatkeshri Estate took place within the broader historical evolution of landed estates and zamindari institutions in Bihar. Zamindars and other landed authorities played important roles in revenue administration, agriculture and village organisation during different periods of Bihar's history.<ref name="Datta">Datta, K. K. ''Old Zamindari Records of Bihar''.</ref>

Bhatkeshri gradually emerged as an important centre of landed authority in the Saran region. Its influence extended through agricultural holdings, villages, settlements and its relationship with the surrounding rural population.<ref name="Rajput" />

The wider history of zamindars and landed authorities in Bihar provides an important context for understanding the development of estates such as Bhatkeshri.<ref name="Ansari">Ansari, Tahir Hussain. ''Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar''.</ref>

== Ruling family of Bhatkeshri ==
Bhatkeshri Estate was associated with a prominent Kushwaha (Koeri) family whose influence developed over successive generations. Historical accounts of the estate describe the family as an important landed family of the Saran region.<ref name="Rajput" /><ref name="Kushwaha">Singh, Dr. Hareram. ''Kushwaha Vansha Itihas''.</ref>

=== Genealogy and succession ===
According to the family history recorded in ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate'', the principal line of succession of the Bhatkeshri family is described as follows:<ref name="Rajput" />

'''King Harsahay Mahato'''

↓

'''King Babu Ganesh Singh'''

↓

'''Babu Chhathu Singh Koeri'''

Babu Ganesh Singh had two brothers, '''Babu Ramvriksh Koeri''' and '''Babu Devi Mahato'''. According to the historical account of the family, neither of these two brothers had male heirs, and the principal succession of the Bhatkeshri family continued through the line of Babu Ganesh Singh.<ref name="Rajput" />

The genealogy is also relevant to the wider historical study of Kushwaha families and landed communities in Bihar.<ref name="Kushwaha" />

== King Harsahay Mahato ==
'''King Harsahay Mahato''' occupies an important position in the traditional history and genealogy of the Bhatkeshri ruling family.

According to Dr. Aviraj Singh Rajput's ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate'', Harsahay Mahato played an important role in the succession of the family. He recognised the position of his son '''Babu Ganesh Singh''' and elevated him to the position of Raja, making Ganesh Singh the principal ruler associated with Bhatkeshri.<ref name="Rajput" />

This succession is described as an important stage in the development of Bhatkeshri as a powerful landed establishment.

== King Babu Ganesh Singh ==
'''King Babu Ganesh Singh''' is regarded in the historical tradition of Bhatkeshri as one of the most prominent figures associated with the estate.

During his period, Bhatkeshri developed a reputation as a powerful and extensive zamindari establishment in the Saran region. Historical accounts associate him with the administration, expansion and consolidation of the estate's landed properties.<ref name="Rajput" />

His name became closely associated with the political, economic and social prominence of Bhatkeshri.

== Family of Babu Ganesh Singh ==
Babu Ganesh Singh had two brothers, '''Babu Ramvriksh Koeri''' and '''Babu Devi Mahato'''. According to the historical account of the Bhatkeshri family, neither brother had a male heir.<ref name="Rajput" />

The principal succession consequently continued through the line of Babu Ganesh Singh.

== Conflict with Hathwa Raj ==
The rise of Bhatkeshri Estate as an important landed power brought it into conflict with the '''Hathwa Raj''', one of the major zamindari establishments of the Saran region.

The confrontation between Bhatkeshri Estate and Hathwa Raj is described in several historical and regional accounts concerning Bhatkeshri and Saran. The episode is discussed in Dr. Aviraj Singh Rajput's ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate'', M. D. Rizwan Azad's ''The History of Bhatkeshri Estate: Pride of Bihar'', and Prof. Rajiv Ranjan's ''The Forgotten History of Chapra''.<ref name="Rajput" /><ref name="Azad">Azad, M. D. Rizwan. ''The History of Bhatkeshri Estate: Pride of Bihar''.</ref><ref name="Ranjan">Ranjan, Prof. Rajiv. ''The Forgotten History of Chapra''.</ref>

These accounts place the Bhatkeshri–Hathwa conflict within the wider political and social history of Saran and describe the competition and interaction between major landed establishments of the region.

=== Recognition by the Hathwa Raj ===
Following the conflict, the growing standing of Babu Ganesh Singh was recognised in the historical tradition associated with Bhatkeshri.

According to Dr. Aviraj Singh Rajput's ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate'', the Raja of Hathwa honoured Babu Ganesh Singh with the titles '''"Maharaja"''' and '''"Thakur Sahib"''', recognising his prominence and standing among the leading landed families of the Saran region.<ref name="Rajput" />

The honour subsequently became an important part of the historical narrative surrounding Babu Ganesh Singh and the rise of Bhatkeshri Estate.

== Extent and importance of the estate ==
Bhatkeshri Estate was a vast landed establishment extending across a substantial rural area of Saran. Its historical influence was not restricted to Bhatkeshri village but extended through agricultural lands, villages, smaller settlements and hamlets.<ref name="Rajput" /><ref name="Azad" />

Historical accounts describe the estate as exceptionally extensive and as exercising influence over a large number of villages and rural settlements.<ref name="Rajput" /><ref name="Ranjan" />

The estate is therefore described in the historical literature as one of the significant landed establishments of the region, without assigning a single exact acreage to its holdings.

== Villages and rural administration ==
The strength of Bhatkeshri Estate was closely connected with its extensive network of villages and rural settlements.

Agriculture formed the foundation of the estate's economy, while land revenue, cultivation and village administration were central to its functioning. The management of an extensive estate required interaction with cultivators, tenants, village officials and local intermediaries.<ref name="Datta" />

The estate consequently exercised considerable economic and social influence across the countryside associated with it.

== Economic significance ==
The economic strength of Bhatkeshri Estate was primarily based on agriculture and landed property. The fertile plains of Saran provided favourable conditions for extensive cultivation.

Agricultural production, land revenue and village settlements were closely interconnected with the economic structure of the estate.

== Social and regional influence ==
The influence of Bhatkeshri Estate extended beyond land and revenue administration. The ruling family became an important part of the social history of Saran and was associated with the development of a powerful regional landed elite.<ref name="Rajput" />

The history of Bhatkeshri is therefore relevant to the study of agrarian society, rural elites, zamindari power and the social history of Bihar.

== Babu Chhathu Singh Koeri ==
'''Babu Chhathu Singh Koeri''', the son of King Babu Ganesh Singh, was an important figure in the later history of Bhatkeshri Estate.<ref name="Rajput" />

His period coincided with major changes in the political and agrarian structure of Bihar and with the approaching end of the zamindari system.

According to Dr. Aviraj Singh Rajput's ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate'', Babu Chhathu Singh Koeri had four sons who became associated with the later history of the family's extensive property.<ref name="Rajput" />

== Donation of the estate ==
According to the historical account of Bhatkeshri Estate, '''Babu Chhathu Singh Koeri and his four sons jointly donated the family's extensive property and zamindari holdings before the formal abolition of the zamindari system'''.<ref name="Rajput" />

The donation is remembered as an important event in the history of the Bhatkeshri family. The historical tradition describes the family's landed possessions as exceptionally extensive, reaching a scale associated with '''lakhs of acres''' when the various agricultural and settled holdings were considered together.<ref name="Rajput" />

The historical tradition further connects this act with the idea of establishing Bhatkeshri as a self-governing or independent state-like establishment.<ref name="Rajput" />

This episode occupies a distinctive place in the historical narrative of Bhatkeshri and reflects the scale of the family's landed influence immediately before the transformation of the zamindari system.

== Bhatkeshri and the history of Saran ==
Bhatkeshri Estate formed part of the wider historical landscape of Saran. Saran has historically been an important agricultural and political region of northern Bihar, characterised by extensive rural settlements and numerous landed establishments.

The ''Saran District Gazetteer'' provides a broader historical and administrative framework for understanding the district and its villages, agriculture and landed institutions.<ref name="Gazetteer">''Saran District Gazetteer''. Government of Bihar.</ref>

Regional historical works, including Prof. Rajiv Ranjan's ''The Forgotten History of Chapra'', also contribute to the study of the historical development of the Saran region.<ref name="Ranjan" />

== Historical literature ==
The history of Bhatkeshri Estate has been associated with several historical and regional works.

Dr. Aviraj Singh Rajput's ''The Royal History of Bhatkeshri Estate'' is specifically associated with the history of the estate and its ruling family.<ref name="Rajput" />

The history of Bhatkeshri and its conflict with Hathwa Raj is also discussed in M. D. Rizwan Azad's ''The History of Bhatkeshri Estate: Pride of Bihar'' and Prof. Rajiv Ranjan's ''The Forgotten History of Chapra''.<ref name="Azad" /><ref name="Ranjan" />

Other works relevant to the wider historical context include writings and records associated with Dr. Shyam Sundar Rai, K. K. Datta, the ''Saran District Gazetteer'', and Dr. Hareram Singh's ''Kushwaha Vansha Itihas''.<ref name="Rai">Rai, Dr. Shyam Sundar. Historical material concerning Bihar and Saran published in ''Hindustan'', 1971.</ref><ref name="Datta" /><ref name="Gazetteer" /><ref name="Kushwaha" />

== Abolition of zamindari ==
The traditional authority of Bhatkeshri Estate came to an end with the transformation of Bihar's land system following Indian independence and the abolition of zamindari.

The post-independence land reforms fundamentally changed the relationship between zamindars, cultivators and the state. Zamindars lost their intermediary revenue-collecting rights, while land administration increasingly came under direct governmental authority.

This transformation marked the end of Bhatkeshri's traditional role as a zamindari estate, although the historical identity and legacy of the family continued in the region.

== Legacy ==
The legacy of Bhatkeshri Estate survives through the historical identity of Bhatkeshri, the memory of its ruling family and the villages and settlements historically associated with its sphere of influence.

The history of the estate represents the transformation of rural Bihar from traditional landed authority and zamindari administration to the post-independence system of land reform and modern administration.

The figures of '''King Harsahay Mahato, King Babu Ganesh Singh and Babu Chhathu Singh Koeri''' occupy important places in the historical narrative of the Bhatkeshri family.

== Historical significance ==
Bhatkeshri Estate is significant in the regional history of Bihar because of its association with a prominent Kushwaha landed family, its vast territorial character, its extensive network of villages and its influence in the agrarian and social life of Saran.

The reported '''conflict with Hathwa Raj''', the recognition of '''Babu Ganesh Singh with the titles "Maharaja" and "Thakur Sahib"''', and the later history of '''Babu Chhathu Singh Koeri and his four sons''' form important elements of the historical narrative of the estate.<ref name="Rajput" /><ref name="Azad" /><ref name="Ranjan" />

Further research using original zamindari records, settlement documents, revenue records, district archives, contemporary newspapers and family records would help establish a more detailed chronology and documentary history of Bhatkeshri Estate.

== References ==
<references />

== See also ==

* Saran district
* Jalalpur, Bihar
* Hathwa Raj
* Zamindari system in Bihar
* History of Bihar
* Agrarian history of Bihar
* Kushwaha history
* Land reforms in Bihar

2026 Patna student protests

2026-09-01T08:13:08Z

Ajay Kumar: New page

{{Short description|Student protests in India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox event
| name = 2026 Patna student protests
| image =
| image_caption =
| date = 18 August 2026
| location = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| type = Examination scandal
| cause = Paper leak and irregularities
| participants = Students, [[Bihar Police]]
| outcome =
}}

'''2026 Patna student protests''' (also referred to as the '''BPSC protests''' or '''Gardanibagh protests''') are a series of demonstrations by the students in [[Patna]], India, primarily concerning recruitment examinations conducted by the [[Bihar Public Service Commission]] and the other related bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=Himanshu |date=2026-08-25 |title=Dispute, domicile, and ‘dog’: What’s behind fresh student protests in Bihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-student-protest-patna-tre-4-bpsc-10848693/ |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The 70th BPSC Combined Competitive Examination (CCE-prelims) was held on 13 December 2024. After complaints of irregularities and a possible paper leak at the Bapu Pariksha Parisar centre in Patna, the exam was cancelled at that centre and a re-test was held for the affected candidates. Protests demanding cancellation of the entire examination took place in late 2024 and early 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2025-01-02 |title=BPSC row: As protests continue, some candidates oppose re-exam for all as ‘gross injustice’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/bpsc-row-as-protests-continue-some-candidates-oppose-re-exam-for-all-as-gross-injustice/article69050278.ece |access-date=2026-08-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Separately, aspirants had been waiting for the BPSC Teacher Recruitment Examination (TRE-4) notification for thousands of vacancies. But, after nearly 1.5 years delay, the BPSC issued the notification on 18 August 2026 for 32,388 posts, with applications scheduled to begin on 1 September 2026. However, the protests continued over the proposed two-stage exam (prelims and mains), negative marking, domicile rules, and other concerns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-19 |title=BPSC released TRE-4 notification for 32,388 posts; why students are still protesting? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/bpsc-tre-4-bihar-teacher-recruitment-exam-why-opposition-supporting-students-against-bpsc-past-year-issues-paper-leak-result-stagnation-10839626/ |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Timeline of protests ==

* '''Mid-to-late August 2026:''' On 18 August 2026, aspirants began a "Student Justice Satyagraha" at Gardanibagh, demanding the TRE-4 notification, a single-stage exam, removal of negative marking, greater transparency, and the overall cancellation of the 70th BPSC exam over alleged irregularities.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-08-18 |title=Bihar protesters seek teacher job exam notification in 24 hours, threaten to gherao minister's house |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/bihar/2026/Aug/18/bihar-protesters-seek-teacher-job-exam-notification-in-24-hours-threaten-to-gherao-ministers-house |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The protests were led by All Bihar Students’ Union and the Chhatra-Yuva Sangharsh Morcha, joined the protest.
* '''18–24 August 2026:''' The state government issued TRE-4 notification, but the sit-in continued.<ref name=":0" /> Opposition leader [[Tejashwi Yadav]] visited the Gardanibagh protest site.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-08-24 |title=Will firmly raise students' voices from streets to legislature: Tejashwi Yadav |url=https://theprint.in/india/will-firmly-raise-students-voices-from-streets-to-legislature-tejashwi-yadav/3023502/ |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''25 August 2026:''' Protesters marched towards the [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]’s residence, breaking security barricades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Police, Students Clash Over BPSC Exam Demands |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bihar-police-clash-with-students-protesting-bpsc-exam-irregularities/20260825.htm |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2026-08-25 |title=Stone-pelting, lathi-charge, water cannons mark students’ protest over BPSC exams |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/students-in-bihar-break-through-barricades-in-bid-to-gherao-cm-residence-police-use-water-cannons/article71387958.ece |access-date=2026-08-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Bihar Police]] responded with water cannons and lathi charges, detained some protesters, and reported injuries from stone-pelting.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-08-25 |title=Students, cops face off in Patna during march to Raj Bhavan over Bihar civil services exam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/patna-students-clash-with-police-break-barricades-during-protest-seeking-cancellation-of-70th-bpsc-exam-101787641259402.html |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-08-25 |title=Bihar Students Protest: Tension In Patna As Police Lathi-charge, Use Water Cannons On Protestors |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/bihar-news-student-protest-break-through-barricades-in-gid-to-gherao-chief-minister-residence-police-use-water-cannons-several-students-detained-enn26082502976 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=Himanshu |date=2026-08-25 |title=Dispute, domicile, and ‘dog’: What’s behind fresh student protests in Bihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-student-protest-patna-tre-4-bpsc-10848693/ |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Government response ==
On 25 August 2026, the Chief Minister [[Samrat Choudhary]] announced monthly "Vidyarthi Sahyog Shivir" to address student grievances.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-08-25 |title=Bihar CM inaugurates monthly camp to address students' grievances |url=https://theprint.in/india/bihar-cm-inaugurates-monthly-camp-to-address-students-grievances/3024542/ |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-08-25 |title=Bihar launches monthly Vidyarthi Sahyog Shivir to resolve student grievances |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/vidyarthi-sahyog-shivir-bihar-launches-monthly-camps-to-resolve-student-grievances/article71387659.ece |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:August 2026 in India]]

Template:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates

2026-09-01T08:12:39Z

Ajay Kumar: Missing template

{{Navbox
| name = Gandhi Peace Prize laureates
| title = [[Gandhi Peace Prize|Gandhi Peace Prize laureates]]
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}}
| listclass = hlist
| nowrapitems = yes

| list1 =
* [[Julius Nyerere]] (1995)
* [[A. T. Ariyaratne]] (1996)
* [[Gerhard Fischer (diplomat)|Gerhard Fischer]] (1997)
* [[Ramakrishna Mission]] (1998)
* [[Baba Amte]] (1999)
* [[Grameen Bank]], [[Nelson Mandela]] (2000)
* [[John Hume]] (2001)
* [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] (2002)
* [[Václav Havel]] (2003)
* [[Coretta Scott King]] (2004)
* [[Desmond Tutu]] (2005)
* [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]] (2013)
* [[ISRO]] (2014)
* [[Vivekananda Kendra]] (2015)
* [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]] and [[Sulabh International]] (2016)
* [[Ekal Vidyalaya]] (2017)
* [[Yōhei Sasakawa]] (2018)
* [[Qaboos bin Said]] (2019)
* [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (2020)
* [[Gita Press]] (2021)
}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Peace award navigational boxes|Gandhi Peace Prize laureates]]
</noinclude>

Template:Public-sector space agencies

2026-09-01T08:11:55Z

Ajay Kumar: Missing template

{{Navbox
|name = Public-sector space agencies
|title = [[List of government space agencies|Public-sector space agencies]]
|bodyclass = hlist
|state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}

|group1 = Africa
|list1 =
{{Navbox|subgroup
|group1 = Pan-African<br />and pan-Arab
|list1 =
* [[Regional African Satellite Communication Organization|RASCOM]]
* [[Arab Satellite Communications Organization|Arabsat]]

|group2 = National
|list2 =
* {{flag decoration|Algeria|size=15px}} [[Algerian Space Agency|ASAL]]
* {{flag decoration|Egypt|size=15px}} [[Egyptian Space Agency|EgSA]]
** [[National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences|NARSS]]
* {{flag decoration|Ethiopia|size=15px}} [[Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute|ESSTI]]
* {{flag decoration|Ghana|size=15px}} [[Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre|GSSTC]]
* {{flag decoration|Kenya|size=15px}} [[Kenya Space Agency|KSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Morocco|size=15px}} [[Royal Center for Remote Sensing|CRTS]]
* {{flag decoration|Nigeria|size=15px}} [[National Space Research and Development Agency|NASRDA]]
* {{flag decoration|South Africa|size=15px}} [[South African National Space Agency|SANSA]]
}}

|group2 = Americas
|list2 =
{{Navbox|subgroup
|group1 = North America
|list1 =
* {{flag decoration|Canada|size=15px}} [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]]
* {{flag decoration|United States|size=15px}} [[NASA]]
* {{flag decoration|United States|size=15px}} [[National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service|NESDIS]]
** [[Office of Space Commerce|OSC]]
* {{flag decoration|United States|size=15px}} [[Office of Commercial Space Transportation|FAA/AST]]
* {{flag decoration|United States|size=15px}} [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]
* {{flag decoration|United States|size=15px}} [[United States Space Force|USSF]]
* {{flag decoration|United States|size=15px}} [[United States Space Command|USSPACECOM]]
* {{flag decoration|United States|size=15px}} [[National Reconnaissance Office|NRO]]

|group2 = Latin America<br />and the Caribbean
|list2 =
* {{flagicon image|CELAC.svg|size=15px}} [[Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency|ALCE]]
* {{flag decoration|Mexico|size=15px}} [[Agencia Espacial Mexicana|AEM]]
* {{flag decoration|Argentina|size=15px}} [[National Space Activities Commission|CONAE]]
* {{flag decoration|Bolivia|size=15px}} [[Bolivian Space Agency|ABE]]
* {{flag decoration|Brazil|size=15px}} [[Brazilian Space Agency|AEB]]
** [[Department of Aerospace Science and Technology|DCTA]]
** [[National Institute for Space Research|INPE]]
** [[Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica|ITA]]
* {{flag decoration|Colombia|size=15px}} [[Colombian Space Commission|CCE]]
* {{flag decoration|Venezuela|size=15px}} [[Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities|ABAE]]
** [[Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research|IVIC]]
}}

|group3 = Asia
|list3 =
{{Navbox|subgroup
|group1 = Pan-Asian
|list1 =
* [[Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization|APSCO]]

|group2 = Central Asia
|list2 =
* {{flag decoration|Kazakhstan|size=15px}} [[KazCosmos]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Russia|size=15px}} [[Roscosmos]]{{sup|1}}
** [[Russian Space Research Institute|SRI]]
** [[Russian Space Forces|VK]]
* {{flag decoration|Turkmenistan|size=15px}} [[Turkmenistan National Space Agency|TNSA]]{{sup|1}}

|group3 = East Asia
|list3 =
* {{flag decoration|China|size=15px}} [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]
** [[State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense|SASTIND]]
** [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]]
*** [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
*** [[China Academy of Space Technology|CAST]]
*** [[China Chang Feng|CCF]]
*** CGWIC
** [[People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force|PLAASF]]
** [[China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation|CASIC]]
* {{flag decoration|Japan|size=15px}} [[JAXA]]
** [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science|ISAS]]
* {{flag decoration|Japan|size=15px}} [[Japan Space Systems|JSS]]
* {{flag decoration|Japan|size=15px}} [[National Institute of Information and Communications Technology|NICT]]
* {{flag decoration|North Korea|size=15px}} [[National Aerospace Technology Administration|NATA]]
* {{flag decoration|South Korea|size=15px}} [[Korea AeroSpace Administration|KASA]]
** [[Korea Aerospace Research Institute|KARI]]
** [[Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute|KASI]]
* {{flag decoration|South Korea|size=15px}} [[KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center|SaTReC]]
* {{flag decoration|Taiwan|size=15px}} [[Taiwan Space Agency|TASA]]

|group4 = South Asia
|list4 =
* {{flag decoration|Bangladesh|size=15px}} [[Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization|BSPARRSO]]
* {{flag decoration|India|size=15px}} [[ISRO]]{{sup|2}}
** [[Antrix Corporation|Antrix Corp]]
** [[Department of Space|DoS]]
** [[National Remote Sensing Centre|NRSC]]
** [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]]
** [[Defence Space Agency|DSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Pakistan|size=15px}} [[SUPARCO]]

|group5 = Southeast Asia
|list5 =
* {{flag decoration|Indonesia|size=15px}} [[National Research and Innovation Agency|BRIN]]
** [[Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space|ORPA]]
** [[Indonesian Space Agency|INASA]]
* {{flag decoration|Malaysia|size=15px}} [[Malaysian Space Agency|MYSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Philippines|size=15px}} [[Philippine Space Agency|PhilSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Singapore|size=15px}} [[National Space Agency of Singapore|NSAS]]
* {{flag decoration|Thailand|size=15px}} [[Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency|GISTDA]]
* {{flag decoration|Vietnam|size=15px}} [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|VNSC]]
* {{flag decoration|Myanmar|size=15px}} [[Myanmar Space Agency|MSA]]

|group6 = West Asia
|list6 =
* {{flag decoration|Armenia|size=15px}} [[ArmCosmos]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Azerbaijan|size=15px}} [[Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency|MAKA]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Bahrain|size=15px}} [[National Space Science Agency|NSSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Iran|size=15px}} [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|NEHSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Iran|size=15px}} [[Iranian Space Agency|ISA]]
** [[Iranian Space Research Center|ISRC]]
* {{flag decoration|Israel|size=15px}} [[Israel Space Agency|ISA]]
** [[National Committee for Space Research|NCSR]]
* {{flag decoration|Saudi Arabia|size=15px}} [[Saudi Space Agency|SSA]]
** [[King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology|KACST-SRI]]
* {{flag decoration|Syria|size=15px}} [[Syrian Space Agency|SSA]]{{sup|2}}
** [[General Organization of Remote Sensing|GORS]]
* {{flag decoration|Turkey|size=15px}} [[Turkish Space Agency|TUA]]
** [[TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute|TÜBİTAK UZAY]]
* {{flag decoration|United Arab Emirates|size=15px}} [[United Arab Emirates Space Agency|UAESA]] ([[Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre|MBRSC]])
}}

|group4 = Europe
|list4 =
{{Navbox|subgroup
|group1 = Pan-European
|list1 =
* [[European Committee for Standardization|CEN]]/[[European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization|CENELEC]]
* [[European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations|CEPT]]
** [[European Telecommunications Standards Institute|ETSI]]
* [[Eurocontrol]]
* [[European Civil Aviation Conference|ECAC]]
* {{flagicon image|European Space Agency logo.svg|30px}} [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
** [[European Cooperation for Space Standardization|ECSS]]
** [[European Space Research and Technology Centre|ESTEC]]
** [[European Astronaut Centre|EAC]]
** [[ESA Centre for Earth Observation|ESRIN]]
** [[European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications|ECSAT]]
** [[European Space Astronomy Centre|ESAC]]
** [[European Space Operations Centre|ESOC]]
*** [[ESTRACK]]
** [[Guiana Space Centre]]
* [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites|EUMETSAT]]
* [[European Telecommunications Satellite Organization|EUTELSAT IGO]]
* [[European Southern Observatory|ESO]]

|group2 = [[European Union|EU]] and [[European Economic Area|EEA]]
|list2 =
* {{flag decoration|European Union|size=15px}} [[Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space|DG DEFIS]]
** {{flag decoration|European Union|size=15px}} [[European Union Agency for the Space Programme|EUSPA]]
* {{flag decoration|European Union|size=15px}} [[European Union Satellite Centre|EU SatCen]]
* {{flag decoration|European Union|size=15px}} [[European Union Aviation Safety Agency|EASA]]
* {{flag decoration|European Union|size=15px}} [[Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications|BEREC]]
* {{flag decoration|Austria|size=15px}} [[Austrian Space Agency|ALR]]{{sup|2}}
* {{flag decoration|Belgium|size=15px}} [[Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy|BELSPO]]
** [[Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy|BIRA-IASB]]
* {{flag decoration|Bulgaria|size=15px}} [[Space Research and Technology Institute|SRTI]]{{sup|2}}
* {{flag decoration|Czech Republic|size=15px}} [[Czech Space Office|CSO]]{{sup|2}}
* {{flag decoration|Denmark|size=15px}} [[DTU Space]]
* {{flag decoration|Estonia|size=15px}} [[Estonian Space Office|ESO]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|France|size=15px}} [[CNES]]{{sup|2}}
* {{flag decoration|France|size=15px}} [[French Air and Space Force|AAE]]
** [[French Space Command|CdE]]
* {{flag decoration|Germany|size=15px}} [[German Aerospace Center|DLR]]{{sup|2}}
* {{flag decoration|Greece|size=15px}} [[Hellenic Space Agency|HSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Hungary|size=15px}} [[Hungarian Space Office|HSO]]{{sup|2}}
* {{flag decoration|Italy|size=15px}} [[Italian Space Agency|ASI]]
* {{flag decoration|Luxembourg|size=15px}} [[Luxembourg Space Agency|LSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Lithuania|size=15px}} [[Lithuanian Space Office|LSO]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Netherlands|size=15px}} [[Netherlands Institute for Space Research|SRON]]
* {{flag decoration|Netherlands|size=15px}} [[Netherlands Space Agency|NLSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Norway|size=15px}} [[Norwegian Space Agency|NOSA]]
* {{flag decoration|Poland|size=15px}} [[Polish Space Agency|POLSA]]{{sup|2}}
** [[Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences|CBK PAN]]
** [[Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej|UKE]]
** [[National Broadcasting Council|KRRiT]]
** [[Polish IMINT Centre|ORO]]
** [[Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)|ULC]]
* {{flag decoration|Portugal|size=15px}} [[Portuguese Space Agency|PTSPACE]]
* {{flag decoration|Romania|size=15px}} [[Romanian Space Agency|ROSA]]{{sup|2}}
* {{flag decoration|Spain|size=15px}} [[National Institute for Aerospace Technology|INTA]]
** {{flag decoration|Catalonia|size=15px}} [[Catalan Space Agency|AEC]]
* {{flag decoration|Spain|size=15px}} [[Spanish Air and Space Force|EAE]]
* {{flag decoration|Spain|size=15px}} [[Agencia Espacial Española|AEE]]
* {{flag decoration|Sweden|size=15px}} [[Swedish National Space Agency|SNSA]]

|group3 = Other
|list3 =
* {{flag decoration|Armenia|size=15px}} [[ArmCosmos]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Azerbaijan|size=15px}} [[Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency|MAKA]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Belarus|size=15px}} [[Belarus Space Agency|BSA]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Kazakhstan|size=15px}} [[KazCosmos]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|Russia|size=15px}} [[Roscosmos]]{{sup|1}}
** [[Russian Space Research Institute|SRI]]
** [[Russian Aerospace Defence Forces|VVKO]]
* {{flag decoration|Switzerland|size=15px}} [[Swiss Space Office|SSO]]
* {{flag decoration|Turkey|size=15px}} [[Turkish Space Agency|TUA]]
** [[TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute|TÜBİTAK UZAY]]
* {{flag decoration|Ukraine|size=15px}} [[State Space Agency of Ukraine|SSAU]]{{sup|1}}
* {{flag decoration|United Kingdom|size=15px}} [[UK Space Agency|UKSA]]{{sup|2}}
}}

|group5 = Oceania
|list5 =
* {{flag decoration|Australia|size=15px}} [[Australian Space Agency|ASA]]
** [[CSIRO]]
* {{flag decoration|New Zealand|size=15px}} [[New Zealand Space Agency|NZSA]]

|group6 = World
|list6 =
* [[Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems|CCSDS]]
* [[Committee on Earth Observation Satellites|CEOS]]
* [[Committee on Space Research|COSPAR]]
** [[International Planetary Data Alliance|IPDA]]
* [[International Cospas-Sarsat Programme|Cospas-Sarsat]]
* [[Group on Earth Observations|GEO]]
* [[Global Standards Collaboration|GSC]]
* [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee|IADC]]
* [[International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'|ICSMD]]
* [[International Mobile Satellite Organization|IMSO]]
* [[International Space Exploration Coordination Group|ISECG]]
* [[International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board|ISS MCB]]
* [[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization|ITSO]]
* [[Intersputnik]]
* [[Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group|ODCWG]]
* {{flag decoration|United Nations|size=15px}} [[ITU-R]]
* {{flag decoration|United Nations|size=15px}} [[United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space|UNCOPUOS]]
* {{flag decoration|United Nations|size=15px}} [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs|UNOOSA]]
* {{flag decoration|United Nations|size=15px}} [[UNOSAT]]

|group7 = Former
|list7 =
* {{flag decoration|United Kingdom|size=15px}} [[British National Space Centre|BNSC]]
* {{flag decoration|North Korea|size=15px}} [[Korean Committee of Space Technology|KCST]]
* {{flag decoration|India|size=15px}} [[Indian National Committee for Space Research|INCOSPAR]]
* {{flag decoration|Indonesia|size=15px}} [[National Institute of Aeronautics and Space|LAPAN]]
* {{flag decoration|Japan|size=15px}} [[National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan|NAL]]
* {{flag decoration|Japan|size=15px}} [[National Space Development Agency of Japan|NASDA]]
* {{flag decoration|Soviet Union|size=15px}} [[Soviet space program|SSP]]
* {{flag decoration|Soviet Union|size=15px}} [[Ministry of General Machine-Building|MOM]]
* {{flag decoration|Soviet Union|size=15px}} [[Interkosmos]]

|below =
* See also: [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country]]
* {{sup|1}} Preceded by the [[Soviet space program]]
* {{sup|2}} Preceded by [[Interkosmos]] participation
}}<noinclude>
{{doc}}
</noinclude>

Template:Public sector space agencies

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#REDIRECT [[Template:Public-sector space agencies]]

Template:Indian launch systems

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{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox
| name = Indian launch systems
| title = [[India]]n [[launch vehicle|launch systems]] developed in India
| bodyclass = hlist
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}}

| group1 = Suborbital
| list1 =
* [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini]]
* [[Advanced Technology Vehicle|ATV]]

| group2 = Orbital
| list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup

| group1 = Active
| list1 =
* [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]
* [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]]
* [[LVM3]]
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
* [[Vikram-I]]

| group2 = In development
| list2 =
* [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|NGLV]]
* [[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme|RLV]]
* [[Vikram-II]]
* [[Agnibaan]]

| group3 = Retired
| list3 =
* [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]]
* [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle|ASLV]]
}}

}}<noinclude>
{{Navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Spaceflight navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Space program templates]]
[[Category:India science and nature templates|Launch systems]]
</noinclude>

Template:Ubil

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#redirect [[Template:Unbulleted indent list]]
{{rcat shell|{{r from template shortcut}}}}

Template:Orbital launches in 2026

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{{Navbox
|name = Orbital launches in 2026
|title = {{LaunchesByYear header|2026}}
|state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
|bodyclass = hlist

<noinclude>
| above = {{align|left| « [[Template:Orbital launches in 2025|2025]] }} {{align|right|[[Template:Orbital launches in 2027|2027]] » }}
</noinclude>

|group1 = January
|list1 =
* [[COSMO-SkyMed#COSMO-SkyMed second generation (CSG)|CSG-3]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-88]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-96]] (29 satellites)
* [[List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January–March_2026#SpXTwilight|Twilight]] ([[Pandora (spacecraft)|Pandora]], [[SPARCS]], [[BlackCAT]], [[Hydra (satellite constellation)|Hydra-2]], [[ICEYE|ICEYE X63, X64]], etc.)
* [[PSLV-C62]] ([[EOS-N1]], [[KID (spacecraft)|KID]], etc.)†
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-97]] (29 satellites)
* [[Yaogan|Yaogan-50 01]]
* [[Guowang|SatNet LEO Group 18]] (9 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-98]] (29 satellites)
* [[Alsat-3A]]
* [[Ceres-1|Ceres-1S Y7]] (Tianqi 37, 38, 39, 40)
* [[Shijian|Shijian-32]]†
* [[Galactic_Energy#Ceres-2|Ceres-2]]†
* [[List of NRO launches|NROL-105]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-100]] (29 satellites)
* [[Guowang|SatNet LEO Group 19]] (9 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-30]] (25 satellites)
* [[List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January–March_2026#CosmosWill|"The Cosmos Will See You Now"]] (2 [[Open Cosmos]] satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-20]] (25 satellites)
* [[USA-574|GPS-III 09 Ellison Onizuka]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-19]] (25 satellites)
* [[List_of_Electron_launches#2026|Neonsat-1A]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-101]] (29 satellites)
* [[Algerian_Space_Agency#Satellites|Alsat-3B]]

|group2 = February
|list2 =

* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-32]] (25 satellites)
* [[List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)|Kosmos 2600-2608]]
* [[Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-33]] (25 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-34]] (25 satellites)
* [[Jielong 3]] ([[PRSC-EO2]], 6 satellites)
* [[Elektro-L|Elektro-L №5]]
* [[USSF-87]] ([[Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program|GSSAP-7 & 8]])
* [[Amazon Leo|Amazon Leo LE-01]] (32 satellites)
* <u>[[SpaceX Crew-12|Crew-12]]</u>
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-13]] (24 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-103]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-36]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-25]] (25 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-104]] (28 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-110]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-26]] (25 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G6-108]] (29 satellites)

|group3 = March
|list3 =

* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-23]] (25 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-41]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-40]] (29 satellites)
* [[Space One KAIROS|KAIROS F3]]†
* [[Spaceflight_Industries#BlackSky|BlackSky Global 34]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-18]] (25 satellites)
* [[EchoStar|EchoStar XXV]]
* [[Firefly Alpha|Alpha Block 1 FLTA007]]
* [[Guowang]] (9 satellites)
* [[Shiyan (satellite)|Shiyan 30C, D]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-31]] (25 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-48]] (29 satellites)
* [[Yaogan|Yaogan 50-02]]
* [[Kuaizhou 11|Kuaizhou 11 Y7]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-24]] (25 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-46]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-33]] (29 satellites)
* [[Synspective|StriX-6]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-15]] (25 satellites)
* [[Progress MS-33]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-62]] (29 satellites)
* [[Jielong 3|Jielong 3 Y10]]
* [[Bureau 1440|Rassvet Flight 3]] (16 satellites)
* [[List of spaceflight launches in January–March 2026|SuperView Neo-2 05, 06]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-17]] (25 satellites)
* [[Shiyan (satellite)|Shiyan-33]]
* [[Celeste (LEO-PNT)|Celeste IOD-1, IOD-2]]
* [[Kinetica 2]] ([[Qingzhou (spacecraft)|Qingzhou]])
* [[List of spaceflight launches in January–March 2026#SpXTransporter16|Transporter-16]] ([[Capella Space|Acadia-10]], [[Breizh Reconnaissance Orbiter|BRO 19]], [[ERMIS]], [[Atlantic Constellation|GARAI B]], [[ION Satellite Carrier|ION SCV Astounding Alexandra]], [[IRIDE|IRIDE-MS1-EAGLET2 9-16]], [[OptiSat]], [[PeakSat]], [[Vigoride|Vigoride-7]], [[VIREON|VIREON 1 & 2]], [[Varda Space Industries|W-Series 6]], etc.)

|group4 = April
|list4 =
* <u>[[Artemis II]]</u>
** [[Tacheles (satellite)|Tacheles]]
** [[ATENEA (satellite)|ATENEA]]
** [[K-RadCube]]
** [[Space Weather CubeSat-1|SWC-1]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-58]] (29 satellites)
* [[Tianlong-3]]†
* [[Meridian (satellite)|Meridian-M №11]]
* [[Amazon Leo|Amazon Leo LA-05]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-35]] (25 satellites)
* [[Minotaur IV]] ([[Space Test Program|STPSat-7]] & 10 rideshares)
* [[Qianfan]] (18 satellites)
* [[Guowang]] (5 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-21]] (25 satellites)
* [[Jielong 3|Jielong 3 Y11]]
* [[Cygnus NG-24]]
* [[Kinetica 1|Kinetica 1 Y12]] (8 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-24]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-27]] (25 satellites)
* [[List of spaceflight launches in April–June 2026#Soyuz21bVolga|Kosmos 2609-2616]]
* [[List of spaceflight launches in April–June 2026#LongMarch4CDaqi2|Daqi-2]]
* [[AST_SpaceMobile#BlueBird satellites|BlueBird 7]]†
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-22]] (25 satellites)
* [[GPS III-10|GPS III-10 Hedy Lamarr]]
* [[List of spaceflight launches in April–June 2026#kakushin|"Kakushin Rising"]] (9 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-14]] (25 satellites)
* [[List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)|Kosmos 2617-2620]]
* [[List of spaceflight launches in April–June 2026#2D-Y109|Hulianwang Jishu Shiyan 9A-D]]
* [[PRSC-EO3]]
* [[Progress MS-34]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-16]] (25 satellites)
* [[Amazon Leo|Amazon Leo LA-06]] (29 satellites)
* [[ViaSat-3|ViaSat-3 F3 APAC]]
* [[Amazon Leo|Amazon Leo LE-02]] (32 satellites)

|group5 = May
|list5 =
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-38]] (29 satellites)
* [[CAS500|CAS500-2]] ([[EarthDaily|EarthDaily × 6]], [[Eycore-1]], [[ICEYE|ICEYE-X78, X82]], [[IRIDE|IRIDE-MS2-HEO 7, 10-15]], [[Planet_Labs#Pelican|Pelican-7-9]], [[Balkan Constellation|Balkan-2]], [[Breizh Reconnaissance Orbiter|BRO 21]], [[OroraTech#FOREST_constellation|Hellenic Fire System/FOREST-16-19]], [[FrontierSat]], [[Hellenic Space Dawn]], [[Hydra (satellite constellation)|Hydra-3]], [[ICARUS Initiative|RAVEN]], [[QUBE-II]], [[List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_April–June_2026#CAS500-2|etc.]])
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-29]] (24 satellites)
* [[Tianzhou 10]]
* [[List of NRO launches|NROL-172]]
* [[Qianfan|SpaceSail Polar Group 8]] (18 satellites)
* [[Zhuque-2|Zhuque-2E Y4]]
* [[Kinetica 1|Kinetica 1 Y13]] (5 satellites)
* [[SpaceX CRS-34]]
* [[Qianfan|SpaceSail Polar Group 9]] (18 satellites)
* [[SMILE (spacecraft)|SMILE]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-42]] (24 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-31]] (29 satellites)
* [[List of Electron launches|"Viva La StriX"]]/[[Synspective|StriX-7]]
* [[Starship flight test 12]]
* <u>[[Shenzhou 23]]</u>
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-47]] (29 satellites)
* [[Long_March_7#List_of_launches|7A-Y12]]/[[Tongxin Jishu Shiyan|TJS-24]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-53]] (29 satellites)
* [[Amazon Leo|Amazon Leo LA-07]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-41]] (24 satellites)
* [[Guowang|SatNet LEO test]] (4 satellites)

|group6 = June
|list6 =
* [[Qianfan|SpaceSail Polar Group 10]] (2 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-47]] (24 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-43]] (29 satellites)
* [[Qianfan|SpaceSail Polar Group 11]] (18 satellites)
* [[Qianfan|SpaceSail Polar Group 12]] (18 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-43]] (23 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-35]] (29 satellites)
* [[Zhuque-2|Zhuque-2E Y6]]
* [[Tongxin Jishu Shiyan|TJS-25]]
* [[Rocket_Lab_Electron#Suborbital_launches|HASTE CURVEBALL]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-43]] (24 satellites)
* [[H3_(rocket)|H3-30S F6]] ([[PETREL]], [[Breizh Reconnaissance Orbiter|BRO-22]], etc.)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-54]] (29 satellites)
* [[Jilin-1]] (8 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-54]] (24 satellites)
* [[Shijian|Shijian-31]]
* [[Guowang]] (9 satellites)
* [[Kuaizhou|Kuaizhou 11 Y13]]
* [[AST SpaceMobile|BlueBird 8-10]]
* [[Amazon Leo|Amazon Leo LE-03]] (36 satellites)
* [[NROL|NROL-179]]
* [[List of Electron launches|VICTUS HAZE Puma]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-28]] (24 satellites)
* [[Tongxin Jishu Shiyan|TJS-26A]]
* [[SpaceX Starfall|Starfall Demo]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-45]] (24 satellites)
* [[List of Electron launches|"Ten Owl Of Ten"]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-40]] (24 satellites)
* [[SiriusXM#Satellites|SXM-11]]

|group7 = July
|list7 =
* [[Haiyang (satellite)|Haiyang 2E]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-46]] (24 satellites)
* [[Amazon Leo|Amazon Leo LA-08]] (29 satellites)
* [[Swift boost mission]]
* [[Qianfan|SpaceSail Polar Group 13]] (18 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-50]] (29 satellites)
* [[Qianfan|SpaceSail Polar Group 14]] (20 satellites)
* [[List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July–September_2026#SpXTransporter17|Transporter-17]] ([[CAS500|CAS500-4]], [[ICEYE|ICEYE-X77, 79, 80, 81]], [[PIRX-1]], [[CyberCUBE]], [[KOSTKA]], [[Balkan Constellation|Balkan-3]], [[FOSSA Systems|FOSSAST2E-26]], [[Breizh Reconnaissance Orbiter|BRO 31]], [[List of Slovak satellites|MARINA]], [[Spire Global|Lemur-2 × 5]], [[Hyperion GR|Hyperion GR 1]], [[Posidònia (satellite)|Posidònia]], etc.)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-42]] (29 satellites)
* [[Long March 10B|CZ-10B X1]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-48]] (24 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G15-14]] (27 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-45]] (29 satellites)
* <u>[[Soyuz MS-29]]</u>
* [[Space Development Agency|SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer E]] (21 satellites)
* [[Vikram-1|Vikram-1 Aagaman]]
* [[Bureau_1440|Rassvet-3]] (16 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-39]] (24 satellites)
* [[Mission Extension Vehicle|MRV-1]]
* [[Gravity-1|Gravity-1 Y4]] (9 satellites)
* [[Tianlian|Tianlian II-06]]
* [[Kinetica 1|Kinetica 1 Y15]] (5 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-51]] (24 satellites)
* [[Tianlian|Tianlian III-01]]
* [[Tongxin Jishu Shiyan|TJS 27A-B]]
* [[List of NRO launches|NROL-95]]

|group8 = August
|list8 =
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-52]] (24 satellites)
* [[Guowang|SatNet LEO Group 23]] (9 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-53]] (24 satellites)
* [[Jielong 3|Jielong 3 Y12]] (2 satellites)
* [[AST_SpaceMobile#BlueBird_satellites|BlueBird 11 to 13]]
* [[iQPS#List of satellites|QPS-SAR-13]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-38]] (24 satellites)
* [[Chinasat|ChinaSat 4B]]†
* [[QZS-7|Michibiki 7]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-19]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-49]] (24 satellites)
* [[United States Space Force|USSF-366]]
* [[Globalstar|Globalstar-2R]] (8 satellites)
* [[Guowang|SatNet LEO Group 24]] (9 satellites)
* [[Long_March_2C#List_of_launches|Satellite for Earth Observation (SEO)]]
* [[Zhuque-3#Launches|Zhuque-3 Y2]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G17-50]] (24 satellites)
* [[iQPS#List of satellites|QPS-SAR-18]]
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-39]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G15-20]] (27 satellites)
* [[GLONASS-K|Glonass-K1 n°19L]]
* [[Long March 6C|Long March 6C Y1]] (7 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G10-49]] (29 satellites)
* [[Starlink|Starlink G15-22]] (27 satellites)
* [[MTG-I2|MTG-I2/Meteosat-14]]
* [[Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope]]

|group9 = September
|list9 =

|group10 = October
|list10 =

|below = {{LaunchesByYear footer|dots}}

}}<noinclude>
{{Navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Orbital launches navigational boxes]]
</noinclude>

Template:Infobox rocket launch/rocket

2026-09-01T08:09:14Z

Ajay Kumar: Missing template subpage

<includeonly>{{#switch:{{{1|}}}
| #default = {{{1|}}}

| Ariane 1 = [[Ariane 1]]
| Ariane 2 = [[Ariane 2]]
| Ariane 3 = [[Ariane 3]]
| Ariane 40 = [[Ariane 4#Design|Ariane 40]]
| Ariane 42L = [[Ariane 4#Design|Ariane 42L]]
| Ariane 42P = [[Ariane 4#Design|Ariane 42P]]
| Ariane 44L = [[Ariane 4#Design|Ariane 44L]]
| Ariane 44P = [[Ariane 4#Design|Ariane 44P]]
| Ariane 44 LP = [[Ariane 4#Design|Ariane 44 LP]]
| Ariane 5 = [[Ariane 5]]
| Ariane 5 G = [[Ariane 5#Variants|Ariane 5 G]]
| Ariane 5 G+ = [[Ariane 5#Variants|Ariane 5 G+]]
| Ariane 5 GS = [[Ariane 5#Variants|Ariane 5 GS]]
| Ariane 5 ES = [[Ariane 5#Variants|Ariane 5 ES]]
| Ariane 5 ECA = [[Ariane 5#Variants|Ariane 5 ECA]]
| Ariane 5 ECA+ = [[Ariane 5#Variants|Ariane 5 ECA+]]
| Ariane 62 = [[Ariane 6|Ariane 62]]
| Ariane 64 = [[Ariane 6|Ariane 64]]

| Atlas V 401 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 401]]
| Atlas V 411 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 411]]
| Atlas V 421 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 421]]
| Atlas V 431 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 431]]
| Atlas V 501 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 501]]
| Atlas V 521 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 521]]
| Atlas V 531 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 531]]
| Atlas V 541 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 541]]
| Atlas V 551 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V 551]]
| Atlas V N22 = [[Atlas V#Variants|Atlas V N22]]

| Delta II = [[Delta II]]
| Delta III = [[Delta III]]
| Delta IV = [[Delta IV]]
| Delta IV Heavy = [[Delta IV Heavy]]
| Delta IV Medium = [[Delta IV|Delta IV Medium]]
| Delta IV M+ = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+]]
| Delta IV Medium+ = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+]]
| Delta IV M+ (4,2) = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (4,2)]]
| Delta IV M+ (5,2) = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (5,2)]]
| Delta IV M+ (5,4) = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (5,4)]]
| Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (4,2)]]
| Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (5,2)]]
| Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (5,4)]]
| Delta 8930 = [[Delta III]]
| Delta 9040 = [[Delta IV|Delta IV Medium]]
| Delta 9240 = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (4,2)]]
| Delta 9250 = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (5,2)]]
| Delta 9450 = [[Delta IV|Delta IV M+ (5,4)]]
| Delta 9250H = [[Delta IV Heavy]]

| Falcon 1 = [[Falcon 1]]
| Falcon 9 v1.0 = [[Falcon 9 v1.0]]
| Falcon 9 v1.1 = [[Falcon 9 v1.1]]
| Falcon 9 Full Thrust = [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust]]
| Falcon 9 Block 4 = [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust#Block 4|Falcon 9 Block 4]]
| Falcon 9 Block 5 = [[Falcon 9 Block 5]]
| Falcon Heavy = [[Falcon Heavy]]

| PSLV-G = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-G (retired)|PSLV-G]]
| PSLV-CA = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-CA|PSLV-CA]]
| PSLV-XL = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-XL|PSLV-XL]]
| PSLV-DL = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-DL|PSLV-DL]]
| PSLV-QL = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-QL|PSLV-QL]]

| Soyuz = [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]]
| Soyuz-L = [[Soyuz-L]]
| Soyuz-M = [[Soyuz-M]]
| Soyuz-U = [[Soyuz-U]]
| Soyuz-U2 = [[Soyuz-U2]]
| Soyuz-FG = [[Soyuz-FG]]
| Soyuz-2.1a = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1a]]
| Soyuz-2.1b = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-2.1b]]
| Soyuz-2.1v = [[Soyuz-2-1v]]
| Soyuz-ST-A = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-ST-A]]
| Soyuz-ST-B = [[Soyuz-2|Soyuz-ST-B]]

| Vega = [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]]
| Vega C = [[Vega C]]
| Vega E = [[Vega E]]
}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation|content='''{{tl|Infobox rocket launch/rocket}}''' is a <code><nowiki>{{#switch:}}</nowiki></code>-based template that swaps out an input for its corresponding wikilink in {{tl|Infobox rocket launch}}. It currently has support for the complete [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]], [[SpaceX launch vehicles|Falcon]], [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]], and [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] families, along with variants of the [[Atlas V]] and [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] – the parameters and outputs for which are detailed in [[Template:Infobox rocket launch/doc]].}}</noinclude>

PSLV-C62

2026-09-01T08:08:49Z

Ajay Kumar: Additional details

{{Short description|Failed 2026 Indian satellite launch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rocket launch
| name = PSLV-C62
| image = File:PSLVC62 launch trenches.webp
| rocket = PSLV-DL
| caption = PSLV-C62 at the FLP before Liftoff
| launch = 12 January 2026; 10:17 [[ante meridiem|AM]] [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br/> ([[UTC]] +5:30) <ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO to launch PSLV-C62/EOS-N1 Mission on January 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-to-kick-off-2026-with-pslv-c62-launch-on-january-12/article70481555.ece |website=thehindu.com|date=January 7, 2026|access-date=February 19, 2026}}</ref>
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan FLP]]
| payload = * {{Flagicon|India}} [[EOS-N1]]
* {{Flagicon|India}} [[AayulSAT]]
* {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[KID (spacecraft)|KID]]
* 17 other payloads
| outcome = Failure
| succession = [[List of PSLV launches|PSLV launches]]
| previous = [[PSLV-C61]]
| next = [[PSLV-N1]]
}}

The '''PSLV-C62''' was the 64th flight of the [[ISRO]]'s [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] and its return to flight mission following [[PSLV-C61]]. The mission was launched on 12 January 2026 with multiple payloads for customers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=PARLIAMENT QUESTION: ISRO's UPCOMING MISSIONS AND GAGANYAAN PROGRAMME |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198757&reg=3&lang=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310005312/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2198757&reg=3&lang=2 |archive-date=2026-03-10 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> but failed to reach orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudev |first=Amit |date=2026-01-12 |title=Two consecutive PSLV failures in a year raise concerns over ISRO's 'workhorse' rocket |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/news/two-consecutive-pslv-failures-in-a-year-raise-concerns-over-isros-workhorse-rocket/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The South First }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=‘Deviation seen in third-stage': Isro's PSLV-C62 mission fails |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-space-mission-of-2026-isro-launches-pslv-c62-14-other-satellites-from-sriharikota/articleshow/126474769.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-11 |title=Indian PSLV rocket apparently fails for 2nd launch in a row (video) |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/india-eos-n1-military-satellite-15-payloads-pslv-launch |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref>

== Mission overview ==
* '''Mass''':
** ''Payload weight:'' 1710 kg total
* '''Overall height''': {{cvt|44.4|m}}
* '''Propellant''':
** ''Boosters (PSOM-XL):'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)
** ''Stage 1 (S-139) :'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)
** ''Stage 2 (PL-40HP) :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)
** ''Stage 3 (HPS-3):'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] (Solid Stage)
** ''Stage 4 (L-2.5(AI)) :'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] (Liquid Stage)
* '''Propellant mass''':
** ''Boosters'': {{cvt|12000|kg}}
** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|139000|kg}}
** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|41000|kg}}
** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|7650|kg}}
** ''Stage 4:'' {{cvt|1600|kg}}
* '''Altitude''':505.291 km<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C62 / EOS-N1 MISSION |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/PSLVC62/PSLV_C62_Brochure080126.pdf |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=ISRO}}
</ref>
* '''Semi Major Axis:''' 6883.428 ± 10 km<ref name=":0" />
* '''Inclination''': 97.5 ± 0.12'''°'''<ref name=":0" />
* '''Azimuth''': 140'''°'''<ref name=":0" />

== Payload ==
The primary payload of the mission was the [[EOS-N1]] imaging satellite built for strategic purposes by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-08 |title=Isro will usher in NY with PSLV C62 mission on Monday; will launch surveillance sat EOS-N1, 18 payloads |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-usher-in-ny-with-pslv-c62-mission-on-monday-will-launch-surveillance-sat-eos-n1-18-payloads/articleshow/126405810.cms |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A small 25 kg football-sized [[space capsule]] developed by the Spain-based startup Orbital Paradigm called Kestrel Initial Demonstrator ([[KID (spacecraft)|KID]]) flew on the PS-4 stage. [[Bengaluru]]-based space company OrbitAID Aerospace expected to perform an [[Orbital propellant depot|on-orbit satellite refuelling]] experiment with AayulSAT.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-07 |title=Isro to launch startup's satellite refuelling mission with PSLV-C62: What is it? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-launch-orbitaid-aerospace-satellite-refuelling-mission-aayulsat-with-pslv-c62-what-is-it-2847925-2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=India Today }}</ref> Twelve other commercial payloads totalling about 200 kg from companies and research institutions from India, Brazil, Nepal, Thailand, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom were also manifested for this flight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Anvesha? All about India's new hyperspectral eye to be launched by PSLV-C62 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/12/08/what-is-anvesha-all-about-india-s-new-hyperspectral-eye-to-be-launched-by-pslv-c62.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2025-12-14 |title=ISRO to launch LVM3 on 21 Dec, PSLV on 31 Dec |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isro-to-launch-lvm3-on-21-dec-pslv-on-31-dec-2911744 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO to launch Orbital Paradigm's Kestrel cargo capsule demonstrator on 31 Dec |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isro-to-launch-orbital-paradigms-kestrel-cargo-capsule-demonstrator-on-31-dec-2911789 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=News9live|date=2025-12-14|last=Madanapalle|first=Aditya}}</ref> The PS-4 was planned to make an orbital re-entry with the KID payload attached following primary payload injection. This was ISRO's first launch attempt of 2026.<ref name=":0" />

== Flight ==
The rocket lifted off at 10:18:30 AM IST. The first and second stages performed normally during the course of flight. However, near the end of the third stage's operation, a deviation was observed in the flight controls related to its roll-rates just prior to stage separation, resulting in flight failure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Setback for ISRO: PSLV mission fails again, deviates from path |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-launches-pslv-c62-kicks-off-indias-first-space-mission-of-2026-10468502/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=ISRO PSLV-C62 mission Live Updates: ‘Encountered an anomaly’: ISRO’s PSLV-C62 rocket deviates from flight path; detailed analysis initiated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pslv-c62-mission-launch-live-updates-drdo-anvesha-satellite-sriharikota/liveblog/126474913.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=Why ISRO's PSLV-C62 failed months after the C61 setback? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/why-isros-pslv-c62-failed-months-after-the-c61-setback/articleshow/126480412.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgYh2Vv87ik |title=PSLV-C62 / EOS-N1 Mission {{!}} Live Launch Coverage |date=2026-01-11 |last=ISRO Official |access-date=2026-01-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The Spanish re-entry space capsule [[KID (spacecraft)|KID]] survived the initial launch failure, as it managed to separate from the rocket and transmitted flight data for three minutes with a peak of 28 [[G-force|g]] during its non-nominal descent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Douglas |date=2026-01-13 |title=Exclusive: Orbital Paradigm Emerges as the Lone Survivor of Failed PSLV Launch |url=https://payloadspace.com/exclusive-orbital-paradigm-emerges-as-the-lone-survivor-of-failed-pslv-launch/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Payload |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=C. S. |first=Hemanth |date=2026-01-12 |title=PSLV-C62 strays from flight path, fails to launch satellite |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-satish-dhawan-space-centre-in-sriharikota-eos-n1-earth-observation-satellite-pslv-c62-eos-n1-satellite-14-co-passenger-satellites/article70500149.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X|last2=Mukunth|first2=Vasudevan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-13 |title=Lone Spanish satellite survives PSLV-C62's failure, sends data from space |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/satellite-survives-pslv-c62s-failure-company-says-it-sent-data-from-space-2851250-2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It has been presumed that the vehicle achieved a suborbital trajectory of approximately -3800 x 390 km with a 98-degree inclination before plummeting roughly near 75°E, 18°S over the [[Indian Ocean|Southern Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-13 |title=PSLV-C62 fell in the Indian Ocean, satellites likely burned in the atmosphere |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pslv-c62-fell-in-the-indian-ocean-satellites-likely-burned-in-the-atmosphere-2851349-2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=India Today }}</ref>

== Failure analysis ==
[[Chairperson of ISRO|ISRO Chairman]] [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]] indicated that detailed analysis for the flight's failure has been initiated by ISRO, refusing additional media statements. It was also noted that a similar failure was the cause for the unsuccessful [[PSLV-C61|C-61]] flight eight months prior.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> NSA director [[Ajit Doval]] visited VSSC facilities following the flight failure due to the presence of national security payload on-board, where he was given an appraisal of events by VSSC director A. Rangarajan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-03 |title=PSLV failures: Ajit Doval visits VSSC, holds meeting with Director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-failures-ajit-doval-visits-vssc/article70588269.ece |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=A. |date=2026-02-04 |title=NSA Ajit Doval Reviews PSLV Failures After Back-to-Back Mission Losses |url=https://www.thedefensenews.com/news-details/NSA-Ajit-Doval-Reviews-PSLV-Failures-After-Back-to-Back-Mission-Losses/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Defense News }}</ref> ISRO has also consulted an external agency under K Vijay Raghavan Committee<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-04 |title=ISRO eyes May launch; Artemis-II will be a success, says Chairman V Narayanan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-eyes-may-launch-artemis-ii-will-be-a-success-says-chairman-v-narayanan/articleshow/130023065.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> in addition to its own Failure Analysis Committee, chaired by former chairman [[K. Sivan|K.Sivan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV to be reviewed by third party outside Isro, could launch by June |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pslv-launch-failure-isro-jitendra-singh-space-minister-space-travel-packed-schedule-third-party-probe-2862932-2026-02-04 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=India Today|date=2026-02-04}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The FAC is to submit its report to the PMO by June, with the next return to flight launch for the PSLV rocket scheduled for late-June 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2026-02-02 |title=Investigation into PSLV failures 'ongoing', next launch date in June: Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/investigation-into-pslv-failures-ongoing-next-launch-date-in-june-minister/article70583617.ece |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The FAC submitted its report on 13 June, and India's minister for the Department of Space, [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]], said that cause of the flight's failure had been found, but that it could not be publicly disclosed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2026-06-13 |title=Anomaly in PSLV detected and resolved: Jitendra Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/anomaly-in-pslv-detected-and-resolved-jitendra-singh/article71098533.ece |access-date=2026-06-22 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of PSLV launches]]
*[[2026 in spaceflight]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
{{PSLV}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Orbital launches in 2026}}

[[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
[[Category:Rocket launches in 2026]]
[[Category:January 2026 in India]]
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Satellite launch failures]]
[[Category:Space missions that ended in failure]]
[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Template:Infobox rocket launch

2026-09-01T08:08:23Z

Ajay Kumar: Missing template

<includeonly>{{Infobox
| headerstyle = font-size: 100%; background-color: #{{Infobox rocket launch/color|{{{rocket|}}}}}; color:inherit;
| title = {{{name|}}}
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|upright={{{upright|}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}}}
| caption = {{{caption|}}}

| header1 = {{Infobox rocket launch/rocket|{{{rocket|}}}}} launch

| label2 = {{#if:{{{launch|}}}| Launch | {{#if:{{{window|}}} | Window | }} }}
| data2 = {{#if:{{{launch|}}}| {{{launch|}}} | {{#if:{{{window|}}} | {{{window|}}} | }} }}
| label3 = Operator
| data3 = {{{operator|}}}
| label4 = Pad
| data4 = {{{pad|}}}
| label5 = Payload
| data5 = {{{payload|}}}
| label6 = Outcome
| data6 = {{{outcome|}}}
| label7 = Apogee
| data7 = {{{apogee|}}}
| label8 = Launch duration
| data8 = {{{duration|}}}

| header9 = {{#if:{{{serial|}}}{{{boosters|}}}{{{first|}}}{{{second|}}}{{{third|}}}{{{adaptor|}}}|Components}}
| label10 = Serial {{abbr|no.|number}}
| data10 = {{{serial|}}}
| label11 = Boosters
| data11 = {{{boosters|}}}
| label12 = First stage
| data12 = {{{first|}}}
| label13 = Second stage
| data13 = {{{second|}}}
| label14 = Third stage
| data14 = {{{third|}}}
| label15 = Fourth stage
| data15 = {{{fourth|}}}
| label16 = Adaptor
| data16 = {{{adaptor|}}}

| data17 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{bottom_image|}}}|upright={{{bottom_image_upright|}}}|alt={{{bottom_image_alt|}}}}}
| data18 = {{{bottom_image_caption|}}}

| header19 = {{{succession|}}}
| below = {{#if:{{{previous|}}}{{{next|}}}|{{Succession links
| left = {{{previous|}}}
| right = {{{next|}}}
}}}}
}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}<templatedata>
{
"params": {
"rocket": {
"label": "Rocket",
"description": "The rocket parameter is used to display the full name of the rocket body and variant used on the flight. A number of rocket bodies come in many variants. ",
"type": "string",
"suggestedvalues": [
"Ariane 1",
"Ariane 2",
"Ariane 3",
"Ariane 40",
"Ariane 42L",
"Ariane 42P",
"Ariane 44L",
"Ariane 44P",
"Ariane 44 LP",
"Ariane 5G",
"Ariane 5G+",
"Ariane 5 GS",
"Ariane 5 ES",
"Ariane 5 ECA",
"Ariane 5 ECA+",
"Ariane 62",
"Ariane 64",
"Atlas V 401",
"Atlas V 411",
"Atlas V 421",
"Atlas V 431",
"Atlas V 501",
"Atlas V 521",
"Atlas V 531",
"Atlas V 541",
"Atlas V 551",
"Atlas V N22",
"Delta II",
"Delta III",
"Delta IV Medium",
"Delta IV M+ (4,2)",
"Delta IV M+ (5,2)",
"Delta IV M+ (5,4)",
"Delta Heavy",
"Falcon 1",
"Falcon 9 v1.0",
"Falcon 9 v1.1",
"Falcon 9 Full Thrust",
"Falcon 9 Block 4",
"Falcon 9 Block 5",
"Falcon Heavy",
"GSLV Mark I",
"GSLV Mark II",
"H-I",
"H-II",
"H-IIA 202",
"H-IIA 2022",
"H-IIA 2024",
"LVM3",
"N-I",
"H-IIA 204",
"H3-22S",
"H3-24L",
"H3‑24W",
"H3-30S\t",
"N1",
"PSLV-G",
"PSLV-CA",
"PSLV-XL ",
"PSLV-DL ",
"PSLV-QL",
"Saturn I",
"Saturn IB",
"Saturn V",
"SSLV-D1",
"SSLV-D2",
"SSLV-D3",
"Space Launch System Block 1",
"Space Launch System Block 1B",
"Space Launch System Block 2",
"Space Shuttle Enterprise",
"Space Shuttle Columbia",
"Space Shuttle Challenger",
"Space Shuttle Discovery",
"Space Shuttle Atlantis",
"Space Shuttle Endeavour",
"Soyuz",
"Soyuz-L",
"Soyuz-M",
"Soyuz-U",
"Soyuz-U2",
"Soyuz-FG",
"Soyuz-2.1a",
"Soyuz-2.1b",
"Soyuz-2.1v",
"Soyuz-ST-A",
"Soyuz-ST-B",
"Titan I",
"Titan II",
"Titan IIIA",
"Titan IIIB",
"Titan IIIC",
"Titan IIID",
"Titan IIIE",
"Titan 34D",
"Commercial Titan III",
"Titan IV-A",
"Titan IV-B",
"Vega",
"Vega C",
"Vega E",
"VLS-1"
],
"suggested": true
},
"name": {
"description": "The name parameter is used to input the official name of the flight as determined by the operator of the flight. A citation for this name is highly encouraged to be used in the article prose. If there is no official unique name for the launch, use a compound of the rocket body flown and the chronological number of the flight. For example, the 20th flight of the Falcon 9 rocket body should be titled as \"Falcon 9 flight 20\". "
},
"image": {
"label": "Image",
"description": "Image of the mission, preferably an image of the launch or of the vehicle in space. Do not use generic launch kit covers which only display logos or stock rocket launch photographs from a launch different than the one being described in the article.",
"type": "wiki-file-name"
},
"upright": {
"label": "Image upright",
"description": "Image upright"
},
"alt": {
"label": "Image alt caption",
"description": "Image alt caption"
},
"caption": {
"label": "Image caption",
"description": "Image caption"
},
"launch": {
"label": "Launch",
"description": "Used to display the date and time of T-0. The \"Launch\" cell is to be used when the launch has occurred and a specific launch date and time has been cited in the article prose. The preferred input format is the date of the launch using {{Start date}}, followed by the time of the launch in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), separated by a comma.",
"example": "{{Start date|2018|10|20|df=yes}}, 01:45:28{{nbsp}}[[UTC]]",
"type": "string",
"default": "{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes}}, HH:MM:SS{{nbsp}}[[UTC]]"
},
"window": {
"label": "Window",
"description": "Used to display the date and time of T-0. The \"Window\" cell is to be used when the launch date is in the future and the planned date and time is cited in the article prose. The preferred input format is the date of the launch using {{Start date}}, followed by the time of the launch in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), separated by a comma. Will never appear at the same time as the \"launch\" parameter in a single infobox, effectively preventing the parameters' misuse to display the specific window of the launch, even after the launch has already occurred and an exact launch date and time is cited in the article prose. ",
"example": "{{Start date|2018|10|20|df=yes}}, 01:45:28{{nbsp}}[[UTC]] ",
"type": "string",
"default": "{{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes}}, HH:MM:SS{{nbsp}}[[UTC]]"
},
"operator": {
"label": "Operator \t",
"description": "Used to display the operator of the flight. For example, this would be SpaceX for Falcon 9 launches, or United Launch Alliance for Atlas V and Delta IV launches."
},
"pad": {
"label": "Launch pad",
"description": "Used to display the common name of the launch site followed by the codename for the launch pad from which the flight was launched. ",
"example": "[[Vandenberg Space Force Base|Vandenberg]], [[Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 3|SLC-3]]",
"type": "string",
"required": true
},
"payload": {
"label": "Payload",
"description": "Used to display the name(s) of the payload(s) carried aboard the rocket on the flight. If there are multiple payloads, the use of a horizontal list {{Hlist}} is highly encouraged over other horizontal or vertical list formats.",
"example": "{{Hlist|payload1|payload2}}",
"type": "string",
"default": "{{Hlist|payload1|payload2}}"
},
"outcome": {
"label": "Outcome \t",
"description": "Used to note the success of the flight. Traditional shorthand phrases such as \"Success\", \"Partial failure\", and \"Failure\" are highly encouraged, while detailed information, such as the success of individual systems, is strongly discouraged.",
"type": "string",
"suggestedvalues": [
"Success",
"Partial failure",
"Failure"
]
},
"apogee": {
"label": "Apogee ",
"description": "Suborbital apogee if the rocket didn't reach orbital velocity. Use {{cvt|value|km}}.",
"type": "string",
"example": "{{cvt|value|km}}",
"default": "{{cvt|value|km}}"
},
"duration": {
"label": "Mission duration",
"description": "Duration of the mission"
},
"serial": {
"label": "Serial number",
"description": "Used to display the serial number of the rocket used in the flight. Flight number is not the same as serial number; be sure to check whether or not a number associated with a flight has been designated by the operator as the number of the flight or the serial number of the rocket used in the flight. In common circumstances, the United Launch Alliance uses \"AV-xxx\" numbers as serials for Atlas V rockets, while Arianespace uses \"VAxxx\" numbers as flight numbers for Ariane launches. ",
"type": "string"
},
"boosters": {
"label": "Boosters",
"description": "Used to display either the serial numbers of the rocket components used on the flight, or the names of the components if they are not part of the original design of the rocket body and/or variant. If both are applicable, the name of the component is to be noted followed by the serial number of the component used on the flight in parentheses. As knowledge of serial numbers are rare, reliable sources are needed in the article prose to cite these numbers."
},
"first": {
"label": "First stage",
"description": "Used to display either the serial numbers of the rocket components used on the flight, or the names of the components if they are not part of the original design of the rocket body and/or variant. If both are applicable, the name of the component is to be noted followed by the serial number of the component used on the flight in parentheses. As knowledge of serial numbers are rare, reliable sources are needed in the article prose to cite these numbers.",
"type": "string"
},
"second": {
"label": "Second stage ",
"description": "Used to display either the serial numbers of the rocket components used on the flight, or the names of the components if they are not part of the original design of the rocket body and/or variant. If both are applicable, the name of the component is to be noted followed by the serial number of the component used on the flight in parentheses. As knowledge of serial numbers are rare, reliable sources are needed in the article prose to cite these numbers.",
"type": "string"
},
"third": {
"label": "Third stage ",
"description": "Used to display either the serial numbers of the rocket components used on the flight, or the names of the components if they are not part of the original design of the rocket body and/or variant. If both are applicable, the name of the component is to be noted followed by the serial number of the component used on the flight in parentheses. As knowledge of serial numbers are rare, reliable sources are needed in the article prose to cite these numbers.",
"type": "string"
},
"adaptor": {
"label": "Adaptor",
"description": "Used to display either the serial numbers of the rocket components used on the flight, or the names of the components if they are not part of the original design of the rocket body and/or variant. If both are applicable, the name of the component is to be noted followed by the serial number of the component used on the flight in parentheses. As knowledge of serial numbers are rare, reliable sources are needed in the article prose to cite these numbers.",
"type": "string"
},
"fourth": {
"label": "Fourth stage ",
"description": "Used to display either the serial numbers of the rocket components used on the flight, or the names of the components if they are not part of the original design of the rocket body and/or variant. If both are applicable, the name of the component is to be noted followed by the serial number of the component used on the flight in parentheses. As knowledge of serial numbers are rare, reliable sources are needed in the article prose to cite these numbers.",
"type": "string"
},
"bottom_image": {
"description": "Image for the bottom of the infobox. The image featured should preferably the main insignia or unique poster artwork for the mission. Do not use generic launch kit covers which only display logos or stock rocket launch photographs from a launch different than the one being described in the article.",
"label": "Bottom image"
},
"bottom_image_upright": {
"label": "Bottom image upright",
"description": "Bottom image upright"
},
"bottom_image_alt": {
"label": "Bottom image alt caption",
"description": "Bottom image alt caption"
},
"bottom_image_caption": {
"label": "Bottom image caption",
"description": "Bottom image caption"
},
"succession": {
"label": "Succession headline",
"description": "Used to display the headline of the succession links section. Typically, this would be used to establish the chronology of either a series of flights with a rocket body, a rocket series, or an operator. This could be, for example, \"Ariane flights\" or \"Falcon 9 flights\"",
"type": "string"
},
"previous": {
"label": "Succession previous",
"description": "Used to display wikilinks to the previous and next flight in the series defined in succession",
"type": "string"
},
"next": {
"label": "Succession next",
"description": "Used to display wikilinks to the previous and next flight in the series defined in succession",
"type": "string"
}
},
"paramOrder": [
"rocket",
"name",
"image",
"upright",
"alt",
"caption",
"launch",
"window",
"operator",
"pad",
"payload",
"outcome",
"apogee",
"duration",
"serial",
"boosters",
"first",
"second",
"third",
"adaptor",
"fourth",
"bottom_image",
"bottom_image_upright",
"bottom_image_alt",
"bottom_image_caption",
"succession",
"previous",
"next"
],
"format": "{{_\n| __________ = _\n}}"
}
</templatedata></noinclude>

ISRO

2026-09-01T08:08:03Z

Ajay Kumar: Additional details

{{Short description|Indian national space and aeronautics agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox space agency
| name = Indian Space Research Organisation
| native_name = Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana
| abbreviation = ISRO
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| image_caption = The headquarters of ISRO in [[Bengaluru]]
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:landmark_region:IN-KA|format=dms|display=inline title}}
| jurisdiction = [[Department of Space]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| motto = Space technology in the service of humankind
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=y|1969|8|15}}
| preceding1 = [[Indian National Committee for Space Research|INCOSPAR]] (1962–1969)
| employees = 14,637 (as of 1 March 2026)<ref name="annualreport2022-2023">{{cite report|title=Annual Report 2025-2026: 3.2 Human Resources |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025-26_EN_28042026.pdf}}</ref>
| spaceport = {{ubil
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| [[SSLV Launch Complex]]
| [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]
}}
| leader_title = [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman]]
| leader_name = [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]]
| type = Government space agency
| budget = {{IncreaseNeutral}} {{INRConvert|13705.63|c|lk=on}} <small>(2026–27)</small><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Democratizing space: India's frugal space innovation provides key lessons for emerging nations |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2026 |volume=123 |issue=8 |article-number=e2514657123 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2514657123 |pmc=12933059 |pmid=41706879 |bibcode=2026PNAS..12314657C }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/|isro.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Indian Space Research Organisation''' ('''ISRO''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|r|oʊ}}){{efn|[[ISO 15919]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana}}}} is the national [[List of government space agencies|space agency]] of India, headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the [[Department of Space]] (DoS), overseen by the [[Prime Minister of India]], with the [[Chairperson of ISRO|Chairman of ISRO]] also working as the chief executive of the DoS. It is primarily responsible for space-based operations, [[space exploration]], international space cooperation and the development of related technologies. The agency maintains a constellation of [[Earth observation satellite|imaging]], [[Communications satellite|communications]] and [[remote sensing]] satellites. It operates the [[GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation|GAGAN]] and [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS]] satellite navigation systems. It has sent [[Chandrayaan programme|three missions]] to the [[Moon]] and [[Mars Orbiter Mission|one mission]] to [[Mars]].

Formerly, ISRO was known as the [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] (INCOSPAR), which was set up in 1962 by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on the recommendation of scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]].{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} It was renamed as ISRO in 1969 and was subsumed into the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Courier |first=Madras |date=2024-09-12 |title=INCOSPAR, ISRO & India's Spaceports {{!}} Madras Courier |url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/incospar-isro-indias-spaceports/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/genesis.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> In 1972, the Government set up a space commission and the DoS bringing ISRO under its purview. It has since then been managed by the DoS, which also governs various other institutions in the domain of astronomy and [[space technology]].<ref name="DOSHQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |title=Department of Space and ISRO HQ – ISRO |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053630/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Indian Space Sector {{!}} Embassy of India, France & Principality of Monaco |url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/overview-of-the-indian-space-sector/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.eoiparis.gov.in |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Indian space research {{!}} Sankalp India Foundation |url=https://www.sankalpindia.net/history-indian-space-research |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.sankalpindia.net}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}}

ISRO built India's first satellite, [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], which was launched by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] space agency [[Interkosmos]] in 1975.<ref name="Aryabhatta">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |title=Aryabhata – ISRO |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200808/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1980, it launched the satellite [[Rohini (satellite)|RS-1]] on board the indigenously built launch vehicle [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], making India the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|seventh country]] to undertake orbital launches. It has subsequently developed various [[small-lift launch vehicle|small-lift]] and [[medium-lift launch vehicle]]s, enabling the agency to launch various satellites and [[Deep space exploration|deep space]] missions. ISRO has full launch capabilities with the ability to deploy [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic engines]], launch [[List of Solar System probes|extraterrestrial missions]] and [[Satellite|artificial satellites]].{{efn|[[CNSA]] (China), [[European Space Agency|ESA]] (most of Europe), ISRO, (India), [[JAXA]] (Japan), [[NASA]] (United States) and [[Roscosmos]] (Russia) are the six space agencies with full launch capabilities.}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |date=9 January 2014 |title=How ISRO developed the indigenous cryogenic engine |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-isro-developed-the-indigenous-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/28575364.cms |access-date=2023-08-22 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193907/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-isro-developed-the-indigenous-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/28575364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Harvey|Smid|Pirard|2011|pp=144–}} It is also the only one of the few governmental space agencies to have demonstrated [[soft landing|unmanned landing]] capabilities.{{efn|The Soviet Union ([[Interkosmos]]), The United States ([[NASA]]), China ([[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]), India (ISRO), and Japan ([[JAXA]]) are the five nations to have successfully achieved unmanned [[soft landing]].}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |title=India's Moon Landing Offers Blueprint For Other Countries Dreaming Big |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-space.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162641/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-space.html |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 August 2023 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-24 |title=Countries that have Landed on the Moon 2026 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-that-have-landed-on-the-moon |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=World Population Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Every Mission to the Moon, Ever |url=https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/every-moon-mission |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Planetary Society |language=en}}</ref>

ISRO's programmes have played a significant role in socio-economic development. It has supported both civilian and military domains in various aspects such as [[Emergency management|disaster management]], [[Telehealth|telemedicine]], navigation and reconnaissance. [[ISRO spin-off technologies|ISRO's spin-off technologies]] are commercial products and services which have been developed with the help of ISRO.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-01 |title=7 unlikely ISRO spinoff technologies {{!}} SpaceTech Asia |url=https://www.spacetechasia.com/7-unlikely-isro-spin-off-technologies/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617143158/https://www.spacetechasia.com/7-unlikely-isro-spin-off-technologies/ |archive-date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=SpaceTech Asia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=ISRO forms new commercial arm to exploit technology, launch satellites |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-forms-new-psu-to-commercially-exploit-technology-launch-satellites/article28195144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012636/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-forms-new-psu-to-commercially-exploit-technology-launch-satellites/article28195144.ece |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] [[Business Line]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Transfer |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/TechnologytransferISRO.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Agency logo ===
ISRO has an official logo since 2002. It consists of an orange arrow shooting upwards attached with two blue coloured satellite panels with the name of ISRO written in two sets of text, orange-coloured [[Devanagari]] on the left and blue-coloured English in the [[Prakrit]] typeface on the right.<ref name="SpaceIndia_Q2_2002">{{cite web |title=ISRO gets new identity |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/47-SI-Apr-Jun-2002/files/assets/basic-html/page-15.html |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005819/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/47-SI-Apr-Jun-2002/files/assets/basic-html/page-15.html |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="logo">{{cite news |title=A 'vibrant' new logo for ISRO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro/articleshow/19567123.cms |access-date=19 August 2018 |agency=Times of India |date=19 August 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909102134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro/articleshow/19567123.cms |archive-date=9 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Formative years ===
Modern space research in India can be traced to the 1920s, when scientist [[Sisir Kumar Mitra|S. K. Mitra]] conducted a series of experiments sounding the [[ionosphere]] through ground-based radio in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=[Burning Issue] India's Space Programme - Civilsdaily |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/burning-issue-indias-space-programme/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, Indian scientists like [[C. V. Raman]] and [[Meghnad Saha]] contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} After 1945, important developments were made in coordinated space research in India{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai, founder of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] at [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Homi J. Bhabha]], who established the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in 1945.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=486}} Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of [[Cosmic ray|cosmic radiation]], high-altitude and airborne testing, deep underground experimentation at the [[Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields|Kolar mines]]—one of the deepest mining sites in the world—and studies of the [[Atmosphere of Earth|upper atmosphere]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=487}} These studies were done at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=487}}{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}}

In 1950, the DAE was founded with Bhabha as its [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary]].{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}} It provided funding for space research throughout India.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}} During this time, tests continued on aspects of [[meteorology]] and the [[Earth's magnetic field]], a topic that had been studied in India since the establishment of the [[Colaba Observatory]] in 1823. In 1954, the [[Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences]] (ARIES) was established in the foothills of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=488}} The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]]. Space research was further encouraged by the government of India.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}} In 1957, the Soviet Union launched [[Sputnik 1]] and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch.{{sfn|Daniel|1992|pp=489}}

INCOSPAR was set up in 1962 by the Government of India on the suggestion of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} [[H. G. S. Murthy]], an [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] (IOFS) officer, was appointed the first director of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, where [[sounding rocket]]s were fired, marking the start of upper atmospheric research in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096 |title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis |first=Ashwini |last=Pawar |date=29 July 2015 |website=DNA India |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096 |url-status=live}}</ref> An indigenous series of sounding rockets named [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini]] was subsequently developed and started undergoing launches from 1967 onwards.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chari |first=Sridhar K |title=Sky is not the limit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060722/saturday/main1.htm |access-date=14 March 2021 |newspaper=The Tribune |date=22 July 2006 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919142847/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060722/saturday/main1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sounding Rockets |url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/soundingRockets.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.vssc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vasant |first1=Gowarikar |last2=Suresh |first2=B. N. |date=2009-12-01 |title=History of rocketry in India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576509002331 |journal=Acta Astronautica |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=1515–1519 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.083 |bibcode=2009AcAau..65.1515V |issn=0094-5765|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== 1970s and 1980s ===
Under the government of [[Indira Gandhi]], INCOSPAR was superseded by ISRO. Later in 1972, a space commission and Department of Space (DoS) were set up to oversee space technology development in India specifically. ISRO was brought under DoS, institutionalising space research in India and forging the Indian space programme into its existing form.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Adam Mann |date=2019-03-01 |title=ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization |url=https://www.space.com/indian-space-research-organization.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}} India joined the Soviet Interkosmos programme for space cooperation and got its first satellite Aryabhata in orbit through a Soviet rocket.<ref name="Aryabhatta" />

Efforts to develop an orbital launch vehicle began after mastering sounding rocket technology. The concept was to develop a launcher capable of providing sufficient velocity for a mass of {{cvt|35|kg}} to enter [[low Earth orbit]]. ISRO developed the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (SLV) capable of putting {{cvt|40|kg}} into a {{convert|400|km|mi|adj=on}} orbit. An SLV Launch Pad, [[ground station]]s, tracking networks, radars and other communications were set up for a launch campaign. The SLV's first launch in 1979 carried a [[Rohini (satellite)|Rohini technology payload]] but could not inject the satellite into its desired orbit. It was followed by a successful launch in 1980 carrying a Rohini Series-I satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On 10th Aug 1979, ISRO's Failed Attempt With SLV-3, Marked The Beginning of Another Era For India |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2018/08/on-10th-aug-1979-isros-failed-attempt.html |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> RS-1 was the third Indian satellite to reach orbit as [[Bhaskara (satellites)|Bhaskara]] had been launched from the USSR in 1979. Efforts to develop a [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] capable of putting {{convert|600|kg|lb|adj=on}} class spacecrafts into {{convert|1000|km|mi|adj=on}} [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] had already begun in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215 |title=Indian ambitions in space go sky-high |date=22 January 1981 |publisher=New Scientist |page=215 |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211511/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215 |url-status=live}}</ref> The SLV-3 later had two more launches before discontinuation in 1983.<ref name="slv">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv |title=SLV |publisher=isro.gov.in |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529133357/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv |url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO started working on a more powerful engine, [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas]], based upon the French [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sutton |first1=George Paul |title=History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines |date=2006 |publisher=AIAA |isbn=978-1-56347-649-5 |page=799 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1C9Oo2I4VYC&pg=PA799 |language=en |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211426/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1C9Oo2I4VYC&pg=PA799 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, facilities to test liquid-fuelled rocket engines were established and development and testing of various rocket engines began.<ref name="lpsctimeline">{{Cite web |title=Timeline of LPSC |url=https://www.lpsc.gov.in/timeline.html |work=Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309084932/https://www.lpsc.gov.in/timeline.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the same time, another solid-fuelled rocket, the [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (ASLV), whose design was based upon SLV-3 was being developed, with technologies to launch satellites into [[geostationary orbit]] (GTO). The ASLV had limited success and multiple launch failures; it was soon discontinued.<ref name=ITASLV>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Amarnath |title=Setback in the sky |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19870415-failure-of-aslv-mission-comes-a-major-blow-to-india-ambitious-space-programme-798754-1987-04-14 |access-date=18 January 2014 |newspaper=India Today |date=15 April 1987 |archive-date=20 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120143457/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/failure-of-aslv-mission-comes-a-major-blow-to-india-ambitious-space-programme/1/336942.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Alongside these developments, communication satellite technologies for the [[Indian National Satellite System]]<ref name="isro-comsats">{{Cite web |title=Communication Satellites |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/communication-satellites |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184331/https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/communication-satellites |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]] for earth observation satellites<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Navalgund |first1=R. R. |last2=Kasturirangan |first2=K. |date=1 December 1983 |title=The Indian remote sensing satellite: a programme overview |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section C: Engineering Sciences |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=313–336 |doi=10.1007/BF02881137 |issn=0973-7677 |bibcode=1983InES....6..313N |s2cid=140649818}}</ref> were developed and launches from overseas were initiated. The number of satellites eventually grew and the systems were established as among the largest satellite constellations in the world, with multi-band communication, radar imaging, optical imaging and meteorological satellites.<ref name="IRSSaga">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/saga-of-indian-remote-sensing-satellite-system |title=The Saga of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627192046/https://www.isro.gov.in/saga-of-indian-remote-sensing-satellite-system |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1990s ===
The arrival of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) in 1990s was a major boost for the Indian space programme. With the exception of its first flight in 1994 and two partial failures later, the PSLV had a streak of more than 50 successful flights. The PSLV enabled India to launch all of its low Earth orbit satellites, small payloads to GTO and hundreds of [[List of foreign satellites launched by India|foreign satellites]].<ref name="gsp-pslv-1">{{cite web |title=PSLV (1) |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170455/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=The PSLV Setback: Restoring India's Workhorse |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/posts/2026/01/the-pslv-setback-restoring-indias-workhorse |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> Along with the PSLV flights, development of a new rocket, a [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) was going on. India tried to obtain upper-stage cryogenic engines from Russia's [[Glavkosmos]] but was blocked by the US from doing so. As a result, [[KVD-1]] engines were imported from Russia under a new agreement which had limited success and a project to develop indigenous cryogenic technology was launched in 1994, taking two decades to reach fulfillment.<ref name="flGSLVQuest">{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T S |title=The GSLV Quest |url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806/18060820.htm |access-date=16 March 2021 |newspaper=Frontline |date=17–31 March 2001 |archive-date=1 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401030910/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806%2F18060820.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowmynarayanan |first=P. K. |date=2022-07-17 |title=The story behind the denial of Cryogenic engine technology to India |url=https://www.pgurus.com/the-story-behind-the-denial-of-cryogenic-engine-technology-to-india/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=PGurus |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=GSLVGopalRaj>{{cite news |last=Raj |first=N Gopal |title=The long road to cryogenic technology |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece |access-date=12 December 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 April 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=21 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621064359/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> A new agreement was signed with Russia for seven KVD-1 cryogenic stages and a ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of five cryogenic stages along with the technology and design in the earlier agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T S |title=The cryogenic quest |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm |access-date=13 December 2013 |newspaper=Frontline |date=28 April – 11 May 2001 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213054718/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm |url-status=usurped}}</ref> These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk I.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal |url=https://thewire.in/138915/cryogenic-ce-20-isro-gslv-mk-iii/ |website=The Wire |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211192523/https://thewire.in/138915/cryogenic-ce-20-isro-gslv-mk-iii/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After the United States refused to help India with [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) technology during the [[Kargil War]], ISRO was prompted to develop its own satellite navigation system NavIC, officially called the [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms |title=How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS |last=Srivastava |first=Ishan |date=5 April 2014 |access-date=9 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215183718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NavIC Satellite System: IRNSS, Features, Coverage, Applications & Accuracy |url=https://www.pw.live/upsc/exams/navic-satellite-system |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.pw.live |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000s and 2010s ===
In 2003, Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] urged scientists to develop technologies to land humans on the Moon and programmes for lunar, planetary and crewed missions were started. ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-1]] aboard PSLV in 2008, purportedly the first probe to verify the presence of water on the Moon.<ref>{{cite news |title=India 'on course' for the Moon |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2003 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121160746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2917271.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="THMoon">{{cite news |title=MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman |date=25 September 2009 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125193516/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

ISRO launched the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (or Mangalyaan) aboard PSLV in 2013, which later became the first Asian spacecraft to enter Martian orbit, making India the first country to succeed at this on its first attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/MarsOrbiterMissionSpacecraft.html |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |title=India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite |work=The Guardian |first=Jason |last=Burke |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=16 March 2021 |quote=India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so. |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204185909/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequently, the cryogenic upper stage for GSLV rocket became operational, making India the sixth country to have full launch capabilities.<ref name="Cryo14">{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T. E. |date=7 January 2014 |title=ISRO on cloud nine as India joins 'cryo club' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-on-cloud-nine-as-india-joins-cryo-club-114010700023_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111074324/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-on-cloud-nine-as-india-joins-cryo-club-114010700023_1.html |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=12 March 2021 |location=Chennai |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref> A new heavier-lift launcher [[LVM3]] was introduced in 2014 for heavier satellites and future human space missions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=IADN Editorial |date=2022-11-07 |title=Human Rated GSLV MK3 almost complete for Mission Gaganyaan - IADN |url=https://iadnews.in/human-rated-gslv-mk3-almost-complete-for-mission-gaganyaan/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=- IADN |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV Mk III |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv-mk-iii |publisher=ISRO |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234908/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv-mk-iii |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, [[Project NETRA]] was publicly announced to help counter problems associated with space debris and near-earth objects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-08 |title=Project NETRA - The Indian Internet Surveillance |url=https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/project-netra-the-indian-internet-surveillance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612230742/https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/project-netra-the-indian-internet-surveillance/ |archive-date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=Cyber Defense Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IndianWeb2 |title=Assam to Have India's 1st Space Junk Monitoring Radar Under ISRO's Project Netra |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2025/04/assam-to-have-indias-1st-space-junk.html |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Indianweb2.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Image of Vikram lander on lunar surface taken by Pragyan rover navcam at 1104 IST, 30 August 2023 from 15 meters away (without text).webp|thumb|The [[Chandrayaan-3]] lander on the surface of the [[Moon]], imaged by the rover [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]] from 15 meters away]]

On 23 August 2023, India achieved its first soft landing on an extraterrestrial body and became the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft near the [[lunar south pole]] and fourth nation to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon with ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-3]], the third Moon mission.<ref name="guardian-20230823">{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2023-08-23 |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in world first |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194944/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian moon mission, Chandrayaan-3 (lit. "''Mooncraft''"), saw the successful soft landing of its ''Vikram'' lander at 6.04 pm IST (12:34 pm GMT) near the little-explored southern pole of the Moon in a world's first for any space programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Live Updates: 'Dawn of new India,' says PM Modi as ISRO lands spacecraft on the Moon |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-live-updates-isro-vikram-lander-8903547/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194950/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-live-updates-isro-vikram-lander-8903547/ |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=Indian Express |url-status=live }}</ref> India then successfully launched its first solar probe, the [[Aditya-L1]], aboard PSLV on 2 September 2023.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02811-2 |author=T. V. Padma |date=September 4, 2023 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |title=India's first Sun mission will investigate the origins of space weather |volume=621 |issue=7978 |pages=240–241 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-02811-2 |pmid=37667110 |bibcode=2023Natur.621..240P |s2cid=261526289 |access-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005030143/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02811-2 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/india-launches-aditya-l1-first-solar-probe |first=Mike |last=Wall |website=[[Space.com]] |date=September 2, 2023 |title=India launches Aditya-L1 solar observatory, its 1st-ever sun probe |access-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020230548/https://www.space.com/india-launches-aditya-l1-first-solar-probe |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 December 2024, ISRO successfully launched the [[SpaDeX]] mission, showcasing [[Space rendezvous|spacecraft rendezvous]], [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]], and undocking using two small satellites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaDeX mission brings India closer to becoming a global space power |url=https://www.earth.com/news/spadex-mission-brings-india-closer-to-becoming-a-global-space-power/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=Isro successfully launches SpaDeX mission for novel docking of 2 satellites in space |url=https://www.domain-b.com/technology/technology-general/isro-successfully-launches-spadex-mission-for-novel-docking-of-2-satellites-in-space |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.domain-b.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212171827/https://www.domain-b.com/technology/technology-general/isro-successfully-launches-spadex-mission-for-novel-docking-of-2-satellites-in-space |archive-date=2026-02-12 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2024-12-30 |title=PSLV-C60 launch: ISRO launches SpaDeX mission for space docking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslvc60-lifts-off-with-spadex-spacecraft-from-sriharikota/article69044491.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230165046/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslvc60-lifts-off-with-spadex-spacecraft-from-sriharikota/article69044491.ece |archive-date=2024-12-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 January 2025, the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]]'s Mission Operations Complex verified that the docking process was successful. India became one of the few countries in the world to have achieved a successful in-space docking using indigenous technology.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-01-16 |title=ISRO successfully executes SpaDeX docking experiment; India joins elite club of nations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-executes-spadex-docking-experiment-india-joins-elite-club-of-nations/article69103462.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116063917/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-executes-spadex-docking-experiment-india-joins-elite-club-of-nations/article69103462.ece |archive-date=2025-01-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-16 |title=ISRO successfully docks SpaDeX satellites in space, creates history |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-successfully-docks-spadex-two-satellites-in-space-101737003035346.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116101958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-successfully-docks-spadex-two-satellites-in-space-101737003035346.html |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 August 2025, ISRO successfully completed the first integrated air drop test for the [[Gaganyaan]] human spaceflight programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-24 |title=ISRO Successfully Conducts First Integrated Air Drop Test for Gaganyaan Mission – 24 August 2025 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/globe-nation/isro-successfully-conducts-first-integrated-air-drop-test-for-gaganyaan-mission/11431/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 2 November 2025, ISRO successfully launched [[GSAT-7R|CMS-03]], a [[communication satellite]], aboard LVM3-M5 from Sriharikota. All seven LVM3 missions achieved 100% success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=ISRO Rocket Launch Today Live Updates: India's heaviest communication satellite CMS-03 successfully placed in intended orbit, mission successfully accomplished |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-rocket-launch-today-live-updates-heaviest-communication-satellite-cms-03-liftoff-sriharikota-lvm3-10341199/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102054927/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-rocket-launch-today-live-updates-heaviest-communication-satellite-cms-03-liftoff-sriharikota-lvm3-10341199/ |archive-date=2025-11-02}}</ref> On 24 December 2025, ISRO launched [[AST SpaceMobile]]'s BlueBird Block-2 aboard the LVM3-M6 rocket. This was the heaviest foreign satellite ever launched from the Indian soil, weighing {{cvt|6100|kg}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-12-24 |title=BlueBird Block-2 mission: ISRO successfully launches LVM3-M6 rocket |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-bluebird-block-2-mission-rocket-launch-december-24-2025/article70432346.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224033532/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-bluebird-block-2-mission-rocket-launch-december-24-2025/article70432346.ece |archive-date=2025-12-24}}</ref>

== Goals and objectives ==
[[File:Vikram Sarabhai.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Vikram Sarabhai]], first chairperson of [[Indian National Committee for Space Research|INCOSPAR]], ISRO's predecessor organisation]]
As the national space agency of India, ISRO's purpose is the pursuit of all space-based applications such as research, and communications. It undertakes the design and development of space rockets and satellites, and explores upper atmosphere and deep space exploration missions. ISRO has also incubated technologies in India's private space sector, boosting its growth.<ref name="isro_aboutus">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vision-and-mission-statements |title=ISRO – Vision and Mission Statements |publisher=ISRO |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080053/http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vision-and-mission-statements |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the topic of the importance of a space programme to India as a developing nation, Vikram Sarabhai as INCOSPAR chairman said in 1969:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-vikram-ambalal-sarabhai-1963-1971 |title=Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1963–1971) – ISRO |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422014937/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-vikram-ambalal-sarabhai-1963-1971 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Aditi |date=2019-05-18 |title=Vikram Sarabhai and India's Space Odyssey |url=https://www.peepultree.world/story/people/indias-space-odyssey |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=PeepulTree Live History India |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. And we should note that the application of sophisticated technologies and methods of analysis to our problems is not to be confused with embarking on grandiose schemes, whose primary impact is for show rather than for progress measured in hard economic and social terms.}}

The former [[president of India]] and chairman of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], said:<ref name=apj_autobiography>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC&pg=PA43 |title=Wings of Fire: An Autobiography |last1=Kalam |first1=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul |last2=Tiwari |first2=Arun |date=1999 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=9788173711466 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417091638/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3qmIZtWUjAC |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=Very many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation which was finding it difficult to feed its population. But neither Prime Minister Nehru nor Prof. Sarabhai had any ambiguity of purpose. Their vision was very clear: if Indians were to play a meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it merely as a means of displaying our might.}}

India's economic progress has made its space programme more visible and active as the country aims for greater [[Self-sustainability|self-reliance]] in space technology. In 2008, India launched as many as 11{{Nbsp}}satellites, including nine from other countries, and went on to become the first nation to launch 10{{Nbsp}}satellites on one{{Nbsp}}rocket.<ref name=newsweek1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/160037 |title=The Real Space Race Is in Asia |website=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222044922/http://www.newsweek.com/id/160037 |archive-date=22 December 2008 |url-status=live |date=20 September 2008}}</ref>

== Organisation structure and facilities ==
[[File:Department of Space (India) - organization chart.png|upright=1.3|thumb|The organisational structure of the Indian [[Department of Space]]]]
{{See also|ISRO facilities}}
ISRO is managed by the DoS, which itself falls under the authority of the Space Commission and manages the following agencies and institutes:<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation Structure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/organisation-structure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612065305/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/organisation-structure |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |publisher= |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Antrix Corporation]] – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bengaluru
* [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), Ahmedabad
* [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL), Gadanki, [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[NewSpace India Limited]] – Commercial wing, Bengaluru
* [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153 |title=NEC – North Eastern Council |publisher=Necouncil.nic.in |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225165210/http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153 |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> (NE-SAC), Umiam
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university

=== Research facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || The largest ISRO base is also the main technical centre and the venue for development of the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], [[ASLV]], and [[PSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The base supports TERLS and the [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini Sounding Rocket]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} It is also developing the [[GSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Bengaluru]] || The LPSC handles design, development, testing and implementation of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid stages and liquid engines for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The testing of these systems is largely conducted at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|IPRC]] at [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The LPSC, Bengaluru also produces precision transducers.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}
|-
| [[Physical Research Laboratory]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || Solar planetary physics, infrared astronomy, geo-cosmo physics, plasma physics, [[astrophysics]], [[archaeology]], and [[hydrology]] are some of the branches of study at this institute.;{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} it also operates the observatory at [[Udaipur]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]]|| [[Tirupati]] || The NARL carries out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.narl.gov.in/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] |archive-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714161347/https://www.narl.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Space Applications Centre]] || [[Ahmedabad]] || The SAC deals with the various aspects of the practical use of space technology.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} Among the fields of research at the SAC are [[geodesy]], [[telecommunication|satellite based telecommunications]], [[surveying]], [[remote sensing]], [[meteorology]], environment monitoring etc.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The SAC also operates the Delhi Earth Station, which is located in Delhi and is used for demonstration of various SATCOM experiments in addition to normal SATCOM operations.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}
|-
| [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] || [[Shillong]] || Providing developmental support to North East by undertaking specific application projects using remote sensing, GIS, satellite communication and conducting space science research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NESAC |url=https://nesac.gov.in/about/about-nesac/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722115617/https://nesac.gov.in/about/about-nesac/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Test facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]] || [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]] || Formerly called LPSC-Mahendragiri, was declared a separate centre. It handles testing and assembly of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid engines, and stages for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|}

=== Construction and launch facilities ===
{{Location map+
| India2
| float=right
| width=350
| image_alt=Map of India and its subdivisions with the locations of its spaceport facilities
| image_caption=Location of India's spaceports
| places=


{{Location map~ |India |lat=13.7178 |long=80.2 |label_size=90 |label=[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]] |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India |lat=8.4 |long=78.05 |label_size=90 |label=[[SSLV Launch Complex|SLC]] |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India |lat=8.516667 |long=76.866667 |label_size=90 |label=[[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station|TERLS]] |position=left}}
}}

{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]]|| [[Bengaluru]] || The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects is also one of the main satellite technology bases of ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for implementing indigenous spacecraft in India.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The satellites ''Aaryabhata'', ''Bhaskara'', ''APPLE'', and ''IRS-1A'' were built at this site, and the IRS and INSAT satellite series are presently under development here. This centre was formerly known as ISRO Satellite Centre.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}
|-
| [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]]|| [[Bengaluru]] || The Unit of ISRO responsible for the development of altitude sensors for all satellites. The high precision optics for all cameras and payloads in all ISRO satellites are developed at this laboratory, located at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru.
|-
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] || [[Sriharikota]] || With multiple sub-sites the Sriharikota island facility acts as a launching site for India's satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch base for India's sounding rockets.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The centre is also home to India's largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the Static Test and Evaluation Complex (STEX).{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) at Sriharikota is being realised as an additional integration facility, with suitable interfacing to a second launch pad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Second Vehicle Assembly Building being realised at ISRO |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 January 2016 |date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114044154/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |archive-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madumathi |first1=D.S. |title=Sriharikota space port scores 50 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109041156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SSLV Launch Complex]]||[[Kulasekarapattinam]]|| Currently under construction. This launch facility will cater smaller rockets such as the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]] and private sector's launch vehicles.
|-
| [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| TERLS is used to launch sounding rockets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sounding Rockets |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211145536/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== Tracking and control facilities ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Indian Deep Space Network]] (IDSN) || [[Bengaluru]] || This network receives, processes, archives and distributes the spacecraft health data and payload data in real-time. It can track and monitor satellites up to very large distances, even beyond the [[Moon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) – Gateway to India's Space Science Data |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901140723/https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] || [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] || The NRSC applies remote sensing to manage natural resources and study aerial surveying.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} With centres at [[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy|Balanagar]] and [[Mahbubnagar district|Shadnagar]] it also has training facilities at [[Dehradun]] acting as the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}
|-
| [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] ||[[Bengaluru]] (headquarters) and a number of ground stations throughout India and the world.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}} || [[Software development]], ground operations, Tracking Telemetry and Command (TTC), and support is provided by this institution.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} ISTRAC has Tracking stations throughout the country and all over the world in [[Port Louis]] (Mauritius), Bearslake (Russia), [[Biak]] (Indonesia) and [[Brunei]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-telemetry-tracking-and-command-network-istrac |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053757/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-telemetry-tracking-and-command-network-istrac |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Master Control Facility]] || [[Bhopal]]; [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] || Geostationary satellite orbit raising, payload testing, and in-orbit operations are performed at this facility.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} The MCF has Earth stations and the Satellite Control Centre (SCC) for controlling satellites.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} A second MCF-like facility named 'MCF-B' is being constructed at Bhopal.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}}
|-
|Space Situational Awareness Control Centre
|[[Peenya]], [[Bengaluru]]
|A network of telescopes and radars are being set up under the Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management to monitor space debris and to safeguard space-based assets. The new facility will end ISRO's dependence on [[NORAD]]. The sophisticated multi-object tracking radar installed in Nellore, a radar in [[Northeast India]] and telescopes in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Mount Abu]] and North India will be part of this network.<ref name="timesind-20190805">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms |title=New Isro system to shield its assets from space debris |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=5 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826090921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms |title=Isro keen on protecting space assets; new centre soon |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=4 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825154922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms |archive-date=25 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Human resource development ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="width:18%;"| Facility !! style="width:15%;"| Location !! style="width:67%;"| Description
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (IIRS) || [[Dehradun]] || The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) is a premier training and educational institute set up for developing trained professionals (P.G. and PhD level) in the field of remote sensing, geoinformatics and GPS technology for natural resources, environmental and disaster management. IIRS is also executing many R&D projects on remote sensing and GIS for societal applications. IIRS also runs various outreach programmes (Live & Interactive and e-learning) to build trained skilled human resources in the field of remote sensing and geospatial technologies.<ref name="IIRSInfo">{{cite web |url=https://www.iirs.gov.in/institute-profile |title=Institute Profile |website=[[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712154554/https://www.iirs.gov.in/institute-profile/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]] || The institute offers undergraduate and graduate courses in Aerospace Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering (Avionics), and Engineering Physics. The students of the first three{{Nbsp}}batches of IIST were inducted into different ISRO centres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute IIST |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] |date=4 November 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722115615/https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Development and Educational Communication Unit]] (DECU)||[[Ahmedabad]] || The centre works for education, research, and training, mainly in conjunction with the [[INSAT]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The main activities carried out at DECU include GRAMSAT and [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] projects.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC) also falls under the operational control of the DECU.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}
|-
|Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TICs) at:
* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar]]
* [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Space tech centre: ISRO team in NIT-Rourkela |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/mar/10/space-tech-centre-isro-team-in-nit-rourkela-2274636.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |agency=ENS |publisher=New Indian Express |date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310062726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/mar/10/space-tech-centre-isro-team-in-nit-rourkela-2274636.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO / Secretary, DOS inaugurates 3 Space Technology Incubation Centres and releases युक्ति-संचिता YUKTI- Sanchita 2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-mar-2021/dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro-secretary-dos-inaugurates-3-space-technology-incubation |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=ISRO |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319152059/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-mar-2021/dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro-secretary-dos-inaugurates-3-space-technology-incubation |url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Jalandhar]], [[Bhopal]], [[Agartala]], [[Rourkela]], [[Nagpur]]
|The S-TICs opened at premier technical universities in India to promote startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and would be used for future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme.<ref name=":1a">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/isro-opens-space-tech-incubation-centre-at-nit-t/articleshow/69569218.cms |title=Isro opens space tech incubation centre at NIT-T |date=30 May 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928200817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/isro-opens-space-tech-incubation-centre-at-nit-t/articleshow/69569218.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Space Innovation Centre at:
* [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]]
|[[Burla, India|Burla]], [[Sambalpur]]
|In line with its ongoing effort to promote R&D in space technology through industry as well as academia, ISRO in collaboration with Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, has set up Veer Surendra Sai Space Innovation Centre (VSSSIC) within its campus at Sambalpur. The objective of its Space Innovation Research Lab is to promote and encourage the students in research and development in the area of space science and technology at VSSUT and other institutes within this region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Innovation Centre – ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/capacity-building/space-innovation-centre |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184445/https://www.isro.gov.in/capacity-building/space-innovation-centre |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=VSSUT first to set up Space Innovation-cum-Incubation Centre with ISRO |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/vssut-first-to-set-up-space-innovation-cum-incubation-centre-with-isro/story-baqiVPndKjIN1I6Z5ud9lJ.html |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/vssut-first-to-set-up-space-innovation-cum-incubation-centre-with-isro/story-baqiVPndKjIN1I6Z5ud9lJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) at:
* [[Banaras Hindu University]]
* [[Gauhati University]]
* [[Kurukshetra University]]
* [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Karnataka]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|National Institute of Technology Patna]]
* [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2020 |title=ISRO to set up its regional centre at IIT-BHU |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/isro-to-set-up-its-regional-centre-at-iit-bhu/story-UUNEDrrsqHU9JvPddg8IoN.html |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227092259/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/isro-to-set-up-its-regional-centre-at-iit-bhu/story-UUNEDrrsqHU9JvPddg8IoN.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

|[[Varanasi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Jaipur]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Patna]]
|All these centres are set up in tier-2 cities to create awareness, strengthen academic collaboration and act as incubators for space technology, space science and space applications. The activities of RAC-S will maximise the use of research potential, infrastructure, expertise, experience and facilitate capacity building.
|}

== General satellite programmes ==
{{See also|List of Indian satellites}}[[File:Insat-1B.jpg|thumb|[[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT-1B]] in a clean room]]
Since the launch of Aryabhata in 1975, a number of satellite series and constellations have been deployed by Indian and foreign launchers. At present, ISRO operates one of the largest constellations of active communication and earth imaging satellites for military and civilian uses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellites |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Satellites.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

=== The IRS series ===
{{Main|Indian Remote Sensing Programme}}

The [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme]] (IRSP) are India's earth observation satellites. They are the largest collection of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today, providing remote sensing services. All the satellites are placed in polar [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] (except [[GEO Imaging Satellite|GISATs]]) and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to enable several programs to be undertaken relevant to national development. The initial versions are composed of the 1 ([[IRS-1A|A]], [[IRS-1B|B]], [[IRS-1C|C]], [[IRS-1D|D]]) nomenclature while the later versions were divided into sub-classes named based on their functioning and uses including [[Oceansat]], [[Cartosat]], [[HySIS]], [[EMISAT]] and ResourceSat etc. Their names were unified under the prefix "EOS" regardless of functioning in 2020. They support a wide range of applications including optical, radar and electronic [[reconnaissance]] for Indian agencies, city planning, oceanography and environmental studies.<ref name="IRSSaga" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dayasindhu |first1=N. |last2=Chandrashekar |first2=S. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Indian remote sensing program: A national system of innovation? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162504001167 |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |series=Managing Emerging Technologies in Asia |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=287–299 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2004.08.012 |issn=0040-1625|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellites) - eoPortal |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/irs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905180930/https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/irs |archive-date=2024-09-05 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Render of Cartosat-3 satellite in deployed configuration.png|thumb|A render of [[Cartosat-3]] satellite in a deployed configuration]]

=== The INSAT series ===
{{Main|Indian National Satellite System}}

[[File:STS008-44-611.jpg|thumb|left|The INSAT-1B satellite]]
The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is the country's telecommunication system. It is a series of multipurpose [[Geosynchronous satellite|geostationary satellites]] built and launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-rescue needs. Since the introduction of the first one in 1983, INSAT has become the largest domestic communication system in the [[Asia-Pacific]] Region. It is a joint venture of DOS, the [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[India Meteorological Department]], [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.<ref name="isro-comsats" /> The nomenclature of the series was changed to "[[GSAT]]" from "INSAT", then further changed to "CMS" from 2020 onwards.<ref name="THCMS">{{Cite news |date=17 December 2020 |title=ISRO launches India's 42nd communication satellite CMS-01 on-board PSLV-C50 |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/isro--to-launch-indias-42nd--communication-satellite-cms01-onboard-pslv-c50/1/425216.html |newspaper=Business Today |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203459/https://m.businesstoday.in/story/isro--to-launch-indias-42nd--communication-satellite-cms01-onboard-pslv-c50/1/425216.html |url-status=live}}</ref> These satellites have been used by the [[Indian Armed Forces]] as well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/articleshow/70283927.cms |title=Indian Navy: Navy to buy Rs 1589 crore satellite from ISRO |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=19 March 2021 |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003515/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/articleshow/70283927.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSAT-7A |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-f11-gsat-7a-mission |work=ISRO |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322211332/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-f11-gsat-7a-mission |url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Asia Satellite|GSAT-9]] or "SAARC Satellite" provides communication services for India's smaller neighbors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSAT-9 |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-9 |work=ISRO |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014043/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Gagan Satellite Navigation System ===
{{Main|GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation}}

The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as [[GNSS augmentation|Space-Based Augmentation System]] as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given the acronym GAGAN – GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of a Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over Indian airspace has been prepared jointly by [[Airports Authority of India]] and ISRO. The TDS was completed during 2007 with the installation of eight Indian Reference Stations at different airports linked to the Master Control Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/mindfly/ensuring-safety-and-reliabity-through-indigenous-satellite-navigation-system-gagan/ |title=Ensuring safety and reliabity through indigenous satellite navigation system GAGAN |date=12 January 2019 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504121357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/mindfly/ensuring-safety-and-reliabity-through-indigenous-satellite-navigation-system-gagan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) ===
{{Main|Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System}}

The IRNSS with an operational name NavIC is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to {{cvt|1500|km}} from its borders, which is its primary service area. IRNSS provides two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS), providing a position accuracy of better than {{cvt|20|m}} in the primary service area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navigation Satellite |url=http://isro.org/satellites/navigationsatellites.aspx |publisher=ISRO |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023005513/http://www.isro.org/satellites/navigationsatellites.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:IRNSS Series 1.jpg|thumb|Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite]]

=== Other satellites ===
{{Dynamic list|date=March 2021}}
[[Kalpana-1]] (MetSat-1) was ISRO's first dedicated meteorological satellite.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eoportal.org/directory/pres_Kalpana1MetSat1MeteorologicalSatellite1.html |title=eoPortal directory: Kalpana-1/MetSat-1 (Meteorological Satellite-1) |publisher=Eoportal.org |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908092933/http://www.eoportal.org/directory/pres_Kalpana1MetSat1MeteorologicalSatellite1.html |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaonline.in/Profile/Science/research/Space-Technology.aspx |title=Space Technology in India | Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) |publisher=Indiaonline.in |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162412/http://www.indiaonline.in/Profile/Science/research/Space-Technology.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Indo-French satellite [[SARAL]] on 25 February 2013. SARAL (or "Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa") is a cooperative altimetry technology mission, used for monitoring the oceans' surface and sea levels. AltiKa measures ocean surface topography with an accuracy of {{cvt|8|mm}}, compared to {{cvt|2.5|cm}} on average using altimeters, and with a spatial resolution of {{cvt|2|km}}.<ref name=iex25f13>{{cite news |title=India successfully launches Indo-French, 6 foreign satellites |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-successfully-launches-indofrench-6-foreign-satellites/1079446/0 |access-date=25 February 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301034013/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-successfully-launches-indofrench-6-foreign-satellites/1079446/0 |archive-date=1 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nasa-gsfc-sara">{{cite web |url=http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |title=Satellite SARAL |publisher=Ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov |access-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705114650/http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellite_missions/list_of_satellites/sara_general.html |archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Launch statistics of ISRO ===
{{As of|April 2026}}, ISRO has launched 434 foreign satellites from 34 countries.<ref name="isro-listforeignsats">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=List of International Customer Satellites Launched by ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ForeignSatellites/381_foreign_satellites.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024134415/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ForeignSatellites/381_foreign_satellites.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |publisher=ISRO }}</ref> They have performed 135 spacecraft missions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spacecraft Missions |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/SpacecraftMissions.html |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> have launched 18 student satellites,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellites realised by private players or students |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Student_Satellite.html |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> 105 launch missions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch Missions |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LaunchMissions.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> and 9 re-entry missions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-entry Missions & POEMS |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ReEntryMissions.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Human spaceflight programme ==
{{Main|Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|Gaganyaan|List of Indian astronauts}}

The first proposal to send humans into space was discussed by ISRO in 2006, leading to work on the required infrastructure and spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists Discuss Indian Manned Space Mission - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203522/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission |archive-date=2021-04-13 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu News Update Service |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200708091621.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102171937/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200708091621.htm |archive-date=2007-11-02 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref> The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the {{convert|600|kg|lb|adj=on}} [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), launched using the PSLV rocket, and safely returned to earth 12 days later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title=Space Capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE) |url=http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103000/http://www.aprsaf.org/data/aprsaf14_data/day1/SEU10_SRE%20slides%20for%20web.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=20 March 2021 }}</ref>

In 2009, ISRO proposed a budget of {{INRConvert|124|b|lk=on|year=2009}} for its human spaceflight programme. An unmanned demonstration flight was expected after seven years from the final approval and a crewed mission was to be launched after seven years of funding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/426945/ |title=Plan panel okays ISRO manned space flight |work=The Indian Express |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607014311/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/426945 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A crewed mission initially was not a priority and left on the backburner for several years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight-news-299103 |title=Satellites Are Our Priority Now, Not Human Space Flight |work=Outlook |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029191931/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight/299103 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|space capsule recovery experiment]] in 2014 and a pad abort test in 2018 were followed by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s announcement in his 2018 [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] address that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 on the new Gaganyaan spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms |title=India to launch unmanned crew module in December |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 October 2014 |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102044330/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece |title=ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 July 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705205114/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece |archive-date=5 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece |title=Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |via=www.thehindu.com |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427090426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> To date, ISRO has developed most of the technologies needed, such as the crew module and crew escape system, space food, and life support systems. The project would cost less than {{INR}}100 billion (US$1.3 billion) and would include sending two or three Indians to space, at an altitude of {{cvt|300|-|400|km}}, for at least seven days, using a GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888 |title=Indian Astronaut Will Be in Space For 7 Days, Confirms ISRO Chairman |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815151504/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635?amp |title=JFK in 1961, Modi in 2018: PM announces 'Indian in space by 2022,' but is ISRO ready? |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201219/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635?amp |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Astronaut training and other facilities ===
[[File:Gaganyaan crew at Russia.jpg|thumb|[[Gaganyaan]] crew in Russia]]
The newly established [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece |title=ISRO starts Human Space Flight centre |last=Ds |first=Madhumathi |date=11 January 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 January 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531074335/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece |archive-date=31 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="isro-20190130">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc |title=Inauguration of Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329015418/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-jan-2019/inauguration-of-human-space-flight-centre-hsfc |archive-date=29 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bengaluru to prepare personnel for flights in the crewed vehicle. It will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in [[microgravity]], and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO had to build [[High-G training|centrifuges]] to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the launch. Existing launch facilities at SDSC will have to be upgraded for the Indian human spaceflight campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html |title=India's human space programme gets a fillip |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019 |quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112095045/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html |archive-date=12 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> HSFC and Glavkosmos signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms |title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts |date=1 July 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723221603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms |archive-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was to be set up in [[Moscow]] to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms |title=Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=31 July 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820164300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Four [[Indian Air Force]] personnel finished training at [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] in March 2021.<ref name="Trainingok">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=19 March 2021 |title=Gaganyaan: Astronauts clear all tests, Russia training to end this month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astronauts-clear-all-tests-russia-training-to-end-this-month/articleshow/81575438.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320132145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astronauts-clear-all-tests-russia-training-to-end-this-month/articleshow/81575438.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Axiom Mission 4 ===
[[File:Shubhanshu Shukla at ISS.png|thumb|[[Shubhanshu Shukla|Shukla]] conducting experiments aboard the [[ISS]] during [[Axiom Mission 4]]]]

{{Main|Axiom Mission 4}}

[[Axiom Mission 4]] (Ax‑4), launched in June 2025, included [[Shubhanshu Shukla]] as mission pilot, marking the first time an [[List of Indian astronauts|Indian astronaut]] traveled to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). The mission was organized by the company [[Axiom Space]] and launched by [[SpaceX]] from [[Launch Complex 39A]] at [[NASA]]'s [[Kennedy Space Center]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=NASA, ISRO Research Aboard Fourth Private Astronaut Mission to Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/iss-research/nasa-isro-research-aboard-fourth-private-astronaut-mission-to-station/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=NASA}}</ref> Shukla flew alongside Axiom commander [[Peggy Whitson]] and mission specialists [[Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski]] of the [[European Space Agency]] and [[Tibor Kapu]] of Hungary. Fellow ISRO astronaut [[Prasanth Nair]] served as Shukla's backup and participated in training at NASA's [[Johnson Space Center]] in Houston.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2025 |title=Shubhanshu Shukla: India celebrates sending its first astronaut into space after 41 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz09lx2gjm4o |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Pandey 2025">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2025 |title=Shubhanshu Shukla: Astronaut to become first Indian to set foot on ISS |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crenw0nyqnqo |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fortin |first1=Jacey |last2=K.B |first2=Pragati |date=25 June 2025 |title=Four Astronauts Lift Off on Axiom Mission to the I.S.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/25/science/spacex-launch-axiom-mission-4-watch.html |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |date=25 June 2025 |title=Astronauts from India, Poland and Hungary blast off on a privately funded trip to the space station |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/06/25/spacex-axiom-india-hungary-poland-astronauts/315609c4-518f-11f0-baaa-ba1025f321a8_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

Shukla spent approximately two weeks aboard the ISS conducting around 60 experiments. At least seven of these were developed by ISRO or Indian academic institutions, covering areas such as cognitive effects of screen exposure, microbial adaptation, muscle atrophy, and crop resilience in microgravity.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite news |author=The Wire Analysis |date=8 June 2025 |title=Know-Your-Spacemen: Is Shubhanshu Shukla's Axiom-4 Different from Rakesh Sharma's in 1984? |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/space/know-your-spacemen-is-shubhanshu-shuklas-axiom-4-different-from-rakesh-sharmas-in-1984?mid_related_new |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=The Wire}}</ref> According to ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan, Shukla's in-flight activities and research will also advance India's Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme.<ref name="shukla_in_space">{{Cite news |date=2 July 2025 |title=Shukla In space: Benefits far outweigh cost, says Isro chief |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shukla-in-space-benefits-far-outweigh-cost-says-isro-chief/articleshow/122190896.cms }}</ref>

Media reports estimate that the Government of India spent approximately {{INRConvert|548|c|lk=on|year=2025}} on the mission seat. The cost drew scrutiny, particularly in the context of India's parallel efforts to develop its own indigenous human spaceflight capability. ISRO and Axiom Space officials defended the expenditure, citing the mission's value in astronaut training, operational readiness, and scientific return.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2025 |title=India has spent Rs 413 crore on sending astronaut to ISS; Rs 135 crore more to go this year |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-has-spent-rs-413-crore-on-sending-astronaut-to-iss-rs-135-crore-more-to-go-this-year/articleshow/119670434.cms |via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2025 |title=Shubhanshu Shukla: The Isro pilot taking India back to space after 41 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce80glkl7nno |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title=Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla's space mission has a whopping price tag |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indian-astronaut-shubhanshu-shuklas-space-mission-has-a-whopping-price-tag-2738206-2025-06-09 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="shukla_in_space" />

=== Crewed spacecraft ===
{{Main|Gaganyaan}}

[[File:Gaganyaan TV-D1 successfully secured on deck 03.jpg|thumb|Gaganyaan TV-D1 successfully secured on deck]]
ISRO is working towards an [[orbital spaceflight|orbital]] crewed spacecraft that can operate for seven days in [[low Earth orbit]]. The spacecraft, called Gaganyaan, will be the basis of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] (IHSP). The spacecraft is being developed to carry up to three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its first crewed mission, ISRO's largely autonomous spacecraft would have a mass of approximately {{Convert|3|t|lb}} and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around {{Convert|400|km}}. It would be capable of supporting a crew of two for up to seven days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=2023-04-09 |title=Gaganyaan: From astronauts' training to tech upgrade, ISRO making leaps to meet 2025 target for manned mission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gaganyaan-from-astronauts-training-to-tech-upgrade-isro-making-leaps-to-meet-2025-target-for-manned-mission-8546259/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706003805/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gaganyaan-from-astronauts-training-to-tech-upgrade-isro-making-leaps-to-meet-2025-target-for-manned-mission-8546259/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Space station{{anchor|Space Station}} ===
{{Main|Bharatiya Antariksh Station}}

India plans to develop a modular [[space station]] as a follow-up to the ''Gaganyaan'' human spaceflight programme. The proposed [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]] would have a mass of approximately {{convert|20|t|lb}} and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around {{convert|400|km}}. It is intended to initially support a crew of up to three astronauts for missions lasting 15 to 20 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2019 |title=India planning to have own space station: ISRO chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/articleshow/69771669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702043332/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/articleshow/69771669.cms |archive-date=2 July 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2019 |title=India's own space station to come up in 5–7 years: Isro chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804044046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web |date=2019-06-13 |title=India to have its own space station: ISRO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810173302/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece |archive-date=10 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The ISRO aims to launch the station five to seven years after the completion of ''Gaganyaan''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2019 |title=India's space station likely to have space for three |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031235228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=1 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=13 June 2019 |title=India to have its own space station: ISRO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece |access-date=1 November 2019 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The station is planned to be expanded in phases over several years and is envisioned as a platform for international collaboration in research related to interplanetary exploration, microgravity science, space biology, and space medicine.<ref name=":1" />

== Planetary sciences and astronomy ==
ISRO and [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] have operated a balloon launch base at Hyderabad since 1967.<ref name="ISRO balloon" /> Its proximity to the geo-magnetic equator,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/31e.htm |title=Stratospheric balloon launch bases and sites |publisher=StratoCat |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170531/http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/31e.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> where both primary and secondary [[cosmic ray]] fluxes are low, makes it an ideal location to study [[Astrophysical X-ray source|diffuse cosmic X-ray background]].<ref name="ISRO balloon">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/space_science/images/BalloonXrayStudies.htm |title=Balloon X-ray astronomy experiments from India |access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020528045243/http://www.isro.org/space_science/images/BalloonXrayStudies.htm |archive-date=28 May 2002}}</ref>

ISRO played a role in the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper stratosphere at an altitude between {{cvt|20|-|40|km}}. The bacteria, highly resistant to [[Ultraviolet|ultra-violet radiation]], are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Melanie J. |last2=Wickramasinghe |first2=N.C. |last3=Lloyd |first3=David |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |issue=Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IV |doi=10.1117/12.454758 |journal=Proc. SPIE |volume=4495 |title=Detection of living cells in stratospheric samples |page=192 |series=Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IV |url=http://repository.iucaa.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1631/1/295aB_2002.pdf |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922023031/http://repository.iucaa.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/11007/1631/1/295aB_2002.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live |bibcode=2002SPIE.4495..192H |s2cid=129736236}}</ref> They are considered [[extremophile]]s, and named as ''Bacillus isronensis'' in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, ''Bacillus aryabhata'' after India's celebrated ancient astronomer [[Aryabhata]] and ''[[Janibacter hoylei]]'' after the distinguished astrophysicist [[Fred Hoyle]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shivaji |first1=S. |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=P. |last3=Begum |first3=Z. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=''Janibacter hoylei'' sp.nov., ''Bacillus isronensis'' sp.nov. and ''Bacillus aryabhattai'' sp.nov. isolated from cryotubes used for collecting air from the upper atmosphere |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=2977–2986 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.002527-0 |pmid=19643890 |bibcode=2009IJSEM..59.2977S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Astrosat ===
{{Main|AstroSat}}

[[File:Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration.png|thumb|Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration]]
Launched in 2015, Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength [[Space telescope|space observatory]]. Its observation study includes [[Active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]], hot [[White dwarf]]s, pulsations of [[pulsar]]s, binary star systems, and [[supermassive black hole]]s located at the centre of the [[galaxy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat |title=Three years of AstroSat – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830213436/http://isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== XPoSat ===
{{Main|XPoSat}}

[[File:PSLV-C58,_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png|thumb|3D rendering of XPoSat]]
The '''X-ray Polarimeter Satellite''' ('''XPoSat''') is a satellite for studying black holes and [[Polarization (waves)|polarisation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=17 September 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-first-solar-mission-likely-to-launch-next-year-isro-101631860455183.html |title='India's first solar mission likely to launch next year': ISRO |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917230256/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-first-solar-mission-likely-to-launch-next-year-isro-101631860455183.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='Annadurai 2019'>{{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2017/copuos2017tech30E.pdf |title=Future Exploration Missions of ISRO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921095058/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2017/copuos2017tech30E.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2018 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) |work=Dr. M. Annadurai, director, ISAC, ISRO. UNCOPUOS 60th Session, Vienna, 2019 |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> The spacecraft carries the Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX) payload which will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright astronomical [[X-ray]] sources in the energy range 5–30 keV.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-launched-here-are-future-isro-missions-to-space-5842337/ |title=Chandrayaan 2 launched: Here are future ISRO missions to space |date=22 July 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726085439/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-launched-here-are-future-isro-missions-to-space-5842337/ |archive-date=26 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It launched on 1 January 2024 on a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-DL|PSLV-DL]] rocket,<ref name="indiatv-20231226">{{Cite news |last=Nigam |first=Saumya |date=26 December 2023 |title=ISRO to launch PSLV-C58 with XPoSAT on January 1 to study black holes, neutron stars |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-to-launch-pslv-c58-with-xposat-on-january-1-to-study-black-holes-neutron-stars-details-2023-12-26-909050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228060344/https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-to-launch-pslv-c58-with-xposat-on-january-1-to-study-black-holes-neutron-stars-details-2023-12-26-909050 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[India TV]] }}</ref> and it has an expected operational lifespan of at least five years.<ref name='Annadurai 2019'/><ref name="dos-qa-20230405">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=Loksabha Q&A |url=https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1711/AU5386.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052049/https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1711/AU5386.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] }}</ref>

== Extraterrestrial exploration ==
=== Lunar exploration ===
{{Main|Chandrayaan programme}}

Chandryaan ({{lit|Mooncraft}}) are India's series of lunar exploration spacecraft. The initial mission included an orbiter and controlled impact probe while later missions include landers, rovers and sampling missions.<ref name="Episode 90">{{Cite web |title=Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=AstrotalkUK |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029030030/https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html |website=The Week |language=en |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128073908/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-1 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-1}}

[[File:CY1 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rendering of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft]]
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The robotic lunar exploration mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the [[Moon Impact Probe]]. ISRO launched it using a modified version of the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. It entered lunar orbit on 8 November 2008, carrying high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312-day operational period (two years were planned), it surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they had possible [[lunar ice|ice]] deposits. Chandrayaan-1 carried 11 instruments: five Indian and six from foreign institutes and space agencies (including NASA, [[European Space Agency|ESA]], the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]], [[Brown University]] and other European and North American institutions and companies), which were carried for free. The mission team was awarded the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] SPACE 2009 award,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html |title=domain-b.com : American astronautics society award for Chandrayaan-1 team |date=September 2009 |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215805/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aero_general/20090901_chandrayaan1.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[International Lunar Exploration Working Group]]'s International Co-operation award in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 |title=Chandrayaan-1 wins global award |date=30 November 2008 |agency=Tribune News Service |access-date=2 February 2015 |author=Choudhury, Shubhadeep |location=Bangalore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808030908/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081201/nation.htm#14 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Space Society]]'s 2009 [[Space Pioneer Awards|Space Pioneer Award]] in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html |title=NSS awards for 2009 |publisher=National Space Society |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011649/http://www.nss.org/awards/2009.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html |title=NASA's Lunar Impact Mission Honored by National Space Society |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=2 February 2013 |author=Hoover, Rachel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109115404/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/features/2010/lcross_award.html |archive-date=9 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-2 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2}}

[[File:Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg|thumb|''Vikram'' lander mounted on top of the orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|alt=]]
Chandrayaan-2, the second mission to the Moon, included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. It was launched on a GSLV Mk III on 22 July 2019, consisting of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all developed in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |title=India launches second Moon mission |date=22 July 2019 |work=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="gslv3">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=5 August 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |archive-date=19 August 2018 |agency=Times News Network}}</ref> It was the first mission meant to explore the little-explored [[lunar south pole]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html |title=India Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2, Aims to Become First to Probe Lunar South Pole |website=News18 |date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723131504/https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-mission-isro-live-less-than-two-hours-to-go-for-indias-second-date-with-the-moon-2240201.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> The objective of the Chandrayaan-2 mission was to land a robotic rover to conduct various studies on the lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729172632/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

The ''Vikram'' lander, carrying the ''Pragyan'' rover, was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° S at approximately 1:50 am (IST) on 7 September 2019. However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting from an altitude of {{cvt|2.1|km}}, and [[telemetry]] was lost seconds before touchdown was expected.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home |title=Chandrayaan2 Home – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> A review board concluded that the crash-landing was caused by a [[software]] glitch.<ref name="Failure report">[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |date=19 February 2021 }} Mahesh Guptan, ''The Week''. 16 November 2019.</ref> The lunar orbiter was efficiently positioned in an optimal lunar orbit, extending its expected service time from one year to seven.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates |title=Chandrayaan2 Latest updates – ISRO |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904002946/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates |url-status=live}}</ref> It was planned that there will be another attempt to soft-land on the Moon in 2023, without an orbiter.<ref name="tie-20220104">{{cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=4 January 2022 |title=ISRO targets Gaganyaan launch before Independence day, Chandrayaan 3 by mid-2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-targets-gaganyaan-launch-before-august-15-7704957/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107190732/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-targets-gaganyaan-launch-before-august-15-7704957/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Chandrayaan-3 ====
{{Main|Chandrayaan-3}}

[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Integrated Module.webp|thumb|Integrated Module of Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft|300x300px]]
Chandryaan-3 is India's second attempt to soft-land on the Moon after the partial failure of Chandrayaan-2. The mission only included a lander-rover set and communicated with the orbiter from the previous mission.

On 23 August 2023, ISRO became the first space agency to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole. ISRO is the fourth space agency ever to land on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title='India, I reached my destination': ISRO confirms Chandrayaan 3's soft-landing on moon |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs/chandrayaan-3-soft-landing-on-moon-isro-india-11245841.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829155506/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs/chandrayaan-3-soft-landing-on-moon-isro-india-11245841.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Recognizing this achievement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi proclaimed August 23 as [[National Space Day (India)|National Space Day]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India To Celebrate August 23 As 'National Space Day' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/chandrayaan-3-india-to-celebrate-august-23-as-national-space-day/videoshow/103080187.cms |accessdate=26 August 2023 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Soumya Pillai |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi announces August 23 as 'National Space Day', lauds Isro scientists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-declares-august-23-as-national-space-day-chandrayaan-3-lands-successfully-on-moon-s-south-pole-101693025185154.html |accessdate=26 August 2023 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi declares August 23 as National Space Day, says India now in front row of nations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/narendra-modi-bengaluru-isro-moon-landing-8910185/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mars exploration ===
{{Main|Indian Mars exploration missions}}

[[File:Tharsis and Valles Marineris - Mars Orbiter Mission (30055660701).png|thumb|[[Tharsis]] and [[Valles Marineris]] as captured by [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]]]
==== Mars Orbiter Mission ''(MOM)'' or ''(Mangalyaan-1)'' ====
{{Main|Mars Orbiter Mission}}

[[File:Mars Orbiter Mission Over Mars (15237158879).jpg|thumb|Artist's rendering of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] spacecraft, with [[Mars]] in the background]]
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as ''Mangalyaan'' (eng: "MarsCraft") was launched into Earth [[orbit]] on 5 November 2013 by ISRO and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.<ref name="prelaunch Oct 2013">{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |title=India becomes first country to enter Mars' orbit on their first attempt |date=24 September 2014 |work=Herald Sun |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140924031128/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/science/india-becomes-first-country-to-enter-mars-orbit-on-their-first-attempt/story-fnjwlbuf-1227068835676?nk=20dfb6bbe7f9267fcf8572967c544066 |url-status=live}}</ref> India thus became the first country to have a space probe enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |title=India's Maiden Mars Mission Makes History |access-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925093532/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8916/india%E2%80%99s-maiden-mars-mission-makes-history |archive-date=25 September 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg TV India}}</ref>

MOM was placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. The spacecraft had a launch mass of {{cvt|1337|kg|abbr=on}}, with {{cvt|15|kg|abbr=on}} of five scientific instruments as payload.<ref name="MOMIsro">{{cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Spacecraft Successfully Inserted into Mars Orbit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-sep-2014/mars-orbiter-spacecraft-successfully-inserted-mars-orbit |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135353/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/contents/PrintConfirmation.aspx?ReleasedDate=September%2024,%202014&Date=Sep24_2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MOMSpacecraft">{{cite web |title=Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205233935/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/mars-orbiter-mission-spacecraft |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The National Space Society awarded the Mars Orbiter Mission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |title=Indian Space Research Organisation Mars Orbiter Programme Team Wins National Space Society's Space Pioneer Award for Science and Engineering |author=Brandt-Erichsen, David |date=12 January 2015 |publisher=National Space Society |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002327/http://blog.nss.org/?p=4622 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885 |title=ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission team Wins Space Pioneer Award |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011731/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-team-wins-space-pioneer-award-726885 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=NDTV |location=Washington, United States}}</ref>

=== Mars and Moon analogue research station ===
{{Main|Ladakh Human Analogue Mission}}

Researchers from the [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]] (BSIP) and [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) have determined that [[Ladakh]] is the best site for India's first Mars and Moon analogue research station, for planning and conducting Mars and Moon mission-related exercises. The study project is being conducted by BSIP's Binita Phartiyal, IISc's Aloke Kumar who pioneered the idea of building space-bricks from biologically solidified lunar and martian [[regolith]], and Gaganyaan astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla. The projected research station would be used for geological and [[Astrobiology|astrobiological]] research, human studies, crew training, advancing Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), testing space technologies, and engineering integration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-08-01 |title=Scientists, Gaganyaan astronaut bat for Ladakh as Moon & Mars analogue research site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/scientists-gaganyaan-astronaut-bat-for-ladakh-as-moon-mars-analogue-research-site/articleshow/112177195.cms |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In Ladakh, Aaka Space Studio and ISRO will be leading a 21-day Mars and Moon analog mission. An important step forward in India's efforts to develop human spaceflight and analog research in support of the Gaganyaan program and future missions like Bharatiya Antariksh Station. It will replicate the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments. The expedition will test human health and endurance in isolation, acquire biometric data, simulate extraterrestrial landscape, investigate circadian lighting, and test life support technologies. The startup has experimented with technology, human endurance, and habitat design in [[Rann of Kutch]] in 2023, simulating lunar conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Victor |date=2021-10-20 |title=How This Indo-Canada Startup Is Foraying Into "Space Architecture", Prototype To Be Tested In Leh, India |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/tech-ai-blend/how-this-indo-canada-startup-is-foraying-into-space-architecture-prototype-to-be-tested-in-leh-india/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=AIM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Gujarat firm set to replicate conditions on Mars and Moon in Ladakh for India's mega space mission |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/science/ladakh-mars-moon-analog-mission-1.9969783 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

=== Solar probes ===
==== Aditya-L1 ====
{{Main|Aditya-L1}}

On 2 September 2023, ISRO launched the {{cvt|400|kg|lb|adj=on}} [[Aditya-L1]] mission to study the [[Stellar corona|solar corona]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2019 |title=India's first solar mission in 2020: Isro chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705100844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/indias-first-solar-mission-in-2020-isro-chairman/articleshow/69169011.cms |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=After Mars, India aims for Sun now |page=12 |work=Mail Today |agency=Mail Today |url=http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749 |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044940/http://epaper.mailtoday.in/c/26281749 |archive-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2011 |title=After the Moon, ISRO eyes the sun |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224137/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> It is the first Indian space-based solar [[coronagraph]] to study the corona in visible and near-[[infrared]] bands. The main objective of the mission is to study [[coronal mass ejection]]s (CMEs), their properties (the structure and evolution of their magnetic fields for example), and consequently constrain parameters that affect [[space weather]].<ref name="AdityaISRO">{{cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=ISRO}}</ref> On 6 January 2024, Aditya-L1 spacecraft, India's first solar mission, has successfully entered its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth [[Lagrange point]] (L1), approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth.<ref name="isro-20240106">{{Cite press release |date=6 January 2024 |title=Halo-Orbit Insertion of Aditya-L1 Successfully Accomplished |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118014614/https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=www.isro.gov.in |publisher=ISRO }}</ref>

== Upcoming launches ==
Long-term plans may include crewed landings on the Moon and other planets as well.<ref name="HTSep202">{{Cite news |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=18 September 2020 |title=Gaganyaan mission: Astronauts to undergo Isro module next year |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-to-undergo-isro-module-next-year/story-t4FPl0e2b7sLMgqyJ6QoyH.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200914/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-to-undergo-isro-module-next-year/story-t4FPl0e2b7sLMgqyJ6QoyH.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=20 March 2021 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Extraterrestrial probes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Destination
! Craft name
! Launch vehicle
! Year
|-
| [[Moon]]
| [[Chandrayaan-4]]
| 2 × [[LVM3]]
| 2027
|-
| Moon
| [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]]
| [[H3 (rocket)|H3]]
| 2028-29
|-
| [[Venus]]
| [[Venus Orbiter Mission]]
| LVM3
| 29 March 2028<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=18 September 2024 |title=After Moon and Mars, India sights science goals on Venus |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055982 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mars]]
| [[Mars Lander Mission]]
| LVM3
| NET 2030
|}

==== Lunar exploration ====
;Chandrayaan-4
{{Main|Chandrayaan-4}}

Chandrayaan-4 is a planned lunar sample return mission of ISRO and the fourth iteration in its [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Isro 'internally' working on Chandrayaan-4, mission to be more 'complex' this time |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/isro-internally-working-on-chandrayaan-4-mission-to-be-more-complex-this-time-417954-2024-02-18 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Chandrayaan-4 parts to be sent in 2 launches, assembled in space: ISRO chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-4-parts-to-be-sent-in-2-launches-assembled-in-space-isro-chief-9417421/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of January 2025, the conceptualisation phase has been completed, and the design phase is nearing completion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=New ISRO chief interview: 'We will have 3 uncrewed missions (before humans can go to space), of which first may be this year' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-chief-interview-dr-v-narayanan-space-missions-9794888/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The mission is expected to launch around 2028.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2024-05-14 |title=India plans Chandrayaan-4 moon sample return, will involve private sector |url=https://spacenews.com/india-plans-chandrayaan-4-moon-sample-return-will-involve-private-sector/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> It is planned to return up to 3 kg (6.6 lb) of lunar regolith from near Shiv Shakti point, the landing site of Chandrayaan-3.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-4 to bring back 2-3 kg moon samples - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-4-to-bring-back-2-3-kg-moon-samples/articleshow/113868562.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=m.economictimes.com|date=2 October 2024 }}</ref>

;Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
{{Main|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission}}

The Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX) is a planned robotic lunar mission concept by ISRO and [[JAXA]]. The mission would send an [[Uncrewed spacecraft|uncrewed]] [[lunar lander]] and [[Lunar rover|rover]] to explore the [[Lunar south pole|south pole region]] of the Moon no earlier than 2028.<ref name="JPN_201907302">{{cite web |last=Shimbun |first=The Yomiuri |date=30 July 2019 |title=Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon |url=https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005907013 |access-date=10 March 2021 |newspaper=The Japan News}}</ref><ref name="sn-20241023">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 October 2024 |title=India to target moon's south pole with sample return mission |url=https://spacenews.com/india-to-target-moons-south-pole-with-sample-return-mission/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref><ref name="JPN_20190730">{{cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Japan, India to team up in race to discover water on moon |url=https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005907013 |access-date=10 March 2021 |newspaper=The Japan News}}</ref> JAXA is likely to provide the [[H3 (rocket)|H3 launch vehicle]] and the rover, while ISRO would be responsible for the lander.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="JPGU2019">{{Cite web |last1=Hoshino |first1=Takeshi |last2=Ohtake |first2=Makiko |last3=Karouji |first3=Yuzuru |last4=Shiraishi |first4=Hiroaki |date=May 2019 |title=Current status of a Japanese lunar polar exploration mission |url=https://confit.atlas.jp/guide/event-img/jpgu2019/PPS08-15/public/pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725143619/https://confit.atlas.jp/guide/event-img/jpgu2019/PPS08-15/public/pdf?type=in&lang=ja |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=10 March 2021 }}</ref>

;Crewed Lunar Landing
ISRO aims to put an Indian astronaut on the lunar surface by 2040.<ref name="spacecom-20231018">{{Cite news |last=Kuthunur |first=Sharmila |date=18 October 2023 |title=India wants to land astronauts on the moon in 2040 |url=https://www.space.com/india-land-astronauts-moon-2040 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223092227/https://www.space.com/india-land-astronauts-moon-2040 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Space.com]] }}</ref>

==== Mars exploration ====
{{Main|Mars Lander Mission}}

The next Mars mission, Mars Lander Mission or Mangalyaan 2, has been proposed for launch in 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO To Launch Mangalyaan-2 Mission In 2030 |url=https://news.abplive.com/science/isro-to-launch-mangalyaan-2-in-2030-1810090 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO confirms Mangalyaan-2 Mission: India to attempt first Mars landing in 2030 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-confirms-mangalyaan-2-mission-india-to-attempt-first-mars-landing-in-2030-2025-11-06-1016099 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The new mission plan includes a [[Mars rover|rover]], [[Mars aircraft|helicopter]], [[Sky crane (landing system)|sky crane]] and a supersonic parachute.<ref name=space2024>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-mangalyaan-2-mars-mission-rover-helicopter-sky-crane|title=India's ambitious 2nd Mars mission to include a rover, helicopter, sky crane and a supersonic parachute|first=Sharmila |last=Kuthunur |date=17 May 2024|website=Space.com}}</ref>

==== Venus exploration ====
{{Main|Venus Orbiter Mission}}

ISRO is considering an orbiter mission to [[Venus]] called the Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), that could launch as early as 2028 to study [[Atmosphere of Venus|the planet's atmosphere]].<ref name="Venorb">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-invites-scientists-from-across-country-for-venus-mission-4627259/ |title=ISRO gears up for Venus mission, invites proposals from scientists |date=25 April 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618192208/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-invites-scientists-from-across-country-for-venus-mission-4627259/ |archive-date=18 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some funds for preliminary studies were allocated in the 2017–18 Indian budget under Space Sciences;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/India-planning-Venus-mission/articleshow/11920410.cms |title=India planning Venus mission |author=Srinivas Laxman |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218204750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/hyderabad/31070866_1_venus-mission-chandrayaan-1-isro |archive-date=18 February 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/india/after-mars-isro-aims-venus-probe-2-3-years-335 |title=After Mars, Isro aims for Venus probe in 2–3 years |work=The Asian Age |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530141559/http://www.asianage.com/india/after-mars-isro-aims-venus-probe-2-3-years-335 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiabudget.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/sbe91.pdf |title=Department of Space |website=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215111518/http://indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/sbe91.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> solicitations for potential instruments were requested in 2017<ref name="A of O">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-space-based-experiments-to-study-venus |title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Space Based Experiments to Study Venus |date=19 April 2017 |website=ISRO.gov.in |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183153/http://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-space-based-experiments-to-study-venus |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 2018. A mission to Venus is scheduled for 2025 that will include a payload instrument called Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases Linker (VIRAL) which has been co-developed with the [[Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales]] (LATMOS) under [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) and [[Roscosmos]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO to launch its Venus mission in 2025, France to take part |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-launch-its-venus-mission-in-2025-france-to-take-part-11601476329074.html |access-date=1 October 2020 |agency=PTI |publisher=Livemint |date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031090613/https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-launch-its-venus-mission-in-2025-france-to-take-part-11601476329074.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The VOM, which is intended to orbit a spacecraft in the orbit of planet Venus for a better understanding of the Venusian surface and subsurface, atmospheric processes, and influence of Sun on Venusian atmosphere, was approved by the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] on 18 September 2024, under the direction of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Understanding the fundamental processes that have transformed Venus—which is thought to have once been habitable and very comparable to Earth—will be crucial to comprehending the development of Earth and Venus, the sister planets.<ref name=":3" /> A total of {{INRConvert|1236|c|lk=on|year=2024}} has been sanctioned for the Venus Orbiter Mission, of which {{INRConvert|824|c|lk=on|year=2024}} would go toward the spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=2024-09-18 |title=Cabinet approves Chandrayaan-4 mission, first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station, Venus mission, next-gen launcher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cabinet-approves-chandrayaan-4-mission-first-module-of-bharatiya-antariksh-station-venus-mission-next-gen-launcher/articleshow/113461522.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunilkumar |first=Singh Rahul |date=18 September 2024 |title=Big boost to ISRO: Chandrayaan-4, Venus mission, Indian space station and next-gen launch vehicle get Cabinet nod |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/big-boost-to-isro-chandrayaan-4-venus-mission-indian-space-station-and-next-gen-launch-vehicle-get-cabinet-nod-101726652333095.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==== Asteroids and outer solar system ====
Conceptual studies are underway for spacecraft destined for the asteroids and [[Jupiter]], as well, in the long term. The ideal launch window to send a spacecraft to Jupiter occurs every 33 months. If the mission to Jupiter is launched, a flyby of Venus would be required.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Mars, ISRO looks to conquer Venus & Jupiter |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/After-Mars-ISRO-looks-to-conquer-Venus-Jupiter/articleshow/56342122.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108002328/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/After-Mars-ISRO-looks-to-conquer-Venus-Jupiter/articleshow/56342122.cms |archive-date=8 January 2017 |access-date=7 January 2017 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Development of [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator|RTEG]] power might allow the agency to further undertake deeper space missions to the other outer planets.<ref name="RTEG">{{Cite news |last=Laxman |first=Srinivas |title=ISRO plans new propulsion for deep space missions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-new-propulsion-for-deep-space-missions/articleshow/80801653.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210194257/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-new-propulsion-for-deep-space-missions/articleshow/80801653.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Space telescopes and observatories ===
==== AstroSat-2 ====
{{Main|AstroSat-2}}

AstroSat-2 is the successor to the [[AstroSat]] mission.<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |title=ISRO plans to launch India's 2nd space observatory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/science/isro-plans-to-launch-indias-2nd-space-observatory/articleshow/62975636.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201224032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/science/isro-plans-to-launch-indias-2nd-space-observatory/articleshow/62975636.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2019 |author=Surendra Singh |date=19 February 2018 |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

==== Exoworlds ====
Exoworlds is a joint proposal by ISRO, [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] for a space telescope dedicated for atmospheric studies of [[exoplanet]]s using the transiting spectrometry techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/exoworlds-to-take-off-in-2025-kasturirangan-782783.html |title=Exoworlds to take off in 2025: Kasturirangan |date=5 December 2019 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206074439/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/exoworlds-to-take-off-in-2025-kasturirangan-782783.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/library/7thconvocationspeech2019.pdf |title=Seventh convocation address IIST |date=5 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206054815/https://www.iist.ac.in/sites/default/files/library/7thconvocationspeech2019.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2019 |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> ExoWorlds is proposed as a dedicated mission for exoplanet [[spectroscopy]] in the [[Ultraviolet|NUV]]-[[Visible spectrum|VISIBLE]]-[[Infrared|IR]] ranges. It would be placed in a stable orbit around the [[Lagrange point#L2 point|Earth-Sun L2 point]].<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Highlights/MSV2035_Astronomy_Astrophysics.pdf |title=Mega Science Vision 2025 Astronomy & Astrophysics |publisher=ISRO |date=9 May 2024|access-date=May 31, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite report|title=India's Space Exploration Roadmap |url=https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2024/Technical_Presentations/26Day/6_item_15_Updated_India_Space_Exploration_Roadmap_21_June_2024-edited_1.pdf|author=Victor Joseph T|access-date=March 8, 2025}}</ref> The mission is under internal clearances.<ref>[https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf]</ref>

==== Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST) ====
The ''Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST)'' will produce high-resolution deep [[Ultraviolet|UV]]-[[Visible spectrum|optical]] images, and will also have capabilities to carry out low to medium resolution spectroscopy. The INSIST proposal was recommended by ISRO for pre-project phase with seed funding in March 2019. Collaboration with the [[Canadian Space Agency]] is also being proposed.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|88}}<ref name=":4" />

==== DAKSHA ====
''DAKSHA'' is a proposed all-sky, high-energy transients mission, with the primary objectives of studying the [[gravitational wave]]s and [[gamma-ray burst]]s in a spectral range from 1 [[Electronvolt|keV]] to about 1 MeV. To achieve these goals, Daksha will use twin Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with Three Identical Instruments each. [[Seed money|Seed funding]] has been issued to ISRO Laboratories to create a laboratory model of its Instruments.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> It is led by teams from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and [[IIT Bombay]] will consist of a pair of satellites in LEO. Teams from [[Raman Research Institute]], [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] and PRL are developing Instruments for it. ISRO has stated that the mission meets all the technical requirements but has yet to approve funding for it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-22 |title=IIT Bombay-led 'Daksha' mission aims to build satellites; most powerful telescopes, deep space race |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iit-bombay-led-daksha-mission-aims-to-build-satellites-most-powerful-telescopes-deep-space-race/articleshow/124036946.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Proposed space weather probe ====
ISRO has envisioned a mission to the stable [[Lagrange point|L5 Lagrange point]]. It is under conceptual stage and parallels ESA's [[ESA Vigil|Vigil]] mission.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|90-91}}

==== Proposed LEO Solar Observatory ====
ISRO has proposed to launch a complement to the Aditya-L1 probe to be placed in Low-Earth Orbit.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|91}}

=== Forthcoming satellites ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Satellite name
! Launch vehicle
! Year!! Purpose
! Notes
|-
| [[Gaganyaan-1|G1]]/OM1
| [[LVM3#Human-rating certification|HLVM3]]
| 2026
| [[Reentry capsule|Reentry mission]]
| First uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan to demonstrate end-to-end mission, including aerodynamics characterization of human rated launch vehicle, mission operations of Orbital Module, Re-entry and recovery of Crew Module.<ref name="msn">{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/we-plan-to-launch-7-missions-by-march-2026-isro-chief/ar-AA1PFCqu?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[EOS-05]]
| [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]]
| 2026
| [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
| Launch of Earth Observation Satellite for strategic user.<ref name="msn" />
|-
| [[TDS-01]]
| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]
| TBA
| [[Technology demonstration]]
| Launch of Technology Demonstration Satellite (TDS-01) to demonstrate new technologies including high Thrust Electric Propulsion System, Indigenous TWT (Travelling Wave Tube) Amplifier, Quantum Key Distribution.<ref name="msn" />
|-
| [[EOS-10]]
| PSLV
| TBA
| Earth observation
| First PSLV vehicle realized by NSIL through Industry consortium that will launch Earth Observation Satellite for Oceanographic studies along with Indo-Mauritius joint satellite (IMJS) and Leap-2 Satellite from Indian NGE as co-passengers.<ref name="msn" />
|-
| [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]]
| [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]
| TBA
| TBA
| Dedicated commercial mission by NSIL.<ref name="msn" />
|-
| [[DISHA (spacecraft)|DISHA]]
| PSLV
| TBA
| [[Aeronomy]]
| It will study the effects of [[space weather]] events on the uppermost layers of [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department of Space, Annual Report 2019-2020|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007125322/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf|archive-date=7 October 2021|quote=There are proposals for two small satellites with high and low inclination named 'Disturbed and quiet time Ionosphere-thermosphere System at High Altitudes (DISHA)' which aims to study the effects in the Ionosphere-Thermosphere system during space weather events and normal condition of the Sun. The proposed DISHA mission will yield critical information on the structures in plasma and neutrals that adversely affect communication and navigation during space weather events. This will eventually help in a better description of influence of space weather on space based technological systems and sub-systems.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 23, 2018|title=Space Applications Centre: 'Aeronomy satellite in advanced planning stage'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/aeronomy-satellite-in-advanced-planning-stage/articleshow/66323217.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=Instruments onboard Chandrayaan-3 undergoing tests, readying for launch later this year: Former ISRO chief|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/instruments-onboard-chandrayaan-3-undergoing-tests-readying-for-launch-later-this-year-former-isro-chief-7744424/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Geospatial intelligence satellites ====
A family of 50 [[artificial intelligence]] based satellites will be launched by ISRO between 2024 and 2028 to collect [[geospatial intelligence]] (GEOINT) in different orbits to track military movements and photograph areas of interest. For the sake of national security, the satellites will monitor the neighboring areas and the international border. It will use thermal, optical, [[Synthetic-aperture radar|synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR), among other technologies, for GEOINT application. Each satellite using artificial intelligence will have the ability to communicate and collaborate with the remaining satellites in space at different orbits to monitor the environment for intelligence gathering operations.<ref name="timesofindia-20231228">{{Cite news |date=28 December 2023 |title=Isro to launch 50 satellites in 5 years to boost India's intelligence-gathering capabilities; Aditya-L1 set to reach Lagrange Point on January 6: Isro chief S Somnath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/aditya-l1-set-to-reach-lagrange-point-on-january-6-isro-chief-s-somnath/articleshow/106356577.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108154310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/aditya-l1-set-to-reach-lagrange-point-on-january-6-isro-chief-s-somnath/articleshow/106356577.cms |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia-20231230">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=30 December 2023 |title=Isro plans 50 AI-based surveillance satellites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-50-ai-based-surveillance-satellites/articleshow/106390103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108143328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-plans-50-ai-based-surveillance-satellites/articleshow/106390103.cms |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref>

==== Bodyguard satellites ====
The Indian government's [[Satellite-Protection Project]], being developed by ISRO, is to safeguard India's space assets and orbiting satellites from potential dangers in space, particularly from rivals such as China. The initiative was started after a near-collision in the middle of 2024.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Mihir |date=22 September 2025 |title=India Plans 'Bodyguard' Satellites After Orbital Near Miss |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-22/india-plans-bodyguard-satellites-after-risky-orbital-near-miss |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukunth |first=Vasudevan |date=2025-09-22 |title=How is India planning to protect its satellites in space? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-is-india-planning-to-protect-its-satellites-in-space/article70080083.ece |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=India's Space 'Satellite Bodyguards': ISRO To Lead Indigenous Defence Project {{!}} Analysis |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/indias-space-satellite-bodyguards-isro-to-lead-indigenous-defence-project-analysis-2963295.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Future projects ==
ISRO is developing and operationalising more powerful and less pollutive rocket engines so it can eventually develop much heavier rockets. It has also planned to deploy a space station above earth where astronauts can stay for 15–20 days. The time frame is 5–7 years after Gaganyaan mission,<ref name="The Hindu"/> to develop electric and nuclear propulsion for satellites and spacecraft to reduce their weight and extend their service lives.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-mars-venus-on-isros-planetary-travel-list/articleshow/69381185.cms After Mars, Venus on Isro's planetary travel list.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827144405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-mars-venus-on-isros-planetary-travel-list/articleshow/69381185.cms|date=27 August 2019}} U. Tejonmayam, ''Times of India''. 18 May 2019.</ref>

=== Engines and launch vehicles ===
==== Semi-cryogenic engine ====
{{Main|SE-2000}}

SE-2000 is a rocket-grade [[RP-1]] kerosene (dubbed "ISROsene") and [[liquid oxygen]] (LOX)-based semi-cryogenic rocket engine inspired by [[RD-120]]. The engine will be less polluting and far more powerful than the existing [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engine]]. When combined with the LVM3, it will boost its payload capacity; it will be clustered in future to power India's heavy rockets.<ref name="WIONMar212">{{Cite news |last=MP |first=Sidhharth |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-3 launch by mid-2022, Mangalyaan-2 in definition stage |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317223434/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021 |newspaper=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

On 28 March 2025, ISRO announced significant progress in the design and development of a semi-cryogenic engine with a high thrust of 2,000 kN that will power the semi-cryogenic booster stage of the LVM3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO achieves breakthrough in semi-cryogenic engine development for LVM3 |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/science/aeronautics/isro-achieves-breakthrough-in-semicryogenic-engine-development-for-lvm3/ar-AA1BTjUZ?ocid=msedgntp&pc=HCTS&cvid=2521e9dac93f4b15afa8dcc19a25245c&ei=87 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==== Methalox engine ====
Reusable [[methane]] and LOX-based engines are under development. Methane is less pollutive, leaves no residue and hence the engine needs very little [[remanufacturing|refurbishment]].<ref name="WIONMar21" /> The [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|LPSC]] began cold flow tests of engine prototypes in 2020.<ref name="lpsctimeline" />

==== Modular heavy rockets ====
{{Main|Next Generation Launch Vehicle}}

[[File:NGLV Family.svg|thumb|NGLV, NGLV-H and NGLV-SH]]
ISRO's current launch vehicles lack the capacity for launching very heavy satellites to the [[geostationary orbit]] beyond 4 ton class, a problem that is planned to be fixed with the introduction of the [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|NGLV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In A 1st, India To Launch Its Big Communications Satellite On SpaceX Rocket |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-a-first-india-to-launch-its-satellite-on-spacexs-falcon-9-rocket-4792333 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-01-03 |title=ISRO's commercial arm to launch GSAT-20 satellite on SpaceX's Falcon-9 in 2024 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-commercial-arm-to-launch-gsat-20-satellite-on-spacexs-falcon-9-in-2024/article67700823.ece |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
ISRO is studying [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy]] (HLV) and [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]] (SHLV). Modular launchers are being designed, with interchangeable parts, to reduce production time. A {{convert|10|t|ST LT|adj=on}} capacity HLV and an SHLV capable of delivering {{convert|50|-|100|t|ST LT}} into orbit have been mentioned in statements and presentations from ISRO officials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2015 |title=ISRO developing heavy lift launch vehicles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/isro-developing-heavy-lift-launch-vehicles/article7262881.ece |newspaper=The Hindi |location=Thiruvanantpuram |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407202204/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/isro-developing-heavy-lift-launch-vehicles/article7262881.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="somanath-20200803">{{Cite speech |last=Somanath |first=S. |date=3 August 2020 |title=Indian Innovations in Space Technology: Achievements and Aspirations |url=https://imgur.com/a/ffL2XRp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913095544/http://imgur.com/a/ffL2XRp |archive-date=13 September 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] |via=imgur |location=Regional Science Centre and Planetarium, Calicut }}</ref>

The agency intends to develop a launcher in the 2020s which can carry nearly {{cvt|16|t|ST LT}} to [[geostationary transfer orbit]], nearly four times the capacity of the existing LVM3.<ref name="WIONMar21">{{Cite news |last=MP |first=Sidhharth |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-3 launch by mid-2022, Mangalyaan-2 in definition stage |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |newspaper=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]] |location=Chennai |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317223434/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-chandrayaan-3-launch-by-mid-2022-mangalyaan-2-in-definition-stage-370417 |url-status=live}}</ref> A rocket family of five medium to heavy-lift class modular rockets described as the 'Next Generation Launch Vehicle' or the 'NGLV'<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=ISRO readies plan for next generation launch vehicle |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-readies-plan-for-next-generation-launch-vehicle/article66946403.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717081813/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-readies-plan-for-next-generation-launch-vehicle/article66946403.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> (initially planned as ''Unified Modular Launch Vehicle'' or ''Unified Launch Vehicle'') are being planned which will share parts and will replace ISRO's existing PSLV and GSLV rockets completely. The rocket family will be powered by LOX-Methane engine and will have a capacity of lifting from {{cvt|4.9|t|ST LT}} to {{cvt|16|t|ST LT}} to geostationary transfer orbit.<ref name="WIONSep21">{{Cite news |author=Siddarth MP |date=14 September 2021 |title=ISRO's new series of heavy-lift rockets to carry between 5-16 tonnes to GTO |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/isros-new-series-of-heavy-lift-rockets-to-carry-between-5-16-tonnes-to-gto-413107? |newspaper=WION |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915024552/https://www.wionews.com/science/isros-new-series-of-heavy-lift-rockets-to-carry-between-5-16-tonnes-to-gto-413107 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Reusable launch vehicles ====
{{Main|RLV Technology Demonstration Programme}}

[[File:Launch of RLV-TD HEX01 from First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) 02.jpg|thumb|RLV-TD HEX01 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan Space Centre FLP]] (SDSC SHAR) on 23 May 2016]]
There have been two reusable launcher projects ongoing at ISRO. One is the ADMIRE test vehicle, conceived as a [[VTVL]] system and another is RLV-TD programme, being run to develop an autonomous spacecraft which will be [[Takeoff and landing|launched vertically but land like a plane]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2019 |title=ISRO Is Working on Two Competing Reusable Launcher Designs |url=https://science.thewire.in/spaceflight/isro-is-working-on-two-competing-reusable-launch-vehicle-designs/ |work=Science Wire |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203350/https://science.thewire.in/spaceflight/isro-is-working-on-two-competing-reusable-launch-vehicle-designs/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

To realise a fully re-usable [[two-stage-to-orbit]] (TSTO) launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose, the winged Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator ([[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme|RLV-TD]]) has been configured. The RLV-TD acts as a flying [[testbed]] to evaluate various technologies such as hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight, and hypersonic flight using air-breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials was the Hypersonic Flight Experiment (HEX).<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sharmila Kuthunur |date=2023-04-05 |title=India successfully lands reusable space plane prototype for 1st time (video) |url=https://www.space.com/india-space-plane-landing-test-success |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

ISRO launched the prototype's test flight, RLV-TD, from the Sriharikota spaceport in February 2016. It weighs around {{cvt|1.5|t|ST LT}} and flew up to a height of {{cvt|70|km}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajwi |first1=Tiki |title=Futuristic Unmanned Space Shuttle Getting Final Touches |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/20/futuristic-unmanned-space-shuttle-getting-final-touches-763087.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214071440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/20/Futuristic-Unmanned-Space-Shuttle-Getting-Final-Touches-763087.html |archive-date=14 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> HEX was completed five months later. A scaled-up version of it could serve as fly-back booster stage for the winged TSTO concept.<ref>{{cite news |title=Design process has been validated |url=https://www.frontline.in/science-and-technology/design-process-has-been-validated/article8704727.ece |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200916/https://frontline.thehindu.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> HEX will be followed by a landing experiment (LEX) and return flight experiment (REX).<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO Plans To Test ground Landing Of 'Desi' Space Shuttle By Year end |url=https://kalingatv.com/nation/isro-plans-to-test-ground-landing-of-its-space-shuttle-like-reusable-launch-vehicle/ |website=Kalinga TV |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203915/https://kalingatv.com/nation/isro-plans-to-test-ground-landing-of-its-space-shuttle-like-reusable-launch-vehicle/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Spacecraft propulsion and power ===
==== Electric thrusters ====
{{Main|Spacecraft electric propulsion}}

India has been working on replacing conventional [[Spacecraft propulsion#Chemical propulsion|chemical propulsion system]] with [[Hall-effect thruster|Hall-effect]] and [[Pulsed plasma thruster|plasma]] thrusters which would make spacecraft lighter.<ref name="WIONMar21" /> [[GSAT-4]] was the first Indian spacecraft to carry electric thrusters, but it failed to reach orbit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece |title=Why didn't the cryogenic engine ignite? |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=17 April 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113123805/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[GSAT-9]] launched later in 2017, had [[xenon]]-based [[Spacecraft propulsion#Electric propulsion|electric propulsion system]] for in-orbit functions of the spacecraft. [[GSAT-20]] is expected to be the first fully electric satellite from India.<ref name="newsexpress">{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ISRO-to-Test-Electric-Propulsion-on-Satellites/2015/11/30/article3153565.ece |title=ISRO to Test Electric Propulsion on Satellites |work=The New Indian Express |first=Tiki |last=Rajwi |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507084803/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ISRO-to-Test-Electric-Propulsion-on-Satellites/2015/11/30/article3153565.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gsat-9-heralds-cost-saving-electric-propulsion/article18347912.ece |title=GSAT-9 heralds cost-saving electric propulsion |work=The Hindu |last=D. S. |first=Madhumathi |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415023332/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gsat-9-heralds-cost-saving-electric-propulsion/article18347912.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 March 2025, ISRO reported that its 300 [[Newton (unit)|mN]] xenon-based Stationary Plasma Thruster had successfully completed a 1,000-hour life test under 5.4 [[Watt|kW]] full power in a vacuum chamber. The electric propulsion system, which is intended to replace the chemical propulsion system in future satellites for [[orbit raising]] and [[orbital station-keeping]], is designed to incorporate SPT. It will enable [[satellite bus]]es to carry more transponders because of their reduced weight. Compared to the chemical propulsion system, the specific impulse of SPT is at least six times greater. The EPS will be utilized for orbit raising to the geostationary orbit and is intended to be introduced and validated in the next Technology Demonstration Satellite (TDS-01) mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=ISRO successfully completes 1000hrs Life Test of Stationary Plasma Thruster for Spacecraft Electric Propulsion System |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_successfully_conducts_1000hrs_life_test_of_SPT.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=ISRO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=ISRO successfully completes 1000-hr life test of Stationary Plasma Thruster for satellites |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/isro-successfully-completes-1000-hr-life-test-of-stationary-plasma-thruster-for-satellites/article69389132.ece |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==== Alpha source thermoelectric propulsion technology ====
{{Main|Radioisotope thermoelectric generator}}

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), also called alpha source thermoelectric technology by ISRO, is a type of [[atomic battery]] which uses nuclear [[decay heat]] from radioactive material to power the spacecraft.<ref name=NPE3>[https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Radioisotopes%20Power%20Production.pdf NPE chapter 3 Radioisotope Power Generation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218194925/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Radioisotopes%20Power%20Production.pdf |date=18 December 2012 }}</ref> In January 2021, the [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]] issued an Expression of Interest (EoI) for design and development of a 100-watt RTG. RTGs ensure much longer spacecraft life and have less mass than solar panels on satellites. Development of RTGs will allow ISRO to undertake long-duration deep space missions to the outer planets.<ref name="RTEG" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bansal |first=Nitansha |title=ISRO plans for nuclear energy use in space |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/isro-plans-for-nuclear-energy-use-in-space/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=Observer Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518140859/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/isro-plans-for-nuclear-energy-use-in-space/}}</ref>

==== Radioisotope heater unit ====
{{Main|Radioisotope heater unit}}

ISRO included two radioisotope heater units developed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in the propulsion module of [[Chandrayaan-3]] on a trial basis which worked flawlessly.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Laxman |first=Srinivas |date=29 December 2023 |title=Nuclear sector set to power Indian space missions: Isro chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/nuclear-sector-set-to-power-indian-space-missions-isro-chief/articleshow/106359396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108154309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/nuclear-sector-set-to-power-indian-space-missions-isro-chief/articleshow/106359396.cms |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}</ref> ISRO is collaborating with Department of Atomic Energy for the RHU & RTG development for the future Chandrayaan deep-space exploration missions.<ref name="achievements_of_department">{{Cite web|title=Achievements of Department of Space - 2025|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Achievements_Department_of_Space_2025.html|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>

==== Nuclear propulsion ====
{{Main|Nuclear propulsion}}

ISRO has plans for collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy to power future space missions using nuclear propulsion technology.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="achievements_of_department" />

=== Quantum technology ===
Quantum entanglement-based real-time [[quantum key distribution]] over a 300-meter atmospheric channel, combined with quantum-secure text and image transmission and quantum-assisted two-way video chatting, were jointly demonstrated on 27 January 2022, by the [[Space Applications Centre|Space Applications Center]] and [[Physical Research Laboratory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Space demonstrates entanglement based quantum communication over 300m free space along with real time cryptographic applications |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/DeptofSpace.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title=End of cybercrime? How ISRO and DRDO are building India's unhackable quantum network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/end-of-cybercrime-how-isro-and-drdo-are-building-indias-unhackable-quantum-network/articleshow/122025465.cms |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Manish |date=2025-06-22 |title=The end of hacking? How Isro and DRDO are building an unhackable quantum future |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/the-end-of-hacking-how-isro-and-drdo-are-building-an-unhackable-quantum-future-2743715-2025-06-22 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== Satellite-based quantum communication ====
At the [[India Mobile Congress|Indian Mobile Congress]] 2023, ISRO presented its satellite-based quantum communication on quantum key distribution technology. According to ISRO, it is creating technologies to thwart [[quantum computers]], which have the ability to readily breach the current generation of encrypted secure communication. A significant milestone for unconditionally secured satellite data communication was reached in September 2023 when ISRO demonstrated free-space quantum communication across a 300-meter distance, including live video conferencing using quantum-key encrypted signals.<ref name="news18-20231030">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Bharat |date=30 October 2023 |title=ISRO Is Working On This BIG Project To Secure India's Future Of Computing |url=https://www.news18.com/tech/isro-is-working-on-this-big-project-to-secure-indias-future-of-computing-8639388.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227135341/https://www.news18.com/tech/isro-is-working-on-this-big-project-to-secure-indias-future-of-computing-8639388.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[News18 India|News18]] }}</ref>

=== Upcoming launch facility ===
;SSLV Launch Complex
{{Main|SSLV Launch Complex}}

SSLV Launch Complex is an under-construction [[spaceport]] in [[Kulasekarapattinam]], a coastal village in [[Thoothukudi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. After completion, it would serve as the second launch facility of ISRO. This spaceport will mainly be used for launching SSLV and private companies' launch vehicles.<ref name="hindu-20231010">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title=Second spaceport of ISRO to be set up at Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/second-spaceport-of-isro-to-be-set-up-at-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu/article67403573.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106045828/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/second-spaceport-of-isro-to-be-set-up-at-kulasekarapattinam-in-tamil-nadu/article67403573.ece |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> It is estimated that this facility will cater 20 to 25 launches every year. ISRO plans to commission the launch pad by December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Stone Laid for Launch Pad at SSLV Launch Complex (SLC), Kulasekarapattinam |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Foundation_Stone_Laid_for_Launch_Pad_at_SSLV_Launch_Complex.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/kulasekarapattinam-launch-complex-expected-to-be-ready-by-dec-26-isro-chief/ar-AA1Ll044?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=0a8c7c2abd0b48f2a2531302aed1fc53&ei=41 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Applications ==
=== Telecommunication ===
India uses its satellite communication network – one of the largest in the world – for applications such as land management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, meteorological imaging and computer communication.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|pp=1738–1746}} Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|p=1738}}

=== Military ===
{{See also|Integrated Space Cell|Defence Space Agency}}
The [[Integrated Space Cell]], under the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] headquarters of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]],<ref name=iss>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF18Df01.html |title=India goes to war in space |date=18 June 2008 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811041736/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF18Df01.html |archive-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> has been set up to utilise more effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets.<ref>{{cite web |title=India in aerospace defence plan |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=28 January 2007 |access-date=24 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929001552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm |archive-date=29 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Begins Work on Space Weapons Command |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/2013.10.05-155632/https://web.archive.org/web/20070709071654/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=SpaceDaily |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=24 April 2009}}</ref> This command will leverage space technology including [[satellites]]. Unlike an aerospace command, where the Air Force controls most of its activities, the Integrated Space Cell envisages cooperation and coordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space.<ref name=iss />

With 14 satellites, including [[GSAT-7A]] for exclusive military use and the rest as dual-use satellites, India has the fourth largest number of satellites active in the sky which includes satellites for the exclusive use of its [[Indian Air Force|air force]] (IAF) and [[Indian Navy|navy]].<ref name=howmany>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-isros-gsat-7a-launch-is-important-for-iaf/articleshow/67153347.cms Why Isro's Gsat-7A launch is important for the Indian Air Force] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219050914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-isros-gsat-7a-launch-is-important-for-iaf/articleshow/67153347.cms |date=19 December 2018 }}, Times of India, 19 December 2018.</ref> GSAT-7A, an advanced military communications satellite built exclusively for the Air Force,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20130910/DEFREG03/309100007/India-s-Tech-Roadmap-Points-Small-Sats-Space-Weapons |title=India's Tech Roadmap Points to Small Sats, Space Weapons |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150121220451/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20130910/DEFREG03/309100007/India-s-Tech-Roadmap-Points-Small-Sats-Space-Weapons |archive-date=21 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is similar to the Navy's [[GSAT-7]], and GSAT-7A will enhance the IAF's [[network-centric warfare]] capabilities by interlinking different ground radar stations, ground airbases and [[airborne early warning and control]] (AWACS) aircraft such as the [[Beriev A-50]] [[EL/W-2090|Phalcon]] and [[DRDO AEW&CS]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=skymil1 />

GSAT-7A will also be used by the [[Indian Army|Army]]'s Aviation Corps for its helicopters and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] (UAV) operations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=skymil1>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-induct-214-fifth-generation-fighter-jets/189940-3.html |title=IAF to induct 214 fifth generation fighter jets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703035131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iaf-to-induct-214-fifth-generation-fighter-jets/189940-3.html |archive-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, ISRO launched GSAT-7 for the exclusive use of the Navy to monitor the [[Indian Ocean]] Region (IOR) with the satellite's {{convert|2000|nmi|adj=on}} 'footprint' and real-time input capabilities to Indian warships, submarines and maritime aircraft.<ref name=howmany /> To boost the network-centric operations of the IAF, ISRO launched [[GSAT-7A]] in December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-launches-gsat-7a/article25781226.ece |title=GSAT-7A, ISRO's 'angry bird', takes to the skies |last=Rohit |first=T. k |date=19 December 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601153940/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-launches-gsat-7a/article25781226.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=howmany /> The [[RISAT]] series of [[Radar imaging|radar-imaging]] [[earth observation satellite]]s is also meant for Military use.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-launches-radar-imaging-observation-satellite-risat-2b/article27211076.ece |title=ISRO launches radar imaging observation satellite RISAT-2B |date=22 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522193100/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-launches-radar-imaging-observation-satellite-risat-2b/article27211076.ece |archive-date=22 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO launched [[EMISAT]] on 1 April 2019. EMISAT is a {{convert|436|kg|lb|adj=on}} electronic intelligence ([[ELINT]]) satellite. It will improve the situational awareness of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] by providing information and the location of hostile radars.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/pslv-isro-emisat-launch-from-sriharikota-on-april-1/article26699077.ece |title=India gets surveillance satellite |last=D.s |first=Madhumathi |date=1 April 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605075446/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/pslv-isro-emisat-launch-from-sriharikota-on-april-1/article26699077.ece |archive-date=5 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

India's satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India's {{convert|93|-|124|mi|km|lk=out|adj=on|order=flip}} range [[Prithvi missile]] is not derived from the Indian space programme, the intermediate range [[Agni missile]] is derived from the Indian space programme's SLV-3. In its early years, under Sarabhai and Dhawan, ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO)-based missile programme borrowed staff and technology from ISRO. Missile scientist [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] (later elected [[president of India|president]]), who had headed the SLV-3 project at ISRO, took over as missile programme at DRDO. About a dozen scientists accompanied him, helping to design the Agni missile using the SLV-3's solid fuel first stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended, and used, for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] temporarily blocked the use of [[IRS-1C]] by India's [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|environmental]] and [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|agricultural ministries]] in order to monitor ballistic missiles near India's borders. In 1997, the Air Force's "Airpower Doctrine" aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management.<ref name=mistry94>Mistry, 94–95</ref>

=== Academic ===
Institutions like the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] and the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] use satellites for educational applications.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744>Bhaskaranarayana, 1744</ref> Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological programme using space technology, reaching 2,400{{Nbsp}}villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via [[ATS-6]] technology developed by NASA.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|p=1737}} This experiment—named [[Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]] (SITE)—conducted large-scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural education.{{sfn|Bhaskarnarayana|Bhatia|Bandyopadhyay|Jain|2007|p=1737}}

=== Telemedicine ===
ISRO has applied its technology for [[telemedicine]], directly connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals in urban locations via satellite.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of the remote areas of India, patients in those areas are diagnosed and analysed by doctors in urban centers in real time via [[video conferencing]].<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> The patient is then advised on medicine and treatment,<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> and treated by the staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' per instructions from those doctors.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 /> Mobile telemedicine vans are also deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients.<ref name=Bhaskaranarayana1744 />

=== Biodiversity Information System ===
ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002.<ref name=sen490 /> Nirupa Sen details the programme: "Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using satellite remote sensing and geospatial modeling tools, maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1: 250,000 scale. This has been put together in a web-enabled database that links gene-level information of plant species with spatial information in a BIOSPEC database of the ecological hot spot regions, namely [[Northeast India|northeastern India]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Himalayas|Western Himalayas]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology and ISRO."<ref name=sen490>Sen, 490</ref>

=== Cartography ===
The Indian IRS-P5 ([[CARTOSAT-1]]) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for cartographic purposes.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}} IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed also for agricultural applications.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=136}} The [[CARTOSAT-2]] project, equipped with single panchromatic camera that supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeeded the CARTOSAT-1 project.{{sfn|Burleson|2005|page=143}}

=== Spin-offs ===
{{Main|ISRO spinoff technologies}}

ISRO's research has been diverted into spin-offs to develop various technologies for other sectors. Examples include [[Prosthesis|bionic limbs]] for people without limbs, [[silica aerogel]] to keep Indian soldiers serving in extremely cold areas warm, distress alert transmitters for accidents, [[Doppler weather radar]] and various sensors and machines for inspection work in engineering industries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Space Spin Offs From ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/space-spin-offs-isro |website=ISRO |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203903/https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/space-spin-offs-isro |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf |title=Spin-off benefits of the Indian Space Programme |last=Sreerekha |first=U |date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920224822/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>

== International cooperations ==
ISRO has signed various formal cooperative arrangements in the form of either Agreements or Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) or Framework Agreements with various countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Cooperation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/InternationalCoOperation.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> Formal cooperative instruments have been signed with international multilateral bodies including [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] (ECMWF), [[European Commission]], [[European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites]] (EUMETSAT), [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) and [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/international-cooperation |title=ISRO – International co-operation |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212234842/http://www.isro.gov.in/international-cooperation |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Notable collaborative projects ===
* Chandrayaan-1 also carried scientific payloads to the Moon from [[NASA]], the [[European Space Agency]], [[Space Research and Technology Institute|Bulgarian Space Agency]], and other institutions/companies in North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Anil |last2=Barabash |first2=Stas |last3=Futaana |first3=Yoshifumi |last4=Kazama |first4=Yoichi |last5=Asamura |first5=Kazushi |last6=McCann |first6=David |last7=Sridharan |first7=R. |last8=Holmstrom |first8=Mats |last9=Wurz |first9=Peter |last10=Lundin |first10=Rickard |title=Low energy neutral atom imaging on the Moon with the SARA instrument aboard Chandrayaan-1 mission |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-21.pdf |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |date=December 2005 |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=749–760 |doi=10.1007/BF02715960 |bibcode=2005JESS..114..749B |s2cid=55554166 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423110307/https://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-21.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
*For the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO signed a Technical Implementing Plan (TIP) with ESA to provide ground station support.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Europe to provide ground tracking support for Isro's Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/europe-to-provide-ground-tracking-support-for-isros-gaganyaan-mission-2645847-2024-12-06 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== Indo-French satellite missions ====
[[File:H20240816164328.jpg|thumb|Earth Observation Satellite [[EOS-08]] launched by the SSLV-D3 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]]]]
ISRO has two collaborative satellite missions with France's [[CNES]], namely the now retired [[Megha-Tropiques]] to study [[water cycle]] in the tropical atmosphere{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|p=447}} and the presently active [[SARAL]] for [[Acid–base titration|altimetry]].<ref name="nasa-gsfc-sara" /> A third mission consisting of an Earth observation satellite with a [[Infrared|thermal infrared]] imager, [[TRISHNA]] (Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High resolution Natural resource Assessment) is being planned by the two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2021 |title=India, France working on third joint space mission: ISRO Chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-france-working-on-third-joint-space-mission-isro-chairman/article34115470.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321150341/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-france-working-on-third-joint-space-mission-isro-chairman/article34115470.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== LUPEX ====
The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a joint Indo-Japanese mission to study the polar surface of the Moon where India is tasked with providing soft landing technologies.<ref name="Episode 82">{{cite web |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/ |title=Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki |publisher=Astro Talk UK |date=4 January 2019 |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116033628/https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== NISAR ====
{{Main|NISAR (satellite)}}

[[File:NISAR diagram.jpg|thumb|NISAR diagram]]The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar ([[NISAR (satellite)|NISAR]]), jointly developed by NASA and ISRO, is an [[Earth observation satellite]] (EOS) with dual-frequency [[synthetic-aperture radar]] consisting L-band and S-band [[microwave imaging]] capabilities. Successfully launched on 30 July 2025 on board ISRO's [[GSLV F16]], it aims to collect data about the woody [[biomass]] and its changes, changes in the extent of active crops, changes in [[wetland]]s' extent, [[Antarctica]]'s and [[Greenland]]'s [[ice sheet]]s, dynamics of [[sea ice]] and mountain [[glacier]]s and land surface deformation, volcanism, landslides, and subsidence and uplift, hydrocarbon reservoirs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2025-07-30 |title=India safely launches a $1.5 billion satellite for NASA |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/07/india-safely-launches-a-1-5-billion-satellite-for-nasa/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Mike Wall |date=2025-07-30 |title='The most sophisticated radar we've ever built': US-Indian NISAR satellite launches to track tiny changes on Earth's surface (video) |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/the-most-sophisticated-radar-weve-ever-built-us-indian-nisar-satellite-launches-to-track-tiny-changes-on-earths-surface-video |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NISAR – NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_GSLVF16_NISAR_Home.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Other collaborations ===
Some other notable collaborations include:
* ISRO operates LUT/MCC under the international COSPAS/SARSAT Programme for Search and Rescue.<ref name="LUT1">{{cite web |title=Satellite Aided Search and Rescue |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/applications/satellite-aided-search-and-rescue |website=ISRO |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806183209/https://www.isro.gov.in/applications/satellite-aided-search-and-rescue |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India has established a Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP) that is sponsored by the United Nations.<ref name="CSSTEAP1">{{cite web |title=Center for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP) |url=https://www.un-spider.org/center-space-science-and-technology-education-asia-and-pacific-cssteap |website=[[UN-SPIDER]] |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722171916/https://www.un-spider.org/center-space-science-and-technology-education-asia-and-pacific-cssteap |url-status=live }}</ref>
* India is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, [[International Cospas-Sarsat Programme|Cospas-Sarsat]], [[International Astronautical Federation]], [[Committee on Space Research]] (COSPAR), [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee]] (IADC), [[International Space University]], and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS).{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|p=447}}
* Contributing to planned [[BRICS]] virtual constellation for [[remote sensing]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf |title=Update on ISRO's International Cooperation |last=Kunhikrishnan |first=P. |date=20 June 2019 |page=10 |access-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630161422/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ria-20190628">{{Cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=V orbital'nuyu gruppirovku stran BRIKS voidut pyat' kosmicheskikh apparatov |script-title=ru:В орбитальную группировку стран БРИКС войдут пять космических аппаратов |trans-title=Five spacecraft will join the orbital grouping of BRICS countries |url=https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707194515/https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=30 June 2019 |work=[[РИА Новости]] |location=Moscow |language=ru }}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==
=== S-band spectrum scam ===
In India, [[electromagnetic spectrum]], a scarce resource for wireless communication, is auctioned by the Government of India to telecom companies for use. As an example of its value, in 2010, 20 [[Hertz|MHz]] of [[3G]] spectrum was [[Indian Telecom Spectrum Auction|auctioned]] for {{INRConvert|677|b}}. This part of the spectrum is allocated for terrestrial communication (cell phones). However, in January 2005, Antrix Corporation (commercial arm of ISRO) signed an agreement with Devas Multimedia (a private company formed by former ISRO employees and venture capitalists from the US) for lease of [[S band]] transponders (amounting to 70 MHz of spectrum) on two ISRO satellites (GSAT 6 and GSAT 6A) for a price of {{INRConvert|14|b}}, to be paid over a period of 12 years. The spectrum used in these satellites (2500 MHz and above) is allocated by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] specifically for satellite-based communication in India. Hypothetically, if the spectrum allocation is changed for utilisation for terrestrial transmission and if this 70 MHz of spectrum were sold at the 2010 auction price of the 3G spectrum, its value would have been over {{INRConvert|2000|b}}. This was a hypothetical situation. However, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor-General]] considered this hypothetical situation and estimated the difference between the prices as a loss to the Indian Government.<ref name="Thakur, Pradeep">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-spectrum-scam-hits-govt-this-time-from-ISRO/articleshow/7445139.cms |title=Another spectrum scam hits govt, this time from ISRO |last=Thakur |first=Pradeep |date=8 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 January 2018 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727213455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-spectrum-scam-hits-govt-this-time-from-ISRO/articleshow/7445139.cms |archive-date=27 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Behind the S-band spectrum scandal">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/behind-the-sband-spectrum-scandal/article1200374.ece |title=Behind the S-band spectrum scandal |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2011 |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219053426/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/behind-the-sband-spectrum-scandal/article1200374.ece |archive-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There were lapses on implementing official procedures. Antrix/ISRO had allocated the capacity of the above two satellites exclusively to Devas Multimedia, while the rules said it should always be non-exclusive. The [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet]] was misinformed in November 2005 that several service providers were interested in using satellite capacity, while the Devas deal was already signed. Also, the Space Commission was not informed when approving the second satellite (its cost was diluted so that Cabinet approval was not needed). ISRO committed to spending {{INRConvert|7.66|b}} of public money on building, launching, and operating two satellites that were leased out for Devas.<ref name="ETDevdas">{{cite news |title=Devas Multimedia-Antrix deal: A timeline of ongoing tussle |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/devas-multimedia-steps-up-the-offensive-against-india-a-timeline-of-ongoing-tussle/articleshow/88974462.cms |access-date=22 July 2022 |agency=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172031/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/devas-multimedia-steps-up-the-offensive-against-india-a-timeline-of-ongoing-tussle/articleshow/88974462.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
In late 2009, some ISRO insiders exposed information about the Devas-Antrix deal,<ref name="Behind the S-band spectrum scandal" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/2862/antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri/#main |title=antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri |work=Newsroom24x7 |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519214523/http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/2862/antrix-devas-news-lalit-shastri/#main |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live |date=20 March 2015}}</ref> and the ensuing investigations led to the deal's annulment. [[G. Madhavan Nair]] (ISRO Chairperson when the agreement was signed) was barred from holding any post under the Department of Space. Some former scientists were found guilty of "acts of commission" or "acts of omission". Devas and Deutsche Telekom demanded US$2 billion and US$1 billion, respectively, in damages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Antrix-Devas-and-the-second-generation-scam/2013/08/22/article1745659.ece |title=Antrix Devas and the second generation scam |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=6 February 2015 |author=Jethmalani, Ram |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206055725/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Antrix-Devas-and-the-second-generation-scam/2013/08/22/article1745659.ece |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Department of Revenue]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] began an inquiry into Devas shareholding.<ref name="ETDevdas" />

The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] registered a case against the accused in the Antrix-Devas deal under Section 120-B, besides Section 420 of IPC and Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of PC Act, 1988 in March 2015 against the then executive director of Antrix Corporation, two officials of a USA-based company, a Bengaluru-based private multimedia company, and other unknown officials of the Antrix Corporation or the Department of Space.<ref>{{cite news |title=CBI registers case in the huge Antrix-Devas scam |url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/18/cbi-registers-case-in-the-huge-antrix-devas-scam/ |access-date=16 May 2015 |publisher=Newsroom24x7.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518104746/http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/18/cbi-registers-case-in-the-huge-antrix-devas-scam/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/antrix-devas-agreement-national-security-and-cbi/ |title=Antrix-Devas Agreement, national security, and CBI |work=Newsroom24x7 |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503054604/https://newsroom24x7.com/2015/03/20/antrix-devas-agreement-national-security-and-cbi/ |archive-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=live |date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

Devas Multimedia started [[arbitration]] proceedings against Antrix in June 2011. In September 2015, the [[International Court of Arbitration]] of the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] ruled in favour of Devas, and directed Antrix to pay US$672 million (Rs 44.35 billion) in damages to Devas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract/articleshow/49158235.cms |title=ISRO's Antrix to pay Rs 44.32 billion damages to Devas for unlawfully cancelling contract |date=30 September 2015 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105072143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract/articleshow/49158235.cms |archive-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Antrix opposed the Devas plea for tribunal award in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/ |title=Antrix opposes Devas plea over tribunal award in HC |last=Mathur |first=Aneesha |date=10 October 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=23 January 2018 |location=[[New Delhi]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153015/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Outer space|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Space industry of India]]
** [[Antrix Corporation]]
** [[NewSpace India Limited]]
** [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|IN–SPACe]]
** [[Indian Space Association]]
** [[Defence Space Agency]]
** [[Space Based Surveillance project (India)|Space Based Survelliance project]]
** [[Deep Ocean mission]]
** [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
** [[Launch vehicles of ISRO]]
** [[List of Indian satellites]]
** [[List of ISRO missions]]
** [[Science and technology in India]]
** [[National Space Science Symposium]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bhaskarnarayana |first1=A. |last2=Bhatia |first2=B.S. |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=K. |last4=Jain |first4=P.K. |year=2007 |title=Applications of space communication |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24102068 |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=93 |issue=12 |pages=1737–1746 |location=Bangalore |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |jstor=24102068 |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013343/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24102068 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burleson |first=D. |year=2005 |chapter=India |title=Space Programmes Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country |pages=136–146 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-1852-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Daniel |first=R.R. |year=1992 |title=Space Science in India |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=27 |issue=4 |location=New Delhi |pages=485–499 |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=S.C. |last2=Suresh |first2=B.N. |last3=Sivan |first3=K. |year=2007 |title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf |pages=1697–1714 |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=93 |issue=12 |location=Bangalore |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806235710/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ojha |first=N.N. |chapter=India in Space |title=Science & Technology |publisher=Chronicle Books |pages=110–143 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mistry |first1=Dinshaw |last2=Wolpert |first2=Stanley |year=2006 |chapter=Space Programme |title=Encyclopedia of India |volume=4 |pages=93–95 |isbn=0-684-31353-7 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Thomson Gale]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |year=2002 |title=Satish Dhawan |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=222–225 |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_082_02_0222_0225_0.pdf |location=Bangalore}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Nirupa |year=2003 |title=Indian success stories in use of Space tools for social development |url= |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=489–90 |location=Bangalore |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Suri |first1=R.K. |last2=Rajaram |first2=Kalpana |chapter=Space Research |title=Science and Technology in India |pages=411–448 |isbn=81-7930-294-6 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Spectrum}}
* {{citation |last=Aliberti |first=Marco |year=2018 |title=India in Space: Between Utility and Geopolitics |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |bibcode=2018isbu.book.....A |isbn=978-3-319-71652-7 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160347/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=D. Launius |first=Roger |year=2018 |title=The Smithsonian History of Space Exploration: From the Ancient World to the Extraterrestrial Future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |isbn=978-1-58834-637-7 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160323/https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last1=Narayanan |first1=Nambi |last2=Ram |first2=Arun |title=Ready To Fire: How India and I Survived the ISRO Spy Case |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks1SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-86826-27-5 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160324/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks1SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harvey |first1=Brian |last2=Smid |first2=Henk H. F. |last3=Pirard |first3=Theo |title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programmes of Asia, the Middle East and South-America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA144 |year=2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2 |pages=144– |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012092733/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhargava |first1=Pushpa M. |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Chandana |title=The Saga of Indian Science Since Independence: In a Nutshell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39 |year=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-435-1 |pages=39– |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sadeh |first=Eligar |year=2013 |title=Space Strategy in the 21st Century: Theory and Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-22623-6 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161252/https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rajagopalan |last2=Prasad |first1=Rajeshwari Pillai |first2=Narayan |title=Space India 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]] |isbn=978-81-86818-28-2 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211431/https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* ''The Economics of India's Space Programme'', by U. Sankar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-19-568345-5}}
* ''The Indian Space Programme'', by Gurbir Singh, Astrotalkuk Publications, {{ISBN|978-0956933737}}
* ''Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme'', by Gopal Raj, {{ISBN|978-0670899500}}
* ''From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey'', by ISRO, {{ISBN|978-9351776895}}
* ''Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO'', by P. V. Manoranjan Rao and P. Radhakrishnan, {{ISBN|978-8173717642}}
* ''India's Rise as a Space Power'', by U. R. Rao, {{ISBN|978-9382993483}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiversity}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dos.gov.in |title=Official website of the Department of Space of the Government of India |publisher=dos.gov.in}}
* {{URL|https://indiaspaceweek.org/}}

{{Clear}}
{{Indian Department of Space}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{ISRO facilities}}
{{Indian launch systems}}
{{India topics}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Gandhi Peace Prize laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:ISRO| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Rocket engine manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India|*]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Space agencies]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]

Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre

2026-09-01T08:07:21Z

Ajay Kumar: Additional details

{{Short description|Agency in India's Department of Space}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre
| native_name_a =
| type = Centre
| seal =
| logo = IN-SPACe Logo.png
| logo_size = 320x107px
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=y|2020|6|24}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India]] and [[Minister of Space]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State (India)|Minister of State]] for [[Department of Space|Space]]
| chief1_name = Dr. Pawan Goenka
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = Smt. Sandhya Venugopal Sharma, IAS
| chief2_position = (Additional Secretary, DoS)
| chief3_name = Shri [[A. Rajarajan]]
| chief3_position = (Director, SDSC-SHAR, ISRO)
| chief4_name = Shri Shantanu Bhatawdekar
| chief4_position = (Scientific Secretary, ISRO)
| chief5_name = Shri Nilesh M. Desai
| chief5_position = (Director, SAC, ISRO)
| chief6_name = Dr. Shailesh Nayak
| chief6_position = (Director, NIAS)
| chief7_name = Shri Tej Pal Singh
| chief7_position = (Director General BISAG-N)
| chief8_name = Shri Lochan Sehra, IAS
| chief8_position = (Joint Secretary, IN-SPACe)
| chief9_name = Shri Atul Dinkar Rane
| chief9_position = (CEO & MD, Brahmos Aerospace)
| parent_department = [[Department of Space]], [[Government of India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.inspace.gov.in}}
}}

'''Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre''' ('''IN-SPACe''') is a single-window autonomous agency under the [[Department of Space]] of the [[Government of India]]. The establishment of IN–SPACe was announced in June 2020 by the [[Minister of State#Minor government ranks|Minister of State]] for Space [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-06-25 |title=In-Space to be new space industry regulator, says ISRO chief Sivan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-space-industry-body-inspace-to-be-in-place-in-3-6-months-ksivan/article31911841.ece |access-date=2020-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] approving its creation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Private players can build and launch space missions, says ISRO chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/private-players-can-build-and-launch-space-missions-says-isro-chief/story-YEwSemiGHr8uWtkAn9wnaI.html |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=June 25, 2020 |title=In-Space: New regulator to have private players on board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/in-space-new-regulator-to-have-private-players-on-board/articleshow/76618289.cms |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In the same month, [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] (Space) and [[chairperson of ISRO]], [[K. Sivan]] said that it would take up to six{{Nbsp}}months to operationalize IN-SPACe,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> with the Department of Space handling its functions in the meantime.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

== History ==
The space program in India has been developed over a period of more than five decades with a goal of creating practical applications for the population. In the process, it has become one of the six largest space agencies in the world. [[ISRO]] maintains one of the largest fleets of [[Geostationary orbit|GEO]] communication and [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] remote sensing satellites, which cater to the growing demand for fast and reliable communication and earth observation respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=In Focus: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) |url=https://scienceindiamag.in/in-focus-indian-space-research-organisation-isro-2/ |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=Science India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Sakshi |date=2023-06-19 |title=List of Communication Satellites in India |url=https://www.eletimes.com/list-of-communication-satellites-in-india |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=ELE Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marvels of Indian Satellites |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/NSPD2024/assets/pdf/Satellite%20Brochure%20-%20Pagewise.pdf |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=ISRO}}</ref>

Over the years, ISRO has developed several industries and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) as supply chain partners in realization of launch vehicles and satellites. In view of the growing space sector business across the globe, it is found prudent to enable NGEs to carry out independent space activities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Vidyashree |date=2024-09-26 |title=India’s Space Journey from 1962 to AI Autonomous Landings in 2024 |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-breakthroughs/indias-space-journey-from-1962-to-ai-autonomous-landings-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=AIM |language=en-US}}</ref>

In order to achieve this objective, the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] led by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] took the historic decision in June 2020 to open up the Space sector and enable the participation of Indian [[private sector]] in the entire gamut of space activities. To facilitate private sector participation, the government has created the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe), as a single-window, independent, nodal agency which functions as an autonomous agency in Department of Space (DOS). Established as a single window agency for all space sector activities of private entities, IN-SPACe plays an important role in boosting the private space sector economy in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2020 |title=Historic reforms initiated in the Space sector. Private sector participation in Space activities approved. |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleasepage.Aspx?PRID=1633892 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref>

IN-SPACe is responsible for promoting, enabling, authorising, and supervising various space activities of the NGEs. These activities include, among others, the construction of launch vehicles and satellites, the provision of space-based services, the sharing of space infrastructure and premises under the control of DOS/ISRO, and the establishment of new space infrastructure and facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-05-03 |title=Operationalising space policy 2023: IN-SPACe releases guidelines for pvt sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operationalising-space-policy-2023-in-space-releases-guidelines-for-pvt-sector/articleshow/109813887.cms |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Three Directorates viz., Promotion Directorate (PD), Technical Directorate (TD) and Program Management and Authorization Directorate (PMAD) are carrying out the functions of IN-SPACe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2022 |title=IN-SPACe authorizes India’s first-ever private launch of a Launch Vehicle |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1876714 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India}}</ref>

== Functions ==
IN-SPACe will act as a link between the ISRO and private sector companies, assessing "how best to utilise India’s space resources and increase space-based activities."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-28|title=In-Space explained: what it means to the future of space exploration|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-space-india-space-missions-private-participation-isro-6476532/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The centre will evaluate demands of private sector companies—including educational institutes—and will find ways to attune their demands, in consultation with ISRO.<ref name=":2" /> Sivan told that the centre's decisions would be binding on both ISRO and private sector organisations.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> The space sector was earlier regulated by ISRO, but, now the organisation will focus on its core activity of research and development.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Ground station as a service ===
The viability of Ground Station As a Service (GSaaS) for the private sector on ISRO property is being investigated by IN-SPACe. Ground station operations will be outsourced by GSaaS to specialized service providers who charge a subscription fee or pay-per-use for a variety of services. It would result in reduced requirements for housing several stations at the same location, financial advantages, resource efficiency, improved service coverage, and cooperative innovation. [[Dhruva Space]]'s application to offer GSaaS services was approved by IN-SPACe. Six ground stations in VHF and UHF bands, as well as two in S and/or X bands, have been designed and constructed by the startup. [[Azista Aerospace]] has also been authorized by IN-SPACe to establish a ground station in the UHF frequency band. In addition to offering GSaaS for operations and data receipt from remote-sensing satellites to both Indian and foreign clients, Azista BST Aerospace will service its satellites.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=4 October 2024 |title=Govt exploring ways to allow industry to use ISRO premises for setting up satellite ground stations |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/space/govt-exploring-ways-to-allow-industry-to-use-isro-premises-for-setting-up-satellite-ground-stations-12835450.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

=== Investment fund ===
In February 2025, IN-SPACe announced a {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on|year=2025}} Technology Adoption Fund (TAF), which will be used to assist space technology companies, with a focus on assisting startups and MSMEs in developing commercially-viable products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Shine |date=19 February 2025 |title=IN-SPACe starts Rs 500 cr tech adoption fund to boost India's space sector |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/in-space-starts-rs-500-cr-tech-adoption-fund-to-boost-india-s-space-sector-125021900601_1.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

=== Satellite bus as a service ===
In April 2025, IN-SPACe launched the Satellite Bus as a Service (SBaaS) initiative.<ref name=":4" /> The SBaaS initiative provides a pathway for private sector Indian space companies to design and develop [[Satellite bus|small satellite]] bus platforms for [[hosted payload]] uses.<ref name=":4" /> The SBaaS initiative also aims to reduce India's dependence on importing foreign satellite-bus platforms.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Shine |date=27 April 2025 |title=IN-SPACe invites private companies to develop satellite-bus platforms |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-woos-private-sector-to-design-and-develop-satellite-bus-platforms-125042700272_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512183229/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-woos-private-sector-to-design-and-develop-satellite-bus-platforms-125042700272_1.html |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Business Standard |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Organisation ==
According to [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] ([[Department of Space|Space]]) and chairman of ISRO, K. Sivan, IN-SPACe is an autonomous body with its own board—with some members from the private sector and industry —and chairperson. [[Pawan Kumar Goenka|Dr. Pawan Kumar Goenka]], is the Chairman of IN-SPACe. The centre have three directorates namely Promotion, technical and Program Management and Authorisation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[ISRO]]
* [[Indian Space Association]]
* [[Space industry of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==
{{Official|https://www.inspace.gov.in}}

{{Indian space programme}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre}}

[[Category:2020 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Space agencies]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2020]]

Subhash Chandra

2026-09-01T08:06:46Z

Ajay Kumar: Updated

{{Short description|Indian media entrepreneur|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{For|the leader in the Indian independence movement popularly known as Netaji|Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subhash Chandra
| image = Dr. Subhash Chandra.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Adampur, Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Chairman]] of [[Essel Group]]
[[Chairman]] Emeritus of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|ZEE]]
| salary =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/subhash-chandra-wins-rs-poll-as-12-cong-votes-were-rejected-due-to-wrong-pen/story-pVv4dssn0Zz2hWsWpAd8wO.html |title=Subhash Chandra wins RS seat as 12 Cong votes were rejected due to 'wrong pen' |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>
| term_start = 2 August 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dr-subhash-chandra-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-2240933|title=Dr Subhash Chandra takes oath as Rajya Sabha member|date=4 August 2016|work=dnaindia.com}}</ref>
| term_end = 1 August 2022
| constituency = [[Haryana]]
| predecessor = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| party =
| successor =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = Sushila Devi
| children = [[Punit Goenka]]<br />[[Amit Goenka]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.subhashchandra.com/ }}<br />{{URL|http://www.subhashchandrafoundation.org/}}
| signature =
| honorific_suffix =
}}

'''Subhash Chandra Goenka''' (born 30 November 1950) is an Indian [[media entrepreneur]]. He is the chairman of the [[Essel Group]], an Indian media conglomerate that owns [[Zee Media]] and the chairman emeritus of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Entertainment]]. He founded [[Zee TV]] in 1992 and Zee News in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-24/news/73315405_1_zee-punjab-haryana-himachal-zee-24-taas-zee-media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819155741/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-24/news/73315405_1_zee-punjab-haryana-himachal-zee-24-taas-zee-media|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2016|title=Subhash Chandra steps down as Zee Media chairman|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Zee group: Each brother to own 70–80% of business|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Zee-group-Each-brother-to-own-70-80-of-business/articleshow/5150610.cms|access-date=2 August 2015|agency=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dish TV posts Q1 net profit of Rs 54.21 crore|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/dish-tv-posts-q1-net-profit-of-rs-54-21-crore/articleshow/48257934.cms|access-date=2 August 2015|agency=India Times|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref> He was elected to the Upper House of the Indian parliament for the [[Haryana]] state in the 2016 [[Rajya Sabha]] election, as an independent candidate supported by legislators from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="Mohan2016">{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/subhash-chandra-bets-on-bjp-support-for-rajya-sabha-entry-116053101457_1.html | title=Subhash Chandra bets on BJP support for Rajya Sabha entry | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=June 2016 | last1=Mohan | first1=Archis }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/chandigarh-punjab-news/haryana-independent-candidate-dr-subhash-chandra-won-the-rajya-sabha-elections-1321112/|title= हरियाणा: निर्दलीय उम्मीदवार डॉ. सुभाष चंद्रा राज्यसभा चुनाव जीते|website= Patrika|date= 9 September 2014|language=hi |access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

On 31 May 2022, Subhash Chandra filed his nomination from [[Rajasthan]] for elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]] as an Independent candidate backed by the BJP, but he lost the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/subhash-chandra-turns-75-how-a-school-dropout-transformed-india-s-media-landscape-to-become-asia-s-murdoch/ar-AA1RqJvM |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

In 2026, Chandra underwent personal insolvency proceedings under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, culminating in the NCLT’s approval of a creditor-approved repayment plan related to his personal guarantees for Essel Group borrowings.

On 25th August 2026, he got away with a 99.97 % haircut on his outstanding debts whereby he would pay back a sum of Rs 6.5 crore to settle admitted creditor claims of about Rs 22,006.57 crore when Nilesh Sharma, a member of the Indian insolvency board [[NCLT]] rejected objections by lenders that the recovery was too meagre to merit approval.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/rs-22006-crore-claims-rs-6-5-crore-payout-nclt-clears-subhash-chandra-plan/articleshow/133545289.cms |access-date=26 August 2026 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Early years==
Subhash Chandra was born in an [[Agrawal|Agarwal Bania]] family<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Today In History: Dr Subhash Chandra launched India's first private satellite channel 'Zee TV' in 1992 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/today-in-history-dr-subhash-chandra-launched-india-s-first-private-satellite-channel-zee-tv-in-1995-2399038.html |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> in Adampur, [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/opinion/how-some-gather-silver-in-the-fog-news-283752|title=How Some Gather Silver In The Fog|access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> [[Forbes India]] notes that Chandra was born in [[Rajasthan]], and moved with his family to [[Hisar district|Hisar]] during his childhood.<ref name="deepak"/> His family had a debt of {{INR|3.5 lakh}}, which he had to repay. His family could not afford his higher education, and in 1965 he dropped out of school to join the family business of commission agents and traders who procured and supplied rice to the [[Food Corporation of India]].

In the 1980s, he started manufacturing flexible packaging (mainly plastic tubes) for fast-moving consumer goods such as toothpaste under the brand name Essel Packaging. He followed it up with a leisure park Essel World in north Mumbai.

In 1992, he launched [[Zee TV]], the second private commercial television channel in the country in association with [[Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific|Star TV]] in [[Hong Kong]], and in 2003, [[Dish TV]], the first satellite television provider in India.<ref name=kohli>{{cite news|last1=Khandekar|first1=Vanitha Kohli|title=40 Years Ago... And now: Subhash Chandra's chutzpah shaped his media business|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/40-years-ago-and-now-subhash-chandra-s-chutzpah-shaped-his-media-business-115032401258_1.html|access-date=4 August 2015|publisher=Business Standard|date=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="deepak"/>

== Business ==
Chandra established [[Essel Propack]] (now known as EPL Ltd) in 1981; India's 1st company to introduce laminated tubes in the country. The company was acquired by [[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]] in 2019.

Chandra launched [[EsselWorld|Essel World]], India's 1st amusement park and [https://www.waterkingdom.in/ Water Kingdom], Asia's largest theme water park in 1989.

Chandra set up [[Siti Networks|Siti]] Networks in 1994; one of India's 1st multi system operators and [[Dish TV]] in 2003.

Chandra launched India's first satellite TV channel, [[Zee TV]], in 1992.<ref name="anand">{{cite news|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/amit-goenka-zee-entertainment-the-next-generation/1/205720.html|title=Passing the Baton|date=25 May 2014|publisher=business today.intoday.in|last1=Adhikari|first1=Anand|access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref> The channel competes with, among others, [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] and [[STAR Plus]]. Currently, the Zee TV network consists of up to 90 channels, reaching 1.3 billion people spread over 174 countries.<ref name="forbe">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/subhash-chandra/ |title=Forbes – Subhash Chandra |work=Forbes.com |date=11 May 2019 |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2005, in collaboration with the Dainik Bhaskar group, Chandra launched an English-language daily newspaper, ''DNA'', in Mumbai to challenge the well-settled ''[[The Times of India]]''. The competition was one of the biggest newspaper battles in Mumbai. Sustaining earlier losses, the newspaper eventually turned around.<ref name=deepak>{{cite news|last1=Ajwani|first1=Deepak|title=At the Zee Group, Son Punit has taken the baton from Subhash Chandra |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/at-the-zee-group-son-punit-has-taken-the-baton-from-subhash-chandra/37359/1|access-date=4 August 2015|publisher=Forbes India Magazine|date=14 March 2014}}</ref> However, by October 2019, DNA was defunct and completely shut down.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/07/27/who-owns-your-media-how-subhash-chandras-zeal-for-diversification-wrecked-his-zee-empire | title=Who owns your media: How Subhash Chandra's zeal for diversification wrecked his Zee empire | date=27 July 2021 }}</ref>

On 25 November 2019, Chandra had to resign as chairman of his company [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]], as per the SEBI Listing Regulations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhash Chandra Resigns as Chairman of Zee Entertainment Enterprises |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/subhash-chandra-resigns-as-chairman-of-zee-entertainment-enterprises-2400237.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=25 November 2019}}</ref> However, he still continues as a non-executive director of the company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jagannath |first1=J. |title=Zee Entertainment board accepts Subhash Chandra's resignation as chairman |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/zee-entertainment-board-accepts-subhash-chandra-s-resignation-as-chairman-11574688147326.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=25 November 2019}}</ref>

In his autobiography ‘The Z Factor: My Journey as the Wrong Man at the right time’, Chandra has written about his association with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], the ideological parent of the BJP, in his younger days. Chandra claimed the support of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) legislators and said he had others across party lines.<ref name="Mohan2016"/>

On 22 May 2020, [[Essel Group]] defaulted ₹616 Crore secured NCD Bonds with a standstill agreement along with Subhash Chandra Personal Guarantee thus affecting 3,00,000 investors.

In August 2020, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd (ZEEL) appointed promoter Subhash Chandra as chairman emeritus, following his resignation as non-executive director of the firm. Subhash Chandra, who was previously chairman, would now continue to be associated with the business in an honorary fashion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|title=Subhash Chandra to take role of chairman emeritus at ZEE, steps down as non-executive director|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/subhash-chandra-to-take-role-of-chairman-emeritus-at-zee-steps-down-as-non-executive-director/articleshow/77614362.cms|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>

Following the Essel Group’s debt crisis, Chandra oversaw the sale of several group assets and reduction of promoter holdings to repay lenders, while remaining Chairman of the Essel Group and Chairman Emeritus of Zee Entertainment Enterprises.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-27 |title=From Zee TV pioneer to ₹22,000 crore debt crisis: The Subhash Chandra story |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/news/from-zee-tv-pioneerto22000-crore-debt-crisis-the-subhash-chandra-story/4326591/ |access-date=2026-08-28 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Financial challenges==

Beginning in 2018–19, the Essel Group experienced significant financial distress after a liquidity crisis left several group companies unable to refinance debt. To reduce borrowings, the group undertook a series of asset sales, including the sale of its controlling stake in Essel Propack (now EPL Ltd), divestment of businesses in financial services and mutual funds, and reduction of promoter shareholdings in Zee Entertainment Enterprises and Dish TV. Several Essel Group companies also faced defaults, regulatory scrutiny and insolvency proceedings during the subsequent years.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, personal insolvency proceedings were initiated against Chandra under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code in connection with personal guarantees he had provided for loans raised by Essel Group companies. In August 2026, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) approved a creditor-backed repayment plan under which admitted claims of approximately ₹22,006 crore were settled for ₹6.5 crore, based on an assessment of Chandra’s personal assets and repayment capacity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-08-28 |title=How and why Zee founder Subhash Chandra's Rs 22,006 crore debt was chopped to just Rs 6.5 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/inside-zee-founder-subhash-chandras-insolvency-case-how-did-a-rs-22006-crore-claim-shrink-to-just-rs-6-5-crore/articleshow/133584047.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-08-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The decision was approved by a majority of creditors, although some lenders, including HDFC Bank and LIC Housing Finance, announced plans to challenge the order before the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=Maulik |last2=Farooqui |first2=Javed |date=2026-08-28 |title=HDFC Bank, LIC Housing Finance to contest Zee resolution |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/hdfc-bank-lic-housing-finance-to-contest-zee-resolution/articleshow/133577462.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-08-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/article/interesting-facts-about-chairman-of-the-essel-group-subash-chandra-that-will-inspire-many/articleshow/74171305.cms <nowiki>Entrepreneur of the Year (Ernst & Young) [1998]</nowiki>]
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/subhash-chandra-chairman-essel-group/story-UXyn9AmFslWiD5VtjLE5aP.html <nowiki>Businessman of the Year (Business Standard) [1999]</nowiki>]
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/subhash-chandra-chairman-essel-group/story-UXyn9AmFslWiD5VtjLE5aP.html <nowiki>Enterprising CEO of the Year (International Brand Summit) [1999]</nowiki>]
*[https://www.india.com/news/india/zee-group-founder-subhash-chandra-celebrates-his-71st-birthday-in-hisar-5114851/#:~:text=Dr%20Chandra%20has%20been%20the,Year'%20by%20FICCI%20in%202004.&text=New%20Delhi%3A%20Zee%20Group%20Founder,71st%20birthday%20in%20Haryana's%20Hisar. <nowiki>Global Indian Entertainment Personality of the Year by FICCI [2004]</nowiki>]
*[https://www.acnnewswire.com/press-release/english/2582/casbaa-honors-subhash-chandra <nowiki>Lifetime Achievement Award at the CASBAA Convention [2009]</nowiki>]
*[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/subhash-chandra-conferred-with-an-honorary-doctorate-degree-113111901183_1.html Honorary Doctorate of Business Administration by the University of East London (2013)]
*[https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/e4m-inba-2010subhash-chandra-inducted-into-the-hall-of-fame-for-continuing-contribution-to-industryentrepreneur-39320.html Hall of Fame for continuing contribution to industry in Entrepreneur category at the INBA (2010)]
* [[International Emmy Directorate Award]] (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/zee-tvs-subhash-chandra-receive-193758 |title=Zee TV's Subhash Chandra to Receive Emmy Honor |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=6 January 2011 |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref>
* Canada India Foundation, Chanchlani Global Indian Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/dr-subhash-chandra-to-receive-canada-india-foundation-cif-chanchlani-global-indian-award_1851917.html |title=Dr Subhash Chandra to receive Canada India Foundation (CIF) Chanchlani Global Indian Award |publisher=Zee News |date=3 February 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.subhashchandra.com/}}
*[http://www.subhashchandrafoundation.org/ Subhash Chandra Foundation]

{{Essel Group}}
{{International Emmy Directorate Award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Subhash}}
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Indian television company founders]]
[[Category:International Emmy Directorate Award]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

National Company Law Tribunal

2026-09-01T08:05:55Z

Ajay Kumar: Additional details

{{Short description|Quasi-judicial body in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{confused|National Company Law Appellate Tribunal}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = National Company Law Tribunal
| formed = {{Start date and age|2016|6|1|df=yes}}
| native_name_a = राष्ट्रीय कंपनी विधि अधिकरण
| type = [[Tribunals in India|Quasi-judicial body]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]
| website = https://nclt.gov.in/
}}
{{Courts of India}}
The '''National Company Law Tribunal''' ('''NCLT''') is a [[quasi-judicial body]] in India that adjudicates issues relating to [[List of companies of India|Indian companies]].<ref name="lexology">{{cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=Hon'ble President of National Company Law Tribunal |url=https://nclt.gov.in/nclt-member |publisher=National Company Law Tribunal}}</ref> The tribunal, established under the [[Companies Act 2013]], was constituted on 1 June 2016 by the government of India and is based on the recommendation of the [[V. Balakrishna Eradi]] committee on law relating to the insolvency and the winding up of companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nclt.gov.in/content/organisation|access-date=20 March 2018|title=Organisation | NCLT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063535/https://nclt.gov.in/content/organisation|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==National Company Law Tribunal==
All proceedings under the Companies Act, including proceedings relating to [[arbitration]], [[compromise]], arrangements, reconstructions and winding up of companies, are to be before the NCLT. The NCLT bench is chaired by a Judicial member, who is to be a serving or retired High Court Judge, and a Technical member, who must be from the [[Indian Corporate Law Service]] (ICLS) cadre.

The National Company Law Tribunal is the adjudicating authority for the [[insolvency]] resolution process of companies and [[limited liability partnership]]s under the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016]].

No criminal court shall have [[jurisdiction]] to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of any matter which the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal is empowered to determine by or under this Act or any other law for the time being in force and no injunction shall be granted by any court or other authority in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under this Act or any other law for the time being in force, by the Tribunal or the Appellate Tribunal.

The tribunal has sixteen benches, six at [[New Delhi]] (one being the principal bench) and two at [[Ahmedabad]], one at [[Prayagraj]], one at [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], one at [[Chandigarh]], two at [[Chennai]], one at Cuttack, one at [[Guwahati]], three at [[Hyderabad]] of which one is at [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nclt.gov.in/sites/default/files/All-PDF/Constitution%20of%20Benches%20at%20All%20NCLT%20Locations.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827170759/http://nclt.gov.in/sites/default/files/All-PDF/Constitution%20of%20Benches%20at%20All%20NCLT%20Locations.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> one at [[Jaipur]], one at [[Kochi]], two at [[Kolkata]] and five at [[Mumbai]].<ref name="trilegal">{{cite web|title=The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal Constituted|url=http://www.trilegal.com/index.php/publications/update/the-national-company-law-tribunal-and-the-national-company-law-appellate-tr|publisher=Trilegal|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044758/https://www.trilegal.com/index.php/publications/update/the-national-company-law-tribunal-and-the-national-company-law-appellate-tr|url-status=dead}}</ref> Of the two new benches approved to be set up, one each in [[Indore]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/nclt-benches-to-be-set-up-at-amaravati-indore/articleshow/68321851.cms|title=NCLT benches to be set up at Amaravati, Indore|date=2019-03-08|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> and [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]],<ref name=":0" /> the Indore bench is yet to be notified. Except the Bench at Amaravati, all the benches have been notified as division benches. Justice [[R Sudhakar|R. Sudhakar]], a retired Chief Justice of Manipur High Court has been appointed as president of the tribunal since 1 November 2021.<ref name="lexology"/>

The National Company Law Tribunal has the power under the Companies Act to adjudicate proceedings:

# Initiated before the [[National Company Law Tribunal#Company Law Board|Company Law Board]] under the previous act (the [[Companies Act, 1956]]);
# Pending before the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]], including those pending under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985;
# Pending before the Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction; and
# Pertaining to claims of oppression and mismanagement of a company, winding up of companies and all other powers prescribed under the Companies Act.

== List of present members ==
Following is the list of Hon'ble President and Sitting Members:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Hon'ble President and Sitting Members {{!}} National Company Law Tribunal |url=https://nclt.gov.in/nclt-member?page=0 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=nclt.gov.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sr.No
!Name
!Designation
!Date of Joining
!NCLT Bench
|-
|1
|Chief Justice (Retd) Ramalingam Sudhakar
|President
|01-11-2021
|Principal Bench
|-
|2
|Shyam Babu Gautam
|Member
|03-07-2019
|Kochi
|-
|3
|Patibandla Satyanarayana Prasad
|Member
|04-07-2019
|Chandigarh
|-
|4
|Venkata Subba Rao Hari
|Member
|04-07-2019
|Guwahati
|-
|5
|Laxmi Narayan Gupta
|Member
|04-07-2019
|New Delhi
|-
|6
|Satya Ranjan Prasad
|Member
|24-07-2019
|Guwahati
|-
|7
|Deep Chandra Joshi
|Member
|13-09-2021
|Jaipur
|-
|8
|Rahul Prasad Bhatnagar
|Member
|13-09-2021
|New Delhi
|-
|9
|Avinash K Srivastava
|Member
|13-09-2021
|New Delhi
|-
|10
|Anuradha Sanjay Bhatia
|Member
|13-09-2021
|Amravati
|-
|11
|Rohit Kapoor
|Member
|14-09-2021
|Kolkatta
|-
|12
|P Mohan Raj
|Member
|15-09-2021
|Cuttack
|-
|13
|Harnam Singh Thakur
|Member
|16-09-2021
|Chandigarh
|-
|14
|Balraj Joshi
|Member
|16-09-2021
|Kolkatta
|-
|15
|Manoj Kumar Dubey
|Member
|16-09-2021
|Bengaluru
|-
|16
|Subrata Kumar Dash
|Member
|20-09-2021
|Chandigarh
|-
|17
|Kaushelndra Kumar Singh
|Member
|01-10-2021
|Indore
|-
|18
|Dr V R Badrinath Nandula
|Member
|04-10-2021
|Hyderabad
|-
|19
|Sameer Kakar
|Member
|09-10-2021
|Ahmedabad
|-
|20
|Bacchu Venkat Balaram Das
|Member
|18-10-2021
|New Delhi
|-
|21
|Kishore Vemulapalli
|Member
|06-12-2021
|Mumbai
|-
|22
|Kuldip Kumar Kareer
|Member
|18-11-2022
|Mumbai
|-
|23
|Praveen Kumar Gupta
|Member
|18-11-2022
|Allahabad
|-
|24
|Ashok Kumar Bhardwaj
|Member
|18-11-2022
|New Delhi
|-
|25
|Bidisha Banerjee
|Member
|18-11-2022
|Kolkatta
|-
|26
|Charan Singh
|Member
|18-11-2022
|Hyderabad
|-
|27
|Anu Jagmohan Singh
|Member
|18-11-2022
|Mumbai
|-
|28
|Ashish Kumar Verma
|Member
|18-11-2022
|Allahabad
|-
|29
|Atul Chaturvedi
|Member
|18-11-2022
|New Delhi
|-
|30
|Prabhat Kumar
|Member
|18-11-2022
|Mumbai
|-
|31
|T Krishna Valli
|Member
|22-11-2022
|Kochi
|-
|32
|Madhu Sinha
|Member
|09-12-2022
|Mumbai
|-
|33
|Sanjiv Jain
|Member
|04-01-2023
|Chennai
|-
|34
|Mahendra Khandelwal
|Member
|18-01-2023
|New Delhi
|-
|35
|Shammi Khan
|Member
|20-02-2023
|Ahmedabad
|-
|36
|Virendrasingh Gyansingh Bisht
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Mumbai
|-
|37
|Lakshmi Gurung
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Mumbai
|-
|38
|Reeta Kohli
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Mumbai
|-
|39
|Rajeev Bhardwaj
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Hyderabad
|-
|40
|Manni Sankariah Shanmuga Sundaram
|Member
|19-07-2023
|New Delhi
|-
|41
|Chitra Ram Hankare
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Ahmedabad
|-
|42
|Rajeev Mehrotra
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Jaipur
|-
|43
|Sanjiv Dutt
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Mumbai
|-
|44
|Sanjay Puri
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Hyderabad
|-
|45
|Umesh Kumar Shukla
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Chandigarh
|-
|46
|Arvind Devanathan
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Kolkatta
|-
|47
|Ravichandran Ramasamy
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Chennai
|-
|48
|Venkataraman Subramaniam
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Chennai
|-
|49
|Velamur Govindan Venkata Chalapathy
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Ahmedabad
|-
|50
|Anil Raj Chellan
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Mumbai
|-
|51
|Charanjeet Singh Gulati
|Member
|19-07-2023
|Mumbai
|-
|52
|K R Saji Kumar
|Member
|01-08-2023
|Mumbai
|-
|53
|Sanjeev Ranjan
|Member
|18-09-2023
|New Delhi
|-
|54
|Jyoti Kumar Tripathi
|Member
|11-10-2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconstituted of Bench at NCLT Chennai- Court No. II- order dated 11.10.2023.pdf |url=https://nclt.gov.in/sites/default/files/tender/circulars/publicnotices/Reconstituted%20of%20Bench%20at%20NCLT%20Chennai-%20Court%20No.%20II-%20order%20dated%2011.10.2023.pdf |access-date=2 December 2023}}</ref>
|Chennai
|-
|55
|K. Biswal
|Member
|
|Bengaluru
|}

== Appeals ==
Decisions of the tribunal may be appealed to the [[National Company Law Appellate Tribunal]], the decisions of which may further be appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] on a point of law. The Supreme Court of India has upheld the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]] in its entirety.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Arpan |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/insolvency/supreme-court-upholds-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-in-its-entirety|title=IBC: Supreme Court Upholds Insolvency And Bankruptcy Code In Its Entirety|website=BloombergQuint|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://nclt.gov.in/}}

{{Quasi-judicial bodies of India}}

[[Category:Indian company law]]
[[Category:Indian tribunals]]
[[Category:Premiership of Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 2016]]
[[Category:Business and commercial courts]]

Template:Law sidebar style/styles.css

2026-09-01T08:05:17Z

Ajay Kumar: Template style

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padding: 0.4em;
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font-size: smaller;
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Template:Corporate law

2026-09-01T08:04:50Z

Ajay Kumar: Missing template

{{#invoke:Sidebar|collapsible
|name = Corporate law
|bodyclass = vcard hlist law-sidebar
|pretitle = This article is part of [[:Category:Corporate law|a series]] on
|title = [[Corporate law]]
|image = [[File:Society.svg|200px]]
|listtitlestyle = text-align:center; background:#aaddff; color:#000; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;
|templatestyles = law sidebar style/styles.css

| list1title = Core concepts & principles
| list1 =
* [[Separate legal personality]]
* [[Limited liability]]
* [[Piercing the corporate veil]]
* [[Internal affairs doctrine]]
* [[Ultra vires#Corporate law|''Ultra vires'' doctrine]]
* [[De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel|''De facto'' and estoppel corporations]]

| list2title = Corporate governance & duties
| list2 =
* [[Corporate governance]]
* [[Board of directors]]
* [[Director's duties]]
** [[Duty of care (business associations)|Duty of care]]
** [[Duty of loyalty]]
* [[Business judgment rule]]
* [[Insolvent trading]]
* [[Fiduciary]]

| list4title = Shareholder rights & finance
| list4 =
* [[Shareholder]]
* [[Shares|Corporate shares]]
* [[Shareholder derivative suit|Derivative action]]
* [[Oppression remedy]]
* [[Pre-emptive right]]
* [[Tag-along right]]
* [[Drag-along right]]
* [[Beneficial ownership]]

| list5title = General corporate forms
| list5 =
* [[Corporation]]
* [[Company]]
* [[Partnership]]
** [[General partnership|General]]
** [[Limited partnership|Limited]]
** [[Limited liability partnership|LLP]]
* [[Sole proprietorship]]
* [[Holding company]]
* [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
* [[Cooperative]]

| list10title = Corporate life cycle
| list10 =
* [[Incorporation (business)|Incorporation]]
* [[Corporate promoter|Promoter liability]]
* [[Mergers and acquisitions]]
* [[Corporate restructuring]]
* [[Insolvency law|Insolvency and Liquidation]]
* [[Dissolution (law)|Dissolution]]

| list11title = Related topics
| list11 =
* [[List of company registers|Corporate registers]]
* [[Registered agent]]
* [[Rochdale Principles]]
* [[Joint-stock company|Joint-stock]]
* [[Shell corporation]]
* [[Shelf corporation]]

| list12title = Corporations law by jurisdiction
| list12 =
* [[Anguillan company law|Anguilla]]
* [[Australian corporate law|Australia]]
* [[British Virgin Islands company law|BVI]]
* [[Canadian corporate law|Canada]]
* [[Cayman Islands company law|Cayman Islands]]
* [[Indian company law|India]]
* [[South African company law|South Africa]]
* [[United Kingdom company law|UK]]
* [[United States corporate law|United States]]
* [[Corporate law in Vietnam|Vietnam]]
* <br>[[European corporate law|European Union]]
** [[French company law|France]]
** [[German company law|Germany]]

| list13title = [[List of legal entity types by country|Corporate forms by jurisdiction]]
| list13 = {{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar|child=yes
| contentstyle = border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid
| heading1 = [[European corporate law|European Union]]
| content1 =
* [[Societas Europaea|''Societas'' {{Smaller|(SE)}}]]
* [[Societas cooperativa Europaea|''Societas cooperativa'' {{Smaller|(SCE)}}]]
* [[Societas privata Europaea|''Societas privata'' {{Smaller|(SPE)}}]]
* [[Societas unius personae|''Societas unius personae'' {{Smaller|(SUP)}}]]
* [[European economic interest grouping|Economic interest grouping {{Smaller|(EEIG)}}]]
| heading2 = {{nowrap|UK / Ireland / Commonwealth}}
| content2 =
* [[Charitable incorporated organisation|Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) {{Smaller|(CIO)}}]]
* [[Scottish charitable incorporated organisation|Scottish charitable incorporated organisation {{Smaller|(SCIO)}}]]
* [[Community interest company|Community interest company {{Smaller|(CIC)}}]]
* [[Industrial and provident society|Industrial and provident society {{Smaller|(IPS)}}]]
* <br>[[Limited company|Limited company {{Smaller|(Ltd.)}}]]
** [[Private company limited by guarantee|by guarantee]]
** [[Private company limited by shares|by shares]]
** [[Proprietary company|proprietary]]
** [[Public limited company|public]]
* [[Unlimited company]]
| heading3 = United States
| content3 =
* [[Benefit corporation]]
* [[C corporation]]
* [[Limited liability company|Limited liability company {{Smaller|(LLC)}}]]
** [[Low-profit limited liability company|Low-profit LLC]]
* [[Series LLC]]
* [[Limited liability limited partnership|Limited liability limited partnership {{Smaller|(LLLP)}}]]
* [[S corporation]]
* {{nowrap|[[Delaware General Corporation Law|Delaware corporation]] / [[Delaware statutory trust|statutory trust]]}}
* [[Massachusetts business trust]]
* [[Nevada corporation]]
| heading4 = Others
| content4 =
* [[Aktiebolag|''Aktiebolag'' {{Smaller|(AB)}}]]
* [[Aktiengesellschaft|''Aktiengesellschaft'' {{Smaller|(AG)}}]]
* [[Ansvarlig selskap|''Ansvarlig selskap'' {{Smaller|(ANS)}}]]
* [[Aktieselskab|''Aktieselskab'' {{Smaller|(A/S)}}]]
* [[Aksjeselskap|''Aksjeselskap'' {{Smaller|(AS)}}]]
* [[GmbH|''Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung'' {{Smaller|(GmbH)}}]]
* [[Kabushiki gaisha|''Kabushiki gaisha'' {{Smaller|(K.K.)}}]]
* [[Naamloze vennootschap|''Naamloze vennootschap'' {{Smaller|(N.V.)}}]]
* [[Osakeyhtiö|''Osakeyhtiö'' {{Smaller|(Oy)}}]]
* [[S.A. (corporation)|S.A.]]
* [[Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada|''Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada'' {{Smaller|(S.R.L.)}}]]
* [[Société à responsabilité limitée|''Société à responsabilité limitée'' {{Smaller|(SARL)}}]]
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* {{portal-inline|size=tiny|Law}}
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Defence Research and Development Organisation

2026-09-01T08:04:02Z

Ajay Kumar: Additional details

{{Short description|Ministry of Defence R&D agency in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Defence Research and Development Organisation
| native_name = ''Raksha Anusandhaan Evan Vikaas Sangathan''
| logo = Defence Research and Development Organisation.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption = Logo of DRDO
| formed = {{start date and age|1958|1|1|df=y}}
| headquarters = DRDO Bhawan, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| motto = "Strength's Origin is in Science"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gistconvention.org/pdf/drdo.doc |title=About DRDO |publisher=gistconvention.org |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031928/http://www.gistconvention.org/pdf/drdo.doc |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> <br> Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम्
| employees = 30,000 (5,000 scientists)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp |title=DRDO |access-date=2017-05-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181721/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp |archive-date=6 August 2017}}</ref>
| budget = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|26816|c|1}}<small>(2025–26)</small><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1895472 | title=Defence gets {{INR}}5.94 lakh crore in Budget 2023-24, a jump of 13% over previous year | access-date=14 February 2023 | archive-date=14 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001853/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1895472 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| chief1_name = [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
| chief1_position = Chairman, DRDO<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/g-satheesh-reddy-is-now-secretary-drdo/article24781379.ece |title=Main focus to work towards fulfilling the mission mandated for DRDO: G. Satheesh Reddy |date=25 August 2018 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529073607/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/g-satheesh-reddy-is-now-secretary-drdo/article24781379.ece |archive-date=29 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
| website = {{URL|https://drdo.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Defence Research and Development Organisation''' ('''DRDO''') is an [[government agency|agency]] under the Department of Defence Research and Development in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] of the [[Government of India]], charged with the [[Indian Armed Forces|military]]'s [[research and development]], headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production of the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] with the Defence Science Organisation under the administration of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Subsequently, [[Defence Research & Development Service]] (DRDS) was constituted in 1979 as a service of Group 'A' Officers. Scientists directly under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.

With a network of 52 laboratories that are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems, DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research organisation. The organisation includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the DRDS and about 25,000 other subordinate scientific, technical, and supporting personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp|title=DRDO|website=www.drdo.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2017-05-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181721/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp|archive-date=6 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=job_sc.jsp|title=DRDO Scientist Job – DRDO Scientist B recruitment- Scientist recruitment DRDO|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810162300/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=job_sc.jsp|archive-date=10 August 2015}}</ref>

==History==

The DRDO was established in 1958 by combining the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980, which later administered DRDO and its almost 30 laboratories and establishments (there were almost 52 labs before merging). Most of the time, the Defence Research and Development Organisation was treated as if it were a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Force Headquarters were the customers. Because the Army and the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] themselves did not have any design or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the designer or Indian industry at par with their corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a [[MiG-21]] from the world market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Beginning in the 1970s, the Indian Air Force launched a covert effort to develop and indigenise ground-based radar systems to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers. Working alongside DRDO labs like LRDE, the IAF helped shape indigenous radar programs such as the Indra and Rohini series. This quiet but determined initiative laid the groundwork for India's broader air defence modernisation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=The Audacious Secret Story of Indian Air Force's Radar Indigenisation Program |url=https://iafhistory.in/2024/11/12/the-audacious-secret-story-of-indian-air-forces-radar-indigenisation-program/ |website=IAFHistory |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

DRDO started its first major project in [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAM) known as [[Project Indigo]] in the 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led [[Project Devil]], along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM and [[ICBM]] in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to the later development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] programme between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the [[Agni missile]], Prithvi ballistic missile, [[Akash missile]], [[Trishul missile]] and [[Nag Missile]]. In 2010, the defence minister [[A. K. Antony]] ordered the restructuring of the DRDO to give a major boost to defence research in the country and to ensure effective participation of the private sector in defence technology. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence minister as its chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ |title=MoD Announces Major DRDO Restructuring Plan | Defence & Security News at DefenceTalk |publisher=Defencetalk.com |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020637/http://www.defencetalk.com/mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15208/ |title=defence.professionals |publisher=defpro.com |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515212759/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15208/ |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> The programmes which were largely managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. Since its establishment, DRDO has created other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraft avionics, [[UAV]]s, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles, sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems.

In 2024, DRDO tested India's first long-range [[Hypersonic weapon|hypersonic missile]], that is able to carry conventional and [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] warheads to a distance exceeding 1,500 km at a 3 km per second speed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2024-12-01 |title=India first to develop long-range hypersonic missile: Defence experts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Dec/01/india-first-to-develop-long-range-hypersonic-missile-defence-experts |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, DRDO put forward an offer for 28 of its designed and developed weapon systems for emergency procurement to the Indian Armed Forces, which included various types of DRDO designed and developed missiles and ammunition.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=DRDO offers 28 indigenous weapon systems to Army for emergency procurement |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/drdo-offers-28-indigenous-weapon-systems-to-army-for-emergency-procurement-125062301073_1.html |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> DRDO also gave the names of the agencies that produce the 28 products from which the Indian Armed Forces can procure the weapon systems.<ref name=":4" /> On August 23, 2025, DRDO successfully conducted the maiden flight test of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the Odisha coast. This multi-layered air defence platform integrates indigenous components such as QRSAM, VSHORADS, and a Directed Energy Weapon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title='Multi-layered shield': India successfully tests maiden flight of Integrated Air Defence Weapon system; watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/multi-layered-defence-shield-india-successfully-tests-maiden-flight-of-integrated-air-defence-weapon-system-watch/articleshow/123480411.cms |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On November 14, 2025, DRDO announced the development of new generation Man-portable Autonomous underwater vehicles (MP-AUVs) by the Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam for mine countermeasure missions. The AUVs are equipped with Side Scan Sonar and Under Water cameras as primary payloads for real-time detection & classification of Mine-Like Objects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=DRDO develops new generation Man-portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for mine countermeasure missions |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2190096}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=DRDO Develops New Generation Man-Portable Underwater Vehicles |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/drdo-develops-new-generation-man-portable-underwater-vehicles-9636987}}</ref>

=== Plans for reforms ===
The [[Government of India]] has plans to overhaul and reform DRDO, and a committee was formed in 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/panel-formed-for-restructuring-and-redefining-role-of-drdo/article67227736.ece | title=Panel formed for 'restructuring and redefining' role of DRDO | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> to suggest reforms and overhauls.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2024-10-03 |title=DRDO rejig hits internal huddle: What's delaying this key Modi govt reform |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/drdo-rejig-hits-internal-huddle-whats-delaying-this-key-narendra-modi-govt-reform-2610664-2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=6 August 2024 |title='Committee has suggested certain reforms to overhaul functioning of DRDO' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/committee-has-suggested-certain-reforms-to-overhaul-functioning-of-drdo-124080501488_1.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The 9-member committee, which was under the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO), was led by former [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]], [[K. Vijayraghavan]]. The committee submitted its report on the reforms for DRDO in July 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2024-07-30 |title=DRDO overhaul on course, government to also take final call on 'contentious' reforms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-overhaul-on-course-government-to-also-take-final-call-on-contentious-reforms/articleshow/112118013.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reportedly, the recommendations from the committee have been described as contentious and it was also reported that the DRDO has agreed to implement approximately 60% of the major reforms.<ref name=":2" /> As of October 2024, the implementation of structural reforms has been delayed due to opposition from senior DRDO officials.<ref name=":1" />

=== DRDO 2.0 ===
Under the new strategy known as DRDO 2.0, which aims to prepare India for the next era of warfare, DRDO is shifting its focus from the development of conventional weapons to next-generation technologies like [[Directed-energy weapon|directed energy weapons]], [[photonics]], [[quantum systems]], and [[artificial intelligence]], according to Director General for Electronics & Communication Systems Dr. B.K. Das. While DRDO remains committed in a limited capacity, offering 10 to 20 percent support, it is turning over most of the development and manufacturing of conventional systems to the private sector from 2025. While allowing industrial partners to increase production, DRDO will focus on long-term strategic research.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=DRDO 2.0: From lasers to AI, top defence R&D official shares the big 'pizza' plan for India's next-gen warfare |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-2-0-from-lasers-to-ai-top-defence-rd-official-shares-the-big-pizza-plan-for-indias-next-gen-warfare/articleshow/122176893.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Organisation ==

=== Cluster Laboratories/Establishments ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:160059)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-03-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329140705/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A160059%29|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
!Laboratory Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
|[[Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL)]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|Missiles & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment|Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE)]]
|[[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Parachutes & Aerial Systems
|-
|[[Aeronautical Development Establishment|Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE)]]
|[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|Aeronautics
|-
|[[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range|Aeronautical Test Range (ATR)]]
|[[Chitradurga]], Karnataka
|Unmanned & Manned Aircraft
|-
|[[Armament Research and Development Establishment|Armaments Research & Development Establishment (ARDE)]]
|[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|Armaments
|-
|[[Centre for Airborne Systems|Centre for Airborne Systems (CAbS)]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|Air-Borne Systems
|-
|[[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics|Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR)]]
|Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
|-
|[[Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety|Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety (CFEES)]]
|[[Delhi]], [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|Explosives
|-
|Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|High Energy Weapons
|-
|[[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment|Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE)]]
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Combat Vehicles
|-
|[[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|Avionics
|-
|[[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory|Defence Bio-engineering & Electro-medical Laboratory (DeBEL)]]
|Bio-engineering
|-
|[[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory|Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory (DEAL)]]
|[[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|Electronics & Communication Systems
|-
|[[Defence Food Research Laboratory|Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL)]]
|[[Mysuru]], Karnataka
|Food Research
|-
|[[Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER)]]
|[[Haldwani]], Uttarakhand
|Bio-Energy
|-
|[[Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR)]]
|[[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]
|High Altitude Agro-animal Research
|-
|[[Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences|Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS)]]
| rowspan="2" |Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Physiological and Biomedical Research
|-
|[[Defence Institute of Psychological Research|Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR)]]
|Psychological Research
|-
|[[Defence Laboratory|Defence Laboratory (DL)]]
|[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Camouflaging and Isotopes
|-
|[[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory|Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Electronic Warfare
|-
|[[Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment|Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE)]]
|[[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh
|Textiles, Polymers & Composites
|-
|[[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Metallurgy
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Establishment|Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE)]]
|[[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Chemical & Biological Warfare
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Missile & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Defence Research Laboratory (DRL)]]
|[[Tezpur]], [[Assam]]
|Health & Hygiene
|-
|[[Defence Terrain Research Laboratory|Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Terrain Research
|-
|[[Gas Turbine Research Establishment|Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)]]
|Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Gas Turbine
|-
|[[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)]]
|Pune, Maharashtra
|High Energy Materials, Explosive
|-
|[[Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences|Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences (INMAS)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Nuclear Medicine
|-
|[[Instruments Research and Development Establishment|Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE)]]
|Dehradun, Uttarakhand
|Electronics & Optical Systems
|-
|[[Integrated Test Range (ITR)]]
|[[Balasore]], [[Odisha]]
|Missile & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Joint Cipher Bureau|Joint Cipher Bureau (JCB)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Cryptanalysis
|-
|[[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment|Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE)]]
| rowspan="3" |Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Radars
|-
|[[Microwave Tube Research and Development Centre|Microwave Tube Research and Development Centre (MTRDC)]]
|Microwave Tubes & High Power Microwaves
|-
|[[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification|Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CeMilAC)]]
|Air-worthiness and Certification
|-
|[[Naval Materials Research Laboratory|Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL)]]
|[[Ambarnath]], Maharashtra
|Naval Materials
|-
|[[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory|Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL)]]
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|Sonar Systems
|-
|[[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory|Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL)]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Underwater Weapons
|-
|Programme Air Defence (PGAD)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Missiles & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Proof and Experimental Establishment|Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE)]]
|Balasore, Odisha
|Armament Testing
|-
|[[Research Centre Imarat|Research Centre Imarat (RCI)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Missile & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)|Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) (R&DE(E))]]
|Pune, Maharashtra
|Engineering Systems & Weapon Platforms
|-
|[[Scientific Analysis Group|Scientific Analysis Group (SAG)]]
|Delhi
|Communications Security
|-
|[[Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment|Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE)]]
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]]
|Snow and Avalanche
|-
|[[Solid State Physics Laboratory|Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Solid State Materials, Devices and Sub-systems
|-
|Society for Integrated Circuit Technology and Applied Research (SITAR)
|Bengaluru, Karnataka & Hyderabad, Telangana
|Semiconductor, Microelectromechanical Systems
|-
|[[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory|Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL)]]
|Chandigarh, Union Territory of Chandigarh
|Ballistics
|-
|[[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment|Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE)]]
|[[Ahmednagar]], Maharashtra
|Wheeled Vehicles
|}
As part of the rationalization plan, the Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) was merged with the Snow and Avalanche Studies Establishment (SASE) which was renamed into the Defence Geological Research Establishment (DGRE). As of 2020, the Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) and Laser Science and Technology Center (LASTEC) are no longer functional as independent entities. The staff are relocated to various DRDO labs in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=30 November 2020|title=DRDO shuts down 3 labs, sends staff to other centres|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/drdo-shuts-down-three-labs-sends-staff-to-other-centres-177986|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121110/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/drdo-shuts-down-three-labs-sends-staff-to-other-centres-177986|url-status=live}}</ref> DRDO is planning to build a new research lab in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Pranchal|date=3 April 2021|title=DRDO research centre to come up in Lucknow, says Rajnath Singh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/drdo-research-centre-to-come-up-in-lucknow-says-rajnath-singh/articleshow/81880857.cms|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/drdo-research-centre-to-come-up-in-lucknow-says-rajnath-singh/articleshow/81880857.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source<ref>{{cite news |title=PM dedicates 5 DRDO Young Scientists Laboratories to the Nation |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197246 |access-date=18 March 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=2 January 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121108/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197246 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Laboratory Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories]]
|Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Artificial Intelligence
|-
| Kolkata, West Bengal
|Asymmetric Technologies
|-
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu
|Cognitive Technologies
|-
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|Quantum Technology
|-
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Smart Materials
|}

=== HR Institutions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source<ref name=":0" />
!Institution Name
!Location
!Area
|-
|Centre for Personnel Talent Management (CEPTAM)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Talent Management
|-
|Institute of Technology Management (ITM)
|[[Mussoorie]], Uttarakhand
|Technology Management
|-
|Recruitment and Assessment Centre (RAC)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Human Resource
|}

=== Other Institutions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source<ref name=":0" />
!Institution Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
|Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM)
|[[Nashik]], Maharashtra
|High Energy Materials
|-
|Centre for Advanced Systems (CAS)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Advanced Systems
|-
|-
|[[Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre|Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre]] (DeSIDoC)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Information System and Documentation
|-
|DRDO Integration Centre (DIC)
|[[Panagarh]], West Bengal
|Systems Integration
|-
|Institute for Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Systems Analysis
|-
|Mobile Systems Complex (MSC)
|Pune, Maharashtra
|Missile Systems
|-
|SF Complex (SFC)
|[[Jagdalpur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|Propellant
|}

=== Centres of Excellence ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source<ref name=":0" />
!Center Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
|DRDO [[Bharathiar University]] (DRDO-BU), Centre of Excellence
|[[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu
|Applied Psychology, Toxicology, Biological Sensors, Fuel Cell
|-
|Advanced Centre for Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Photonics, Material Science, High Energy Materials
|-
|Centre of Excellence in Cryptology
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|Cryptology
|-
|Centre of Millimeter Wave Semiconductor Devices and Systems
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|Millimeter Wave and Semiconductor
|-
|Advanced Centre for Excellence on Composite Materials (ACECM)
|Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Composite Materials
|-
|Research and Innovation Centre (RIC)
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu
|Sensors and Microelectromechanical Systems
|-
|Centre of Propulsion Technology (CoPT)
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|Propulsion Technology
|-
|Jagdish Chandra Bose Centre for Advanced Technology (JCBCAT)
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|Directed Energy Technologies, Robotics, Cognitive Technologies
|-
|DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), [[IIT Delhi]] (previously Joint Advanced Technology Centre)<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=DRDO, IIT-Delhi develop lightweight bulletproof jackets with 360-degree protection |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/drdo-iit-delhi-develop-lightweight-bulletproof-jackets-with-360-degree-protection-3206363 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Advanced Ballistics and Protection, Advanced Electromagnetic Devices and Terahertz technologies, Brain Computer Interface and Brain Machine Intelligence, Photonic Technologies, Plasmonics, Laser and Quantum Photonics, and Smart & Intelligent Textile Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=27 September 2024 |title=DRDO-IIT Delhi partnership develops lightweight bullet-proof jackets |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/drdo-iit-delhi-partnership-develops-light-wieght-bullet-proof-jackets-124092601039_1.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|Centre of Excellence in Systems Design and Engineering
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|Systems Design
|-
|North East Science and Technology Centre (NESTC)
|[[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|Microelectromechanical Systems, Sensors, Degenerative Disease, Toxicology
|-
|Kalam Centre for Science and Technology (KCST)
|[[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Computational System Security, Sensors
|-
|DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), [[IIT Jodhpur]]
|[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Desert Warfare Technologies, Futuristic Omni Mobile System, Artificial Intelligence in Information and War gaming<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Joe |date=2024-04-11 |title=IIT Jodhpur-DRDO set up centre for defence tech R&D |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/iit-jodhpur-drdo-set-up-centre-for-defence-tech-rd/116509 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), [[IIT Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Advanced [[Nanomaterials]], Accelerated Material Design and Development, High Energy Materials, [[Biological engineering]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2024 |title=IIT Kanpur, DRDO join forces to establish DIA Centre of Excellence, to foster research in next-gen defence technology |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/iit-kanpur-drdo-join-forces-to-establish-dia-centre-of-excellence-to-foster-research-in-next-gen-defence-technology-101717077996883.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|}

== Projects ==
{{See also|Projects of DRDO}}

== Technology Development Fund (TDF) Scheme ==
The Technology Development Fund (TDF) Scheme is a Ministry of Defence programme administered by the DRDO for supporting companies, with a focus on [[Small and medium enterprises|micro, small and medium enterprises]] (MSMEs) and startups, in developing defence technologies.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=6 December 2024 |title=79 projects worth Rs 334 cr sanctioned under TDF scheme: Defence MoS Sanjay Seth tells Lok Sabha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/79-projects-worth-rs-334-cr-sanctioned-under-tdf-scheme-defence-mos-sanjay-seth-tells-lok-sabha/articleshow/116046488.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> As of December 2024, 79 TDF projects have been sanctioned to various industrial partners for developing defence technologies.<ref name=":6" />

On 11 December 2024, under TDF, the iBooster Green Propulsion System was handed over to the DRDO by Manastu Space Technologies, based at [[IIT Bombay]]. For crucial satellite functions including [[orbit raising]], [[orbital station-keeping]], and [[deorbit]]ing, the iBooster system—which is intended for spacecraft weighing between 100 and 500 kg—will be employed. Unlike [[hydrazine]], it uses a patented [[hydrogen peroxide]]-based fuel that is safer, more affordable, and less harmful to the environment. The high-temperature catalyst in iBooster ensures smooth ignition, and the thruster design has been tuned for increased efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2024-12-12 |title=Manastu Space delivers green propulsion system for satellites to DRDO |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/manastu-space-delivers-green-propulsion-system-for-satellites-to-drdo-2648236-2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2024-12-11 |title=Manastu Space Delivers Groundbreaking Green Propulsion System to DRDO, Empowered by TDF Support |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-manastu-space-delivers-groundbreaking-green-propulsion-system-to-drdo-empowered-by-tdf-support-3689559/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> A green propulsion system, developed by the TDF, was successfully demonstrated in orbit on a launched payload aboard [[PSLV-C58]].<ref name=":5" />

== Industry linkages, technology transfer and indigenisation ==
{{see also|Defence industry of India|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Make in India|Startup India|Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association}}

India domestically produces only 45% to 50% of defence products it uses, and the rest are imported.<ref name=mind1/> To become technology research and production leader, reduce reliance on the imports and increase self-reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration with the industry, private sector, research and education institutes including [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]]s and [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]].<ref name="mind1">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-chief-urges-for-indigenous-defence-production/articleshow/71350864.cms DRDO chief urges for indigenous defence production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928202908/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-chief-urges-for-indigenous-defence-production/articleshow/71350864.cms |date=28 September 2019 }}, The Economic Times, 28 September 2019.</ref> India's [[military–industrial complex]] has had little success and only recently private sector was allowed to enter the defence production.<ref name="mind3">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/view-why-unlocking-defence-land-bank-to-meet-militarys-needs-is-a-good-idea/articleshow/71911296.cms Why unlocking defence land bank to meet military's needs isn't a bad idea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120152338/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/view-why-unlocking-defence-land-bank-to-meet-militarys-needs-is-a-good-idea/articleshow/71911296.cms |date=20 November 2019 }}, The Economic Times, 4 November 2019.</ref> To expedite the development cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements, army has asked DRDO to take more army staff on deputation to be part of DRDO technology development project teams.<ref name="mind9">[https://newsarks.blogspot.com/2023/04/army-wants-drdo-to-take-in-more-of-its.html NEWS Army wants DRDO to take in more of its personnel on deputation, give them more access] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105095117/https://liistudio.com/army-wants-drdo-to-take-in-more-of-its-personnel-on-deputation-give-them-more-access/16025/ |date=5 November 2019 }}, liistudio.com, 18 October 2019.</ref>

Indian forces are using numerous indigenous technologies produced by the DRDO, including Varunastra, Maareech, Ushus, and TAL by the navy; Electronic Warfare Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA, AEW&C, Astra, and LCA Tejas by airforce; and ASAT, BrahMos, ASTRA, Nag missile, SAAW, Arjun MBT Mk 1A, 46-metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army.<ref name="mind7">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-pushes-for-indigenisation-of-defence-equipment-2117431 Rajnath Singh Pushes For Indigenisation Of Defence Equipment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104195409/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-pushes-for-indigenisation-of-defence-equipment-2117431 |date=4 November 2019 }}, NDTV, 16 September.</ref> In September 2019, DRDO formulated the ''"DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology"'' and released information on ''"DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy and Growth and DRDO Products with Potential for Export"''.<ref name=mind7/>

During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signed [[technology transfer]] contracts with [[Make in India|16 Indian companies]], including 3 startups, to produce products for use by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=mind2/> This included [[Shelf life|high shelf life]], high nutrition, [[Meal, Ready-to-Eat|ready-to-eat]] on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather.<ref name=mind2>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms DRDO signs pacts on Transfer of Technology with 16 companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318211136/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms |date=18 March 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 18 October 2019.</ref> DRDO and [[ISRO]] have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project called [[Gaganyaan]] during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission with critical human-centric systems and technologies like space grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery of the crew module and fire suppression system etc.<ref name=mind6>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms ISRO, DRDO sign MoUs for Gaganyaan mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134346/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms |date=18 February 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 17 September.</ref> [[Kalyani Group]] is developing the [[Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System]].<ref name=mind6/>

DRDO with the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI), under the Advance Assessment Technology and Commercialisation Programme, is helping Lakes and Waterways Development Authority (LAWDA) to keep [[Dal Lake]] clean by providing low cost biodigesters for the treatment of [[Human waste|human excreta]], [[Manure|animal waste]] disposal, [[Greywater|grey water]] and [[Food waste|kitchen waste]] release that works fine in ambient as well as [[Temperature|sub zero temperature]] which are also supplied to [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/trials-by-drdo-successful-lake-authority-to-finalise-tendersbiodigesters-to-help-treat-sewage-from-houseboats-49454|title=Biodigesters to help treat sewage from houseboats|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drdoficciatac.com/Biodigester/aboutus.asp|title=Bio-Digester|website=drdoficciatac.com|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219002743/http://drdoficciatac.com/biodigester/aboutus.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Defence Research and Development Establishment]] (DRDE) which works in the field of [[chemical weapon]], [[biological agent]] detection and research is helping [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) in augmenting diagnostic capability for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak. It has created special hand sanitiser formulation and diagnostic kits following WHO standards and guidelines that are supplied in large numbers to [[civilian]] and defence officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-drdo-to-help-in-covid-19-detection-and-diagnosis/1887525/|title=Coronavirus: DRDO to help in COVID-19 detection and diagnosis|date=2020-03-03|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164823/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-drdo-to-help-in-covid-19-detection-and-diagnosis/1887525/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-joins-fight-against-coronavirus-to-make-hand-sanitizer-for-citizens/1906320/|title=DRDO joins fight against Coronavirus: To make hand sanitizer for citizens|date=2020-03-23|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153417/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-joins-fight-against-coronavirus-to-make-hand-sanitizer-for-citizens/1906320/|url-status=live}}</ref> Medical staff all over India dealing with [[Coronavirus]] contamination are using protective waterproof clothing with special sealant used in submarine applications developed by [[Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences]] (INMAS) for [[CBRN defence]] that is made up of high strength [[polyester]] coated with breathable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-develops-bio-suits-based-on-sealants-used-in-submarine-applications/article31246509.ece|title=DRDO develops bio-suits based on sealants used in submarine applications|last=Sheth|first=Hemani|website=@businessline|date=3 April 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102013/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-develops-bio-suits-based-on-sealants-used-in-submarine-applications/article31246509.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The clothing underwent successful trials at the [[The South India Textile Research Association|South India Textile Research Association]] and exceeds the criteria of currently available suits in the market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/drdo-to-mass-produce-bio-suits-for-medical-professionals-fighting-coronavirus-884420/|title=DRDO to make bio suits for healthcare staff to fight COVID-19|date=2020-04-06|website=BGR India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102014/https://www.bgr.in/news/drdo-to-mass-produce-bio-suits-for-medical-professionals-fighting-coronavirus-884420/|url-status=live}}</ref> The suit is washable, passed all critical CBRN and [[ASTM Standards|ASTM standards]] and is now manufactured by two private players, Venus Industries from [[Mumbai]] and IMTEC from [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drdo-suit-ideal-for-covid-19-warriors-too/article31195033.ece|title=DRDO suit ideal for COVID-19 warriors too|date=2020-03-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drdo-suit-ideal-for-covid-19-warriors-too/article31195033.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] (DEBEL) developed causality evacuation bag for [[COVID-19]] infected patients that can withstand Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) environments and is protected against blood and viral penetration. The bag is made up of durable water-repellent [[nonwoven fabric]]. It is rigid and cylindrical with air and waterproof zippers and ventilators. Already ordered 500 in numbers, DRDO will now transfer the technology to the private sector for manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/drdo-develops-casualty-evacuation-bags-orders-500-pieces-62789|title=DRDO develops casualty evacuation bags, orders 500 pieces|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153418/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/drdo-develops-casualty-evacuation-bags-orders-500-pieces-62789|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the Society for Biomedical Technology (SBMT) programme, DEBEL has developed five-layer [[nanomesh]] based N99 masks and is collaborating with Mysore-based [[Larsen & Toubro#Divestments|Skanray Technologies]] for the production of ventilators using currently available technologies with Indian made parts due to unavailability of imports. It is also working on a new multiplexed [[ventilator]] technology that will be able to support several infected individuals on a single ventilator. The prototype development stage is complete and the initial model is now undergoing various improvements suggested by a team of medical researchers and doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/special/drdo-developing-ventilator-prototype.html|title=DRDO developing ventilator prototype|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729070847/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/special/drdo-developing-ventilator-prototype.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The technology will finally be transferred to [[Tata Motors]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra and Mahindra]], [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai Motor India]], [[Honda Cars India]] and [[Maruti Suzuki]] for immediate mass production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/drdo-innovating-multi-patient-ventilators-to-meet-emergency/story/399488.html|title=Coronavirus crisis: DRDO working with Tata, Mahindra on 'multi-patient ventilators'|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=28 March 2020|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153419/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/drdo-innovating-multi-patient-ventilators-to-meet-emergency/story/399488.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/28/n-99-masks-bodysuit-drdos-plan-to-combat-coronavirus-in-india-2122611.html|title=N-99 masks, bodysuit: DRDO's plan to combat coronavirus in India|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153417/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/28/n-99-masks-bodysuit-drdos-plan-to-combat-coronavirus-in-india-2122611.html|url-status=live}}</ref> DRDO signed agreement with [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]] for tech transfer on low cost multiplexed ventilator technology with 80% to 90% of components are now [[make in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work of DRDO |url=https://globalwebtrend.com/trending/drdo-full-information-in-hindi/ |access-date= |website=Globalwebtrend |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920175618/https://globalwebtrend.com/trending/drdo-full-information-in-hindi/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

DRDO as of 11 April 2020 transferred technologies to 30 major companies to manufacture various non-medicine products against the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] which includes ventilators, sanitizer, [[personal protective equipment]], [[face shield]] and isolation shelters. The technology for the newly developed multiplexed [[ventilator]] came from the onboard oxygen generation system (OBOGS) developed for [[HAL Tejas]]. Private sector players like Raksha Polycoats and Accurate Savan Defence are now producing protective clothing, isolation shelters based on DRDO tech developed for [[High-altitude pulmonary edema|high altitude pulmonary edema]] (HAPE) bags, submarine escape the suit and satellite recovery systems. Hyderabad-based [[3D printing|3D]] printing startup [https://www.imake.in/ iMake] with Modern Manufacturers and Kirat Mechanical Engineering from [[Chandigarh]], Wipro 3D from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and Global Healthcare from [[Delhi]] are [[3D printing]] visor-based face shields which is an offshoot of the tech developed for [[high-altitude military parachuting]]. Setco from [[Mumbai]] is producing sealants developed for submarines of [[Indian Navy]] at DRDO labs for personal protection equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/30-companies-to-manufacture-counter-covid-19-products-with-drdo-technology/article31315458.ece|title=30 companies to manufacture 'counter Covid-19 products' with DRDO technology|last=Ramesh|first=M.|website=@businessline|date=11 April 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411063044/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/30-companies-to-manufacture-counter-covid-19-products-with-drdo-technology/article31315458.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) and [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]] (TBRL) developed a product called Aerosol Containment Box for enclosure of [[intubation]] procedure made with [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)]]. It is cubical designed for both adults and minors and covers the COVID-19-infected patients during medical examination and treatment from head to chest to stop the transmission of droplets containing the virus to others. [[Employees State Insurance Corporation|Employees' State Insurance Corporation]] Medical College, Hyderabad helped RCI in prototype development while [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] helped in testing, validation and acceptance of products for medical use. The technology is now transferred to private industries located in [[Chandigarh]] and [[Hyderabad]] for mass manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-develops-aerosol-barrier-for-safety-of-medical-professionals/1924554/|title=DRDO does it again! Develops Aerosol Barrier for Safety of Medical Professionals|date=2020-04-10|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412081411/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-develops-aerosol-barrier-for-safety-of-medical-professionals/1924554/|url-status=live}}</ref> RCI at DRDO Missile Complex, Hyderabad is now supplying technology of brushless DC motors (BLDC) used for missile actuators and high response [[solenoid valve]]s used in missile control for ventilator pumps that validated the prototype testing stages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/04/04/drdo-missile-scientists-products-covid19-coronavirus.html|title=DRDO's missile scientists churn out products to fight COVID-19|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102011/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/04/04/drdo-missile-scientists-products-covid19-coronavirus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety]] (CFEES) developed two sanitising equipment of 50 litres tank capacity consisting of a portable backpack type that covers an area of 300 metres while another trolley mounted for large area sanitisation of up to 3000 metres by spraying 1% [[hypochlorite]] solution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/coronavirus-drdo-comes-up-with-more-products-to-tackle-covid-19/article31261371.ece|title=COVID-19: DRDO comes up with more products to tackle coronavirus|date=2020-04-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409091134/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/coronavirus-drdo-comes-up-with-more-products-to-tackle-covid-19/article31261371.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (VRDE) developed a portable disinfection chamber and special face protection mask for [[health professional]] combating the COVID-19 outbreak in India. The personnel decontamination system is equipped with a sanitiser and soap dispenser. The full-body decontamination starts using for pedal with an electrically operated pump creating a disinfectant mist of 700-litre of hypo sodium chloride. The system takes 25 seconds for full decontamination with an automatic shut-off procedure and can decontaminate 650 personnel until the next refill. The face mask developed for COVID-19 patients uses the A4 size Over-Head Projection (OHP) film for protection and lightweight materials for long duration comfortable use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/coronavirus-pandemic-drdo-designs-disinfection-chamber-special-face-mask-5109171.html|title=Coronavirus pandemic: DRDO designs disinfection chamber, special face mask|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102012/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/coronavirus-pandemic-drdo-designs-disinfection-chamber-special-face-mask-5109171.html|url-status=live}}</ref> VRDE developed full-body decontamination chamber was designed and validated within 4 days with [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] became the first premier institution to use it. The mass manufacturing of the portable decontamination chamber is now done by Dass Hitachi Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-pandemic-drdos-disinfection-chamber-deployed-at-aiims-check-features/1922256/|title=Coronavirus Pandemic: DRDO's disinfection chamber deployed at AIIMS; check features|date=2020-04-08|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102012/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-pandemic-drdos-disinfection-chamber-deployed-at-aiims-check-features/1922256/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, 950 transfer of technologies (ToT) of DRDO-developed systems to Indian companies took place, out of which 256 licensing agreements for ToTs were also signed with Indian companies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=3 January 2025 |title=Several DRDO systems in 'final stages' of user evaluation or development trials: Defence Ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/several-drdo-systems-in-final-stages-of-user-evaluation-or-development-trials-defence-ministry/articleshow/116922933.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As of May 2026, DRDO intends to use private firms as production partners for the manufacturing of anti-ship and short-range air defense missiles, for which entities have already been recruited. In the meantime, efforts are being made to find private companies to manufacture [[Astra (missile)|Astra]], [[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]] and other surface-to-surface ballistic missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2026-07-12 |title=Centre set to open missile sector to private Indian firms |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-set-to-open-missile-sector-to-pvt-indian-firms-drdo-pralay-missile-astra-mark-2-rafale-101783816207283.html |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=24 May 2026 |title=DRDO may soon bring pvt players on board to make Astra air-to-air weapon |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/drdo-may-soon-bring-pvt-players-on-board-to-make-astra-air-to-air-weapon-126052101004_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260525052627/https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/drdo-may-soon-bring-pvt-players-on-board-to-make-astra-air-to-air-weapon-126052101004_1.html |archive-date=2026-05-25 |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Development cum Production Partner programme ===
In order to incorporate private enterprises from the very beginning of design and development and promote smoother manufacturing once systems are ready, DRDO has implemented Development cum Production Partner programme (DcPP).<ref name=":7" /> As part of [[Make in India|Make In India]] and [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]], DRDO under DcPP allowed handholding of domestic private sector industries to improve their development and production cycle of complex defence systems.

[[VL-SRSAM]] and [[Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System]] became some of the successful projects of this programme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2021|title=DRDO opens up missile production partnership for Indian private sector|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-opens-up-missile-production-partnership-for-indian-private-sector/articleshow/81928553.cms|access-date=2021-04-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406075147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-opens-up-missile-production-partnership-for-indian-private-sector/articleshow/81928553.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, DcPP led to private sector participation for the VL-SRSAM, which was one of the first missile programmes that allowed private sector participation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=6 April 2021 |title=Private firms allowed to partner up with DRDO in missile development, production |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/private-firms-allowed-to-partner-up-with-drdo-in-missile-development-production-1787785-2021-04-06 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>

[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] on 17 December 2021, secured an order for manufacturing, assembly, integration, testing and supply of [[DRDO Abhyas]] from [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]]. The order will be completed under DcPP with a private sector industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=HAL bags ADE-DRDO supply order for 'ABHYAS' target platform |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/171221/hal-bags-ade-drdo-supply-order-for-abhyas-target-platform.html |access-date=17 December 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217082720/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/171221/hal-bags-ade-drdo-supply-order-for-abhyas-target-platform.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 December 2021, [[Ashok Leyland]] signed partnership agreement with [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] to develop 600  hp engine for Future Combat Vehicle Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2021|title=Ashok Leyland in pact with DRDO arm to develop combat vehicle engines|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ashok-leyland-in-pact-with-drdo-arm-to-develop-combat-vehicle-engines/article37963448.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Business Line|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215165544/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ashok-leyland-in-pact-with-drdo-arm-to-develop-combat-vehicle-engines/article37963448.ece |archive-date=15 December 2021 }}</ref> [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] on 27 December 2021 transferred technologies for developing border surveillance system to Indian private sector company Paras Defence and Space. The system consists of radar, and electro-optical sensors mounted on a pan tilt platform.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-27|title=Paras Defence bags DRDO contract for border surveillance tech|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paras-defence-bags-drdo-contract-for-border-surveillance-tech-11640599368047.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227102622/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paras-defence-bags-drdo-contract-for-border-surveillance-tech-11640599368047.html |archive-date=27 December 2021 }}</ref> On 28 December 2021, [[Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences]] transferred technology to manufacture extreme cold weather clothing system to RHD Business Services, SBNX Innovation, Shiva Texyarn Limited, Kusumgar Corporates and Ginni Filaments Limited.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=31 December 2021|title=DRDO Giving Extreme Cold Clothing Technology to 5 Indian Firms Latest in 1,400 Such Tech-transfer Pacts|publisher=News18|agency=PTI|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/drdo-giving-extreme-cold-clothing-technology-to-5-indian-firms-latest-in-1400-such-tech-transfer-pacts-4609679.html|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231025118/https://www.news18.com/news/india/drdo-giving-extreme-cold-clothing-technology-to-5-indian-firms-latest-in-1400-such-tech-transfer-pacts-4609679.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

DRDO on 8 January 2024 launched Ugram, an assault rifle chambered in [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62x51mm NATO]], which has been designed, developed and manufactured in collaboration with Dvipa Armour India Private Limited under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sushant |date=2024-01-09 |title=DRDO launches 'Ugram', Indigenous assault rifle for armed forces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-launches-indigenous-assault-rifle-for-armed-forces-9100894/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It's scheduled to be tested by the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=10 January 2024 |title=DRDO develops new assault rifle |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Janes.com |language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111132954/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle|archivedate=2024-01-11}}</ref> [[NASM-SR]] is manufactured by [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]] under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missiles |url=https://www.adanidefence.com/en/missiles |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Adani Defence & Aerospace |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811115955/https://www.adanidefence.com/en/missiles |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kadidal |first1=Akhil |last2=Tripathi |first2=Bharat |last3=Udoshi |first3=Rahul |date=28 February 2025 |title=India tests anti-ship missile's features, datalink |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-tests-anti-ship-missiles-features-datalink |access-date=2 March 2025 |publisher=janes.com |agency=Janes Information Services}}</ref> [[Larsen & Toubro]] is producing the [[Zorawar (tank)|Zorawar]] [[light tank]] under the DRDO's DcPP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Indian light tank Zorawar begins trials, expected to be ready for user tests by April |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april/articleshow/106780188.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> L&T is manufacturing integrated life-support system-onboard oxygen generation system (ILSS-OBOGS) for aircraft such as [[HAL Tejas]], [[HAL Tejas Mk2]] from the [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=DRDO conducts high-altitude trial of integrated life support system for Tejas aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-conducts-high-altitude-trial-of-integrated-life-support-system-for-tejas-aircraft/article69294459.ece |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In June 2025, [[Reliance Infrastructure]] become India's first private sector company to design and develop four categories of a next generation 155mm artillery ammunition, under the DcPP with [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Reliance Infra eyeing Rs 10,000cr defence exports, becomes first Indian company to develop next gen ammunition |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-reliance-infrastructure-becomes-first-indian-private-company-to-develop-next-gen-ammunition-3866819/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=}}</ref>

In March 2026, The DRDO in collaboration with the [[Indian Navy]] conducted successful in-flight release trials of the '''ADC-150 air-droppable container system'''. The trials were carried out from a Boeing P-8I [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Poseidon]] maritime patrol aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-10 |title=DRDO, Navy successfully test Air-Droppable ‘ADC-150’ Container |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/drdo-navy-successfully-test-air-droppable-adc-150-container/articleshow/129403616.cms |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Eight-wheel drive|eight-wheeled]] and tracked [[armoured fighting vehicles]] under the [[Vikram VT21]] project was also undertaken through DcPP mode where the [[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (VRDE) collaborated with the [[Bharat Forge|Bharat Forge Limited]] (BFL) and the [[Tata Advanced Systems Limited]] (TASL), respectively.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Negi|first=Manjeet|date=2026-04-25|title=Video: DRDO unveils advanced armoured platform for land and water combat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-vikram-vt21-armoured-platform-rolled-out-in-tracked-and-wheeled-variants-2901555-2026-04-25|access-date=2026-04-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=VRDE (DRDO) and Bharat Forge Flag-off Vikram VT 21: Co-created Advanced Armoured Platforms, Battle-ready in under three years |publisher=[[Bharat Forge]] |url=https://www.bharatforge.com/assets/pdf/press-release/VRDE-%28DRDO%29-and-Bharat-Forge-Flag-off-Vikram.pdf |access-date=2026-04-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429122628/https://www.bharatforge.com/assets/pdf/press-release/VRDE-(DRDO)-and-Bharat-Forge-Flag-off-Vikram.pdf |archive-date=2026-04-29}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite press release |title=DRDO Flags Off Indigenous Advanced Armoured Platforms at VRDE Ahilyanagar|date=2026-04-25|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2255549&reg=3&lang=2|access-date=2026-04-25}}</ref>

== Heads of DRDO ==
List of Director Generals (1948–2015) and Chairmen (since 2015) of DRDO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|title=Our Luminaries|website=DRDO|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215911/https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Notes
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Director General DRDO'''
|-
|1
|[[Daulat Singh Kothari]]
|1948
|1961
|First DG and longest serving head of DRDO.
|-
|2
|[[Suri Bhagavantam]]
|1961
|1969
|
|-
|3
|[[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|B. D. Nag Chaudhuri]]
|1970
|1974
|Later Vice Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].
|-
|4
|[[M. G. K. Menon]]
|1974
|1978
|Later [[Ministry of Earth Sciences#Ministers of State|Minister of State for Earth Sciences]].
|-
|5
|[[Raja Ramanna]]
|1978
|1982
|Later [[Minister of Defence (India)#Ministers of state|Minister of State for Defence]].
|-
|6
|[[V. S. R. Arunachalam]]
|1982
|1992
|
|-
|7
|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|1992
|1999
|Later [[President of India]].
|-
|8
|[[V. K. Aatre]]
|1999
|2004
|
|-
|9
|[[List of Indian scientists|M. Natarajan]]
|2004
|2009
|
|-
|10
|[[V. K. Saraswat]]
|2009
|2013
|Current Member of [[NITI Aayog]].
|-
|11
|[[Avinash Chander (DRDO)|Avinash Chander]]
|2013
|2015
|
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Chairman DRDO'''
|-
|12
|[[S. Christopher]]
|2015
|2018
|
|-
|13
|[[G. Satheesh Reddy|G.Satheesh Reddy]]
|2018
|2022
|
|-
|14
|[[Samir V. Kamat]]
|2022
|2026
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Samir V Kamat Appointed New DRDO Chief; G Satheesh Reddy Named Scientific Adviser To Defence Minister |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/samir-v-kamat-appointed-new-drdo-chief-g-satheesh-reddy-named-scientific-adviser-to-defence-minister-10048081 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070257/https://english.jagran.com/india/samir-v-kamat-appointed-new-drdo-chief-g-satheesh-reddy-named-scientific-adviser-to-defence-minister-10048081 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)]]
|2026
|
|
|-
|}

== Exchequer savings ==
In its Fifteenth Report, which was delivered to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in December 2025, the [[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] recognized DRDO for making significant savings through domestic research and for making advances in next-generation defense technologies. The Committee observed that DRDO has made progress in the development of hypersonic technologies and missiles, citing Recommendation No. 17 of the report.

The panel noted that savings totaling {{INRConvert|264156|c|lk=on}} had been made possible by DRDO's indigenous research programs over the past five years starting in 2020. The General Defence Budget, [[Border Roads Organisation|Border Roads Organization]], [[Indian Coast Guard]], Defence Estates Organization, welfare of ex-servicemen, and DRDO are among the topics covered in the Fifteenth Report of the Standing Committee on Defence (2025–2026), which examines the [[Government of India|union government]]'s response to the observations and recommendations in the previous Committee's Seventh Report.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-12 |title=Standing Committee praises DRDO for ₹2.64 lakh crore savings, tech breakthroughs |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/standing-committee-praises-drdo-for-264-lakh-crore-savings-tech-breakthroughs/article70387243.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Aeronautical Development Agency]]
* [[Bharat Electronics]]
* [[Bharat Dynamics]]
* [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://drdo.gov.in The official website of DRDO]
*[https://rac.gov.in/ DRDO Recruitment: Scientist]
*[https://drdo.gov.in/ceptm-advertisement/500 DRDO Recruitment: Technical, Admin & Allied Cadre]
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{Military of India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Defence Research And Development Organisation}}
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation| ]]
[[Category:Defence science and technology agencies]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1958]]
[[Category:Research and development organizations]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1958]]

Draft:Vervotech

2026-08-13T09:51:32Z

Ajay Kumar: Declining submission: corp -

{{AfC submission|d|corp|u=Prashant1|ns=118|decliner=Ajay Kumar|declinets=20260813095130|reject=yes|small=yes|ts=20260813091524}} 

{{AfC comment|1=The sources provided do not establish notability under general notability guideline. Several of the cited sources are blogs, company-related/promotional material, press-release-style coverage, or otherwise lack sufficient reliability and editorial independence. The more reliable sources mainly provide brief, routine coverage of the company’s products, growth, acquisition, or awards rather than significant, independent, in-depth coverage. Therefore, the current references do not demonstrate substantial coverage in reliable, independent secondary sources. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 15:21, 13 August 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC submission|||ts=20260813145105|u=Prashant1|ns=118}}
{{Short description|Indian travel technology company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vervotech
| logo =
| type = Subsidiary
| industry = Travel technology
| founded = {{Start date and age|2018|10}}
| founders = Sanjay Ghare, Dharmendra Ladi
| hq_location_city = Pune
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = Sanjay Ghare (Co-founder and CEO)
| products = Hotel Mapping, Room Mapping, Profit Maximizer
| parent = Juniper Group ([[Constellation Software]])
| website = {{URL|https://vervotech.com/}}
}}

'''Vervotech''' is an Indian travel technology company headquartered in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. The company develops artificial intelligence-based accommodation data products, including hotel mapping, room mapping and supplier optimisation solutions used by online travel agencies, hotel wholesalers, and travel technology providers worldwide.<ref name="yourstory">{{cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sindhu |title=Using artificial intelligence, this SaaS startup is helping travel agencies consolidate hotel inventory |url=https://yourstory.com/2020/07/artificial-intelligence-saas-pune-startup-vervotech-travel-agencies |work=YourStory |date=28 July 2020 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="phocuswire">{{cite news |last=Fox |first=Linda |title=Vervotech acquired as Constellation continues acquisition spree |url=https://www.phocuswire.com/vervotech-acquired-constellation-acquisition-spree |work=PhocusWire |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref>

Founded in October 2018 by former colleagues from Tavisca Solutions, Vervotech was acquired in August 2023 by Juniper Group, a subsidiary of Vela Software within [[Constellation Software]].<ref name="phocuswire" /><ref name="getlatka">{{cite web |title=Travel SaaS Vervotech hits 70% YoY growth, joins Juniper |url=https://getlatka.com/blog/this-hotel-tech-saas-just-exited-to-constellation-group-after-hitting-30-ebitda-margin-and-sharing-25-of-profits-with-employees/ |website=Get Latka |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding ===

Vervotech was founded in October 2018 in Pune by Sanjay Ghare and co-founder Dharmendra Ladi, both of whom had previously worked together at Tavisca Solutions, a Pune-based travel technology company that was later acquired by cxLoyalty and subsequently [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref name="yourstory" /><ref name="startuppedia">{{cite web |title=Founded in 2018 and based in Pune, Maharashtra, Vervotech is a leading hotel accommodation data provider |url=https://www.facebook.com/startup.pedia7/posts/founded-in-2018-and-based-in-pune-maharashtra-vervotech-is-a-leading-hotel-accom/1194810665993427/ |website=Startup Pedia |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref>

The founders bootstrapped the company with their own savings, and it was initially staffed by a small engineering team focused on solving the challenge of consolidating fragmented hotel inventory data from multiple suppliers.<ref name="yourstory" /><ref name="startuppedia" /> Vervotech signed its first customer, Akbar Travels, within its first year of operation.<ref name="startuppedia" />

=== Growth and acquisition ===

Vervotech grew as a bootstrapped venture, expanding its customer base among online travel agencies during the COVID-19 pandemic when travel companies sought to consolidate operations and reduce inventory management costs.<ref name="getlatka" /> By 2023, the company reported annual revenue of approximately US$2.9 million, up from US$1.8 million in 2022, and served more than 1,000 online travel companies globally.<ref name="getlatka" />

In August 2023, Vervotech was acquired by Juniper Group, a portfolio company of Vela Software within [[Constellation Software]] ({{TSX|CSU}}). The financial terms of the acquisition were not disclosed. Following the transaction, Vervotech continued to operate independently under Sanjay Ghare's leadership, retaining its Pune headquarters and product roadmap.<ref name="phocuswire" /><ref name="getlatka" />

== Products ==

Vervotech's primary products focus on standardising accommodation data and optimising supplier selection for the travel industry:

* '''Vervotech Mappings''' — a hotel-level mapping product that consolidates and de-duplicates hotel inventory from multiple suppliers using artificial intelligence and natural language processing.<ref name="yourstory" />
* '''Room Mapping''' — a room-level data standardisation product that matches equivalent room types across different suppliers.<ref name="phocuswire" />
* '''Profit Maximizer''' — a supplier optimisation product that helps travel companies select the most profitable supplier for each booking based on real-time margin analysis.

According to the company, its products are used by more than 1,000 online travel companies and travel technology firms worldwide.<ref name="phocuswire" />

== Recognition ==

Vervotech was named "World's Best Hotel Mapping Solutions Provider" at the World Travel Tech Awards in 2023 and 2024.<ref name="wtta">{{cite web |title=Vervotech – World's Best Hotel Mapping Solutions Provider 2023 |url=https://worldtraveltechawards.com/award-worlds-best-hotel-mapping-solutions-provider-2023 |website=World Travel Tech Awards |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref>

The company was also featured in industry coverage of the growth of Indian travel technology firms and the trend of hyper-automation in B2B travel technology.<ref name="travtalk">{{cite news |title=Hyper-automation and personalisation now table stakes in B2B tech |url=https://travtalkindia.com/hyper-automation-and-personalisation-now-table-stakes-in-b2b-tech/ |work=TravTalk India |date=2025 |access-date=13 August 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Constellation Software]]
* [[Travel technology]]
* [[Software industry in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://vervotech.com/}}

[[Category:Travel technology companies]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2018]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 2018]]
[[Category:2023 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Constellation Software]]

User talk:Prashant1

2026-08-13T09:51:32Z

Ajay Kumar: Notification: AfC submission declined

<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:Oxygen480-actions-document-close.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by WikiDwarf was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This draft's references do not show that the person meets Bharatpedia's [[Bharatpedia:Notability (people)|criteria for inclusion for people]]. The draft requires multiple published [[Bharatpedia:Secondary|secondary]] sources that:
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{{clear}}
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[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 20:03, 16 July 2026 (IST)</div>

<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:Oxygen480-actions-document-close.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by Ajay Kumar was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This draft's references do not show that the person meets Bharatpedia's [[Bharatpedia:Notability (people)|criteria for inclusion for people]]. The draft requires multiple published [[Bharatpedia:Secondary|secondary]] sources that:
* provide ''[[Bharatpedia:Notability_(people)#Basic_criteria|significant coverage]]'': discuss the person in detail, not brief mentions or interviews lacking independent analysis;
* are ''[[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources|reliable]]'': from reputable outlets with editorial oversight;
* are ''[[Bharatpedia:Independent_sources|independent]]'': not connected to the person, such as interviews, press releases, the subject's own website, or sponsored content.

Please add references that meet ''all three'' of these criteria. If none exist, the subject is not yet suitable for Bharatpedia.|}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit ''when they have been resolved''.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to [[Draft:Sanjay_Ghare]] and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you now believe the draft cannot meet Bharatpedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to [[Draft:Sanjay_Ghare]], click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "{{tl|Db-g7}}" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
* If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#G13. Abandoned Drafts and Articles for creation submissions|may be deleted]].
* If you need any assistance, or have experienced any [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation/Scam warning|untoward behavior]] associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the <span class="plainlinks">[//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Sanjay_Ghare '''Articles for creation help desk''']</span>, on the <span class="plainlinks">[//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ajay_Kumar&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Sanjay_Ghare '''reviewer's talk page''']</span>.
[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 15:18, 13 August 2026 (IST)</div>

<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:Oxygen480-actions-document-close.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by Ajay Kumar was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This draft's references do not show that the subject meets Bharatpedia's [[Bharatpedia:Notability (organizations and companies)|criteria for inclusion for organizations and companies]]. The draft requires multiple published [[Bharatpedia:Secondary|secondary]] sources that:
* provide ''[[Bharatpedia:Notability (organizations and companies)#Significant coverage|significant coverage]]'': discuss the subject in detail, excluding routine coverage like product launches, staff appointments, or financial reports and listings in databases or [[listicle]]s;
* are ''[[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources|reliable]]'': from reputable outlets with editorial oversight;
* are ''[[Bharatpedia:Independent_sources|independent]]'': not connected to the subject, such as press releases, the subject's own website, or sponsored content.

Please add references that meet ''all three'' of these criteria. If none exist, the subject is not yet suitable for Bharatpedia.|}} The comment the reviewer left was:

{{divbox|blue|3=The sources provided do not establish notability under general notability guideline. Several of the cited sources are blogs, company-related/promotional material, press-release-style coverage, or otherwise lack sufficient reliability and editorial independence. The more reliable sources mainly provide brief, routine coverage of the company’s products, growth, acquisition, or awards rather than significant, independent, in-depth coverage. Therefore, the current references do not demonstrate substantial coverage in reliable, independent secondary sources.}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit ''when they have been resolved''.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to [[Draft:Vervotech]] and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you now believe the draft cannot meet Bharatpedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to [[Draft:Vervotech]], click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "{{tl|Db-g7}}" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
* If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#G13. Abandoned Drafts and Articles for creation submissions|may be deleted]].
* If you need any assistance, or have experienced any [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation/Scam warning|untoward behavior]] associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the <span class="plainlinks">[//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Vervotech '''Articles for creation help desk''']</span>, on the <span class="plainlinks">[//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ajay_Kumar&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Vervotech '''reviewer's talk page''']</span>.
[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 15:21, 13 August 2026 (IST)</div>

User talk:Ajay Kumar

2026-08-13T09:48:13Z

Ajay Kumar: /* Request for review: Draft:Sanjay Ghare */ Reply

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Ajay Kumar}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 18:37, 19 April 2021 (IST)

== India edit-a-thon: Write for glory ==

[[File:Spinning Ashoka Chakra.gif|right|200px]]
Hello, {{NAME}}, and welcome to Bharatpedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|your contributions]]. Bharatpedia is going to organize an edit-a-thon. The aim of this edit-a-thon is to create and improve articles related to India.

We welcome all of you to join this edit-a-thon and get a chance to win exciting prizes. Please see the event and add your name as a participant: '''[[Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon]]'''.

If you have any questions, no matter what they are, leave me a message on [[User talk:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}REVISIONUSER}}|my talk page]], or ask a question on [[Bharatpedia talk:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon]]. Oh, and please [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically produce your username and the date. Again, welcome! {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{border|}}}|}}
Feel free to ask if you have a question(s).
Regards,

:Thank you for participating, please note that the event will start once we have at least 10 participants and it will run for 30 days. You will be notified here once the event is started. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 12:22, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== India edit-a-thon: Write for glory starts in 31 hours ==

Hello, <br/>
[[File:2010-07-20 Black windup alarm clock face.jpg|right|150px]] Thanks a lot for signing up as a participant in the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon|India edit-a-thon: Write for glory]]. We want to inform you that this edit-a-thon will start in the next 31 hours (6 July 11:59 IST). Here are a few handy tips:
* ⓵ Before starting you may check the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon#Rules|rules of the edit-a-thon]] once again.
* ⓶ Report the articles you are creating and expanding on the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon#Participants|event page]]. To report articles please go to the <code>"participants"</code> section where you have added you name, and beside that add the articles like this: <code>[[User:Example|Example]] ([[User talk:Example|talk]]) (Articles: Article1, Article2, Article3, Article4).</code>
* ⓷ If you are posting about this edit-a-thon- on Facebook or Twitter, you may use the hashtag <span style="color: blue">#Write4Glory</span>
* ⓸ If you need any help or want us to clarify something? Please ask it at [[Special:Chat|here]].

Best of luck. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 17:37, 5 July 2021 (IST)

== India edit-a-thon: Write for glory result ==

Thank you a lot for participating in the India edit-a-thon: Write for glory. We're happy to announce that after a long time of counting contributions we have finally got our Top 4 contributors selected among 10+ participants, this decision was very hard and we want to say that all of you did an amazing job (see the result at [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon#Result]]). We will be providing a certificate of participation to all the participants, please [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSde_WsDXZME5N4zwEadi6I4OFgI9KHCvgZkIJXOI_jPfYoHEA/viewform?usp=sf_link click here] to claim your certificate and prize! [[User:MessengerBot|MessengerBot]] ([[User talk:MessengerBot|talk]]) 16:33, 17 September 2021 (IST)


== Congratulations ==

[[File:Noto Emoji Pie 1f9f9.svg|right|70px]]
Hello Ajay Kumar, I just wanted to let you know that I have added the "{{mono|administrator}}" permission to your account. For more information on the sysop right, see [[Bharatpedia:Administrators]] and read [[Bharatpedia:Administrators' guide]] before using the tool. Feel free to leave me a message if you have any questions. Happy editing! [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 20:25, 10 January 2022 (IST)
:Thank you WikiDwarf. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]]) 16:10, 11 January 2022 (IST)

== AFC Backlog ==

{| style="background-color: #dfeff1; border: 4px solid #bddff2; width: 100%;" cellpadding="5"

|<big>'''[[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation|Articles for Creation urgently needs ''your'' help!]]'''</big>
----
Articles for Creation is '''desperately short of reviewers!''' We are looking for '''urgent help''', from '''experienced editors''', in reviewing submissions in the pending submissions queue. Currently there are '''{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Pending AfC submissions|R}}''' '''[[:Category:Pending_AfC_submissions|submissions]]''' waiting to be reviewed.
:<big>'''Do you have what it takes?'''</big>
# Are you familiar with [[BP:PAG|Bharatpedia's policies and guidelines]]?
# Do you know what Bharatpedia [[Bharatpedia:About|is]] and [[Bharatpedia:What Bharatpedia is not|is not]]?
# Do you have a working knowledge of the [[Bharatpedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]], particularly [[Bharatpedia:Article titles|article naming conventions]]?
# Are you [[Bharatpedia:autoconfirmed|autoconfirmed]]?
# Can you review submissions based on their individual merits?
If the answer to these questions is yes, then please read the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Reviewing instructions|reviewing instructions]] and donate a little of your time to helping tackle the backlog. You might wish to add {{tl|AFC status}} or {{tl|AfC Defcon}} to your userpage, which will alert you to the number of open submissions.

:''PS: we have a great script AFC helper which helps in reviewing in just a few edits easily! To install the script go to your user preferences and check the checkbox at: {{myprefs|9|Yet Another AFC Helper Script: easily review Articles for creation submissions and redirect requests.}}''

We would greatly appreciate your help. Currently, only a small handful of users are reviewing articles. Any help, even if it's just 2 or 3 reviews, it would be extremely beneficial.<br/>
On behalf of the [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Articles for creation|Articles for Creation project]], [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:35, 18 February 2022 (IST)


== Review of Article ==

Please review & publish article "Shiv Bahadur Singh of Kohra" link is given below 👇
https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Bahadur_Singh_of_Kohra [[User:Thunderbird|Thunderbird]] ([[User talk:Thunderbird|talk]])

== i need your help please help me ==

hi i am trying to connect woth you please help ne to resolve the issue i am new here thats why i am not getting many technical terms [[User:Muskan|Muskan]] ([[User talk:Muskan|talk]]) 21:47, 2 March 2022 (IST)

{{re|Muskan}} In order to remove maintenance templates you need to provide some reliable sources to support [[BP:N]] and [[BP:V]]. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]]) 18:21, 3 March 2022 (IST)

{{re|Ajay Kumar}} search on google "satyam srivastava ereberix" https://in.linkedin.com/in/satyam-srivastava-479004204 https://en.gyaanipedia.com/wiki/Satyam_Srivastava https://en.everybodywiki.com/Ereberix_Media https://ne-np.facebook.com/banarasians/posts/4028225603947233 https://mobile.twitter.com/banarasians/status/1480044691135606789 https://banarasians.in/have-a-long-way-to-go-an-interview-with-satyam-srivastava/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/794885402991570579/ https://www.quora.com/Who-is-Satyam-Srivastava https://coffeemug.ai/discover/ODYzMDA%3D https://www.instagram.com/ereberix/?hl=en https://ereberix.in/ https://findtechnicalquestion.blogspot.com/2021/05/ereberix-media-pvt-ltd.html https://livebharatnews.in/education/childrens-gift-from-erebarix-media-now-learn-how-to-crack-i/cid6191746.htm https://banarasians.in/trending/ https://kzbin.info/www/takniki-saar-website-designing-by-ereberix-media-pvt-ltd/oKrPhqSMbrOLd6c

use all thing links and please update this article also please provide your contacts details with srivastavamuskan556@gmail.com so that we can disscuss how to resolve this [[User:Muskan|Muskan]] ([[User talk:Muskan|talk]]) 17:00, 4 March 2022 (IST)

== Hello ==

Hello sir [[User:Coolblack4|Coolblack4]] ([[User talk:Coolblack4|talk]]) 19:28, 7 March 2022 (IST)

== Thank you!!!!! ==

Hey Ajay,
I am so happy that all of the articles of mine related to Locomotive sheds in india have been accepted for creation. I thank you very much for your support. I will continue to make quality and more better articles on Bharatpedia.
Thank you once again!!! [[User:Ajendra69|Ajendra69]] ([[User talk:Ajendra69|talk]]) 13:46, 12 March 2022 (IST)
:{{reply|Ajendra69}} You're welcome. Let me know if you need any help. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]]) 15:23, 12 March 2022 (IST)

== Page Move ==

{{ping|Ajay Kumar}} But The draft I created has Google listed see this link [https://g.co/kgs/x9YGQH] .

If you compare My draft to this page https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician) that singer is also not notable and no Google listing also not good reference and if you see My draft page there are good reference and also google listings and good recognition.please look at it. [[User:Weftpies|Weftpies]] ([[User talk:Weftpies|talk]]) 00:46, 15 March 2022 (IST)

== Hello ==

I recently checked that you moved one of my article from main space to draft space may i know why notable you are taking about this person is listen in the movies Wikipedia and have a well notable refrence if 1 or 2 refrences are paid remove them i am also a Wikipedia editor this article have well notable sources and a notable movie what else you need? And tell me one thing is this a deserving article? [[Aaqib Anjum Aafi]].show me how is this notable and the user have created his own article [[User:HASIM66|HASIM66]] ([[User talk:HASIM66|talk]]) 20:54, 18 November 2022 (IST)

== India Edit-a-Thon ==

[[File:Spinning Ashoka Chakra.gif|right|200px]]
Hello, {{NAME}}, and thank you for [[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|your contributions]]. Bharatpedia is going to organize an edit-a-thon. The aim of this edit-a-thon is to create and improve articles related to India.

We welcome all of you to join this edit-a-thon and get a chance to win exciting prizes of your choice. Please see the event and add your name as a participant: '''[[Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/India Edit-a-thon]]'''.

If you have any questions, no matter what they are, leave me a message on [[User talk:WikiDwarf|my talk page]], or ask a question on [[Bharatpedia talk:WikiProject India/Events/India Edit-a-thon]]. Oh, and please [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically produce your username and the date. Again, welcome!
Feel free to ask if you have a question(s).
Regards, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 09:03, 28 November 2022 (IST)

== Autopatrolled ==

Thanks for the edit granting me autopatrolled facility - [[User:Kamal Guha|Kamal Guha]] ([[User talk:Kamal Guha|talk]]) 10:59, 5 July 2023 (IST)
:{{reply|Kamal Guha}} you are welcome. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]]) 19:23, 6 July 2023 (IST)

== User of the month (July 2023) ==

Dear Ajay Kumar, We want to extend our heartfelt appreciation for your significant contributions. Your efforts in making edits and earning scores have positively impacted our community. Though you may not have secured the top spot at this time, your dedication is truly valued.

We wish you the best of luck for the next opportunity, and we look forward to seeing more of your valuable contributions. To see the list of top users and the July 2023 winner, kindly visit [[Bharatpedia:User of the month]] page. Thank you for being an essential part of our platform! [[User:Bot|Bot]] ([[User talk:Bot|talk]]) 18:27, 1 August 2023 (IST)

== Editor of the month (August 2023) ==

Dear Ajay Kumar, We want to extend our heartfelt appreciation for your significant contributions. Your efforts in making edits and earning scores have positively impacted our community. Though you may not have secured the top spot at this time, your dedication is truly valued.

We wish you the best of luck for the next opportunity, and we look forward to seeing more of your valuable contributions. To see the list of top users and the August 2023 winner, kindly visit [[Bharatpedia:User of the month]] page. Thank you for being an essential part of our Bharatpedia! [[User:Bot|Bot]] ([[User talk:Bot|talk]]) 11:30, 3 September 2023 (IST)

== Errors ==

Hi Admin.
I created a few pages and templates but in [[:Template:Infobox valley]] and [[:Hulhulé Island]] some errors are showing related to modules can you fix that? Thanks
:{{reply|Soldier}} I have fixed the error. Please sign your comments with four tides <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]]) 20:47, 8 September 2023 (IST)

== Thanks ==

Many thanks for your encouragement. Cheers. - [[User:Kamal Guha|Kamal Guha]] ([[User talk:Kamal Guha|talk]]) 06:31, 27 November 2023 (IST)

== Thank You ==

Thank you So Much Mr.Ajay for your Encouragement and Appreciation😊 [[User:Anu Priya|Anu Priya]] ([[User talk:Anu Priya|talk]]) 06:31, 27 November 2023 (IST)

== 2 December 2023 ==

https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/User_talk:WikiDwarf#I_need_Administrator
After requesting from them, I applied there, they showed me a template that you should apply here for administration, I did not apply without their permission, you can definitely go to this link. can see [[User:Muskit Gergous|Muskit Gergous]] ([[User talk:Muskit Gergous|talk]]) 12:33, 2 December 2023 (IST)

== Thanks ==

Many thanks for your encouragement - [[User:Kamal Guha|Kamal Guha]] ([[User talk:Kamal Guha|talk]]) 15:47, 2 December 2023 (IST)

== Request, if possible.... ==

Hello brother @[[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ,I'm not sure if stewards are not present on Bharatpedia then how account rename will become possible, but I really want to change my account name. On cross searching my account name I found a lots of people use the same name on Quora and YouTube.

Can you please rename my account "Magadha Historian" to "Bharatwiki Socrates"? I just thought of this name and really like it. It's very unique . [[User:Magadha Historian|Magadha Historian]] ([[User talk:Magadha Historian|talk]]) 16:04, 2 December 2023 (IST)

This name is in demand, that name will also be a very good investment for you, so if you say, I will transfer it, what do you think?[[User:Muskit Gergous|Muskit Gergous]] ([[User talk: Muskit Gergous|talk]]) 16:04, 2 December 2023 (IST)
:{{tps}} {{re|Magadha Historian}} Please add your request at [[Bharatpedia:Changing username/Simple]]. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 18:39, 2 December 2023 (IST)

::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you, Admin. Your assistance significantly alleviates my concerns......{{re|Muskit Gergous}} your statement "I will transfer it " listen renaming an account isn't like moving articles. Nonetheless, I value your curiosity here. [[User:Magadha Historian|Magadha Historian]] ([[User talk:Magadha Historian|talk]]) 19:15, 2 December 2023 (IST)

== November 2023 ==

::{{re|Ajay Kumar}}this person [[User:Bharatwiki Socrates]] Sir, I have a request from you, because this person is constantly interfering with my work, even though he knows that I am his senior, and still, he is interfering with my insert and my work.Well, if this continues, I'll leave Bharatpedia and move back to Wikipedia.[[User:Muskit Gergous|Muskit Gergous]]([[User talk:Muskit Gergous|talk]]) 1:05, 3 December 2023 (IST)

== Thank you ==

Many thanks for your encouragement. I am sorry for the delay in responding. I was a little unwell and was not working on Bharatpedia for sometime.- [[User:Kamal Guha|Kamal Guha]] ([[User talk:Kamal Guha|talk]]) 15:51, 12 January 2024 (IST)

== Draft Approval Required ==

Dear Sir,

Kindly approve Draft of Gaurav Dewasi

== Request for review: Draft:Sanjay Ghare ==

Hi Ajay,

Hope you're doing well. I have a draft biography at [[Draft:Sanjay Ghare]] that has been in the AfC queue since mid-July. WikiDwarf reviewed and declined it initially on 16 July for insufficient independent sources. I revised the draft on 17 July addressing that feedback and resubmitted, but haven't heard back since.

When you have some time, would you be able to take a look at the current version? I've tried to address the notability concerns with independent editorial coverage.

Summary of the current sourcing:

* YourStory (2020 profile of the founder and company)
* PhocusWire (acquisition coverage, August 2023)
* Startup Pedia (biographical profile)
* Get Latka (revenue and business details)
* World Travel Tech Awards (industry recognition)
* Forbes editorial column (2025)

The subject is the co-founder and CEO of Vervotech, a Pune-based travel technology company acquired by Constellation Software in 2023.

I understand reviewers are volunteers and appreciate the time this takes. Happy to make any further improvements if the draft still falls short.

<nowiki>Thanks, ~~~~</nowiki> [[User:Prashant1|Prashant1]] ([[User talk:Prashant1|talk]]) 17:57, 12 August 2026 (IST)

:Hi Prashant,
:Thanks for reaching out. I've reviewed the current draft and have declined the submission on notability grounds. The current sources still don't establish sufficient independent coverage of Ghare as an individual most of the coverage is primarily about Vervotech or his business activities. Please continue improving the draft by adding multiple reliable, independent sources that provide significant coverage of Ghare himself. Once stronger sourcing is available, you're welcome to resubmit it. Thanks, [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]]) 15:18, 13 August 2026 (IST)
|}

Draft:Sanjay Ghare

2026-08-13T09:48:09Z

Ajay Kumar: Declining submission: bio -

{{AfC submission|d|bio|u=Prashant1|ns=118|decliner=Ajay Kumar|declinets=20260813094806|reject=yes|small=yes|ts=20260717202709}} 
{{AfC submission|||ts=20260717202709|u=Prashant1|ns=118}} 

{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Ghare
| image = Sanjay Ghare.jpeg
| caption = Sanjay Ghare, Founder and CEO of Vervotech
| birth_place = Maharashtra, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur, business executive
| years_active = 2007–present
| known_for = Founder and CEO of [[Vervotech]]
| title = Founder and CEO, Vervotech
}}

'''Sanjay Ghare''' is an Indian entrepreneur and business executive. He is the co-founder and CEO of [[Vervotech]], a Pune-based travel technology company that was acquired by Juniper Group, a division of [[Constellation Software]], in August 2023.<ref name="phocuswire">[https://www.phocuswire.com/vervotech-acquired-constellation-acquisition-spree Vervotech acquired as Constellation continues acquisition spree], PhocusWire, 18 August 2023.</ref><ref name="getlatka">[https://getlatka.com/blog/this-hotel-tech-saas-just-exited-to-constellation-group-after-hitting-30-ebitda-margin-and-sharing-25-of-profits-with-employees/ How Vervotech CEO Sanjay Ghare grew to $2.9M revenue and 200 customers in 2023], Get Latka, 25 September 2023.</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Sanjay Ghare was born into a farming family in Maharashtra, India. He completed an engineering degree, followed by a C-DAC course in computer applications.<ref name="startuppedia">[https://www.facebook.com/startup.pedia7/posts/founded-in-2018-and-based-in-pune-maharashtra-vervotech-is-a-leading-hotel-accom/1194810665993427/ Founded in 2018 and based in Pune, Maharashtra, Vervotech...], Startup Pedia.</ref>

== Career ==

=== Tavisca Solutions ===

In 2008, Ghare joined Tavisca Solutions, a Pune-based travel technology firm, as Vice President of the SaaS business. Over more than a decade at Tavisca, he built and scaled the company's software-as-a-service division serving customers globally.<ref name="startuppedia" /><ref name="getlatka" /> Tavisca was acquired by cxLoyalty in 2018, which was subsequently acquired by [[JPMorgan Chase]], where the technology became part of Chase Travel.<ref name="getlatka" />

=== Vervotech ===

Ghare co-founded Vervotech in October 2018, along with Dharmendra Ladi and four other co-founders from Tavisca.<ref name="yourstory">[https://yourstory.com/2020/07/artificial-intelligence-saas-pune-startup-vervotech-travel-agencies Using artificial intelligence, this SaaS startup is helping travel agencies], YourStory, 28 July 2020.</ref><ref name="startuppedia" /> The founders pooled ₹10 lakh (approximately US$13,300) of their savings to start the company, which was based in Pune and initially staffed by six engineers.<ref name="yourstory" /><ref name="startuppedia" />

Vervotech's flagship products, Hotel Mapping and Room Mapping, use artificial intelligence and natural language processing to consolidate hotel data from multiple suppliers.<ref name="yourstory" /> The company signed its first customer, Akbar Travels, within its first year of operation.<ref name="startuppedia" /> By 2023, Vervotech served over 1,000 online travel companies globally and reported annual revenue of approximately US$2.9 million, having grown from US$1.8 million in 2022.<ref name="getlatka" />

In August 2023, Vervotech was acquired by Juniper Group, a subsidiary of Vela Software within Constellation Software Inc. Ghare continued as CEO of Vervotech following the acquisition, with the company operating independently within the Juniper Group.<ref name="phocuswire" /><ref name="getlatka" />

Vervotech was named "World's Best Hotel Mapping Solutions Provider" at the World Travel Tech Awards in 2023.<ref name="wtta">[https://worldtraveltechawards.com/award-worlds-best-hotel-mapping-solutions-provider-2023 World's Best Hotel Mapping Solutions Provider 2023], World Travel Tech Awards.</ref>

== Other activities ==

Ghare also co-founded Techspian, a Pune-based technology consulting and services company, during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="tedx">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_huJPwY09JY The new age of AI and its impact on startups | Sanjay Ghare | TEDxNainiStudio], TEDx, 14 September 2022.</ref> He is a founding investor and advisor to travel and hospitality technology startups including Zeal Connect, Guestara, and TravClan.<ref name="getlatka" />

He is the founder of the Ram Sukrut Kalyan Foundation, a non-profit organisation focused on skill development for rural youth in India.<ref name="startuppedia" />

Ghare has delivered a TEDx talk on entrepreneurship and technology.<ref name="tedx" /> He is a member of the [[Forbes Technology Council]] and contributes columns to Forbes on travel technology and entrepreneurship.<ref name="forbes">[https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbestechcouncil/2025/06/27/indias-hotel-dream-why-tech-and-demand-are-driving-the-story/ India's Hotel Dream: Why Tech And Demand Are Driving The Story], Forbes, 27 June 2025.</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [https://vervotech.com/ Vervotech official website]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian technology chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Travel technology]]

User talk:Prashant1

2026-08-13T09:48:08Z

Ajay Kumar: Notification: AfC submission declined

Indranil Khan

2026-08-05T17:24:17Z

Ajay Kumar: Expanded per sources

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Indranil Khan
| image = MLA Indranil Khan.png
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Khan, {{circa|2020}}
| office1 = [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)|Minister of State]] (Independent Charge)<br>[[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| 1blankname1 = Departments
| 1namedata1 = [[Department of Youth Services and Sports, West Bengal|Youth Services and Sports]]<br>[[Department of Consumer Affairs, West Bengal|Consumer Affairs]]
| 2blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 4 May 2026
| predecessor2 = [[Partha Chatterjee]]
| constituency2 = [[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]]
| birth_date = 1989
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[North Bengal Medical College and Hospital|North Bengal Medical College]] (MBBS)<br>[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College, Kolkata]] (MD)
| profession = Politician<br>Oncologist
}}

'''Indranil Khan''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician and oncologist who has been serving as a [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)|Minister of State]] (Independent Charge) in the [[Government of West Bengal]] since June 2026, holding the portfolios of Youth Services and Sports and Consumer Affairs. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]] constituency since May 2026. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), he previously served as the state president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (BJYM) in West Bengal.<ref name="print-family">{{cite news |title=Family of doctors celebrate as Indranil Khan joins Bengal ministry |url=https://theprint.in/india/family-of-doctors-celebrate-as-indranil-khan-joins-bengal-ministry/2947485/ |work=ThePrint |agency=PTI |date=1 June 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="ht-cabinet">{{cite news |title=Suvendu Adhikari expands West Bengal cabinet, 35 more ministers sworn-in |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/suvendu-adhikari-expands-west-bengal-cabinet-35-more-ministers-shankar-ghosh-indranil-khan-malati-rava-roy-sworn-in-101780292802106.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 June 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khan was born in 1989 in [[Ballygunge]], Kolkata, and spent his formative years in Batanagar on the southwestern fringes of the city.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |title=When medicine met mandate, Behala writes a new diagnosis after ending TMC chapter |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/when-medicine-met-mandate-behala-writes-a-new-diagnosis-after-ending-tmc-chapter-prnt/cid/2159954 |work=The Telegraph |date=11 May 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref> He comes from a family of doctors; his grandfather and father, Dr. C. K. Khan, were both physicians. His father worked at Bata Hospital before retiring and later associated with the state health department and Britannia on a part-time basis. His elder sister, Debarati, serves as a joint Block Development Officer in Amdanga.<ref name="print-family"/>

He studied at [[South Point High School]], Kolkata. He qualified in both medical and engineering entrance examinations before choosing to pursue medicine.<ref name="print-family"/><ref name="tv9">{{cite news |title=Who is Indranil Khan |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/who-is-indranil-kha-know-detail-1320351.html |work=TV9 Bangla |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref> Khan completed his MBBS from [[North Bengal Medical College and Hospital|North Bengal Medical College]] and obtained an MD in radiotherapy from [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Medical College, Kolkata]] (under the West Bengal University of Health Sciences) in 2017. He later obtained the European Certification in Medical Oncology (ECMO) from the European Society for Medical Oncology in Oxford in 2019 and is a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO).<ref name="telegraph"/><ref name="sehat">{{cite web |title=Dr. Indranil Khan, Oncologist |url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-indranil-khan-oncologist-kolkata |website=Sehat |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

== Medical career ==
Khan is a clinical oncologist specialising in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, palliative care and supportive care. He has practised as a consultant at several hospitals in Kolkata, including AMRI Hospitals (Dhakuria), Calcutta Medical Research Institute (CMRI), Medica Super Specialty Hospital and others.<ref name="sehat"/><ref name="healthinde">{{cite web |title=Dr. Indranil Khan, Radiation Oncologist, Kolkata |url=https://healthinde.com/doctor/dr-indranil-khan |website=HealthInde |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref> He has presented research at national and international medical conferences, including work on quality of life in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with palliative radiotherapy.<ref name="healthinde"/>

In 2020, he founded MEDE VISION, an organisation focused on healthcare awareness, medical education and policy discussions.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Public Service |url=https://drindranilkhan.com/ |website=drindranilkhan.com |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Khan became involved in student politics during his college years and has been associated with the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), the student wing of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. He served as a National Executive Council Member of ABVP in 2017 and as State Vice President of ABVP Paschim Banga in 2019.<ref name="official"/><ref name="telegraph"/>

He joined the Bharatiya Janata Party and became a State Executive Committee member and media panelist in 2021. The same year, he was appointed State President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM) in West Bengal, a position he held while continuing his medical practice.<ref name="official"/><ref name="news18">{{cite news |title=Dr Indranil Khan BJP MLA |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/west-bengal-bjp-mla-dr-indranil-khan-behala-west-victory-partha-chatterjee-ratna-chatterjee-inside-story-of-tmc-defeat-10466222.html |work=News18 Hindi |date=11 May 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref> As BJYM state president, he participated in organisational activities and protests, including one in March 2024 in which he and other workers were detained by Kolkata Police during a demonstration seeking details of utilisation certificates.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP youth wing state chief Indranil Khan detained by Kolkata Police amid protest |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/bjp-youth-wing-state-chief-indranil-khan-detained-by-kolkata-police-amid-protest20240317033853 |work=ANI |date=17 March 2024 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

=== 2026 assembly election ===
In the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Khan contested from Behala Paschim as the BJP candidate. The constituency had been represented by [[Partha Chatterjee]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC) since 2001. Khan defeated AITC candidate Ratna Chatterjee by a margin of 24,699 votes, securing 113,171 votes (47.69 per cent) against her 88,472 votes. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidate Nihar Bhakta finished third with 30,676 votes. The BJP won all ten wards comprising the constituency.<ref name="eci">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 – Assembly Constituency 154 – BEHALA PASCHIM (West Bengal) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25154.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="toi-result">{{cite news |title=Behala Paschim election result 2026: BJP's Dr. Indranil Khan wins against TMC's Ratna Chatterjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/behala-paschim-election-result-2026-tmcs-ratna-chatterjee-vs-bjps-indranil-khan/articleshow/130674857.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 May 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref><ref name="telegraph"/>

During the campaign, he identified issues including waterlogging, healthcare infrastructure at Vidyasagar State General Hospital, and employment opportunities. His election office was alleged to have been vandalised by TMC workers, for which he filed a police complaint.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata: BJP's Indranil Khan files complaint over alleged vandalism of Behala Paschim office by TMC workers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/kolkata-bjps-indranil-khan-files-complaint-over-alleged-vandalism-of-behala-paschim-office-by-tmc-workers/articleshow/130049476.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

== Ministerial career ==
Following the BJP's victory in the 2026 assembly election, Suvendu Adhikari was sworn in as Chief Minister on 9 May 2026. In a cabinet expansion on 1 June 2026, Khan was inducted as a Minister of State with independent charge.<ref name="ht-cabinet"/><ref name="print-family"/> Portfolios were allocated on 10 June 2026, assigning him the departments of Youth Services and Sports and Consumer Affairs. He succeeded Nisith Pramanik in the sports portfolio.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal Cabinet portfolios announced: CM Suvendu keeps home, land and power; Swapan Dasgupta gets finance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-cabinet-portfolios-announced-cm-suvendu-adhikari-keeps-home-land-and-power-swapan-dasgupta-gets-finance-101781082263447.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

As sports minister, Khan has outlined priorities including infrastructure development, grassroots talent identification (particularly from regions such as North Bengal, Jangalmahal and the Sundarbans), reducing political interference in sports administration, and collaboration with educational institutions and private stakeholders. He has also announced plans relating to stadium upgrades, athlete support systems and hosting national-level sporting events.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Games, local players for KKR: sports minister rolls out long wishlist |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/national-games-local-players-for-kkr-bengal-sports-minister-indranil-khan-rolls-out-long-wishlist |work=National Herald |date=18 June 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Khan is unmarried and lives with his parents in Kolkata. He is a Bengali Hindu.<ref name="telegraph"/><ref>{{cite news |title=डॉ. इंद्रनील खान हिंदू हैं या मुसलमान? |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/west-bengal/kolkata-what-is-dr-indranil-khan-caste-hindu-ya-muslim-why-use-surname-khan-oath-minister-of-state-independent-charge-in-west-bengal-bjp-government-10529887.html |work=News18 Hindi |date=1 June 2026 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Indranil}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Alumni of North Bengal Medical College and Hospital]]
[[Category:Alumni of Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]
[[Category:South Point High School alumni]]

Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026

2026-07-23T13:23:28Z

Ajay Kumar: Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026

{{Short description|Proposed legislation to amend India's foreign contribution regulation law}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2026}}
{{Infobox legislation
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|image = Emblem of India.svg
|imagesize = 125px
|imagealt = State Emblem of India
|long_title = A Bill further to amend the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010
|citation =
|introduced_by = Ministry of Home Affairs
|bill = The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026
|bill_date = 25 March 2026
|enacted_by =
|date_passed =
|status = Pending
|related_legislation = [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010]]
}}
The '''Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026''' is a proposed amendment to the [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010]] introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 25 March 2026 by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. The Bill seeks to create a framework for the supervision, management and disposal of foreign contributions and assets of organisations whose FCRA registration certificate is cancelled, surrendered or ceases to be valid, and to rationalise penalties under the Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2026 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

As of July 2026 the Bill remains pending before Parliament and has been listed for consideration during the Monsoon Session.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament Monsoon Session 2026: Legislative Reforms |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2026/07/20/parliament-monsoon-session-2026-legislative-reforms/ |publisher=SCC Online |date=20 July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 regulates the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution and foreign hospitality in India. Registration under the Act is valid for five years and must be renewed. Over the years successive governments have amended the Act and its rules to tighten monitoring of foreign funds flowing to non-governmental organisations, citing concerns of national security, sovereignty and transparency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: How the FCRA regulates foreign funding and what the 2026 amendments mean |url=https://ddindia.co.in/2026/07/explained-how-the-fcra-regulates-foreign-funding-and-what-the-2026-amendments-mean/ |publisher=DD India |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

In 2024–25 approximately 16,200 associations received ₹22,963 crore in foreign contributions under the FCRA regime.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government allays fears over FCRA Bill, clarifies on designated authority |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-allays-fears-over-fcra-bill-clarifies-on-designated-authority/article71255050.ece |work=The Hindu |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

== Key provisions ==
The Bill amends several sections of the 2010 Act and inserts a new Chapter IIIA dealing with vesting of foreign contribution and assets.

=== Cessation of certificate ===
An FCRA certificate ceases to be valid if it is cancelled by the Central Government, surrendered by the organisation, not renewed before its expiry, or if a renewal application is not made or is refused. Cancellation may be ordered for reasons including incorrect statements, violation of conditions of the certificate, public interest, or failure to engage in reasonable activity for two consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2026 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

=== Designated Authority and vesting of assets ===
The Bill establishes a Designated Authority to take provisional control of foreign contributions and of assets created wholly or partly out of foreign contributions when a certificate ceases. If registration is not restored, renewed or freshly granted within the prescribed period, the vesting becomes permanent. Permanently vested assets may be transferred to government departments or agencies or disposed of by sale, with the proceeds credited to the Consolidated Fund of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2026/Foreign_Contribution_Bill_2026_Text.pdf |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

Special provision is made for places of worship: the Designated Authority must ensure that their religious character is maintained and may entrust their management to prescribed persons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government allays fears over FCRA Bill, clarifies on designated authority |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-allays-fears-over-fcra-bill-clarifies-on-designated-authority/article71255050.ece |work=The Hindu |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

Orders of the Designated Authority are subject to revision by the Central Government and appeal before a District Judge.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2026 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

=== Key functionaries ===
The definition of “key functionary” is expanded to cover directors of companies, partners of firms, trustees, the karta of a Hindu undivided family, office-bearers and any person responsible for the management or control of the organisation. Key functionaries are made liable for offences committed by the organisation unless they prove that the offence was committed without their knowledge or that they had exercised all due diligence.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2026 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

=== Penalties and investigation ===
The maximum term of imprisonment for contravention of the Act is reduced from five years to one year. No investigation into an offence under the Act can be initiated by any agency without the prior approval of the Central Government.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2026 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

=== Prior permission ===
Foreign contribution received under the prior-permission route must be utilised within a time period prescribed for the specific purpose and source.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2026 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

== Related Rules, 2026 ==
On 22 June 2026 the Ministry of Home Affairs notified the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2026. These rules require registration certificates to specify the precise purpose and the state or Union Territory of operation, mandate demonstration of utilisation of at least ₹10 lakh of foreign contribution over the preceding two years for renewal, expand disclosure requirements (including social media accounts and ultimate donors), and ordinarily bar foreign nationals other than persons of Indian origin or Overseas Citizens of India from serving as key functionaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre amends FCRA rules for receiving foreign funds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-amends-fcra-rules-for-receiving-foreign-funds/article71134901.ece |work=The Hindu |date=June 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

== Legislative history and status ==
The Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 25 March 2026. Consideration was deferred amid protests by opposition parties. It has been listed among the bills to be taken up during the Monsoon Session of Parliament that began on 20 July 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament Monsoon Session 2026: Legislative Reforms |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2026/07/20/parliament-monsoon-session-2026-legislative-reforms/ |publisher=SCC Online |date=20 July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FCRA Bill 2026: Why opposition is protesting Centre’s proposed foreign funding law |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/fcra-bill-2026-why-opposition-is-protesting-centre-s-proposed-foreign-funding-law-13980430.html |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The Central Government has stated that the Bill strengthens oversight of foreign funding, closes loopholes relating to assets of organisations that lose FCRA registration, and aligns Indian practice with global standards of transparency. It has clarified that the Designated Authority deals only with assets created from foreign contributions, that places of worship retain their religious character, and that the legislation does not target any particular religious community. Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] assured leaders of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of India that the Bill would not be applied retrospectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amit Shah assures church leaders that FCRA Bill will not be applied retrospectively |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amit-shah-assures-church-leaders-that-fcra-bill-will-not-be-applied-retrospectively/article71210969.ece |work=The Hindu |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FCRA bill aims to bolster oversight, not target any religion: Centre |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/fcra-bill-aims-to-bolster-oversight-not-target-any-religion-centre-101784485934518.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Curbs on foreign funding not uniquely Indian, says govt, cites laws elsewhere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/curbs-on-foreign-funding-not-uniquely-indian-says-govt-cites-laws-elsewhere-ahead-of-bill-to-tweak-fcra/articleshow/132567703.cms |work=The Times of India |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

Civil society organisations and human rights groups have criticised the Bill and the accompanying Rules. Amnesty International has argued that the measures expand state control over the activities, operations and leadership of foreign-funded organisations and undermine the right to freedom of association.<ref>{{cite web |title=India: New foreign funding rules tighten control over civil society and undermine the right to freedom of association |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2026/07/india-fcra-tighten-control-civil-society-undermine-freedom-of-association/ |publisher=Amnesty International |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of India and other Christian bodies have expressed concern about the possible impact on charitable and educational institutions and have urged withdrawal or substantial modification of the proposals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catholic bishops body urges Amit Shah to withdraw Foreign Contribution Regulation Amendment Bill |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/catholic-bishops-body-urges-hm-to-withdraw-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill/3849721 |publisher=Press Trust of India |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

Opposition parties have described the Bill as draconian. On 1 July 2026 the Kerala Legislative Assembly passed a resolution urging the Central Government to withdraw both the Bill and the Amendment Rules, citing concerns relating to federalism, constitutional rights and the functioning of voluntary organisations in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Assembly passes resolution urging Centre to repeal amendments to FCRA rules |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-assembly-passes-resolution-urging-centre-to-repeal-amendments-to-fcra-rules/article71169404.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> Several opposition leaders have called for an all-party meeting to discuss the legislation before it is taken up for consideration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Convene all-party meet on delimitation, FCRA bills: Derek O’Brien to PM Modi |url=https://theprint.in/india/convene-all-party-meet-on-delimitation-fcra-bills-derek-obrien-to-pm-modi/2990553/ |work=ThePrint |date=July 2026 |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010]]
* [[List of non-governmental organisations in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2026/Foreign_Contribution_Bill_2026_Text.pdf Text of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2026]
* [https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-foreign-contribution-regulation-amendment-bill-2026 PRS Legislative Research page on the Bill]
* [https://fcraonline.nic.in/ Official FCRA website]

[[Category:Proposed legislation of India]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organisations in India]]

Draft:Prince Salani

2026-07-01T15:47:01Z

Ajay Kumar: Declining submission: bio -

{{AfC submission|d|bio|u=Sdbot|ns=118|decliner=Ajay Kumar|declinets=20260701154701|reject=yes|small=yes|ts=20260701124647}} 
{{AfC submission|||ts=20260701124646|u=Sdbot|ns=118}} 

{{Infobox person
| image = Prince Salani Photo In 2021.jpeg
| birth_date = 2001-01-01
| birth_name = Prince Kumar
| birth_place = New Delhi
| father = Subhash Kumar
| height = 1.80 m
| known for = Founder of Salani Digital
| mother = Ritu
| name = Prince Salani
| nationality = India
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| website = https://princesalani.tumblr.com
| years active = 2022-present
}}

Prince Kumar (born 1 January 2001), popularly known as Prince Salani,<ref>https://surnames.behindthename.com/name/salani/submitted</ref> is an Indian entrepreneur and SEO strategist. He is best known as the founder of Salani Digital, a digital marketing agency specializing in performance marketing.

== Early Life and Education ==
Prince Salani was born in 2001 in Inderlok, New Delhi, India. His father, Subhash Kumar, is an Indian media personality, and his mother, Ritu, is a social activist. Before starting his career in SEO, he graduated from Sikkim Manipal University and later studied Digital Marketing at DSIM.<ref>https://www.themoviedb.org/person/5182378-prince-salani</ref>

== Career ==
Prince began his career as a freelance digital marketer and later transitioned into entrepreneurship. After several early ventures, he founded Salani Digital on September 1, 2022. The agency focuses on performance marketing and offers services such as social media marketing (SMM), content marketing, analytics, SEO, and website design.<ref>https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/digital-hours</ref>

== Media and Public Presence ==
Prince maintains an active presence on social media, where he shares educational content on SEO, growth strategies, and content marketing. He is also active on LinkedIn, where he posts insights, articles, and updates about his ventures.<ref>https://www.goodreads.com/user/show/184035676-prince-salani</ref>

== Recognition and Influence ==
Prince Salani is regarded as one of the youngest entrepreneurs in his field and an emerging voice in SEO and digital marketing.<ref>https://www.crunchbase.com/person/prince-salani-d26c</ref><ref>https://golden.com/wiki/Prince_Salani-MAXMNGN</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

User talk:Sdbot

2026-07-01T15:47:01Z

Ajay Kumar: Notification: AfC submission declined

User talk:Moviemover916

2026-07-01T15:45:49Z

Ajay Kumar: Notification: AfC submission accepted

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Justice For Jeni

2026-07-01T15:45:48Z

Ajay Kumar: Cleaning up accepted Articles for creation submission

{{Infobox film
| name = Justice for Jeni
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Santhosh Ryan
| writer = Santhosh Ryan
| producer = Syed Thameen
| cinematography = Veeramani
| editing = Sandeep Nandhakumar
| music = Goutham Vincent
| studio = Asna Creations
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹4 crore (estimated)
| gross = ₹0.45 crore (opening day estimate)
}}

'''Justice for Jeni''' is a 2026 Indian Tamil-language drama thriller film written and directed by '''Santhosh Ryan''' and produced by '''Syed Thameen''' under the banner Asna Creations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/justice-for-jeni/movieshow/126251237.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> The film stars Ashika Asokan and Sandhra Anil in the lead roles, alongside Hareesh Peradi, Nizhalgal Ravi, Rekha, Sinan, Aishwarya KS and Bittu Thomas Mappillassery in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

Inspired by a real-life criminal case, the film follows a medical student's pursuit of justice following the murder of her close friend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=குற்றவாளி ஜெயிலில் இருக்க, அவரை வைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட 'ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' |url=https://minnambalam.com/justice-for-jeni-movie-audio-launch-event/ |website=Minnambalam |language=ta |date=10 December 2025 |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 2 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Tamil OTT release date and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/new-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-movies-and-series-this-week-dec-29-jan-4-latest-south-indian-ott-theatrical-releases-/justice-for-jeni-tamil-ott-release-date-where-to-watch/slideshow/126230323.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Jeni and Priyanka are close friends pursuing medical studies. Their lives are shattered when Jeni becomes the victim of a violent crime. Determined to seek justice for her friend, Priyanka joins the investigation and pursues legal action against those responsible. As the case progresses from police investigation to courtroom proceedings, she confronts institutional challenges while uncovering the circumstances surrounding Jeni's death.

== Cast ==

* Ashika Asokan as Priyanka
* Sandhra Anil as Jeni
* Hareesh Peradi
* Nizhalgal Ravi
* Rekha
* Sinan
* Aishwarya KS as a police officer
* Bittu Thomas Mappillassery

== Production ==

The film was written and directed by Santhosh Ryan and produced by Syed Thameen under the banner Asna Creations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Masood TP and Saravanan served as executive producers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> It was inspired by a real criminal case involving the murder of a medical student and its subsequent legal proceedings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=குற்றவாளி ஜெயிலில் இருக்க, அவரை வைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட 'ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' |url=https://minnambalam.com/justice-for-jeni-movie-audio-launch-event/ |website=Minnambalam |language=ta |date=10 December 2025 |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

The film combines elements of an investigative thriller and courtroom drama, focusing on the investigation and judicial proceedings arising from the case.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Principal photography was completed in Tamil Nadu. Cinematography was handled by Veeramani, while editing was carried out by Sandeep Nandhakumar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/justice-for-jeni/movieshow/126251237.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

== Music ==

The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by Goutham Vincent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Justice for Jeni team interview |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2026/Jan/07/watch-justice-for-jeni-team-interview-santhosh-ryan-ashika-asokan-aishwarya |website=Cinema Express |date=7 January 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Promotional singles released ahead of the film's theatrical release included ''"Kanavugalum Ninaivugalil"'' and ''"En Thozhiye"''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

The soundtrack formed part of the film's promotional campaign, with songs and promotional videos released before the theatrical premiere.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni Official Trailer |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/justice-for-jeni-official-trailer/ |website=Kalakkal Cinema |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==

The audio launch and trailer release event was held in Chennai ahead of the film's theatrical release and was attended by members of the cast and crew, along with personalities from the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=குற்றவாளி ஜெயிலில் இருக்க, அவரை வைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட 'ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' |url=https://minnambalam.com/justice-for-jeni-movie-audio-launch-event/ |website=Minnambalam |language=ta |date=10 December 2025 |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' இசை மற்றும் டிரைலர் வெளியீடு |url=https://nammatamilcinema.in/justice-for-jeni-audio-launch/ |website=Namma Tamil Cinema |language=ta |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

The official trailer was released in December 2025 through digital platforms ahead of the theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/justice-for-jeni-official-trailer/videoshow/126250826.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni Official Trailer |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/justice-for-jeni-official-trailer/ |website=Kalakkal Cinema |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 2 January 2026. Prior to its release, it received an '''A''' (Adults Only) certificate from the Central Board of Film Certification.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Tamil OTT release date and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/new-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-movies-and-series-this-week-dec-29-jan-4-latest-south-indian-ott-theatrical-releases-/justice-for-jeni-tamil-ott-release-date-where-to-watch/slideshow/126230323.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CBFC Certification Details |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzE4MDcyMDI1MDAwODA= |website=Central Board of Film Certification |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''Maalai Malar'' gave the film a positive review, praising the performances, courtroom sequences and socially relevant subject. The review also commended Santhosh Ryan's direction for presenting the story in an engaging manner while highlighting Veeramani's cinematography and Goutham Vincent's background score as strengths of the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி - திரைவிமர்சனம்|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/justice-for-jeni-movie-review-804730|work=Maalai Malar|language=ta|date=9 January 2026|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

ABP Nadu highlighted the attention received by actress Aishwarya KS for her portrayal of a police officer following the film's release, noting that the role increased her visibility among Tamil cinema audiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Aishwarya K S gains fans' attention through Justice for Jeni movie |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actress-aishwarya-k-s-gains-fans-attention-through-justice-for-jeni-movie-245991 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

== Box office ==

According to ''Media Hindustan'', the film was produced on an estimated budget of ₹4 crore. The publication estimated that the film collected approximately ₹0.45 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Justice For Jeni Tamil Film Box Office Collection Day 1, Hit or Flop?|url=https://mediahindustan.com/justice-for-jeni-tamil-film-box-office-collection-day-1-hit-or-flop/|website=Media Hindustan|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt39195777}}
[[Category:Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:Category:2026 drama thriller films]]
[[Category:Category:2020s Indian films]]
[[Category:Category:2020s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Category:Indian drama thriller films]]
[[Category:Category:Tamil-language drama thriller films]]
[[Category:Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Category:Films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Category:Films directed by Santhosh Ryan]]

Draft:Justice For Jeni

2026-07-01T15:45:47Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page Draft:Justice For Jeni to Justice For Jeni: Publishing accepted Articles for creation submission

#REDIRECT [[Justice For Jeni]]

Justice For Jeni

2026-07-01T15:45:46Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page Draft:Justice For Jeni to Justice For Jeni: Publishing accepted Articles for creation submission

{{AfC submission|||ts=20260701091607|u=Moviemover916|ns=118}} 
{{Infobox film
| name = Justice for Jeni
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Santhosh Ryan
| writer = Santhosh Ryan
| producer = Syed Thameen
| cinematography = Veeramani
| editing = Sandeep Nandhakumar
| music = Goutham Vincent
| studio = Asna Creations
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹4 crore (estimated)
| gross = ₹0.45 crore (opening day estimate)
}}

'''Justice for Jeni''' is a 2026 Indian Tamil-language drama thriller film written and directed by '''Santhosh Ryan''' and produced by '''Syed Thameen''' under the banner Asna Creations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/justice-for-jeni/movieshow/126251237.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> The film stars Ashika Asokan and Sandhra Anil in the lead roles, alongside Hareesh Peradi, Nizhalgal Ravi, Rekha, Sinan, Aishwarya KS and Bittu Thomas Mappillassery in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

Inspired by a real-life criminal case, the film follows a medical student's pursuit of justice following the murder of her close friend.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=குற்றவாளி ஜெயிலில் இருக்க, அவரை வைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட 'ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' |url=https://minnambalam.com/justice-for-jeni-movie-audio-launch-event/ |website=Minnambalam |language=ta |date=10 December 2025 |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 2 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Tamil OTT release date and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/new-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-movies-and-series-this-week-dec-29-jan-4-latest-south-indian-ott-theatrical-releases-/justice-for-jeni-tamil-ott-release-date-where-to-watch/slideshow/126230323.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Jeni and Priyanka are close friends pursuing medical studies. Their lives are shattered when Jeni becomes the victim of a violent crime. Determined to seek justice for her friend, Priyanka joins the investigation and pursues legal action against those responsible. As the case progresses from police investigation to courtroom proceedings, she confronts institutional challenges while uncovering the circumstances surrounding Jeni's death.

== Cast ==

* Ashika Asokan as Priyanka
* Sandhra Anil as Jeni
* Hareesh Peradi
* Nizhalgal Ravi
* Rekha
* Sinan
* Aishwarya KS as a police officer
* Bittu Thomas Mappillassery

== Production ==

The film was written and directed by Santhosh Ryan and produced by Syed Thameen under the banner Asna Creations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Masood TP and Saravanan served as executive producers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> It was inspired by a real criminal case involving the murder of a medical student and its subsequent legal proceedings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=குற்றவாளி ஜெயிலில் இருக்க, அவரை வைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட 'ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' |url=https://minnambalam.com/justice-for-jeni-movie-audio-launch-event/ |website=Minnambalam |language=ta |date=10 December 2025 |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

The film combines elements of an investigative thriller and courtroom drama, focusing on the investigation and judicial proceedings arising from the case.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Principal photography was completed in Tamil Nadu. Cinematography was handled by Veeramani, while editing was carried out by Sandeep Nandhakumar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/justice-for-jeni/movieshow/126251237.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

== Music ==

The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by Goutham Vincent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Justice for Jeni team interview |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2026/Jan/07/watch-justice-for-jeni-team-interview-santhosh-ryan-ashika-asokan-aishwarya |website=Cinema Express |date=7 January 2026 |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref> Promotional singles released ahead of the film's theatrical release included ''"Kanavugalum Ninaivugalil"'' and ''"En Thozhiye"''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni short preview |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/short-preview-of-justice-for-jeni |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

The soundtrack formed part of the film's promotional campaign, with songs and promotional videos released before the theatrical premiere.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni Official Trailer |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/justice-for-jeni-official-trailer/ |website=Kalakkal Cinema |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==

The audio launch and trailer release event was held in Chennai ahead of the film's theatrical release and was attended by members of the cast and crew, along with personalities from the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upcoming Tamil movie Justice for Jeni audio and trailer release event |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-tamil-movie-justice-for-jeni-audio-and-trailer-release-event-242775 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=குற்றவாளி ஜெயிலில் இருக்க, அவரை வைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட 'ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' |url=https://minnambalam.com/justice-for-jeni-movie-audio-launch-event/ |website=Minnambalam |language=ta |date=10 December 2025 |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி' இசை மற்றும் டிரைலர் வெளியீடு |url=https://nammatamilcinema.in/justice-for-jeni-audio-launch/ |website=Namma Tamil Cinema |language=ta |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

The official trailer was released in December 2025 through digital platforms ahead of the theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/justice-for-jeni-official-trailer/videoshow/126250826.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Justice For Jeni Official Trailer |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/justice-for-jeni-official-trailer/ |website=Kalakkal Cinema |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 2 January 2026. Prior to its release, it received an '''A''' (Adults Only) certificate from the Central Board of Film Certification.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice for Jeni Tamil OTT release date and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/new-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-movies-and-series-this-week-dec-29-jan-4-latest-south-indian-ott-theatrical-releases-/justice-for-jeni-tamil-ott-release-date-where-to-watch/slideshow/126230323.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CBFC Certification Details |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzE4MDcyMDI1MDAwODA= |website=Central Board of Film Certification |access-date=19 June 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''Maalai Malar'' gave the film a positive review, praising the performances, courtroom sequences and socially relevant subject. The review also commended Santhosh Ryan's direction for presenting the story in an engaging manner while highlighting Veeramani's cinematography and Goutham Vincent's background score as strengths of the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=ஜஸ்டிஸ் ஃபார் ஜெனி - திரைவிமர்சனம்|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/justice-for-jeni-movie-review-804730|work=Maalai Malar|language=ta|date=9 January 2026|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

ABP Nadu highlighted the attention received by actress Aishwarya KS for her portrayal of a police officer following the film's release, noting that the role increased her visibility among Tamil cinema audiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Aishwarya K S gains fans' attention through Justice for Jeni movie |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actress-aishwarya-k-s-gains-fans-attention-through-justice-for-jeni-movie-245991 |website=ABP Nadu |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

== Box office ==

According to ''Media Hindustan'', the film was produced on an estimated budget of ₹4 crore. The publication estimated that the film collected approximately ₹0.45 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Justice For Jeni Tamil Film Box Office Collection Day 1, Hit or Flop?|url=https://mediahindustan.com/justice-for-jeni-tamil-film-box-office-collection-day-1-hit-or-flop/|website=Media Hindustan|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt39195777}}

Justice For Jeni

2026-07-01T15:43:54Z

Ajay Kumar: Expanded article with additional sourcing, improved prose, and added production, release, reception and box office sections.

Justice For Jeni

2026-07-01T14:58:14Z

Ajay Kumar: Improved article structure, prose and sourcing; added reception section with independent review.

Draft talk:Masood TP

2026-07-01T14:24:54Z

Ajay Kumar: /* Submission feedback */ Reply

== Submission feedback ==

{{ping|WikiDwarf}} Please review I have updated the draft with additional reliable sources and made the requested improvements. Could you please review the latest version and, if everything looks good, accept/approve the submission [[User:Moviemover916|Moviemover916]] ([[User talk:Moviemover916|talk]]) 00:51, 30 June 2026 (IST)

:{{re|Moviemover916}} I reviewed the latest draft and made a number of improvements, including simplifying the prose, removing or trimming content that wasn't directly relevant to the biography, and replacing several references with stronger independent news sources where possible.
:That said, I believe the article still needs additional work before it fully meets Bharatpedia's sourcing and notability standards. There are still a few claims that require better independent sources for verification, and some statements are currently supported only by production credits or database/profile sources rather than reliable news coverage. If stronger independent sources cannot be found for those claims, they should either be reworded or removed.
:{{re|WikiDwarf}} I recommend one final sourcing review to ensure every substantive statement is independently verifiable and that the article clearly establishes the subject's notability through reliable coverage. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:54, 1 July 2026 (IST)

Draft:Masood TP

2026-07-01T14:22:37Z

Ajay Kumar: Improved article structure, sourcing and neutrality; removed weakly sourced claims, updated references, and marked remaining claims that require stronger independent verification.

{{AfC comment|1=Requested changes have been addressed. [[User:Moviemover916|Moviemover916]] ([[User talk:Moviemover916|talk]]) 00:18, 1 July 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC comment|1=Requested changes have been addressed. [[Special:Contributions/103.181.41.2|103.181.41.2]] ([[User talk:103.181.41.2|talk]]) 00:18, 1 July 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC comment|1=Requested changes have been addressed. [[Special:Contributions/103.181.41.2|103.181.41.2]] ([[User talk:103.181.41.2|talk]]) 00:18, 1 July 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC comment|1=Requested changes have been addressed. [[User:Moviemover916|Moviemover916]] ([[User talk:Moviemover916|talk]]) 17:40, 30 June 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC comment|1=Requested changes have been addressed. [[User:Moviemover916|Moviemover916]] ([[User talk:Moviemover916|talk]]) 14:58, 30 June 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC comment|1=The article has several good sources, especially for Diwanjimoola Grand Prix and Anomie. However, a number of claims are not supported by the citations currently attached to them.

For example, the same TOI article about Adaminte Makan Abu being selected as India's Oscar entry is used to support multiple claims that it does not appear to verify, including Masood TP's career as a finance controller, his involvement with Adaminte Makan Abu and Pathemari, and Pathemari's award. These claims should instead be supported by sources that explicitly mention Masood TP and his role in those films.

Similarly, the claims that he was executive producer of Justice for Jeni and producer of Thattum Vellattam need sources that specifically identify him in those roles. The current Thattum Vellattam citation appears to be about the casting announcement rather than Masood TP's involvement. Please update the article so that each citation directly supports the statement it is attached to, then resubmit the draft for review. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 22:20, 29 June 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC submission|||ts=20260630124600|u=Moviemover916|ns=118}} 
{{Short description|Indian film producer and executive producer}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Masood TP
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| nationality = Indian
| image = Masood-tp.png
| occupation = Film producer, executive producer, finance controller
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = ''Diwanjimoola Grand Prix'', ''Anomie''
}}

'''Masood TP''' is an Indian film producer and executive producer who works primarily in the Malayalam film industry. He is known for producing ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' (2018) and serving as co-producer and executive producer of ''[[Anomie (film)|Anomie]]'' (2026).

== Career ==

Masood TP served as finance controller on Salim Ahamed's ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]'' (2011).{{cn}} The film was selected as India's official entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and received several National Film Awards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malayalam film 'Adaminte Makan Abu' is India's Oscar entry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-film-adaminte-makan-abu-is-indias-oscar-entry/articleshow/10110575.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 September 2011}}</ref>

He later worked as finance controller on Salim Ahamed's ''[[Pathemari]]'' (2015), starring Mammootty. The film won the National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/national-awards-2016-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-from-regional-cinema-377690-2016-05-03 |title=National Awards 2016: Here's the complete list of winners from regional cinema |work=India Today |date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

Masood made his debut as a producer with ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' (2018), directed by Anil Radhakrishnan Menon. Released on 5 January 2018, the film received generally positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban to play a bureaucrat in Diwanji Moola Grand Prix |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-to-play-a-bureaucrat-in-diwanji-moola-grand-prix/articleshow/58152883.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diwanjimoola Grand Prix Review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/diwanjimoola-grand-prix/diwanjimoola-grand-prix-review-1.html |website=Behindwoods |date=6 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2026, Masood served as co-producer and executive producer of ''[[Anomie (film)|Anomie]]''. The film's theatrical release was postponed from 30 January to 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhavana starrer Anomie gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/jan/21/bhavana-starrer-anomie-gets-new-release-date |work=Cinema Express |date=21 January 2026}}</ref>

He also served as executive producer on the Tamil-language film ''Justice for Jeni''.{{cn}}

Masood is the producer of the Malayalam film ''Thattum Vellattam'', which was announced in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asif Ali, Soubin Shahir join Thattum Vellattam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/04/asif-ali-soubin-shahir-join-thattum-vellattam |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif Ali and Soubin Shahir together in Thattum Vellattam |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/asif-ali-soubin-together-in-thattum-vellattam/142848/story.htm |website=NowRunning |date=5 January 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
| Finance controller{{cn}}
| Malayalam
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Pathemari]]''
| Finance controller{{cn}}
| Malayalam
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]''
| Producer
| Malayalam
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Anomie (film)|Anomie]]''
| Co-producer, executive producer
| Malayalam
|-
| 2026
| ''Justice for Jeni''
| Executive producer{{cn}}
| Tamil
|-
| TBA
| ''[[Thattum Vellattam]]''
| Producer
| Malayalam
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8927672|Masood TP}}

User talk:Moviemover916

2026-06-29T05:52:17Z

Ajay Kumar: Notification: AfC submission accepted

Diwanjimoola Grand Prix

2026-06-29T05:52:16Z

Ajay Kumar: Cleaning up accepted Articles for creation submission

{{Infobox film
| name = Diwanjimoola Grand Prix
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]
| screenplay = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon<br>Prasanth M. Nair IAS
| story = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon
| producer = Masood TP<br>Safeer K. P.<br>Sherin Vennemkattil
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]]<br>[[Nyla Usha]]<br>[[Vinayakan]]
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = Alex J. Pulickal
| distributor = Central Pictures
| studio = Mars Entertainment<br>Silver Ocean<br>Grand Pixels
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|01|05}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diwanjimoola Grand Prix |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/diwanjimoola-grand-prix-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotqymdc |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=British Board of Film Classification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Diwanjimoola Grand Prix''''' is a 2018 Indian Malayalam language sports comedy film directed by [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]] and produced by Masood TP, Safeer K. P., and Sherin Vennemkattil.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/19/diwanji-moola-grand-prix--decoded-1595113.html|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix decoded!|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> The screenplay was co written by Menon and former Kozhikode District Collector Prasanth M. Nair, with dialogues by Riyas Marath.

The film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Nyla Usha]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Sijoy Varghese]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-to-play-a-bureaucrat-in-diwanji-moola-grand-prix/articleshow/58029038.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban to play a bureaucrat in Diwanji Moola Grand Prix|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 5 January 2018.

== Plot ==
Sajan Joseph IAS is appointed as the District Collector of Thrissur, known for his disciplined approach and commitment to public service. While assessing the district’s social and cultural decline, he learns about Diwanjimoola, a locality that once thrived due to its popular motorcycle racing tradition, which had been discontinued decades earlier because of political interference and internal conflicts.

Believing that the revival of the Diwanjimoola motorcycle race could restore community spirit and address long standing grievances, Sajan initiates efforts to bring back the event after thirty years. His decision draws opposition from influential local figures, particularly Jithendran, whose past is closely tied to the downfall of the race and unresolved personal rivalries.

As preparations progress, several individuals with emotional and personal stakes become involved. Vareedh, a rebellious local youth, sees the race as an opportunity for redemption, while Effy Mol emerges as a strong presence influencing the unfolding events. The revival effort brings suppressed tensions to the surface, exposing political manipulation, broken relationships, and social inequality.

The Diwanjimoola Grand Prix eventually transcends its identity as a sporting event. It becomes a catalyst for reconciliation and reform, uniting different sections of society while reinforcing the importance of integrity, cultural heritage, and responsible governance.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Sajan Joseph IAS
* [[Nyla Usha]] as Effy Mol
* [[Vinayakan]] as Vareedh
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Jithendran
** [[Shaheen Siddique]] as Young Jithendran
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Davisettan
* [[Nirmal Palazhi]] as Sivan
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as Christo
* [[Rahul Rajasekharan]] as Saththan
* [[Ketaki Narayan]] as Peeli Mol
* Rajeev Rajan as Elluminungi
* Jithin Paramel as Para
* Ravi Menon as Alavi
* [[Rajeev Pillai]] as Gunman PP Shibu
* [[Assim Jamal]] as CA Kunjahammad
* Midhun Ramesh as Himself
* Vijayan Peringodu as Narayanan
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Anirudhan
* [[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Ganeshan
* Abraham Koshy as Accomplice
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Rishi
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Leaf Vasu
* [[Tini Tom]] as Subramanian
* Umar Payyanur as Taxi driver
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Anil Radhakrishnan Menon co wrote the screenplay with Prasanth M. Nair, the former Kozhikode district collector.<ref name="auto"/> Principal photography began on 12 April 2017 in Thrissur, Kerala.<ref>{{cite AV media|last=Mathrubhumi News|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix ദിവാന്‍ജി മൂലയുടെ ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു|date=2017-04-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHuKeGZE9Yc}}</ref> The film was shot across various locations in Thrissur and parts of Ernakulam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/diwanji-moola-grand-prix-to-shoot-its-bike-racing-portions-in-kochi/articleshow/59285459.cms|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix to shoot its bike racing portions in Kochi|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Several actors were selected through auditions, and the film marked the debut of many cast members.<ref name="auto1"/> A motion poster was released on 18 October 2017, coinciding with Diwali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-diwanji-moola-grand-prix-motion-poster-features-a-catchy-tune/articleshow/61150302.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban's Diwanji Moola Grand Prix motion poster features a catchy tune|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Meenakshy Menon of ''Cinema Express'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and praised its narrative flow and thematic clarity.<ref>{{cite news|author=Meenakshy Menon|date=5 January 2018|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/jan/05/diwanjimoola-grand-prix-a-lot-going-for-it-3925.html|title=Diwanjimoola Grand Prix: Has a lot going for it|work=Cinema Express}}</ref> Sanjith Sasidharan of ''The Times of India'' rated the film 3 out of 5, noting its social commentary and light satirical tone.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sanjith Sasidharan|date=5 January 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/diwanji-moola-grand-prix/movie-review/62379833.cms|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filmibeat rated the film 3.5 out of 5, highlighting its performances and humour.

== Soundtrack ==
The songs and background score were composed by [[Gopi Sunder]]. Lyrics were written by Harinarayanan.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6774126}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sports comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Motorcycle racing films]]

Draft:Diwanjimoola Grand Prix

2026-06-29T05:52:14Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page Draft:Diwanjimoola Grand Prix to Diwanjimoola Grand Prix: Publishing accepted Articles for creation submission

#REDIRECT [[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]

Diwanjimoola Grand Prix

2026-06-29T05:52:13Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page Draft:Diwanjimoola Grand Prix to Diwanjimoola Grand Prix: Publishing accepted Articles for creation submission

{{AfC submission|||ts=20260629044809|u=Moviemover916|ns=118}} 
{{Infobox film
| name = Diwanjimoola Grand Prix
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]
| screenplay = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon<br>Prasanth M. Nair IAS
| story = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon
| producer = Masood TP<br>Safeer K. P.<br>Sherin Vennemkattil
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]]<br>[[Nyla Usha]]<br>[[Vinayakan]]
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = Alex J. Pulickal
| distributor = Central Pictures
| studio = Mars Entertainment<br>Silver Ocean<br>Grand Pixels
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|01|05}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diwanjimoola Grand Prix |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/diwanjimoola-grand-prix-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotqymdc |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=British Board of Film Classification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Diwanjimoola Grand Prix''''' is a 2018 Indian Malayalam language sports comedy film directed by [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]] and produced by Masood TP, Safeer K. P., and Sherin Vennemkattil.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/apr/19/diwanji-moola-grand-prix--decoded-1595113.html|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix decoded!|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> The screenplay was co written by Menon and former Kozhikode District Collector Prasanth M. Nair, with dialogues by Riyas Marath.

The film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Nyla Usha]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Sijoy Varghese]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-to-play-a-bureaucrat-in-diwanji-moola-grand-prix/articleshow/58029038.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban to play a bureaucrat in Diwanji Moola Grand Prix|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 5 January 2018.

== Plot ==
Sajan Joseph IAS is appointed as the District Collector of Thrissur, known for his disciplined approach and commitment to public service. While assessing the district’s social and cultural decline, he learns about Diwanjimoola, a locality that once thrived due to its popular motorcycle racing tradition, which had been discontinued decades earlier because of political interference and internal conflicts.

Believing that the revival of the Diwanjimoola motorcycle race could restore community spirit and address long standing grievances, Sajan initiates efforts to bring back the event after thirty years. His decision draws opposition from influential local figures, particularly Jithendran, whose past is closely tied to the downfall of the race and unresolved personal rivalries.

As preparations progress, several individuals with emotional and personal stakes become involved. Vareedh, a rebellious local youth, sees the race as an opportunity for redemption, while Effy Mol emerges as a strong presence influencing the unfolding events. The revival effort brings suppressed tensions to the surface, exposing political manipulation, broken relationships, and social inequality.

The Diwanjimoola Grand Prix eventually transcends its identity as a sporting event. It becomes a catalyst for reconciliation and reform, uniting different sections of society while reinforcing the importance of integrity, cultural heritage, and responsible governance.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Sajan Joseph IAS
* [[Nyla Usha]] as Effy Mol
* [[Vinayakan]] as Vareedh
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Jithendran
** [[Shaheen Siddique]] as Young Jithendran
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Davisettan
* [[Nirmal Palazhi]] as Sivan
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as Christo
* [[Rahul Rajasekharan]] as Saththan
* [[Ketaki Narayan]] as Peeli Mol
* Rajeev Rajan as Elluminungi
* Jithin Paramel as Para
* Ravi Menon as Alavi
* [[Rajeev Pillai]] as Gunman PP Shibu
* [[Assim Jamal]] as CA Kunjahammad
* Midhun Ramesh as Himself
* Vijayan Peringodu as Narayanan
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Anirudhan
* [[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Ganeshan
* Abraham Koshy as Accomplice
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Rishi
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Leaf Vasu
* [[Tini Tom]] as Subramanian
* Umar Payyanur as Taxi driver
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Anil Radhakrishnan Menon co wrote the screenplay with Prasanth M. Nair, the former Kozhikode district collector.<ref name="auto"/> Principal photography began on 12 April 2017 in Thrissur, Kerala.<ref>{{cite AV media|last=Mathrubhumi News|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix ദിവാന്‍ജി മൂലയുടെ ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു|date=2017-04-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHuKeGZE9Yc}}</ref> The film was shot across various locations in Thrissur and parts of Ernakulam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/diwanji-moola-grand-prix-to-shoot-its-bike-racing-portions-in-kochi/articleshow/59285459.cms|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix to shoot its bike racing portions in Kochi|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Several actors were selected through auditions, and the film marked the debut of many cast members.<ref name="auto1"/> A motion poster was released on 18 October 2017, coinciding with Diwali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-diwanji-moola-grand-prix-motion-poster-features-a-catchy-tune/articleshow/61150302.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban's Diwanji Moola Grand Prix motion poster features a catchy tune|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Meenakshy Menon of ''Cinema Express'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and praised its narrative flow and thematic clarity.<ref>{{cite news|author=Meenakshy Menon|date=5 January 2018|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/jan/05/diwanjimoola-grand-prix-a-lot-going-for-it-3925.html|title=Diwanjimoola Grand Prix: Has a lot going for it|work=Cinema Express}}</ref> Sanjith Sasidharan of ''The Times of India'' rated the film 3 out of 5, noting its social commentary and light satirical tone.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sanjith Sasidharan|date=5 January 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/diwanji-moola-grand-prix/movie-review/62379833.cms|title=Diwanji Moola Grand Prix Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filmibeat rated the film 3.5 out of 5, highlighting its performances and humour.

== Soundtrack ==
The songs and background score were composed by [[Gopi Sunder]]. Lyrics were written by Harinarayanan.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6774126}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sports comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Motorcycle racing films]]

User talk:Moviemover916

2026-06-29T05:51:38Z

Ajay Kumar: Notification: AfC submission accepted

Anomie (film)

2026-06-29T05:51:38Z

Ajay Kumar: Cleaning up accepted Articles for creation submission

{{Short description|2026 Indian Malayalam crime thriller film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anomie
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Riyas Marath
| writer = Riyas Marath
| screenplay = Riyas Marath
| story = Riyas Marath
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Bhavana
* Dr Roy CJ
* Aadith Prassana Kumar
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
* [[Shebin Benson]]
* [[Binu Pappu]]
* [[Arjun Lal]]
* Vishnu Agasthya
* Drishya Raghunath
}}
| cinematography = [[Sujith Sarang]]
| editing = Kiran Das
| music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Bhavana Film Productions
* Panorama Studios
* Blitzkrieg Films
* APK Cinemas
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|02|06}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title=''ANOMIE'' [UA 13+] |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTI4MDEyMDI2MDAwMzQ= |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Anomie''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam]] crime thriller film written and directed by Riyas Marath in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Shebin Benson]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Arjun Lal]], Vishnu Agasthya and Drishya Raghunath.It is produced by [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[CJ Roy|Roy C J]], Adit Prasanna Kumar, Ram Mirchandani, Rajesh Menon, and Masood TP under the banners of Bhavana Film Productions, Blitzkrieg Films, [[Panorama Studios]], and APK Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 January 2026|title=Bhavana-starrer Anomie gets new release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/21/bhavana-starrer-anomie-gets-new-release-date|work=Cinema Express|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tvbCbhDk |date=2026-02-01 |title=Bhavana’s 90th Landmark Film: Mystery Thriller ‘Anomie: The Equation of Death’ Trailer Launched! The Film Set for Theatrical Release on Feb 6, 2026 - Full On Cinema |url=https://www.fulloncinema.in/bhavanas-90th-landmark-film-mystery-thriller-anomie-the-equation-of-death-trailer-launched-the-film-set-for-theatrical-release-on-feb-6-2026/ |access-date=2026-02-19 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows the investigation into the disappearance of a young man. His sister pursues answers independently, while a police officer leads the official inquiry. As the investigation progresses, personal and procedural threads intersect, revealing details surrounding the disappearance and its wider implications.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 January 2026|title=Anomie trailer: Bhavana and Rahman in a crime thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/31/anomie-trailer-bhavana-and-rahman-in-a-slick-crime-thriller|work=Cinema Express|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as ACP Mohammed Ghibran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Zaara Philip
* [[Shebin Benson]] as Ziyan Philip
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Sr. Forensic Surgeon Shanmugan
* [[Arjun Lal]] as Alby
* Vishnu Agasthya as Prasad
* Drishya Raghunath
* Sumit Naval as Sanjay Hegde

== Production ==
The film marks the directorial debut of Riyas Marath, who had previously co written films such as [[Neeli (film)|Neeli]] and [[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix|Diwanji Moola Grand Prix]]. The project was developed as a crime thriller centered on an investigative narrative.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music director Harshavardhan Rameshwar makes Malayalam debut with Anomie|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/08/music-director-harshavardhan-rameshwar-makes-his-malayalam-debut-with-anomie-2554651.html|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

The film was produced by [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], Adit Prasanna Kumar, Abhishek Pathak, and Kumar Mangat Pathak, with Rajesh Menon, Ram Mirchandani, Masood TP and Nitin Kumar serving as co-producers. Masood TP also served as executive producer, while Abhinav Mehrotra was the creative producer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anomie {{!}} Full cast & crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27541778/fullcredits/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

Cinematography was handled by Sujith Sarang, and editing was carried out by Kiran Das. The background score was composed by Harshavardhan Rameshwar, marking his debut in Malayalam cinema.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
''Anomie'' was released theatrically on 6 February 2026, after being postponed from an earlier scheduled date of 30 January.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhavana's Anomie postponed; here's when the crime thriller will release|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/20/anomie-movie-release-date-postponed-bhavana-rahman.html|work=Onmanorama|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Anomie'' received negative reviews from critics. Writing for ''The Hindu'', the reviewer noted that the film relied heavily on familiar genre elements, which limited its impact despite an ambitious premise.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anomie movie review: Bhavana's thriller failed by derivative elements|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anomie-movie-review-bhavanas-sci-fi-thriller-failed-by-too-many-derivative-elements/article70600499.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

''The Indian Express'' described the film as a routine crime thriller that felt overstretched, while acknowledging the performances of the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anomie movie review: A bloated routine thriller|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/anomie-movie-review-bhavana-starrer-is-a-bloated-routine-thriller-10517839/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

A review by ''The News Minute'' praised Bhavana’s performance and the central idea, while criticising the screenplay for lacking depth.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anomie review: Bhavana shines in an interesting thriller|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/anomie-review-bhavana-shines-in-an-interesting-thriller-that-deserved-better-writing|work=The News Minute|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

A review in ''The Hollywood Reporter India'' titled the film "an inconsistent thriller that’s neither personal nor a procedural".<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie Movie Review: An Inconsistent Thriller That's Neither Personal Nor a Procedural |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/anomie-movie-review-an-inconsistent-thriller-thats-neither-personal-nor-a-procedural |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''Onmanorama'' wrote: "Bhavana steadies an uneven psychological thriller."<ref>{{cite web |title='Anomie' movie review: Bhavana steadies an uneven psychological thriller|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2026/02/06/anomie-movie-review-bhavana-rahman-thriller.html |website=Onmanorama |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''India Today'' stated that the film suffered from "flawed execution" in its review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie review: Bhavana starrer crime thriller is high concept, low impact|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/anomie-review-crime-thriller-bhavana-menon-rahman-flawed-execution-review-2864339-2026-02-06 |website=India Today |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''OTTplay'' stated that "Bhavana-Rahman's thriller is well-made but with moments in which the plot falters."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie review: Bhavana-Rahman's thriller is well-made but with moments in which the plot falters|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/anomie-equation-of-death-review-bhavana-rahman-thriller-shebin-benson-arjun-lal/7aee75cf3d454 |website=OTTplay |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''The Times of India'' published a reviewed the film as an "Uneven Psychological Thriller Driven by Mood, Not Story."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie: The Equation of Death Movie Review: An Uneven Psychological Thriller Driven by Mood, Not Story|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/anomie-the-equation-of-death/movie-review/128008014.cms |website=The Times of India |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''The New Indian Express'' described the film as a "sleek, ambitious crime thriller stretched too thin" in its review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie movie review: Sleek, ambitious crime thriller stretched too thin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Feb/06/malayalamreview2026feb06anomie-movie-review-sleek-ambitious-crime-thriller-stretched-too-thin |website=The New Indian Express |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film opened with worldwide collections of approximately ₹23 lakhs on its first day. By the second day, total collections rose to around ₹48 lakhs, indicating moderate growth during the opening weekend,it was a box office flop<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive → |first=View |date=2026-02-14 |title=Anomie Movie Budget {{!}} Collection {{!}} OTT {{!}} Hit/Flop » Tenvow |url=https://tenvow.com/box-office/anomie-movie-budget-collection-ott-hit-flop/ |access-date=2026-04-03 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]

Draft:Anomie (film)

2026-06-29T05:51:36Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page Draft:Anomie (film) to Anomie (film): Publishing accepted Articles for creation submission

#REDIRECT [[Anomie (film)]]

Anomie (film)

2026-06-29T05:51:35Z

Ajay Kumar: Ajay Kumar moved page Draft:Anomie (film) to Anomie (film): Publishing accepted Articles for creation submission

{{AfC submission|||ts=20260629044659|u=Moviemover916|ns=118}} 
{{Short description|2026 Indian Malayalam crime thriller film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anomie
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Riyas Marath
| writer = Riyas Marath
| screenplay = Riyas Marath
| story = Riyas Marath
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Bhavana
* Dr Roy CJ
* Aadith Prassana Kumar
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
* [[Shebin Benson]]
* [[Binu Pappu]]
* [[Arjun Lal]]
* Vishnu Agasthya
* Drishya Raghunath
}}
| cinematography = [[Sujith Sarang]]
| editing = Kiran Das
| music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Bhavana Film Productions
* Panorama Studios
* Blitzkrieg Films
* APK Cinemas
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|02|06}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title=''ANOMIE'' [UA 13+] |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTI4MDEyMDI2MDAwMzQ= |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Anomie''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam]] crime thriller film written and directed by Riyas Marath in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Shebin Benson]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Arjun Lal]], Vishnu Agasthya and Drishya Raghunath.It is produced by [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[CJ Roy|Roy C J]], Adit Prasanna Kumar, Ram Mirchandani, Rajesh Menon, and Masood TP under the banners of Bhavana Film Productions, Blitzkrieg Films, [[Panorama Studios]], and APK Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 January 2026|title=Bhavana-starrer Anomie gets new release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/21/bhavana-starrer-anomie-gets-new-release-date|work=Cinema Express|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=tvbCbhDk |date=2026-02-01 |title=Bhavana’s 90th Landmark Film: Mystery Thriller ‘Anomie: The Equation of Death’ Trailer Launched! The Film Set for Theatrical Release on Feb 6, 2026 - Full On Cinema |url=https://www.fulloncinema.in/bhavanas-90th-landmark-film-mystery-thriller-anomie-the-equation-of-death-trailer-launched-the-film-set-for-theatrical-release-on-feb-6-2026/ |access-date=2026-02-19 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows the investigation into the disappearance of a young man. His sister pursues answers independently, while a police officer leads the official inquiry. As the investigation progresses, personal and procedural threads intersect, revealing details surrounding the disappearance and its wider implications.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 January 2026|title=Anomie trailer: Bhavana and Rahman in a crime thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/31/anomie-trailer-bhavana-and-rahman-in-a-slick-crime-thriller|work=Cinema Express|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as ACP Mohammed Ghibran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Zaara Philip
* [[Shebin Benson]] as Ziyan Philip
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Sr. Forensic Surgeon Shanmugan
* [[Arjun Lal]] as Alby
* Vishnu Agasthya as Prasad
* Drishya Raghunath
* Sumit Naval as Sanjay Hegde

== Production ==
The film marks the directorial debut of Riyas Marath, who had previously co written films such as [[Neeli (film)|Neeli]] and [[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix|Diwanji Moola Grand Prix]]. The project was developed as a crime thriller centered on an investigative narrative.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music director Harshavardhan Rameshwar makes Malayalam debut with Anomie|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/08/music-director-harshavardhan-rameshwar-makes-his-malayalam-debut-with-anomie-2554651.html|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

The film was produced by [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], Adit Prasanna Kumar, Abhishek Pathak, and Kumar Mangat Pathak, with Rajesh Menon, Ram Mirchandani, Masood TP and Nitin Kumar serving as co-producers. Masood TP also served as executive producer, while Abhinav Mehrotra was the creative producer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anomie {{!}} Full cast & crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27541778/fullcredits/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

Cinematography was handled by Sujith Sarang, and editing was carried out by Kiran Das. The background score was composed by Harshavardhan Rameshwar, marking his debut in Malayalam cinema.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
''Anomie'' was released theatrically on 6 February 2026, after being postponed from an earlier scheduled date of 30 January.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhavana's Anomie postponed; here's when the crime thriller will release|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/20/anomie-movie-release-date-postponed-bhavana-rahman.html|work=Onmanorama|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Anomie'' received negative reviews from critics. Writing for ''The Hindu'', the reviewer noted that the film relied heavily on familiar genre elements, which limited its impact despite an ambitious premise.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anomie movie review: Bhavana's thriller failed by derivative elements|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anomie-movie-review-bhavanas-sci-fi-thriller-failed-by-too-many-derivative-elements/article70600499.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

''The Indian Express'' described the film as a routine crime thriller that felt overstretched, while acknowledging the performances of the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anomie movie review: A bloated routine thriller|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/anomie-movie-review-bhavana-starrer-is-a-bloated-routine-thriller-10517839/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

A review by ''The News Minute'' praised Bhavana’s performance and the central idea, while criticising the screenplay for lacking depth.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anomie review: Bhavana shines in an interesting thriller|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/anomie-review-bhavana-shines-in-an-interesting-thriller-that-deserved-better-writing|work=The News Minute|access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>

A review in ''The Hollywood Reporter India'' titled the film "an inconsistent thriller that’s neither personal nor a procedural".<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie Movie Review: An Inconsistent Thriller That's Neither Personal Nor a Procedural |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/anomie-movie-review-an-inconsistent-thriller-thats-neither-personal-nor-a-procedural |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''Onmanorama'' wrote: "Bhavana steadies an uneven psychological thriller."<ref>{{cite web |title='Anomie' movie review: Bhavana steadies an uneven psychological thriller|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2026/02/06/anomie-movie-review-bhavana-rahman-thriller.html |website=Onmanorama |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''India Today'' stated that the film suffered from "flawed execution" in its review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie review: Bhavana starrer crime thriller is high concept, low impact|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/anomie-review-crime-thriller-bhavana-menon-rahman-flawed-execution-review-2864339-2026-02-06 |website=India Today |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''OTTplay'' stated that "Bhavana-Rahman's thriller is well-made but with moments in which the plot falters."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie review: Bhavana-Rahman's thriller is well-made but with moments in which the plot falters|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/anomie-equation-of-death-review-bhavana-rahman-thriller-shebin-benson-arjun-lal/7aee75cf3d454 |website=OTTplay |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''The Times of India'' published a reviewed the film as an "Uneven Psychological Thriller Driven by Mood, Not Story."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie: The Equation of Death Movie Review: An Uneven Psychological Thriller Driven by Mood, Not Story|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/anomie-the-equation-of-death/movie-review/128008014.cms |website=The Times of India |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

''The New Indian Express'' described the film as a "sleek, ambitious crime thriller stretched too thin" in its review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anomie movie review: Sleek, ambitious crime thriller stretched too thin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Feb/06/malayalamreview2026feb06anomie-movie-review-sleek-ambitious-crime-thriller-stretched-too-thin |website=The New Indian Express |date=6 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film opened with worldwide collections of approximately ₹23 lakhs on its first day. By the second day, total collections rose to around ₹48 lakhs, indicating moderate growth during the opening weekend,it was a box office flop<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive → |first=View |date=2026-02-14 |title=Anomie Movie Budget {{!}} Collection {{!}} OTT {{!}} Hit/Flop » Tenvow |url=https://tenvow.com/box-office/anomie-movie-budget-collection-ott-hit-flop/ |access-date=2026-04-03 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]

Category:Humanitarian military operations involving India

2026-06-27T19:44:01Z

Ajay Kumar: New cat

[[Category:Humanitarian military operations|India]]
[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving India]]

Template:Operational plan

2026-06-27T19:43:10Z

Ajay Kumar: #Redirect Template:Infobox military operation

#Redirect [[Template:Infobox military operation]]