Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of postage stamps of India (2001–2005)

2026-05-01T12:15:40Z

AidanHeim7993963: done

{{short description|None}}

{{main|List of postage stamps of India}}
This is a list of postage stamps issued by the [[India Post]] between 2001 and 2005.

==2001==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Description
! Image
! Denomination
! Unit
|-
|-
|| 1
|| 12 January
|| [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College Chapel]] Paintings
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160731 - Cent of Paintings in St Aloysius College Chapel Mangalore.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500
||
|-
|| 2
|| 25 January
|| [[Sane Guruji]]
|| [[File:Pandurang Sadashiv Sane 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 300
||
|-
| *
||
|| '''50 Years of Republic. Personality Series: Socio-Political Development, (Set of 3 Stamps)'''
||
||
|-
|| 3
|| 27 January
|| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|| [[File:EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 3
|-
|| 4
|| 27 January
|| [[Giani Gurumukh Singh Musafir]]
|| [[File:Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 3
|-
|| 5
|| 27 January
|| [[N. G. Ranga]]
|| [[File:NG Ranga 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 3
|-
|| 6
|| 28 January
|| [[Sheel Bhadra Yajee]]
|| [[File:Sheel Bhadra Yajee 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''India's Struggle for Freedom-Great Revolutionaries, (Set of 2 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 7
|| 29 January
|| [[Jubba Sahni]]
|| [[File:Jubba Sahni 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 2
|-
|| 8
|| 29 January
|| [[Yogendra Shukla]] - [[Baikunth Shukla]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160737 - Yogendra - Baikunth Shukla.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 2
|-
|| 9
|| 6 February
|| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] Building, [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160739 - Western Railway HQ Churchgate Mumbai.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500
|| Single
|-
|| 10
|| 10 February
|| [[Census of India]] 2001
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160740 - Census of India.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''[[President's fleet review#K. R. Narayanan|International Fleet Review]] - 2001, (Set of 4 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 11
|| 18 February
|| IFR-2001 Logo (Painting of Boat of Mohenjodaro Period)
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160744 - Logo.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 12
|| 18 February
|| [[INS Tarangini (A75)|Tarangini]] (Sail Training Ship)
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160741 - Tarangini.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 13
|| 18 February
|| Pal ([[Maratha Navy]], 18th Century)
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160742 - Pal.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 14
|| 18 February
|| [[Gallivat|Galbat]] (Maratha Navy, 18th Century)
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160743 - Galbat.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 15
|| 4 March
|| [[Geological Survey of India]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160745 - Geological Survey of India.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
|| 16
|| 6 March
|| 4th [[Maratha Light Infantry]] Bicentenary
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160746 - 4th Maratha Light Infantary - Bicentenary.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
|| 17
|| 6 April
|| 2600th Birth Anniversary of [[Mahavira|Bhagwan Mahavira]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160747 - Bhagwan Mahavir - 2600th Janmakalyanak.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
|| 18
|| 12 April
|| 40th Anniversary of Man's First Space Flight ([[Yuri Gagarin]])
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160748 - Yuri Gagarin.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500
|| Single
|-
|| 19
|| 4 May
|| [[Fryderyk Chopin]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160749 - Fryderik Chopin.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500
|| Single
|-
|| 20
|| 31 May
|| [[Surya Narayan Singh|Suraj Narain Singh]]
|| [[File:Surya Narayan Singh 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
|| 21
|| 1 June
|| [[B. P. Mandal]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160751 - BPMandal.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
|| 22
|| 11 June
|| [[Samanta Chandra Sekhar]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160752 - Samanta Chandra Sekhar.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
|| 23
|| 24 June
|| [[Sant Ravidas]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160753 - Sant Ravidas.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''Personality Series : The Spirit of Nationalism, (Set of 4 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 24
|| 6 July
|| [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]]
|| [[File:Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 25
|| 6 July
|| [[C. Sankaran Nair]]
|| [[File:C_Sankaran_Nair_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 26
|| 6 July
|| [[U Kiang Nongbah|U. Kiang Nongbah]]
|| [[File:U_Kiang_Nangbah_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 27
|| 6 July
|| [[Krishna Nath Sarmah|Krishna Nath Sarma]]
|| [[File:Krishna_Nath_Sarmah_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 28
|| 21 July
|| [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160758 - Chandragupta Maurya.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 29
|| 22 July
|| [[Jhalkari Bai]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160759 - Jhalkari Bai.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''Corals of India, (Set of 4 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 30
|| 2 August
|| ''[[Fungia]] horrida''
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160761 - Mushroom Coral Fungia horrida.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 31
|| 2 August
|| ''[[Acropora digitifera]]''
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160760 - Coral Acropora digitifera.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 32
|| 2 August
|| ''[[Montipora aequituberculata]]''
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160762 - Pore Coral Montipora acquituberculata.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 33
|| 2 August
|| ''[[Acropora formosa|Acropora Formosa]]''
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160763 - Staghorn Coral Acropora formosa.jpeg|60px]]
|| 4500
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 34
|| 5 August
|| Birth Centenary of [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160764 - Dwarka Prasad Mishra.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 35
|| 11 August
|| [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]]
|| [[File:Chaudhary Brahm Parkash 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 36
|| 19 August
|| 60th Anniversary of August Revolution, [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160766 - August Kranti Ballia.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 37
|| 5 September
|| [[Jagdev Prasad]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160767 - Jagdeo Prasad.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 38
|| 19 September
|| [[Rani Avantibai]]
|| [[File:Avantibai 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 39
|| 23 September
|| [[Rao Tula Ram]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160769 - Rao Tula Ram.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 40
|| 25 September
|| [[Chaudhary Devi Lal]]
|| [[File:Chaudhary_Devi_Lal_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 41
|| 29 September
|| [[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160771 - Satis Chandra Samanta.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 42
|| 1 October
|| [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
|| [[File:Shivaji_Ganesan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 43
|| 2 October
|| [[Mahatma Gandhi]] : Man of the Millennium
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 549139 - Mahatma Gandhi - Man of the Millenium.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400 (each)
|| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| *
|
| '''Personality Series : Poetry & Performing Arts, (Set of 3 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 44
|| 9 October
|| [[Bharathidasan]]
|| [[File:Bharathidasan_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 45
|| 9 October
|| [[Lacchu Maharaj]]
|| [[File:Lachhu_Maharaj_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 46
|| 9 October
|| [[Master Mitrasen Thapa Magar|Master Mitrasen]]
|| [[File:Master_Mitrasen_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 47
|| 11 October
|| Birth Centenary of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
|| [[File:Jayaprakash Narayan 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''Stories from [[Panchatantra]], Indian Fables by Vishnusarman (Set of 8 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 48
|| 17 October
|| The Lion and The Rabbit ([[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]] )
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160783 - Lion - Rabbit.jpeg|60px]][[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160784 - Lion - Rabbit.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400 each
|| Set of 8
|-
|| 49
|| 17 October
|| The Monkey and The Crocodile - [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160785 - Monkey - Crocodile.jpeg|60px]][[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160786 - Monkey - Crocodile.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400 each
|| Set of 8
|-
|| 50
|| 17 October
|| The Tortoise and The Geese - [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 549141 - Tortoise - Geese.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400 each
|| Set of 8
|-
|| 51
|| 17 October
|| The Crows and The Snake - [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 549140 - Crows and Snake.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400 each
|| Set of 8
|-
|| 52
|| 21 October
|| Global [[Iodine Deficiency]] Disorder Day
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160787 - Global Iodine Disorders Day.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 53
|| 26 October
|| [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160788 - Thangal Kunju Musaliar.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 54
|| 7 November
|| Cancer Awareness Day
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160789 - Cancer Awareness Day.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 55
|| 9 November
|| Bicentenary of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Bharatpur|Ranjit Singh]]'s Coronation as Maharaja of Punjab
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160790 - Maharaja Ranjit Singh.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 56
|| 14 November
|| National Children's Day
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160791 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 57
|| 17 November
|| Birth Centenary of [[V. Shantaram|Dr. V. Shantaram]]
|| [[File:V Shantaram 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 58
|| 29 November
|| Birth Centenary of [[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]]
|| [[File:Painter_Sobha_Singh_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''Centenary of Conservation at Sun Temple - Konark, Orissa (Set of 2 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 59
|| 1 December
|| [[Sun Temple]], [[Konark]] (Se-tenant )
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160794 - Sun Temple Konark.jpeg|60px]][[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160795 - Sun Temple Konark.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500, 400
|| Single
|-
|| 60
|| 5 December
|| [[International Year of Volunteers]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160796 - International Year of Volunteers.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 61
|| 14 December
|| [[Raj Kapoor]]
|| [[File:Raj Kapoor 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
|| 62
|| 18 December
|| 100 Years of [[Digboi Refinery]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160798 - Digboi Refinery - 100 Years.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''Greetings (Set of 2 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 63
|| 18 December
|| Flowers, Fireworks & Christmas Tree
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160799 - Flowers.jpeg|60px]]
|| 300
|| Set of 2
|-
|| 64
|| 18 December
|| Butterflies & Flowers
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160800 - Butterflies.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 2
|-
|| 65
|| 20 December
|| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]
|| [[File:Vijaya Raje Scindia 2001 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Single
|-
| *
|
| '''"Inpex-Empirepex 2001", National Stamp Exhibition, Nagpur. Temple Architecture (Set of 4 Stamps)'''
|
|
|-
|| 66
|| 22 December
|| [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160802 - Kedarnath.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 67
|| 22 December
|| [[Tryambakeshwar]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160804 - Tryambakeshwar.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 68
|| 22 December
|| [[Aundha Nagnath Temple|Aundha Nagnath]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160803 - Aundha Nagrath.jpeg|60px]]
|| 400
|| Set of 4
|-
|| 69
|| 22 December
|| [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameshwaram]]
|| [[File:Stamp of India - 2001 - Colnect 160805 - Rameshwaram.jpeg|60px]]
|| 1500
|| Set of 4
|-
|}

==2002==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Description
! Image
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
|1
| 7 January
| 100 Years of the [[Directorate General of Mines Safety]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158236 - 100 years of Directorate General of Mines Safety.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 2
| 15 January
| [[Indian Army]] 2001 Everest Expedition
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158237 - Indian Army 2001 Everest Expedition.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 3
| 21 January
| Bauddha Mahotsava - [[Rajgir hills|Gridhakuta Hills, Rajgir]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158238 - Bauddha Mahotsav - Gridhakuta Hills Rajgir.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Set of 4
|-
| 4
| 21 January
| [[Dhamek Stupa]], [[Sarnath]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158239 - Bauddha Mahotsav - Dhamek Stupa Sarnath.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Set of 4
|-
| 5
| 21 January
| [[Kushinagar|Mahaparinirvana Temple, Kushinagar]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158240 - Bauddha Mahotsav - Mahaparinirvana Temple Kushinagar.jpeg|60px]]
| 800
| Set of 4
|-
| 6
| 21 January
| [[Mahabodhi Temple]], [[Bodhgaya]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158241 - Bauddha Mahotsav - Mahbodhi Temple Bodhgaya.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Set of 4
|-
| 7
| 28 January
| Years of Books
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158242 - The Year of Books 2001-2002.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 8
| 4 February
| [[Swami Ramanand]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158243 - Swami Ramanand.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 9
| 18 March
| [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] Bicentenary
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158244 - Indian Ordnance Factories 1802-2002.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 10
| 6 April
| [[Sido Murmu]] - [[Kanho Murmu]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158245 - Sido Murmu - Kanhu Murmu.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Personality
|-
| 11
| 16 April
| 150 Years-[[Indian Railways]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158246 - 150 years of Railways in India.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Event
|-
| 12
| 26 April
| 50th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations between [[India–Japan relations|India and Japan]] - [[Kabuki]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158248 - 50th Anniv of Diplomatic Relations between India and Japan.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 13
| 26 April
| 50th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations between India and Japan - [[Kathakali]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158247 - Kathakali Actor India.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 14
| 13 May
| Golden Jubilee - [[Parliament of India]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158249 - Golden Jubilee of Parliament of India.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 15
| 19 May
| [[Prabodhankar Thackeray]]
| [[File:Prabodhankar Thackeray 2002 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 16
| 26 May
| [[Cotton College, Guwahati]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158251 - Cotton College Guwahati.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 17
| 16 June
| [[P. L. Deshpande]]
| [[File:Purushottam_Laxman_Deshpande_2002_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 18
| 22 June
| [[Brajlal Biyani]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158253 - Brajlal Biyani.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 19
| 22 June
| Personality Set : Indian Literature - [[Surya Narayan Vyas|Pt. Suryanarayan Vyas]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158255 - Indian Literature - Pandit Suryanarayan Vyas.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 20
| 22 June
| Personality Set : Indian Literature - [[Babu Gulabrai]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158254 - Indian Literature - Babu Gulabrai.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 21
| 23 July
| Sree Thakur Satyananda
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158256 - Sree Thakur Satyananda.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 22
| 1 August
| [[Anna Bhau Sathe]]
| [[File:Annabhau Sathe 2002 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 23
| 9 August
| [[Anand Rishiji Maharaj]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158258 - Anand Rishiji Maharaj.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 24
| 10 August
| [[Vithalrao Vikhe Patil|Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158260 - Vithalrao Vikhe Patil.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 25
| 10 August
| [[Sant Tukaram]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158259 - Sant Tukaram 1608 - 1650.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 26
| 12 August
| Personality Set : Social Reformers - [[Chandraprava Saikiani]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158263 - Social Reformers - Chandraprabha Saikiani.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 27
| 12 August
| Personality Set : Social Reformers - [[Ayyankali]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158262 - Social Reformers - Aykan Kali.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 28
| 12 August
| Personality Set : Social Reformers - [[Goparaju Ramachandra Rao|Gora]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158264 - Social Reformers - Gora.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 29
| 16 August
| [[Rose]]
|
| 200
| Single
|-
| 30
| 26 August
| [[Bhaurao Krishnarao Gaikwad]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158261 - Bhaurao Krishnarao Gaikwad.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 31
| 11 October
| [[Ananda Nilayam|Ananda Nilayam Vimanam, Tirumala]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158265 - Ananda Nilayam Vimanam Tirumala.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Single
|-
| 32
| 12 October
| [[Arya Vaidya Sala|Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158266 - Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 33
| 12 October
| [[Kanika Bandopadhyay]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158267 - Kanika Bandopadhyay.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 34
| 15 October
| Bhagwan Baba
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158268 - Bhagwan Baba.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 35
| 28 October
| The Bihar Chamber of Commerce
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158269 - The Bihar Chamber of Commerce.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Single
|-
| 36
| 30 October
| The Eighth Sessions of the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (mangroves of India) - ''[[Rhizophora mucronata]]''
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158270 - Eighth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Unite.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 37
| 30 October
| The Eighth Sessions of the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (mangroves of India) - ''[[Nypa fruticans]]''
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158271 - Eighth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Unite.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 38
| 30 October
| The Eighth Sessions of the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (mangroves of India) - ''[[Bruguiera gymnorhiza]]''
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158272 - Eighth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Unite.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 39
| 30 October
| The Eighth Sessions of the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (mangroves of India) - ''[[Sonneratia alba]]''
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158273 - Eighth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Unite.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Set of 4
|-
| 40
| 3 November
| [[Swami Pranavananda]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158274 - Swami Pranavananda 1896-1941.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 41
| 11 November
| [[Nagpur]] - Tercentenary
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158275 - Nagpur Tercentanary 1702 - 2002.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 42
| 14 November
| Children's Day
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158276 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 43
| 15 November
| Handicrafts of India - [[Cane (grass)|cane]] and [[bamboo]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158277 - Handicrafts of India - Cane - bamboo.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 44
| 15 November
| Handicrafts of India - [[Thewa]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158278 - Handicrafts of India - Thewa.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 45
| 15 November
| [[Crafts of India|Handicrafts of India]] - [[Patan's Patola]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158279 - Handicrafts of India - Patan s patola.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 46
| 15 November
| [[Crafts of India|Handicrafts of India]] - [[Dhokra]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158280 - Handicrafts of India - Dhokra.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 47
| 1 December
| [[Santidev Ghose]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158281 - Santidev Ghose 1910 - 1999.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 48
| 17 December
| [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]] - [[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158282 - Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar - Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 49
| 17 December
| [[Matangini Hazra]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158283 - Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar - Matangini Hazra.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 50
| 23 December
| Anglo-Bengali Inter College, [[Allahabad]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158284 - Anglo Bengali Inter College Allahabad.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 51
| 24 December
| [[Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya|Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Hardwar]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158285 - Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya Hardwar.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 52
| 28 December
| [[Dhirubhai Ambani|Dhirubhai H. Ambani]]
|
| 500
| Single
|-
| 53
| 31 December
| [[T. T. Krishnamachari]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158287 - TT Krishnamachari Industrialist - Parliamentarian.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 54
| 31 December
| Forts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] - [[Golconda Fort]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158288 - Forts of Andhra Pradesh - Golconda.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 55
| 31 December
| Forts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] - [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Palace, Chandragiri Fort]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158289 - Forts of Andhra Pradesh - Chandragiri.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
|}

==2003==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Description
! Image
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
| 1
| 5 February
| [[Aero India|AERO INDIA]] 2003 - [[HAL HT-2|HT-2]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158290 - Aero India 2003 - HT 2.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 2
| 5 February
| AERO INDIA 2003 - [[HAL HF-24 Marut|Marut]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158291 - Aero India 2003 - Marut.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 3
| 5 February
| AERO INDIA 2003 - [[Light Combat Aircraft]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158292 - Aero India 2003 - LCA.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 4
| 5 February
| AERO INDIA 2003 - [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158293 - Aero India 2003 - Dhruv.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Set of 4
|-
| 5
| 11 February
| [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158294 - Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao 1922-1974.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 6
| 26 February
| [[S. L. Kirloskar]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158295 - Shantanu L Kirloskar 1903-1994.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 7
| 14 March
| [[Kusumagraj]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158296 - Kusumagraj 1912-1999.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 8
| 23 March
| [[Sant Eknath]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158297 - Sant Eknath.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 9
| 28 March
| [[Frank Anthony]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158298 - Frank Anthony 1908-1993.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 10
| 30 March
| Kakaji Maharaj
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158299 - Kakaji Maharaj 1918-1986.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 11
| 7 April
| Medicinal plants of India - [[guggulu]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158300 - Guggulu Commiphora wightii.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 12
| 7 April
| Medicinal plants of India - [[Bacopa monnieri|brahmi]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158301 - Brahmi Bacopa monnieri.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 13
| 7 April
| Medicinal plants of India - [[ashwagandha]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158303 - Ashwagandha Withania somnifera.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 14
| 7 April
| Medicinal plants of India - [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158302 - Amla Emblica officinalis.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 15
| 2 May
| [[Durga Das]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158304 - Durga Das 1900-1974.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 16
| 15 May
| Golden voice of Yesteryears - [[Kishore Kumar]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158305 - Golden Voices of Yesteryears - Kishore Kumar.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 17
| 15 May
| Golden voice of Yesteryears - [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158306 - Golden Voices of Yesteryears - Mukesh.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 18
| 15 May
| Golden voice of Yesteryears - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158308 - Golden Voices of Yesteryears - Mohammed Rafi.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 19
| 15 May
| Golden voice of Yesteryears - [[Hemant Kumar]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158307 - Golden Voices of Yesteryears - Hemant Kumar.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 20
| 29 May
| Golden Jubilee : Ascent of [[Mount Everest]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158309 - Golden Jubilee of the Ascent of Mount Everest by Tenzing Nor.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Single
|-
| 21
| 30 May
| [[Muktabai]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158310 - Muktabai.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 22
| 19 June
| [[Government Museum, Chennai]] - [[Natesa]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158311 - Government Museum Chennai - Natesa.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 23
| 19 June
| [[Government Museum, Chennai]] - [[Amaravati Stupa#Sculptures|Amaravati Sculpture]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158313 - Government Museum Chennai - Amravati Sculpture.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 24
| 19 June
| [[Government Museum, Chennai]] - Museum Theatre
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158312 - Government Museum Chennai.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Set of 3
|-
| 25
| 23 June
| [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade|V. K. Rajwade]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158314 - 40th Birth Anniversary of Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 26
| 30 June
| [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158315 - Bade Gulam Ali Khan.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 27
| 3 September
| Our World of Special Children
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158316 - International Conference on Autism.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 28
| 15 September
| [[Hindu temple architecture|Temple Architecture]] - [[Badrinath Temple|Vishal Badri Temple, Badrinath]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158320 - Temple Architecture - Vishal Badri Temple Badrinath.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 29
| 15 September
| [[Hindu temple architecture|Temple Architecture]] - [[Mallikarjuna Swamy|Mallikarjunaswamy Temple, Srisailam]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158319 - Temple Architecture - Malikarjunaswamy Temple Srisailam.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 30
| 15 September
| [[Hindu temple architecture|Temple Architecture]] - [[Tripura Sundari Temple|Tripureswari Temple]], [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], [[Tripura]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158318 - Temple Architecture - Tripureswari Temple Udalpur Tripura.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 31
| 15 September
| [[Hindu temple architecture|Temple Architecture]] - [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158317 - Temple Architecture - Jagannath Temple Puri.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 32
| 24 September
| [[Janardan Swami]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158321 - Janardan Swami.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 33
| 3 October
| Waterfalls of India - [[Athirapally Falls]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158323 - Waterfalls of India - Athirapalli Falls.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 34
| 3 October
| Waterfalls of India - [[Kempty Falls]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158322 - Waterfalls of India - Kempty Falls.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 35
| 3 October
| Waterfalls of India - [[Kakolat Falls]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158324 - Waterfalls of India - Kakolat Falls.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 36
| 3 October
| Waterfalls of India - [[Jog Falls]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158325 - Waterfalls of India - Jog Falls.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Set of 4
|-
| 37
| 9 October
| [[Jnanpith Award]] Winners: [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam]] - [[G. Sankara Kurup]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158326 - Jnanpith Award Winners - Malayalam G Sankara Kurup.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 38
| 9 October
| [[Jnanpith Award]] Winners: [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam]] - [[S. K. Pottekkatt]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158327 - Jnanpith Award Winners - S K Pottekkatt.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 39
| 9 October
| [[Jnanpith Award]] Winners: [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam]] - [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158328 - Jnanpith Award Winners - Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 40
| 10 October
| [[K. Shivarama Karanth]]
| [[File:K._Shivaram_Karanth_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 41
| 14 October
| [[Narendra Mohan]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158330 - Narendra Mohan.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 42
| 21 October
| Govind Rao Pansare
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158331 - Govindrao Pansare.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 43
| 30 October
| Greetings
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158332 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Set of 4
|-
| 44
| 30 October
| Greetings
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158333 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Set of 4
|-
| 45
| 30 October
| Greetings
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158334 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 46
| 30 October
| Greetings
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158335 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 47
| 1 November
| 150 years of [[Telecommunications in India]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158336 - 150 Years of Telecommunications in India.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 48
| 7 November
| [[Bengal Sappers]] Bicentanary
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158337 - Bengal Sappers Bicentenary.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 49
| 9 November
| 100 years of [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158338 - 100 Years of Kalka Shimla Railway.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 50
| 12 November
| Nature India-snakes : [[pythonidae|python]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158339 - Indian Rock Python Python molurus.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 51
| 12 November
| Nature India-snakes : [[bamboo pit viper]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158340 - Common Bamboo Viper Trimeresurus gramineus.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 52
| 12 November
| Nature India-snakes : [[king cobra]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158341 - King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 53
| 12 November
| Nature India-snakes : [[Chrysopelea|gliding snake]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158342 - Golden Tree Snake Chrysopelea ornata.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 54
| 14 November
| Children's Day
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158343 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 55
| 22 November
| 2 Guards ([[Grenadiers|1 Grenadiers]]) - 225 Years
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158344 - 2 Guards 1 Grenadier - 225 Years.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 56
| 27 November
| [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]]
| [[File:Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 57
| 29 November
| India-France-Joint Issue - Rooster Motif : 15th Century Sketch
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158346 - India France Joint Issue - Rooster Motif 15th Century Sketc.jpeg|60px]]
| 2200
| Set of 2
|-
| 58
| 29 November
| Peacock Motif : 19th Century [[Minakari]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158347 - India France Joint Issue - Peacock Motif 19th Century Minak.jpeg|60px]]
| 2200
| Set of 2
|-
| 59
| 3 December
| [[Yashpal]]
| [[File:Yashpal_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 60
| 10 December
| Diplomatic Relation between India and Korea - [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158350 - 30th Ann of Diplomatic Relations between India and S Korea.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Set of 2
|-
| 61
| 10 December
| [[Gyeongju]] cheomgdae
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158349 - 30th Ann of Diplomatic Relations between India and S Korea.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Set of 2
|-
| 62
| 11 December
| 200th Session : [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158351 - 200th Session of Rajya Sabha.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 63
| 18 December
| [[Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava]]
| [[File:Mukat Behari Lal Bhargava 2003 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 64
| 20 December
| [[Swarupanand|Swami Swarupanandji]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158353 - Swami Swaroopanandji.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 65
| 22 December
| [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158354 - Sangeet Natak Akademi.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 66
| 22 December
| [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158355 - Sangeet Natak Akademi.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 67
| 22 December
| [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158356 - Sangeet Natak Akademi.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 68
| 29 December
| Personality Series - Folk Music - [[Lalan Fakir]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158358 - Personality Series - Folk Music - Lalan Fakir.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 69
| 29 December
| Personality Series - Folk Music - [[Allah Jilai Bai]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2003 - Colnect 158357 - Personality Series - Folk Music - Allah Jilai Bai.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 2
|-
| 70
| 31 December
| [[Somnath Sharma|Major Somnath Sharma, PVC]]
| [[File:Somnath_Sharma_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 71
| 31 December
| [[S. Nijalingappa]]
| [[File:Siddavanahalli_Nijalingappa_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
|}

==2004==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Description
! Image
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
| 1
| 14 January
| [[C. D. Deshmukh]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 155200 - C D Deshmukh.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 2
| 16 January
| [[Nani Palkhivala|Nani A. Palkhivala]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158501 - Nani A Palkhivala.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 3
| 6 February
| [[Abasaheb Garware|Dr. B. D. Garware]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158502 - Bhalchandra Digamber Garware.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 4
| 18 March
| [[Annamacharya]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158503 - Annamacharya.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 5
| 1 April
| 9 [[Madras]] ([[Travancore]])
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158504 - 9 Madras Travancore.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 6
| 14 April
| [[V. Lakshminarayana]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158505 - V Lakshminarayana.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 7
| 25 April
| [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management|IISWBM, Kolkata]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158506 - Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 8
| 25 April
| [[INS Tarangini]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158507 - INS Tarangini Circumnavigation Voyage.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 9
| 28 April
| [[Baji Rao Peshwa]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158508 - Baji Rao Peshwa.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 10
| 15 May
| Siddhar Swamigal
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158509 - Siddhar Swamigal.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 11
| 27 May
| [[Indra Chandra Shastri]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158510 - Indra Chandra Shastri.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 12
| 2 June
| 150 Years [[Woodstock School]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158511 - Woodstock School.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 13
| 17 June
| [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwalla]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158512 - Jyotiprasad Agarwalla.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 14
| 19 June
| [[P N Panicker|P. N. Panicker]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158513 - PN Panicker.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 15
| 28 June
| [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|The Great Trigonometrical Survey]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158514 - The Great Trigonometrical Survey.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 16
| 28 June
| [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|The Great Trigonometrical Survey]] : [[Radhanath Sikdar]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158516 - The Great Trigonometrical Survey - Radhanath Sikdar.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 17
| 28 June
| [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|The Great Trigonometrical Survey]] : [[Nain Singh]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158515 - The Great Trigonometrical Survey - Nain Singh.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 3
|-
| 18
| 30 June
| [[Aacharya Bhikshu]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158517 - Aacharya Bhikshu.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 19
| 13 August
| [[2004 Summer Olympics|28th Olympics]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158518 - 28th Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 20
| 13 August
| [[2004 Summer Olympics|28th Olympics]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158519 - 28th Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Set of 4
|-
| 21
| 13 August
| [[2004 Summer Olympics|28th Olympics]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158520 - 28th Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| 1,500
| Set of 4
|-
| 22
| 13 August
| [[2004 Summer Olympics|28th Olympics]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158521 - 28th Olympics.jpeg|60px]]
| 1,500
| Set of 4
|-
| 23
| 16 August
| Indo-Iran Joint Issue - [[Kabir]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158522 - Indian - Iranian Poets - Joint Issue Kabir.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 24
| 16 August
| Indo-Iran Joint Issue - [[Hafez]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158523 - Indian - Iranian Poets - Joint Issue Hafiz Shirazi.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 25
| 17 August
| [[Murasoli Maran]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158524 - Murasoli Maran.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 26
| 20 August
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]] Renewable Energy Day
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158525 - Rajiv Gandhi Renewable Energy Day.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 27
| 26 August
| [[S. S. Vasan]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158526 - SS Vasan.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 28
| 30 August
| [[Pāṇini|Panini]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158527 - Panini.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 29
| 10 September
| [[K. Subrahmanyam]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158528 - K Subrahmanyam.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 30
| 1 October
| [[M. C. Chagla]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158529 - MC Chagla.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 31
| 4 October
| 150 years of [[India Post]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158530 - 150 Years of India Post.jpeg|60px]]
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 32
| 4 October
| 150 years of India Post
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158531 - 150 Years of India Post.jpeg|60px]]
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 33
| 4 October
| 150 years of India Post
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158532 - 150 Years of India Post.jpeg|60px]]
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 34
| 4 October
| 150 years of India Post
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158533 - 150 Years of India Post.jpeg|60px]]
| 500 each
| Set of 4
|-
| 35
| 4 October
| [[Tirupur Kumaran]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158534 - Tirupur Kumaran.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 36
| 8 October
| [[Ashok Chakra]] Winners : [[Neerja Bhanot]]
| [[File:Neerja_Bhanot_2004_stamp_of_India.jpg|60px]]
| 500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 37
| 8 October
| [[Ashok Chakra]] Winners : [[Randhir Prasad Verma]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158536 - Ashoka Chakra Winners - Neerja Bhanot and Randhir Prasad Ver.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| [[Se-tenant (philately)|Se-tenant]]
|-
| 38
| 10 October
| [[Guru Dutt]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158537 - Guru Dutt.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 39
| 24 October
| [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian Soldiers of Peace]] - [[UN Peace Keeping Forces|UN Peace Keeping Operations]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158538 - Indian Army in UN Peacekeeping Operations.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 40
| 24 October
| [[Maruthu Pandiyar|Maruthu Pandiyar Brothers]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158539 - Marudhu Pandiar Brothers.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 41
| 25 October
| Greetings - Kites
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158540 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Set of 2
|-
| 42
| 25 October
| Greetings - Dolls
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158541 - Greetings.jpeg|60px]]
| 400
| Set of 2
|-
| 43
| 27 October
| [[Svetoslav Roerich|Dr. S. Roerich]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158542 - Dr S Roerich.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 44
| 10 November
| [[Tenneti Viswanadham|Dr. Tenneti Vishwanadham]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158543 - Tenneti Viswanatham.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 45
| 14 November
| Children's Day
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158544 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 46
| 23 November
| [[Walchand Hirachand]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158545 - Walchand Hirachand.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 47
| 25 November
| [[Dula Bhaya Kag]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158546 - Dula Bhaya Kag.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 48
| 28 November
| [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] : [[Agra Fort]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158547 - The Aga Khan Award for Architecture - Agra Fort 2004.jpeg|75px]]
| 1500
|
|-
| 49
| 28 November
| [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] : [[Agra Fort]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158548 - The Aga Khan Award for Architecture - Agra Fort 2004.jpeg|75px]]
| 1500
|
|-
| 50
| 10 December
| [[Bhagat Puran Singh]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158549 - Bhagat Puran Singh.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 51
| 12 December
| [[Nupi Lal]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158550 - Nupee Lal 1904-1939.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 52
| 14 December
| Energy Conservation
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158551 - Energy Conservation.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 53
| 16 December
| [[Taj Mahal]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158552 - Taj Mahal.jpeg|60px]]
| 1500
| Single
|-
| 54
| 21 December
| [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158553 - Sahitya Akademi.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
| 55
| 27 December
| [[Bhaskara Sethupathy]]
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158554 - Bhaskara Sethupathy.jpeg|60px]]
| 500
| Single
|-
|}

==2005==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify" width="98%"
|-
! #
! Issue date
! Description
!Image
! Denomination (paise)
! Unit
|-
|1
||9 January
||India : Breeds of Dogs - [[Himalayan Sheepdog|Himalayan Sheep Dog]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158838 - Himalayan Sheep Dog Canis lupus familiaris.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|2
||9 January
||India : Breeds of Dogs - [[Rampur Hound]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158839 - Rampur Hound Canis lupus familiaris.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|3
||9 January
||India : Breeds of Dog - [[Mudhol Hound]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158840 - Mudhol Hound Canis lupus familiaris.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|4
||9 January
||India : Breeds of Dogs - [[Rajapalayam (dog)|Rajapalayam]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158841 - Rajapalayam Canis lupus familiaris.jpeg|60px]]
||1500
||Set of 4
|-
|5
||3 February
||[[Padampat Singhania]]
|[[File:Padampat Singhania 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|6
||23 February
||[[Rotary International]] : A Century of Service
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158843 - Centenary of Rotary International.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|7
||27 February
||[[Krishan Kant]]
|[[File:Krishan Kant 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|8
||10 March
||[[Madhavrao Scindia]]
|[[File:Madhavrao Scindia 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|9
||24 March
||Flora and fauna of North East India - [[clouded leopard]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158846 - Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|10
||24 March
||Flora and fauna of North East India - [[Mishmi takin]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158848 - Mishmi Takin Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|11
||24 March
||Flora and fauna of North East India - ''[[Dillenia indica]] linn''
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158847 - Flora and Fauna of North East India - Dillenia indica Linn.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|12
||24 March
||Flora and fauna of North East India - [[pitcher plant]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158849 - Flora and Fauna of North East India - Pitcher plant.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Set of 4
|-
|13
| rowspan="4"|5 April
| rowspan="4" |[[Dandi March]]
|[[File:Salt March (2005 stamp of India).jpg|60px]]
| rowspan="4"|500 each
| rowspan="4"|Set of 4
|-
|14
|[[File:Salt March 2005 stamp of India2.jpg|60px]]
|-
|15
|[[File:Salt March 2005 stamp of India3.jpg|60px]]
|-
|16
|[[File:Salt March 2005 stamp of India4.jpg|60px]]
|-
|17
||13 April
||300 Years of 15 [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] ([[Patiala]])
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158855 - 300 Years of 15 Punjab Patiala.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|18
||18 April
||[[Bandung Conference]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158856 - Bandung Conference 1955.jpeg|60px]]
||1500
||Single
|-
|19
||3 May
||[[Narayan Meghaji Lokhande]]
|[[File:Narayan Meghaji Lokhande 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|20
||8 May
||100 Years of [[Cooperative movement in India|Co-operative Movement in India]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158858 - 100 Years of Cooperative Movement in India.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|21
||5 June
||[[World Environment Day]] : Green Cities
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158859 - World Environment Day - Green Cities.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|22
||1 July
||[[Abdul Qaiyum Ansari]]
|[[File:Abdul Qaiyum Ansari 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|23
||31 July
||[[Dheeran Chinnamalai]]
|[[File:Dheeran Chinnamalai 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|24
||31 August
||[[State Bank of India]]
|[[File:State Bank of India 2005 stamp.jpg|60px]]
||1500
||Single
|-
|25
||21 September
||[[International Day of Peace]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158864 - International Day of Peace.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|26
||1 October
||[[Pratap Singh Kairon]]
|[[File:Partap Singh Kairon 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|27
||1 October
||[[A. M. M. Murugappa Chettiar]]
|[[File:AMM Murugappa Chettiar 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|28
||2 October
||[[Dr. T. S. Soundram]]
|[[File:TS Soundram 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|29
| rowspan="4"|18 October
| rowspan="4" |[[Letter box|Letter Box]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158868 - Victorian era letter box.jpeg|60px]]
| rowspan="4"|500 each
| rowspan="4"|Set of 4
|-
|30
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158869 - Letter boxes.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|31
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158870 - Letter boxes.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|32
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158871 - Letter boxes.jpeg|60px]]
|-
|33
||21 October
||[[Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai]]
|[[File:Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|34
||21 October
||[[Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram]]
|[[File:V Kalyanasundaram 2005 stamp of India.jpg|80x80px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|35
||21 October
||[[Iyothee Thass|Ayothidhasa Pandithar]]
|
||500
||Single
|-
|36
||24 October
||[[Prabodh Chandra Bagchi|Prabodh Chandra]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158874 - Prabodh Chandra.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|37
||14 November
||Children's Day
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158875 - Children s Day.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|38
||14 November
||[[Children's Film Society, India|Children Film Society]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 155201 - Flying Elephant With Children.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|39
||16 November
||[[PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158876 - PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|40
||17 November
||[[World Summit on the Information Society]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158877 - World Summit on the Information Society WSIS.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|41
||19 November
||[[Kolkata Police]] Commissionerate : 150 Years
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158878 - Kolkata Police Commissionerate.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|42
||24 December
||Newborn Health in India
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158879 - New Born Health in India.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|43
||2 November
||[[Jawaharlal Darda]]
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|44
||4 December
||Builder's Navy
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158881 - Builder s Navy.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|45
||18 December
||[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2005.aspx|title=Stamps – 2005|publisher=Department of Posts, Indian government|access-date=2 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730115103/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2005.aspx|archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>
|[[File:MS Subbulakshmi 2005 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|46
||19 December
||[[Integral Coach Factory]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158883 - Integral Coach Factory.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|47
||21 December
||[[Jadavpur University]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158884 - Jadavpur University.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|48
||27 December
||16 Squadron Air Force
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158885 - 50 Years of 16 Squadron Air Force.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|49
||30 December
||[[History of Puducherry|De Facto Transfer of Pondicherry]]
|[[File:Stamp of India - 2005 - Colnect 158886 - De facto transfer of Pondicherry.jpeg|60px]]
||500
||Single
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of postage stamps of India]]
* [[List of Miniature Sheets from India Post]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Manik|title=Phila India Stamp Guide Book (1800-2017) |pages=171–196 |edition=19th |year=2017 |publisher=Philatelia |location=Kolkata}}
* Anon. (2008). ''Phila India 2008 Guide book (1800-2007)''.
* Anon. (2008). ''List of stamps (Year 1852 to 2007)''. Chief Postmaster General, Maharashtra Circle, Mumbai 400001.
* {{URL|http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf | Indian Post Stamp Catalogue 1947 - 2011}}
* {{URL|http://indiapost.gov.in/Stamps.aspx | India Post Stamps Listing}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.postagestamps.gov.in/Default.aspx | title=Postage Stamps | publisher=Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Government of India | work=Web portal | date=2015 | access-date=April 11, 2015}}

==External links==
* [http://indianpostagestamps.com Indian Postage Stamps]
* [http://www.stampsoftheworld.co.uk/wiki/Category:India Stamps of the World Wiki Catalog]
* [http://www.indianphilately.net Welcome to the World of Indian Philately]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of postage stamps of India (2001-2005)}}
[[Category:Postage stamps of India]]
[[Category:Lists of postage stamps|India]]

Bishop Moore Vidyapith, Cherthala

2026-04-28T02:36:28Z

AidanHeim7993963: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Cherthala#Educational organizations]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from school}}
}}

List of Padma Shri award recipients in civil service

2026-04-22T20:35:28Z

AidanHeim7993963: stub

{{Short description|Recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

This is a list of recipients of the [[Padma Shri]] award, the fourth-highest civilian award of the [[Republic of India]], in the field of Civil Service. As of 2025, a total of 231 individuals have been awarded Padma Shri for their contributions to civil service.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards Dashboard |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in |url-status= |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=padmaawards.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)}}</ref>

== Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |1950-1959
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|1954
|[[Lt. Gen. Kodandreya Subayya Thimayya]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati]]
|Odisha
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Pendyala Satianarayana Rau]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Raghunath Rai Handa]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Radha Krishna Gupta]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Vyakarana Narahari Rao]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Major Gen Shankarro Pandurang Patil Thorat]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Apa Saheb Bala Saheb Pant]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Surinder Kumar Dey]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Tarlok Singh (economist)|Tarlok Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1954
|[[Bhag Mehta]]
|Gujarat
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Venkata Acharya Shri Attur Rangaswami]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Badhwar Shri Fateh Chand]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Khungar Shri Sunder Das]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Dey Shri Surinder Kumar]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Joglekar Shri Digambar Vasudev]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Mirza Shri Humayun]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Kewal Singh Choudhary Shri]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1955
|[[Maneckji Shri Maneck Jehangir Bhickaji]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1956
|[[Kanwar Sain]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|1956
|[[Malur Srinivasa Thirumale Iyengar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1957
|[[Kishakke Covilagam Kutti Ettan Raja]]
|Kerala
|Civil Service
|-
|1957
|[[Maj. Gen. Gurbaksh Singh]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1957
|[[Atmaram Ramchand Chellani]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|1957
|[[Jashwantrai Jayantilal Anjaria]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1957
|[[Narayana swami Dharmrajan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1957
|[[Samarendranath Sen]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1958
|[[Arathil Candeth Narayanan Nambiar]]
|Kerala
|Civil Service
|-
|1958
|[[Kumar Padma Sivasankara Menon]]
|Kerala
|Civil Service
|-
|1958
|[[Brig. Ram Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1959
|[[Ali Yavar Jung]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1959
|[[Balwant Singh Nag]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1959
|[[Mathew Kandathil Mathulla]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1959
|[[Onkar Srinivasa Murthy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1959
|[[Parameshwari Kuttappa Panikkar]]
|Kerala
|Civil Service
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |1960-1969
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|1960
|[[Vaidyanatha Subrahmanyan]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1960
|[[Harkrishan Lal Sethi]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1960
|[[Captain Harmandar Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1960
|[[Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|1961
|[[Bhagwan Sahay]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1961
|[[Niranjan Das Gulhati]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1961
|[[Agaram Krishnamachar]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1961
|[[Bhagwat Sinha Mehta]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|1961
|[[Soman Narboo]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Haravu venkatanarasingha Varada Raja Iengar]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Daulat Singh Kothari]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Tarlok Singh (economist)|Tarlok Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Bishnupada Mukerji]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Maj. Gen. Sarda Nand Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Amalananda Ghosh]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Challagalla Narasimham]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Joseph Durai Raj]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Santu Jouharmal Shahaney]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Shanti Kumar Tribhuvandas Raja]]
|Odisha
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Vyankatesh Ramchandra Vajramushti]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1962
|[[Vellore Ponnurangam Appadurai]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[Maj. Gen. Sardar Harnarain Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[K. C. Johorey]]
|Haryana
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[N. G.K. Murti]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[Noshir Framroze Suntook]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[Purnendu Kumar Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[Rana Krishnadev Narain Singh]]
|Assam
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[S. S. Yadav]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[Sisir Kumar Lahiri]]
|United Kingdom
|Civil Service
|-
|1963
|[[Sumat Kishore Jain]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1964
|[[Anil Bandhu Guha]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1964
|[[Bhola Nath Mullik]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1964
|[[Lt. Col Rameshchandra Bhaskar Sule]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1964
|[[Thepfoorya Haralu]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Air Marshal Arjan Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Gen. Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Air Vice Mar. Ramaswamy Rajaram]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Air Vice Marshal P.Chandra Lal]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Lt. (Gen.) Harbakhsh Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Lt. General Ppatrick Oswald Dunn]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Lt. General Joginder Singh Dhillon]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Lt. General Kashmir Singh Katoch]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1965
|[[Santu Jouharmal Shahaney]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Bhabani Charan Mukharji]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Homi Nusserwanji Sethna]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Sardar Mohan Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Jagdish Prasad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Kuldip Singh Virk]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Kundan Lal Bery]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Sanganbasappa Mallangouda Patil]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Stanislaus Joseph Coelho]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1966
|[[Surinder Singh Bedi]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Bhola Nath Jha]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Hafiz Mohammad Ibrahim]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Pattadakal Venkanna Raghavendra Rao]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Dharamnath Prasad Kohli]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Mulk Raj Chopra]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Balbir Singh Saigal]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Frank Sathyarajan Dewars]]
|Burma
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Kiron Chandra Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1967
|[[Shanti Prasad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1968
|[[Kirpal Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1968
|[[Lt. Gen. Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1968
|[[Sarda Prasad Varma]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1968
|[[Calambur Sivaramamurti]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1968
|[[Jehangir Shapurji Bhownagary]]
|France
|Civil Service
|-
|1968
|[[Krishna Swarup Mullick]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1968
|[[Mantosh Sondhi]]
|Haryana
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Mohan Sinha Mehta]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Ghananand Pande]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Rajeshwar Dayal]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Dhyan Pal Singh]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Kumar Nandan Prasad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Shri Chand Chhabra]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Subodh Chandra Dev]]
|Assam
|Civil Service
|-
|1969
|[[Sudhir Krishna Mukherji]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |1970-1979
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|1970
|[[Binay Ranjan Sen]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Gen. Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Grp.Capt. Suranjan Das]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Lt. Gen. Harbakhsh Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Arcot Ramaswami Mudaliar]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Prem Nath Wahi]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Gainedi Appala Narasimha Rao]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Mulukutla Rama Brahmam]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Nitya M. Wagle]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Gurdas Mal]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Laxman Swarup Darbari]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1970
|[[Narain Singh (civil servant)|Narain Singh]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Balram Sivaraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Sumati Morarjee]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Kasturi Lal Vij]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Monindra Nath Chakravarti]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Parmeshwari Lal Verma]]
|Chandigarh
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Sadashiv Misra]]
|Odisha
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Kum. Subhashni Jhunnu Dasgupta]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Amiya Bhusan Das Gupta]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Krishna Swarup Pathak]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Jagmohan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Palanindy Kandaswamy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Sachchidanand Keshav Nargundkar]]
|Bihar
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Subrahmanyam Paramanandhan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1971
|[[Sudhansu Kumar Chakravarty]]
|Bihar
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Admiral Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Gen. Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Air Mar. Hari Chand Dewan]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Air Mar. Minoo Merwah Engineer]]
|Gujarat
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Jai Krishna]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Lt. Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Lt. Gen Kunhiraman Palat Candeth]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Lt. Gen. Khem Karan Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Lt. Gen. Sagat Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Lt. Gen. Sartaj Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Lt.Gen. Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Lt.Gen. Tapishwar Narain Raina]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Major Genl. Inderjit Singh Gill]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Amrut Vithaldas Mody]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Ashwini Kumar]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Benoy Bhushan Ghosh]] (Posthumous)
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Chandrika Prasad Srivastava]]
|United Kingdom
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Khusro Framurz Rustamji]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Mohd. Hayath]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Nori Gopala Krishna Murti]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Pran Nath Luthra]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[S. S. Sahi]]
|Chandigarh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Surinder Singh Bedi]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Tonse Ananth Pai]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Vice Adm. Nilkanta Krishnan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Vice Adm. Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Brig. Harish Chandra]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Dr.(Miss) Leela Vinayak Phatak]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Bhuwan Chand Pande]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Brijbir Saran Das]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Chandra Shekar Samal]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Debdulal Bandopadhyay]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Hari Prasad Jaiswal]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Himangshu Mohan Choudhury]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Homi Cawas Sethna]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Ishwar Chander Gupta]]
|Chandigarh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Jagdish Lal]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Kailas Chandra Sengupta]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Kamal Kanti Naskar]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Karachur Lingappa Nanjappa]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Moreshwar Mangesh Wagle]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Om Prakash Bahl]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Pallessena Ramanathan Rajgopal]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Pradip Kumar Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Rajinder Singh Sarkaria|Rajinder Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Ramamurthi Badrinath]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Sheikh Gulab]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Sukhbir Singh]]
|Chandigarh
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Surjit Singh Gujral]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Swarn Singh Boparai]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1972
|[[Vijay Singh]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Thirumalraya Swaminathan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Basanti Devi]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Pitambar Pant]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Ramakant Maheshwar Muzumdar]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Sudhir Krishna Mukherjee]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Brig. Bhagwan Javharmal Shahaney]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Maddali Gopala Krishna]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Shridhar Upadhyay]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Triloki Nath Sharma]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Rasipuram Venkatanarayana Ramaswamy]] (Posthumous)
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Lt. Col. Koka Simhadri Babu]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Balasubramanyan Ramadorai]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Chinnaswamy Rajan Subramanian]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Dalip Kumar Sengupta]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Debi Prasad Mukherji]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Fateh Chand Gera]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Harishchandra Kasinath Garve]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Jayanta Kumar Bagchi]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Kamal Krishna Sinha]]
|Bihar
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Padinjaraimadam Narayanan Nair Bhaskaran Nair]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Panimangalore Appraya Bhat]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Prabhakar Bhikaji Chitnis]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Raghunath Singh Gahlowt]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Shumsher Singh]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Venkataraman Krishnamurthy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Vithal Ramkrishna Vengurlekar]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Yamunabai Vinayakrao Khadilkar]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1973
|[[Wing Cdr Keshavamurthy Ramchndra Rao]]
|Gujarat
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Vijayendra Kasturi Ranga Varadaraja Rao]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Harish Chandra Sarin]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Moti Chandra]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Hari Narain]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Syed Zahoor Qasim]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Dinesh Mohan]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Baldev Raj Chopra]]
|Afghanistan
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Gopal Chandra Dutt]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Himansu Kumar Banerjee]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Indra Kumar Gupta]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Kalluri Gopal Rao]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Kooram Chakravarthy Kannan]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Pushkar Nath Bhan]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Raj Kumar Khanna]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Som Nath Sadhu]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Subramanya Iyer Balakrishnan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1974
|[[Vindhyavasini Devi]]
|Bihar
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Homi Nusserwanji Sethna]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Pancheti Koteswaram]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Ronald Carltonvivian Piadade Noronha]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Raj Kumar Khanna]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Brig. Pessie Madan]]
|Burma
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Ajit Chandra Chatterjee]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Bishan Saroop Bansal]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Gundu Bandopant Meemamsi]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Krishna Prasad Dar]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Negapatnam Sambasiva Venkatesan]]
|Chandigarh
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Suraj Mal Agrawal]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1975
|[[Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Calambur Sivaramamurti]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Malcolm Sathya Nathan Adiseshiah]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Devendra Sen]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Shri Ram Mehta]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Brig. Ajit Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Kum. Thangam E. Philip]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Govinda Pillai Unnikrishna Menon]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Kailash Chand]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Om Parkash Mittal]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Rakhaldas Sengupta]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Ramnarain Nagu]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Satya Dev]]
|Himachal Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Satya Prosad Chatterjea]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1976
|[[Tekur Kasi Nath]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1977
|[[Air Chief Marshal Om Prakash Mehra]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1977
|[[Jagmohan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1977
|[[Rangaswamy Narasimhan]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1977
|[[Bhupathiraju Vissam Raju]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1977
|[[Paul Pothen]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |1980-1989
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|1981
|[[Prabhat Kumar Mukherjee]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1981
|[[Avul Pakir Jinalabdeen Abdul Kalam]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1981
|[[Capt. Fakir Mohamed Jainuddin Juvale]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1982
|[[Syed Zahoor Qasim]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1982
|[[Ekkadu Srinivasan Parthasarathy]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1982
|[[Palligarnai Thirumalai Venugopal]]
|United States of America
|Civil Service
|-
|1982
|[[Prem Chandra Luthar]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1982
|[[Vice Adm. Nar Pati Datta]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Lt. Gen. Adi Meherji Sethna]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Lt. Gen. Suraj Parkash Malhotra]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[K. Sankaran Nair]]
|Kerala
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala]]
|Goa
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Umrao Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Air Vice Marshal Harkrishan Lal Kapur]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Br. K.V. Peter S.J]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Narla Tata Rao]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Anselm Sawihlira]]
|Mizoram
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Chhattra Pati Joshi]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Jivanlal Motilal Thakore]]
|Gujarat
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Kanwaljit Singh Bains]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1983
|[[Raghu Raj]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1984
|[[Kanwar Natwar Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1984
|[[Jai Singh Pal Yadav]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1984
|[[Satya Pal Jagota]]
|Canada
|Civil Service
|-
|1984
|[[Krishna Murari Tiwari]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|1984
|[[Mohammed Hamid Ansari]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Menon]]
|Kerala
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Amarjit Singh]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Srinivasan Varadarajan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Gurbakhsh Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Surrindar Singh Gill]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Erasmus Lyngdoh]]
|Meghalaya
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Satish Chandra Kala]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Maj. Gen. Som Nath Bhaskar]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Chandra Mohan (civil servant)|Chandra Mohan]]
|Chandigarh
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Harbans Singh Jolly]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Jai Rattan Bhalla]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Jasdev Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Krishan Dev Bali]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[Namagundlu Venkata Krishnamurthy]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1985
|[[S.V.S. Raghavan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Vallampadugai Srinivasa Raghavan Arunachalam]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Lt.Gen.(Rt.) Dr. Manohar Lal Chibber]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Gulshan Lal Tandon]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Rajeev Sethi]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Ram Krishna Trivedi]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Venkataraman Krishnamurthy]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Somasundaram Subramanian]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Hon. Commodore Gokaldas Shivaldas Ahuja]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Anil Kumar Lakhina]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1986
|[[Ramesh Inder Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Late. (Gen.) Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Laxmi Prasad Sihare]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Julio Francis Ribeiro]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Mohammad Yunus (diplomat)|Mohammad Yunus]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Ramachandra Dattatraya Pradhan]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Srinivasa Anandaram]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Gurbachan Jagat]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Joginder Paul Birdi]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1987
|[[Mohd. Izhar Alam]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1988
|[[Abid Hussain]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1988
|[[Avinder Singh Brar]] (Posthumous)
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1988
|[[Chaman Lal (civil servant)|Chaman Lal]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1988
|[[Sarbdeep Singh Virk]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1989
|[[Anna Rajam Malhotra]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1989
|[[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]]
|Chandigarh
|Civil Service
|-
|1989
|[[Nima Namgyal Lama]]
|West Bengal
|Civil Service
|-
|1989
|[[Sarabjit Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1989
|[[Ved Prakash Marwah]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |1990-1999
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|1990
|[[Achyut Madhav Gokhale]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1990
|[[Chavaly Srinivasa Sastry]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1991
|[[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|1991
|[[Ashok Kumar Patel]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|Civil Service
|-
|1991
|[[Mehmood-ur Rahman]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|Civil Service
|-
|1991
|[[Prakash Singh]]
|Punjab
|Civil Service
|-
|1991
|[[Ram Ganpati]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1992
|[[Virendra Dayal]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1992
|[[Dr.(Smt.) Inderjit Kaur Barthakur]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1992
|[[Jitendra Narain Saksena]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1992
|[[Mayankote Kelath Narayanan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1992
|[[Oudh Narayan Shrivastava]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1998
|[[Chewang Phunsog]]
|Jammu and Kashmir
|Civil Service
|-
|1998
|[[Suryadevara Ramachandra Rao]]
|Gujarat
|Civil Service
|-
|1999
|[[Dharma Vira]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|1999
|[[Lallan Prasad Singh]] (Posthumous)
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |2000-2009
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|2000
|[[Krishen Behari Lall]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2000
|[[Manohar Singh Gill]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2000
|[[Bhairab Datt Pande]]
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|2000
|[[Tarlok Singh (economist)|Tarlok Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2001
|[[Chakravarthi Vijayaraghava Narasimhan]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|2001
|[[Lt.Gen.(Rtd.) Mohammad Ahmad Zaki]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|2001
|[[Elattuvalapil Sreedharan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2002
|[[Jagat Singh Mehta]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|2002
|[[Maharajakrishna Rasgotra]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2004
|[[Thiruvengadam Lakshman Sankar]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|2004
|[[Thoppil Varghese Antony]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|2005
|[[Jyotindra Nath Dixit]] (Posthumous)
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2005
|[[Girish Chandra Saxena]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2005
|[[Gopichettipalayam Venkataramana Iyer Ramakrishna]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|2005
|[[Tumkur Ramaiya Satish Chandran]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|2006
|[[Colathur Rama Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|2006
|[[Puthenveetil Sankar Nair Appu]]
|Karnataka
|Civil Service
|-
|2006
|[[Jatindra Nath Chaudhry]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2007
|[[V. Krishnamurthy]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2007
|[[Naresh Chandra]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2007
|[[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
|Haryana
|Civil Service
|-
|2008
|[[Chandrashekhar Dasgupta]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2008
|[[Kantipudi Padmanabhaiah]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2008
|[[V. Ramachandran]]
|Kerala
|Civil Service
|-
|2009
|[[Chandrika Prasad Srivastava]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|2009
|[[Shashi Kant Misra]]
|Haryana
|Civil Service
|-
|2009
|[[Syamal Bhushan Ghosh Dastidar]]
|Haryana
|Civil Service
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |2010-2019
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|2010
|[[Padmakar Ramchandra Dubhashi]]
|Maharashtra
|Civil Service
|-
|2010
|[[Bal Krishna Chaturvedi]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2010
|[[Moosa Raza]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2010
|[[D.R. Kaarthikeyan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2011
|[[Brajesh Chandra Mishra]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2011
|[[Mahesh Nilkanth Buch]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|2011
|[[Shyam Saran]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2011
|[[Surendra Singh (cabinet secretary)|Surendra Singh]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2011
|[[Narayan Singh Bhati Zipashni]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|2011
|[[P. K. Sen]]
|Bihar
|Civil Service
|-
|2012
|[[T. V. Rajeswar]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2012
|[[Mata Prasad]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|2012
|[[Nagarajan Vittal]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|2012
|[[Ronen Sen]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2013
|[[Maharaj Kishan Bhan]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2013
|[[Hemendra Singh Panwar]]
|Haryana
|Civil Service
|-
|2014
|[[Vijayendra Nath Kaul]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2014
|[[Parveen Talha]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|2015
|[[Needamangalam Gopalaswami]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|2015
|[[P.V. Rajaraman]]
|Tamil Nadu
|Civil Service
|-
|2015
|[[Rangarajan Vasudevan Posthumous]])
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2016
|[[Vinod Rai]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2017
|[[T K Viswanathan]]
|Haryana
|Civil Service
|-
|2017
|[[Kanwal Sibal]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2017
|[[Tripuraneni Hanuman Chowdary]]
|Telangana
|Civil Service
|-
|2018
|[[Satyanarayansingh Shivsinghji Rathore]]
|Gujarat
|Civil Service
|-
|2019
|[[Vijay Krishan Shunglu]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2019
|[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%"
|+ class="nowrap" |2020-2029
!Year
!Name
!State
!Field
|-
|2021
|[[Nripendra Misra]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|Civil Service
|-
|2022
|[[General Bipin Rawat PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM]] (Posthumous)
|Uttarakhand
|Civil Service
|-
|2022
|[[Rajiv Mehrishi]]
|Rajasthan
|Civil Service
|-
|2022
|[[Guruprasad Mohapatra]] (Posthumous)
|Delhi
|Civil Service
|-
|2025
|[[Kishore Kunal]] (Posthumous)
|Bihar
|Civil Service
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Padma Shri award recipients]]

Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)

2026-04-22T16:06:18Z

AidanHeim7993963:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramakrishna
| image = Ramakrishna-telugu-actor_(2).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|15 October 1939}}
| birth_place = [[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age text|22 October 2001|15 October 1939}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Telugu cinema|Indian Telugu Cinema]]
| years active= 1960-1995
| spouse = [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]]
| parents =
| awards =
}}

'''Ramakrishna''' was an Indian actor who worked in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has acted in over 200 films, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Malayalam]].

==Career==
He was a stage actor from [[Bhimavaram]] in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, moved to Chennai in the 1950s. His movie debut was in 1960 with ''Nithya Kalyanam Pachathoranam''.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Telugu Actor Ramakrishna Dead|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Telugu-actor-Ramakrishna-dead/articleshow/819858783.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 October 2001}}</ref> He has acted as a hero in hit Telugu movies such as ''Nomu'', ''Pooja'', ''Nenu Naa Desam'', ''Bomma Borusa'', ''Badi Panthulu'', ''Kurukshetram'', ''Yuvataram Kadilindi'', ''Mantralaya Sri Raghavendra Vaaibhavam'', ''Hantakulostunnaru Jagrattha'', ''Magadu'', ''Katakatala Rudraiah'', ''Doralu Dongalu'', ''Kotalo Paga'', ''Viswanatha Nayakudu''. He played various roles in several mythological films, including ''Yashoda Krishna'', ''Vinayaka Vijayamu'', ''Sri Krishnavatharam'', ''Devude Digivasthe''. He had also acted alongside thespians [[N. T. Rama Rao|N. T. Ramarao]] and [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]. His contemporary heroes were [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], Haranath, and Sobhan Babu.

==Personal life==
His first marriage was in Bhimavaram, and has a daughter. He left his first wife and daughter and came to Madras. He married Telugu actress [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]] in 1974 and has a son 'Srinivas'. He died in 2001.<ref name="toi"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
! Title
!Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |1960
|''Nitya Kalyanam Pacha Thoranam<ref>{{cite web |title=Nityakalyanam Patcha Thoranam (1960) |url=https://indiancine.ma/JPX/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
| Debut movie
|-
|''[[Bhaktha Sabari]]''
|[[Lakshmana]]
|
|-
|''Rama Sundari<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaa Sundari (1960) |url=https://indiancine.ma/JJU/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Mangalyam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1961
|''Kanna Koduku''
|
|
|-
|''[[Indrajeet (Sati Sulochana)]]''
|[[Lakshmana]]
|
|-
|1961
|''Pelli Kaani Pillalu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1962
|[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|''Daksha Yagnam'']]
|[[Chandra|Chandrudu]]
|
|-
|''[[Swarna Manjari]]''
|Lord Jalakanteshwara Swamy
|
|-
|''[[Chitti Tammudu]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Sri Tirupatamma Katha]]''
|[[Lord Venkateswara]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964
|''Bangaru Timmaraju<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Thimmaraju (1964)|url=https://indiancine.ma/LAO|access-date=2023-04-18|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Desa Drohulu]]''
|CBI Officer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1965
|''[[Thodu Needa]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aakasaramanna]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aakasaramanna (1965)|url=https://indiancine.ma/LKT|access-date=2023-09-29|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|Anangapala
|
|-
|''[[Sri Simhachala Kshetra Mahima]]''
|[[Lord Vishnu|Maha Vishnuvu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1966
|''[[Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Film|Mohini Bhasmasura]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohini Bhasmasura 1966 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Mohini Bhasmasura Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/mohini-bhasmasura-5475/cast-crew |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>''
|[[Shiva]]
|
|-
|''[[Hantakulostunnaru Jagratta]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1967
|''Chadarangam''
|
|
|-
|''Satyame Jayam''
|
|
|-
|''Upayamlo Apayam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]''
|[[Arjuna]]
|
|-
|''Premalo Pramadam''
|
|
|-
|''Raktha Sindhooram''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1968
|''Rajayogam<ref>{{cite web|title=Raja Yogam (1968)|url=https://indiancine.ma/NCJ/info|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sukha Dukhalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Asadhyudu<ref>{{cite web |title=Asadhyudu (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MUG/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Ranabheri''
|
|
|-
|''[[Veeranjaneya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeranjaneya (1968)|url=https://indiancine.ma/NEJ|access-date=2024-01-25|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|[[Arjuna]]
|
|-
|''Jeevitha Bandham<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeevitha Bandam (1968)|url=https://indiancine.ma/MXZ/info|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aggi Meeda Guggilam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aggi Meeda Guggilam (1968)|url=https://indiancine.ma/MTN|access-date=2023-10-08|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|Arindhava
|
|-
|''Pedarasi Peddamma Katha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Kodallu]]''
|Ramam
|
|-
|''Bangaru Sankellu''
|
|Guest role
|-
| rowspan="5" |1969
|''[[Sri Rama Katha]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Rama Katha (1969)|url=https://indiancine.ma/NQE/info|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|Parvatha Raju
|
|-
|''Chiranjeevi<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiranjeevi (1969)|url=https://indiancine.ma/NHW/info|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aggi Veerudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Karpura Harathi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Karpura Harathi (1969)|url=https://indiancine.ma/NKP/info|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|Dr. Raghu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1970
|''Janmabhoomi''
|
|
|-
|''Pachani Samsaram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Suguna Sundari Katha]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suguna Sundari Katha|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/suguna-sundari-katha/cast/2000129873/|access-date=2024-01-26|website=TVGuide.com|language=en}}</ref>''
|Jayanta Bhoopala
|
|-
|''[[Marina Manishi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Evarini Nammali''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1971
|''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]''
|[[Satyaki]]
|
|-
|[[Manasu Mangalyam|''Manasu Maangalyam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Vikramarka Vijayam]]''
|Vikramarkudu
|
|-
|''[[Andariki Monagadu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhariki Monagadu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OGA/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Kattiki kankanam<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathiki Kankanam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OLT/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Rowdilaku Rowdilu''
|Madhu
|
|-
|''Maa Ilavelpu''
|
|
|-
|[[Adrusta Jathakudu|''Adrushta Jathakudu'']]
|
|
|-
|''Bangaru Kutumbam<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangaru Kutumbam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OHB/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bomma Borusa]]''
|Sundaram
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1972
|''[[Korada Rani]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Korada Rani (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PCC/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|C.I.D. Sekhar
|
|-
|''[[Raitu Kutumbam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pilla Piduga]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pilla Piduga (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PFV/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|Amar
|
|-
|''[[Datta Putrudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Adrushta Devatha<ref>{{cite web |title=Adhrusta Devatha (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BEWJ/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Kalavari Kutumbam<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalavari Kutumbam (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PBJ/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|Balu
|
|-
|''[[Badi Panthulu]]''
|Satyam
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1973
|''[[Panjaramlo Pasipapa]]''
|Dharma Rao, Sridhar
| Dual role
|-
|''[[Aajanma Brahmachari]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Aajanma Brahmachari (1973)|url=https://indiancine.ma/OUZ/info|website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mallamma Katha]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Devudamma]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nenu Naa Desam]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-23 |title=Nenu Naa Desam Mp3 Songs Free Download 1973 Telugu |url=https://sensongsmp3.tv/nenu-naa-desam-1973-songs/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=SenSongsMp3.Tv |language=en-US |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420061048/https://sensongsmp3.tv/nenu-naa-desam-1973-songs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>''
|
| Dual role
|-
|''[[Varasuralu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Pasi Hrudayalu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1974
|''Kannavari kalalu''
|Air Commodore Raju
|
|-
|[[Nomu (film)|''Nomu'']]
|Nageshwar (Eshwar)
|
|-
|''Nijarupalu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Premalu Pellillu]]''
|Dr. Raghu
|
|-
|''[[Khaidi Babai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khaidi Babai (1974)|url=https://indiancine.ma/PSS|access-date=2023-04-19|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1975
|''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]''
|[[Lakshmana|Lakshmanudu]]
|
|-
|''[[Yashoda Krishna]]''
|[[Krishna]]
|
|-
|''[[Rajyamlo rabandulu|Rajyamlo Rabandulu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajyamlo Rabandulu 1975 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Rajyamlo Rabandulu Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/rajyamlo-rabandulu-7423/cast-crew|access-date=2023-04-20 |website=MovieGQ|language=en}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adadani Adrushtam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maya Maschindra]]''
|[[Lord Siva]]
|
|-
|''[[Ammayila Sapadham]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ammayila Sapadham (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QQT/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|[[Pooja (1975 film)|''Pooja'']]
|Ramachandrarao
|
|-
|''[[Devude Digivaste]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pichodi Pelli]]''
|
|
|-
|''Bullemma Sapatham<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bullemma Sapadam 1975 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Bullemma Sapadam Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/bullemma-sapadam-1924/cast-crew |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Bala Nagamma''
|
|
|-
|''Naga Balayogi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |1976
|''Kotalo Paga''
|Narasimha Nayaka
| Also producer
|-
|''Aasthi Kosam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ee Kalapu Pillalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Vanaja Girija''
|
|
|-
|''Naa Pere Bhagavan''
|
|
|-
|''[[Doralu Dongalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Magadu<ref>{{cite web |title=Magadu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RPA/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Alludochadu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alludochadu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RHO/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|Ravi/Sekhar
|
|-
|''Poruginti pullakura''
|
|
|-
|''Seelaniki Siksha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Manchiki Maro Peru]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Mangalyaniki Maro Mudi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalyaniki Maromudi (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RPS/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Nijam Nidrapodu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1977
|[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|''Kurukshetram'']]
|[[Balarama|Balaramudu]]
|
|-
|[[Chakradhari (1977 film)|''Chakradhari'']]
|[[Panduranga|Lord Panduranga]]/ Ranganna
|
|-
|''Judge Gari Kodalu''
|
|
|-
|''Swarganiki Nichenalu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jeevithamlo Vasantham]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevithamlo Vasantham (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SHT |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|Madhu
|
|-
|''Manchi Roju<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchi Roju on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/manchi-roju |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Seeta Rama leela''
|
|
|-
|''Sri Krishna Jarasandha''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1978
|''Prayanamlo Padanisalu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sri Rama Pattabhishekam]]''
|[[Lakshmana]]
|
|-
|[[Katakatala Rudrayya|''Katakataala Rudrayya'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Punniya Boomi]]''
| Ramu
| Tamil film
|-
| rowspan="4" |1979
|''[[Allari pillalu|Allari Pillalu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allari Pillalu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/STQ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Oka Challani Rathri''
|Nityanand
|
|-
|''Swami Drohulu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swamy Drohulu 1979 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/swamy-drohulu-8722 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sri Vinayaka Vijayamu]]''
|[[Lord Vishnu|Lord Maha Vishnuvu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1980
|''Asadhyulaku Asadhyudu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asadhyulaku Asadhyudu Movie Info |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/asadhyulaku-asadhyudu}}</ref>''
|CID Suresh
|
|-
|''[[Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam (వేంకటేశ్వర వ్రత మహత్యం) 1980 {{!}} ♫ tunes |url=https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114183110/https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>''
|[[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]]
|
|-
|''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Lakshmi Nilayam''
|
|
|-
|''Maa Inti Devatha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Inti Devatha (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UXE |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Ramapuram Lo Seetha''
|
| Also producer
|-
|1982
|''[[Mantralaya Sri Raghavendra Vaibhavam]]''
|Raghavendra Swamy
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
|''[[Bahudoorapu Batasari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tarzan Sundari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarzan Sundari |url=https://spicyonion.com/title/tarzan-sundari-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021170213/http://spicyonion.com/title/tarzan-sundari-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Spicyonion.com |language=en}}</ref>''
|Raghuram
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1984
|''Aadadani Saval''
|Navy officer Ramu
|
|-
|''James Bond 999''
|SP Ravindranath
|
|-
|''[[Adarsavanthudu]]''
|Chiranjeevi
|
|-
|''Sangeetha Samrat''
|Sudhakar
|
|-
|''Ugra Roopam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1986
|[[Brahmastram (1986 film)|''Brahmastram'']]
|Inspector Jagannath
|
|-
|''[[Ugra Narasimham]]''
|
|
|-
|''Dharmapeetam Daddarillindhi<ref>{{Citation |title=Dharmapeetam Daddarillindi Telugu Full Length Movie {{!}}{{!}} Sobhan Babu, Jayasudha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJM4kx0E7iA |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en}}</ref>''
|Gopalakrishna
|
|-
|[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|''Tandra Paparayudu'']]
|Rangarayudu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1987
|''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]''
|Lakshminarayana Pandit, Natyacharyudu
|
|-
|''Marana Homam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maa Voori Magadu]]''
|Raghuram
|
|-
|''Akshintalu''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''Rocky''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|''[[Lankeswarudu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lankeswarudu (1989) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADWW |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|
|
|-
|''Adavilo Ardharathri''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|''[[Samrat Ashoka]]''
|Jayamallu
|
|-
|''Enkanna Babu''
|[[Venkateshvara|Lord Venkateswara]]
|
|-
|1995
|''Maya Bazaar''
|Dharmaraju
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
Mantaralaya Sree Raghavendra Vaibhavam (1981)

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0707947}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]

Salaga (film)

2026-04-17T10:16:04Z

AidanHeim7993963: added a data initial version

{{short description|2021 Indian Kannada-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Salaga
| image = Salaga film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Duniya Vijay]]
| producer = {{ubl|KP Srikanth}}
| writer = Duniya Vijay Maasthi Upparahalli
| starring = {{ubl|Duniya Vijay|[[Sanjana Anand]]|[[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] }}
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cinematography = Shiva Sena
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Venus Enterrtainer
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|10|14|India}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR|22-25 crores}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> 
}}
'''''Salaga''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Duniya Vijay]] in his directorial debut and produced by KP Srikanth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duniya Vijay says he is enjoying directing Salaga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/duniya-vijay-says-he-is-enjoying-directing-salaga/articleshow/69800372.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Duniya Vijay to make his directorial debut with Salaga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/duniya-vijay-to-make-his-directorial-debut-with-salaga/articleshow/69293469.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2019 |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana}}</ref> It features Duniya Vijay himself along with [[Sanjana Anand]], [[Dhananjay (actor)|Daali Dhananjay]], and [[Nagabhushana|Nagabhushan]] in prominent roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Team 'Salaga' completes their first shooting schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-salaga-completes-their-first-shooting-schedule/articleshow/70025735.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Salaga' to hit theatres for Ugadi festival on March 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/salaga-to-hit-theatres-for-ugadi-festival-on-march-25/articleshow/74316375.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> The film was released on 14 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duniya Vijay's 'Salaga' to release on October 14th |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/duniya-vijays-salaga-to-release-on-october-14th/articleshow/86526529.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 September 2021 |last1=Kodur |first1=Swaroop}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Bangalore]], ''Slum'' Shetty is a gangster, who along with former gangster-turned [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]] corporator Indra and ''Juttu'' Seena are controlling the [[Crime Syndicate|Bangalore underworld]]. Shetty learns that a person named ''Thyagaraja'' Ramanna is smuggling [[Arms trafficking|illegal arms]] from [[New Mangalore Port|Mangalore Port]] for Salaga, who is operating from prison. Shetty sends Suri ''Anna'' to ''deal with him''. Learning about Ramanna's attack, Salaga hires a cold-blooded gang named ''Batsman'' boys and kills Suri at a bar.

Suri's brother Kenda is enraged and vows to kill Salaga. The trio, along with Kenda, learns that Salaga is released from prison, where they attempt to kill him, but Salaga escapes and kills Kenda, with the help of Batsman boys. Salaga's childhood girlfriend Sanjana pursues Salaga to accept her love proposal, but he refuses where after much insistence, Salaga agrees. After increase in crime rates, The city [[police commissioner|commissioner]] appoints [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Samrat to deal with the underworld.

Salaga tracks Seena at the market, where he along with the Batsman boys kill him. With a person named Savithri's help, Samrat tracks down the Batsman boys and kills them. Due to Seena's death, Shetty gets scared of his gang and family members, where he gets into a road accident and admitted to a hospital. Salaga reaches the hospital and kills him, where he discreetly escapes with Sanjana and surrenders at the court. Samrat interrogates Salaga who reveals his real name as Vijay Kumar and reveals his past.

'''Past''': Vijay Kumar hails from [[North Karnataka|Uttar Karnataka]], and he arrives in Bangalore with his headmaster father and mother for his education. Vijay's father learns that their village people are also working as labourers in the city. He teaches their children in the city in order for them to be educated, but is ridiculed by Indra, Shetty, Seena and [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Ashwath, who makes the labourers believe their false statements about doing good for them. One day, Vijay thrashes Naga as he harassed Sanjana's friend Kavya.

Vijay gets arrested by Ashwath in charges of killing Naga, where he tries to prove his innocence to his father and mother, but to no avail. After facing the embarrassment by their people, Vijay's father and mother commits suicide, leaving Vijay devastated. Vijay is sent to a [[remand home]] where he learns that Naga was actually killed by Slum Shetty, Seena and Indra upon the request of Ashwath as he suspects Vijay to be Kavya's (Ashwath's daughter) boyfriend and also wants to embarrass Vijay's father. After his release from remand home, Vijay kills Ashwath. He is arrested again and sentenced to prison.

'''Present''': After revealing his past to Samrat, Salaga escapes by shooting himself in his leg and blames Samrat for [[Police encounter|encounter-killing]] him. After the enquiry at the court, Salaga is released due to lack of evidence. Salaga tracks down Indra at a temple festival and kills him, thus avenging his parents' death. Salaga surrenders himself and is taken to prison.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Duniya Vijay]] as Vijay Kumar / Salaga
**Sridhar H Krishna as Young Vijay
*[[Sanjana Anand]] as Sanjana
*[[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] as ACP Samrat
*B.V.Bhaskar as SI Bhaskar
*[[Nagabhushana]] as Vijay's Lawyer
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Police Commissioner
*Cockroach Sudhi as Savitri
*Sampath Maitreya as Vijay's Father
*Usha Ravishankar as Vijay's Mother
*Yashwanth Shetty as Slum Shetty
*Channakeshava as Juttu Seena
*Neenasam Ashwath as SI Ashwath, Corrupt Officer
*Sathyanarayan Ummatthal as Sathyanna, Constable
*Rockline Sudhakar as Sanjana's Father
*Apoorva as Sanjana's Mother
*Shambhavi Venkatesh as Shetty's Wife
*Dinesh as Suri Anna
*Shreshta as Kenda, Suri's Brother
}}

==Production==
Filming started in [[Bangalore]] in June 2019. In October 2019, it was reported that the film was in its last leg of production.<ref name="toi5">{{cite news |title=Salaga gears up for final action schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/salaga-gears-up-for-final-action-schedule/articleshow/71752861.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Salaga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:28
| language = Kannada
| label = A2 Music
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|L7JrXJYGenk|Salaga - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The film's background score was composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], with 1 song composed by [[Naveen Sajju]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Duniya Vijay and Dhananjay join hands for Salaga |date=8 May 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/may/08/duniya-vijay-and-dhananjay-join-hands-for-salaga-1974127.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 18:28
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Suri Anna
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| lyrics1 = Duniya Vijay & team
| music1 = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = I Love You Sanjana
| extra2 = [[Naveen Sajju]]
| lyrics2 = [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]]
| music2 = Naveen Sajju
| length2 = 2:26
| title3 = Malaye Malaye
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Aishwarya Rangarajan
| lyrics3 = Nagarjun Sharma
| music3 = Charan Raj
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Salaga Title Track
| extra4 = [[Yogi B]], Sharath, Charan Raj, Sanjith Hegde
| lyrics4 = Nagarjun Sharma
| music4 = Charan Raj
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Salaga Promotional song
| note5 = Folk song
| extra5 = Girija Siddi, Geetha Siddi, Channakesava
| lyrics5 =
| music5 = Charan Raj
| length5 = 3:00
}}

==Box office==
The film collected ₹15.31 crores on first week and end up grossing over ₹22 crores at Box-office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=Year Ender 2021: Highest-grossing Kannada Movies of the Year |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/year-ender-2021-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-the-year-4604252.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' reported that the film had collected {{INRConvert|25|c}} in 25 days and became a commercial success at the box office.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2021 |title=Kotigobba 3 and Salaga: Kannada movies taste box office success |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kotigobba-3-and-salaga-kannada-movies-taste-box-office-success-925134 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
|rowspan=7|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|KP Srikanth
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=7|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|[[Duniya Vijay]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Usha Ravishankar
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
|[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]]
|Nagarjun Sharma - "Malaye Malaye
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Aishwarya Rangarajan - "Malaye Malaye"
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=5|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Film
|KP Srikanth
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/siima-2022-honours-late-puneeth-rajkumar-with-best-actor-award-5948743.html |title=SIIMA 2022 Honours Late Puneeth Rajkumar With Best Actor Award |publisher=News18 |date=13 September 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=SIIMA WINNER'S 2022 |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Dhananjay
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|Yash Shetty
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|Duniya Vijay
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10415600}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Charan Raj]]

Yanaikkal, Madurai

2026-04-15T00:57:37Z

AidanHeim7993963: added basic article w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Yanaikkal, Madurai
|native_name = Yanaikkal
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline = Yanaikal.jpg
|image_alt =
|image_caption = Statue of an elephant, Yanaikkal, Madurai
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|9|55|24.9|N|78|07|24.7|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag | India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 158
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625001
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = 0452
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], Sellur, Tallakulam, Goripalayam, Shenoy Nagar, Simmakkal, Nelpettai, East Gate, [[Arappalayam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 =
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Yanaikkal'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Report on the Administration of the Police of Tamil Nadu|date=1972|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTamqS1W-acC|language=en}}</ref> is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Yanaikkal as the name in Tamil language implies that it is a 'Stone Statue of Elephant'. The area was said to be 'Allankadi' in Tamil language (அல்லங்காடி),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/miscellaneous/the-history-behind-madurai-fort-demolition-and-other-incidents-connected-to-that|title=மதுரை மூதூர் மாநகரத்தின் கதை - 5>மருதக்கோட்டை இடிந்த கதையும், விளக்குத்தூண் வந்த கதையும்!|work=விகடன்}}</ref> which was busy with selling products during night times, several hundred years ago.

== Location ==
Located at the elevation of 158 m above the mean sea level, the geographical coordinates of Yanaikkal are: 9°55'24.9"N, 78°07'24.7"E (i.e. 9.923583°N, 78.123528°E).
== Neighbourhoods ==
[[Madurai]], Simmakkal, Sellur (Madurai), Goripalayam, Nelpettai, East Gate, Arappalayam are some of the important places nearby.

== Vaigai river ==
The River Vaigai flows near to Yanaikkal and there is a low level Yanaikkal bridge,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/traffic-snarls-in-madurai-city-as-key-routes-shut-due-to-surplus-in-vaigai/articleshow/87654772.cms?frmapp=yes|title=Traffic snarls in Madurai city as key routes shut due to surplus in Vaigai|work=The Times of India}}</ref> that connects the north and south banks of Vaigai, which helps commuters to pass from Yanaikkal to Sellur and vice versa. But, in rainy seasons, excess water flows over the Yanaikkal bridge and traffic blocked. In order to overcome this, a high-level bridge is going to be constructed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/high-level-bridge-to-replace-obula-padithurai-causeway/article33214818.ece|title=High-level bridge to replace Obula Padithurai causeway|work=The Hindu}}</ref> While the waste water mixes with Vaigai river near Yanaikkal bridge, water hyacinth enormously grow near pillars and choke the water flow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai/article65619649.ece|title=Over 24 tonnes of plastic collected via cleanliness drive|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/wild-growth-of-water-hyacinth-chokes-vaigai-river/article65608319.ece|title=Wild growth of water hyacinth chokes Vaigai river|work=The Hindu}}</ref> This is also one of the reasons of traffic jams near Yanaikkal.<ref name="Yanaikkal">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/traffic-regulation-causing-bottleneck-near-yanaikkal/articleshow/91583656.cms|title=Madurai: Traffic regulation causing bottleneck near Yanaikkal|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
== Education ==
=== Schools ===
The notable school in Yanaikkal is M.A.V.M.M. Higher Secondary School. Another school near Yanaikkal is Athimoolam Primary School,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-stalin-government-s-breakfast-scheme-for-schoolchildren-is-an-inspiring-model-2002491-2022-09-20|title=Why the Stalin government's 'Breakfast Scheme' for schoolchildren is an inspiring model|work=India Today}}</ref> in Simmakkal where 'School Breakfast Programme' for students of class 1 to class 5, was launched by the Tamil Nadu CM on 15 September 2022.
=== Colleges ===
[[American College, Madurai]] in Goripalayam, Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College for Women in Goripalayam and [[Madurai Medical College]] near Anna Bus Stand are some of the important colleges that benefit students from Simmakkal area.
== Transport ==
=== Road transport ===
Yanaikkal is very well connected to various places of Madurai and other districts by roads. North Veli Street, East Veli Street, Masi streets, Marret streets are some of the important nearby streets that are filled with commodity businesses. It has a ground level bridge that was constructed across the Vaigai river which goes flooded with rain water when it rains heavily. During such times, the vehicle traffic is considerably affected.<ref name="Yanaikkal"/>
=== Rail transport ===
From Yanaikkal, [[Madurai Junction railway station]] is just 2 km.
=== Air transport ===
[[Madurai International Airport]] at Avaniyapuram is located at about 10 km from Yanaikkal.
== Medical facilities ==
Yanaikkal area people are also served by [[Government Rajaji Hospital]] at Goripalayam, situated at a walkable distance of 1 km.
== Religion ==
=== Temples ===
Apart from [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai]], Pechi Amman temple and Adhi Chokkanathar temple are the important temples near Yanaikkal. Adhi Chokkanathar temple is said to be the basic temple of [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai]] which is located at a walkable distance from Yanaikkal. It has the main deities as Chokkanathar and Meenakshi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=637|title=Adhi Chokkanathar - Simmakkal>Tamilnadu Temple|work=Dinamalar}}</ref> With the Viruksha as Kadamba tree and Theertha as Pottamarai Theertha, this temple is also called as North Alavai.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]

Om Prakash Singh (Mathura-Etah-Mainpuri politician)

2026-04-11T12:12:10Z

AidanHeim7993963: starting the bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Om Prakash Singh
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]-[[Etah district|Etah]]-[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]] Local Authorities
| term_start = 12 April 2022
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Om Prakash Singh''' is an Indian politician who has been serving as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] representing Mathura-Etah-Mainpuri [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council#Elected by Local Authority Constituencies (36)|local Authority Constituencies]] since 12 April 2022.<ref name="News">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-mlc-election-2022-ashish-yadav-and-om-prakash-singh-elected-mlc-unopposed-22567552.html|title=एमएलसी चुनाव में भाजपा का दबदबा, आशीष यादव और ओमप्रकाश सिंह निर्विरोध चुने, एटा में मिला जीत का प्रमाण पत्र|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/mathura-thakur-omprakash-singh-mlc-candidate-mathura-news-mtr514752881|title=एमएलसी चुनाव: भाजपा के आशीष यादव और ओमप्रकाश सिंह निर्विरोध जीते, एटा के डीएम ने दिया प्रमाणपत्र|publisher= [[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newstrack.com/uttar-pradesh/up-mlc-election-2022-bjp-leaders-ashish-yadav-from-etah-and-om-prakash-singh-from-mathura-unopposed-election-311150|title=UP MLC Election 2022: दो भाजपा प्रत्याशियों एटा से आशीष यादव व मथुरा से ओम प्रकाश सिंह का निर्विरोध निर्वाचन तय|website=Newstrack.com}}</ref> He represented the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Political career==
Singh served as the district president from 2009 to 2011 from etah district, Uttar pradesh. He has also been the District General Secretary twice. He was the District President of Yuva Morcha in 1993. Currently, he is a member of the State Executive Committee and co-convener of the BJP Cooperative Cell.<ref name="News"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Om Prakash (politician)}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Etah district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shree Dev Vyadeshwar

2026-04-10T20:50:35Z

AidanHeim7993963: added a page added tags - done

{{Short description|Clan Deity in Hinduism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Shree Dev Vyadeshwar
|image = Shri Vyadweshwar, Guhagar.jpg
|caption = The sanctum with the central icon of the ''[[linga]]'' of Shiva
|map_type =
|coordinates = {{coord|17.47|73.2|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption =
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|district = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|locale =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity =
|festivals =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established =
|year_completed =
|creator =
|temple_board =
}}
'''Shree Dev Vyadeshwar''' temple<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ratnagiritourism.in/destination/shri-vyadeshwar-devashtan-guhagar/|title=Ratnagiri Tourism|website=ratnagiritourism.in}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Gazetteers Department
| year = 2009
| title = Maharashtra, Land and Its People
| page = 45
| language = English
| publisher = Government of Maharashtra
}}</ref> is a [[temple]] dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. It is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/ratnagiri/vyadeshwar-temple-58298080/|title=Shree Vyadeshwar Temple, Guhagar|website=www.trip.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trawell.in/maharashtra/ganpatipule/vyadeshwar-temple|title=Shree Vyadeshwar Temple|website=www.trawell.in}}</ref> in [[Guhagar]] town from [[Ratnagiri District]] of [[Maharashtra State]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/guhagar/attractions/vyadeshwar-temple/|title=Vyadeshwar Temple, Guhagar|website=www.nativeplanet.com}}</ref><ref name=gaz1>{{cite web|url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/BombayPresidency/ratnagiri/places1_g.html#6|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency - Ratnagiri and Savantvadi|website=ratnagiri.nic.in}}</ref> The deity is considered as the [[Kuladevata]] (Clan-deity) of many [[Chitpavan]] families from the [[Konkan]] region.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Reddy
| first = P. Sudhakar
| year = 2002
| title = Indian Society: Continuity, Change and Development
| page = 57
| language = English
| publisher = Commonwealth Publishers
| isbn = 9788171696932
}}</ref>
{{listen |filename=Shri Vyadshwar Aarti Audio file.ogg |title=Audio file of Shri Vyadeshwar Aarti |description=Audio file of Shri Vyadeshwar Aarti}}
[[File:Shri Dev Vyadeshwar Aarti.webm|thumb|Video of Shri Vyadeshwar Aarti being performed in the evening session]]

==Legend==
Sage [[Parashurama]] created the land <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rvatemples.com/listings/vyadeshwar-temple/|title=Shree Dev Vyadeshwar Temple|website=rvatemples.com}}</ref> of [[Konkan]] by shooting his arrow into the sea and commanding the Sea God to retract the waters to the point where his arrow landed. This new land came to be known as ''Sapta-Konkana'', meaning "piece of earth", "corner of earth", or "piece of a corner", derived from [[Sanskrit]] words: ''koṇa'' (कोण, corner) + ''kaṇa'' (कण, piece).<ref name="skanda">
{{cite book
| title = Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha)
| editor-last = Gaytonde
| editor-first = Gajanan Shastri
| language = Marathi
| publisher = Shree Katyani Publication, Mumbai
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| title = Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti
| version = Part 1
| page = 206
| last = Satoskar
| first = B. D.
| language = Marathi
| publisher = Shubhada Publication
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| title = Guhagarche Swayambhoo Devasthan Shri Kshetra Vyadeshwar
| year = 2007
| last = Gowande
| first = Shrikant
| language = Marathi
| publisher = Anmol Publication, Pune
}}
</ref>

Shree Parshurama also requested 60 rishis to settle in the newly created land and protect the resident clans. He, being a devotee of the God [[Shiva]], requested Shree Shiva to meet him daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2015/07/vyadeshwar-shiva-about-vyadeshwar-form.html|title=Shree Vyadeshwar Shiva|website=www.hindu-blog.com}}</ref> Sage Vyadi installed the [[lingam]] of Shiva at this temple in [[Guhagar]]. The Shiva icon and temple was thus named as '''Shree Vyadeshwar''' (the Lord of Vyadi). It is believed that Shree Shiva stays here in the invisible form.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Murphy
| first = Anne
| date = March 12, 2012
| title = Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia
| language = English
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| isbn = 9781136707285
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/attractions/temples/vyadeshwar-temple.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409165806/http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/attractions/temples/vyadeshwar-temple.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 April 2014|title=Discovered India|website=www.discoveredindia.com}}</ref>

Shree Vyadeshwar Deity was lost to time and is rediscovered in the era of King Sakuran, when the current temple structure was built. The temple is constructed between 1st and 2nd century, which makes it around 2000 years old<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanyatra.com/chiplun/g8.html|title=Kokan Yatra|website=www.konkanyatra.com}}</ref>

==Style ==
The architectural style is called 'Panchayatan'.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Sahni
| first = Janmenjay
| date = October 31, 2020
| title = Magbook Indian History
| publisher = Arihant Publication India Limited
| page = 201
| language = English
| isbn = 9789324199300
}}
</ref> A [[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatan temple]] contains four subordinate shrines in four corners and the main shrine in the center of the podium, which forms the base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-world-heritage-sites.com/khajuraho.htm|title=Welcome the-world-heritage-sites.com - BlueHost.com|website=www.the-world-heritage-sites.com|access-date=23 December 2012|archive-date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317051953/http://www.the-world-heritage-sites.com/khajuraho.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Here, [[Shiva]] is Shree Vyadeshwar, the central shrine, with [[Surya]], [[Ganesha]], Amba or [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] (Shiva's consort) and [[Vishnu]] with his wife [[Lakshmi]] as the South-East, South-West, North-West and North-East subordinate shrines respectively. [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the ''[[vahana]]'' of Shiva) sits in front of the main shrine.

The temple has three entrances to the east, west and south. Shri [[Garuda]] (the ''vahana'' of Vishnu) and Shri [[Hanuman]] are installed on either sides of the East entrance, inside the temple.

==Renovations==
This 'Panchayatan'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bookspace.in/products/shree-vyadeshwar-panchayatan-upasana|title=Shree Vyadeshwar Panchayatan Upasana|website=www.bookspace.in}}</ref> temple is ancient, as are its deities. Due to aging, the three shrines were found eroded. In May 2015, the shrines of Shri [[Parvati]] (Ambikamata), Shri Garud and Shri [[Hanuman]] were ceremonially replaced by new shrines. Also the shrine of Shri Suryanarayan was replaced later. All the required reinstatement rituals were systematically performed. The old entrance facing due East was small in size and was inconvenient. That entrance (Mahadwar in local Marathi language) was replaced with a completely renovated gate, during the recent renovation of the temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vyadeshwar.webs.com/|title=Shree Dev Vyadeshwar Temple, Guhagar|website=vyadeshwar.webs.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
Following are the relevant photographs:
<gallery>
File:Official shri vyadeshwar aarti.jpg|Official Shri Vyadeshwar Aarti
File:Shri Talkeshwar.jpg|Shri Talkeshwar
File:Balkeshwar.jpg|Shri Balkeshwar
File:Uddalakeshwar.jpg|Shri Uddalakeshwar
File:Shri Talkeshwar Mandir.jpg|Shri Talkeshwar Mandir
File:Shri valukeshwar mandir.JPG|Shri valukeshwar mandir
File:Shri Uddalakeshwar Mandir.jpg|Shri Uddalakeshwar Mandir
File:Shri Ganesh Panchayatan.jpg|Shri Ganesh from shri vyadeshwar Panchayatan
File:Shri Surya 2.JPG|The Sun from shri vyadeshwar Panchayatan
File:New Shrine of Shri Suryanarayan.jpg|New Idol of Shri Suryanarayan
File:Shri Vishnu 2.JPG|Shri Vishnu from shri vyadeshwar Panchayatan
File:Shri Ambika Mata.jpg|Shri Ambika Mata
File:Shri amba.jpg|Shri Amba from Shri Vyadeshwar Panchayatan
File:Garud 2.JPG|Shri Garud
File:New Shrine of Shri Garud from Shri Vyadeshwar Panchayatan.jpg|New Idol of Shri Garud from Shri Vyadeshwar Panchayatan
File:Maruti.jpg|Shri Maruti
File:Shri hanuman.jpg|New Idol of Shri Hanuman
File:Shri nandi 2.JPG|Shri Nandi
File:Shri vyadeshwar dahibhat limpan photo 2.png|Shri Vyadeshwar dahibhat limpan
File:Shri vyadeshwar dahibhat limpan photo 1.png|Decorated Pindi with dahibhat limpan
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Velneshwar]]
* [[Parshurama]]
* [[Kashyapa|Kashyap]]
* [[Harihareshwar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150212121407/http://www.kokanwadi.in/velavan.html Velavan Beach House ]-Coastal Homestay at Guhagar

{{Ratnagiri district topics}}

[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Sivaranjani (film)

2026-04-07T05:49:04Z

AidanHeim7993963: added the entry w/ refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sivaranjani
| image = Sivaranjani.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| producer = [[Dasari Padma]]
| writer = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] (story, dialogues, screenplay)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jayasudha]] Hari Prasad [[Mohan Babu]] [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] [[Nirmalamma]] [[Subhashini]] [[Murali Mohan]]
| music = [[Pasupuleti Ramesh Naidu]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Mani]]
| editing = [[K. Balu]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Sivaranjani''''' is 1978 Indian Telugu-language [[musical film|musical]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. The film is about a village girl Sivaranjani who goes on to become a famous film actress, played by [[Jayasudha]]. It was remade in Tamil as ''[[Natchathiram]]'' in 1980.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=104 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film is about a village girl Sivaranjani (Jayasudha), who goes on to become a famous film actress. A small town man, Hari Prasad forms her fan club and starts admiring her. Sivaranjani starts finding her true love in this man. She gives up her career as a film actress, escapes the trauma of limelight and wants to settle down with Hari Prasad. However, Nirmallamma and Subhashini approach Jayasudha to convince her not to marry the boy. Sivaranjani sacrifices her life so that the boy and Subhashini can marry.

==Cast==
* [[Jayasudha]]... Sivaranjani
* Hari Prasad... Sivaranjani's Fan
* [[Mohan Babu]]
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Nirmalamma]]
* [[Subhashini]]
* Gokina Rama Rao... Sivaranjani's Brother
* K. V. Chalam
* [[Murali Mohan]]
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]... Guest appearance as herself

==Soundtrack==
Music by Pasupuleti Ramesh Naidu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaranjani (1978) Telugu Super Hit Film LP Vinyl Record by Ramesh Naidu |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/sivaranjani-by-ramesh-naidu/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Disco Music Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The lead [[violin]] tune of "Joru Meedunnave Tummeda Nee Joru Evari Kosame Tummeda?" was played by Y. N. Sharma, father of music director [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinevennela.blogspot.com/2008/08/remembering-hariprasad.html|title = Remembering Hariprasad|date = 18 August 2008}}</ref> [[Shankar–Ganesh]] reused the song "Abhinava Thaaravo Naa Abhimana Thaaravo" as "Aval Oru Menagai" which was sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|Balu himself]] for [[Natchathiram]].

* "Abhinava Thaaravo Naa Abhimana Thaaravo" (Lyrics: [[C. Narayana Reddy]]; Singer: [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]])
* "Chandamama Vacchaadamma Tongi Tongi Ninu Choochaa – P. Susheela"
* "Joru Meedunnave Thummeda, Nee Joru Evari Kosame Thummeda – P. Susheela"
* "Maapalle Vadalaku Krishnamurthi Nuvvu Konte Panulakochava" (Lyrics : Dasam Gopala Krishna); singers:[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
* "Mee Ammavaadu Naa Kosam Eeniuntadu"
* "Navami Naati Vennela Nenu Dasami Naati Jaabili Neevu" (Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and [[P. Susheela]])
* "Paalakollu Santalona Paapayammo Paapayamma" (Singers: S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and P. Susheela)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0251999/ Sivaranjani film at IMDb.]
{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Naidu]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:1970s musical drama films]]

Once Upon a Time in Amritsar

2026-04-06T15:49:26Z

AidanHeim7993963: starting a entry v1

{{Multiple issues|
{{long plot|date=November 2020}}
{{All plot|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Once Upon A Time In Amritsar
| image =
| caption =
| director = Harjit Singh Ricky
| producer = Mohit Banwait
| screenplay = Harjit Singh Ricky
| story = Gurjind Maan
| starring = [[Dilpreet Dhillon]] Gurjind Maan Tanvi Nagi Sonia Kaur [[Pavan Malhotra]] Arun Bali [[B.N. Sharma]]
| music = Desi Crew Daljit Singh Pavneet Birgi Gold Boy Gurcharan Singh Arvinder Singh
| cinematography = Shivtar Shiv Prakash Biswas Raj Irani
| editing = Just Right Studioz
| studio = Banwait Film Cine Vision Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|6|10}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Once Upon A Time In Amritsar''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film directed by Harjit Singh Ricky, written by Mohit Banwait and starring [[Dilpreet Dhillon]], Gurjind Maan, Tanvi Nagi and Sonia Kaur as the main cast of the film. This film was set to be released worldwide on 10 June 2016.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2016">
{{cite web | title=SGPC objects to Golden Temple backdrop of violent movie clip | website=hindustantimes.com | date=4 April 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sgpc-objects-to-golden-temple-backdrop-of-violent-clip-in-once-upon-a-time-in-amritsar/story-ccVnfOtUssPn8zwVgt5nYN.html | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sikh24.com 2016">{{cite web | title=Once Upon A Time in Amritsar film depicts violence at Sri Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple), Amritsar | website=Sikh24.com | date=10 June 2016 | url=https://www.sikh24.com/2016/04/06/once-upon-a-time-in-amritsar-film-depicts-violence-at-harimandar-sahib/ | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
This is a story of two college boys, Ranjeet ([[Dilpreet Dhillon]]) and Gurtej ([[Gurjind Maan]]), who want to finish their school, get a job, and make their families happy. However, they have to encounter some obstacles during the time.

 It starts with a man getting off a train and walking down the streets. Later that day, he has been followed by some men who then kill him and burn his body to erase evidences. Police find the body and try to investigate it.

Ranjeet lives with his parents and they are about to go to pick up his uncle. His uncle has been in jail for he feels he owes his life to his brother (Ranjeet's father) who saved his lifelong time ago. The plot is set back to the time when Ranjeet's father argues with someone from the village then his brother tries to settle it. Upset by his meddling, the villager takes out his gun and points it at him. Ranjeet's father saves him by knocking him down with a spade. However, he does it too hard that the man dies. Panicked by the situation, his brother tells him not to reveal the truth to anyone, instead he will take the blame. The police puts him in jail. Released from the jail, the uncle lives at his house.

 
Gurtej also lives with his family. He has one sister, Deepi (Shveta Grover), and falls in love with his neighbor, a mute girl (Sonia Kaur). Aside from studying, sometimes he sings chorus to back up singers to earn some money. He and Ranjeet are college and best friends. Ranjeet likes a girl from the college (Tanvi Nagi). Sometimes they hang out with their college friends.

When night comes that day, Ranjeet makes his parents and uncle worried by turning home late. His father is furious about it but his mother tries to console him. Gurtej gets home finding his father and sister look sad. They just lost their tractor due to the loan they cannot yet pay. Gurtej consoles his father to put down his worries because soon he will find a job and buy him a new tractor.

 
The next morning, Ranjeet eats his breakfast before he goes to school. His father tries to settle their argument the previous night by telling him that if he needs anything, just simply ask. He is surprised by his father's changed behavior and thanks his mother for that. His uncle is amazed by how caring his mother is to his father. His mother tells him that it is a wife's commitment to serve her husband as her expression of love to him.
 
Finally, the day comes when Ranjeet and Gurtej pass the test and graduate. They try to find a job but it fails because the vacancy is no longer available for them who have no connections or money. Gurtej defends themselves by saying they have talents. Nevertheless, they are still turned down. At night, he is preoccupied with the thoughts that his father notices it and it saddens him.

The morning after, he tells Ranjeet how his hope of making his parents happy and getting his sister married vanishes just like that. Suddenly, Deepi comes in a hurry sadly tells him something happens with their father. Rushing back to their village, they find that their father has died.

 
Surrendering their fate into God's hands, Ranjeet and Gurtej decide to pray in Harmandir Shahib. They ask God to lead them into His path. On their way out, they bump into an elderly man who accidentally slips on his way down the stairs. Ranjeet helps him by holding his arm. He notices that the man may be carrying some kind of talisman. Troubled by the thought, he tells Gurtej about it. Gurtej advises him to stop thinking about it. He tries to let it go but he sees the man again from afar. Led by his conviction that the man is not a "pure" Sikh, he asks Gurtej to come with him to a police office. He tries to explain it to the chief but the chief refuses to proceed it for an investigation. He tells them to get out of the room. They go home feeling disappointed.

 
The next day, when Ranjeet walks alone, he bumps into a man and the man drops a paper. When the man looks at Ranjeet, he recognizes him as the one he saw at Harmandir Shahib. He directly picks up his stuff and walks away from Ranjeet. Realizing the paper is not his, Ranjeet follows the man to return the paper but he has gone. He carries it home. The man then follows Ranjeet home. At night, two men try to burgle Ranjeet's house to steal the paper but they get nothing for Ranjeet catches them before they succeed.
 
The next morning, he meets Gurtej to discuss about the paper. They both are convinced there is something fishy behind the blank paper. Mysterious phone calls are addressed to Ranjeet to hand in the paper. They decide to meet the person on the other line. Unfortunately, his identity remains hidden. Instead, he sends a woman to pick up the paper. Ranjeet follows her to get some information about who sends her. She persistently keeps it and accidentally dies falling from a rooftop when defending herself. A motorcycle gets near her dead body and the rider directly takes the paper from her hand.
 
Shocked by what happens, Ranjeet and Gurtej try to chase the rider. When confronted with him, they try to take back the paper and unmask him, but in the end he runs away. The man calls again and threatens Ranjeet that he makes a mistake and the consequence will be severe. He insists him handing back the paper to a man he will send. At the spot, Ranjeet meets the man while Gurtej is hanging a holed paint can on the car tailpipe so that it will leave mark on the streets for them to easy to track to where the car stops. They follow the car and it stops in front of an abandoned building. The curiosity leads them to discover that as soon as the paper is dipped in silver nitrate, it reveals a plan of terrorist bombing in Harmandir Shahib.
They directly go out to call the police. However, by the time they come back, the men (the bombers) and all the evidence are already gone. Unconvinced by their report, the police leave the building, and again, they are disappointed. They decide they will solve the case by themselves.
 
By the day of the bombing plan, they go to Harmandir Shahib and try to trace all signs that can lead them to find the hidden bombs. This is not easy as Harmandir Shahib is full of devotees and they do not want to draw any attention. Finally, with all the struggle, they can find all the bombs. They are confronted by the bombers but in the end they win and kill them all. As they try to bring the bombs to safest places, the police arrive at the scene and mistakenly suspect them as the bombers. They are shot to dead. The news directly spreads across the city and it affects their whole families and friends with shock and tears.

 
When shown the dead bodies of the bombers, Gurtej, and Ranjeet at the coroner, the police chief recognizes Ranjeet and Gurtej. He is certain that Gurtej and Ranjeet are innocent, but he needs evidence to prove it. He is also certain that there are six bombers, not five, but he is clueless where to find the other bomber. Luckily, Ranjeet and Gurtej's friend calls him and shows him where they keep the other bomber for investigating the case. He directly takes the bomber to the police office for interrogation. The bomber eventually admits all their plans to bomb Harmandir Shahib. The finding releases him of all doubt that Gurtej and Ranjeet are truly innocent who tried to save Harmandir Shahib and the devotees at that time.

 
He directly holds a press conference to clarify the false accusation addressed to Ranjeet and Gurtej. He mentions that they both are heroes who by their faith, risk their lives to save people and Harmandir Shahib, their worship place. People in their village hold cremation ceremony to honor them and their families for their dedication and courage.

==Cast==
* [[Dilpreet Dhillon]]
* Gurjind Maan
* Tanvi Nagi
* Sonia Kaur
* [[Pawan Malhotra]]
* [[Arun Bali]]
* [[B.N. Sharma]]
* [[Shavinder Mahal]]
* Prince KJ Singh
* [[Dolly Minhas]]
* Asish Duggal
* Amritpal Chotu

== Track list ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No. !! Track !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Music
|-
| 1. || "Munda Ambarsariya" || Happy Raikoti || [[Happy Raikoti]]|| Pavneet Birgi
|-
| 2. || "Viah" || Ninja || Dharambir Bhangu || GoldBoy
|-
| 3. || "End Jattiye" || Dilpreet Dhillon || [[Happy Raikoti]]|| Desi Crew
|-
| 4. || "Main Amritsar" || [[Nachhatar Gill]] || Raj Kakra || Gurcharan Singh
|-
| 5. || "Tere Seene Vich" || Feroz Khan || Gurjind Maan || Desi Crew
|-
| 6. || "Tak Tak Roop Tera" || Javed Ali || Dharambir Bhangu, Gurjind Maan, Raj Kakra, [[Happy Raikoti]]|| Desi Crew
|-
| 7. || "Dinanath" || Arvinder Singh || Raj Kakra, Gurjind Maan, Dharambir Bhangu, [[Happy Raikoti]] || Desi Crew
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_KVgXlAwKI/ Once Upon A Time In Amritsar Trailer]
* [http://www.dilpreetdhillon.in/ Dilpreet Dhillon Official Website]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* [http://raagtune.me/albums/punjabi/Once_Upon_/vtp9.html Once Upon A Time Song List]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* {{IMDb title|5610172}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Punjabi-language films]]

Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)

2026-04-04T19:45:27Z

AidanHeim7993963: creating bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = ''Descent of the Ganges''
| image = Descent of the Ganges 01.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption =
| location = [[Mahabalipuram]], [[Chengalpattu district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| part_of = Main complex of [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)
| ID = 249-001
| coordinates = {{coord|12|37|03|N|80|11|56|E|type:landmark|display=title, inline|format=dms}}
| year = 1984
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption =
}}
'''''Descent of the Ganges''''', known locally as '''''Arjuna's Penance''''',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi4PbmKuE70C&dq=arjuna%27s+penance&pg=PT1058 |title=The Rough Guide to India |date=2011-01-20 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-4053-8847-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incredible India {{!}} Arjuna's Penance |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/mamallapuram/arjuna-s-penance.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> is a monument at [[Mamallapuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the [[Kancheepuram district|Chengalpattu district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Measuring {{convert|96|x|43|ft}}, it is a giant open-air [[rock relief]] carved on two [[monolith]]ic rock boulders. The legend depicted in the [[relief]] is the story of the descent of the sacred river [[Ganges River|Ganges]] to earth from the heavens led by [[Bhagiratha]]. The waters of the Ganges are believed to possess supernatural powers. The descent of the Ganges and [[Arjuna]]'s Penance are portrayed in stone at the Pallava heritage site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantemples.com/beliefs/gangadesc.htm|title= The Descent of the Ganges – Story of Bhagirata|work=indiantemples.com|access-date=2007-03-03}}</ref><ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA634|access-date=25 February 2013|date=1 September 2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=634–}}</ref> The relief is more of a canvas of Indian rock cut sculpture at its best not seen anywhere else in India.<ref name=Relief>{{Cite web|url= http://puratattva.in/2010/09/03/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iv-42.html|title= Mamallapuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part IV|work= Open Air Bas-Reliefs|access-date= 26 February 2013|publisher= Puratatva.com|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131226031322/http://puratattva.in/2010/09/03/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iv-42.html|archive-date= 26 December 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref> It is one of the [[Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram]] that was designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1984.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2007-03-03
}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Arjuna relief is in the centre of Mahabalipuram, facing the sea at a short distance from the shores of the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal where the [[Shore Temple]] is situated. It is accessible from [[Chennai]] city over a {{convert|36|mi|km}} paved road to its west and {{convert|20|mi|km}} from [[Chengalpet]].<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

==History==
The relief was created to celebrate [[Battle of Vatapi|the victory]] of [[Narasimhavarman I]] over the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya Emperor]] [[Pulakesin II]]. The place, now known as [[Mamallapuram]], was named in honor of the [[Pallava]] monarch Narasimhavarman I (630–668 CE),<ref name="BruynBain2010">{{cite book|author1=Pippa de Bruyn|author2=Keith Bain|author3=David Allardice|author4=Shonar Joshi|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA333|access-date=7 February 2013|date=18 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-64580-2|pages=333–}}</ref>) who was conferred the title ''Mamallan'', the "great wrestler" or "great warrior". He was the son of King [[Mahendravarman I]]. The architectural creations at Mamallapuram, mostly attributed to Mamallan in the 7th century, adopted stone as the medium for sculpting ''in situ'' rock faces, which until this was done with some perishable material like wood or loose stones.<ref name="BruynBain2010"/> It is part of 25 UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Sites in India,<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in India – UNESCO World Heritage Centre]</ref> and as a protected monument, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), Chennai Circle is entrusted with its upkeep in all aspects. The open air reliefs (including the Descent of the Ganges (Mamallapuram) are one of the four categories under which UNESCO identified the site as a World Heritage Site and inscribed it in 1984 under the title [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]].<ref name=Unesco/><ref name=Front>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195340/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=A monumental effort |access-date=26 February 2013 |date=8 November 2003 |magazine=Front Line |volume=20 |issue=23}}</ref> This relief in rock is reported as a "sublime" early sculpture of the 7th century; even in the subsequent reign of the [[Chola Empire|Imperial Chola]]s, they adopted the shrine-sculpting technique in the temples they built in the late 9th century. This architectural legacy of the [[Pallavas]] is continued by the descendants of sculptors of that period, who are now integrated into the present town's culture.<ref name="SinghKarafin2009">{{cite book|author1=Sarina Singh|author2=Amy Karafin|author3=Anirban Mahapatra|title=South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC&pg=PA387|access-date=7 February 2013|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-155-6|pages=63, 387–}}</ref>

== Layout ==
The relief faces east. It was created on two large boulders of pink [[granite]] in the open air giving the whole a natural effect.<ref name=Pandava/> The boulders measure {{convert|15|x|30|m}}. Many of the figures carved are life size. The natural cleft, a very large perpendicular fissure, is skillfully sculptured. It is between the two boulders and is integral to the mythical narratives carved on the entire relief. A water tank was once located at the top of the rock to release water denoting the [[Ganges River]]. It cascaded over the cleft and the relief to give the impression of the Ganga descending from the head tied dreads of [[Shiva]]. This scene was created during festive occasions and the presence of a brick masonry cistern at the top of the cleft to release water attests to its location at the site. The relief is an ensemble of over a hundred figures (146 is also mentioned) of gods, people, half-humans and animals.<ref name="Singh2008"/><ref name=Relief/><ref name=ReliefHindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/09/stories/2011010956491800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111080250/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/09/stories/2011010956491800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2011|title=A bas-relief gone dry at Mamallapuram|date=6 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Planet/><ref name=architect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006030700/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 1999|title= Mahabalipuram|access-date=30 December 2012|publisher=UCLA Education, South Asia}}</ref>

{{wide image|Mahabalipuram pano2.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of the ''Descent of the Ganges'' relief}}

==Subject==
[[File:Nowicki Kazimierz - zdjecia, Indie, Tamil Nadu, Mahabapiluram, Arjuna s Penance Relief, 1961.01.24.jpg|right|thumb|The right side of the relief with foreign tourists and a guard, 1961]]
[[File:Mahabalipuram god charpam.jpg|right|thumb|The panel of carvings viewed by women]]
[[File:Descent of the Ganges, Pallava period, 7th century, Mahabalipuram (17) (37215493390).jpg|thumb|Detail from the left side showing [[kinnara]]s playing [[alapini vina]] and chime cymbals]]
The sculptures carved in the natural fissure that divides the cliff not only depict the cosmic event of [[Ganges]] descending to Earth but also show the event being watched by many gods, goddesses, [[puranas|puranic]] figurines such as [[Kinnara]], [[Gandharva]], [[Apsara]], [[Gana]], [[Nāga|Nagas]], and also wild and domestic animals. The total number of carvings are probably about 146.<ref name=Relief/><ref name=Unesco/><ref name=Advisory>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/249.pdf|title= Advisory body evaluation |access-date=26 February 2013|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> The carvings of elephants are almost life size. Another humorous scene is the carvings of monkeys copying the yogic scenes of the sages.<ref name=Planet/><ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012"/> Shiva is shown next to the ''[[Kinnaras]]'' who are depicted in large numbers in the upper portion of the relief; they are [[anthropomorphic]] forms of half-human half-bird, a popular Indian art form in ancient times representing the Indic ethos of the [[world]] as one creation. The male Kinnara is holding a musical instrument ([[Alapini vina]]) while the female Kinnara is holding a [[cymbal]]. Shiva is carved in front of the river (to the right of the cleft) in a standing posture with [[Bhagiratha]], the sage, standing on one leg offering him prayers to check the force of the Ganga as she descends to earth. Shiva is also shown with a weapon which is interpreted as [[Pashupati]], which he gave to Arjuna.<ref name=Relief/> The ''ganas'' shown in the carvings represent the people who have spent their entire lives in dedication to Shiva, and are blessed with the boon to remain close to Shiva for all time to come. Carvings of the divine nagas shown swimming in the river, as Ganga descends from the heavens, are also in anthropomorphic form of a serpent and human, which has been a traditional style from ancient times in [[Indian art|Indic art]]. They are believed to denote fertility and protective forces of nature. They are seen not only in the middle of the panel facing the cleft, which represents the river, but also at the top of the panel at the entry of water over the channel, marking the prevalence of naga worship in Hindu religious beliefs.<ref name=Relief/><ref name=Hindu/>
[[File:Sculpts from History.jpg|right|thumb|Detailing of sculptures showing the Vishnu temple to the right of the cleft]]
It is also said that the relief in one unity is the early Indic artist's concept of "sublime continuity in all living things". The elephants shown in reliefs are unique in the fact that the detailing includes the baby elephants behind the life-size elephants. Another interesting depiction is of a deer scratching its nose.<ref name=Hindu/> The elephants represent a herd moving towards the river to drink water. The male elephant carving precedes that of its female partner. Three baby elephants with the male elephant and two babies with the female elephant are also carved in the panel.<ref name=Relief/>

[[Sun]], on the left and [[Moon]] on the right side are also depicted on the top part of the panel. A ''kim-purusha,'' meaning a dwarf with elongated ears and wearing a cap on his head and beating a drum is also seen in the panel.<ref name=Relief/>

In the upper part of the panel, [[Himalayas]] are shown which corroborates the theory of the panel representing the descent of the Ganges. Wild lions are also shown with large mane and also rams which are interpreted as representing the Himalayan habitat.<ref name=Relief/> On the left side of the upper panel, carvings of divinities and celestial couples moving towards the river are seen. A few animals, lions and monkeys are also carved in this part. Two pairs of Kinnaras and three pairs of celestial couples are shown flying in the air approaching the river (cleft). Hunters and hunting scenes are part of this part of the panel; a hunter with a bow, two hunters hiding under trees to hunt, a lion about to attack two hunters are some of the parts of forest scenes carved on the panel. Another scene below is of a few monkeys, and a carving of a lion in his den with a few deer in front of it. Carvings of hunters carrying a pitcher and another carrying the hunted animals are also seen.<ref name=Relief/>

Another prominent scene is that of a temple to the right of the cleft at the lower end of the panel. This temple is simple and small and has Vishnu as the deity carved within it. The temple roof is patterned on the style of [[Draupadi Ratha]] with a square curvilinear dome type of tower. However, the top is flat and is fitted with a ''stupi'', with a ''[[gavaksha|kudu]]'' in the centre. Corners are decorated with flower designs. The cornices are also seen with ''kudus'' carved with human faces inside. In the floor above the cornice, lion motifs are carved. A square supports the domed roof. A sage is seen sitting in front of the temple giving sermons to his students. In the seat below this scene, a lion in his den and below this a pair of deer are carved. A tortoise is shown next to the temple indicative of water in the near vicinity.<ref name=Relief/>

==Interpretations==
[[File:Ganga Mahabalipuram2.jpg|thumb|Relief detail]]
In one interpretation, a figure in the relief who is standing on one leg is said to be [[Arjuna]] performing an austerity Tapas to receive a boon from [[Shiva]] as an aid in fighting the [[Mahabharata war]]. The story of the penance is narrated in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' under the subtitle the [[Kiratarjuniya]]. The boon, which Arjuna is said to have received, was called [[Pasupata]], Shiva's most powerful weapon. In this event, ''asuras'' (demons) sent a boar to kill Arjuna. Then Shiva appeared on the scene to protect Arjuna assuming the form of ''[[kirata]]'' (hunter). Both Arjuna and Shiva shot arrows at the boar and the boar was killed; both claimed credit for slaying it and a fight ensued between the two in which Shiva won. He then revealed his true self to Arjuna and blessed him and gave him the weapon for which Arjuna is shown performing the penance.<ref name="Singh2008"/><ref name=Pandava>{{Cite web |url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002624u00000000.html |title= Sculpture of the descent of the Ganges, Mamallapuram |access-date= 23 October 2012 |publisher= Online Gallery of British Library |archive-date= 30 June 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220630110502/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002624u00000000.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|author1=Karen Schreitmüller|author2=Mohan Dhamotharan|author3=Beate Szerelmy|title=Baedeker India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA589|access-date=26 February 2013|date=14 February 2012|publisher=Baedeker|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|pages=589–}}</ref>

The relief is carved on two large boulders with a cleft. Above the cleft was a collecting pool, and at one time, water may have flowed along the cleft. Figures in the cleft in the rock are covered with nagas (serpent deities), in ''anjali'' posture. The river is said to represent [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] or the River Ganges emerging from Shiva's head. This provides the basis for an alternative interpretation of the mural. Rather than Arjuna, the figure performing austerities is said to be [[Bhagiratha]]. Bhagiratha is said to have performed austerities so that Ganga might descend to earth and wash over the ashes of his relatives, releasing them from their sins. To break Ganga's fall from heaven to earth, she falls onto Shiva's hair, and is divided into many streams by his tresses; this miraculous event is shown in the form of sculptures on the boulders being watched by the animals and human beings.<ref name="Singh2008"/><ref name=Pandava/>

Another interpretation for the [[yogi]] doing penance on one leg is that it is a depiction of Bhagiratha doing severe penance to bring down the Ganges to earth to usher prosperity and happiness to the people. The nagas carved in the cleft represent fecundity and wealth. Shiva and other gods are shown blessing the saint. The scene is further accentuated with carvings of kings, sages, artists and animals.<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012"/>

One more interpretation of the events seen in another part of the panel is that of a [[cat]] standing on one leg (apparently as an austerity), and perhaps an iconic figure in the relief. It is interpreted as relating to the [[Panchatantra]] story of an ascetic. It denotes the hare luring a bird to come close so that she could she catch and devour it. The artist has brought out the expression on the cat's face, its motives clearly visible.<ref name=Relief/><ref name=Planet>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/mamallapuram-mahabalipuram/sights|title=Arjuna's Penance|access-date=25 February 2013|publisher=Lonely Planet.com}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2425/stories/20080104242506600.htm|title=Mamallapuram|access-date=26 February 2013|publisher=Frontline: India’s National Magazine from the publishers of The Hindu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305214902/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2425/stories/20080104242506600.htm|archive-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Descent of the Ganges}}
*[[Varaha Cave Temple]]
*[[Shore Temple]]
*[[Pancha Rathas]]
*[[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/0600_0699/mamallapuram/descent/descent.html Photos of the site]
*[http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/india/mahabalipuram/arjuna-penance.php Asian Historical Architecture: Arjuna's Penance]

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:7th-century sculptures]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sculptures of elephants]]
[[Category:Rock reliefs in India]]
[[Category:Rivers in art]]

Russo brothers

2026-03-27T15:54:43Z

AidanHeim7993963: cleanup

{{short description|American film and television directors}}
{{other people|Anthony Russo}}
{{redirect|Joseph Russo|the American mobster|Joseph Russo (mobster)}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Russo brothers
| image = Joe Russo & Anthony Russo by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| landscape = yes
| caption = Joe (left) and Anthony Russo in 2019
| birth_date = '''Anthony J. Russo''' {{Birth date and age|1970|02|03}} [[Cleveland]], Ohio, U.S.<hr />'''Joseph Vincent Russo''' {{Birth date and age|1971|07|18}} Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
| alma_mater = '''Anthony''': [[Columbia University]], [[University of Pennsylvania]] '''Joe''': [[University of California, Los Angeles]], [[University of Iowa]] '''Both''': [[Case Western Reserve University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film directors|film producers|screenwriters|actors}}
| years_active = 1997–present
| father = [[Basil Russo]]
| relatives = [[Angela Russo-Otstot]] (sister)
}}

'''Anthony J. Russo''' (born February 3, 1970) and '''Joseph Vincent Russo''' (born July 18, 1971), collectively known as the '''Russo brothers''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|uː|s|oʊ}} {{respell|ROO|soh}}), are American filmmakers. They are best known for directing four films in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU): ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' (2014), ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018), and ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019). The pair are the [[List of highest-grossing film directors|third-highest-grossing directors]] of all time and their film ''Endgame'' grossed over $2.798 billion worldwide, briefly becoming the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing films|highest-grossing film of all time]].

Prior to their Marvel work, the brothers directed and produced the comedy series ''[[Arrested Development]]'' (2003–2005), ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]'' (2009–2014), and ''[[Happy Endings (TV series)|Happy Endings]]'' (2011–2012), winning a [[Primetime Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Award]] for ''Arrested Development''. The brothers co-founded the independent film studio [[AGBO]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About AGBO|url=https://www.agbo.com/about|website=[[AGBO]]}}</ref> which produced their [[Netflix]] directorial projects ''[[The Gray Man (2022 film)|The Gray Man]]'' (2022) and ''[[The Electric State (film)|The Electric State]]'' (2025). They also directed ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]'' (2021),<ref>{{cite news|last=Roeper|first=Richard|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2021/2/25/22299375/cherry-review-tom-holland-movie-russo-brothers-mcu-nico-walker-appletv|title='Cherry': Marvel directors, star tell a powerful real-life story of love and addiction|date=February 25, 2021|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> and have produced several films through AGBO, including ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]'' (2020) and ''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]'' (2022), the latter of which won seven [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].

The brothers are currently directing the next two installments of the ''Avengers'' franchise, ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' (2026) and ''[[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six#Avengers: Secret Wars (2027)|Avengers: Secret Wars]]'' (2027).

== Early life and education ==
Anthony J. Russo (born February 3, 1970)<ref>{{cite news |title=Anthony Russo Biography |url=https://www.tribute.ca/people/biography/anthony-russo/7302/|access-date=December 2, 2019 |work=[[Tribute (magazine)|Tribute]]| archive-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191215190635/https://www.tribute.ca/people/biography/anthony-russo/7302/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fji">{{cite news|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/content/soldier-showdown-joe-and-anthony-russo-take-helm-%E2%80%98captain-america%E2%80%99-franchise |title= Soldier showdown: Joe and Anthony Russo take the helm of 'Captain America' franchise|first=Frank |last=Lovece |author-link=Frank Lovece|date= March 25, 2014|quote =I was born in February of 1970 and Joe was born in the hood of Brooklyn, New York. I am the top shot.|archive-date=September 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921124129/http://www.filmjournal.com/content/soldier-showdown-joe-and-anthony-russo-take-helm-%E2%80%98captain-america%E2%80%99-franchise|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Joseph Vincent Russo (born July 18, 1971)<ref name="fji" /><ref>{{cite tweet|title=Happy Birthday Joe|user= Russo_Brothers|number=1152001444309901312| author=Russo Brothers verified account|date=July 18, 2019|archivedate=August 5, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805105152/https://twitter.com/russo_brothers/status/1152001444309901312|url-status= live}} "Despite what Wiki says, it's actually today."</ref> were born to Patricia Gallupoli and attorney and judge [[Basil Russo]] in [[Cleveland]], Ohio.<ref name="Italians in Hollywood" /> Both of their parents are of Italian descent,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/index.ssf/2013/06/captain_america_the_winter_sol_5.html|title='Captain America: The Winter Soldier': Directors Anthony and Joe Russo on landing in the Marvel universe and their love of '70s crime thrillers|date= January 12, 2019|first=Clint|last=O'Connor|newspaper=[[The Plain Dealer]]| location=Cleveland, Ohio|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718011212/https://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/2013/06/captain_america_the_winter_sol_5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with families emigrating from [[Sicily]] and [[Abruzzo]], respectively.<ref name="Italians in Hollywood">{{Cite web|title=Italians in Hollywood|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/italians-in-hollywood/bgICZnGiLUtPLA|publisher=Italian American Museum of Los Angeles|via=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200718010542/https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/bgICZnGiLUtPLA|url-status=live|quote=The Russo and Gallupoli families ... emigrated from the humble villages of Longi and Caccamo, Sicily, and Spoltore, Abruzzo}}</ref> After settling in Ohio, they raised Anthony, Joe, Gabriella, and [[Angela Russo-Otstot|Angela Russo]], all of whom attended [[Benedictine High School (Ohio)|Benedictine High School]].<ref name="plaindealer">{{cite news|title=Anthony and Joe Russo put 'Community' on edge for NBC comedy series|url=http://www.cleveland.com/tv/index.ssf/2009/08/anthony_and_joe_russo_put_comm.html|first=John|last=Luttermoser|work=The Plain Dealer|location=Cleveland, Ohio|date=August 29, 2009|access-date=February 11, 2014|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200718011922/https://www.cleveland.com/tv/2009/08/anthony_and_joe_russo_put_comm.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After high school, Joe attended the [[University of Iowa]], where he majored in English and writing and graduated in 1992 with a bachelor's degree in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowalum.com/magazine/july16/captainamerica.cfm|title=Iowa Alumni Magazine: Captain Middle America|publisher=University of Iowa Alumni|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080510/http://www.iowalum.com/magazine/july16/captainamerica.cfm|archive-date=February 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/entertainment/2016/05/09/iowa-has-close-ties-captain-america-series/84136830/|title=Iowa has close ties to 'Captain America' series|first=Courtney|last=Crowder|date=May 9, 2016|newspaper=[[Des Moines Register]]|location=Iowa, U.S.|access-date=July 18, 2017|archive-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200718012402/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/entertainment/2016/05/09/iowa-has-close-ties-captain-america-series/84136830/|url-status=live}}</ref> He became interested in acting after a professor encouraged him to write and perform a monologue for his class.<ref name=UEA>{{Cite web|title=Avengers director Joe Russo returns to UEA to share filmmaking tips with students and receive honorary degree|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/news/article/avengers-director-joe-russo-returns-to-uea-to-share-filmmaking-tips-with-students-and-receive-honorary-degree|date=April 5, 2023|website=[[University of East Anglia]]}}</ref> Anthony attended the [[University of Pennsylvania]], where he also majored to English.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a27153691/russo-brothers-marvel-avengers-endgame-interview/|title=The Russo Brothers Have Post-'Avengers' Grand Plans|last=Cohen|first=Rich|date=April 22, 2019| magazine=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-date=April 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162128/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a27153691/russo-brothers-marvel-avengers-endgame-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Indie filmmaking===
The Russo brothers wrote, directed, and produced their first feature film, ''Pieces'', which they self-financed via student loans and credit cards. In an interview with ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]'', Anthony Russo said, "We were both in Cleveland and Robert Rodriguez had just made ''[[El Mariachi]]'', and that inspired us. We were film buffs growing up, and his experience inspired us to make our own credit card film."<ref name=Deadline2018>{{Cite news|last=Fleming Jr|first=Mike|title=Soderbergh, Credit Card Debt & An Unreleased Movie: Joe & Anthony Russo Recall Slamdance Debut Pic 'Pieces'|url=https://deadline.com/2018/01/joe-russo-anthony-russo-pieces-slamdance-the-avengers-captain-america-arrested-development-1202264554/|date=January 20, 2018|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

''Pieces'' debuted at the [[Slamdance Film Festival]] and caught the attention of director [[Steven Soderbergh]], who described the film as "insanely ambitious and dense... I was just very activated by how activated they were and it was clear they were grinders."<ref name=Deadline2024>{{Cite news|last=Fleming Jr|first=Mike|title=Steven Soderbergh And Russo Brothers Talk 'Welcome to Collinwood,' Marvel & Their "Tremendous Hope" For The Future Of The Movie Biz — Sands Film Festival|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/steven-soderbergh-russo-brothers-welcome-to-collinwood-sands-film-festival-1235891|date=April 21, 2024|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Soderbergh reached out to the Russo brothers and, over a lunch meeting, offered to produce their next feature, ''[[Welcome to Collinwood]]'', a caper comedy starring [[William H. Macy]], [[Isaiah Washington]], and [[Sam Rockwell]]. The Russo brothers were part of the [[Directors' Fortnight]] lineup for the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |date=March 25, 2001 |title=FESTIVALS: 2002 Cannes Film Festival Directors Fortnight Lineup |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/festivals-2002-cannes-film-festival-directors-fortnight-lineup-81055/ |work=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> where ''Welcome to Collinwood'' was one of the few U.S. entries and closed the fest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lyons |first1=Charles |last2=McCarthy |first2=Todd |date=April 26, 2002 |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/markets-festivals/sex-to-open-directors-fortnight-1117866106/ |title='Sex' to open Directors Fortnight}}</ref>

===Television breakthrough===
After their sophomore film, [[FX Networks]] executive [[Kevin Reilly (executive)|Kevin Reilly]] hired the brothers to direct the pilot for the series ''[[Lucky (American TV series)|Lucky]]'', having liked the pair's work on ''Welcome to Collinwood''. They were also hand-picked by director and producer [[Ron Howard]] to direct the [[Pilot (Arrested Development)|pilot]] for [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]'s ''[[Arrested Development]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=Spring 2019 |last=Abele |first=Robert |title=Family Dynamic |url=https://digital.copcomm.com/i/1097515-spring-2019/37? |magazine=[[DGA Quarterly]]}}</ref> The Russos suggested and fought to cast [[Jason Bateman]] for the lead role of [[Michael Bluth]], despite studio skepticism toward Bateman.<ref>{{cite news |last=Couch |first=Aaron |title=The Russo Brothers, Marvel's Money-Minting Directors, Reveal Their Secret Weapons |date=March 14, 2025 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/avengers-doomsday-directors-1236161664/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[/Film]]'', producer [[Dan Harmon]], who hired the Russos to direct the pilot of his TV series ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]'', praised the Russos' ability to spot talent and cast based on character regardless of status in the industry.<ref name=slashfilm>{{cite news |last=Busch |first=Jenna |title=Donald Glover's Community Casting Was Masterminded By The Russo Brothers |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1257307/donald-glover-community-casting-russo-brothers/ |date=April 13, 2023 |work=[[/Film]]}}</ref> He credits the Russo brothers with the idea to cast [[Donald Glover]] on the [[NBC]] [[sitcom]], calling the brothers "geniuses in casting."<ref name=slashfilm /> The brothers directed 34 episodes of ''Community'', including [[A Fistful of Paintballs]]" and "[[For a Few Paintballs More]]," which served as the [[Community season 2|season two]] finale and received critical acclaim. [[Alan Sepinwall]] of ''[[Uproxx]]'' described the Russo brothers' installment as "nothing short of ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'' of sitcom episodes".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://uproxx.com/sepinwall/community-a-fistful-of-paintballs-the-good-the-bad-and-the-pierce/|title= 'Community' – 'A Fistful of Paintballs': The good, the bad and the Pierce|website= Uproxx|date= May 5, 2011|accessdate= March 17, 2025}}</ref>

=== Marvel Cinematic Universe ===
[[File:Anthony and Joe Russo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|The Russos in 2013.]]
Their success with ''Arrested Development'' and ''Community'' put the Russo brothers on the radar of [[Marvel Studios]] president [[Kevin Feige]], who brought them into the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]. In 2014, the Russo brothers directed their first film for Marvel Studios, the action espionage thriller ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' starring [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]] as [[Captain America]]. The brothers were in the running against nine other directors to helm the film, which was the sequel to ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (2011), directed by [[Joe Johnston]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Brodesser-Aner |first=Claude |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/03/captain-america-sequel-director-community-russo-brothers.html |title=Community Directors Are in Running to Helm the Captain America Sequel |date=March 30, 2012 |work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Joe Russo explained that they were given the script and "fell in love" with the movie, creating [[storyboard]]s, rewriting scenes, and presenting an [[animatic]] to Marvel to get the job.<ref name=THR2025>{{cite news|last=Couch |first=Aaron |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/avengers-doomsday-directors-1236161664/ |title=The Russo Brothers, Marvel's Money-Minting Directors, Reveal Their Secret Weapons
|date=March 15, 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The brothers noted ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'', ''[[Black Friday (1940 film)|Black Friday]]'', ''[[Three Days of the Condor]]'' and ''[[All the President's Men (film)|All the President's Men]]'' as their influences in tone and style.<ref>{{cite news|last=Guerero |first=Tony |url=https://comicvine.gamespot.com/articles/interview-joe-and-anthony-russo-talk-captain-america-the-winter-soldier-inspirations-and-easter-eggs/1100-148440/ |title=Interview: Joe and Anthony Russo talk 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier,' Inspirations, and Easter Eggs |date=April 3, 2014 |work=[[Comic Vine]]}}</ref> The movie was a box office success and received critical acclaim, with [[Owen Gleiberman]] of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' praising its tackling of serious subject matter and comparing it favorably to ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://ew.com/article/2014/04/18/captain-america-winter-soldier-movie/|title= Captain America: The Winter Soldier Movie|magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate= March 17, 2025}}</ref> The film was a financial success earning $714 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3194193409/|title= Captain America: The Winter Soldier|website= Boxofficemojo|accessdate= March 17, 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Chris Hemsworth, Joe Russo & Tom Hiddleston (36246475015).jpg|thumb|Joe Russo (center) with [[Chris Hemsworth]] (left) and [[Tom Hiddleston]] (right) in 2017.]]
The Russo brothers returned to the MCU with ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), the success of which got them hired on their highest profile projects to date: ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018) and ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news|last=Possehl |first=Eddie |url=https://collider.com/mcu-most-important-movies/ |title=The 10 Most Important Movies in the MCU |date=January 19, 2025 |work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> ''Infinity War'' would become the first superhero movie to gross over $2 billion at the box office. ''Endgame'' was the second superhero movie to surpass that same target, earning $2.799 billion in global box office. After breaking numerous [[List of box office records set by Avengers: Endgame|box office records]], the Russo brothers joined [[James Cameron]] as the only directors to make two films that each earned over $2 billion.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://scroll.in/reel/918568/what-to-expect-as-the-countdown-to-avengers-endgame-begins-the-cost-of-being-a-hero|title=What to expect as the countdown to 'Avengers: Endgame' begins: 'The cost of being a hero'|first=Sruthi Ganapathy|last=Raman|magazine=Scroll|location=India}}</ref>

=== AGBO, criticisms, and return to Marvel===
In 2017, the Russo brothers founded their production company, [[AGBO]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr |date=May 5, 2020 |title=Russo Brothers Tap Chernin Group Vet Jason Bergsman As New AGBO CEO |url=https://deadline.com/2020/05/russo-brothers-agbo-ceo-jason-bergsman-joe-russo-anthony-russo-extraction-avengers-endgame-1202926270/ |access-date=March 5, 2024 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> with producing partner [[Mike Larocca]]. The following year, the brothers' longtime Marvel film collaborators [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]] joined AGBO as Co-Presidents of Story.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr |date=March 13, 2018 |title=Marvel Mojo? Markus & McFeely Tapped As Co-Presidents Of Story For Joe & Anthony Russo's AGBO |url=https://deadline.com/2018/03/christopher-markus-stephen-mcfeely-co-presidents-of-story-joe-anthony-russo-agbo-the-avengers-captain-america-1202337406/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> The brothers made it a part of AGBO's mission to "support emerging talent and foster their creativity,"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=March-April 2022 |title=All Systems Go for AGBO |url=https://issuu.com/moontidemedia/docs/pga-mar_april_2022_digital |work=[[Producers Guild of America#Produced By magazine|Produced By]]}}</ref> saying they wanted to pay forward the kind of mentorship that Steven Soderbergh had given them by supporting the directorial efforts of emerging creative voices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agboverse.com/stories/soderberghs-bet-how-welcome-to-collinwood-changed-the-game-for-the-russo-brothers-2 |title=Soderbergh's Bet: How 'Welcome to Collinwood' Changed the Game for the Russo Brothers |date=June 13, 2024 |website=Agboverse}}</ref> Feature directorial debuts supported by AGBO and produced by the Russo brothers include ''[[Mosul (2019 action film)|Mosul]]'' (2019) by writer [[Matthew Michael Carnahan]] and ''[[Relic (2020 film)|Relic]]'' (2020) by director [[Natalie Erika James]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=May 26, 2023 |title=AGBO Co-Founder & Vice Chairman Mike Larocca Departing Russo Brothers' Studio At Year's End |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/russo-brothers-agbo-mike-larocca-exits-1235380949/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

Another first-time filmmaker supported by the Russo brothers via AGBO was their long-time collaborator, [[Sam Hargrave]], who directed ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]'' (2020), starring [[Chris Hemsworth]]. Joe Russo adapted the film from ''Ciudad'', a [[graphic novel]] he wrote with his brother and [[Ande Parks]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw-Williams |first=Hannah |date=April 29, 2020 |title=Netflix's Extraction Made Some Big Changes To The Comic Book |url=https://screenrant.com/extraction-netflix-movie-comic-book-changes/ |work=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> ''Extraction'' went on to be the most-watched original film in Netflix's history.<ref>{{Cite news |title=These Are Netflix's 10 Most Popular Original Movies |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-15/netflix-most-popular-original-movies |last=Shaw |first=Lucas |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref> This film would spawn a sequel, ''[[Extraction 2]]'' (2023), which Joe Russo also wrote. A third installment was announced in 2023,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flam |first=Charna |date=June 17, 2023 |title='Extraction 3' With Chris Hemsworth Coming to Netflix |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/extraction-3-chris-hemsworth-netflix-1235645671/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> and is set to begin production in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Extraction 3: Confirmation & Everything We Know |url=https://screenrant.com/extraction-3-cast-story-details-updates/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |publisher=Screen Rant |date=24 October 2024}}</ref> The Netflix series ''[[Mercenary: An Extraction Series]]'' began filming in Ireland and Morocco in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Peter |title=Netflix Reveals First Look At ‘Extraction’ Series As Omar Sy Starrer Wraps Production In Ireland |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/mercenary-an-extraction-series-netflix-omar-sy-first-look-1236650798/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |publisher=Deadline |date=17 December 2025}}</ref>

In 2019, the Russo brothers reunited with Marvel alumnus [[Chadwick Boseman]] when they produced the action-thriller ''[[21 Bridges]]''. The brothers had approached Boseman about the film at the premiere of ''Infinity War''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelley |first=Sonaiya |date=November 21, 2019 |title=How Chadwick Boseman made '21 Bridges' a more diverse detective story, and earned his producing stripes |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-11-21/chadwick-boseman-21-bridges |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Around this time, the Russo brothers also executive produced AGBO's first documentary series, ''[[Larry Charles' Dangerous World of Comedy]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=January 5, 2022 |title=Joe and Anthony Russo's AGBO Scores $1.1 Billion Valuation, Sells Minority Stake to Nexon |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/joe-russo-anthony-russo-avengers-endgame-agbo-sells-minority-stake-to-nexon-score-1-billion-valuation-1235147051/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

After the release of ''Avengers: Infinity War'' and ''Avengers: Endgame'', the Russo brothers made a creative pivot to drama, directing the [[Apple TV+]] film ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]'' (2021), which was co-written by their sister, Angela Russo-Otstot. The film explores the [[opioid epidemic]] through the lens of a war veteran with [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]] played by [[Tom Holland]]. Anthony Russo said the film was personal for the brothers, as they have family members who have suffered and died from opioid addiction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ordoña |first=Michael |date=February 21, 2021 |title=The Russo brothers get deeply personal in their big-budget indie 'Cherry'
|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2021-02-21/the-russo-brothers-get-deeply-personal-in-big-budget-indie-cherry |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> The Russo brothers then turned their focus back to blockbuster action by directing the [[Netflix]]'s ''[[The Gray Man (2022 film)|The Gray Man]]'' (2022) starring [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Ryan Gosling]] and [[Ana de Armas]]. Both ''Cherry'' and ''The Gray Man'' received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cherry (2021)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cherry_2021|access-date=December 5, 2022|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|archive-date=February 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218180841/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cherry_2021|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 14, 2022 |title='The Gray Man' Review Roundup: A 'Throwback' Action Movie That's 'Listless' and Full of 'Tropes and Cliches' |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/ryan-gosling-chris-evans-the-gray-man-review-1235316918/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715041743/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/ryan-gosling-chris-evans-the-gray-man-review-1235316918/amp/ |archive-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref>

The Russo brothers produced the film ''[[Everything Everywhere All At Once]]'' (2022), written and directed by [[Daniels (directors)|Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert]]; it became [[A24]]'s highest-grossing film worldwide at the box office<ref>{{Cite news |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=June 10, 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere All At Once' Becomes A24's Highest Grossing Movie Of All-Time At Global Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-a24-box-office-record-2-1235042399/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and won seven [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], and [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].

In 2022, they executive produced ''[[Captive Audience: A Real American Horror Story]]'', which earned record-breaking viewership for Hulu,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Hulu Docs Chief Reveals Record-Breaking Viewership for 'Captive Audience,' Teases New Bombshell Series |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/captive-audience-hulu-ratings-giancarlo-falwell-larry-ray-1235309763/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> and the science fiction horror series ''[[From (TV series)|From]]''. The following year they produced the series'' [[Citadel (TV series)|Citadel]]'' for [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], starring [[Richard Madden]], [[Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra Jonas]], and [[Stanley Tucci]]. ''Citadel'' received negative reviews, with much criticism directed toward its $300 million budget.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sepinwall | first=Alan | title='Citadel' Is a $300 Million Disaster for Amazon | website=Rolling Stone | date=2023-04-27 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/citadel-review-300-million-disaster-amazon-richard-madden-priyanka-chopra-jones-russo-brothers-1234720581/ | access-date=2025-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Lyon | first=Patrick | title=Why Was 'Citadel' So Expensive to Make? | website=Collider | date=2023-04-29 | url=https://collider.com/citadel-tv-series-expensive/ | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Donaldson | first=Kayleigh | title=Citadel: How Amazon Wasted Hundreds of Millions of Dollars on a Franchise Nobody Cared About | website=Pajiba | date=2025-04-17 | url=https://www.pajiba.com/tv_reviews/citadel-how-amazon-wasted-hundreds-of-millions-of-dollars-on-a-franchise-nobody-cared-about.php | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref> Despite this, the series was renewed for a second season, which was directed entirely by Joe Russo and is set to premiere in 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=McCormick |first1=Colin |last2=Norman |first2=Dalton |date=April 18, 2025 |title=Citadel Season 2: Cast, Story & Everything We Know |url=https://screenrant.com/citadel-season-2-updates-cast-story-details/ |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravindran |first=Manori |date=May 25, 2023 |title='Citadel': Prime Video Confirms Season 2 With Joe Russo as Sole Director, Says Spy Thriller is Second Most-Watched International Original |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/citadel-season-2-joe-russo-directing-1235625108/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

The brothers reunited with Netflix in March 2025 for the science-fiction action film ''[[The Electric State (film)|The Electric State]]'' (2025) starring [[Millie Bobby Brown]] and [[Chris Pratt]] and based upon [[Simon Stålenhag]]'s [[The Electric State (graphic novel)|original graphic novel]]. The film received extremely negative reviews from critics, earning a 14% score on [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. Critic Lindsey Bahr of ''[[The Associated Press]]'' wrote of ''The Electric State'', "it's lacking a spark and a soul that might distinguish it as memorable or special. Worse, considering everything it has going for it, The Electric State is kind of dull."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bahr |first=Lindsey |url=https://apnews.com/article/electric-state-movie-review-russo-brothers-03da1817a23c5c98972fbaa9a5b93dc2 |title=Movie Review: Russo brothers' sci-fi 'The Electric State' is big, ambitious and dull |work=[[The Associated Press]] |date= March 12, 2025 |accessdate=March 17, 2025}}</ref> In a review of ''The Electric State'', ''[[New York Post]]''{{'}}s Johnny Oleksinski noted that the Russo brothers' directing efforts after ''Avengers: Endgame'' were "some of the worst and priciest movies of the past six years"; he panned this particular film's lack of originality.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oleksinski |first=Johnny |date=March 13, 2025 |title='The Electric State' review: Netflix spent $320 million on a movie you'll hate |url=https://nypost.com/2025/03/13/entertainment/the-electric-state-review-netflix-spent-320-million-on-a-movie-youll-hate/ |access-date=March 16, 2025 |work=[[New York Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite this critical reception, the film debuted on Netflix as #1 in the platform's Top 10 upon its week of release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Youngs |first=Ian |date=March 15, 2025 |title=Netflix's $320m sci-fi blockbuster is 'soulless', 'dumb' and a hit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdelxr18pzlo |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

At [[San Diego Comic-Con]] in July 2024, Marvel Studios announced that the Russo brothers would return to direct ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' (2026) and ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]'' (2027), and that AGBO would be co-producing the films.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vary |first1=Adam B. |last2=Woerner |first2=Meredith |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Marvel Announces 'Avengers: Doomsday' and 'Avengers: Secret Wars' Directed by the Russo Brothers |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/avengers-secret-wars-doomsday-russo-brothers-return-1235879783/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729073232/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/avengers-secret-wars-doomsday-russo-brothers-return-1235879783/ |archive-date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=July 29, 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Filming began in late 2024.

On March 1, 2024, it was announced that the Russo brothers would produce the swashbuckler action film ''[[The Bluff (film)|The Bluff]]'', directed by [[Frank E. Flowers]] and starring [[Priyanka Chopra]], for [[Amazon MGM Studios]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Amazon MGM Studios & AGBO's 'The Bluff' Sets Priyanka Chopra Jonas, With Karl Urban In Talks; 'Bob Marley's Frank E. Flowers Directing |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/priyanka-chopra-jonas-karl-urban-the-bluff-1235843390/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=1 March 2024}}</ref> On February 5, 2025, it was reported that the brothers would produce the upcoming crime thriller ''[[The Whisper Man]]'', directed by [[James Ashcroft]], starring [[Robert De Niro]], and based on the novel of the same name, for Netflix.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |title=Robert De Niro To Star In Crime Thriller 'The Whisper Man' From Netflix, AGBO And James Ashcroft |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/robert-de-niro-the-whisper-man-netflix-agbo-james-ashcroft-1236278627/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=5 February 2025}}</ref>

==Recurring collaborators==
Throughout the brothers' careers in television and film, they have consistently collaborated with many of the same actors and filmmakers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Leon|first=Melissa|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-russo-bros-on-secret-wars-and-martin-scorseses-absurd-stand-against-marvel/|title='Avengers: Endgame' Directors Joe and Anthony Russo on Scorsese's 'Absurd' Stand Against Marvel|date=November 21, 2019|work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> Their most prolific creative partners are screenwriters [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]], who wrote all four of the Russo-directed Marvel films (''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'', ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'', ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' and ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''), as well as ''[[The Gray Man (2022 film)|The Gray Man]]'' and ''[[The Electric State (film)|The Electric State]]''. Markus and McFeely currently serve as Co-Presidents of story at [[AGBO]]. Their sister [[Angela Russo-Otstot]], a producer and screenwriter, is also a key creative partner. She has worked on numerous AGBO projects and serves as the company's Chief Creative Officer, overseeing development across film and television.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vary|first=Adam B.|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/agbo-angela-russo-otstot-chief-creative-officer-1235420604/|title='Russo Brothers' Studio AGBO Promotes Angela Russo-Otstot to Chief Creative Officer |date=November 2, 2022|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

On the filmmaking side, the Russos have repeatedly partnered with casting director [[Sarah Halley Finn|Sarah Finn]], who worked on all four Marvel films, as well as AGBO projects such as ''[[Mosul (2019 action film)|Mosul]]'', ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]'', ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]'', ''The Electric State'', and ''[[Everything Everywhere All At Once]]''.

Musically, they have worked with composer [[Alan Silvestri]] on ''Infinity War'', ''Endgame'', and ''The Electric State'', and frequently collaborate with composer [[Henry Jackman]] (''Winter Soldier'', ''Civil War'', ''Cherry'', ''[[The Bluff (film)|The Bluff]]''). Stunt coordinator-turned-director [[Sam Hargrave]] began his work with the Russos as Chris Evans' stunt double, and was elevated to 2nd unit director on Marvel films before making his directorial debut with ''Extraction'' and ''[[Extraction 2]]'' under the AGBO banner.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |url=https://www.thewrap.com/doubling-captain-america-directing-thor-extraction/|title=How 'Extraction' Director Sam Hargrave Went From Captain America's Stunt Double to Directing Thor |date=April 27, 2020 |work=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<div style='overflow-x: auto;'>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"
! width="15%" |Collaborator
! width="10%" |Role
! width="5%" |Total
! width="5%" |''[[Welcome to Collinwood]]''
! width="5%" |''[[You, Me and Dupree]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Captain America: Civil War]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Mosul (2019 action film)|Mosul]]''
! width="5%" |''[[21 Bridges]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]''
! width="5%" |''[[The Gray Man (2022 film)|The Gray Man]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Extraction 2]]''
! width="5%" |''[[The Electric State (film)|The Electric State]]''
! width="5%" |''[[The Bluff (film)|The Bluff]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]''
! width="5%" |''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]''
|-
![[Adam Bessa]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Chadwick Boseman]]
|Actor
|4
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Angela Russo-Otstot]]
|Writer, producer
|8
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|-
![[Matthew Michael Carnahan]]
|Writer, director
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Mike Larocca]]
|Producer
|8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
!Chris Castaldi
|Assistant director, producer
|8
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Terry Notary]]
|Actor, stunt coordinator
|3
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Charles Minsky]]
|Cinematographer
|2
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Michael Douglas]]
|Actor
|2
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Suhail Dabbach
|Actor
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Robert Downey Jr.]]
|Actor
|5
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]
|Actor
|6
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
!Geoffrey Haley
|Camera operator, executive producer
|5
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Sarah Halley Finn]]
|Casting director, producer
|13
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Robert Redford]]
|Actor
|2
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Gwyneth Paltrow]]
|Actor
|2
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Cobie Smulders]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Ke Huy Quan]]
|Actor
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
![[William Hurt]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Stephen F. Windon]]
|Cinematographer
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Jeffrey Ford (film editor)|Jeffrey Ford]]
|Editor
|9
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Dennis Gassner]]
|Production designer
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Sam Hargrave]]
|Stunt coordinator, actor, director
|6
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Chris Hemsworth]]
|Actor
|5
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Tom Holland]]
|Actor
|5
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Jacob Batalon]]
|Actor
|2
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Henry Jackman]]
|Composer
|9
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|-
![[Anthony Mackie]]
|Actor
|7
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Judianna Makovsky]]
|Costume designer
|8
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]]
|Writers, executive producers
|8
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Chris Pratt]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Zoe Saldaña]]
|Actor
|2
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Danai Gurira]]
|Actress
|2
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Alan Silvestri]]
|Composer
|5
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Trent Opaloch]]
|Cinematographer
|4
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Newton Thomas Sigel]]
|Cinematographer
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Sebastian Stan]]
|Actor
|5
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Letitia Wright]]
|Actress
|4
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Paul Rudd]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Winston Duke]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Tom Hiddleston]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Jeremy Renner]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Benedict Cumberbatch]]
|Actor
|4
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Hayley Atwell]]
|Actress
|4
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Benedict Wong]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|-
![[Scarlett Johansson]]
|Actor
|4
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
![[Frank Grillo]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
![[Samuel L. Jackson]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|{{tick}}
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
![[Josh Brolin]]
|Actor
|2
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
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|-
![[Paul Bettany]]
|Actor
|3
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{tick}}
|-
![[Elizabeth Olsen]]
|Actress
|4
|
|
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|
|
|
|
|
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![[Mark Ruffalo]]
|Actor
|2
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![[Emily VanCamp]]
|Actress
|2
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![[Don Cheadle]]
|Actor
|3
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|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
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![[Dave Bautista]]
|Actor
|2
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![[Pom Klementieff]]
|Actress
|2
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![[Karen Gillan]]
|Actress
|2
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![[Bradley Cooper]]
|Actor
|2
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![[Vin Diesel]]
|Actor
|2
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![[Marisa Tomei]]
|Actress
|2
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|{{tick}}
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![[Maximiliano Hernández]]
|Actor
|2
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|{{tick}}
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![[Callan Mulvey]]
|Actor
|3
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|{{tick}}
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![[Kerry Condon]]
|Actress
|3
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![[Florence Kasumba]]
|Actress
|2
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![[John Slattery]]
|Actor
|2
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![[Michael James Shaw]]
|Actor, director, writer
|2
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![[Tom Vaughan-Lawlor]]
|Actor
|2
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![[Golshifteh Farahani]]
|Actress
|2
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![[Idris Elba]]
|Actor
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![[Michael Waldron]]
|Writer, producer
|2
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![[Pedro Pascal]]
|Actor
|2
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![[Vanessa Kirby]]
|Actress
|2
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![[Joseph Quinn]]
|Actor
|2
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|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
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![[Ebon Moss-Bachrach]]
|Actor
|2
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|{{tick}}
|{{tick}}
|}
</div>

==Accolades==
In 2004, Anthony and Joe Russo won a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series]] for the pilot episode of ''[[Arrested Development]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Woods |first=Jordan |url=https://screenrant.com/arrested-development-behind-scenes-pilot-episode/ |title=Arrested Development: 10 Things Only Die-Hard Fans Know About The Pilot Episode |work=[[ScreenRant]]}}</ref>

In 2015, 2017 and 2019, they were nominated jointly for the [[Saturn Award for Best Director]] for ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saturnawards.org/ |title=The 41st Annual Saturn Awards Nominations 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306053647/http://www.saturnawards.org/ |archive-date=March 6, 2015 |website=[[Saturn Awards]]}}</ref> ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saturnawards.org/ |title=The Official Nominations for the 2017 43rd Annual Saturn Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410194714/http://www.saturnawards.org/ |archive-date=April 10, 2017 |website=[[Saturn Awards]]}}</ref> and ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderton |first=Ethan |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/569093/2019-saturn-awards-winners-avengers-endgame-dominates-with-six-total-awards/ |title=2019 Saturn Awards Winners: 'Avengers: Endgame' Dominates With Six Total Awards |work=[[/Film]]}}</ref> respectively. In 2015, 2019 and 2020, they were nominated for the [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation#Long Form|Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation – Long Form]] for ''Captain America: The Winter Soldier'', ''Avengers: Infinity War'' and ''Avengers: Endgame'', respectively. All nominations were shared with writers [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2015-hugo-awards/ |title=2015 Hugo Awards |website=[[Hugo Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2019-hugo-awards/ |title=2019 Hugo Awards |website=[[Hugo Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2020-hugo-awards/ |title=2020 Hugo Awards |website=[[Hugo Awards]]}}</ref> They received [[Dragon Awards|Dragon Award]] nominations for "Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie" for ''Captain America: Civil War'' in 2016 and for ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' in 2018. The brothers won the Dragon Award in that category for ''Avengers: Endgame'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.dragoncon.org/2019-recipients/ |title=2019 Recipients – The Dragon Awards |website=[[Dragon Awards]]}}</ref>

On February 21, 2025, the Russo brothers were honored with the handprint and footprint ceremony in front of [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in Hollywood. They were joined by family, friends and colleagues [[Chris Pratt]], [[Yvette Nicole Brown]] and [[Alison Brie]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2025/02/clevelands-russo-brothers-honored-with-handprint-ceremony-at-world-famous-chinese-theatre.html |title=Cleveland's Russo Brothers honored with handprint ceremony at world-famous Chinese Theatre |last=Morona |first=Joey |date=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Cleveland.com]]}}</ref>

==Business interests==
In January 2025, Joe Russo was announced as a board member and investor of English football club [[Sheffield United]]. The club was taken over by the consortium group COH Sports led by fellow American businessmen Steve Rosen and [[Helmy Eltoukhy]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sufc.co.uk/news/2024/december/23/coh-sports-completes-blades-acquisition/ | title=COH Sports completes Blades acquisition | date=December 23, 2024 | access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=sufc.co.uk}}</ref> Joe was joined on the board of directors by former [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] CEO [[Len Komoroski]] and real estate figure Terry Ahern.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sufc.co.uk/news/2025/january/20/new-board-members/ | title=COH Sports announces three new board members and investors | date=January 20, 2025 | access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=sufc.co.uk}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! [[Film director|Directors]]
! [[Film producer|Producers]]
! [[Screenwriter|Writer(s)]]
|-
| 1997
| ''Pieces''{{efn|Unreleased theatrically in the United States.}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Welcome to Collinwood]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[You, Me and Dupree]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2014
| ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2018
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| ''[[21 Bridges]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| ''[[Mosul (2019 action film)|Mosul]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2020
| ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes|Story (Both) / Screenplay (Joe)}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[The Gray Man (2022 film)|The Gray Man]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes|Joe}}
|-
| ''[[Everything Everywhere All at Once]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2023
| ''[[Extraction 2]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes|Story (Both) / Screenplay (Joe)}}
|-
| 2025
| ''[[The Electric State (film)|The Electric State]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026
| ''[[The Bluff (film)|The Bluff]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Avengers: Doomsday]]}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| {{Pending film|[[The Whisper Man]]}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|}


'''Executive producers only'''
* ''[[Crashing (film)|Crashing]]'' (2007)
* ''Super Me'' (2009)
* ''[[A Merry Friggin' Christmas]]'' (2014)
* ''Dizzy Pursuit'' (2018)
* ''[[Relic (2020 film)|Relic]]'' (2020)
* ''[[All Fun and Games]]'' (2023)
* ''[[John Rambo (film)|John Rambo]]'' (TBA)

'''Uncredited directors'''
* ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' (2015) (Post-credits scene)
* ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'' (2019) (Mid-credits scene)
* ''[[Thunderbolts*]]'' (2025) (Post-credits scene)
* ''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]'' (2025) (Mid-credits scene)

===Television===
{| class = "wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director(s)
! Executive producers
! Episode(s)
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Lucky (American TV series)|Lucky]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| "Pilot", "Up the Streaks"
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[Arrested Development]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{hidden|Episodes|'''Both''': "Pilot" '''Anthony only:''' "Top Banana", "Key Decisions", "The Immaculate Election", "Spring Breakout" '''Joe only:''' "Bringing Up Buster", "In God We Trust", "Pier Pressure", "Marta Complex", "Shock and Aww", "Missing Kitty", "Hand to God", "Motherboy XXX", "Meat the Veals" }}
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[LAX (TV series)|LAX]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{hidden|Episodes|'''Both''': "Pilot" '''Anthony only''': "The Longest Day", "The Pictures to Prove It", "Mixed Signals" '''Joe only''': "Finnegan Again, Begin Again", "Thanksgiving", "Senator's Daughter" 7 episodes}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[What About Brian]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| "Pilot"
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Carpoolers]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{hidden|Episodes|'''Both''': "Pilot" '''Anthony only:''' "The Code", "Wheel of Fortune", "The Recital" '''Joe only:''' "Laird of the Rings", "What Would You Do?", "Down for the Count", "A Divorce to Remember", "The Seminar", "The Handsomest Man", "Lost in America" 11 episodes}}
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Comedy Showcase]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| "[[The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret]]"
|-
| 2009–2014
| ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{hidden|Episodes|'''Both:''' "[[Pilot (Community)|Pilot]]" '''Anthony only:''' "[[Introduction to Film]]", "[[Social Psychology (Community)|Social Psychology]]", "[[Home Economics (Community)|Home Economics]]", "[[The Politics of Human Sexuality]]", "[[Physical Education (Community)|Physical Education]]", "[[Beginner Pottery]]", "[[The Psychology of Letting Go]]", "[[Basic Rocket Science]]", "[[Asian Population Studies]]", "[[Custody Law and Eastern European Diplomacy]]", "[[Biology 101]]", "[[Competitive Ecology]]", "[[Foosball and Nocturnal Vigilantism]]" '''Joe only:''' "[[Spanish 101]]", "[[Advanced Criminal Law]]", "[[Football, Feminism and You]]", "[[Debate 109]]", "[[Investigative Journalism (Community)|Investigative Journalism]]", "[[Romantic Expressionism]]", "[[Pascal's Triangle Revisited]]", "[[Anthropology 101]]", "[[Accounting for Lawyers]]", "[[Cooperative Calligraphy]]", "[[Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (Community)|Advanced Dungeons & Dragons]]", "[[Intermediate Documentary Filmmaking]]", "[[Competitive Wine Tasting]]", "[[A Fistful of Paintballs]]", "[[For a Few Paintballs More]]", "[[Geography of Global Conflict]]", "[[Advanced Gay]]", "[[Documentary Filmmaking: Redux]]", "[[Geothermal Escapism]]", "[[Advanced Advanced Dungeons & Dragons]]" 34 episodes}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 2010
| ''[[Running Wilde]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| "Pilot"
|-
| ''[[The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Original ''Comedy Showcase'' Pilot
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011–2012
| ''[[Happy Endings (TV series)|Happy Endings]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{hidden|Episodes|'''Both:''' "Pilot" '''Anthony only:''' "Barefoot Pedaler", "Blax, Snake, Home", "Secrets and Limos" '''Joe only:''' "Bo Fight", "Yesandwitch", "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre" 7 episodes}}
|-
| ''[[Up All Night (TV series)|Up All Night]]''
| {{yes|Joe}}
| {{no}}
| {{hidden|Episodes|: "Cool Neighbors", "Working Late and Working It", "Day After Valentine's Day"}}
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Animal Practice]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{hidden|Episodes|'''Both:''' "Pilot" '''Anthony only:''' "Clean-Smelling Pirate" '''Joe only:''' "Ralphie" 3 episodes}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Agent Carter (TV series)|Agent Carter]]''
| {{yes|Joe}}
| {{no}}
| Episode: "[[Bridge and Tunnel (Agent Carter)|Bridge and Tunnel]]" (as Joseph V. Russo)
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019
| ''[[Deadly Class (TV series)|Deadly Class]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| 10 episodes
|-
| ''[[Larry Charles' Dangerous World of Comedy]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2022–present
| ''[[From (TV series)|From]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| 20 episodes
|-
| 2023–present
| ''[[Citadel (TV series)|Citadel]]''
| {{yes|Joe}}
| {{yes}}
| Director of Season 2
|-
|}

''' Other '''
*''[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]'' - Chapter 2, Season 6 opening cinematic (co-directed, March 2021).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/17/22336542/fortnite-season-6-opening-russo-brothers-avengers | title = Fortnite's season 6 opening cinematic was co-directed by the Russo brothers | first = Andrew | last= Webster | date =March 17, 2021 | access-date = March 17, 2021 | work = [[The Verge]] }}</ref>

=== Joe Russo acting credits ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]''
| Joe
| Episode: "Hand to God"
|-
| 2006
| ''[[You, Me and Dupree]]''
| Personal Trainer
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]''
| Dr. Fine
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]''
| Dr. Theo Broussard
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''
| Bert
| Deleted scene
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''
| Grieving Man
| Credited as Gozie Agbo
|-
| [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avengers: Endgame Director Played Thanos in Karen Gillan's Nebula Scenes |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-endgame-director-joe-russo-played-thanos-karen-gillan-nebula-scenes/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Marvel |date=November 8, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|Additional motion-capture only, uncredited
|-
| 2020
| ''[[The Simpsons]]''
| Movie Executive (voice)
| Episode: "[[Bart the Bad Guy]]"
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Cherry (2021 film)|Cherry]]''
| Restaurant Owner
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Gray Man (2022 film)|The Gray Man]]''
| CIA DDO Fine
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[The Electric State (film) |The Electric State]]''
| CNN Reporter / Various Robots (voice)
|
|}

==See also==
*[[List of highest-grossing film directors]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0751577|name=Anthony Russo}}
* {{IMDb name|0751648|name=Joe Russo}}

{{Anthony and Joe Russo}}
{{EmmyAward ComedyDirector 2001-2025}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Russo brothers}}
[[Category:American action film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Ohio]]
[[Category:American film editors]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American television directors]]
[[Category:American writers of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Artists from Cleveland]]
[[Category:Brother duos]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:English-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Ohio]]
[[Category:Filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Ohio]]
[[Category:Screenwriting duos]]
[[Category:Sibling filmmakers]]
[[Category:Television producers from Ohio]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmmakers from Cleveland]]
[[Category:Writers from Cleveland]]

Ishan Kishan

2026-03-26T11:03:27Z

AidanHeim7993963:

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1998)}}
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ishan Kishan
| image = Ishan Kishan.jpg
| caption = Kishan in 2022
| country = India
| fullname = Ishan Kishan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|7|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patna, Bihar]], India
| height = 5 ft 6 in<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tim |last=Wigmore |title=The future is tall |url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1298797/the-cricket-monthly---taller-batters-might-dominate-t20-cricket-in-the-future |date=2 February 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo|quote=Kishan, the more rounded batter, is 5ft 6in}}</ref>
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Leg break, Off-break
| role = [[Wicket-keeper-batsman]]
| club1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2013–present}}
| club2 = [[Gujarat Lions]]
| year2 = 2016–2017
| club3 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year3 = 2018–2024
| club4 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year4 = {{nowrap|2025–present}}
| club5 = [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]
| year5 = 2025
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021–present
| testdebutdate = 12 July
| testdebutyear = 2023
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 307
| lasttestdate = 20 July
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| odidebutdate = 18 July
| odidebutyear = 2021
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 235
| lastodidate = 11 October
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = Afghanistan
| odishirt = 32
| T20Idebutdate = 14 March
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 84
| lastT20Idate = 8 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand
| T20Ishirt = 32
| columns = 4
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 78
| bat avg1 = 78.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 52[[not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/0
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 27
| runs2 = 933
| bat avg2 = 42.40
| 100s/50s2 = 1/7
| top score2 = 210
| catches/stumpings2 = 13/2
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 45
| runs3 = 1,328
| bat avg3 = 30.18
| 100s/50s3 = 1/10
| top score3 = 103
| catches/stumpings3 = 20/5
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 64
| runs4 = 3,893
| bat avg4 = 39.72
| 100s/50s4 = 9/19
| top score4 = 273
| catches/stumpings4 = 134/12
| date = 1 February
| year = 2026
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ishan-kishan-720471 ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 India]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 India & Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|ICC U19 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2016 Bangladesh]]|}}
}}

'''Ishan Kishan''' (born 18 July 1998) is an Indian International cricketer who plays for the [[Indian national cricket team]] as a [[wicket-keeper]] batsman in all formats of this game. He made his international debut in March 2021 against [[England cricket team|England]]. He captains [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] in domestic cricket and [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in [[Indian Premier League]].

In December 2022 he scored 210 runs in 131 balls in an [[One Day International|ODI]] match against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], becoming the cricketer with the fastest ODI double century, youngest cricketer to score an ODI double century and the first to convert a maiden ODI century to a double century.<ref name="ht-2022">{{Cite news |title=10 sixes, 24 fours: Full list of records broken by Ishan Kishan during monster knock of 210 in India vs Bangladesh ODI |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ten-sixes-24-fours-full-list-of-records-broken-by-ishan-kishan-during-his-monster-innings-of-210-vs-bangladesh-101670663294208-amp.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |place=New Delhi |date=10 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref>

He was the captain of [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup squads|India's squad]] for the [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="India">{{cite web |title=Ishan Kishan to lead India at U19 World Cup |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-under-19-world-cup-2016/content/story/954021.html |access-date=22 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="Debut" /> He was a part of the Indian squad which won the [[2023 Asia Cup]] and [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 T20 World Cup]].

==Early life==
Ishan Kishan was born on 18 July 1998 in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishan Kishan Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ishan-kishan-720471 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> He hails from the Goridiha village of [[Daudnagar]] block of [[Aurangabad district, Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=औरंगाबाद के गोरडीहा का है ईशान किशन - Aurangabad is the draining of Gordiha Kishan |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-aurangabad-is-the-draining-of-gordiha-kishan-13344173.html |work=Jagran |language=hi |date=23 December 2015 |access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref> His father, Pranav Kumar Pandey is a builder by profession in Patna and his mother name is Suchitra Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishan Kishan's Family - Father, Mother, Brother |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ishan-kishan-family?utm_source=www.sportskeeda.com&utm_medium=native&utm_campaign=ShareTaxonomy |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devendra |date=16 March 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/profile-of-ishan-kishan-making-of-cricketer-ishan-kishan-7230202/ |title=Making of Ishan Kishan |work=Indian Express |access-date=16 March 2021}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=IndiaFantasy |date=23 January 2023 |title=Ishan Kishan Caste: All you need to know |url=https://www.indiafantasy.com/cricket/cricket-news/ishan-kishan-caste-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=India Fantasy |language=en-US }}</ref> Due to registration issues between [[Bihar Cricket Association]] and the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI), Ishan started playing for neighbouring state [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="IBN Live">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Amrendra |date=22 January 2016 |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ishan-kishan-is-a-mixture-of-ms-dhoni-and-adam-gilchrist-1180721.html |title=Ishan Kishan is a mixture of MS Dhoni and Adam Gilchrist |work=IBN Live |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Wisden India">{{cite news |last=Thygarajan |first=Roshan |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/ishan-kishan-cool-head-shades-dhoni-sehwag-kohli/192215 |title=Ishan Kishan: Cool head with shades of Dhoni, Sehwag and Kohli |access-date=24 December 2015 |work=Wisden India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104429/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/ishan-kishan-cool-head-shades-dhoni-sehwag-kohli/192215 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He occasionally bowls right arm off break and leg break and writes with his right hand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishan Kishan Takes Off Gloves, Bowls Off-Spin And Leg-Spin For County Team In Same Over |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ishan-kishan-takes-off-gloves-bowls-off-spin-and-leg-spin-for-county-team-in-same-over-8824075 |work=NDTV Sports |date=4 July 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

Ishan Kishan took a break from cricket due to mental fatigue and intense pressure, later describing that period as "depressing" after consistently being benched despite good performances. His father confirmed he was very depressed, and the cricketer subsequently turned to spirituality, specifically the Bhagavad Gita, to revive his career and mental well-being.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2025 |title=Ishan Kishan 2.0: Calm, spiritual and matured cricketer eyes journey into future |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ishan-kishan-2-0-calm-spiritual-and-matured-cricketer-eyes-journey-into-future/articleshow/126075436.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
On 6 November 2016, Kishan scored 273 runs against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]], setting a new record for a player for Jharkhand in the competition.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/content/story/1065212.html | title = Ishan Kishan's 273 for Jharkhand | work = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = 9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/engine/match/1053573.html | title = Ranji Trophy: Delhi v Jharkhand at Thumba, Nov 5-8, 2016 | work = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = 9 November 2016}}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer for Jharkhand in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]], with 484 runs in six matches<ref name="Ranji1718">{{cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12014;team=1636;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2017/18: Jharkhand batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> and in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], with 405 runs in nine matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12591;team=6558;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2018/19 - Jharkhand: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

In October 2018, he was named in the India C squad for the [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1162570.html |title=Rahane, Ashwin and Karthik to play Deodhar Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> scoring a century in the tournament's final.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Monga |first1=Sidharth |date=27 October 2018 |title=Deodhar Trophy final showcases India's batting riches |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/deodhar-trophy-final-showcases-india-s-batting-riches-1163441 |work=Cric Info |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> In February 2019, in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], he scored an unbeaten century against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26051859/rahul-shukla-five-ishan-kishan-ton-headline-big-jharkhand-win |title=Rahul Shukla five-for, Ishan Kishan ton headline big Jharkhand win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> In the next match, against [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]], he scored 113 [[not out]] to record back-to-back centuries in the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-t20-ishan-kishan-cracks-second-straight-ton-as-jharkhand-scores-3rd-win/articleshow/68137620.cms |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy T20: Ishan Kishan cracks second straight ton as Jharkhand scores 3rd win |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2019 |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019, he was named in India Red's squad for the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27331972/shubman-gill-priyank-panchal-faiz-fazal-lead-duleep-trophy-sides |title=Shubman Gill, Priyank Panchal and Faiz Fazal to lead Duleep Trophy teams |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/duleep-trophy-2019-shubman-gill-faiz-fazal-and-priyank-panchal-to-lead-duleep-trophy-2019-squad-fixtures-schedule-876560 |title=Duleep Trophy 2019: Shubman Gill, Faiz Fazal and Priyank Panchal to lead as Indian domestic cricket season opens |work=Cricket Country |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and in October in the [[India A cricket team|India A]] squad for the same competition.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |magazine=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> In February 2021, on the opening day of the [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], Kishan scored 173 runs against [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]], part of a record score of 422.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kumar |first=Utkarsh |date=20 February 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ishan-kishan-173-runs-94-balls-vijay-hazare-trophy-jharkhand-422-for-9-highest-total-domestic-cricket-50-over-1771252-2021-02-20 |title=Ishan Kishan hits 173 vs MP as Jharkhand post highest total by an Indian domestic team in 50-over cricket |magazine=India Today |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ishan-kishan-hits-173-jharkhand-smash-highest-ever-total-of-vijay-hazare-trophy-against-madhya-pradesh-101613807883434.html |title=Ishan Kishan hits 173, Jharkhand smash highest-ever total of Vijay Hazare Trophy against Madhya Pradesh |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 February 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>

In October 2024, Ishan Kishan was appointed captain of the [[Jharkhand cricket team]] for the [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]] season following the retirement of [[Saurabh Tiwary]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranji Trophy: Kishan to captain Jharkhand in first two games |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-2024-25-ishan-kishan-to-captain-jharkhand-in-first-two-games-1454457 |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Kishan, who previously led the team during the 2018-19 season, aims to guide a youthful squad after recent player retirements. He showcased impressive form with a century in the [[Duleep Trophy]], signalling his readiness for the upcoming challenges. The experienced wicketkeeper-batter will be supported by vice-captain [[Virat Singh]] as they look to make a significant impact in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2024 |title=Ishan Kishan named Jharkhand captain for Ranji Trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ishan-kishan-named-jharkhand-captain-for-ranji-trophy/articleshow/114090162.cms |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In August 2025, he was selected to lead the [[East Zone cricket team]] as the captain in [[2025–26 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duleep Trophy 2025: Ishan Kishan to lead the East Zone team, Shami to play |url=https://www.ottplay.com/sports/news/duleep-trophy-2025-ishan-kishan-to-lead-the-east-zone-team-shami-to-play/76280654ad579 |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2025–26 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], Ishan Kishan captained [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] and led the team to win their first-ever Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy title by defeating [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] by 69 runs. Kishan scored 101 runs off 49 balls and shared a 177-run partnership with Kumar Kushagra in 82 balls.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2025 |title=SMAT: Ishan Kishan steers Jharkhand to maiden title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/smat-ishan-kishan-steers-jharkhand-to-maiden-title/articleshow/126069803.cms |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> With this innings, Kishan became the second player to score a century in a Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy final and the first captain to achieve the feat.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ishan Kishan Becomes 1st Indian Cricketer To Achieve Massive Feat As Jharkhand Win Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ishan-kishan-becomes-1st-indian-cricketer-to-achieve-massive-feat-as-jharkhand-win-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-9842340? |work=NDTV Sports |agency=ANI |date=18 December 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref> He also finished the tournament as the leading run-scorer, amassing 517 runs at an average of 57.44 and a strike rate of 197.32, and hit the most sixes in the competition (33).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 December 2025 |title=SMAT 2025/26: Ishan Kishan, Kumar Kushagra Script Jharkhand's Title Win |url=https://revsportz.in/smat-2025-26-ishan-kishan-kumar-kushagra-script-jharkhands-title-win/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Revsportz |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishan Kishan Surpasses MS Dhoni, Equals Abhishek Sharma After 45-Ball 100 In Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Final |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ishan-kishan-surpasses-ms-dhonis-record-equals-abhishek-sharma-after-slamming-45-ball-100-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-t20-trophy-final-9841689? |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

==Franchise career==
In 2016, Kishan was bought by [[Gujarat Lions]] in the [[List of 2016 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2016 IPL auction]].<ref>{{cite news|title=List of players sold and unsold at IPL auction 2016|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/969473.html|access-date=19 April 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Lions retained him the following year, their last in the IPL.
In 2018, he was bought by the [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He had an impressive first season, where he scored 275 runs at a strike rate of 150.

IPL 2020 proved to be the breakthrough tournament for Kishan as he scored 516 runs, being the highest scorer for Mumbai Indians in [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]], with 516 runs from 14 matches<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13533;team=4346;type=tournament|title=MI Most Runs in IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and won the award for hitting the most sixes during the season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2020|title=IPL 2020 Award Winners: Orange Cap, Purple Cap, Fairplay and other award winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2020-award-winners-orange-cap-purple-cap-fairplay-and-other-award-winners-7046732/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> His most memorable knock was against Royal Challengers Bengaluru where he scored 99 in 58 balls to help the team reach the super over in a high-scoring chase which ended as a defeat for his team.

Ahead of the 2022 IPL, Kishan was bought again by Mumbai for {{INRConvert|15.25|c|lk=on|year=2022}}, making him the second-most expensive Indian player at the auction after [[Yuvraj Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-auction/ipl-auction-2022-live-updates-day-1/article38413730.ece |access-date=12 February 2022 |title= IPL Auction 2022 highlights: Kishan, Chahar, Iyer top deals of day 1; Avesh becomes most expensive Indian uncapped player|work=Sportstar|date=12 February 2022 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> He was again retained by [[Mumbai Indians]] for [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]] and [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 IPL]].

In 2024 November, he was bought by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025 IPL auction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2024 |title=IPL 2025 Auction: Ishan Kishan sold to SunRisers Hyderabad for Rs 11.40 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-2025-auction-ishan-kishan-sold-to-sunrisers-hyderabad-11-4-crore-9688137/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He scored his first [[Indian Premier League]] [[Century (cricket)|century]] in his debut for [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] against [[Rajasthan Royals]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title='Ishan Kishan celebrations were aimed at India selectors and Rohit Sharma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ishan-kishan-celebrations-were-aimed-at-india-selectors-and-rohit-sharma/articleshow/119419352.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

==English County Cricket==
[[File:1 27 IK & JB.jpg|thumb|Kishan batting for Nottinghamshire in 2025, with [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Yorkshire) keeping wicket]]
Kishan signed a short-term contract with [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] to play two [[2025 County Championship|County Championship]] matches in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/c307p80ejzpo|title=Notts sign India's Kishan on short-term deal|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trentbridge.co.uk/news/2025/june/ishan-kishan-signs-for-nottinghamshire.html|title=ISHAN KISHAN SIGNS FOR NOTTINGHAMSHIRE|publisher=Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|accessdate=24 June 2025}}</ref> He made his debut against [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] at [[Trent Bridge]] on 22 June 2025, scoring 87 off 98 balls, including 12 fours and one six, in his maiden innings for the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisden.com/series/county-championship-2025/cricket-news/india-odi-world-record-holder-ishan-kishan-narrowly-misses-hundred-on-county-championship-debut|title=India ODI world record holder narrowly misses hundred on County Championship debut|date=23 June 2025 |publisher=Wisden|accessdate=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/county-championship-signed-for-two-matches-ishan-kishan-smashes-blistering-87-on-debut/articleshow/122027780.cms|title=County Championship: Signed for two matches, Ishan Kishan smashes blistering 87 on debut|work=The Times of India |date=23 June 2025 |publisher=Times of India|accessdate=24 June 2025}}</ref> Kishan also took a catch off his first ball behind the stumps for Nottinghamshire, holding onto an edge off the bat of [[Adam Lyth]] off the bowling of Pakistan seamer [[Mohammad Abbas (cricketer)|Mohammad Abbas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ishan-kishan-mohammad-abbas-spark-rare-india-pakistan-moment-in-county-clash-dismissal-clip-stirs-the-internet-101750735502998.html|title=Ishan Kishan, Mohammad Abbas spark rare India-Pakistan moment in county clash; dismissal clip stirs the internet|date=24 June 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
In February 2021, Ishan was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their home series [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150315/india-s-squad-for-paytm-t20i-series-announced |title=India's squad for Paytm T20I series announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> It was his maiden international call-up<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ishan Kishan In the Indian Squad for the T20 series against England|url=https://sixsports.in/india-squad-against-england-for-the-upcoming-t20/|website=sixsports.in|date=22 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115152057/https://sixsports.in/india-squad-against-england-for-the-upcoming-t20/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and he went on to make his debut on 14 March 2021, scoring 56 from 32 balls.<ref name="Debut">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243389.html |title=2nd T20I (N), Ahmedabad, Mar 14 2021, England tour of India |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> He won the player of the match award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56394537 |title=India v England: Virat Kohli & Ishan Kishan shine in second T20 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>

In June 2021, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) and T20I squads for their [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|tour of Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |title=Shikhar Dhawan to captain India on limited-overs tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> He made his ODI debut on the tour in July, scoring 59 from 42 balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1262755.html |title=1st ODI (D/N), Colombo (RPS), Jul 18 2021, India tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref> In September he was named in India's squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-mentor-1276821 |title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni mentor |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

In October 2022, Kishan scored his then-ODI career-highest score of 93 runs in the second of three ODIs against the [[South African cricket team in India in 2022–23|touring South Africans]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreyas 113*, Kishan 93 give India dominating win in Ranchi and level series 1-1 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-23-1327499/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-1327510/match-report |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=9 October 2022 }}</ref> before going on to become the youngest―aged 24 years and 145 days―and the fastest player to score a double century in an ODI in December during [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022–23|India's tour of Bangladesh]]. He scored 210 runs from 131 balls,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2022 |title=Ishan Kishan Breaks Chris Gayle's Record, Becomes Fastest Batter to Score Double Century in ODIs |url=https://www.probatsman.com/ind-vs-ban-ishan-kishan-breaks-chris-gayles-record-becomes-fastest-batter-to-score-double-century-in-odis |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=ProBatsman}}</ref> reaching the 200-run mark in 126 deliveries to beat [[Chris Gayle]]'s record of 138 balls, adding 290 runs for the second wicket with [[Virat Kohli]].<ref name=":0" /> He also became the first player to convert a maiden ODI century into a double century,<ref name=ht-2022 /> and the fourth Indian player to score a double century in an ODI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishan Kishan's knock against Bangladesh sees him enter the record books |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2980520 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, Kishan was selected in India's squad for 50-over World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |title=Squads confirmed for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3703817 |access-date=26 November 2023 |work=icc-cricket.com |date=28 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He was picked as the replacement to the regular opener [[Shubman Gill]] in the first match against Australia, but could not score a run.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=India registers unwanted record after Rohit, Kishan, Iyer score ducks in World Cup 2023 match vs Australia |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/ind-vs-aus-record-first-time-three-top-4-batters-out-for-duck-zero-rohit-sharma-ishan-kishan-shreyas-iyer-starc-hazlewood/article67396511.ece |magazine=Sportstar |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs AUS, ICC Cricket World Cup 2023/24, 5th Match at Chennai, October 08, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-australia-5th-match-1384396/full-scorecard |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> However, in the second game against Afghanistan, he scored 47 runs off 47 balls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs AFG, ICC Cricket World Cup 2023/24, 9th Match at Delhi, October 11, 2023 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-afghanistan-9th-match-1384400/full-scorecard |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

After an absence of over two years from the national team, Kishan made his return to the [[India national cricket team|Indian team]] during the first [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] at [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]] in January 2026. Playing his first match in 785 days, he scored a boundary on the first delivery he faced before being dismissed for eight runs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Kishan hits boundary on first ball in international cricket after 785 days |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-kishan-hits-boundary-on-first-ball-in-international-cricket-after-785-days |website=KhelWire |date=21 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

On 23 January 2026, Kishan scored 76 runs off 32 balls in the second [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] at [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]]. During the innings, he reached his half-century in 21 deliveries, setting a new record for the second fastest T20I fifty by an Indian batter against New Zealand. His performance helped [[India national cricket team|India]] successfully chase a target of 209 in 15.2 overs, securing a 2–0 lead in the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: Ishan Kishan reaches 21-ball 50 in cracking style |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-ishan-kishan-reaches-21-ball-50-in-cracking-style |website=KhelWire |date=23 January 2026 |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

On 31 January 2026, Kishan smashed his maiden [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] century in the fifth T20I against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]]. He scored 103 runs off 43 balls.<ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: Ishan Kishan smacks maiden T20I century |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-ishan-kishan-smacks-maiden-t20i-century |website=KhelWire |date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

On 12 February 2026, Kishan became the first Indian wicket-keeper to score a half-century in T20 World Cup history, scoring 61 runs off 24 balls against [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] at the [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]]. His innings, which included six fours and five sixes, helped India achieve a 93-run victory, their largest by runs in the tournament's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/ishan-kishan-scores-his-maiden-t20-world-cup-half-century|title=Ishan Kishan scores his maiden T20 World Cup half-century|website=KhelWire|date=12 February 2026|access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

On 15 February 2026, Kishan scored 77 runs off just 40 deliveries in a T20 World Cup match against [[Pakistan national cricket team| Pakistan]]. His destructive knock helped India score 175/7 on a difficult Colombo pitch batting first and they eventually beat Pakistan by 61 runs. Kishan subsequently won the player of the match for his match-winning innings.<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ishan-kishan-says-he-worked-a-lot-on-his-off-side-game-after-match-winning-innings-against-pakistan-1524391</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
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*[https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/men/players/ishan-kishan/164 Ishan Kishan] at [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
* {{cricinfo|id=720471}}

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Eluru

2026-03-25T01:22:46Z

AidanHeim7993963: brief cleaned up intro for accuracy additionally and corrected details

{{About|the city in Andhra Pradesh, India|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Eluru
| other_name = Helapuri
| settlement_type = Municipal Corporation
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = District Collectorate of West Godavari (May 2019) 3.jpg {{!}} District Collectorate
| image2 = National Highway 16 near Bhimadole, Eluru (02).jpg {{!}} National Highway 16
| image3 = Eluru Railway station - East Entry (02).jpg {{!}} Eluru Railway station
| image4 = Sanivarapupeta temple in Eluru (May 2019) 1.jpg {{!}} Sanivarapupeta temple
| image5 = Buddha Park in Eluru (May 2019) 3.jpg {{!}} Buddha Park
| image6 = C.R.Reddy College Aerial View.jpg {{!}} C.R.Reddy College }}
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': District Collectorate of [[Eluru district]], [[Eluru railway station]], [[Eluru Buddha Park]], [[Sir C.R. Reddy Educational Institutions]], Gopuram of [[Sanivarapupeta]] temple and [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH16 near Eluru]]
| etymology =
| image_blank_emblem = Eluru Municipal Corporation Logo.svg
| nickname =
| motto = Truth always Triumphs
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|42|42|N|81|06|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 2nd century
| established_title1 = Incorporated (town)
| established_date1 = 1866
| established_title2 = Incorporated (city)
| established_date2 = 9 April 2005
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| governing_body = [[Eluru Municipal Corporation]], [[Eluru Urban Development Authority|ELUDA]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|M.P]]
| leader_name1 = [[Putta Mahesh Kumar]] (T.D.P)
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A]]
| leader_name2 = [[Radha Krishnayya Badeti]] (T.D.P)
| leader_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Municipality Profile {{!}} Eluru Municipal Corporation|url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/welcome-eluru-municipal-corporation-3|access-date=19 August 2024|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819022513/https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/welcome-eluru-municipal-corporation-3|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="ELUDA">{{Cite book|url=http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/uda/MA,Dt.01.01.2019-EUDA.pdf|title=Constitution of Eluru Urban Development Authority (ELUDA) with Head Quarters at Eluru|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|year=2019|location=Amaravati|page=3|language=en|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623131901/http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/uda/MA,Dt.01.01.2019-EUDA.pdf|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 11.52
| area_urban_km2 = 154
| area_metro_km2 = 3328.99
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 22
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|12th (in state)]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 214,414<ref name="2011 table 2" />
| population_metro = 2,760,160<ref name="ELUDA" />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym = Elurian, Elurite, Helapuree
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534***
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91–08812]]
| registration_plate = AP-39
| website = {{URL|https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/welcome-eluru-municipal-corporation-3}}
| footnotes =
| image_seal =
| seal_size = 200px
}}
'''Eluru''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|l|uː|r|ʊ}} {{respell|AY|loo|roo}}) is a city and the district headquarters of [[Eluru district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of municipal corporations in India#Andhra Pradesh|14 municipal corporations]] in the state and the [[Tehsil|mandal]] headquarters of [[Eluru mandal]] in the [[Eluru revenue division]]. Situated on the banks of the [[Tammileru|Tammileru River]], Eluru is strategically positioned in the southeastern part of Andhra Pradesh. It was historically known as Helapuri. {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the city had a population of {{formatnum:214414}}, where as Eluru Urban Development Authority has a population around 2,760,160, reflecting its status as a major urban centre. The city's historical significance dates back to the second century CE, with evidence of its ancient roots found in various archaeological sites and historical records. Eluru was a prominent town under the rule of the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutub Shahis]], who governed the region in the 16th century. It came under the control of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the 17th century as the empire expanded its influence across [[South India]]. The town later became part of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nawab of Hyderabad]]'s dominions in the 18th century. During [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], Eluru was incorporated into the [[Madras Presidency]] and made capital for [[Northern Circars]] in the early 19th century. The British established administrative and infrastructural developments in the town, shaping its modern identity.

The city came into headlines after the [[Eluru outbreak|outbreak in 2020]], which was a significant event that drew national attention. The incident involved a mysterious illness that affected hundreds of people, leading to widespread concern and a major public health response. It is situated in the [[Krishna River|Krishna River Delta region]], and is known for its fertile agricultural lands. The city is intersected by various rivers and canals. [[Kolleru Lake]], one of the largest inland freshwater lakes in India is located within a few kilometers from the city.

Eluru has made significant contributions to Indian film and arts through several notable personalities like [[L. V. Prasad]], [[Silk Smitha]], [[Sekhar Kammula]] etc. The city plays a crucial role in regional commerce, Eluru is renowned primarily for its [[Knotted-pile carpet|pile carpets]], though it also manufactures textiles and leather goods. Additionally, the city serves as a key trade hub for fresh water fish, lemon, rice, oilseeds, tobacco, and sugar. Located on the Golden Quadrilateral, the city is well-connected by road, rail, and airways. Alluri Sitarama Raju Stadium, situated in Eluru, is a prominent sports venue named after the celebrated Indian freedom fighter [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]]. Eluru's educational landscape includes several notable institutions, such as ASRAM Medical college, [[Sir C.R. Reddy Educational Institutions]], etc, which contribute to the city's reputation as a centre for learning.

== History ==

=== Toponymy ===

The city was part of the [[Vengi|Vengi Kingdom]] and served as the capital during the Buddhist kingdom's rule, where it was known as 'Helapuri'.{{sfn|Unnisa|Rav|2013|p=49}} It was also called Erla Uru
{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=231}} before being renamed '''Ellore''' by the British.<ref name="rugweaving">{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter F.|title=Oriental Rugs: An Illustrated Lexicon of Motifs, Materials, and Origins|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1184-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxTQAgAAQBAJ&q=Ellore+and+eluru&pg=PT364|access-date=7 May 2017|language=en|date=19 November 2013}}</ref> To avoid confusion with [[Vellore]], which had a similar pronunciation during the Nizam rule, Ellore was referred to as ''Uppu Ellore'' (i.e. Salt Ellore), while Vellore was called ''Ra Vellore'' or ''Raya Vellore''.{{sfn|Brown|1852|p=57}}

=== Early and medieval history ===
{| role="Historical affiliations" class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
| Historical affiliations
|-
|
* {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutub Shahis]] 1565–1687
* {{flagicon image|Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1687–1724
* {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg}} [[Nizam State]] 1724–1753
* {{flagicon image|Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png}} [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] 1753–1759
* {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[Northern Circars|Northern Circas]] 1759–1947
* {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Madras State]] 1947–1953
* {{flagicon image|Flag of United Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra State]] 1953–1956
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] Since 1956
|}
[[File:Inscriptions of Vengi Chalukyas found at Kotadibba (Eluru Fort).jpg|thumb|There were 25 inscriptions of Vengi Chalukyas found on these pillars of Mandapam at Kotadibba, (Eluru Fort Land)]]
The history of Eluru dates back to the second century CE and has great prominence in the history of Andhra. Vengi near Eluru was the capital of Andhra from the second century to the twelfth century, ruled by [[Salankayanas]], Vishnukudinas, and [[Eastern Chalukyas]]. Vengi was the capital city of Andhradesa for more years than any other city in Andhra Pradesh.

The Salankayanas ruled from the third to the fifth century CE, with their domain centred around the Vengi region and Eluru serving as their capital.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vijayawada-set-to-regain-pre-eminence-as-Andhra-Pradeshs-capital/articleshow/41712040.cms|title=Vijayawada set to regain pre-eminence as Andhra Pradesh's capital|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2014 |access-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201002/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vijayawada-set-to-regain-pre-eminence-as-Andhra-Pradeshs-capital/articleshow/41712040.cms|archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> Known as Šalaňkayana after their Gotra name, they were feudatories of the Ikshvakus. The historical significance of the Salankayanas is highlighted by the inscription of their first known king, Devavarman, in Eluru (Ellore), where he recorded performing the [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha sacrifice]] to mark his successful establishment of the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangalam |first=S. J. |title=VĒṄGI — A study on its Historicity and Historical Geography |journal=Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune |date=1980 |volume=39 |page=98 |jstor=42931330 }}</ref> The Salankayanas are considered one of the elusive kingdoms of Andhra, with their timeline corroborated by references in the [[Samudragupta|Samudra Gupta]] inscription mentioning ''Hastivarman of Vengi''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Dhananjoy |url=https://tgc.ac.in/pdf/study-material/history/History_Hons_Sem_II_Samudragupta_DB_Sir.pdf |title=Samudragupta: His Military Conquests and His Strategy |journal=History (Hons.) Semester II |via=Taki Government College}}</ref>

In the late fifth century, the Salankayanas were conquered by Madhavarma II of the [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]]. During the reign of Madhava Varma the Great, they became independent and conquered coastal Andhra from the Salankayanas and might have shifted their capital to a place in coastal Andhra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/wgdt_monuments.html|title=Archeological Survey of India|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112041126/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/wgdt_monuments.html}}</ref> Eluru was a major city of the Vishnukundinas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/05-15/features3456.htm|title=The Sampradaya Sun – Independent Vaisnava News – Feature Stories – May 2015|website=www.harekrsna.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112044321/http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/05-15/features3456.htm|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Vishnukundin reign might be fixed between the end of the Salankayana and the rise of the Eastern Chalukyan power in 624 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/|title=Eastern Chalukyas|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617075255/http://www.ap.gov.in/eastern-chalukyas/|archive-date=17 June 2016}}</ref>

Eastern Chalukyas, or [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] of Vengi, were a dynasty of South India whose kingdom was in the present day Andhra Pradesh. Their capital was Vengi near Eluru and their dynasty lasted around 500 years from the seventh century until 1130 AD, when the Vengi kingdom merged with the [[Chola dynasty|Chola empire]].<ref name="Frontline Magazine">{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30165490.ece|title=West Godavari district, irrigated by two mighty rivers, is on the road to agricultural prosperity thanks to various schemes.|date=3 May 2012 |access-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023083322/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30165490.ece|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> The Vengi kingdom continued to be ruled by the Eastern Chalukyas (Eastern Chalukyan kings) under the protection of the Chola empire until 1189 AD, when the kingdom succumbed to the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]]. They had their capital originally at Vengi, now [[Pedavegi]], near Eluru and was later changed to [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]] (Rajahmundry).{{sfn|Prasad|2012|loc=Vol. 1|p=85}}

After the defeat and capture of [[Prataparudra|Prataparudra II]] in 1323 AD, the annexation of the region from [[Nellore]] to Rajahmundry, including Eluru. A Persian inscription from the same year by Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] is found on the main gateway of the large mosque in Rajahmundry. Additionally, coins of this Sultan have been discovered in a village near Eluru. Nearly all of the Telugu country had come under Muslim rule by 1324 AD{{sfn|Prasad|2012|loc=Vol. 1|p=165}} Eluru was captured by the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] and then became a part of the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga Empire]] until 1471 AD. Later, it fell into the hands of the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]]. In 1515, [[Krishnadevaraya|Srikrishnadevaraya]] captured it. After the fall of the [[Vijayanagara]] Kingdom, The region fell under Qutb Shahi dynasty in c. 1565 AD and subsequently became part of the Mughal Empire in 1687.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=39}}

=== Modern history ===
[[File:Andhra Pradesh deu.png|thumb|Map of Andhra Pradesh prior to Independence]]

In the early 17th century, the [[East India Company]] was establishing its foothold in the Indian subcontinent amidst the complex political landscape of the Mughal Empire. In 1689, after Mughal forces occupied the [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam factory]] and seized Company servants, the renewal of the factory's lease was secured, including for Eluru. The President of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] informed the Governors of Eluru and other factories about the reconciliation with the Mughals. Due to threats from local bandits, the Company requested permission to fortify the Vizagapatam factory, which [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Nawab Asad Khan]] granted in April 1689.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vittalrao |first=Y |date=1959 |title=East India Company and Andhra |journal=Indian History Congress |volume=22 |page=347 |jstor=44304320 }}</ref>

In 1724, the region was integrated into the Nizam of Hyderabad's dominion. In 1748 AD, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] died, leading to a succession dispute between his son [[Nasir Jung]] and his grandson [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jung]]. Both, however, were ultimately overthrown due to the machinations of their subordinates. As a result, [[Salabat Jung]], the third son of Nizam-ul-Mulk, was elevated to the throne with the support of the French. Between 1750 and 1850, the Northern Coromandel region, including Eluru, witnessed significant political and administrative changes. In 1753 AD, Salabat Jung granted the provinces of Kondapalle, Eluru, Rajahmundry, and Chicacole to the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] as a means to maintain their military forces.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=40}} In the mid-18th century, the power struggle between the [[French India|French]] and British East India Companies significantly impacted the region around Eluru. By December 1758, during the [[Carnatic wars]], British forces under [[Francis Forde (East India Company officer)|Lieutenant Colonel Forde]] began a series of military operations in the Northern Circars, including the area around Eluru. This was part of a broader strategy to weaken the French position in the Deccan and support local allies.
On 20 October 1758, British troops arrived at Visakhapatnam, subsequently advancing to Eluru.{{sfn|Goel|Pande|Madhavi |Parveen|2023|p=103}} By 6 February 1759, British forces reached Eluru, and by 3 March, they neared [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]]. The French commander, Conflaus, had sought assistance from the Nizam of Hyderabad, Salabat Jung, but British pressure led to the eventual surrender of Masulipatnam on 8 April 1759. Salabat Jung, the Nizam of Hyderabad, initially allied with the French but was forced to retreat after a treaty with the British, after the rebellion by his brother, [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan]].{{sfn|Goel|Pande|Madhavi |Parveen|2023|p=104}} In 1760, Nizam Ali Khan sought British assistance in his conflict with the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], offering the cession of Eluru and two other Circars. Although the British couldn't spare troops, they suggested to Hasan Ali Khan, the fauzdar of Eluru, to lease the five Northern Circars to them in return for half the net revenue. In 1762, Nizam Ali Khan ousted Salabat Jung and usurped the throne, leading to the British occupying the Circars, including Eluru, under the sanads delivered by Hasan Ali Khan. When Nizam Ali Khan demanded the return of the sanads and the restoration of the territory, he appointed Buddea Jemah Khan as the new fauzdar in 1763. However, Jemah Khan struggled to maintain authority after the withdrawal of British troops and was forced to take refuge in the fort of Eluru when the [[Vizianagaram Estate|Raja of Vizianagaram]] captured Rajahmundry. By 1766, a treaty was concluded where the British agreed to hold the Northern Circars, including Eluru, on payment of tribute and the provision of troops.{{sfn|Goel|Pande|Madhavi |Parveen|2023|p=107}} Hasan Ali Khan's administration ended with the expiration of his lease in 1769, and Eluru, along with Rajahmundry and [[Kondapalli Fort|Kondapalle]], was placed under the direct control of the British, managed by the Chief and Council at Machilipatnam. This agreement was part of a broader strategy by the British to secure their interests in the region and stabilize their position against other regional powers.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=41}}

In AD 1785, disputes over estate management, including Eluru, led to unrest. During this period, Eluru's revenue management was intertwined with neighboring estates such as [[Polavaram Estate|Polavaram]], Gutala and Kothapalle. The early history of the zamindari of Eluru is not well-documented. By AD 1786, Tirapati Raju, the zamindar of [[Mogalthur]] who owns Eluru, fell behind on payments, which led to the estate being taken over by the Company. Revell was appointed to oversee the estate with assistance from Bhupayya, the zamindar's diwan, and the zamindar eventually settled his debts faithfully.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=43}} In AD 1791, following the death of Tirapati Raju and an insurrection led by Jagga Raju, the Mogalthuru zamindari, including Eluru, was annexed to the Company's dominions and leased out. The renters, Bhupayya and Venkatarama Raju, failed to meet their obligations and fled, leading to further disturbances.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=44}} In AD 1794, the Masulipatnam district, including Eluru, was reorganized into three collectorates with headquarters at Mogalthuru, Cocanada, and Rajahmundry, with Eluru under Rajahmundry's jurisdiction.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=45}}

During [[British Raj|British rule]], Eluru was a military station and the capital city of Northern Circars, a division of the Madras Presidency.{{sfn|Hunter|1885|p=351}} In the Madras Presidency, the District of Rajahmundry was created in 1823.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nyapathi-subbarao-carved-an-identity-for-telugus/article6094152.ece|title=Nyapathi Subbarao carved an identity for Telugus|first=B. v s|last=Bhaskar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 June 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406195344/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nyapathi-subbarao-carved-an-identity-for-telugus/article6094152.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> It was reorganized in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Machilipatnam districts. Eluru was a part of Machilipatnam district after the division of the Northern Circars. In 1859, it was included in the [[Godavari District]]; later, it was made a part of the Krishna district.{{sfn|Francis|Nicholson|Middlemiss|Barber|1988|p=193}} During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of the Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] and [[West Godavari]] districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was divided, Eluru became the headquarters of West Godavari district.<ref name=profile /> In 2022, Eluru district was carved out of West Godavari and includes the Assembly constituencies of [[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]], [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]], [[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]], [[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]], [[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Unguturu]], [[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]] and [[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |page=30 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Indian independence movement ===
{{main|Indian independence movement}}

In 1894, the farmers of Krishna district held a conference in Eluru to protest against the increased water rates, refusing to cultivate their lands until the rates were reduced.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=46}} After attending the All India Congress Committee meeting in 1921, Mahatma Gandhi visited several coastal towns, including Eluru, to promote nationalism. During his visit, he inaugurated the Gandhi Andhra Jateeya Mahavidyalayam, a National College aimed at spreading higher education in the city.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=47}} After the decision of the [[Congress Socialist Party|All India Congress Socialist Party]] (AICSP) to organize provincial parties, the Andhra Pradesh Congress Socialist Party (APCSP) was formed in June 1934. The main goal, as articulated by [[N. G. Ranga]], was "to convert the Congress to socialism" and to expand the party's influence throughout Andhra. Branches were established in Eluru, [[Guntur]], [[Gudivada]], and Bezawada. Initially, the party focused on organizing conferences, holding meetings for socialist propaganda, and hosting tours by national leaders like [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satyanarayana |first=A |date=January 1986 |title=Rise and Growth of the Left Movement in Andhra, 1934-1939 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=35 |doi=10.2307/3520420 |jstor=3520420 }}</ref> Members of the All India Khadi Board visited Eluru, urging people to produce and use khaddar, which led to a significant increase in demand, causing local depots to struggle to keep up. The district's political awareness was further demonstrated during the [[Simon Commission]]'s visit in 1928. The Eluru Municipality passed a resolution supporting the boycott of the Commission and ordered the closure of all municipal institutions on the day they arrived in India.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=46}}

During Mahatma Gandhi's individual Satyagraha in 1941, Pattabhi Sitaramaiah led the movement in Andhra. After Sitaramaiah's arrest, Venkata Raju was appointed as his successor with Gandhi's approval on 19 March 1941. Venkata Raju subsequently traveled to various Andhra towns, including Eluru, to build support for the Satyagraha. His efforts were notable in Eluru and other locations such as Guntur, Vijayawada, and Kakinada. Venkata Raju's activism continued during the [[Quit India Movement]], where he led underground efforts in [[Guntur district|Guntur district]] before his arrest in [[Tenali]] on 3 September 1942.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohan |first=V.K. |date=1987 |title=Some Aspects of Freedom Movement in Andhra with Reference to Manthena Venkata Raju, 1941-42 |journal=Indian History Congress |volume=48 |page=444 |jstor=44141737 }}</ref>

=== Dalit Movement ===

Under the chairmanship of [[Bhagya Reddy Varma]], the First Andhra Desa Panchama Conference was held in Bezawada (Vijayawada) on 4–6 November 1917. Varma's efforts included extensive tours across Andhra Districts, with Eluru being a notable stop. His advocacy led to a significant shift in government policy. The Government of Madras, influenced by these pressures, issued G.O.No. 817 on 25 March 1922, replacing the term ''Panchama'' with ''[[Adi Hindu movement|Adi-Andhra]]'' in Andhra.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gundimeda |first=Sambaiah |date=2016 |title=Dalit Activism in Telugu Country, 1917–30 |url=https://drupal.alliance.edu.in/drupal/sites/default/files/2021-02/Dalit%20Activism%20in%20Telugu%20Country%2C%201917%E2%80%9330.pdf |volume=36 |issue=3 |page=334 |journal=South Asia Research |access-date=17 August 2024 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817104558/https://drupal.alliance.edu.in/drupal/sites/default/files/2021-02/Dalit%20Activism%20in%20Telugu%20Country%2C%201917%E2%80%9330.pdf |url-status=live |doi=10.1177/0262728016663270}}</ref>

In 1944, [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar]] visited Eluru during his tour of Andhra Pradesh. Ambedkar used his platform to criticize Gandhi, asserting that Gandhi's policies were unsuitable for India and likening them unfavorably to Abraham Lincoln's approach. Despite his criticism of Gandhi, Ambedkar's visit was significant for Eluru's Dalit community. His speeches inspired local untouchables, leading to increased self-consciousness and activism. Ambedkar's visit was well-received, and he was presented with Welcome Addresses by various local associations, including the Vaisya Association, Backward Classes Association, and Prema Samajam. Ambedkar's visit to Eluru and other Andhra towns, along with the government's support for the upliftment of untouchables, marked a period of significant social and political change in the region. His influence helped galvanize local leaders and activists, contributing to the broader Dalit movement in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gangaiah |first=K |date=2007 |title=Emergence of Dalit movements in Andhra and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's influence |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=68 Part One (2007) |pages=938, 939 |jstor=44147902}}</ref>

=== Eluru outbreak ===

{{main|Eluru outbreak}}

On 4 December 2020, Eluru experienced an outbreak of neurological symptoms, including seizures and loss of consciousness. Within three days, approximately 500 people were affected. Multidisciplinary teams from [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri|AIIMS, Mangalagiri]] were dispatched to investigate the outbreak.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2020 |title=Andhra Pradesh's Eluru: India experts investigate 'mystery' illness |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55227388 |access-date=18 August 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819044704/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55227388 }}</ref> The team collected biological samples, including blood and urine, from 112 participants, comprising 103 cases (77 active cases and 26 recovered) and 9 controls. Water and food samples were also gathered to identify potential sources of contamination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=What is happening in Eluru? Andhra town trends online after mysterious disease outbreak |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/what-is-happening-in-eluru-andhra-town-trends-online-after-mysterious-disease-outbreak-1747422-2020-12-07 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819044808/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/what-is-happening-in-eluru-andhra-town-trends-online-after-mysterious-disease-outbreak-1747422-2020-12-07 }}</ref>
Analysis revealed that [[Triazofos]], an organophosphate pesticide, was present in 74% of blood samples and its metabolites in 98% of urine samples from affected individuals. Heavy metals, including lead and mercury, were within permissible limits, and no [[mycotoxin]]s were detected in food samples. While municipal water sources were free of pesticides, household water contained Triazofos at an average concentration of 1.00 μg/L.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mummadi|first1=Mahesh Kumar|last2=Pandurangi|first2=Raghavendra|last3=Geddam|first3=J. J. Babu|last4=Sinha|first4=Sukesh Narayan|last5=Rajendran|first5=Ananthan|last6=P.|first6=Sivaperumal|last7=Ramachandrappa|first7=Naveen K.|last8=K.|first8=Sree Ramakrishna|last9=Sreenu|first9=Pagidoju|date=8 November 2021|editor-last=Da Silva Júnior|editor-first=Flavio Manoel Rodrigues|title=Investigation of an acute neurological outbreak in Eluru, India, 2020|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=11|article-number=e0259192|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0259192|issn=1932-6203|pmc=8575185|pmid=34748567|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1659192M |doi-access=free }}</ref>
The investigation concluded that Triazofos pesticide contamination in household drinking water was the likely cause of the outbreak. Recommendations included enhanced surveillance for residual pesticides in soil, water, and food, as well as an intersectoral approach involving government and public health agencies to identify contamination sources. Promoting rational pesticide use and conducting educational programs were also advised to prevent future outbreaks.<ref name="TSD">{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2020|title=Heavy metal content in water caused mysterious disease in AP|url=https://www.siasat.com/heavy-metal-content-in-water-caused-mysterious-disease-in-ap-2040974/|newspaper=The Siasat Daily|date=8 December 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217223715/https://www.siasat.com/heavy-metal-content-in-water-caused-mysterious-disease-in-ap-2040974/|archive-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Tammileru river diverging near Eluru during Floods 2020.jpg|thumb|Tammileru river at Ashok nagar during floods in 2020]]

Eluru is situated at {{Coord|16|42|42|N|81|06|11|E}}, with an average elevation of {{Convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the sea level. It is located on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains|Eastern coastal plains]], approximately midway between the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers and about 50 kilometers inland from the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sr.Bimcy|author2=Sr.Sisily|author3=Charlotte|title=Bibliographic information|publisher=Scholar Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7172-516-8|pages=20–21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8SXUQlgi2wC&q=Eastern+Coastal+Plains&pg=PA20|access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref>
The city's geography is notably shaped by its proximity to several significant water bodies. The Tammileru River flows through Eluru and ultimately empties into Kolleru Lake, a large freshwater lake situated near the city.{{sfn|Francis|Nicholson|Middlemiss|Barber|1988|p=160}} Kolleru Lake is crucial for local agriculture and wildlife, serving as an important ecological and economic resource.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tippana 10237 |first=The Hindu Bureau & Appala Naidu |date=4 October 2023 |title=Govt. to prepare inventory of land use adjacent to Kolleru wildlife sanctuary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/govt-to-prepare-inventory-of-land-use-adjacent-to-kolleru-wildlife-sanctuary/article67380563.ece |access-date=17 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819120111/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/govt-to-prepare-inventory-of-land-use-adjacent-to-kolleru-wildlife-sanctuary/article67380563.ece }}</ref>
The Eluru Canal runs through the city and serves as a major irrigation and waterway.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=68}} This canal is a crucial part of the region's water management system, transporting water from the Krishna River and facilitating irrigation for the surrounding agricultural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} ELURU DISTRICT {{!}} India |url=https://eluru.ap.gov.in/about-district/ |archive-date= 12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612053533/https://eluru.ap.gov.in/about-district/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Eluru is located in the [[Pranhita–Godavari Basin]], a rift that stretches from [[Borgaon, Madhya Pradesh|Boregaon]] in [[Maharashtra]] to the east coast of Andhra Pradesh. This region features a range of geological deposits from the [[Permian]] to [[Early Cretaceous]] periods. [[Gondwana|Lower Gondwana]] formations like Talchir and Barakar are found along the basin's edges, while Upper Gondwana sediments, including Kamthi and Kota Sandstones, are present in the central areas. The basin's diverse geology reflects a history of varying marine and terrestrial environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=1. Jha, 2. Joshi, 3. Mishra |first=1. Neerja, 2. Harinam, 3. Shreya |date=25 July 2016 |title=Record of Gondwana plant mega- and microfossils in Nimugudem area, Telangana, India: palynodating and palaeoenvironmental interpretation |journal=Current Science Association |volume=111 |issue=2 |page=417 |jstor=24908633 }}</ref>

[[File:Kollerulakejanuary.jpg|thumb|Kolleru lake during Winter]]

[[Kolleru Lake]] is the largest freshwater lake situated between the major river deltas of the Godavari and Krishna along India's east coast. This shallow wetland has a depth ranging between 0.5 and 2.0 meters in summer and spans approximately 245 square kilometers. Designated as a wetland of international significance under the [[Ramsar Convention]], Kolleru serves as a flood-balancing reservoir and a crucial habitat for various resident and migratory bird species over an area of about 910 square kilometers. While the exact origin of Kolleru Lake is unclear, previous studies based on sandy beach ridges and fossil shell datings suggest it may have formed as a coastal lagoon during the Mid-Holocene period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=A. Bhattacharyya, K. Nageswara Rao, S. Misra |first=K. Ch. V. Nagakumar, G. Demudu, B. Hema Malini |date=10 January 2013 |title=Palynological indicators of mangrove habitat in the Kolleru Lake region during the Early to Middle Holocene |journal=Current Science Association |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=121–125 |jstor=24110671 }}</ref>

=== Climate ===

Eluru experiences hot and humid climate due to its proximity to the shore of Bay of Bengal. It has an average annual temperature of {{convert|28.2|C|F}}. May is the hottest and December is the coolest month of the year. Temperature crosses {{convert|40|C|F}} in summer.<ref name="climate">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-24/Severe-heat-continues-to-sizzle-West-Godavari/295402|title=Severe heat continues to sizzle West Godavari|date=27 April 2017|work=The Hans India|access-date=8 May 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029170151/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-24/Severe-heat-continues-to-sizzle-West-Godavari/295402|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> July receives most precipitation and annually the city receives an average rainfall of {{Convert|992|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/4946/|title=Climate: Eluru – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table – Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308020925/http://en.climate-data.org/location/4946/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 29.1
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 34.5
| Apr high C = 36.7
| May high C = 38.6
| Jun high C = 36.9
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 32.0
| Sep high C = 32.2
| Oct high C = 31.4
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 28.8
| Jan low C = 18.9
| Feb low C = 20.3
| Mar low C = 22.6
| Apr low C = 25.8
| May low C = 27.9
| Jun low C = 27.2
| Jul low C = 25.4
| Aug low C = 25.3
| Sep low C = 25.3
| Oct low C = 24.3
| Nov low C = 21.3
| Dec low C = 18.8
| Jan rain mm = 3
| Feb rain mm = 6
| Mar rain mm = 6
| Apr rain mm = 14
| May rain mm = 40
| Jun rain mm = 123
| Jul rain mm = 229
| Aug rain mm = 186
| Sep rain mm = 170
| Oct rain mm = 166
| Nov rain mm = 40
| Dec rain mm = 9
| rain colour = green
|source= [http://en.climate-data.org/location/4946/ en.climate-data.org]
|date= 19 February 2016
}}Eluru has been ranked 20th best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Environment ===

[[File:Pollution in Eluru canal along Mini-Bypass road Eluru.jpg|thumb|Dried Eluru canal bed with plastic debris]]
In August 2019, the [[National Green Tribunal|National Green Tribunal (NGT)]] mandated action plans for all non-attainment cities, including Eluru. On 27 December 2019, an action plan was submitted by the [[Environmental monitoring|Air Quality Monitoring Committee]] (AQMC) for Eluru. The [[Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board|Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB)]] has been monitoring the city's ambient air quality under the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAAQMP), focusing on parameters such as [[Particulates|PM10]], PM2.5, SO2, and NO2. Currently, air quality measurements are taken manually, as there are no real-time monitoring stations in Eluru. The city is categorized into four areas for air quality measurement: Commercial, Silent/Sensitive, Industrial, and Residential.
The data indicates a decline in PM10 levels from 2014 to 2020, reflecting a positive trend. PM10 sources in Eluru are primarily roads and vehicular emissions, with no major industries within the city. Eluru generates 79 metric tons of solid waste daily and engages in home composting, with 3 metric tons of waste processed from 173 micro pockets of dry waste sent to a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) and wet waste sent to a [[vermicompost]]ing unit. The city has a single dumping site located at Ponani and operates seven Pollution Under Control (PUC) centres within its limits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Comprehensive Action plan for Clean air in Non-attainment cities of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://cpcb.nic.in/Actionplan/Eluru.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818053349/https://cpcb.nic.in/Actionplan/Eluru.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Central Pollution Control Board |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board |pages=3–8}}</ref>

The recent outbreak of a mysterious illness in Eluru and neighbouring villages highlights the pressing pollution issues in Kolleru Lake and other water bodies in Andhra Pradesh. Over 600 people fell ill, with experts detecting herbicides in vegetables and lead and nickel in patients' blood samples.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=14 December 2020 |title=Mystery illness raises concerns over Kolleru pollution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mystery-illness-raises-concerns-over-kolleru-pollution/article33331877.ece |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240819121108/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mystery-illness-raises-concerns-over-kolleru-pollution/article33331877.ece}}</ref> [[Kolleru Bird Sanctuary]], once home to millions of migratory birds such as glossy [[Ibis]], [[painted stork]]s, and [[Spot-billed pelican|grey pelicans]], but now only limited numbers of painted storks and grey pelicans are observed in the lake. These birds, which previously migrated from [[Siberia]] and other regions between October and March for breeding, are now arriving in reduced numbers. This decline in bird populations is attributed to increasing pollution and environmental degradation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahmaji |first=Y. |date=22 February 2023 |title=Buzz of migratory birds on wane at Kolleru |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/buzz-of-migratory-birds-on-wane-at-kolleru-784238 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819125720/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/buzz-of-migratory-birds-on-wane-at-kolleru-784238 }}</ref> The Kolleru Bird Sanctuary, crucial for migratory and indigenous birds, is experiencing significant threats from contamination and habitat loss. Efforts to address these issues include reviewing a proposal for declaring an [[Eco-Sensitive Zone|Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)]] around Kolleru Lake to enhance pollution control and protect the region's ecological health.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2024 |title=Committee prepares preliminary proposal for Eco-Sensitive Zone of Kolleru Lake; objections being considered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/committee-prepares-preliminary-proposal-for-eco-sensitive-zone-of-kolleru-lake-objections-being-considered/article67713574.ece |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819125828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/committee-prepares-preliminary-proposal-for-eco-sensitive-zone-of-kolleru-lake-objections-being-considered/article67713574.ece }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|width=240px
|barwidth=100px
|title=Religions in Eluru<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/406-eluru.html|title=Eluru City Population 2024 | Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=19 August 2024|archive-date=9 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224932/https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/406-eluru.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hindu|Orange|89.51}}
{{bar percent|Muslim|Green|7.02}}
{{bar percent|Christians|Blue|2.74}}
{{bar percent|Others†|Black|0.72}}
|caption=†Includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Jainism|Jains]] 
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Eluru Municipal Corporation had a population of 214,414 of which 105,707 were male and 108,707 female,<ref name="2011 table 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> whilst Eluru [[Urban area|urban agglomeration]] had a population of 250,693.<ref name="2011 table 3">{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=Census of India 2011 |page=10 |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111027032256/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf}}</ref> The estimated city population during 2015–16, period was 350,000.<ref name="traffic1">{{cite news |title=Traffic woes grip Eluru |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-09-20/Traffic-woes-grip-Eluru/254834 |work=The Hans India |date=20 September 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055530/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-09-20/Traffic-woes-grip-Eluru/254834 |archive-date=20 October 2020 }}</ref><ref name="traffic2">{{cite news |title=Traffic gridlock hits Eluru hard |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-10-11/Traffic-gridlock-hits-Eluru-hard/180259 |work=The Hans India |date=11 October 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027211313/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-10-11/Traffic-gridlock-hits-Eluru-hard/180259 |archive-date=27 October 2020 }}</ref>

Hindus are in the majority, and are present throughout the city. There are also Christian, Sikh and Jain communities. {{As of|2011|alt=According to the 2011}} census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (89.51%), Muslims (7.02%), Christians (2.74%), and others (0.72%).

== Administration ==
[[File:A view of Police quarters from Hotel Grand Arya.jpg|thumb|A view of Police Quarters]]
[[File:Fire Station center, Eluru on a morning.jpg|thumb|Fire Station center]]
=== Local Government ===
Eluru Municipal Corporation is the civic body of Eluru. It was first constituted as a municipality in 1866.<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> Ramachandraraopet (R.R.Pet) and Narasimharaopet (N.R.Pet) came into existence following the implementation of town planning schemes by Eluru Municipality. The Narasimharaopet Scheme was initiated in 1942, with subsequent schemes, including Ramachandraraopet, Ashoknagar and Phirangula Dibba, providing essential amenities such as roads and street lighting.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=179}} It was upgraded to [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]] on 9 April 2005 from selection grade municipality.{{sfn|Unnisa|Rav|2013|p=49}} It is spread over an area of {{Convert|14.50|km2|abbr=on}} with 50 wards.<ref name=profile /> The present [[municipal commissioner|Municipal Commissioner]] of the city is Y.Sai Sreekanth and the [[Mayor]] is Shaik Noorjahan.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-07-28 |title=Shaik Noorjahan to be elected as Eluru Mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/shaik-noorjahan-to-be-elected-as-eluru-mayor/article35597290.ece |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819143322/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/shaik-noorjahan-to-be-elected-as-eluru-mayor/article35597290.ece }}</ref> In 2015, as per the '[[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]' of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], Eluru Municipal Corporation was ranked 249th in the country.<ref>{{cite news|first=S Sandeep |last=Kumar |title=Small towns fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/small-towns-fare-better-in-swachh-bharat-rankings/article7520320.ece|access-date=30 March 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 August 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616074032/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/small-towns-fare-better-in-swachh-bharat-rankings/article7520320.ece|archive-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

Eluru urban agglomeration is spread over an area of {{Convert|23.85|km2|abbr=on}} and its constituents include Eluru municipal corporation, census towns of [[Sanivarapupeta]], [[Satrampadu]], [[Gavaravaram]], [[Tangellamudi]], and partly [[out growth]]s of [[Komadavole]], [[Eluru (rural)]] villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Godavari District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 January 2015 |page=439 |archive-date= 15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115054034/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf }}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=18 January 2015 |pages=22–23, 54 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825091139/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|54}}

The '''Eluru Urban Development Authority''' (ELUDA) is an urban planning organization established on 1 January 2019, under the AP Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authority Act, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G.O.Ms.No. 215 |url=https://oudaap.in/Admin8745ouda6974ooda/assets/planning_gos_pdf/0e438af366G.O%20215.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819144721/https://oudaap.in/Admin8745ouda6974ooda/assets/planning_gos_pdf/0e438af366G.O%20215.PDF |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=Municipal administration & urban development (H1) department}}</ref> Based in Eluru, West Godavari district, the ELUDA is responsible for overseeing development and planning within its jurisdiction, which spans an area of 3,327.99 square kilometers. The authority manages urban planning for Eluru city, as well as seven municipalities namely; [[Bhimavaram]], [[Kovvur]], [[Narasapuram]], [[Nidadavolu]], [[Palakollu]], [[Tadepalligudem]], and [[Tanuku]] and one Nagar Panchayat, [[Jangareddygudem]]. The formation of ELUDA aims to streamline and enhance urban development in the region, ensuring coordinated growth and improved infrastructure.<ref name="ELUDA" />

Law and order in Eluru is maintained with the help of eight [[police station]]s, which includes one woman and one traffic police station. These are under the jurisdiction of the 'Additional Judicial First Class Magistrate'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Territorial Jurisdiction of Criminal Courts|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/west-godavari/territorial-jurisdiction-criminal-courts|website=Official Website of District Court of India|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112205303/http://ecourts.gov.in/west-godavari/territorial-jurisdiction-criminal-courts|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
[[File:Main block of ASRAM College and Hospital.jpg|thumb|Main block of ASRAM, a major medical education and healthcare facility in Eluru]]
The District Headquarters Hospital in Eluru, the oldest medical facility in the city, started as a dispensary around 1858. It became a hospital in 1880 with 24 beds. When West Godavari district was created and Eluru became its headquarters in 1925, the hospital's capacity was increased to 72 beds and later to 95 beds in 1945. After 1953, the hospital saw major improvements, including a new building. By the 1960s, it had 300 beds and offered various services such as surgery, general medicine, pediatrics, eye care, family planning, dental care, and obstetrics and gynecology. It also had a blood bank and a district laboratory.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=205}}

The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has highlighted that West Godavari, which has since been split into Eluru district and West Godavari district, ranks first in Andhra Pradesh in terms of healthcare infrastructure development according to the [[Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy]] (CMIE). As of 1998, Eluru had 73 clinics, including 50 private and 23 government establishments. With a population of 215,804 (2001), the city had 159 doctors, translating to approximately 7.4 doctors per 10,000 people; 304 nurses, or about 14.1 nurses per 10,000 people; and 849 hospital beds, equating to about 39.4 beds per 10,000 people. Approximately 75% of private hospitals in Eluru were established between the 1980s and 1990s. Government hospitals account for 40% of the hospital beds, while 75% of doctors work in the private sector, and 55% of trained nurses and paramedics are employed privately.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayana |first=K. V. |date=4 April 2003 |title=Changing Health Care System |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=12, 13 |pages=1231–1238 |jstor=4413374 }}</ref>

In June 1914, Eluru established its first veterinary dispensary. By the end of 1968, the district's network included one veterinary hospital in Eluru, along with twenty-three primary veterinary dispensaries and thirteen rural veterinary dispensaries in the region. A clinical laboratory was also set up at the Eluru hospital to enhance veterinary services.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=85}}

=== Politics ===
[[Eluru (Assembly constituency)]] is one of the [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. [[Radha Krishnayya Badeti]] is the present [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Eluru Election Result 2024 Live Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/eluru-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916872.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819145115/https://www.news18.com/elections/eluru-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916872.html }}</ref> The constituency falls under [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)]] which was won by [[Putta Mahesh Kumar]] of the same party.<ref>{{cite web|title=MP (Lok Sabha)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|publisher=Government of AP|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121175516/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 October 2014 |page=20,30 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf }}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:CMR Multiplex in Eluru (01).jpg|thumb|[[CMR Central, Visakhapatnam|CMR Central]] shopping centre]]

Eluru is recognized for its diverse industrial landscape, featuring a wide range of functional categories and economic activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=P. Pethe |first=Vasant |date=March 1965 |title=Economic Functions of the Cities of India |journal= Sociological Bulletin|volume=14 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1177/0038022919650101 |jstor=42864628 }}</ref> Since the 17th century, Eluru was known for [[Rug making|rug weaving]], derived from weavers of [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] descendants.<ref name="rugweaving" /> Around 1900, the notable Madras export firm Arbuthnot contracted the production of Eluru carpets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |date=2014 |title=Trading Firms in Colonial India |journal=The President and Fellows of Harvard College |volume=88 |issue=1 |page=37 |jstor=43299518 }}</ref> R.R.Pet, [[Powerpet]], Eluru 1-Town area are the commercial centres.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lack of parking lots causes severe traffic snarls|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/aug/29/lack-of-parking-lots-causes-severe-traffic-snarls-1513911.html|access-date=13 May 2017|work=The New Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228191832/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/aug/29/Lack-of-parking-lots-causes-severe-traffic-snarls-1513911.html|archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Tangellamudi, Sanivarapupeta and Lakshavarapupeta areas of the city are known for the wool pile carpet industry. The eco-friendly carpets are exported to countries like the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Germany]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nagaraja|first1=G|title=Handmade carpet industry in doldrums|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/handmade-carpet-industry-in-doldrums/article5808247.ece|access-date=26 November 2015|work=The Hindu|date=20 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325025836/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/handmade-carpet-industry-in-doldrums/article5808247.ece|archive-date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=encyclo>{{cite book|last1=Sajnani|first1=Manohar|title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources in India|date=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-018-9|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&q=Eluru&pg=PA66|access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Aerial view of National Highway 16 and Eluru canal near Denduluru.jpg|thumb|Eluru Canal alongside [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH16]]]]
[[File:Mango market along the Powerpet station road, Eluru.jpg|thumb|Mango market on [[Powerpet railway station|Powerpet station]] road]]
[[File:Auto Nagara, Eluru as captured from NH-16.jpg|thumb|Auto Nagar industrial area in Eluru, established in 1991 and known for its [[Automotive industry|Automobile workshops]]]]
In West Godavari, Eluru stands out for its significant role in livestock and poultry farming. According to the 1961 Livestock Census, Eluru taluk ranks first in livestock numbers and also leads in poultry population. The density of livestock in Eluru is 370.7 per square mile, while poultry density is 225.6 per square mile. Recent developments have boosted dairying in Eluru. The Integrated Milk Project, supported by UNICEF and the Government of India, began milk distribution in Eluru town on 1 January 1968. Within two years, daily milk supply surged from 35 liters to 3,100 liters, and by the end of 1969, Eluru had 14 milk distribution centers.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=83}} Due to its proximity to Kolleru Lake, Eluru hosts approximately four fish markets that conduct trade statewide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Releases done for the state of Andhra Pradesh under the component DM |url=https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/STATES/AP/Andhra%20Pradesh%20DM.pdf |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=National Fisheries Development Board |archive-date= 17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417095716/https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/STATES/AP/Andhra%20Pradesh%20DM.pdf }}</ref> These markets play a crucial role in the local economy by providing a significant source of income for fishermen and supporting numerous related businesses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2014 |title=Fish market shifting move triggers protest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/article11119057.ece |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819145614/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/article11119057.ece }}</ref> The Eluru Canal, stretching over 64 kilometers, is vital to the local economy, irrigating about 24,483 hectares. This irrigation sustains agriculture in the region, which is key to its economic stability and growth.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=68}}

In 1904, the Sree Krishna Jute Mills Limited began operations in Eluru as a public limited company. With an initial capital investment of Rs. 20 lakhs, the mills produce gunnies and jute twine, employing around 1,800 people, and had a production of 6,924.45 tonnes in 1967-68.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=93}} This mill was later closed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Alla Nani Orders To West Godavari Collector To Solve Eluru Jute Mill Issue |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/eluru/minister-alla-nani-orders-to-west-godavari-collector-to-solve-eluru-jute-mill-issue/articleshow/89157149.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821060954/https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/eluru/minister-alla-nani-orders-to-west-godavari-collector-to-solve-eluru-jute-mill-issue/articleshow/89157149.cms }}</ref> Annapurna Pulverising Mills, established in 1963 in Eluru's industrial estate, has a capital investment of Rs. 5 lakhs. The mills manufacture pesticides and insecticides, producing 1,449 tonnes of dusts, 41 tonnes of [[wettable powder]]s, and 30,648 litres of emulsions during 1968-69, and provide employment for about thirty people.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=95}} Ambica Agarbathies Aroma & Industries Ltd., established in 1946, is one of the oldest contributors to the Eluru's economy. The company produces incense products in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2022 |title=Ambica Agarbathies Aroma & Industries Ltd. announces impressive results for Q2FY23; PAT doubles YoY |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/ambica-agarbathies-aroma-industries-ltd-announces-impressive-results-for-q2fy23-pat-doubles-yoy-122110100514_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821061635/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/ambica-agarbathies-aroma-industries-ltd-announces-impressive-results-for-q2fy23-pat-doubles-yoy-122110100514_1.html |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2016, a new facility for integration of weapons and manufacturing unit for [[Light combat aircraft|Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)]] was planned for Eluru. The project, estimated to cost Rs {{INRConvert|2135|b|abbr=on}}, is a collaboration between UK-based Wem Technologies Private Limited and [[Lockheed Martin]], the largest U.S. defense, aerospace, and security company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivari |date=22 August 2016 |title=Lockheed, Wem to set up $318m weapons integration facility for Tejas in India |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newslockheed-wem-to-set-up-318m-weapons-integration-facility-for-tejas-in-india-4986034/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US |archive-date= 19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819145733/https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newslockheed-wem-to-set-up-318m-weapons-integration-facility-for-tejas-in-india-4986034/ }}</ref> Then Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] announced that {{convert|1.416|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of land in Vatluru and Bhogapuram villages near Eluru will be allocated for the facility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2018 |title=Light Combat Aircraft manufacturing facility to come up in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/light-combat-aircraft-manufacturing-facility-to-come-up-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/53794666.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819145848/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/light-combat-aircraft-manufacturing-facility-to-come-up-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/53794666.cms?from=mdr }}</ref> In the first phase, the facility will see an investment of Rs {{INRConvert|635|b|abbr=on}} crore and create 650 jobs, with a total of 2,510 jobs expected upon full operation. Wem Technologies currently holds orders valued at {{INRConvert|560|b|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-light-combat-aircraft-manufacturing-facility-to-come-up-in-andhra-pradesh-2247487|title=Light Combat Aircraft manufacturing facility to come up in Andhra Pradesh|access-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209054619/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-light-combat-aircraft-manufacturing-facility-to-come-up-in-andhra-pradesh-2247487|archive-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> The [[Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force (IAF)]] faces challenges with its aging fleet and a shortage of combat squadrons, currently operating 33 squadrons versus the needed 42. The induction of the indigenous [[HAL Tejas|Tejas fighter jets]] and ongoing negotiations for additional aircraft like the [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] and [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Sukhoi-30]] highlight India's efforts to bolster its air combat capabilities. The establishment of this new facility is expected to support these national defense objectives by enhancing domestic production of advanced aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/andhra-pradesh-have-first-private-sector-light-combat-aircraft-manufacturing-unit-690609|title=Andhra Pradesh to have first private sector Light Combat Aircraft manufacturing unit|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=21 August 2016 |access-date=15 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813201804/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/andhra-pradesh-have-first-private-sector-light-combat-aircraft-manufacturing-unit-690609|archive-date=13 August 2020}}</ref>

The Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, situated near Pedavegi is dedicated to boosting oil palm cultivation across the country. Eluru district, with 75,705 hectares dedicated to oil palm cultivation, is a leading region in India's [[Elaeis|Oil palm]] production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=6 May 2023 |title=Eluru: Officials advised to focus on oil palm development programme |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/eluru-officials-advised-to-focus-on-oil-palm-development-programme-796111 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819150202/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/eluru-officials-advised-to-focus-on-oil-palm-development-programme-796111 }}</ref> As part of the Government of India's ''Mega Oil Palm Plantation Drive'' under the National Mission on Edible Oils - Oil Palm (NMEO-OP), efforts are being made to enhance oil palm cultivation to achieve self-reliance in edible oil production. On 18 August 2023 [[Godrej Agrovet|Godrej Agrovet Ltd.]] (GAVL) supported this initiative by organizing a plantation drive in [[Chintampalle]], involving 200 farmers from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. GAVL has also inaugurated an edible oil refinery in [[Chintalapudi, Eluru district|Chintalapudi]] and allocated 47,000 acres in Telangana for expanded cultivation and processing.<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Agrovet Limited |first=Godrej |title=Godrej Agrovet Organizes Oil Palm Plantation Drive in Chintampalli |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/godrej-agrovet-organizes-oil-palm-plantation-drive-in-chintampalli-301904374.html |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819150313/https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/godrej-agrovet-organizes-oil-palm-plantation-drive-in-chintampalli-301904374.html }}</ref>

=== Economic Impact of [[COVID-19]] ===

The [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] had a profound impact on the economy of Eluru. Over 51,500 workers across 23 sectors faced income loss during the lockdown. Additionally, approximately 20,000 weavers, fishermen, tailors, artisans, and self-employed individuals experienced significant disruptions to their livelihoods. The situation was exacerbated by the fact that Eluru, despite constituting only 5.5% of the district's population, reported over 40% of the district's COVID-19 cases, with 7,000 cases in the town, including 6,000 from its slums, which were particularly vulnerable.
The economic strain led many workers from the unorganised sector to turn to reselling liquor, purchased from reopened wine shops, to cope with income loss and mounting loan interests. Despite the central government's moratorium on house rents and loan interests,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Naveen |date=14 June 2021 |title=How individual borrowers can use RBI's second loan moratorium offered due to coronavirus |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/borrow/how-individual-borrowers-can-use-rbis-second-loan-moratorium-offered-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/82401195.cms |access-date=17 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819150550/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/borrow/how-individual-borrowers-can-use-rbis-second-loan-moratorium-offered-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/82401195.cms }}</ref> many individuals faced future financial burdens and were forced to take hand loans, risking vehicle seizures and further jeopardizing their livelihoods.
Building workers in Eluru, numbering around 6,000, were severely affected due to a sand policy crisis that halted [[sand mining]] and compounded by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=G. Ram |date=5 September 2019 |title=Andhra Pradesh unveils new sand policy |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/mining/andhra-pradesh-unveils-new-sand-policy-66550 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Down To Earth |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819150855/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/mining/andhra-pradesh-unveils-new-sand-policy-66550 }}</ref> Additionally, the retail and service sectors suffered greatly; approximately 8,000 mall workers lost their jobs and wages, while around 5,000 housemaids were left unpaid and faced reduced work opportunities, often being asked to work outside their employers' homes, leading to further economic distress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP: Survey of Unorganised Labour in Eluru Town {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0830_pd/ap-survey-unorganised-labour-eluru-town |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=peoplesdemocracy.in |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819151002/https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/0830_pd/ap-survey-unorganised-labour-eluru-town }}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Lord Venkateswara Temple in RR Pet, Eluru (01).jpg|thumb|Lord Venkateswara Temple in RR Pet]]
[[File:St. Paul's Lutheran Church on a morning.jpg|thumb|St. Paul's Lutheran Church near Ameenapet Police Quarters]]
Eluru, once a prominent seat of the Chalukya kings, has a new museum dedicated to showcasing its rich historical artifacts.<ref name=economy>{{cite book|last1=Babu|first1=A. Satish|title=Tourism development in India: a case study|date=2008|publisher=A.P.H.Pub.Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-313-0346-7|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHzoPFggbuMC&q=eluru&pg=PA87|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> It is located at ''Goreela Badi'' on the eastern street of I-town and will feature copper plates from the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries, discovered during excavations at Jain sites such as Gandigudem and [[Pulla, Eluru district|Pulla]]. Additionally, idols from Chalukya period [[Jain temple]]s, including those from [[Kotasattemma Temple, Nidadavolu|Kota Sattemma]] and [[Peddintlamma Temple, Kolletikota|Peddintlamma temples]], will be displayed. Efforts are also underway to move prehistoric tools from the Kakinada museum to Eluru; these tools, dating from the [[Paleolithic]] to [[Neolithic]] ages, were originally found in Pedavegi and Jangareddygudem. The new museum will seek permission to transfer Chalukya period inscriptions from [[Chennai]], which document early Telugu usage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nagaraja|first1=G|title=Antique museum at Eluru soon|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/antique-museum-at-eluru-soon/article5917362.ece|access-date=2 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=16 April 2014|location=Eluru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605184820/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/antique-museum-at-eluru-soon/article5917362.ece|archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-06-28/Museums-forts-to-get-facelift-in-state/393154|title=Museums, forts to get facelift in state|date=28 June 2018|work=The Hans India|access-date=24 November 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027212132/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-06-28/Museums-forts-to-get-facelift-in-state/393154|archive-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>

Notable landmarks include the ancient Helapuri Samskrita Pathasala and prominent temples like Janardhana and Jalapaharesvara, with major festivals such as Sankara Jayanti, Ramakoti Utsavam, and [[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] attracting thousands of visitors.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=232}} [[Dwaraka Tirumala]], also known as Chinna Tirupathi, is a significant Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Venkateswara Swamy, situated on Seshadri Hill. The temple is renowned for its self-manifested idol of Sri Venkateswara Swamy, discovered by the saint Dwaraka. It is located 38.63 kilometers from Eluru and 19.31 kilometers from Bhimadole Railway Station. The temple is carved into the hill and includes a five-storey gopuram at the entrance. The Kalyanotsavam, an eight-day festival held in April–May, attracts thousands of devotees. Pedavegi, formerly known as Vengi, is located 11.3 kilometers from Eluru and was once the capital of the Salankayanas, Vishnukundins, and Eastern Chalukyas. Now a small village, it retains archaeological remains, including a large well in the fortress where it is believed that women sacrificed themselves during enemy invasions.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=231}} Eluru Ashram, or Nam Datta Natha Kshetra, is linked to the [[Baba Budangiri|Datta Peetham]] and includes a small temple with idols of [[Dattatreya|Lord Dattatreya]] and Anagha Devi. The ashram also houses a spacious prayer hall and a Guru Nilayam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=Municipal |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/Eluru%20City%20Sanitation%20Plan_0.pdf |title=City Sanitation Plan |date=2008 |publisher=Eluru Municipal Corporation |location=Eluru |language=English |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329151900/https://cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/Eluru%20City%20Sanitation%20Plan_0.pdf}}</ref>

=== Cityscape ===
[[File:EluruBuddhaParkevening.jpg|thumb|View of Buddha Statue]]

[[Eluru Buddha Park]] is in the city and is notable for its {{Convert|74|ft|abbr=on}} [[Buddharupa|Buddha statue]] in the Abhaya posture, in the heart of Gaja Vallivari Cheruvu tank which was used as drinking water source for elephants in the Ancient Era.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagaraja |first=G. |date=4 May 2013 |title=Gajjalavari Cheruvu set to turn into a Buddhist centre |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gajjalavari-cheruvu-set-to-turn-into-a-buddhist-centre/article4682712.ece |access-date=21 May 2019 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012202924/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gajjalavari-cheruvu-set-to-turn-into-a-buddhist-centre/article4682712.ece }}</ref>

Kolleru Lake is a very large ({{convert|30855|ha|sqmi|disp=sqbr|-2}} to {{convert|90100|ha|sqmi|disp=sqbr|-2}}) but shallow fresh-water lake, about 15 km from the city. The lake is known for attracting migratory birds from Northern Europe and Northern Asia during the months of October–March and is designated as the Kolleru Bird Sanctuary. As of 2018, the water level has been low in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolleru Lake {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1209 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106102058/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1209 |archive-date=6 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name="sanjay">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=S. Sanjay |title=Dried up Kolleru Lake leaves Andhra Pradesh villagers high and dry |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/may/04/dried-up-kolleru-lake-leaves-andhra-pradesh-villagers-high-and-dry-1809990.html |access-date=2 June 2018 |work=The New Indian Express|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032933/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/may/04/dried-up-kolleru-lake-leaves-andhra-pradesh-villagers-high-and-dry-1809990.html |archive-date=9 November 2020 }}</ref>

The "Holy Land" of Israel has been replicated on the premises of Fr. Silvio Pasquali Memorial Convent at Duggirala on the city outskirts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/holy-land-thrown-open-to-public/article5629324.ece|title='Holy Land' thrown open to public|date=29 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112063818/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/holy-land-thrown-open-to-public/article5629324.ece|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>
* Archeology Survey Museum
* [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2019 |title=Call to protect extensive Buddhist heritage in State |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/call-to-protect-extensive-buddhist-heritage-in-state/article27153958.ece |access-date=21 May 2019 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918083824/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/call-to-protect-extensive-buddhist-heritage-in-state/article27153958.ece }}</ref>
* Sultan Quli mosque<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2018 |title=400-yr-old miniature mosque in Eluru city cries for attention|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/400-yr-old-miniature-mosque-in-eluru-city-cries-for-attention/articleshow/66385039.cms |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301195819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/400-yr-old-miniature-mosque-in-eluru-city-cries-for-attention/articleshow/66385039.cms }}</ref>
* Sanivarapupeta temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adopted Temples {{!}} Temple Info {{!}} Sri Venkateswara Swamy Vari Devasthanam |url=https://tms.ap.gov.in/SVSDDT/cnt/AdoptedTemples |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=tms.ap.gov.in |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001135133/https://tms.ap.gov.in/SVSDDT/cnt/AdoptedTemples }}</ref>
* S.V. Rangarao statue<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM N Chandrababu Naidu unveils 12.5 feet bronze statue of SV Ranga Rao |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/jul/04/cm-n-chandrababu-naidu-unveils-125-feet-bronze-statue-of-sv-ranga-rao-1837938.html |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007050600/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/jul/04/cm-n-chandrababu-naidu-unveils-125-feet-bronze-statue-of-sv-ranga-rao-1837938.html}}</ref>

== Transport and connectivity ==
{{Main|Transport in Eluru}}

[[File:Eluru bus station at night.jpg|thumb|[[Eluru New bus station]]]]
Eluru has a diverse transportation system that includes auto rickshaws, bicycles, buses, and trains. Historically, the city had struggled with traffic congestion, particularly around railway gates at [[Vatluru]], Venkatraopet, Powerpet, [[Eluru Old bus station|old bus stand]], and Eastern Locks. This issue was due to the National Highway passing through the city, leading to significant traffic delays as vehicles rushed to cross railway gates both within the city and its outskirts.<ref name="old_overbridge">{{cite news |title=Old overbridge bearing brunt of growing traffic|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Old-overbridge-bearing-brunt-of-growing-traffic/article15905786.ece|access-date=13 May 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817160810/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Old-overbridge-bearing-brunt-of-growing-traffic/article15905786.ece }}</ref>
In response, the government constructed a mini bypass road connecting Eastern Locks and Vatluru. Despite these efforts, traffic problems persisted, partly due to the increase in vehicle numbers using the bypass road, which was originally part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral|Golden Quadrilateral programme]] completed in the late 1990s.<ref name="traffic1"/> The traffic on this road has nearly doubled since its completion.
Efforts to manage the congestion included constructing an underbridge at Venkatraopet, a railway overbridge at the old bus stand, and replacing the footbridge at Powerpet with a new bridge. Eluru's road network spans approximately 227.09 kilometers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |website=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016 }}</ref> Major routes include National Highway 16, the Grand National Trunk road, and the mini-bypass roads. Plans are underway to expand the mini-bypass road into a four-lane road to improve connectivity with nearby suburbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rain-dashes-ryots-hopes/article2399008.ece|title=Rain dashes ryots' hopes|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 August 2011 |archive-date= 17 August 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240817160810/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/rain-dashes-ryots-hopes/article2399008.ece}}</ref> The Grand National Trunk road is a 15-kilometer, six-lane road, while the Bypass road (NH-16) was expanded into a 6-lane road to ease traffic between Eluru and Vijayawada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-11/Traffic-gridlock-hits-Eluru-hard--180259|title=Traffic Problems in Eluru|date=11 October 2015 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918083453/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-10-11/Traffic-gridlock-hits-Eluru-hard/180259 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Realtors gear up for ORR boom|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Realtors-gear-up-for-ORR-boom/articleshow/11547314.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232341/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-19/hyderabad/30642860_1_orr-gannavaram-eluru |url-status= live |archive-date= 30 December 2013 |date= 19 January 2009 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>
Key arterial roads include Sanivarapupeta road, Ramachandra Rao Pet main road, Powerpet Station road, Court Centre Road, Rama Mahal Centre Road, ASR Stadium road, Kannaya Park Road, and Kotadibba Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/jan/07/emc-lays-emphasis-on-development-of-roads-1557005.html|title=EMC lays emphasis on development of roads|date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817160810/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/Jan/07/emc-lays-emphasis-on-development-of-roads-1557005.html }}</ref>

Eluru city has approximately 522,000 registered vehicles, with motorcycles being the most common, making up 77% of the total. Goods vehicles account for 12%, and auto rickshaws represent 5%. The city lacks a dedicated bus transport system and relies on APSRTC buses for intercity travel though its old and new bus stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/45-year-old-RTC-building-on-Eluru-Road-pulled-down/article14422019.ece|title=45-year-old RTC building on Eluru Road pulled down|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817160811/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/45-year-old-RTC-building-on-Eluru-Road-pulled-down/article14422019.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-01-14/Privatisation-of-RTC-lands-under-BOT-scheme-opposed/273617|title=Privatisation of RTC lands under BOT scheme opposed|date=14 January 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817160810/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-01-14/Privatisation-of-RTC-lands-under-BOT-scheme-opposed/273617 }}</ref> Auto rickshaws are the only available intermediate public transit, with 25,278 autos operating in the city. Footpaths are in poor condition and many locations lack zebra crossings. Despite urban areas in the former West Godavari district contributing 62% to walking and cycling, and 50% of places being within a cyclable distance. Eluru has 93 traffic centres,<ref name="traffic2"/> including 10 major junctions, but only 4 of these junctions are equipped with traffic signals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Comprehensive Action plan for Clean air in Non-attainment cities of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://cpcb.nic.in/Actionplan/Eluru.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818053349/https://cpcb.nic.in/Actionplan/Eluru.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Central Pollution Control Board |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board |pages=9–12}}</ref>

{{rws|Eluru}} is classified as an 'A–category station' in the [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone|South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Divisional info |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref> Apart from the main station, other stations that serve the city include {{rws|Powerpet}}, {{rws|Denduluru}} and {{rws|Vatluru}}. All these stations are on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Howrah-Chennai main line]]. [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]] is the nearest airport to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Air India plans daily flight between Vijayawada and Mumbai |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/air-india-plans-daily-flight-between-vijayawada-and-mumbai-899051 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817171909/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/air-india-plans-daily-flight-between-vijayawada-and-mumbai-899051}}</ref> Indian [[National Waterway 4]] (NW-4) is under development. It runs along the East Coast through [[Kakinada]], Rajahmundry, Eluru, Commanur, [[Buckingham Canal]], and part of the Krishna and Godavari rivers in South India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-05-29/Speed-up-acquisition-for-inland-waterways-Collector-tells-officials/231242|title=Speed up acquisition for inland waterways, Collector tells officials|date=29 May 2016|website=www.thehansindia.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124010458/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-05-29/Speed-up-acquisition-for-inland-waterways-Collector-tells-officials/231242|archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:ASR Stadium near railway station.jpg|thumb|Alluri Sita Ramaraju (ASR Stadium)]]
Cricket and soccer are the most popular sports in the city. Presently, the city has four stadium out of which [[Exhibition Ground, Eluru|Indoor Stadium]] and ASR Stadium hosted for [[Ranji Trophy]] in 1977. Other popular stadiums are Helapuri grounds, C.R. Reddy Cricket Stadium.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

=== Alluri Sitarama Raju Stadium ===
ASR stadium is located at {{coord|16|43|8|N|81|6|58|E}}.<ref name="thehansindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-05-08/ASR-Stadium-in-bad-shape/226764|title=ASR Stadium in bad shape|website=The Hans India|date=8 May 2016 |access-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163052/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-05-08/ASR-Stadium-in-bad-shape/226764|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="asr">{{cite news|last1=Nagaraja|first1=G|title=ASR Stadium to get facelift|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/asr-stadium-to-get-facelift/article6041083.ece|access-date=27 September 2015|work=The Hindu|date=23 May 2014|location=Eluru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023053144/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/asr-stadium-to-get-facelift/article6041083.ece|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> It had earlier hosted a Ranji Trophy match, handball, football and hockey tournaments.<ref name=asr /> The ground first held a single [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match in 1976 when [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]] played [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the 1976/77 Ranji Trophy,<ref>{{cite web |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/999_f.html|title=First-class Matches played on Exhibition Ground, Eluru|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=10 November 2011 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819163925/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/999_f.html }}</ref> which ended in a draw.<ref>{{cite web |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36603.html|title=Andhra v Hyderabad, 1976/77 Ranji Trophy|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=10 November 2011 |archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819163922/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36603.html}}</ref> It held Finals of Football League of West Godavari Matches in 2016. Current DSDO is Syed Azeez.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flow.football/default.aspx|title=FLOW|website=flow.football|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510031126/http://flow.football/default.aspx}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Aerial view of Siddhartha school in Tangellamudi, Eluru.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Siddhartha school in Tangellamudi]]
[[File:C.R.Reddy College Aerial View.jpg|thumb|Sir C.R.Reddy College of Engineering]]
Eluru plays a major role in education for urban and rural students from nearby villages.<ref name="education">{{Cite web |title=Eluru Municipal Corporation Schools |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/ELURU%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20SCHOOLS.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821041748/https://cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/ELURU%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20SCHOOLS.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> It has an average literacy rate of 83.90% with, according to the 2011 census, a total number of 155,894 who are literate. This includes, 80,434 men (88.13%) and 75,460 women (79.82%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Eluru City Population Census 2011 {{!}} Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/406-eluru.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224932/https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/406-eluru.html}}</ref> By the late 1850s, the Church Missionary Society had established several schools in Eluru, including the [[Mission school|Church Mission High School]], which began in 1854. This school was later taken over by the Eluru Municipality in 1920 and converted into a Government Junior College, significantly advancing local education.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=182}} Additionally, the Government started a Taluk School in Eluru in 1858, though it was eventually closed due to rivalry with the Church Mission High School.{{sfn|Ramesan|1979|p=187}} ''National College of Eluru'' was inaugurated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1921 as a part of 50 national schools established across Andhra.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=M. Venkateshwar |date=1998 |title=Non-cooperation movement and national education in colonial Andhra 1921 – 1922 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=59 (1998) |page=1091 |jstor=44147113 }}</ref>

Primary and secondary school education is provided by government, aided, and private schools, under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|website=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012956/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> According to the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, the urban area has around 160 schools. These include government, residential, private, municipal, and other types of schools. There are more than 100 private schools and 49 municipal schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 School Information|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016}}</ref> There are more than 30,000 students in these schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281726&mandalName=GUNTUR|title=R3.1 Student Information|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108200839/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281726&mandalName=GUNTUR}}</ref>

Sri Chintalapati Varaprasada Murthy Raju was the founder of Chintalpati Satyavathi Devi College (St. Therisa College) and three high schools in the name of [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian freedom fighters]]: Kasturiba Girls High School, Balagangadhar Tilak Oriental for Sanskrit, Duggirala Gopal Krishnayya. Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad High School (the only school with Urdu as medium of instruction in the district).<ref name="education" /> The [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Secondary School Certificate]], or the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] are the types of syllabus followed by schools.

The government plans to set up Municipal Corporation Junior College in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=AP Govt to raise the bar for municipal schools|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-02-09/AP-Govt-to-raise-the-bar-for-municipal-schools/279481|access-date=1 April 2017|work=The Hans India|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029155001/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-02-09/AP-Govt-to-raise-the-bar-for-municipal-schools/279481|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> Eluru city has ASRAM Medical college, [[Sir C.R. Reddy Educational Institutions]], St Joseph Dental College, Eluru College of Engineering and Technology, Ramachandra College of Engineering,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Landmark Moment: Ramachandra College of Engineering to Host NICC's First National Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/landmark-moment-ramachandra-college-of-engineering-to-host-niccs-first-national-cybersecurity-centre-of-excellence-in-andhra-pradesh/1803963/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818034801/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/landmark-moment-ramachandra-college-of-engineering-to-host-niccs-first-national-cybersecurity-centre-of-excellence-in-andhra-pradesh/1803963/ }}</ref> Helapuri Institute of Engineering and Science<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vellore |first=Siddharth Mohan Nair,Vignesh |date=21 March 2015 |title=Meet millions of India's engineers - unemployed or stuck in unrelated jobs |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/609 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818034801/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/609 }}</ref> are Engineering colleges present in and around Eluru.

== Research Institutions ==

[[File:Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research Building.jpg|thumb|Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research]]
The city is home to the ''Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://dopr.gov.in/Reports/LocationMap.pdf|title=Location map|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108173437/http://dopr.gov.in/Reports/LocationMap.pdf}}</ref> On 19 February 1995, the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] established the National Research Centre for Oil Palm (later renamed the Directorate of Oil Palm Research) in Pedavegi. In November 2014, the institute was upgraded to the Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR) to address the oil palm research needs across the country. IIOPR now functions as a hub for conducting and coordinating research on all aspects of oil palm, including conservation, improvement, production, protection, post-harvest technology, and technology transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICAR-IIOPR |url=https://iiopr.icar.gov.in/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=iiopr.icar.gov.in |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805071439/https://iiopr.icar.gov.in/ }}</ref>

== Notable people ==

Eluru has made significant contributions to Indian film and arts through several notable personalities.


* [[Arvind Krishna]] – Chairman and CEO of [[IBM]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Krishna Biography, Education, Family, Salary, Quotes |url=https://www.globalindian.com/profiles/arvind-krishna/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183907/https://www.globalindian.com/profiles/arvind-krishna/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Chodagam Ammanna Raja]] – Indian freedom movement activist; Rajya Sabha member
* [[Duvvuri Subbarao]] – Economist; 22nd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duvvuri Subbarao |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/profile/duvvuri-subbarao |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=www.iitk.ac.in |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183300/https://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/profile/duvvuri-subbarao |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kommareddi Suryanarayana]] – Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha member in Indian Parliament; Indian freedom activist
* [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] – Lawyer; professor; Justice Party leader; Governor and Chief Minister of Madras Presidency
* [[L. V. Prasad]] – Film producer; actor; director; cinematographer; businessman
* [[Mothey Vedakumari]] – Parliamentarian; singer
* [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] – Judge, Federal Court of Pakistan; Governor, East Pakistan
* [[Naga Shaurya]] – Film actor
* [[Pawan Kumar (cricketer, born 1970)|Pawan Kumar]] – Former cricketer for Andhra and Hyderabad
* [[Pasupuleti Kannamba]] – Actress; playback singer; film producer of Telugu cinema
* [[Sekhar Kammula]] – Film director; screenwriter; producer
* [[Silk Smitha]] – Film actress<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2020 |title=Silk Smitha's death continues to be a mystery even after 24 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/silk-smithas-death-continues-to-be-a-mystery-even-after-24-years/articleshow/78274181.cms |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717223010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/silk-smithas-death-continues-to-be-a-mystery-even-after-24-years/articleshow/78274181.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sitaram Rao Valluri]] – Engineer and Scientist<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=Remembering S R Valluri: Titan of Indian Aeronautics |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/article.html?n=flexing-muscles-in-space:-the-asat-success-&d=235 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |language=English |archive-date=17 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817105835/https://www.vayuaerospace.in/article.html?n=flexing-muscles-in-space:-the-asat-success-&d=235 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[V. N. Aditya]] – Film director; screenwriter
* [[Vijaya Bapineedu]] – Magazine editor; film screenwriter; director
* [[V. S. Ramadevi]] – First woman to become Chief Election Commissioner of India



== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Kolleru Bird Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book
| last = Prasad
| first = Durga
| year = 2012
| title = History of the Andhras upto 1565 AD
| publisher = P. G. Publishers
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Brown
| first = Charles Phillip
| author-link = Charles Philip Brown
| year = 1852
| title = English Translations of the "Exercises and Documents" Printed in the Telugu Reader
| publisher = C.M. Pereyra, at the Price Current Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RK1FAAAAcAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Unnisa
| first1 = Syeda Azeem
| last2 = Rav
| first2 = S. Bhupatthi
| title = Sustainable solid waste management
| year = 2013
| publisher = Apple Academic Press
| isbn = 978-1-926895-24-6
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z8mtD9N0jsC
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Francis
| first1 = W
| last2 = Nicholson
| first2 = Frederick
| last3 = Middlemiss
| first3 = C S
| last4 = Barber
| first4 = C A
| year = 1988
| title = Gazetteer of South India
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_RG2x2xDQ5UC
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Ramesan
| first = N
| year = 1979
| title = Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: West Godavari
| publisher = Government of Andhra Pradesh
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Evy8mgEACAAJ
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Hunter
| first=Sir William Wilson
| title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India
| year=1885
| publisher=Trübner & Company
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo8bAQAAIAAJ
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Goel
| first1=A K
| last2=Pande
| first2=Rekha
| last3=Madhavi
| first3=Ravulapati
| last4=Parveen
| first4=Zareena
| title=Telangana Land and People
| year=2023
| publisher=[[Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute of Telangana|Dr MCR Human Resource Development Institute]]
| isbn=978-81-957545-2-6
| edition=Volume 3
| location=Hyderabad
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Eluru}}
* [http://www.elurumunicipalcorporation.com/ Eluru Municipal Corporation website]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ellore |short=x}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Eluru topics}}
{{Eluru district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Eluru| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Eluru district]]

Taj Mahal Palace Hotel

2026-03-24T11:05:06Z

AidanHeim7993963: quick update

{{Short description|Five-star hotel in Colaba, Mumbai, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = The Taj Mahal Palace
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = Taj Mahal Palace Hotel photo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9220|72.8333|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| opening_date = {{start date and age|16 December 1903}}
| developer =
| architect = Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya,
D.N. Mirza
| operator =
| owner = [[Taj Hotels]]
| number_of_restaurants = 9
| number_of_rooms = 600
| number_of_suites = 44
| floor_area =
| floor_count = 6 floors in The Taj Mahal Palace, 20 floors in the Taj Mahal Tower
| parking =
| main_contractor = [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]]
| website = [https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/hotels/taj-mahal-palace-mumbai ''Official website'']
| footnotes =
}}
'''The Taj Mahal Palace''' is a heritage, five-star, luxury hotel in the [[Colaba]] area of [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India, situated next to the [[Gateway of India]]. Built in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] style, it opened in 1903 as the '''Taj Mahal Hotel''', and has historically often been known simply as "The Taj". The hotel is named after the [[Taj Mahal]], which is located in the city of [[Agra]], approximately {{convert|1050|km|mi}} from Mumbai. It has been considered one of the finest hotels in the East since the time of the [[British Raj]]. The hotel was one of the main targets in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].

Part of the [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]], the hotel has 560 or 600 rooms and 44 suites and is considered the flagship property of the group; it employs 1,500 staff. The hotel is made up of two different structures: the Taj Mahal Palace and the Tower, which are historically and architecturally distinct from each other (the Taj Mahal Palace was built in 1903; the Tower was opened in 1972).

== History ==
===Early years===
[[File:Taj Mahal Hotel, Bombay, KITLV 1401209.tiff|thumb|left|The Taj Mahal Hotel, {{c.|1935}}]]
[[File:The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel.jpg|thumb|left|The original entrance on the west side; now the site of the hotel pool]]

==== Pre Independence ====
The '''Taj Mahal Hotel''' was commissioned by [[Jamsetji Tata]] and opened its doors to guests on 16 December 1903.

An oft-repeated story concerning the reasoning behind the construction of the hotel was Tata being refused admission into [[Watson's Hotel]], as it was reserved for Europeans. The validity of this has been challenged by writer Charles Allen, who wrote that Tata was unlikely to care about such a slight to the extent that he would construct a new hotel. Instead, Allen writes, the Taj was built at the urging of the editor of ''[[The Times of India]],'' who felt a hotel "worthy of Bombay" was needed, and as a "gift to the city he loved" by Tata.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/dec/03/taj-mahal-hotel-mumbai | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=The Taj Mahal hotel will, as before, survive the threat of destruction | date=3 December 2008 | access-date=24 May 2010 | first=Charles | last=A}}</ref>

Originally, the main entrance was on the land-facing side, where the pool now sits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/a-monument-to-love-mumbais-taj-mahal/article1385285.ece|title=A monument to love – Mumbai's Taj Mahal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=November 29, 2008}}</ref>

==== 1950–1970 ====
By 1966, the Taj Mahal Hotel had become neglected and run-down, perhaps as a result of losing the British customers after [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]].<ref>{{YouTube|id=TRo9T-aGjE4|title=Last Batch Of British Troops Leave India (1948) {{!}} British Pathé}}</ref> The Taj Mahal Hotel was home to legendary jazz musician Micky Correa, "The Sultan of Swing", from 1936 to 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/d71vX14TxwTNdjAKK8c4PJ/Excerpt--Long-gone-blues.html|title=Excerpt | Long gone blues|date=3 December 2011|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Taj Mahal Foxtrot: The Story of Bombay's Jazz Age|date=November 16, 2012|first=Naresh|last=Fernandes|publisher=Roli Books}}</ref>

===Expansion===
{{Cubemap viewer|faces=Pano-20230403-Taj-Mumbai-Grandstaircase|caption=Grand staircase of the hotel|yaw=0|pitch=-5|arrowcontrols=|hfov=97|zoomcontrols=|horizontal adjust=10}}
[[File:Taj Mahal Tower.jpg|thumb|140px|left|The 1972 wing, today called The Taj Mahal Tower]]

Management of the Taj Mahal Hotel was franchised to [[Pan Am]]'s [[InterContinental|Inter-Continental Hotels]] division in 1972<ref>{{cite web | url=https://digitalcollections.library.miami.edu/digital/collection/asm0341/id/2980/rec/32 | title=Page 10 }}</ref> and it was renamed '''The Taj Mahal Inter-Continental''', with the new tower wing opening that same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/the-taste-with-vir-sanghvi-here-s-why-indians-shy-away-from-hotels-with-foreign-brand-names/story-heI6UfseUQbflBvWF75TBJ.html|title=The Taste with Vir Sanghvi: Here's why Indians shy away from hotels with foreign brand names|date=11 April 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Known today as The Taj Mahal Tower,<ref>{{cite news|author=Shyamal Majumdar |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-story-of-taj-111121700080_1.html |title=The story of Taj | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=17 December 2011 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref> it was designed jointly by Daraius Batliwala and Rustom Patell, with the latter having a greater focus later on.<ref>{{cite web |author=Credits |url=http://www.architecturaldigest.com/ad/travel/hotels/2008-09/taj_slideshow_092008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140911110501/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/ad/travel/hotels/2008-09/taj_slideshow_092008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2014 |title=AD Hotels: The Taj Mahal Palace Tower Photos |publisher=Architectural Digest |date=2008-08-31 |access-date=2018-06-02 }}</ref> The Tower was built on the site of the historic Green's Hotel, constructed as flats in 1890, and operated by Tata as a hotel from 1904 until its [[demolition]] to build the Tower.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://metromod.net/2019/03/09/strange-bedfellows-the-taj-and-greens/ |title = Strange Bedfellows: The Taj and Green's — METROMOD| date=9 March 2019 }}</ref>

=== 2008 Mumbai attacks ===
[[File:Taj_mahal_dedistorted.jpg|thumb|A view of hotel with smoke during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|attack]]|alt=]]
{{Main|2008 Mumbai attacks}}
[[File:Secretary Clinton Signs Memorial Book at Taj Mahal Palace Hotel (3731618418).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary Hillary Clinton at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in July 2009]]
[[File:Mumbai_Skyline_from_Elephanta_boat.jpg|thumb|[[Gateway of India]], Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and [[Mumbai]] skyline from [[Elephanta Island]] ferry]]

Taj Mahal Palace Hotel was specifically chosen by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a [[terrorism|terror]] group who attacked multiple targets,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/11/ten-years-after-mumbai-the-group-responsible-is-deadlier-than-ever/|title=Ten Years After Mumbai, the Group Responsible is Deadlier Than Ever|date=2018-11-26|website=War on the Rocks|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> for an attack intended to strike "a blow against a symbol of Indian wealth and progress".<ref>{{cite web|last=Foster |first=Peter |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3529804/Bombay-terror-attacks-Why-the-Taj-Mahal-Hotel-was-chosen.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3529804/Bombay-terror-attacks-Why-the-Taj-Mahal-Hotel-was-chosen.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Bombay terror attacks: Why the Taj Mahal Hotel was chosen |publisher=Telegraph |date=2008-11-27 |access-date=2018-06-02}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The hotel was attacked on 26 November 2008, during which material damage occurred, including the destruction of the hotel's roof in the hours following.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks|title=Dozens still held hostage in Mumbai after a night of terror attacks|access-date=28 November 2008|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2008 | location=London | first=Randeep | last=Ramesh}}</ref> [[Hostage|Hostages]] were taken during the attacks, and at least 167 people were killed, including many foreigners. The casualties were mostly Indian citizens, although westerners carrying foreign passports were singled out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSQtBBtiQFk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/nSQtBBtiQFk |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Mumbai 26/11 terror attack- Taj Mahal hotel under siege|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Indian commandos killed the terrorists barricaded in the hotel, to end the three-day battle on 29 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDROrLtc6GM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/JDROrLtc6GM |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=Terror in Mumbai |publisher=YouTube |date=2014-01-21 |access-date=2018-06-02}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At least [[Casualties of the 2008 Mumbai attacks#Casualties at Taj Mahal Hotel|31 died at the Taj]]. Approximately 450 people were staying in the Taj Mahal Palace and Hotel at the time of the siege.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7754438.stm|title=Timeline: Mumbai under attack |access-date=3 December 2008|work=BBC News|date=1 December 2008}}</ref> The attack was planned using information compiled by [[David Headley]], a Pakistani-American, who had stayed at the hotel multiple times.

Soon after this on 30 November, Tata chairman [[Ratan Tata]] said in an interview with [[CNN]]'s [[Fareed Zakaria]] that they had received advance warning of the attacks and that some countermeasures had been taken. These may have been relaxed before the attack, but in any case were easily sidestepped by the operatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.hotel|title=Taj Mahal Hotel chairman: We had warning|access-date=6 September 2013|publisher=CNN|date=29 November 2008|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204053138/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.hotel/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The less-damaged sections of the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower hotel reopened on 21 December 2008. It took several months to rebuild the popular heritage section of the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel.<ref>{{cite news | first=Anjana | last=Pasricha | title=Mumbai's Attacked Hotels Reopen | date=21 December 2009 | url =http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-12-21-voa10.cfm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081222135307/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-12-21-voa10.cfm | url-status =dead | archive-date =22 December 2008 | work =[[Voice of America]] | access-date = 22 December 2008 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In 2017, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel acquired an image [[trademark]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Vantage Asia Editor |url=https://www.vantageasia.com/trademarking-the-taj/ |title=Trademarking the Taj |date=2 February 2018 |publisher=Vantageasia.com |access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref> the first building in the country to secure [[intellectual property rights|intellectual-property-right]] protection for its [[architectural design]].<ref>{{cite news |title=114-year-old Taj Palace becomes first Indian building to get trademark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/taj-palace-first-building-to-get-trademark/articleshow/59210141.cms |access-date=17 September 2019 |newspaper=Times of India|date=19 June 2017|first1=Reeba|last1=Zachariah|first2=Vipashana|last2=V K}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=Jun 19, 2017|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mumbais-taj-palace-becomes-first-indian-building-get-trademark-731304 |title=Mumbai's Taj Palace becomes first Indian building to get trademark|work=International Business Times India |access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbais-taj-mahal-palace-hotel-acquires-image-trademark-4712121/ |title=Mumbai's Taj Mahal Palace hotel acquires image trademark |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=2018-06-02|author=PTI|date=19 June 2017 |author-link=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== In media ==
* The hotel is the primary setting of the novel ''Night in Bombay'' (1940) by the American novelist [[Louis Bromfield]].
* It has also been mentioned in the short story "Sahab Bahadur" by Indian writer Sultan Rashed Mirza, Farhat Ullah Baaaig, and in the novel ''Delinquent Chacha'' by [[Ved Mehta]].
* It was portrayed as a dream destination for a schoolboy to visit in the Marathi movie ''Taryanche Bait''.
* [[Michael Palin]] spent the night in the hotel in episode 4 of ''[[Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days]]''.
* The hotel is the setting for the 2015 film ''[[Taj Mahal (2015 film)|Taj Mahal]]''.
* The hotel is the setting for the 2018 film ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'' about the attacks, starring [[Dev Patel]] and [[Armie Hammer]].
* Hotel Grand Palace is another name for Hotel Taj Mahal{{dubious|date=August 2018}}. This name has been used by people as a translation of the [[Hindi]] version of Taj Mahal, especially by authors. Such authors as [[Jeffrey Archer]] have used this term in their novels.
*The hotel was the subject of a four-part [[BBC Two]] [[fly on the wall]] [[documentary]] series starting in August 2014, called ''Hotel India''.<ref name=indy>{{cite news|last1=Leadbeater|first1=Chris|title=Hotel India: Mumbai's Taj Mahal Palace leaves its darker days behind|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/hotel-india-mumbais-taj-mahal-palace-leaves-its-darker-days-behind-9692129.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/hotel-india-mumbais-taj-mahal-palace-leaves-its-darker-days-behind-9692129.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2014|work=The Independent|date=26 August 2014}}</ref>
*The hotel was a shooting location for [[Christopher Nolan]]'s film ''[[Tenet]]'', released in August 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/christopher-nolan-to-film-tenet-action-scene-at-mumbai-s-colaba-causeway-taj-mahal-hotel-here-s-when/story-g5PwLTTOtGggXoqDmz7m7I.html|title=Christopher Nolan to film Tenet action scene at Mumbai's Colaba Causeway, Taj Mahal Hotel; here's when|date=August 28, 2019|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190903104211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/christopher-nolan-to-film-tenet-action-scene-at-mumbai-s-colaba-causeway-taj-mahal-hotel-here-s-when/story-g5PwLTTOtGggXoqDmz7m7I.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{cite book|first1=William|last1=Warren|first2=Jill|last2=Gocher|title=Asia's Legendary Hotels: The Romance of Travel|location=Singapore|publisher=[[Periplus Editions]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7946-0174-4}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Main Dome of Taj Mahal Palace Hotel.jpg|The dome of the hotel's old wing
File:The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel (Night View).jpg|An evening view of the hotel
File:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background (cropped).jpg|A view of the hotel with the [[Gateway of India]], as seen from the [[Arabian Sea]]
File:Taj Mahal Hotel, Bombay postcard (1908).jpg|The hotel, on a postcard, 1908
</gallery>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hotels|India|Architecture}}
* [[Leopold Cafe]]
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
* [[Oberoi Trident]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*[https://www.themouvement.org/guide/10-most-expensive-hotels-in-india/ "Most expensive hotel in India"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063650/https://www.themouvement.org/guide/10-most-expensive-hotels-in-india/ |date=1 December 2023 }}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Official website|https://www.tajhotels.com/en-in/hotels/taj-mahal-palace-mumbai/}}

{{Tata Group}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
{{2008 Mumbai attacks}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, The}}
[[Category:The Leading Hotels of the World]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 1903]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1903]]
[[Category:Hotels in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Domes]]

[[he:מתקפת הטרור במומבאי (2008)#מלון טאג' מאהל]]

COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal

2026-03-22T12:28:55Z

AidanHeim7993963: add formatting

{{short description|Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Update|date=September 2024 |inaccurate=y}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| nam =
| map4 =
| legend4 =
| map5 =
| legend5 =
| disease = [[COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[West Bengal, India]]
| first_case = [[Kolkata]]
| arrival_date = 18 March 2020 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=18|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})
| date = 1 November 2021
| origin = [[Wuhan]], Hubei, [[China]]
| confirmed_cases = 16,05,794
| active_cases = 8,027
| recovery_cases = 15,78,434
| deaths = 19,333
| fatality_rate = 1.20%
| territories = All 23 districts
| website = {{URL|www.wbhealth.gov.in}}
}}

[[File:Kumar h.jpg|thumb|Panning of vegetable seller's alternative transportation in [[Sonarpur]] due to COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal]]

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was first confirmed in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] on 17 March 2020 in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/west-bengal-reports-first-positive-case-of-coronavirus/articleshow/74680463.cms|title=West Bengal reports first positive case of coronavirus|date=2020-03-18|work=India Times}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health and Family Welfare department]] of [[Government of West Bengal]] has confirmed a total of 13,43,442 COVID-19 positive cases, including 1,09,806 active cases, 15,120 deaths and 12,18,516 recoveries, as of 28 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/WB_DHFW_Bulletin_9th_MAY_REPORT_FINAL1.pdf|title=WEST BENGAL COVID-19 HEALTH BULLETIN – 9 th MAY 2021|publisher=wbhealth.gov.in|access-date=2021-05-10|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510112851/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/WB_DHFW_Bulletin_9th_MAY_REPORT_FINAL1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal|url=https://www.covid19india.org/state/WB|access-date=26 July 2020|website=covid19india}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Timeline==

===February===

'''4 February''': A Kolkata Airport passenger was kept under hospitalization. Later he was tested negative.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Media_Bulletin_West_Bengal_04.02_.2020_(final_draft)(1)_.pdf|title=nCoV Bulletin as on 04.02.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729033318/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Media_Bulletin_West_Bengal_04.02_.2020_(final_draft)(1)_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===March===

'''17 March''': One male, aged 18 years who had returned from the UK on 15 March, was tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_17.03_.2020(1)_.pdf|title=nCoV Bulletin as on 17.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028093524/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_17.03_.2020(1)_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''20 March''': One male, aged 22 years who had returned from the UK on 13 March, was tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_20.03_.2020_.pdf|title=nCoV Bulletin as on 20.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814070808/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_20.03_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''21 March''': One female, aged 23 years who had returned from Scotland on 19 March, was tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_21.03_.2020_.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 21.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814071718/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_21.03_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''22 March''': One male, aged 57 years who was admitted to a private facility in North Kolkata, was tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_22.03_.2020_.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 22.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120012103/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_22.03_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''23 March''': First COVID-19 death was reported as the 57-year-old male patient expired at the private facility. He was a railway employee and recently came from Bilaspur. Two males (48 years and 20 years) and one female (47 years), who were in direct contacts of a positive case, were tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_23.03_.2020_.pdf|title=nCoV Bulletin as on 23.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815040950/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_23.03_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''24 March''': One 58-year-old male, who returned from Egypt and one 55-year-old female, who returned from the UK, were tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/33445566-converted_(1)1.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 24.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831173043/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/33445566-converted_(1)1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''26 March''': One male, aged 66 years who was admitted to a private facility in South Kolkata, was tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_26.03_.2020_.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 26.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012174551/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_26.03_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''27 March''': One male (aged 11 years) and four females (aged 27 years, 45 years, 6 years and 9 months), all belonging to a close group of siblings and relatives, were tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_27.03_.2020(1)_.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 27.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114051015/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_27.03_.2020(1)_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> They came in contact with a positive case in Delhi who came from the UK on 16 March.

'''28 March''': Two females, aged 76 years and 56 years who both were kept under quarantine for coming in direct contact with one previously COVID-19 positive case, were tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_28.03_.2020(1)_.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 28.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122201631/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_28.03_.2020(1)_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> They came in contact with their close relatives who came from the US and Singapore.

'''29 March''': One female of about 44 years who was admitted to a government hospital in [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] on 28 March and had travel history to Thailand and Kerala, was found positive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/first-coronavirus-positive-case-reported-in-north-bengal-west-bengals-tally-rises-to-18/articleshow/74868094.cms|title=এ বার উত্তরবঙ্গে করোনার হানা, আক্রান্ত কালিম্পঙের মহিলা|language=bn|date=2020-03-29|work=Ei Samay|archive-date=2 December 2020|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202190240/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/others/first-coronavirus-positive-case-reported-in-north-bengal-west-bengals-tally-rises-to-18/articleshow/74868094.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''30 March''': The female of 44 years from Kalimpong district expired at a government hospital in [[Siliguri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_30.03_.2020_.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 30.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411104104/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_30.03_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another female of 48 years, who expired at a government hospital in Howrah with a case of Severe Acute Respiratory Illness, was later found COVID-19 positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/bul31-01042020173506.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 31.03.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121308/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/bul31-01042020173506.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''31 March''': One male, who was aged 57 years and had Severe Acute Respiratory Illness, expired at a private facility in Howrah. He was tested positive. Total death count at the end of this month is 4.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-man-dies-in-west-bengal-toll-rises-to-4/article31222156.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Man dies in West Bengal, toll rises to 4|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2020-03-31|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay}}</ref>

===April===

'''1 April''': One male, aged 57 years having [[kidney failure]] and one male, aged 50 years having [[hypertension|high blood pressure]] and other co-morbid conditions, expired early in the morning. Both of them were reportedly tested positive, which is a subject to confirmation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_01.04_.2020_.pdf|title=nCoV bulletin as on 01.04.2020|website=WB Health Portal|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901162130/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_01.04_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== July ===
'''15 July:''' Death toll reaches 1,000.

'''23 July:''' Total positive cases cross 50,000

==Testing==
=== Facilities ===
As of 22 July, the state has 56 laboratories approved by [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] for testing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/labs/Govt_Labs_28042020.pdf|title=Govt_Labs_28042020.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/labs/Pvt_Labs_28042020.pdf|title=Pvt_Labs_28042020.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The total number of testing in West Bengal is still lagging in comparison with states with similar economic stature, for example, the state of Rajasthan has conducted more than 5 lakh tests as of 08/06/2020, whereas the state of West Bengal has done around 2.6 lakh tests until this date. To date, West Bengal has the capacity of testing little more than 9000 samples in a day whereas Rajasthan has built the capacity of testing ~12000 samples per day.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

* Total Number of government hospitals treating COVID-19: 196
* Total Number of private hospitals treating COVID-19: 7

=== Statistics ===
{{Graph:Chart
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| x = 2020-03-18,2020-03-19,2020-03-20,2020-03-21,2020-03-22,2020-03-23,2020-03-24,2020-03-25,2020-03-26,2020-03-27,2020-03-28,2020-03-29,2020-03-30,2020-03-31,2020-04-01,2020-04-02,2020-04-03,2020-04-04,2020-04-05,2020-04-06,2020-04-07,2020-04-08,2020-04-09,2020-04-10,2020-04-11,2020-04-12,2020-04-13,2020-04-14,2020-04-15,2020-04-16,2020-04-17,2020-04-18,2586020-04-19,2020-04-20,2020-04-21,2020-04-22,2020-04-23,2020-04-24,2020-04-25,2020-04-26,2020-04-27,2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10,2020-05-19, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-06-05, 2021-10-04, 2021-10-24
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| y1Title=Samples tested
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== Government Activities ==
Districts of West Bengal were classified as red, orange, or green zones, with red zones having the strictest regulations and green zones having the least strict regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wb.gov.in/containment-zones-in-west-bengal.aspx|title=District Wise Containment Zones by Government of West Bengal|website=West Bengal State Portal|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Bulletin-0428">{{cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_28.04_.2020_.pdf|title=Bulletin_West_Bengal_28.04_.2020_.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Bulletin-0429">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_29.04_.2020_.pdf|title=Bulletin_West_Bengal_29.04_.2020_.pdf|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901171907/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_29.04_.2020_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bulletin-0430">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/corona/Bulletin_West_Bengal_30.04_.2020_.pdf|title=Bulletin_West_Bengal_30.04_.2020_.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''14 March''': Government on Saturday announced that all schools, colleges and universities in the state will remain closed until 31 March, in the view of evolving situation on the spread of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/coronavirus-west-bengal-government-closes-all-educational-institutions-till-march-31/article31068116.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} West Bengal government closes all educational institutions till March 31|date=2020-03-14|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

'''17 March''': State government stepped up its defence with chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] announcing the closure of educational institutions until 15 April. She said that even ICDS would be closed until 15 April and two kilograms of rice and potatoes would be sent to the children directly so that the meals can be cooked at home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/kolkata-schools-remain-shut-till-15-april-cm-1502866833.html|title=Kolkata schools to remain shut till 15 April: CM|date=2020-03-17|work=The Statesman}}</ref>

'''21 March''': The government has mandated a partial work-from-home system for 7.9 crore people who get subsidized rations. The CM promised that government will give free ration to the poor until September.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-from-home-for-govt-staff-free-ration-for-7-9cr-poor-in-state/articleshow/74740241.cms|title=Work-from-home for government staff, free ration for 7.9 crore poor in West Bengal|date=2020-03-21|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

'''23 March''': West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee announced Monday that the state government is creating a Rs 200 crore fund to deal with the impact of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/coronavirus-lockdown-what-states-are-doing-to-help-the-poor-and-unorganised-workers/388156/|title=Coronavirus lockdown: What states are doing to help the poor and unorganised workers|date=2020-03-25|work=The Print}}</ref>

'''24 March''': Entire West Bengal was brought under lock down until 31 March.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/entire-west-bengal-brought-under-lockdown-till-march-31/articleshow/74792486.cms|title=Entire West Bengal brought under lockdown till March 31|date=2020-03-24|work=India Times}}</ref>

'''25 March''': West Bengal Government converts Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, for isolation of people suspected with Coronavirus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/west-bengal-converts-state-run-hospital-in-kolkata-into-covid-19-isolation-and-treatment-facility-8188681.html|title=West Bengal converts state-run hospital in Kolkata into COVID-19 isolation and treatment facility|work=Firstpost|date=2020-03-25}}</ref>

'''30 March''': West Bengal government issues order to authorities of every districts to set up temporary arrangements of shelter and food to migrants and poor.<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{Cite news|date=2020-03-30|title=Coronavirus Lockdown: West Bengal govt asks districts to set up temporary shelters for poor, migrants|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/coronavirus-lockdown-west-bengal-govt-asks-districts-to-set-up-temporary-shelters-for-poor-migrants-819107.html}}</ref>

==Allegations against West Bengal Government==
[[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] and her government was widely criticised of the handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]] and was accused of concealing facts by the opposition and critics.<ref name="FBCOVID" >{{cite news |url =https://www.firstpost.com/india/coronavirus-outbreak-mamata-banerjee-displays-little-cooperation-even-as-opposition-unites-to-stand-behind-centre-8239541.html|quote=Again, on 2 April, while seven coronavirus deaths in the state were confirmed by its health department, the figure was soon revised to three. |title =Coronavirus Outbreak: Mamata Banerjee displays little cooperation even as Opposition unites to stand behind Centre|publisher =Firstpost |author =Debobrat Ghose|date= 8 April 2020|access-date =9 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="IndiaTodayCovid">{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/bjp-mamata-banerjee-coronavirus-bengal-tablighi-jamaat-1664619-2020-04-08|title =Is hiding Jamaat cases about vote bank: BJP asks Mamata on Bengal coronavirus numbers|date= 8 April 2020|access-date = 9 April 2020 |quote =The BJP has accused Mamata Banerjee of indulging in vote bank politics after the West Bengal Chief Minister refused to share update on those who attended the Tablighi Jamaat event in Delhi, identified as a hotspot for the spread of novel coronavirus.|publisher =India Today}}</ref> The opposition accused Mamata of playing "appeasement politics" amid the COVID-19 crisis. On 1 April, Banerjee claimed that the [[West Bengal Government]] have already traced 54 people who attended the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] religious gathering during the COVID-19 Outbreak, and 44 of them are foreigners. Although according to a report by central security agencies, 232 people had attended the Delhi's Tablighi Jamaat event from West Bengal. Of this, 123 are Indian nationals and 109 are foreigners.<ref name="IndiaTodayCovid"/><ref name="CovidPrint">{{cite news |url =https://theprint.in/politics/mamata-calls-questions-on-tablighi-event-communal-avoids-giving-any-answers/397453/|publisher =ThePrint|title =Mamata calls questions on Tablighi event 'communal', avoids giving any answers|quote =West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee Tuesday declined to give an update on the status of the people from the state who had attended Delhi's Tablighi Jamaat congregation, telling the media to not ask "communal questions".|date=7 April 2020|author=Madhuparna Das|access-date =9 April 2020}}</ref> Sooner she clarified that her government has acted swiftly after the Nizamuddin area was declared as a hotspot where nearly 2,300 people were staying despite the lockdown. She further added that the government has quarantined 177 people, including 108 foreigners, who attended the Tablighi Jamaat congregation at the Nizamuddin Markaz.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-reveals-tablighi-jamaat-figure-108-foreigners-69-other-attendees-quarantined-in-west-bengal/1923296/|title=Mamata Banerjee reveals Tablighi Jamaat figure: 108 foreigners, 69 other attendees quarantined in West Bengal|work=Financial Express|date=2020-04-09}}</ref><ref>[http://www.businessworld.in/article/177-Tablighi-Jamaat-Attendees-Quarantined-In-WB-Says-Mamata-Banerjee/09-04-2020-188663/ 177 Tablighi Jamaat Attendees Quarantined In WB Says Mamata Banerjee – BW Businessworld]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/tablighi-jamaat-case-108-foreigners-69-other-attendees-quarantined-in-west-bengal-291541|title=Tablighi Jamaat case: 108 foreigners, 69 other attendees quarantined in West Bengal|work=WION|date=2020-04-09}}</ref>

The West Bengal Government has been also criticised for not sending enough samples to the [[National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases]] (NICED) for testing.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/central-lab-says-mamata-govt-not-sending-enough-samples-for-covid-19-tests-as-bengal-reports-fewer-cases-1666467-2020-04-13|title =Mamata govt not sending enough samples for Covid-19 testing, says central lab director|date =April 13, 2020|publisher =[[India Today]] |quote =Responding to Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee's complaints about lack of testing kits in West Bengal, Dutta said ICMR has dispatched 42,500 kits to NICED so far.|author =Indrajit Kundu|location =[[Kolkata]]|access-date =14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url =https://thewire.in/government/west-bengal-covid-19-testing|title =COVID-19: Data Shows West Bengal's Testing Is the Lowest Among Larger States|publisher =[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|quote =West Bengal has conducted 1,889 tests as on April 9, according to the data furnished by the state health department. A total of 144,910 samples from 130,792 individuals have been tested as on April 9, 2020, 9 pm across India, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) said.|location =[[Kolkata]] |date =11 April 2020|author =Himadri Ghosh|access-date =14 April 2020}}</ref> West Bengal test numbers saw some rise after talks between government and NICED. According to them, this will be scaled up further in coming days.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-test-numbers-rise-after-talks-between-govt-and-niced/articleshow/75130638.cms |title=West Bengal test numbers rise after talks between government and NICED |work=The Times of India |date=2020-04-14 |access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

The West Bengal Government has also been recommended to ensure transparency, genuine and verifiable data of COVID-19 by the West Bengal Doctors Forum (WBDF), as doctors cannot afford to send wrong signals to the world. The doctors also hit out at the idea of the bureaucratic system to identify the death of COVID-19 patients. Their spokesperson claimed that every doctor is qualified enough and does not need a committee for such certification.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-doctors-forum-hits-out-at-govt-says-not-enough-tests-being-conducted-1667141-2020-04-15 |title=West Bengal doctors forum hits out at govt, says not enough tests being conducted |website=indiatoday.in |date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
On April 25, 2020, The WB Govt admitted that 57 COVID-19 patients died but also said that 39 from comorbidities, after Inter Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) seeks report. The IMCT also pointed out flaws of the Govt in their letter to the Chief Secretary Rajiva Sinha, in which the letter read:
{{blockquote|There were a large number of patients in the isolation wards of Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI) as well as MR Bangur hospitals awaiting COVID test results for five days or longer. Specifically at CNCI, there were four patients awaiting test result since April 16, 2020, two patients awaiting test result since April 17, 2020, and three since April 18, 2020. Some of the patients have tested negative. It is not clear why the test results should take such a long time and there is a danger of COVID-19 negative patient acquiring the infection in the hospital while awaiting test result<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/imct-seeks-report-on-audit-committee-bengal-says-panel-set-up-to-keep-track-of-direct-covid-19-deaths-2591585.html|title=Bengal Admits 57 COVID-19 Patients Died, But Says 39 From Comorbidities After Central Team Seeks Report}}</ref>}}

== Leakage Of Covid-19 Test Reports ==
On February 18, 2021, [[News18]] reported that Sourajeet Majumder, an independent security researcher, had discovered that the official Government site of West Bengal Health & Family Welfare Department was leaking over 1 Lakh reports of COVID-19 tests done in the state. These reports contained sensitive information in them like patient's name, age, residence address, address of referring hospital (in some cases) and the exact date and time of testing which according to Sourajeet could be easily accessed by anyone and could contribute significantly to identity scams, cyber blackmail efforts and identity thefts.<ref name="News18">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Shouvik |title=West Bengal Health Dept Left Over 1 Lakh Covid-19 Reports Exposed to Public Search |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/west-bengal-health-dept-1-lakh-covid-19-reports-exposed-3448106.html |work=[[News18]] |date=18 February 2021}}</ref>

Majumder reached out to [[Indian Computer Emergency Response Team|CERT-In]], who acknowledged the breach to Majumder. Sourajeet also claimed that he had reached out to the system coordinator, who manages the West Bengal State Health Department website. However, as per February 18, 2021, the concerned person issued no response.<ref name="News18" />

==Emergency Relief Fund Appeal by the West Bengal Government==
In the wake of the pandemic situation, the West Bengal Government appealed to contribute in the West Bengal State Emergency Relief Fund and assist the State in prevention and control of COVID-19 situation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awareness & Prevention of COVID-19 |url=https://wb.gov.in/COVID-19.aspx}}</ref>

==Non Government Organization Efforts==
[[File:Baranagar Mission- COVID-19 Relief Services(0).jpg|thumb|COVID-19 relief services by [[Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School|Baranagar Ramakrishna Mission]] during second wave of COVID-19 in 2021.]]
Many Non Government Organizations, Clubs, Religious Organizations, Political Parties, Persons and NRIs take part in COVID-19 Pandemic control besides Government Efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civic organizations come forward to lend their helping hands amid Covid crisis in West Bengal|url=http://newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=416719|access-date=2021-05-20|website=newsonair.com}}</ref>

[[Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]] was continuing the relief services to the families affected by the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic during first wave of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.belurmath.org/covid-19-pandemic-relief-services-by-ramakrishna-mission-baranagar-6026/|title=COVID-19 Pandemic Relief Services By Ramakrishna Mission, Baranagar|website=belurmath.org|date=21 April 2020|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> Ex-students of this school organised a COVID relief fund and delivered much-needed [[oxygen]], food, and necessary things to [[COVID-19]] affected patients and their families of [[Baranagar]] and neighborhood areas of [[North Kolkata]] during second wave of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.sangbadpratidin.in/epaper/edition/2740/sangbad-pratidin-24-05-21/page/2|title=আক্রান্তদের পাশে বরানগর রামকৃষ্ণ মিশন প্রাক্তনীরা|publisher=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|website=sangbadpratidin.in|language=bn|date=24 May 2021|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>

[[Red Volunteers]] are providing ground level helps to COVID-19 affected citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Red Volunteers Swing to Action as West Bengal Faces Covid Crisis with 15,889 New Cases|url=https://www.newsclick.in/red-volunteers-swing-action-west-bengal-faces-covid-crisis-15889-new-cases|access-date=2021-05-20|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref>

West Bengal Doctors Forum, a non-government organization of doctors joined hands with SwitchON to provide free telemedicine services.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Krishnendu|last1=Bandyopadhyay|date=May 11, 2021|first2=Sumati|last2= Yengkhom |title=Docs, NGOs join hands to help patients with Cov care|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/docs-ngos-join-hands-to-help-patients-with-cov-care/articleshow/82533835.cms|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In light of increased oxygen demand in second wave of COVID-19, a Kolkata-based non-government organization liver foundation in collaboration with the West Bengal government's health department started a project called 'Oxygen on Wheels' to provide free oxygen to those in need.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 15, 2021|first=Suryagni|last=Roy|title='Oxygen on Wheels': NGO to provide free oxygen to Kolkata's Covid patients|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/-oxygen-on-wheels-ngo-to-provide-free-oxygen-to-kolkata-s-covid-patients-1802762-2021-05-15|access-date=2021-05-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Doctors from R.G. Kar Medical College developed People Care Network App to organize COVID-19 related leads and resources to help citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=কোথা থেকে পাবেন অক্সিজেন? খোঁজ দেবে R.G Kar হাসপাতালের জুনিয়র ডাক্তারের তৈরি অ্যাপ|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/technology/where-do-you-get-oxygen-find-the-app-created-by-rg-kar-hospitals-junior-doctor_380378.html|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Zee24Ghanta.com|language=bn}}</ref>

An NGO from West Bengal, working for underprivileged started locating people with COVID-19 Symptoms and providing medical help.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Covid: City-based NGO team to locate people with symptoms|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/city-based-ngo-team-to-to-locate-people-with-covid-symptoms-and-provide-medical-help/cid/1815625|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
* [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory]]
* [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]

{{Portal bar|COVID-19|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India by state or union territory|West Bengal]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Health in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]

Chhapra

2026-03-12T06:07:04Z

AidanHeim7993963: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Bihar, India|its namesake district|Saran District}}
{{Use Indian English||date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhapra
| native_name = Chaparā
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name = 
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Rajendra College Chhapra.jpg | photo2a = Chhapra Railway Station built under Nitish Kumar.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 1 | position = centre | border = 0 | color = white }}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Rajendra College, Chapra]]
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chapra in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|25.7848|N|84.7274|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar_Government_Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saran division|Saran]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| subdivision_name5 = 45
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = Chhapra Municipal Corporation
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Laxmi Narayan Gupta<ref>{{cite news |last1=नाथ |first1=आशुतोष |date=24 January 2024 |title=छपरा में मेयर उपचुनाव के परिणाम ने चौंकाया, लालू यादव और तेज प्रताप ने अलग-अलग कैंडिडेट का किया था समर्थन |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/lakshmi-narayan-gupta-defeated-lalu-yadav-and-tej-pratap-candidates-in-chhapra-mayor-by-election-ann-2594146 |work=ABP |language=hi |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 36
| elevation_ft =
| population_total = 201597
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 212955
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Chaprahiya
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=9 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhojpuri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bho |website=Ethnologue |access-date=22 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 84120X
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)6152]]
| area_code_type = [[Area Code]](s)
| registration_plate = BR-04
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] (2011)
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1015(females per 1000 males)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/167-chapra.html|title=Chapra City Census 2011 data|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|saran.bih.nic.in}} {{url|chapra.biharurban.in}}
| footnotes =
| unemployment_rate =
| leader_title2 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name2 = Ragini Devi
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy (2011)
| blank2_info_sec1 = 81.30%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chapra, Saran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra (118)]]
| blank5_name_sec1 =
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|26|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|32|°C|°F}}
| blank6_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank6_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
}}
'''Chhapra''' (ISO 15919: ''Chaparā'') is a city and the administrative headquarters of [[Saran district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]], India. It also serves as the headquarters of the [[Saran division]]. The city is situated near the confluence of the [[Ghaghara River]] and the [[Ganges River]] in the north-western part of Bihar.

==Overview==
Chhapra grew in importance as a river-based market in the 18th century, when the Dutch, along with the French, Portuguese, and English, established saltpeter refineries in the area. The town was officially recognised as a municipality in 1864.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/amh/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=en&id=6089|title=Atlas of Mutual Heritage|first=Atlas of Mutual|last=Heritage|website=www.nationaalarchief.nl}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/amh/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=en&id=6086|title=Atlas of Mutual Heritage|first=Atlas of Mutual|last=Heritage|website=www.nationaalarchief.nl}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Geography==
Chhapra is located in [[Saran district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The city lies at about 25.78°N latitude and 84.72°E longitude, with an average elevation of around 36 metres (118 ft) above sea level. It is situated near the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]] rivers.

[[Patna]], the capital of Bihar, is located about 70 km east of Chhapra. The region is part of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and has fertile alluvial soil, which makes the surrounding land suitable for agriculture. Major crops grown in the area include sugarcane, maize, and paddy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geography of Chhapra |url=https://www.chhapraonline.in/guide/geography-of-chhapra |website=ChhapraOnline.in |accessdate=March 12, 2026}}</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location =Chhapra
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 23.1
| Feb high C = 25.8
| Mar high C = 31.0
| Apr high C = 35.1
| May high C = 35.0
| Jun high C = 34.9
| Jul high C = 32.5
| Aug high C = 32.8
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.6
| Nov high C = 29.0
| Dec high C = 24.8
| year high C =
| Jan low C = 9.2
| Feb low C = 11.0
| Mar low C = 15.1
| Apr low C = 19.1
| May low C = 21.2
| Jun low C = 22.9
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 24.2
| Sep low C = 23.8
| Oct low C = 21.2
| Nov low C = 15.8
| Dec low C = 10.6
| year low C =
| Jan precipitation mm = 13.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 14.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 9.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 29.0
| May precipitation mm = 76.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 139.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 353.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 254.0
| Sep precipitation mm = 193.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 73.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 6.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 7.0
| year precipitation mm =
| source 1 = Accuweather<ref name=Accuweather>{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=019324&refer=&units=us | title=Accuweather: Weather for Chhapra, India | publisher=Accuweather | year=2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903203456/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=019324&refer=&units=us | archive-date=3 September 2014}} Retrieved on 22 November 2011.</ref>
| date = November 2011
}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chhapra had a population of 202,352, comprising 106,501 males and 95,851 females. The city had a sex ratio of 900 females per 1,000 males. Children aged 0–6 years numbered 29,100.

The literacy rate of Chhapra was 78.47%, with male literacy at 84.16% and female literacy at 72.14%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census: Population: Bihar: Chapra |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-towns-and-urban-agglomerations-bihar/census-population-bihar-chapra |publisher=CEIC |accessdate=March 12, 2026}}</ref>
===Religion===
Hinduism is the majority religion in Chhapra, followed by about 81.45% of the population. Islam is the second-largest religion with around 18.11% of the population. Other religions include Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism in smaller proportions.{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Chhapra city (2011)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Per cent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|81.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|18.11}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.44}}}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapra (Saran, Bihar, India) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/bihar/saran/1041703000__chapra/ |website=CityPopulation.de |accessdate=March 12, 2026}}</ref>

==Transport==
Chhapra is connected to other cities in Bihar and nearby states by rail and road. The main railway station is [[Chhapra Junction railway station]], which links the city to Patna, Varanasi, [[Gorakhpur]], [[Delhi]], and [[Kolkata]].

*Roads connect Chhapra to neighbouring districts and cities like Patna, Siwan, Gopalganj, and [[Muzaffarpur]]. Local transport includes buses, auto-rickshaws, cycle rickshaws, and taxis.

*The city has the Under Construction Double Decker Flyover, built to reduce traffic congestion. It has two levels, which help vehicles move faster along busy roads.

*The nearest airport is [[Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport]] in Patna, about 70 km away. A new greenfield airport at Sonpur is also planned, which will improve air travel for Chhapra and the surrounding areas once it is completed.<ref>{{cite news |title=सोनपुर और सुल्तानगंज ग्रीनफील्ड एयरपोर्ट के DPR पर आया बड़ा अपडेट, टेंडर की तारीख बढ़ी |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-sonpur-sultanganj-greenfield-airport-dpr-tender-extended-40166712.html |newspaper=Jagran |date=March 11, 2026 |accessdate=March 12, 2026}}</ref>

==Notable people==

<gallery>
File:Swami Adbhutananda.jpg|[[Adbhutananda]]
File:Akhilendra Mishra.jpg|[[Akhilendra Mishra]]
File:Bhikhari Thakur.jpg|[[Bhikhari Thakur]]
File:Anand milind 20988 hnsmhard Igjnldia howcroed.jpg|[[Anand–Milind]]
File:Jayaprakash Narayan (cropped2).jpg|[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
File:Khan Bahadur Moulvi Khuda Bakhsh.png|[[Khuda Bakhsh]]
File:Ramchandra Manjhi.jpg|[[Ramchandra Manjhi]]
File:Rajiv Pratap Rudy PIB (cropped).jpg|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
</gallery>
* [[Adbhutananda]], Hindu monk, disciple of [[Ramakrishna]]
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]], Bollywood actor
* [[Anand–Milind]], music director
* [[Bhikhari Thakur]], [[Bhojpuri language]] poet and singer
* [[Brajkishore Prasad]], national activist
* [[Chitragupta (composer)]], music director
* [[Daroga Prasad Rai]], 10th Chief Minister of Bihar
* [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], Indian independence activist
* [[Khuda Bakhsh]] 1842–1908, Indian lawyer, judge, historian and founder of [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]], [[Patna]]
* [[Mahendar Misir]], Bhojpuri poet
* [[Raghuveer Narayan]], Bhojpuri poet
* [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]], Minister of State (Independent Charge) Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
* [[Ramchandra Manjhi]], Bhojpuri folk dancer
* [[Surur Hoda]], Socialist leader and Order of British Empire ([[OBE]]) recipient

==See also==
*[[Muzaffarpur]]
*[[Patna]]
*[[Gorakhpur]]
*[[Saran district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chapra.in/ chapra.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403112900/http://www.chapra.in/ |date=3 April 2016 }}

{{Saran district}}
{{Railways in Bihar}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Saran district]]

Hemoprova Chutia

2026-03-12T04:06:02Z

AidanHeim7993963: Put Up Basic Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian artist and handloom weaver}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Hemoprova Chutia
| image = হেমপ্ৰভা চুতীয়া (শিপিনী)ৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ ১.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = September 22, 1955<ref name='dob'>{{cite web | url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/apr/doc202345178301.pdf | title=Padma Awards 2023 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=5 April 2023 | accessdate=14 October 2023|pages=12}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| known_for = Artist and handloom weaver
| training =
| notable_works =
| patrons =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
| url =
| parents =
| spouse =
}}

'''Hemoprova Chutia''' (born September 22, 1955<ref name='dob'/>) is an Indian handloom weaver and artist based in [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]] who has crafted a variety of creations using diverse fabrics such as [[cotton]], [[silk]], [[wool]], and intricately cut bamboo.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Hemoprova Chutia Weaves Her Way to Padma Shri |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/hemoprova-chutia-weaves-her-way-to-padma-shri-634849 |work=www.sentinelassam.com |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She has received various awards and honours for her contribution in the art, including the Assam Gourav award presented by the [[Government of Assam]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Persons From Assam To Be Conferred With Padma Shri Award |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/three-persons-from-assam-to-be-conferred-with-padma-shri-award |work=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam’s Hemoprava Chutia and Ramkuiwangbe Newme Receive Padma Shri Award - News Live |url=https://newslivetv.com/assams-hemoprava-chutia-and-ramkuiwangbe-newme-receive-padma-shri-award/ |work=newslivetv |date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Hemoprova was born on September 22, 1955, in the village of Photikachowa Abhoypuria in the district of [[Dibrugarh]], located in the state of [[Assam]]. Her father worked as a primary school teacher. Due to circumstances, she was only able to complete her education up to matriculation level.<ref name="AA"/>

Hemoprova created four books using her handloom. These books include "[[Gunamala]]" by [[Srimanta Sankardeva]], "[[Naam Ghosa]]" by Madhabdeva, and the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[English language|English]]. Using a technique called "Barnab Astra" in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], she weaved each text onto four separate cloths. The "Gunamala" cloth measures 80 ft in length and 18 inches in breadth, made from Muga cloth with Black wool. The "Namgukha" cloth, is 200 ft long and 2 ft wide, made from Muga silk and Black wool. The "[[Bhagavat Gita]]" was weaved in both [[Sanskrit]] and [[English language|English]] using Muga silk and green wool. The Sanskrit "Barnabastra" measures 150 ft in length and 2 ft in breadth, while the English "Barnabastra" is 280 ft long and 2 ft wide.<ref name="AA">{{cite news |title=President Droupadi Murmu presents Padma Shri to Hemoprova Chutia and Ramkuiwangbe Jeme Newme - NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2023/04/06/president-droupadi-murmu-presents-padma-shri-to-hemoprova-chutia-and-ramkuiwangbe-jeme-newme/ |work=NeindiaBroadCast |date=6 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hemoprova Chutia: Weaving Through All Odds |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/hemoprova-chutia-weaving-through-all-odds-262442.html |work=femina.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* '''2023''': Awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in [[New Delhi]] by a [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]] in the field of Art.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Padma awards conferred to Hemoprova Chutia and Dr Ramkuiwangbe Jeme Newme - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/padma-awards-conferred-to-hemoprova-chutia-and-dr-ramkuiwangbe-jeme-newme-644212 |work=www.sentinelassam.com |date=6 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam’s Hemoprava Chutia, Hem Chandra Goswami and Ramkuiwangbe Newme conferred with Padma Shri Award |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assams-hemoprava-chutia-hem-chandra-goswami-and-ramkuiwangbe-newme-conferred-with-padma-shri-award-503390-2023-01-26 |work=India Today NE |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Authors Sudha Murty, S.L. Bhyrappa, Kamlesh D Patel among others conferred Padma Bhushan 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/authors-sudha-murty-s-l-bhyrappa-kamlesh-d-patel-among-others-conferred-padma-bhushan-2023/articleshow/97343189.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* '''2021''': Received the Assam Gaurav award, one of the highest civilian awards presented by the [[Government of Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ASSAM GAURAV AWARD 2021: CONTRIBUTION OF ALL THE AWARDEES {{!}} Guwahati Live |url=https://www.guwahatilive.com/assam-gaurav-award/ |work=www.guwahatilive.com |date=26 January 2022 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418071112/https://www.guwahatilive.com/assam-gaurav-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''2018-2020''': Received the Aai Kanaklata Award, Bakul Bon Award, state government’s Hand-loom and textile award for her weaving.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Padma Shri awardees from NorthEast |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/meet-padma-shri-awardees-from-northeast-503437-2023-01-26 |work=India Today NE |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chutia, Hemoprova}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Assam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Shubha Milana

2026-03-03T22:18:01Z

AidanHeim7993963: refined page for consistency and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shubha Milana
| image = Shubha Milana.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[H. R. Bhargava]]
| producer = N. Mamatha N. Indukala
| writer =
| screenplay = Bhargava
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] [[Udaykumar|Uday]] Nagesh Yadav
| music = [[M. Ranga Rao]]
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing = Shivachandran
| studio = Sreedevi Art Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1987|09|10|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Shubha Milana''''' (Kannada: ಶುಭಮಿಲನ) is a [[Kannada films of 1987|1987]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Kannada]] film, directed by [[H. R. Bhargava]] and produced by N. Mamatha and N. Indukala. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] in lead roles. This movie ran for more than 100 days and became a hit at the boxoffice. The film has musical score by [[M. Ranga Rao]]. The film is a remake of the Telugu movie ''Aalu Magalu'' (1977).

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Doctor Ravi
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Ganga
*[[Uday Huttinagedde]]
*[[Nagesh Yadav]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Pramila Joshai]]
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*[[Sudha Narasimharaju]]
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
*[[Rajanand]]
*[[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]]
*[[Mysore Lokesh]]
*Jyothi
*Shobha
* Master Sandesh
*[[Phani Ramachandra]]
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = M. Ranga Rao
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Milana Milana
| length1 = 4:04
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Ee Chanchale Kuniyuvanthe
| length2 = 6:01
| extra2 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title3 = Baalu Pranaya Geethe
| length3 = 4:55
| extra3 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title4 = Krishnana Haage
| length4 = 4:31
| extra4 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title5 = Geleya Heege
| length5 = 4:33
| extra5 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Ninnaaseya Preethiya Hoovu
| length6 = 4:31
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
}}

== Reception ==

{{Empty section|date=July 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1339501}}

{{H. R. Bhargava}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Ranga Rao]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. R. Bhargava]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration

2026-03-03T21:42:03Z

AidanHeim7993963: formatting fix

{{Short description|Transliteration scheme for Indic scripts}}
{{redirect|IAST|the security testing method|Interactive application security testing}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox romanization
| engvar = gb
| name = International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
| altname = IAST
| languages = [[Sanskrit]] and other [[Languages of South Asia|Indic Languages]]
| time = 19th century–present
| romanised-from = [[Indic scripts]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The '''International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration''' ('''IAST''') is a [[transliteration]] scheme that allows the lossless [[romanisation]] of [[Brahmic family|Indic scripts]] as employed by [[Sanskrit]] and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]], [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]], [[Monier Monier-Williams]] and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva [[International Congress of Orientalists|Oriental Congress]], in September 1894.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw010033.pdf|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1899|location=Oxford|pages=xxx|author-link=Monier Monier-Williams}}</ref><ref name="10th">{{cite journal |title=Tenth International Congress of Orientalists, Held at Geneva |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1895 |pages=879–892 |jstor=25207765 }}</ref> IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script.

==Usage==
Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, [[Pāḷi]] and other classical Indian languages.

IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org.

The IAST scheme is the most common system used for more than a century in scholarly books and journals on classical Indian studies, though often with some minor variations, such as common usage of ''ṃ'' instead of ṁ (and occasional usage of ''r̥'' instead of ṛ, especially in materials where the Devanagari letter ड़, used in Hindi, needs to be distinguished). More recently, the [[ISO 15919]] standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ḷ/l̥ and ṛ/r̥), the most notable being ISO 15919 ē, ō representing what IAST translates as e, o which in the ISO denote short vowels (a practice commonly established among scholars in [[Dravidian studies|Dravidian]] studies—see comparison below.

The Indian [[National Library at Kolkata romanization]], intended for the romanisation of all [[Brahmic family|Indic scripts]], is an extension of IAST.

==History==
The Tenth International Congress of Orientalists, held at Geneva on 10 September 1894, adopted the following notations:<ref name="10th"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/transliterationr00roya/page/4/mode/2up | title = Transliteration Report| date = 1896}}</ref>
[[File:Report of Transliteration Commitee from Pg 887.png|275px|thumb|Table from the Report of Transliteration Committee, Pg 887]]
{| class=wikitable
|-
!
| a || ā || i || ī || u || ū || ṛ || ṝ || ḷ || l̤ || e || ai || o || au
|-
!
| k || kh || g || gh || ṅ
|-
!
| c || ch || j || jh || ñ
|-
!
| ṭ || ṭh || ḍ || ḍh || ṇ
|-
!
| t || th || d || dh || n
|-
!
| p || ph || b || bh || m
|-
!
| y || r || l || v || ś || ṣ || s || h || ḻ ||ṁ || m̐
|-
! visarga
| ḥ
|-
! jihvāmūlīya
| ẖ
|-
! upadhmānīya
| ḫ
|}

For the short e and o, the Committee also recommended the use of ĕ and ŏ, respectively.

==Inventory and conventions==
The IAST letters are listed with their [[Devanagari]] equivalents and phonetic values in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], valid for [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels and codas
!Devanāgarī
!colspan=2|Transcription
!IPA for Sanskrit pronunciation
!Category
|-
|अ
|a
|A
|[[Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|rowspan=6|[[monophthongs]]
|-
|आ
|ā
|Ā
|[[Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]
|-
|इ
|i
|I
|[[Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]
|-
|ई
|ī
|Ī
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
|-
|उ
|u
|U
|[[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
|ऊ
|ū
|Ū
|[[Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
|ऋ
|ṛ
|Ṛ
|[[Syllabic consonant|r̩]]
|rowspan=4|[[syllabic consonant|syllabic]] [[liquid consonant|liquid]]s
|-
|ॠ
|ṝ
|Ṝ
|[[Syllabic consonant|r̩ː]]
|-
|ऌ
|ḷ
|Ḷ
|[[Syllabic consonant|l̩]]
|-
|ॡ
|ḹ
|Ḹ
|[[Syllabic consonant|l̩ː]]
|-
|ए
|e
|E
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|rowspan=4|[[diphthong]]s
|-
|ऐ
|ai
|Ai
|ɐi̯
|-
|ओ
|o
|O
|[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|औ
|au
|Au
|ɐu̯
|-
|◌̣
|ṃ
|Ṃ
|
|[[anusvara]]
|-
|ः
|ḥ
|Ḥ
|
|[[visarga]]
|-
|ँ
|m̐
|M̐
|
|[[chandrabindu]]<ref>See, now, the [[Talk:International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration#Candrabindu|Talk page]], where m̐ is recommended.</ref>
|-
|ऽ
|'
|
|
|[[avagraha]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
|-
![[velar consonant|velars]]
![[palatal consonant|palatals]]
![[retroflex consonant|retroflexes]]
![[dental consonant|dentals]]
![[labial consonant|labials]]
!Category
|-
|क k  K
|च c  C
|ट ṭ  Ṭ
|त t  T
|प p  P
| [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]] stops
|-
|ख kh  Kh
|छ ch  Ch
|ठ ṭh  Ṭh
|थ th  Th
|फ ph  Ph
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] stops
|-
|ग g  G
|ज j  J
|ड ḍ  Ḍ
|द d  D
|ब b  B
|[[voiced consonant|voiced]] stops
|-
|घ gh  Gh
|झ jh  Jh
|ढ ḍh  Ḍh
|ध dh  Dh
|भ bh  Bh
|[[breathy-voiced]] stops
|-
|ङ ṅ  Ṅ
|ञ ñ  Ñ
|ण ṇ  Ṇ
|न n  N
|म m  M
|[[nasal stop]]s
|-
|ह h  H*
|य y  Y
|र r  R
|ल l  L
|व v  V
|[[approximant]]s
|-
|  
|श ś  Ś
|ष ṣ  Ṣ
|स s  S
|  
|[[sibilant]]s
|-
| 
| 
|ळ ḻ  Ḻ
| 
| 
|[[approximant]]s ([[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]])<ref name="10th"/>

|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''H'' is actually [[glottal consonant|glottal]], not [[velar consonant|velar]].

Some letters are modified with [[diacritic]]s: Long vowels are marked with an [[overline]] (often called a [[macron (diacritic)|macron]]). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ({{IPA|/[[ʂ]]/}} in Sanskrit, [ʃ] in Hindi) have an [[underdot]]. One letter has an overdot: ṅ ({{IPA|/ŋ/}}). One has an [[acute accent]]: ś ({{IPA|/[[ɕ]]}} in Sanskrit, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in Hindi). One letter has a line below: ḻ ({{IPA|/[[ɭ]]/}}) (the intervocalic allophone of ḍ in Vedic Sanskrit).

Unlike [[ASCII]]-only romanisations such as [[ITRANS]] or [[Harvard-Kyoto]], the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ({{IAST|Ṃ Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ}}) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in [[Pāṇini]] contexts for which the convention is to typeset the ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī|IT]]'' sounds as capital letters.

==Comparison with ISO 15919==
For the most part, IAST is a subset of [[ISO 15919]] that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ([[ring (diacritic)#Ring below|ringed below]]) and the short [[close-mid vowel]]s with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of [[Devanāgarī]] and other [[Indic scripts]] as used for languages other than Sanskrit.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Devanāgarī
!IAST
!ISO 15919
!Comment
|- 
||{{lang|hi|ए / े}}
||e
||ē (e)
||ISO ''e'' generally represents short {{lang|hi|ऎ / ॆ}}, but optionally represents long {{lang|hi|ए / े}} in the Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, and Odia scripts.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ओ / ो}}
||o
||ō (o)
||ISO ''o'' generally represents short {{lang|hi|ऒ / ॆ}}, but optionally represents long {{lang|hi|ओ / ो}} in the Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, and Odia scripts.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऎ / ॆ}}
||ĕ
||e
||ISO ''e'' generally represents short {{lang|hi|ऎ / ॆ}}, but optionally represents long {{lang|hi|ए / े}} in the Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, and Odia scripts. The IAST ''ĕ'' represents short {{lang|hi|ऎ / ॆ}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऒ / ॆ}}
||ŏ
||o
||ISO ''o'' generally represents short {{lang|hi|ऒ / ॆ}}, but optionally represents long {{lang|hi|ओ / ो}} in the Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, and Odia scripts. The IAST ''ŏ'' represents short {{lang|hi|ऒ / ॆ}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऋ / ृ}}
||ṛ
||r̥
||ISO ''ṛ'' represents ड़ {{IPAslink|ɽ}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ॠ / ॄ}}
||ṝ
||r̥̄
||for consistency with ''r̥''.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऌ / ॢ}}
||ḷ
||l̥
||ISO ''ḷ'' represents ळ {{IPAslink|𝼈}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ॡ / ॣ}}
||ḹ
||l̥̄
||for consistency with ''l̥''.
|-
||ळ
||ḻ
||ḷ
||Used in Vedic Sanskrit only and not found in the Classical variant
|}

== Computer input by alternative keyboard layout ==
The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit is by setting up an alternative [[keyboard layout]]. This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, {{keypress|alt|a}} = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system and user-preference.

[[Unix|Linux/Unix]] and BSD desktop environment users can select custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. Keyboards for typing Sanskrit, Hindi and many other Indian languages, in original script and in transliteration, are delivered as standard features in Ubuntu, Linux Mint and similar Linux systems. For others, such keyboards can be installed without much difficulty.

[[macOS]] users can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout.

[[Microsoft Windows]] users can change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fsnow.com/pali/keyboard/|title=Pali Keyboard|website=fsnow.com|access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on the right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination).

[[Android (operating system)|Android]] keyboard called "Sanskrit (Latin)" offers IAST and ISO characters - these can be entered by holding the key for the corresponding letters without diacritic: e.g. holding "s" calls a selection between ś and ṣ.

== Computer input by selection from a screen==
{{further|Unicode input#Selection from a screen}}
[[File:Gucharmap screenshot.png|thumb|300px|Applet for character selection]]

Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. [[ISO/IEC 14755]] refers to this as a ''screen-selection entry method''.

[[Microsoft Windows]] has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting {{keypress|Win|R}} then type <code>charmap</code> then hit {{keypress|Enter}}) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in the consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the [[Basic Multilingual Plane]] (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable [[freeware]] example is [[Andrew West (linguist)#BabelMap|BabelMap]]).

[[Mac OS X|macOS]] provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in a font, etc. It can be [https://web.archive.org/web/20110109234035/http://www.apple.com/pro/techniques/glyphspalette/ enabled] in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs.

Equivalent tools – such as [[gucharmap]] ([[GNOME]]) or [[List of KDE applications|kcharselect]] ([[KDE]]) – exist on most Linux desktop environments.

Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have the opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library.

Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST.

== Font support ==
{{expand section|date=September 2016}}

Only certain [[font]]s support all the Latin [[Unicode]] characters essential for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards.

For example, the commercially-licensed [[Arial]], [[Tahoma (typeface)|Tahoma]] and [[Times New Roman]] font packages that come with [[Microsoft Office 2007]] and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ''ī''.

[[Junicode]], [[Libertinus]], the [https://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/tex-gyre/index_html TeX Gyre family] and Google's [[Noto]] font are just a few high-quality free fonts that include pre-composed IAST characters.

Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in the area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or [[Gentium]], both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the [[GNU FreeFont]] or [[SIL Open Font License]], respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts.

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Devanagari transliteration]]
* [[Āryabhaṭa numeration]]
* [[Hunterian transliteration]]
* [[Harvard-Kyoto]]
* [[ITRANS]]
* [[ISO 15919]]
* [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]]
* [[Shiva Sutras]]
* [[Template:IAST]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://shashir.autodidactus.org/shashir_umich/sanskrit_transcription.html|title=Shashir's Notes: Modern Transcription of Sanskrit|last=Reddy|first=Shashir}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/index.htm|title=Mutlilingual keyboard}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Alphabet Of Sanskrit Transliteration}}
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]
[[Category:Sanskrit transliteration]]
[[Category:Encodings]]

Greetings (2004 film)

2026-03-03T21:37:08Z

AidanHeim7993963: creating new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Greetings
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Shajoon Karyal]]
| producer = Arun Ghosh
| writer = [[Mani Shornnur]]
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Kavya Madhavan]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography = Sudhi
| editing = Harihara Puthran
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|10|08|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Greetings''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Malayalam film]] by [[Shajoon Karyal]] starring [[Jayasurya]] and [[Kavya Madhavan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/greetings-review-malayalam-pclv7Wbdjcgha.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164645/https://www.sify.com/movies/greetings-review-malayalam-pclv7Wbdjcgha.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2022|title=Greetings|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/greetings-review-malayalam-pclv9hihhjghi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164417/https://www.sify.com/movies/greetings-review-malayalam-pclv9hihhjghi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2022|title=Greetings|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1672/malayalam/greetings/304/review.htm|title=Greetings Review | Greetings Malayalam Movie Review by K. T. Thomas|date=9 September 2004|website=NOWRUNNING}}</ref>

==Plot==
While living with his widowed father (Aravindakshan Nair), Gopan falls in love with his neighbor, Sheethal. Together they try to reunite former sweethearts, Rangaswami Iyengar and Kasthuri, who are neighbours. A twist happens when a Chennai-born man, Swaminathan, sees Sheethal. How Gopan and Sheetal unite form the movie's remaining plot.

==Cast==
*[[Jayasurya]] as Gopan Aravindakshan
*[[Kavya Madhavan]] as Sheethal
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Aravindakshan Nair
*[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Swaminathan
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Rangaswami Iyengar
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Kasthuri
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Vaidyanathan
*[[Subi Suresh]] as Sarojam
*[[Machan Varghese]] as Peethambaran
*[[Vinayakan]] as Hari
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Somasundaran

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0430157|Greetings}}

[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shajoon Kariyal]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{2000s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}

Uncle (2018 film)

2026-03-03T20:33:32Z

AidanHeim7993963: added new details first draft

{{short description|2018 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uncle
| image = 1524804197_uncle.jpg
| director = Girish Damodar
| writer = [[Joy Mathew]]
| screenplay =
| producer = Joy Mathew Sajai Sebastian
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]|Joy Mathew|[[Karthika Muralidharan]]|[[Muthumani]]}}
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N.]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio = {{ubl|SJ Films|ABRA Movies}}
| released = {{Film date|2018|04|27|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Uncle''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2018|2018]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[drama thriller]] film directed by Girish Damodar and produced by [[Joy Mathew]] and Sajai Sebastian under the banner of SJ Films. It stars [[Mammootty]] and [[Karthika Muralidharan]] in the lead roles, and [[Joy Mathew]] and [[Muthumani]] in supporting roles. It was released on 27 April 2018 and was an average success at box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Mammootty film promises to be an engaging thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-uncle-teaser-5131982/ |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uncle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/uncle-review-predictable-and-flawed/article23702422.ece |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shruthi, a student at [[Ooty]] college, is forced to go back to her home in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] due to the dangerous strikes at the location. Coincidentally, she meets Krishnakumar (KK) her father's family friend, who offers her a ride back home. She reluctantly accepts this offer, as she has no other safe option.

During the 6-hour drive, KK, whom Shruthi affectionately calls "Uncle", and Shruthi listen to music, tell stories, and look at the scenery. However, KK makes suspicious calls and talks to suspicious people throughout the trip, leading the audience to believe that Shruthi's safety may be compromised.

Her father back at home is understandably worried, and he fears that he doesn't know KK, a bachelor, as well as he thought he did. However, her mother convinces her father that Shruthi is alright as both Shruthi and KK are calling home regularly and sound happy over the phone. This fear heightens when KK and Shruthi stay at a Tamilian house overnight, where KK is given a bottle of alcohol and Shruthi's phone is taken away. However, nothing bad happens; in fact, the host family takes care of Shruthi well and gives back her phone, fully charged. KK tells Shruthi that the Tamilians are leaders of the village, and that she has nothing to worry about.

Meanwhile, Shruthi's father sends her friend Sam to tailgate KK's car throughout the trip. Shruthi discovers this and invites Sam to ride with them. This fear peaks when KK leaves Sam behind after filling up his car. Now, Shruthi gets even more worried and calls home more frequently.

After passing the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border, KK pulls out a pouch of something that looks like crack cocaine, from his pocket, which he found in Sam's bag. He shows it to Shruthi, which justifies why he left Sam behind.

After this, KK offers some of the alcohol that he got from the Tamilians for Shruthi to taste. Shruthi gets worried at first, but she discovers that the “alcohol” is actually rare honey, which her mother asked KK to bring. Now, Shruthi realizes that she can entrust even her entire life to this uncle. To celebrate, KK takes Shruthi to a special lake, with her parents’ permission. The two are caught taking selfies together by the villagers, who report them to the police under a false pretense that they were in a compromising situation.

Shruthi's parents come to the station to convince the officer and villagers that she was in the hands of a trusted caregiver. The positive outcome of this ordeal cements Shruthi's parents' faith in KK.
Although the last scene may appear silly, it is a real issue prevalent in India today, and this film seeks to address that.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portraying a relevant issue |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280418/uncle-movie-review-portraying-a-relevant-issue.html |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{columns-list|
* [[Mammootty]] as Krishnakumar, also known as KK
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Vijayan, Shruthi's father
* [[Karthika Muralidharan]] as Shruthi
* [[Muthumani]] as Lakshmi, Shruthi's mother
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Vishwan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
* Entha Johnsa Kallille...
song by [[Mammootty]]<ref>https://m3db.com/lyric/82231</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Times of india|Times of India]] gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Uncle comes at a time when society is confused and striving to break free from conventions and prejudices. It spreads hope, a commodity that was never needed more than at this point of time."<ref>{{Citation|title=Uncle Movie Review {4/5}: Mammootty's Uncle is an engaging tale|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/uncle/movie-review/63941199.cms|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>

[[Deccan Chronicle]] rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Girish Damodar, on his debut, appears a promising director, with his well-planned making, eliminating unwanted sequences. The cinematography, editing and background score also deserve due credit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280418/uncle-movie-review-portraying-a-relevant-issue.html|title=Uncle movie review: Portraying a relevant issue|last=m.g|first=Gokul|date=2018-04-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of [[firstpost]] rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "When it is at its best, ''Uncle: My Dad's Friend'' is an excellent psychological drama bordering on a work of genius. By making needless overt attempts to manipulate the audience though, it robs itself of its potential greatness."<ref>{{cite news |title=Firstpost review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uncle-movie-review-gripping-theme-dragged-down-by-mammoottys-misleading-performance-and-other-red-herrings-4449241.html |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7402108}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]

Chalukya Express

2026-02-26T16:33:02Z

AidanHeim7993963:

{{Italic title}}{{notability|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|Train in India}}
{{distinguish|Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express|Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
|name = Chalukya Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| image = 11017 Chalukya Express.jpg
| caption = Train board of Yesvantpur Dadar Chalukya Express
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] & [[Tamilnadu]]
| first = 1996
| last = {{End date |df=yes|2012|11|9}}
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]
| start = [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]] (DR)
| stops = 23
| end = [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur]] (YPR)
| distance = {{convert|1207|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Runs six days in a week for every direction
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| trainnumber = 11017 / 11017
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_stat =
}}
The 11017 / 11018 '''Dadar–Yesvantpur Chalukya Express''' was an express train of the Indian Railways connected {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} in [[Karnataka]] and {{stnlnk|Dadar}} of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It was operated as 11017/11018 train numbers on six days a week.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=137514 Commission of Railway Safety Submits Preliminary Report on Derailment of Train No. 11006 Puducheri – Dadar Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/railway-safety-commissioner-to-probe-into-train-derailment/article8027687.ece Railway Safety Commissioner to probe into train derailment]</ref>

==History==
This train gets its name from the [[Chalukya dynasty]] that ruled the Karnataka region. This train ran between [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Karnataka]] region, following a [[Arsikere]]–[[Hubballi]]–[[Belagavi]]–[[Miraj]] route, giving a panoramic view of rural Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-13 |title=Change in train timings from October |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/change-in-train-timings-from-october/articleshow/1742537764.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It operated 6 days per week in each direction. The train covers the distance in 23 hrs 20 minutes. This route is longer and comprises certain ghats.
After 15 Oct 2012, it was extended up to [[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express|Puducherry]] and [[Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express|Tirunelveli]] with tri-weekly days each. It shared rake (Coaches) with [[Sharavati Express]] and subsequent trains [[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express|Puducherry]] and [[Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express|Tirunelveli]] followed the same<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train Timeline - Karikaral - Mumbai LTT Weekly Express (PT)/11018 - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timeline/255/0/0/56 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harshal11041 |title=11035/Sharavati Express (PT) - Dadar to Mysuru CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1514? |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Route and halts==
* {{stnlnk|Dadar}} (21:30 Down, 5:50 Up)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-10-02 |title=Chalukya Express timings changed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chalukya-express-timings-changed/articleshow/1680441552.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satara}}
* {{stnlnk|Sangli}}
* {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}
'''''Maharashtra – Karnataka State Border'''''
* {{stnlnk|Belagavi}}
* {{stnlnk|Londa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|SSS Hubballi junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Davangere}}
* {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} (20:50 Down, 06:30 Up)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train Timeline - Mumbai LTT - Karaikal Weekly Express (PT)/11017 - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timeline/254/0/0/60 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
[[File:Chalukya Express.jpg|thumb|270x270px|right|Train board of Yesvantpur Dadar Chalukya Express in Hindi]]

==Traction==
it was hauled by [[WDG-4]] or [[WDP-4]] end to end

==See also==
* [[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express]]
* [[Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadar-Yesvantpur Chalukya Express}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1996]]
[[Category:Railway services discontinued in 2012]]
[[Category:Defunct trains in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mizo Hlakungpui Mual

2026-02-24T20:35:42Z

AidanHeim7993963: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[Image:Mizo Hlakungpui Mual.JPG|thumb|300px|Mizo Hlakungpui Mual in [[Mizoram]]]]
'''Mizo Hlakungpui Mual''' (Mizo Poets' Square) is a monument to commemorate [[Mizo language|Mizo]] poets.<ref name="Mizoram">{{cite web | url=http://tourismmizoram.com/destinations#HM | title=Mizoram Tourism | publisher=tourismmizoram.com | work=Hlakungpui Mual (Poets' Square) | accessdate=22 January 2012}}</ref> It was set up in 1986<ref>[http://www.hlakungpui.com Hlakungpui website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926094232/http://www.hlakungpui.com/ |date=26 September 2016 }} Retrieved 21 January 2012</ref> at the southern edge of [[Khawbung]] Village, [[Mizoram]] state, [[North-East India]], about 100 miles northwest of [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh.

==Origin==

In time, the local people decided to include all the Mizo Poets and writers who deserved recognition for their contributions to [[Mizo language#Literature|Mizo literature]]. The Committee agreed, and the selection procedures go as – Writers who have produced at least 3–4 books, and have had a prolonged influence on [[Mizo language#Literature|Mizo literature]] would be selected while Poets whose songs/poems have exceptional literary value would also be included. Writers/poets may only be included in Hlakungpui Mual five years after their death.<ref name="Mizoram"/>

==First Phase 1986==

===Patea (1894–1950)===
Patea composed 55 poems whose lyrics and harmonies expressed deeply traditional Mizo sentiments. His lyrics are mainly about lamentation, praise and heavenly sentiments.<ref name="Patea">{{cite web | url=http://hlakungpui.com/luahtute.php?article_id=1 | title=Mizo Hlakungpui Mual | publisher=hlakungpui.com | work=Patea | year=2011 | accessdate=22 January 2012}}</ref>

===Damhauhva (1909–72)===
Damhauhva wrote 51 poems highly prized for their literary qualities in Mizo poetry. His poetical words emphasizing natural beauties and its harmonies are well matched. He composed many fine poems. The values of human life with regards to nature are expressed with poetical words.<ref name="Damhauhva">{{cite web | url=http://hlakungpui.com/luahtute.php?article_id=2 | title=Mizo Hlakungpui Mual | publisher=hlakungpui.com | work=Damhauhva | year=2011 | accessdate=22 January 2012}}</ref>

==Fourth Phase 2011 (Silver Jubilee)==

The Silver Jubilee of Mizo Hlakungpui Mual was celebrated on 6–7 April 2011 at the Poets' Square site in Khawbung, Mizoram, India.<ref>[http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/khawbung-ah-mizo-hlakungpui-mual-silver-jubilee-lawm-a-ni Government of Mizoram] press release on Silver Jubilee of Hlakungpui Mual, 6 April 2011, by K. Laldingliani Mis and Ipro Champai.</ref><ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/46193515/Hlakungpui-December-4-2010 Hlakungpui Silver Jubilee Celebration]</ref> [[File:Hlakungpui_Mizo_Poets_Square_(3).JPG|thumb|View of Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]]

===Writers===
#[[Nuchhungi Renthlei]] (1914–2006)

===Poets===
#[[P. S. Chawngthu]] (1922– 2005)
#[[Zirsangzela Hnamte]](1952–2002)
#[[Rev Thangngura]] (1891–1943)

==See also==
*[[Mizo literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160926094232/http://www.hlakungpui.com/ Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110415075000/http://samaw.com/mizo-poets-square/6879 Video: Silver Jubilee of Mizo Poet's Square]}} 6–7 April 2011.
* [https://archive.today/20130130042618/http://indian-college-teachers.ning.com/photo/albums/mizo-poets-square-mizo Photo gallery: Mizo Poets' Square]
* [http://hlakungpui.com/luahtute.php?article_id=1/ Patea]
* [https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=oa.177451735643469&type=1 Photo Gallery for Mizo Poets and Writers]

[[Category:Mizo]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Champhai district]]

Guru Gobind Singh Public School

2026-02-21T09:05:16Z

AidanHeim7993963: creating new bio

{{More citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| logo =
| name = Guru Gobind Singh Public School
| city = [[Bokaro Steel City]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| postal_code = 827 006
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.672|86.168|display=title,inline}}
| head_label = Principal
| head = Abhishek Kumar
| type = [[Public]]
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| website = {{URL|ggpsbokaro.org}}
}}

'''Guru Gobind Singh Public School''' or '''GGPS''' is a primary and secondary school in Sector VB, [[Bokaro Steel City]], Jharkhand, India. It is registered with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. The school has three other branches, located in [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]], [[Dhanbad]] and [[Daltonganj]].

== Awards ==
Winner of All Jharkhand Carmel Interschool Team Chess Tournament held at Carmel Junior College in senior category, best school with academic excellence in Jharkhand award by Hindustan, and more than over 57 prizes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/dps-ggsps-bag-jharkhand-interschool-team-chess-title/74074/|title=DPS, GGSPS bag Jharkhand Interschool Team Chess title|date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:GGPSAssemblyHall1.JPG|Assembly Hall
Image:GGPSAssemblyHall2.JPG|Assembly Hall
Image:GGPS, Bokaro Steel City.jpg|Sec 5 Main Building
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Bokaro Steel City]]
*[[Guru Gobind Singh]]
*[[Mata Gujri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}
*[http://wikimapia.org/109594/GGPS GGPS Bokaro Wikimapia]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718143035/http://schools.youmagix.com/India/Jharkhand/Bokaro/detailog_city.php?section_id=5&variable_id=1&category_id=1&name=GGPS Info about GGPS, Bokaro]

[[Category:Schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Bokaro Steel City]]

{{Jharkhand-school-stub}}

Kingfisher Airlines

2026-02-18T00:33:06Z

AidanHeim7993963: updated lead for clarity additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Defunct Indian airline}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Kingfisher Airlines
| logo =
| logo_size = 250
| IATA = IT<ref name="chavprofile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/KIF | title=Kingfisher Airlines | work=ch-aviation | access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>
| ICAO = KFR<ref name="chavprofile" />
| callsign = KINGFISHER<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/ND/7340.1Z.pdf | title=7340.1Z - Contractions | work=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] | date=15 March 2007 | access-date=26 February 2017 | pages=3–1–55}}</ref>
| parent = [[United Breweries Group]]
| founded = {{start date|2003|df=y}}
| commenced = {{start date|2005|df=y}}
| ceased = {{end date|2012|df=y}}<ref name="livemint.com">[http://www.livemint.com/Companies/f4jXhQo5NgdG5Ae4CIQkJK/India-scraps-Kingfishers-local-slots-international-flying.html Ministry to give Kingfisher local slots, global flying rights to other carriers]</ref>
| key_people = <div>
* [[Vijay Mallya]] (CMD)
* [[Sanjay Aggarwal]] (CEO)
</div>
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Airline Membership |work=IATA |url=http://www.iata.org/membership/Pages/airline_members_list.aspx?All=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071646/http://www.iata.org/membership/Pages/airline_members_list.aspx?All=true |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=KFA Office| work=KFA| url=http://www.flykingfisher.com/our-offices.aspx| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312094932/http://www.flykingfisher.com/our-offices.aspx| archive-date=12 March 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| hubs = {{nowrap|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]}}
| secondary_hubs = {{Unbulleted list|
|{{nowrap|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]}}
}}
| focus_cities = {{Unbulleted list|
|{{nowrap|[[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Pune Airport|Pune]]}}
}}
| subsidiaries = [[Kingfisher Xpress]]
| revenue = {{INRConvert|25982.78|c}} (2012)
| net_income = {{INRConvert|8765.9|c}} (2012)
| num_employees = 5,696 (2012)
| frequent_flyer = King Club
| fleet_size =
| destinations = 128
| website =
| image = Fly kingfisher logo 2011.png
| aoc =
}}

'''Kingfisher Airlines Limited''' was an airline group based in India. It was established in 2003 and started its commercial operations in 2005. Through its parent company [[United Breweries Group]], it had a 50% stake in [[low-cost carrier]] [[Kingfisher Red]].

Until December 2011, Kingfisher Airlines had the second largest share in India's domestic air travel market. However, the airline ran into continuous losses since its inception, ran high debts and finally closed its operations on 20 October 2012.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last1=Giriprakash|first1=K|title=The rise and fall of a castle in the air|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/the-rise-and-fall-of-a-castle-in-the-air/article2622215.ece#!|access-date=3 February 2018|work=The Hindu|date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Kingfisher Airlines}}

===Early years===
[[File:Kingfisher Airlines airplane at the Chennai International Airport (MMA).jpg|thumb|right|Kingfisher Airlines airplane at the [[Chennai International Airport]] (MAA)]]
Kingfisher Airlines was established in 2003. It was owned by the [[Bengaluru]] based [[United Breweries Group]]. The airline started commercial operations on 9 May 2005, right after Mallya's son Sidhartha's 18th birthday, reportedly as a birthday gift, with a fleet of four new [[Airbus A320-200]]s operating a flight from [[Mumbai]] to [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/business/kingfisher-airlines-first-flight.asp |title=Kingfisher Airlines to take wings on May 9|publisher=Dancewithshadows.com |date=9 May 2005 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112172115/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/business/kingfisher-airlines-first-flight.asp |archive-date=12 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=January 20, 2005|access-date=2021-01-25|title=Kingfisher Airlines to be launched in May|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kingfisher-airlines-to-be-launched-in-may/articleshow/996708.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-01-25|title=What makes Kingfisher India's favourite airline|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/what-makes-kingfisher-india-s-favourite-airline/story-U7MxwkYjYZG4ncRSPpI0hI.html|date=22 December 2009|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It started its international operations on 3 September 2008 by connecting [[Bengaluru]] with [[London]]. Kingfisher's head office was located in the Kingfisher House in [[Vile Parle|Vile Parle (East)]], Mumbai,<ref>"[http://www.flykingfisher.com/contact-us.aspx?locale=en-US Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512215618/http://www.flykingfisher.com/contact-us.aspx?locale=en-US |date=12 May 2013 }}." Kingfisher Airlines. Retrieved on 25 August 2009. "Kingfisher Airlines Limited Kingfisher House Western Express Highway Vile Parle (E) Mumbai - 400099 India "</ref> but later moved to The Qube in [[Andheri]] (East), [[Mumbai]]. Its registered office was located in [[UB City, Bengaluru]].<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.flykingfisher.com/our-offices.aspx |title=Kingfisher Airlines - Contact Us. Flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune |access-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312094932/http://www.flykingfisher.com/our-offices.aspx |archive-date=12 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}." Kingfisher Airlines. Retrieved on 12 January 2012. "Kingfisher Airlines Limited Kingfisher Airlines Limited The Qube, C.T.S. No. 1498 A/2, 4th Floor, M.V. Road, Marol, [[Andheri]] (East), [[Mumbai]] - 400 059 India "</ref><ref>ENS Economic Bureau. "[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Jet--Kingfisher-trying-to-fly-in-formation/372981 Jet, Kingfisher trying to fly in formation]." ''[[Indian Express]]''. Tuesday 14 October 2008. Retrieved on 25 August 2009.</ref> In November 2005, during the [[World economic forum]], the airlines CEO Vijay Mallya announced the airlines intention to launch an IPO to raise 200 million dollars for the airlines expansion and possible takeovers (including that of Air Sahara which was being eyed at that time).<ref name="rediff">{{cite news|title=Kingfisher IPO in 2006|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/29ipo.htm|access-date=26 January 2018|publisher=Rediff news|date=29 November 2005}}</ref> It later transpired that the airlines was already heavily in debt and going each year in heavy losses.<ref name="livemint">{{cite news|last1=Upadhyay|first1=Jayshree|last2=Nair|first2=Vishwanath|last3=Sapam|first3=Bidya|title=Mallya case: Sebi probing allegations of round-tripping of USL shares|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/xmpkgTmlnJLe8BSJTleXhJ/Mallya-case-Sebi-probing-allegations-of-roundtripping-of-U.html|access-date=26 January 2018|publisher=Livemint|date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

===Bankruptcy, suspension of license and cessation of operations===
In November 2011, it started to report losses. The acquisition of loss-making Bengaluru-based [[Simplifly Deccan|Air Deccan]] in 2007 made matters worse.<ref>{{cite news | title= Kingfisher buys control of Air Deccan| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Kingfisher-buys-control-of-Air-Deccan/articleshow/2090124.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827003054/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-01/india-business/27963983_1_air-deccan-capt-g-r-gopinath-mallya-s-ub-holdings| url-status=live| archive-date=27 August 2013|date= 1 June 2007| work= [[The Times of India]]| access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> It was believed that Vijay Mallya and his team failed to follow due diligence with the airline and that it was this deal that brought down his empire; courtesy of N M Rothschild consultants who brokered the deal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kasli|first=Shelley|date=11 September 2016|title=What Has A Secret Account in Rothschild Bank To Do with the Kingfisher Deal?|url=http://greatgameindia.com/secret-account-rothschild-bank-kingfisher-deal/|journal=GreatGameIndia Magazine}}</ref> An initial name change to Simplifly Deccan, followed by Kingfisher Red, and promotion as the domestic budget Kingfisher airline failed to stem losses and Kingfisher suffered a loss of over {{INRConvert|10|b}} for three consecutive years. [[File:Kingfisher Red Logo.png|182px|thumb|Kingfisher Red's logo]]

Its low cost carrier Kingfisher Red was shut down in 2011 and in 2012 employees were not being paid salaries so they went on strike.<ref>{{cite news | title= Kingfisher to exit low-cost airline operation| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kingfisher-to-exit-lowcost-airline-operation/188330-7.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001000905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kingfisher-to-exit-lowcost-airline-operation/188330-7.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 October 2011|publisher= CNN IBN |date=28 September 2011| access-date=28 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= Vijay Mallya grounds low-cost carrier Kingfisher Red| url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/show/vijay-mallya-grounds-low-cost-carrier-kingfisher-red-180433?pfrom=home-otherstories|publisher= NDTV |date=28 September 2011| access-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> In a disclosure statement to the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), the airline explained: "The company has incurred substantial losses and its net worth has been eroded. However, having regard to improvement in the economic sentiment, rationalization measures adopted by the company, fleet recovery and the implementation of the debt recast package with the lenders and promoters including conversion of debt into share capital, these interim financial statements have been prepared on the basis that the company is a [[going concern]] and that no adjustments are required to the carrying value of assets and liabilities."<ref>{{cite news |title=Going concern |url=http://www.bseindia.com/qresann/resultNotes.asp?scripcd=532747&qtr=70&dtBgn=30-Jun-11&dtEnd=3&scripName=KINGFISHER%20AIRLINES%20LTD.&ResultType=DNB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922124717/http://www.bseindia.com/qresann/resultNotes.asp?scripcd=532747&qtr=70&dtBgn=30-Jun-11&dtEnd=3&scripName=KINGFISHER%20AIRLINES%20LTD.&ResultType=DNB |archive-date=2012-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-11 |title=Kingfisher Airlines' net loss widens in Q1 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/9vF0Ma4DrS7OE6O3m6U2CO/Kingfisher-Airlines8217-net-loss-widens-in-Q1.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> This filing was widely covered by Indian and international print and electronic media and analysts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reuters News|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-kingfisher-funds-idUSLNE78E02O20110915 | date=15 September 2011}}</ref> Kingfisher Airlines Lenders later stated they considered the company viable.<ref>{{cite news| title=Lenders Confirmation| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904060604576571940614618696?mod=googlenews_wsj | work=The Wall Street Journal | first1=Anirban|last1=Chowdhury|first2=Santanu|last2=Choudhury|date=15 September 2011}}</ref> On 15 November 2011 the airline released poor financial results, indicating that it was "drowning in high-interest debt and losing money". Mallya indicated that his solution was for the government to reduce fuel and other taxes. The government was engaged in assessing whether to bail out the company and other airlines or let market forces determine which survived.<ref name="Avweb15Nov11">{{Cite news|url = http://www.avweb.com/avwebbiz/news/Indian_Airlines_In_Crisis_205739-1.html|title = Indian Airlines in Crisis|access-date = 17 November 2011|last = Niles|first = Russ|date = 15 November 2011|work = AVweb}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

[[File:KingfisherClosed.JPG|thumb|A closed counter after Kingfisher Airlines stopped its service]]

In December 2011, for the second time in two months, Kingfisher's bank accounts were frozen by the Mumbai Income Tax department for non-payment of dues. The firm owed {{INRConvert|700|m}} to the tax department at the time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kingfisher Airlines, Air India bank accounts frozen by Mumbai service tax dept over dues|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/corporate/story/kingfisher-air-india-service-tax-dues-mumbai-148080-2011-12-07|newspaper=India Today Online|date=8 December 2011|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

By early 2012, the airline accumulated losses of over {{INRConvert|70|b}} with half of its fleet grounded and several members of its staff going on strike. Kingfisher's position in [[List of airlines in India#Market share|top Indian airlines]] on the basis of market share had slipped from second to last due to the crisis. Mallya was looking for buyers for the Vile Parle Kingfisher House.<ref>"[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/mar/120312-Kingfisher-house-Gandhi-relics-up-for-sale.htm Kingfisher house, Gandhi relics up for sale?]" ''[[Mid-Day]]''. 12 March 2012. Retrieved on 15 March 2012.</ref> With the freezing of the bank accounts of the airline by the Indian Income Tax Department, the airline was in financial disarray.<ref>{{cite news|title=Financial Results|url=http://www.bseindia.com/qresann/result.asp?scripcd=532747&scripname=}}</ref>

On 20 October 2012, Kingfisher Airlines suspended its operations after its licence was suspended by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation after it failed to address the Indian regulator's concerns about its operations.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/india-suspends-kingfisher-airlines-license-092354161--finance.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024075440/http://news.yahoo.com/india-suspends-kingfisher-airlines-license-092354161--finance.html|date=24 October 2012}}</ref> On 25 February 2013, its international flying rights and domestic slots were scrapped by the Indian aviation authorities.<ref name="livemint.com">[http://www.livemint.com/Companies/f4jXhQo5NgdG5Ae4CIQkJK/India-scraps-Kingfishers-local-slots-international-flying.html Ministry to give Kingfisher local slots, global flying rights to other carriers]</ref>

In July 2014, Kingfisher Airlines' indebtedness appeared as the country's state-owned banks' top [[non-performing asset]] after failing to repay loans of over {{INRConvert|40|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mallya's Kingfisher Airlines is king of defaulters at Rs 4,022 crore|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/mallyas-kingfisher-airlines-is-king-of-defaulters-at-rs-4022-crore/1018296|access-date=17 July 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=17 July 2014}}</ref>

On 2 March 2016 after nearly four years of the bankruptcy of Kingfisher Airlines, the consortium of 13 Indian Banks led by [[State Bank of India]] moved the Debt Recovery Tribunal to recover its dues which included Rs 9,000 crores owed by its promoter Vijay Mallya. By that time Mallya had left India for the UK despite court proceedings by Indian banks initiated against him. Two years later the British Courts ordered extradition of Mallya after a prolonged legal battle and Mallya could be brought back to India if his appeal against the court order is not turned down.{{Update inline|date=December 2024|reason=Was the CEO extradited to India?}}

==Destinations==
{{Main|List of Kingfisher Airlines destinations}}
The airline's first long-haul destination was [[London Heathrow Airport|London]], England, which was launched in September 2008. It had plans to launch long-haul flights to cities in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and [[Oceania]] with deliveries of new aircraft. All long-haul routes were operated on the [[Airbus A330-200]].

On the day of suspension of all international operations, 10 April 2012, Kingfisher Airlines served 25 domestic destinations within India.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17664122 | work=BBC News | title=India's Kingfisher Airlines ends overseas flights | date=10 April 2012}}</ref>
At that time, all routes were operated with the [[Airbus A320 family]], [[ATR 42]]s, and [[ATR 72]] aircraft.

==Kingfisher employees==
Kingfisher Employees had their dues prior to the carrier suspending its operations.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/kingfisher-airlines-owes-3000-employees-rs-300-crore-in-salary/articleshow/51336437.cms Kingfisher Airlines owes 3,000 employees Rs 300 crore in salary - The Economic Times]</ref> Employee dues outstanding were at a worth of approximately {{currency|300|INR}} [[Crore]], which has been successfully repaid by the ED on 18 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-19 |title=Defunct Kingfisher airline's former staff get long-overdue Rs 312 crore payout after 12-year wait |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/defunct-kingfisher-airlines-former-staff-get-long-overdue-rs-312-crore-payout-after-12-year-wait/articleshow/126077626.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227111936/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/defunct-kingfisher-airlines-former-staff-get-long-overdue-rs-312-crore-payout-after-12-year-wait/articleshow/126077626.cms |archive-date=2025-12-27 |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Codeshare agreements===
Prior to the suspension from IATA, Kingfisher had [[codeshare agreement]]s with:
*[[American Airlines]] ([[Oneworld]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flykingfisher.com/media-center/press-releases/kingfisher-airlines-and-american-airlines-announce-comprehensive-codeshare-and-frequent-flyer-relationship.aspx |title=Kingfisher Airlines and American Airlines enter into Codeshare Agreement |work=Kingfisher Airlines official website |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125034927/http://www.flykingfisher.com/media-center/press-releases/kingfisher-airlines-and-american-airlines-announce-comprehensive-codeshare-and-frequent-flyer-relationship.aspx |archive-date=25 November 2010 }}</ref>
*[[Asiana Airlines]] ([[Star Alliance]])
*[[Finnair]] ([[Oneworld]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/finnair-partners-with-kingfisher-airlines/|title = Finnair partners with Kingfisher Airlines|date = 24 October 2011}}</ref>
*[[Philippine Airlines]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110402083129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Philippine-Air-links-to-India-inks-pact-with-Kingfisher/Article1-679452.aspx PR-IT code share]</ref>

==Fleet==
[[File:Airbus A320-232, Kingfisher Airlines JP7055280.jpg|thumb|Kingfisher [[Airbus A320-200]]]]
[[File:Airbus_A340-500_Kingfisher_(KFR)_F-WWTJ_-_MSN_902_-_Now_In_Government_of_Tunisia_fleet_as_TS-KRT_(2906560391).jpg|thumb|Kingfisher [[Airbus A340-500]]. Six of them were ordered in 2006 and scheduled for delivery in 2008 for the airline's planned non-stop service from [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] to [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]] but orders were cancelled after five were built.]]

Kingfisher Airlines' fleet mainly consisted of [[ATR 42]], [[ATR 72]] and [[Airbus A320 family]] aircraft for domestic and short-haul services; and, [[Airbus A330|Airbus A330-200]]s for international long-haul services. The ATRs and a few aircraft from the A320 family were used for [[Kingfisher Red]] services.

By October 2012, Kingfisher Airlines had the following, already heavily downsized fleet:{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
|+ Kingfisher Airlines Fleet
|-
!rowspan=2|Aircraft
!rowspan=2|Total
!colspan=3|Passengers
!rowspan=2|Notes
|-
!<abbr title="Kingfisher First">P</abbr>
!<abbr title="Kingfisher Class">Y</abbr>
!Total
|-
|[[Airbus A319|Airbus A319-100]]
|3
|–
|144
|144
|
|-
|[[Airbus Corporate Jets|Airbus ACJ319]]
|1
|colspan=3|<abbr title="VIP configuration">VIP</abbr>
|Operated for [[UB Group]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320-200]]
|rowspan=3|10
|20
|114
|134
|rowspan=3|
|-
|–
|174
|174
|-
|–
|180
|180
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Airbus A321|Airbus A321-200]]
|rowspan=2|6
|32
|119
|151
|rowspan="2"|
|-
|–
|199
|199
|-
|[[ATR 42-500]]
|2
|–
|48
|48
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[ATR 72-500]]
|rowspan=2|16
|rowspan=2|–
|66
|66
|rowspan=2|
|-
|77
|77
|-
|[[Boeing 727-100]]
|1
|colspan=3|<abbr title="VIP configuration">VIP</abbr>
|Operated for [[UB Group]]
|-
!Total
!39
!colspan="4"|
|}

At the time the airline ceased operations, it had Airbus A320, [[Airbus A350]] and [[Airbus A380]] aircraft on order.<ref>[http://www.airbus.com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/kingfisher-becomes-first-indian-customer-for-a380-a350-a330/ Kingfisher becomes first Indian customer for A380, A350, & A330 - Commercial Aircraft - Airbus]</ref>

==Services==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2017}}

===Cabin===
{{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}

====Domestic====
[[File:Economy class meal on board a Kingfisher Airlines domestic flight.jpg|thumb|Economy class meal on board a Kingfisher Airlines domestic flight]]
;Kingfisher First
The domestic Kingfisher First, offered on some [[Airbus A320 family]] aircraft only, provided seats with a {{convert|48|inch|adj=on}} and 126-degree recline. There were laptop and mobile phone chargers on every seat. There was also a steam ironing service onboard Kingfisher First cabins. Every seat was equipped with a personalised [[In-flight entertainment|IFE]] system with [[AVOD#Advertising video on demand|AVOD]] which offered a wide range of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Bollywood]] movies, English and Hindi TV programmes, 16 live TV channels and 10 channels of Kingfisher Radio.

;Kingfisher Class
The domestic Kingfisher Class had {{convert|32 to 34|inch}} seat pitch. Every seat was equipped with personal [[In-flight entertainment|IFE]] systems with [[AVOD#Advertising video on demand|AVOD]] on board the Airbus A320 family aircraft. As in Kingfisher First, passengers could access movies, English and Hindi TV programmes, a few live TV channels powered by [[DishTV]], and Kingfisher Radio. Passengers were served meals on most flights. Before take-off, passengers were served bottled [[lemonade]].

====International====
;Kingfisher First
Kingfisher offered an international business/first product called Kingfisher First which featured full flat-bed seats with 180-degree recline, a pitch of {{convert|78|inch}} and width of {{convert|20 to 24.54|inch}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Skytrax News |url=http://www.airlinequality.com/news/140708_KINGFISHER.htm |title=Kingfisher Airlines unveiled new Airbus A330-200 designed to take the customer experience to the highest quality level |publisher=Airlinequality.com |access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> Passengers were given [[Merino]] wool blankets, a Salvatore Ferragamo toiletry kit, pajamas, five-course meals, and alcoholic beverages. In-seat massagers, chargers, and USB connectors were also available. Every Kingfisher First seat had a {{convert|17|inch|adj=on}} widescreen [[personal television]] with [[AVOD#Advertising video on demand|AVOD]] touchscreen controls. It offered 357 hours of programming content spread over 36 channels, including [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Bollywood]] movies along with 16 channels of live TV, so passengers could watch their favorite TV programs live. There was also a collection of interactive games, a jukebox with customizable playlists, and Kingfisher Radio. Passengers are given [[BOSE]] noise-cancellation headphones. The service on board the Kingfisher First cabins included a social area comprising a full-fledged bar staffed with a bartender, a break-out seating area just nearby fitted with two couches and bar stools, a full-fledged chef on board the aircraft, and any-time dining. A turn-down service included converting the seat into a fully flat bed and a Flight Attendant making the bed when the passenger is ready to sleep.

;Kingfisher Class
The international Kingfisher Class seats offered a pitch of {{convert|34|inch}}, a width of {{convert|18|inch}} and recline of 25 degrees ({{cvt|6|inch|disp=sqbr}}). Passengers received full-length [[modacrylic]] blankets and full-size pillows. Each Kingfisher Class seat had a {{convert|10.6|inch|adj=on}} widescreen personal television with [[AVOD#Advertising video on demand|AVOD]] touchscreen controls. The IFE was similar to that of the international Kingfisher First class.

===In-flight entertainment===
Kingfisher's IFE system was the Thales TopSeries i3000/i4000 on board the Airbus A320 family aircraft, and Thales TopSeries i5000 on board the Airbus A330 family aircraft provided by the France-based [[Thales Group]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Ravi Teja Sharma / New Delhi 5 October 2006 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/airborne-again/260624/ |title=Airborne again: IFE systems |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> Kingfisher was the first Indian airline to have [[in-flight entertainment]] (IFE) systems on every seat even on domestic flights. The [[inflight magazine]]s were special editions of magazines owned by Mallya's media publishing house (VJM Media) viz. ''Hi! Blitz'' for domestic flights and ''Hi! Living'' for international flights. Initially, passengers were able to watch only recorded TV programming on the IFE system, but later an alliance was formed with [[Dish TV]] to provide live TV in-flight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Kingfisher_Partners_with_Dish_TV/551-77748-547.html |title=Kingfisher partners with Dish TV |publisher=Techtree.com |date=9 December 2006 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120014150/http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Kingfisher_Partners_with_Dish_TV/551-77748-547.html |archive-date=20 November 2008 }}</ref>

===Loyalty programme===
[[File:King Club Logo.png|thumb]]
The [[frequent-flyer program]] of Kingfisher Airlines was called the ''King Club'' in which members earned ''King Miles'' every time they flew with Kingfisher or its partner airlines, hotels, car rental, finance and lifestyle businesses. There were four levels in the scheme: Red, Silver, Gold and Platinum levels. Members could redeem points over a number of schemes. Platinum, Gold and Silver members enjoyed access to the ''Kingfisher Lounge'', priority check-in, excess baggage allowance, bonus miles, and Kingfisher First upgrade vouchers.

===Cargo===

====Kingfisher Xpress====
{{further|Kingfisher Xpress}}
Kingfisher Xpress was a Door-to-Door cargo delivery service launched in February 2010, being the first such service in India promising same-day pick-up in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata and delivery in up to 18 cities, namely, Siliguri, Bengaluru, Chennai, Coimbatore, Delhi, Kochi, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kolkata, Mumbai, Raipur, Ranchi, Lucknow, Nagpur, Pune and Srinagar. A money-back guarantee was offered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/62864/-kingfisheras-new-axpressa-cargo-service/ |title=Kingfisher's new 'Xpress' cargo service |publisher=Routesonline |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref>

===Kingfisher Lounge===
Kingfisher Lounges were offered to ''Kingfisher First'' passengers, along with ''King Club Silver'' and ''King Club Gold'' members. Lounges were located in:
<div>
*[[Kempegowda International Airport]] (Bengaluru)
*[[Chennai International Airport]] (Chennai)
*[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] (Mumbai)
*[[Cochin International Airport]] (Kochi)
*[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] (New Delhi)
*[[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]] (London)
*[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] (Kolkata)
*[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] (Hyderabad)
</div>

[[File:EC155 B1.jpg|thumb|right|Test flight of [[EC155 B1]] of Kingfisher Airlines]]

==Accidents and incidents==
*On 10 November 2009, Flight 4124 to [[Bhavnagar Airport|Bhavnagar]] operated by [[ATR 72|ATR 72-500]] VT-KAC, skidded off the runway after landing at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]. The aircraft suffered substantial damage, but all 46 passengers and crew escaped unharmed.<ref name=ASN101109>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20091110-0 |title=Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=11 November 2009}}</ref> In November 2010, the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] released its final report into the accident. It revealed that the cause of the accident was pilot error, with the aircraft landing at too high a speed and too far down Runway 27A, which was the designation given to Runway 27 whilst it was being operated at a reduced length due to the closure of Runway 14/32 for maintenance.<ref name=Report>{{cite web |url=http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/incident/VT-%20KAC.pdf |title=Report on Serious Incident to M/S Kingfisher Airlines ATR-72 Aircraft VT-KAC at Mumbai on 10.11.2009. |publisher=Directorate General of Civil Aviation |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716025006/http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/incident/VT-%20KAC.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The airline and its downfall were featured in the episode of "The King of Good Times" in the [[Netflix]] series [[Bad Boy Billionaires: India]]. The episode showcased about disgruntled employees who had not received their salaries and the apathetic attitude of [[Vijay Mallya]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-25|title=Bad Boy Billionaires India trailer: An in-depth look at the controversial cases of Vijay Mallya, Nirav Modi and others|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bad-boy-billionaires-india-vijay-mallya-nirav-modi-scam-corruption-video-6569145/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

A parody comedy film, [[Crew (film)|Crew]], starring [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] and [[Kriti Sanon]], was inspired by the financial crisis and closure of Kingfisher.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/crew-kareena-kriti-tabu-film-is-based-on-vijay-mallyas-kingfisher-fiasco-article-108551614|title= Crew: Kareena Kriti Tabu film is based on Vijay Mallya's Kingfisher fiasco}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of airlines of India]]
*[[List of airports in India]]
*[[List of companies of India]]
*[[Transport in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*{{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20140625044233/http://www.flykingfisher.com/}} (defunct)

{{Portal bar|India|Companies|Aviation}}
{{IATA members|asia}}
{{Airlines of India}}
{{United Spirits}}

[[Category:Airlines established in 2003]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:United Breweries Group]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Karnataka]]

Mahendra Mewati

2026-02-08T12:02:45Z

AidanHeim7993963: stub

{{Short description|Indian actor (1970–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahendra Mewati
| image = NOT_SO_FAMOUS_INTERVIEW_OF_MAHENDRA_MEWATI.png
| alt = Mahendra mewati during the interview
| caption = Mahendra Mewati during the interview of ''Not so Famous''
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1970|1|25}}
| birth_place = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2019|1|9|1970|1|25}}
| death_place = [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]], [[Mumbai]]
| other_names =
| alma mater = [[National School of Drama]]
| occupation = Theatre Actor & Stage Director
| years_active = 1995–2019
| known_for = ''[[Aurangzeb]]'' (stage play)
| notable_works =
}}

'''Mahendra Mewati''' (25 January 1970 – 9 January 2019) was an Indian theatre and film actor known for his theatre productions<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/new-delhi/youth-theater-festival-concludes-thank-you-baba-lochan-das-54229|title=थैंकयू बाबा लोचन दास के प्रदर्शन के साथ खत्म हुआ युवा नाट्य महोत्सव|date=2015-02-27|work=dna|access-date=2017-09-14|language=Hindi}}</ref> and for films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://himalayannews.com/news/why-did-kansa-are-ruthless-and-brutal-manifested-drama-in-delhi-gave-the-answer|title=कलाप्रेमी कंस क्यों बन गया था क्रूर, दिल्ली में मंचित नाटक ने दिया जवाब|website=himalayannews.com|accessdate=14 September 2017|language=Hindi}}</ref> He has also directed the play ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' (written by [[Sophocles]]).

==Early life==
Mahendra Mewati<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/aurangzeb-play/articleshow/27587097.cms|title=Aurangzeb: Play|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref> was born in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family. He did school education from [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]] and then graduated from [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University|Sagar University]]. During this time, [[Ashutosh Rana]] was his senior and influenced by him, Mahendra chose the path of acting, and passed the NSD examination and enrolled in acting studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-chhattisgarh-actor-mahendra-mewati-passes-away-2757971|title=Chhattisgarh के इस ख्यात अभिनेता को निगल गई शराब, शानदार था फिल्मी सफर|website=Nai Dunia|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>

In 1992, he earned a scholarship to study at [[National School of Drama]] (NSD) in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf|title=Schlarship|publisher=nsd.gov.in|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mahendra Mewati was found dead in his [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova Mumbai]] residence on 9 January 2019 night.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhatisgarh/ambikapur/news/chhattisgarh-news-city-actor-mahendra-dies-in-mumbai-020157-3622672.html|title=शहर के फिल्म अभिनेता महेंद्र का मुंबई में निधन|last=Automation|first=Bhaskar|date=2019-01-10|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref> In the morning when the actors reached the rehearsals of the play, then Mahendra Mewati had a blood clot, and was found dead, cause of the death has not been revealed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/miscellenous-india/actor-mahendra-mewati-died-in-mumbai-3957347/|title=This veteran actor died in suspicious condition, people used to say - Emperor of acting|website=www.patrika.com|language=hindi|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/theatre-actor-and-director-mahendra-mewati-died-at-the-age-of-49-1647352.html|title=RIP महेन्द्र मेवाती: अभिनय के शहंशाह का जाना...– News18 हिंदी|date=2019-01-09|website=News18 India|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
[[File:Aurangzeb moguln.jpg|thumb|Aurangzeb, the character played by Mahendra Mewati]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]''
|Babaji (Mad Baba)
|Final film
|-
|2015
|''[[Tevar]]''
|Mahesh Mishra (Radhika's brother)
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
|Kirpal Singh
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Chintu Ji]]''
|Vidyasagar
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''
|[[Mahout]]
|Debut film<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd28ee53f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183643/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bd28ee53f|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2019|title=Mahendra Mewati|website=BFI|language=en|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>
|}

Stage Roles with NSD Repertory:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Play Name (Writer) !! Role !! Director of the Play
|-
| Aks Tamasha (Chandrashekhar Kambar) || Prince|| Bhanu Bharti
|-
| Band Gali Ka Aakhri Makan (Dharmveer Bharti) || Hari Ram || Devendra Raj Ankur
|-
| Bhookh Aag Hai (Krishna Baldev Vaid)|| Chorus || Ram Gopal Bajaj
|-
| Chukayenge Nahin (Dario Fo)|| Policeman/Inspector || Bhanu Bharti
|-
| Dhruvswamini (Jaishankar Prasad)|| Ramgupta|| Rabijita Gogoi
|-
| Ghasiram Kotwal (Vijay Tendulkar)|| Ghasiram|| Rajinder Nath
|-
| Inder Sabha (Amanat Lakhnawi) || Indra || Mohan Upreti
|-
| Raaste (G.P. Deshpande) || Madhav/Mahadev|| Pt. Satyadev Dube
|-
| Raja Ki Rasoi (Mohan Maharshi) || Raja|| Mohan Maharshi
|-
| Taj Mahal Ka Tender (Ajay Shukla)|| Shahjahan|| Chittaranjan Tripathi
|-
| Thanku Baba Lochan Das (Nag Bodas)|| Kantilal (Kanta) || V.M. Shah
|}

== Theatre plays ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Play
!Role
|-
|Raja Ki Rasoi
|Raja<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030830/windows/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Main Feature|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aurangzeb]]
|[[Aurangzeb]]
|-
|Katha Ek Kans Ki
|[[Kamsa|Kans]]
|-
|[[Crime and Punishment]]
|
|-
|Thanku Baba Lochan Das
|
|-
|[[Hamlet]]
|Hamlet
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://Www.imdb.com/name/nm1981494 Mahendra Mewati] on [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewati, Mahendra}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]

Sultanganj, Bihar

2026-02-08T02:15:50Z

AidanHeim7993963: added new info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{distinguish|Sultanganj, Malda}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sultanganj
| native_name = Ajgaibinath Dham
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Sultanganj Buddha found.jpg
| image_alt = EB Harris with the Sultanganj Buddha. 1861/1862
| image_caption = EB Harris with the Sultanganj Buddha. 1861/1862
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.246|N|86.738|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 52892
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Angika language|Angika]] [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 813213
| registration_plate = BR-10
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sultanganj also known as''' '''Ajgaibinath Dham'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Sultanganj in Bihar to be renamed after Ajgaibinath Dham|date=4 November 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/04/sultanganj-railway-station-in-bihar-to-be-renamed-after-ajgaibinath-dham}}</ref> is a historic and spiritually significant town in the [[Bhagalpur district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is situated on the southern bank of the Ganga around 25 km west of [[Bhagalpur|Bhagalpur City]]. Every year, lakhs of devotees gather here during the Shravani Mela to collect holy water from the Ganga and walk over 100 km barefoot to the Baidyanath Temple in Deoghar, Jharkhand. The town is also known for its ancient temples, legends from the Mahabharata era, and archaeological finds that link it to early medieval Indian history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultanganj |first=K. V. |title=About Sultanganj - Learn more about us on Sultanganj |url=https://sultanganj.in/about |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Sultanganj |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology and Legends ==
Sultanganj has long been associated with '''Sage Jahnu'''. According to popular belief, when the river Ganga disturbed his prayers, Jahnu swallowed the river in anger but later released it, earning her the name '''Jahnavi'''. The old name of town i.e '''Jahngira''' or '''Jahnu-Giri''' (Hill of Jahnu) reflects this legend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultanganj |first=K. V. |title=About Sultanganj - Learn more about us on Sultanganj |url=https://sultanganj.in/about |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Sultanganj |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharaja |first=Swami B. B. Tirtha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flKdEAAAQBAJ&dq=sage+jahnu&pg=PA67 |title=Sages, Saints & Kings of Ancient India |date=2023-03-07 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=979-8-88762-024-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Sultanganj was part of the ancient kingdom of '''[[Anga]]''', ruled by Karna, the legendary hero of the Mahabharata. Archaeological evidence suggests that Sultanganj was inhabited since early medieval times.

One of the most important finds here is the '''[[Sultanganj Buddha]]''', a 2.3 metre tall, over 500 kg copper statue from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]–[[Pala Empire|Pala period]] (5th–7th century CE). It was discovered in 1861 and is now displayed at the [[Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultanganj |first=K. V. |title=Discover the Rich Culture and History of Sultanganj, Bihar {{!}} Visit Sultanganj |url=https://sultanganj.in/history |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Sultanganj |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Swaraj |first=Priti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtGAEQAAQBAJ&dq=sultanganj+buddha&pg=PA8 |title=Buddhist Iconography in Bihar from Kushana to Pala Period |date=2025-08-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-93-7100-488-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Sultanganj lies at '''25°14′ N, 86°44′ E''' on the southern bank of the Ganga. The river here flows northwards, earning the title '''[[Uttarvahini Ganga]]''', a rare phenomenon considered highly sacred in Hindu tradition. The town also falls within the '''[[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]]''', a 60 km protected stretch of the Ganga for conserving the endangered Gangetic dolphin.

As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Sultanganj is 70%. Thus Sultanganj has a higher literacy rate compared to 63.1% of Bhagalpur district. The male literacy rate is 65.4% and the female literacy rate is 52.2% in Sultanganj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Shravani Mela - Visit Sultanganj, Deoghar |url=https://deoghartourism.com/sultanganj/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], Sultanganj had a total population of 52,892, comprising 28,240 males and 24,652 females. The '''[[sex ratio]]''' stood at ''873 females per 1,000 males'', which is below the Bihar state average of 918. Children aged '''0–6 years''' numbered '''8,741''', accounting for '''16.5%''' of the town’s population, with a ''child sex ratio of 917 girls per 1,000 boys''.

The overall literacy rate of Sultanganj was '''70.95%''', considerably higher than the state average of '''61.8%'''. Male literacy was recorded at '''77.98%''', while female literacy was at '''62.83%''', highlighting a notable gender gap in education. The town had '''9,410 households''' under the jurisdiction of the '''Sultanganj Nagar Parishad'''.

In terms of religion, [[Hindus]] formed around 83.24% of the population, while [[Muslims]] comprised about 16.48%. Other religious communities made up less than 1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultanganj Nagar Parishad City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801353-sultanganj-bihar.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Religious and Cultural Significance ==
The most important event here is the '''[[Shravani Mela]]''', held in July–August. Devotees, called '''[[Kanwar Yatra|Kanwariyas]]''', fetch sacred water from Sultanganj and carry it in kanwars (slings) on foot to Deoghar’s Baidyanath Temple, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-10 |title=Tent cities, laser shows for pilgrims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tent-cities-laser-shows-for-pilgrims/articleshow/122371555.cms |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The main shrine, '''[[Ajgaibinath Dham|Ajgaibinath Temple]]''', stands on a rocky island in the Ganga. Devotees first offer water here before beginning their onward journey to Deoghar. The temple’s present structure, with its Nagara-style shikhara, was renovated in the 19th century by Rani Kalavati of the local royal family.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Shrawani-Mela-inaugurated/articleshow/21291784.cms | title=Shrawani Mela inaugurated | date=24 July 2013 | first=Kumar | last=Rajesh | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=7 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Preparations-afoot-for-Shrawani-Mela/articleshow/20469815.cms | title=Preparations afoot for Shrawani Mela | first=Kumar | last=Rajesh | date=7 June 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=7 October 2018 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
The local economy is mainly based on agriculture, religious tourism, small-scale trade, and services catering to pilgrims.

== Transport ==

=== Railway ===
Sultanganj has [[Sultanganj railway station|Ajgaibinath Dham railway station]] on the [[Eastern Railway zone|'''Eastern Railway''' network]], well-connected to [[Bhagalpur]], [[Patna]], and other towns in Bihar. A new broad-gauge railway line of approximately '''59 km''', costing around '''₹290 crore''', has been sanctioned to directly connect Sultanganj with Deoghar via [[Banka district|Banka]]. The new rail link, once operational, will offer direct ease of travel to [[Deoghar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-09 |title=Spl trains between city & Bhagalpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/spl-trains-between-city-bhagalpur/articleshow/122347750.cms |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=2 राज्य 6 जिले करीब 40 नए स्टेशन, बिहार में बिछने वाली हैं 315 किमी. लंबी रेल लाइनें; किसानों की भरेगी तिजोरी! |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/photos/city/bihar-4-new-rail-line-know-route-map-length-station-name-list-cost-and-completion-date-details-photo-gallery-151314944 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Waterway ===
Sultanganj’s water transport primarily serves pilgrims, who use local boats to cross the Ganga during daily worship and the Shravani Mela. The town is also a stop for the MV Ganga Vilas river cruise,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MV Ganga Vilas River Cruise |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/india/mv-ganga-vilas-river-cruise |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.thehawk.in |language=en}}</ref> boosting tourism along the Ganga. During floods, boats and rescue vessels play a vital role in relief operations. However, seasonal water-level fluctuations and siltation often affect navigation.The '''Ganga river stretch''' passing through Sultanganj forms part of '''[[National Waterway 1|National Waterway-1]] (NW-1)''', India’s longest inland water route, which runs from Prayagraj to Haldia via Bhagalpur and other key cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Waterways 1 {{!}} Inland Waterways Authority of India, Government of India |url=https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617230427/https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1 |archive-date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=iwai.nic.in |language=en}}</ref>

A community jetty (mini-port) is proposed at Sultanganj to open it further to '''domestic and international water traffic''', boosting tourism, cargo movement, and economic development in the Bhagalpur district. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Sultanganj will have inland waterway connectivity |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sultanganj-will-have-inland-waterway-connectivity-community-jetty-and-mini-port-will-be-built-mdn |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Roadway ===
Road connectivity is good, and during the Shravani Mela, additional transport facilities are arranged for pilgrims.

Sultanganj is linked to [[Deoghar]] by '''State Highway-22''', but the current two-lane road often clogs up during the '''Shravani Mela''', and parts like the bypass near the railway station need urgent repairs. Upgrades are underway—a four-lane highway to Deoghar (₹534 crore, due by 2028), the '''''Ganga Path corridor''''' with stretches from '''[[Munger]] to Sultanganj''' and '''Sultanganj''' '''to [[Sabour, Bhagalpur|Sabour]]''' (₹10,000 crore combined) and the Aguwani–Sultanganj Ganga bridge set for completion in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Sultanganj to Deoghar : बिहार बॉर्डर तक बनेगा फोरलेन, 534 करोड़ की मिली प्रशासनिक स्वीकृति |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/four-lane-will-be-constructed-till-bihar-border |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=State adopts Hybrid Annuity Model for big road projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/state-adopts-hybrid-annuity-model-for-big-road-projects/articleshow/122522662.cms |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=Cabinet nod to committee for exploring job scope for one crore youths by 2030 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cabinet-nod-to-committee-for-exploring-job-scope-for-one-crore-youths-by-2030/articleshow/122510065.cms |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Extension of four lane Approach Roadof Aguwani Ghat Sultanganj Ganga Bridge Project near Km 108+700 of NH-80 to nearest point of Mirjachouki-Munger Bypass near Sultanganj including Rail over Bridge, Road overBridge etc. on EPC mode. in Bhagalpur (Bihar): Project Updates & Investment Details {{!}} IIG |url=https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sultanganj Buddha]]
* [[Ajgaibinath Dham]]
* [[Namami Gange Ghat]]

==Notable people==
* [[Sanjay Jha (businessman)|Sanjay Jha]], chairman and CEO of Motorola Mobility
* [[Tilka Majhi|Tilka Manjhi]], Indian [[Adivasi|tribal]] leader and rebel recognised as one of the earliest figures to rebel against British colonial rule.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhagalpur district}}
{{Bhagalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Anga Desh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhagalpur district]]

Sipahijala district

2026-01-25T23:06:05Z

AidanHeim7993963: minor improve article based on references further and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sipahijala district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tripura|District]] of [[Tripura]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Garden of Neermahal.JPG
|photo2a = Forests invoking to be explored.JPG
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Neermahal]] Bottom: Trees at [[Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Sepahijala district'''
|type=shape |id=Q16086076
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Sepahijala district of Tripura
|type2=line|id2=Q1363|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tripura
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tripura
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date|2012|01}}
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bishramganj]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| area_total_km2 = 1043.04
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 479,975
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 98% <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sepahijala.nic.in/demography/.html|title=sepahijala district literacy|date=June 2019}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 966 F/1000 M
| leader_title = DM & Collector
| leader_name = Siddharth Shiv Jaiswal, IAS
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TR-07
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://sepahijala.nic.in}}
}}

'''Sipahijala district''' is a district of [[Tripura]], [[India]]. This district was created in January 2012 when four new districts were established in Tripura, taking the number of districts in the state from four to eight.<ref name="ibnlive divisions">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126032522/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Four new districts, six subdivisions for Tripura|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=26 October 2011|accessdate=10 April 2012}}</ref> Part of the district was formed from the former district of [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]. The principal towns in the district are [[Bishalgarh]], [[Bishramganj]], [[Melaghar]] and [[Sonamura]].

==Division==
There are 3 Sub-Division in Sipahijala district. They are Bishalgarh subdivision, [[Sonamura Sub-division]] and Jampuijala subdivision.

There are 7 Blocks under Sepahijala District. They are Bishalgarh, Charilam, Nalchar (formerly Melaghar), Mohanbhog, Boxanagar, Kathalia and Jampuijala<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sepahijala.nic.in|title=Sepahijala district}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, Sipahijala district had a population of 479,975. Sepahijala has a sex ratio of 955 females to 1000 males and a literacy rate of 84.78%. 10.28% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Survey Report: Sepahijala |url=https://dste.tripura.gov.in/pdfs/dsr/sepahijala.pdf |website=dste.tripura.gov.in |publisher=Department of Science Technology and Environment: Government of Tripura}}</ref> Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 82,557 (17.20%) and 115,811 (24.13%) of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: West Tripura |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1158/download/3646/DH_2011_1601_PART_A_DCHB_WEST_TRIPURA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sepahijala district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|72.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|24.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tripura|Christians]]|dodgerblue|2.37}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.27}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
Sepahijala had 349,260 Hindus, 118,038 Muslims and 11,399 Christians.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Tripura|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11393/download/14506/DDW16C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sipahijala district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 73.26 |color1 = gold
|label2 = [[Kokborok]] |value2 = 23.32 |color2 = deepskyblue
|label3 = Others |value3 = 3.42 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 73.26% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 23.32% [[Kokborok]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10223/download/13335/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Roadway===
[[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]] ('''NH 8'''), running from [[Karimganj]] in Assam to [[Sabroom]] in Tripura, passes through this district.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|accessdate=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204094735/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Railway===
[[Lumding–Sabroom section|Lumding–Sabroom]] line of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] passes through Sipahijala district. There are two stations in the district,
namely [[Bishramganj railway station]] and [[Bishalgarh railway station]], providing connectivity to Tripura capital [[Agartala]] and Assam and other major cities of the state like [[Dharmanagar]], [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]] and [[Belonia, India|Belonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com|title=Indian Rail Info}}</ref>

==Places to visit==
There are some major tourist spots<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sepahijala.nic.in/tourism|title=Sepahijala district tourism}}</ref> in Sepahijala District which are namely:-

1. [[Neermahal|Neermahal (Twijilikma Nuyung)]] 2. [[Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary]] 3. [[Kamalasagar]] and Kamalasagar(Kashaba) Kali Temple 4. [[Boxanagar Ruins|Baxanagar Buddhist Stupa]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sepahijala.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Tripura}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|23.6327|N|91.3198|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Districts of Tripura]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat

2026-01-25T03:35:55Z

AidanHeim7993963: Put Up First Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
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'''Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat''' or Himachal Pradesh State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[Constitution|constitutional]] protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat|Lok Adalats]] award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la ref10">{{cite news |title= chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat |last1=Gupta |first1=Vishal |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat-on-september-11 |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=latestlaws.com |date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="la Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="la ref7">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Sarfaraz Ahmed |title=Lok adalat : an effective alternative dispute resolution mechanism |date=2006 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-868-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChRWJjouEesC&dq=bihar+lok+adalat&pg=PA67 |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="la ref9">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat: A Critical Analysis |url=https://www.jusdicere.in/lok-adalat-a-critical-analysis/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Jus Dicere |date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101073904/https://www.jusdicere.in/lok-adalat-a-critical-analysis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The primary value [[Keel laying|laid down]] as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.<ref name="la ref8">{{cite news |title=Significance of Lok Adalats in present scenario. |url=http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/583/Significance-of-Lok-Adalats-in-present-scenario..html |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=legalservicesindia.com}}</ref>

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.

*High Court.

*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.

*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.

* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.

* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.

* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Acting Chief Justice Ravi Malimath, [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]], is current Patron-in-Chief of Himachal Pradesh State Legal Services Authority.<ref name="hpla ref3">{{cite news |title=10,783 cases settled in state Lok Adalats |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/10-783-cases-settled-in-state-lok-adalats-309961 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=tribuneindia |date=11 September 2021}}</ref>

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved<ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=2G court correct in not referring LTL matter to Lok Adalat: Supreme Court {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/2g-court-correct-in-not-referring-ltl-matter-to-lok-adalat-supreme-court-1653421/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="hpla ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat settles 3,398 cases in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lok-adalat-settles-3-398-cases-in-himachal-pradesh-113122800739_1.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=business-standard.com |date=28 December 2013}}</ref>

* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.<ref name="hpla ref3" />

* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.

* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.

* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.

* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Issues relating to recovery of money.

* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.<ref name="hpla ref2">{{cite news |title=25K cases come up for hearing at Lok Adalat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/25k-cases-come-up-for-hearing-at-lok-adalat-349316 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=tribuneindia |date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.

* Cases relating to recovery of money.

* Issues relating to labour disputes.

* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.

* General Maintenance related disputes.

* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.

== Details of cases Resolved ==

* Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat settled 10783 cases with settlement amount of Rs 28.85 [[crore]], out of 32,725 cases that came up for hearing before it as part of National Lok Adalat organised in September'21.<ref name="hpla ref3" />

* Himachal Pradesh Lok Adalat settled 10783 cases out of 6,862 cases as part of National Lok Adalat organised by it.<ref name="hpla ref4" />

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://himachal.nic.in/index1.php?lang=1&dpt_id=240&level=0&linkid=4570&lid=15853 Official website]



[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]

Elluvachi Godaramma

2026-01-19T18:17:48Z

AidanHeim7993963: creating new info

{{Short description|Song by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and P. Susheela}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Elluvachi Godaramma
| cover =
| caption =
| type = song
| artist = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[P. Susheela]]
| album = [[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]
| language = Telugu
| released = 31 December 1982
| recorded = 1982
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist| [[Dance music|Dance]] | [[Pop music|pop]] | [[jazz]] | [[Electronic dance music]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=02}}
| label = [[Saregama]]
| composer = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| lyricist = [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| tracks =
# "'''Elluvachi Godaramma'''"
# "Cheera Kattindhi"
# "Kudikannu Kotagane"
# "Challagali Cheppindhi"
# "Yendavana"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|SUxGZaoMDVY|"Elluvachi Godaramma"}}
}}
}}

"'''Elluvachi Godaramma'''" (also known as "'''Elluvachhi'''" or "'''Velluvachi Godaramma'''") is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song in the [[soundtrack]] of the 1982 film [[Devatha (1982 film)|''Devatha'']], directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/sri-devi-birth-anniversary-10-must-watch-telugu-films-of-indias-first-female-superstar/photostory/93535630.cms|title=Sri Devi Birth Anniversary: 10 Must watch Telugu films of First Female Superstar|website=Times of India|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511151744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/sri-devi-birth-anniversary-10-must-watch-telugu-films-of-indias-first-female-superstar/photostory/93535630.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Starring [[Sobhan Babu]] and [[Sridevi]], the film is produced by [[D. Rama Naidu]] under the studio [[Suresh Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/oldies/you-will-shock-to-hear-what-the-producer-of-devatha-film-did-to-sridevi-at-that-time-kavi-44056.html|title=Sridevi: శ్రీదేవిని ఆ నిర్మాత ఏమి చేసాడో తెలిస్తే షాక్ అవుతారు | You will shock to hear what the producer of Devatha film did to Sridevi at that time Kavi|date=April 12, 2023|website=Chitrajyothy|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606163123/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/oldies/you-will-shock-to-hear-what-the-producer-of-devatha-film-did-to-sridevi-at-that-time-kavi-44056.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/kommineni-appa-rao-known-as-k-chakravarthi-history-and-profile-of-a-famous-telugu-music-director-628222.html|title=Chakravarthy: పాటలను స్వరాల పల్లకీలో ఊరేగించిన సంగీత చక్రవర్తి|first=TV9|last=Telugu|date=February 3, 2022|website=[[TV9 Telugu]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125823/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/kommineni-appa-rao-known-as-k-chakravarthi-history-and-profile-of-a-famous-telugu-music-director-628222.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with lyrics by [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]] and sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[P. Susheela]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/devatha-song-velluvachi-godaramma/videoshow/65382600.cms|title=Devatha | Song - Velluvachi Godaramma|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815131854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/devatha-song-velluvachi-godaramma/videoshow/65382600.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was released on 31 December 1982 as the lead song from the album, through [[Saregama]]. The full video song, featuring scenes directly from the film, was released on 6 August 2011 on [[YouTube]]. After receiving huge response since decades,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/Sep/20/gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki-movie-review-varun-tej-atharvaa-14422.html|title=Gaddalakonda Ganesh Movie Review: Lost in translation|first=Murali Krishna|last=CH|date=September 20, 2019|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001194031/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/sep/20/gaddalakonda-ganesh-valmiki-movie-review-varun-tej-atharvaa-14422.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Nagaraj |last=Goud |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2019/epaper/august/vijayawada-english-edition-2019-08-31.pdf |title=Devatha hit number remixed for Valmiki |date=31 August 2019 |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125657/https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2019/epaper/august/vijayawada-english-edition-2019-08-31.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the song was remixed and released as "Elluvochi Godaramma" for the 2019 film ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/varun-tej-pooja-hegde-romantic-elluvochi-godaramma-full-video-song-in-gaddalakonda-ganesh-crossed-100-million-club-pk-915102.html|title=Elluvochi Godaramma Full Video Song: 100 మిలియన్ క్లబ్‌లో వరుణ్ తేజ్, పూజా హెగ్డే 'ఎల్లవొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ'..|date=June 15, 2021|website=[[News18 Telugu]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201100622/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/varun-tej-pooja-hegde-romantic-elluvochi-godaramma-full-video-song-in-gaddalakonda-ganesh-crossed-100-million-club-pk-915102.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch-py09xd|title=పూజాహెగ్డే నడుముపై రాఘవేంద్రరావు కామెంట్స్!|website=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126085511/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch-py09xd|url-status=live}}</ref>

== 2019 version ==
{{Infobox song
| name = Elluvochi Godaramma
| cover = Elluvochi Godaramma song cover.jpg
| caption = Song cover
| type = single
| artist = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[P. Susheela]]
| album = [[Gaddalakonda Ganesh (soundtrack)|Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]
| language = Telugu
| released = 17 September 2019
| recorded = 2019
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist| [[Dance music|Dance]] | [[Pop music|pop]] | [[jazz]] | [[Electronic dance music]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=27}}
| label = [[Saregama]]
| composer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| lyricist = [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|965A-iT45sw|"Elluvochi Godaramma"}}
}}
}}

"'''Elluvochi Godaramma'''" is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]], with lyrics by [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]] and recorded by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[P. Susheela]] for the [[Gaddalakonda Ganesh (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2019 film ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]''. The song features [[Varun Tej]] and [[Pooja Hegde]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/velluvachi-godaramma-remake-song-from-varun-tej-valmiki-released-135770.html|title='వెల్లువచ్చి గోదారమ్మ'.. మళ్లీ ఇలా వచ్చిందమ్మా..|first=TV9|last=Telugu|date=September 17, 2019|website=[[TV9 Telugu]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125943/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/velluvachi-godaramma-remake-song-from-varun-tej-valmiki-released-135770.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was released on 17 September 2019 as the fourth single from the album, through [[Saregama]]. The full video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 1 November 2019 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesxptelugu.indiatimes.com/samayam/songs/telugu-video-songs/elluvochi-godaramma-video-song-from-gaddalakonda-ganesh-movie/videoshow/97762615.cms |title='ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ' ఫుల్ వీడియో సాంగ్ |date=4 November 2019 |website=[[Times Internet|TimesXP]] |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125826/https://timesxptelugu.indiatimes.com/samayam/songs/telugu-video-songs/elluvochi-godaramma-video-song-from-gaddalakonda-ganesh-movie/videoshow/97762615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The song received positive response upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/watch-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegdes-hit-telugu-song-elluvochi-godaramma/videoshow/73320870.cms|title=Watch: Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde's hit Telugu song 'Elluvochi Godaramma'|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112033159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/watch-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegdes-hit-telugu-song-elluvochi-godaramma/videoshow/73320870.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/velluvachi-godaramma-remix-song-from-varun-tej-valmiki-gets-superb-response/articleshow/71171128.cms|title='ఎల్లువచ్చి గోదారమ్మ' రీమిక్స్.. బిందెలతో వరుణ్, పూజా పాట్లు చూశారా?|website=[[Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125935/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/velluvachi-godaramma-remix-song-from-varun-tej-valmiki-gets-superb-response/articleshow/71171128.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The track also trended in the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/valmiki-velluvachi-godaramma-song-making-is-trending-pxx2my|title=వాల్మీకి: ట్రెండింగ్ లో ' వెల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ' సాంగ్ మేకింగ్!|website=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126094225/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/valmiki-velluvachi-godaramma-song-making-is-trending-pxx2my|url-status=live}}</ref> [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] won [[20th Santosham Film Awards]] for Best Male Playback Singer.

=== Background and production ===
In late-August 2019, it was reported that the film would have the remixed version of the song "Elluvachi Godaramma" from ''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]'' (1982).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010919/pooja-hegde-to-groove-to-sridevis-song.html|title=Pooja Hegde to groove to Srideviâ€™s song|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=September 1, 2019|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521134753/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010919/pooja-hegde-to-groove-to-sridevis-song.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mickey-j-meyer-expresses-his-gratitude-for-composing-music-for-valmiki/articleshow/71180323.cms|title=Mickey J Meyer expresses his gratitude for composing music for 'Valmiki'|date=September 18, 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521165319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mickey-j-meyer-expresses-his-gratitude-for-composing-music-for-valmiki/articleshow/71180323.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Remixed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]], it was recorded by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], but retained the voice of [[P. Susheela]] from the original track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-his-youthful-voice-to-live-in-more-than-40000-songs/articleshow/78312094.cms|title=SP Balasubrahmanyam dies; his youthful voice to live in more than 40,000 songs|date=September 25, 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928000853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sp-balasubrahmanyam-dies-his-youthful-voice-to-live-in-more-than-40000-songs/articleshow/78312094.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Meyer changed the beats of the song according to the current style and was used in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-tej-old-song-remix-in-valmiki-px3kwg|title=వరుణ్ తేజ్ వాల్మీకి.. ఓల్డ్ సాంగ్ రీమిక్స్?|website=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628152332/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-tej-old-song-remix-in-valmiki-px3kwg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Harish Shankar]], the director of the film revealed that it was his eight-year dream to remix the song in his film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.v6velugu.com/harish-shankar-reaction-on-elluvochi-godaramma-remix-in-valmiki-movie-288082-2|title=ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ రీమిక్స్ ఎనిమిదేళ్ల కల : హరీష్ శంకర్|first=V6|last=Velugu|date=September 18, 2019|website=[[V6 News]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125829/https://www.v6velugu.com/harish-shankar-reaction-on-elluvochi-godaramma-remix-in-valmiki-movie-288082-2|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the release of the film, Harish said "We have remixed Velluvachi Godaramma from ''Devatha'' (1982) and the song comes at an appropriate situation and goes in line with the narrative."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/Sep/17/jigarthanda-is-my-favourite-film-valmiki-will-not-veer-too-far-from-the-original-harish-shankar-2034660.html|title='Jigarthanda' is my favourite film, 'Valmiki' will not veer too far from the original: Harish Shankar|first=Murali Krishna C.|last=H|date=September 17, 2019|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521134548/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/Sep/17/jigarthanda-is-my-favourite-film-valmiki-will-not-veer-too-far-from-the-original-harish-shankar-2034660.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "There is some valid reason for remixing Sridevi song and it will be best to find out the decision about the song while watching the movie on the big screen, he added"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://industryhit.com/t/reason-to-remix-velluvachi-godaramma-song-in-valmiki/|title=Reason To Remix 'Velluvachi Godaramma' Song In Valmiki|date=September 16, 2019|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120024932/https://industryhit.com/t/reason-to-remix-velluvachi-godaramma-song-in-valmiki/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that, the flashback of the takes place in the 1982. When Ganesh (Varun Tej) sees Sridevi (Pooja Hegde), he remembers actress Sridevi. That's how they used this song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/top-cinema-news/velluvachi-godaramma-remake-song-100-million-views-19441.html|title='దేవత' రీమిక్స్ సాంగ్ కు వంద మిలియన్ వ్యూస్!|first=ntv|last=Telugu|date=June 15, 2021|website=[[NTV Telugu]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206053659/https://ntvtelugu.com/top-cinema-news/velluvachi-godaramma-remake-song-100-million-views-19441.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-teja-s-valmiki-elluvachi-godaramma-song-remix-pxnrvf|title='వాల్మీకి' సీక్రెట్ : శోభన్ బాబు సాంగ్ రీమిక్స్ కి కారణం.!|website=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923025443/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-teja-s-valmiki-elluvachi-godaramma-song-remix-pxnrvf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tej said that Harish was extremely confident about
remixing the song and he knew its history.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Nagaraj |last=Goud |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2019/epaper/september/vijayawada-english-edition-2019-09-19.pdf |title=I will continue to experiment: VARUN TEJ |date=19 September 2019 |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125820/https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2019/epaper/september/vijayawada-english-edition-2019-09-19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Harish said he feel fortunate to give remuneration to his son Veturi Ravi for using [[Veturi]]'s lyrics.<ref name=":2"/>

=== Music video ===
The music video was choreographed by [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar Master]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-is-ecstatic-over-the-massive-response-to-elluvochi-godaramma/articleshow/71230179.cms|title=Pooja Hegde is ecstatic over the massive response to Elluvochi Godaramma|date=September 21, 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101070719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-is-ecstatic-over-the-massive-response-to-elluvochi-godaramma/articleshow/71230179.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in late-August 2019 around [[Rajahmundry]] on the banks of [[Godavari River]]. The song featuring [[Varun Tej]] and [[Pooja Hegde]], was shot for five days on the sand dunes near [[Yanam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/elluvochi-godaramma-song-promo-valmiki-14288-26557.html|title='ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ' సాంగ్ ప్రోమో|date=September 17, 2019|website=[[10TV]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125833/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/elluvochi-godaramma-song-promo-valmiki-14288-26557.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Harish asked Sekhar Master to follow the style Salim Master followed in the 1980s. He revealed that when he asked for 500 bindes (brass pots), the producers bought 1500 bindes.<ref name=":1"/> It costed around {{INR}}30 lakh. On 29 August 2019, the makers announced that they are filming the song at Godavari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/articleshow/70911312.cms|title=Sridevi's song to be remixed for Varun Tej, Pooja Hegde's 'Valmiki'?|date=August 30, 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112153914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sridevis-song-will-be-remixed-for-varun-tej-pooja-hegdes-valmiki/articleshow/70911312.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "How about making a song with Binde in 2019? I thought As soon as the shoot of this song started in Yanam, I got tears in my eyes. I can't imagine anyone except Pooja in this song by Sridevigaru", he added.<ref name=":2"/> Varun said "I am not comfortable with songs and dances by nature. But I thought there will be a remix song of Chiranjeevi and Pawan in this film. But I got very excited when Shobhan Babu's song came out. I didn't want to recreate it so well. I am a huge fan of boys' songs."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/valmiki-movie-velluvachi-godaramma-song-promo-release-1225216|title=ముప్పైఏడేళ్లు వెనక్కి వెళ్లాను | Valmiki Movie Velluvachi Godaramma Song Promo Release | Sakshi|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024165924/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/valmiki-movie-velluvachi-godaramma-song-promo-release-1225216|url-status=live}}</ref> Hegde revealed that she watched the song twenty times before and tried to recreate the dance step.<ref name=":1"/> "It was hot and tiring. I've even had sunburns", she added.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Nagaraj |last=Goud |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2019/epaper/september/hyderabad-english-edition-2019-09-25.pdf |title=Now I am 'Godaramma' for everyone: POOJA HEGDE |date=25 September 2019 |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |access-date=15 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815131732/https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2019/epaper/september/hyderabad-english-edition-2019-09-25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' said "Besides the foot-tapping tune, the original number was famous for Sridevi's waist swaying and 100s of metal pots used as props in the background. Everything remains the same in Valmiki, however, the choreography has changed and thanks to Sekhar Master for some beautiful dance moves."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-video-promo-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegde-try-hard-to-recreate-the-magic-of-sobhan-babu-and-sridevi/articleshow/71169731.cms|title=Elluvochi Godaramma video promo: Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde try hard to recreate the magic of Sobhan Babu and Sridevi|date=September 17, 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705152509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-video-promo-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegde-try-hard-to-recreate-the-magic-of-sobhan-babu-and-sridevi/articleshow/71169731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marketing and release ===
The makers unveiled the making video of song "Elluvochi Godaramma" on 15 September 2019, on the film's pre-release event held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/velluvachi-godaramma-song-making-video-from-valmiki-released/articleshow/71146384.cms|title='Velluvachi Godaramma' song making video from 'Valmiki' released|date=September 16, 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112033052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/velluvachi-godaramma-song-making-video-from-valmiki-released/articleshow/71146384.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "Elluvochi Godaramma" was released on 17 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/elluvochi-godaramma-song-promo-from-valmiki-telugu-flim/videoshow/71171019.cms|title='ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ' సాంగ్ రీమేక్.. ఎల్లకిల్లా పడుతున్న పూజా, వరుణ్|website=[[Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092530/https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/elluvochi-godaramma-song-promo-from-valmiki-telugu-flim/videoshow/71171019.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/elluvochi-godaramma/49288642/|title=Elluvochi Godaramma Song by Veturi Sundararama M from Valmiki, Trendy Dance Beats, Melody Queen P. Susheela Paatalu Songs|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209180514/https://www.hungama.com/song/elluvochi-godaramma/49288642/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song launch event was held on the same in Hyderabad, with [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], director of ''Devatha'' gracing the event as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-tej-and-pooja-hegde-s-elluvochi-godaramma-song-promo-pxz74e|title=ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ సాంగ్.. స్టెప్పులతో కేక పెట్టించిన వరుణ్, పూజా!|website=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815131858/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varun-tej-and-pooja-hegde-s-elluvochi-godaramma-song-promo-pxz74e|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented "Besides Varun Tej’s impressive act as a dreadful gangster, the major attraction of ''Gaddalakonda Ganesh'' was the short-yet-impactful role of Pooja Hegde and her jaw-dropping presence in the yesteryear superhit number Elluvochi Godaramma. She pulled off the sizzling dance moves with ease and her irresistible beauty in a pink saree is something to watch out for."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hotness-alert-pooja-hegde-will-make-your-heads-turn-with-her-irresistible-attires-during-film-promotions/articleshow/71634725.cms|title=Hotness Alert! Pooja Hegde will make your heads turn with her irresistible attires during film promotions|date=October 17, 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109043909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hotness-alert-pooja-hegde-will-make-your-heads-turn-with-her-irresistible-attires-during-film-promotions/articleshow/71634725.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Murali Krishna C H of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "The much-hyped Velluvachi Godaramma, a remix of the celebratory song of the 80s featuring Sobhan Babu and Sridevi, pales in comparison with the original."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Sep/21/valmiki-review--movie-lost-in-translation-fails-to-keep-up-with-jigarthanda-2036831.html|title=Valmiki review | Movie lost in translation, fails to keep up with 'Jigarthanda'|first=Murali Krishna C.|last=H|date=September 21, 2019|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518222034/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Sep/21/valmiki-review--movie-lost-in-translation-fails-to-keep-up-with-jigarthanda-2036831.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''Industry Hit'' wrote "Pooja Hegde has matched the grace of Sridevi to a large extent with her own charm in the Velluvachi Godaramma song. Along with the visual beauty, soothing music, catchy lyrics, many other things, the graceful dance moments of Sridevi is also one of the factors for the song to be an evergreen classical hit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://industryhit.com/t/velluvachi-godaramma-a-retro-treat/|title=Velluvachi Godaramma - A Retro Treat|date=September 17, 2019|website=Industry Hit|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419081637/https://industryhit.com/t/velluvachi-godaramma-a-retro-treat/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Commenting the song as "entertaining", Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' wrote "We shall appreciate both the director and the music director for not murdering the original song from Devatha. It is one of the most pleasant remixes in Telugu cinema."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/gaddalakondaganesh.html|title=Gaddalakonda Ganesh (Valmiki) review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118043127/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/gaddalakondaganesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Credits and personnel ===

{{div col}}
* [[Mickey J. Meyer]]{{spaced ndash}} composer, remix, keyboards
* [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[P. Susheela]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Ramya Behara]]{{spaced ndash}} chorus
* [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]{{spaced ndash}} chorus
* [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar Master]]{{spaced ndash}} choreographer
* Venkatesh Patvari{{spaced ndash}} rhythm programmino
* Charles Berthoud{{spaced ndash}} bass guitar
* Sandilya Pisapati{{spaced ndash}} violin
* Santhosh{{spaced ndash}} Indian rhythms
* Darren Vermaas{{spaced ndash}} mastering engineer
{{div col end}}

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="1"| [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="1"|[[20th Santosham Film Awards|14 November 2021]]
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/santoshamawards2021/index.html|title=Santosham film awards 2021|website=[[Idlebrain]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803040331/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/santoshamawards2021/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Reception ===
"Elluvachi Godaramma" received positive reception from audiences, praising the music and lyrics, and became a huge success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch/articleshow/71172357.cms|title=K Raghavendra Rao: పూజా నడుంపై పెట్టిన ఆ బిందె నాక్కావాలి.. ఆ పండుతో కొడ్తా: రాఘవేంద్రరావు|website=[[Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092336/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/director-k-raghavendra-rao-speech-at-valmiki-elluvochi-godaramma-song-launch/articleshow/71172357.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/elluvochi-godaramma-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegdes-song-garners-100-million-views/articleshow/83565557.cms|title=Elluvochi Godaramma: Varun Tej and Pooja Hegde's song garners 100 million views|date=June 16, 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731133531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/elluvochi-godaramma-varun-tej-and-pooja-hegdes-song-garners-100-million-views/articleshow/83565557.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After decades, the song was remixed in Telugu film ''Gaddalakonda Ganesh'' as "Elluvochi Godaramma".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/music/remixed-telugu-classic-elluvochi-godaramma-song-breaks-youtube-record-137124|title=Remixed Telugu Classic Elluvochi Godaramma Song Breaks YouTube Record|date=June 16, 2021|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522093245/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/music/remixed-telugu-classic-elluvochi-godaramma-song-breaks-youtube-record-137124|url-status=live}}</ref> The song too received positive response and became chartbuster upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/latest/100-million-views-for-the-evergreen-elluvochi-godaramma-video-song-238098.html|title=Gaddalakonda Ganesh : 'ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మా' పాటకు వ్యూస్ వెల్లువ..|date=June 15, 2021|website=[[10TV]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130343/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/latest/100-million-views-for-the-evergreen-elluvochi-godaramma-video-song-238098.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/varun-tej-latest-movie-song-released-in-youtube--32891|title=సాయి పల్లవిని బీట్ చేయనున్న వరుణ్ తేజ్..|date=November 2, 2019|website=[[HMTV]]|access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> ''[[ABP News]]'' reported that many complimented Hegde as new Sridevi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/pooja-hegde-hit-songs-gopikamma-elluvochi-godaramma-bathukamma-butta-bomma-pooja-excels-with-her-dance-and-graceful-expressions-85624|title=గోపికమ్మ... ఎల్లువొచ్చి గోదారమ్మ... ఇప్పుడు బతుకమ్మ - బుట్ట బొమ్మ హిట్ సాంగ్స్!|first=Satya|last=Pulagam|date=April 1, 2023|website=[[ABP News]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609075946/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/pooja-hegde-hit-songs-gopikamma-elluvochi-godaramma-bathukamma-butta-bomma-pooja-excels-with-her-dance-and-graceful-expressions-85624|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed the track in ''Top 5 Remix Songs in Tollywood'' article.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-to-andam-hindolam-top-5-remix-songs-in-tollywood/photostory/79114458.cms|title='Elluvochi Godaramma' to 'Andam Hindolam,' Top 5 Remix Songs in Tollywood|date=November 9, 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002130624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/elluvochi-godaramma-to-andam-hindolam-top-5-remix-songs-in-tollywood/photostory/79114458.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple news media reported audience to be dancing to the tunes of "Elluvochi Godaramma" in front of the theatre screens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/gaddalakonda-ganesh-fans-hungama-elluvochi-godaramma-song-14672-27294.html|title=ఎల్లువొచ్చే పాటకు థియేటర్స్‌లో రచ్చరచ్చ|date=September 22, 2019|website=[[10TV]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130345/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/gaddalakonda-ganesh-fans-hungama-elluvochi-godaramma-song-14672-27294.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.navyamedia.com/elluvochi-godaramma-gets-huge-response/|title=Elluvochi Godaramma gets huge response|date=September 23, 2019|website=Navya Media|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130353/https://telugu.navyamedia.com/elluvochi-godaramma-gets-huge-response/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/pooja-hegdes-recreation-sridevi-song-elluvochi-godaramma-receive-enormous-love-fans-186060/|title=Pooja Hegde's recreation of Sridevi in the song 'Elluvochi Godaramma' receive enormous love from fans|date=September 23, 2019|website=The Indian Wire|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522093342/https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/pooja-hegdes-recreation-sridevi-song-elluvochi-godaramma-receive-enormous-love-fans-186060/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was also replayed in the theatres with the request of fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/celebrity/happy-birthday-pooja-hegde-5-best-dance-numbers-featuring-the-actress/94813153|title=Happy Birthday Pooja Hegde: 5 best dance numbers featuring the stunning actress|website=[[Radio Mirchi]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130400/https://mirchi.in/stories/celebrity/happy-birthday-pooja-hegde-5-best-dance-numbers-featuring-the-actress/94813153|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[K. Raghavendra Rao]] shared that Pooja Hegde was "splendid" in the song and said that the song was the one part of the film that he loved the most. In the success meet of the film ''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]'', Raghavendra Rao said that Tej and Hegde became popular with his "Binde song".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstap.in/cinema/raghavendra-rao-points-out-his-connection-with-varun-tej-1374151|title=Raghavendra Rao points out his connection with Varun Tej|first=NewsTAP|last=Bureau|date=June 15, 2022|website=News TAP|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130353/https://www.newstap.in/cinema/raghavendra-rao-points-out-his-connection-with-varun-tej-1374151|url-status=live}}</ref> The brass pots used in the song brought enormous fame to Ajjaram village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Jul/22/andhras-ajjaram-village-keeps-brass-bells-ringing-for-three-generations-2597690.html|title=Andhra's Ajjaram village keeps brass bells ringing for three generations|first=K. V.|last=Sailendra|date=July 23, 2023|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130359/https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Jul/22/andhras-ajjaram-village-keeps-brass-bells-ringing-for-three-generations-2597690.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When Hegde saw the film in a theatre in Hyderabad, she admits to becoming quite emotional after seeing people dance when the song was played on screen. "To recreate a song that had Sridevi, a legend herself, in the original version, can get quite scary. There’s absolutely no room for error, and it's a big task to live up to the hype. I'm thrilled that people liked the song and my role in the film," she says.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-on-trying-her-hand-at-comedy-in-housefull-4-and-upcoming-films-with-allu-arjun-prabhas-akhil-akkineni-7401251.html|title=Pooja Hegde on trying her hand at comedy in Housefull 4, and upcoming films with Allu Arjun, Prabhas, Akhil Akkineni|date=September 26, 2019|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602221735/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-on-trying-her-hand-at-comedy-in-housefull-4-and-upcoming-films-with-allu-arjun-prabhas-akhil-akkineni-7401251.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other versions ==

# "Elluvochi Godaramma - Cover" by Anushya Murugesh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saregama.com/album/elluvochi-godaramma-cover_168381|title=Elluvochi Godaramma - Cover|website=[[Saregama]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130420/https://www.saregama.com/album/elluvochi-godaramma-cover_168381|url-status=live}}</ref>
# "Elluvochchi Godaramma - Slap House Mix" by S VIII<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saregama.com/album/elluvochchi-godaramma-slap-house-mix_145718|title=Elluvochchi Godaramma - Slap House Mix|website=[[Saregama]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130912/https://www.saregama.com/album/elluvochchi-godaramma-slap-house-mix_145718|url-status=live}}</ref>
# "Elluvachi Godaramma - Tapori Mix" by DJ Pavan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=u4zMk-uBuiA|title=Elluvachi Godaramma - Tapori Mix|website=[[YouTube Music]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130918/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=u4zMk-uBuiA|url-status=live}}</ref>
# "Elluvachi Godaramma - Dance Mix" by The Independeners<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=X12G-iG93A8|title=Elluvachi Godaramma - Dance Mix|website=[[YouTube Music]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130913/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=X12G-iG93A8|url-status=live}}</ref>
# "Elluvachi Godaramma - Reggaeton Mix" by Abhishek Martyn<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=B9cXQoN3Lpo|title=Elluvachi Godaramma - Reggaeton Mix|website=[[YouTube Music]]|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130927/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=B9cXQoN3Lpo|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|id=SUxGZaoMDVY|title="Elluvachi Godaramma"}}
* {{YouTube|id=965A-iT45sw|title="Elluvochi Godaramma"}}

[[Category:1982 songs]]
[[Category:2019 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:1980s songs]]
[[Category:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
[[Category:Songs released posthumously]]
[[Category:Indian folk songs]]
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

Yogesh R. Patel

2026-01-16T14:18:38Z

AidanHeim7993963: added some entry v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Yogesh R. Patel,''' also known as Bapji, (born 1965)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yogesh R. Patel (Bapji)(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ANAND(ANAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6170 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Anand Assembly constituency in [[Anand district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anand Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Yogesh R. Patel (Bapji) Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/anand-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562621.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Anand Election Result 2022 HIGHLIGHTS: BJP's Yogesh Patel emerges victorious, Congress loses by 41623 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/story/anand-gujarat-assembly-seat-election-results-2022-key-candidates-bjp-congress-aap-news-2306593-2022-12-08 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from Anand, Gujarat. He is the son of Rajivbhai Patel. He studied Class 10 at D.N. High School, Anand and passed the SSC examinations in 1980. Later, he discontinued his studies. He and his wife run the family business.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from [[Anand Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 111,859 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Kantibhai Sodha Parmar of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 41,623 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Wins In Gujarat's Anand Constituency, Snatches Seat From Congress |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-wins-in-gujarats-anand-constituency-snatches-seat-from-congress-3590894 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Anand Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Yogeshbhai Patel wins from Anand seat - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/anand-election-result-2022-live-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15340501.htm |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Visual |first=B. B. C. |last2=Team |first2=Data Journalism |title=Gujarat assembly election results 2022 - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-3dcd148a-a71e-4922-8749-92ced02533db |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=News |language=en-GB}}</ref> He lost the 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election to Kantibhai Parmar, the Congress candidate, by a margin of 5,286 votes.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Yogesh R.}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]

India–Latin America relations

2026-01-13T01:52:13Z

AidanHeim7993963: Put Up Initial Pg Needs Work

{{Short description|International relations}}
{{multiple images
| total_width = 330
| image1 = India (orthographic projection).svg
| image2 = Latin America (orthographic projection).svg
| caption1 = India
| caption2 = Latin America
| alt1 =
| alt2 =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''India–Latin America relations''' are relations between [[India]] and the countries of [[Latin America]]. Trade is the main factor in India–Latin America relations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seshasayee |first=Hari |url=https://repositorio.aladi.org/handle/20.500.12909/30768 |title=The ebb and flow of India-Latin America ties : exploring opportunities with Colombia |date=2020 |publisher=ALADI}}</ref> Latin America is India's fifth-biggest trading partner (if treated as one country).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Redrawing India-Latin America Relations in the 21st Century |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/redrawing-india-latin-america-relations-in-the-21st-century |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pre-21st century ===
{{See also|Indian Latin Americans|Portuguese India}}
Before India's independence in 1947, contact between India and Latin America was minimal. A few Indians [[Indian Latin Americans|came into Latin America]] during this time period due to the [[trans-pacific slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Asians in the Americas: A Transpacific History {{!}} Center for the Humanities at Tufts {{!}} Tufts University |url=https://humanities.tufts.edu/publications/first-asians-americas-transpacific-history |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=humanities.tufts.edu}}</ref>

In the first 50 years after India's independence, ties between India and Latin America remained minimal;<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=India and Latin America: Distant Acquaintance, Rhetorical Solidarity, Strategic Engagement |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10629/chapter-abstract/158639677?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> India's participation in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[British Commonwealth]], as well as its geographical distance from Latin America,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Ronak D. |title=A New Era For India-Latin America Relations? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronakdesai/2015/06/25/a-new-era-for-india-latin-america-relations/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> separated it from the region. [[Víctor Alba|Victor Alba]] argued that China's greater efforts in narrating its development efforts to the international community meant that it received far greater attention from Latin America than India by 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratliff |first=William E. |date=1969-02-01 |title=Chinese Communist Cultural Diplomacy toward Latin America, 1949-1960 |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-49.1.53 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=53–79 |doi=10.1215/00182168-49.1.53 |issn=0018-2168}}</ref> As recently as 1992, Indo-[[Latin America and the Caribbean|LAC]] (Latin America and the Caribbean) trade was worth less than $500 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India and Latin America Trade - Economic Ties Latin America and India |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/the-other-bric-in-latin-america-india/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Americas Quarterly |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, there were a few instances where Latin American countries had tensions with India, such as when Argentina and Ecuador had disagreements on India's territorial integrity.<ref name=":2" />

However, India did provide support in UN votes to Latin American countries in their conflicts with America, resulting in reciprocal support,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Cesar |title=India, Latin America, and the Caribbean during the Cold War |journal=Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional |date=December 2013 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=23–44 |doi=10.1590/S0034-73292013000200002 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and the [[Indian diaspora]] in LAC (such as the [[Indo-Caribbeans]]) was one of the factors providing a connection between India and Latin America throughout this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnankutty |first=Pia |date=2023-11-27 |title=How India is boosting its strategic & economic ties with distant Latin America, Caribbean |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/how-india-is-boosting-its-strategic-economic-ties-with-distant-latin-america-caribbean/1859779/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
In the 21st century, India–Latin America relations have increased significantly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Domínguez |first1=Jorge I. |title=India-Latin America Relations, 2000-22: Their Encounter and Shared Gains |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |date=2 October 2023 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=777–799 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2023.2270318 }}</ref> In 1996, as India and Latin America were taking steps to liberalize their economies, India started a "Focus LAC" policy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katju |first1=Vivek |last2=Viswanathan |first2=R |last3=Heine |first3=Jorge |title=Latin America and the Caribbean: next step for India |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=2011 |pages=1–27 |id={{ProQuest|906073007}} |url=http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol6/6.1/DEBATE.pdf }}</ref> In recent years, India has sought to improve relations with Latin America as part of its overall desire to be a leader on the world stage.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Seshasayee |first1=Hari |title=Redrawing India-Latin America Relations in the 21st Century |url=https://www.orfonline.org/public/uploads/posts/pdf/20240413152449.pdf |date=19 April 2023 }}</ref> Latin America for its part has sought stronger ties with India as it has moved from a Western-oriented foreign policy in previous centuries to a more multipolar approach.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=India vs. China in Latin America: Competing Actors or in Separate Leagues? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/india-vs-china-in-latin-america-competing-actors-or-in-separate-leagues/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2012, the first India-[[CELAC]] (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) summit was hosted in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Destradi |first1=Sandra |last2=Küssner |first2=Eva |title=Go South! India 'Discovers': Africa and Latin America |date=2013 |url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-338230 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/CELAC-august-2022.pdf Community of Latin American and Caribbean States] (CELAC), Minister of Foreign Affairs of India</ref>

== Economic relations ==
[[File:India Gujarat locator map.svg|thumb|60% of Indo-LAC trade goes through the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roett |first=Riordan |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xUzDCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA37 |title=Latin America and the Asian Giants: Evolving Ties with China and India |last2=Paz |first2=Guadalupe |date=2016-09-27 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2697-5 |language=en}}</ref>]]
India-Latin American trade peaked at $50 billion in 2022,<ref name=":0" /> and is projected to reach $100 billion by 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title='India from Latin America' takes a fresh look at India's economic development |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/books/2022/12/14/india-from-latin-america-takes-a-fresh-look-at-indias-economic-development.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Latin America receives 1/3rd of India's car exports,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record trade of Latin America with India, but mainly commodities for industrial goods |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/05/27/record-trade-of-latin-america-with-india-but-mainly-commodities-for-industrial-goods |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> while India seeks energy and food security through Latin America,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Latin America and India add value to each other in business and beyond… |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-latin-america-and-india-add-value-to-each-other-in-business-and-beyond-3054172/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> with half of Latin America's exports to India being commodity-based.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Destradi |first=Sandra |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/33823 |title=Go South! India "Discovers": Africa and Latin America |last2=Küssner |first2=Eva |date=2013 |publisher=GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien |series=GIGA Focus International Edition |volume=4 |location=Hamburg |language=en}}</ref> Weak transport capability and above-average tariffs are said to be significant factors holding India-Latin America trade back.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDB {{!}} New IDB study calls for more trade, cooperation between India and Latin America |url=https://www.iadb.org/en/news/new-idb-study-calls-more-trade-cooperation-between-india-and-latin-america |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.iadb.org |language=en}}</ref>

India signed a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with [[Mercosur]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shashank Mattoo, Ravi Dutta |date=2023-04-13 |title=India, Latin America in talks to expand preferential trade agreement |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/india-in-talks-to-expand-preferential-trade-agreement-with-mercosur-bloc-in-latin-america-boosting-economic-ties-with-a-combined-gdp-of-1-9tn-and-295mn-people-india-mercosur-tradeagreement-economicdiplomacy-11681408281748.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Peru, Chile and Colombia have expressed interest in signing or have expanded their PTAs with India in recent decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India and Latin America: Where ignorance is not bliss |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/india-and-latin-america-where-ignorance-is-not-bliss |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Vis-a-vis China ===
India and China are sometimes analyzed as competing for engagement with Latin America;<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin America and the Asian Giants |url=https://www.brookings.edu/books/latin-america-and-the-asian-giants/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Hussain |first=Imtiaz |title=Asia, Latin America, and Globalization: Close Encounters of a Third Kind? |date=2019 |work=South Asia in Global Power Rivalry: Inside-out Appraisals from Bangladesh |pages=213–240 |editor-last=Hussain |editor-first=Imtiaz |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7240-7_9 |access-date=2024-07-05 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-7240-7_9 |isbn=978-981-13-7240-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Indian FDI in the region is around $12–16 billion, while Chinese FDI is worth $159 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's Ahead for India and Latin America? |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/whats-ahead-for-india-and-latin-america/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Americas Quarterly |language=en-US}}</ref> with the Chinese having had a longer [[Sino-Latin America relations|involvement in the region]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paladini |first=Stefania |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317333838 |title=Asian Worlds in Latin America |date=2015-12-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-33383-8 |edition=0 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315659367}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==

=== Cinema ===
There has been a rise in films being exchanged between the two sides, with some actors participating in transnational cinema, such as [[Barbara Mori]] in [[Kites (film)|Kites]]. A greater number of Latin American actors have also begun applying for Indian visas to act in Bollywood films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India and Latin America: a new perception and a new partnership |url=https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/india-and-latin-america-a-new-perception-and-a-new-partnership/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Elcano Royal Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
At the turn of the postcolonial era, literary exchanges occurred, with Indian writers such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and Latin Americans such as [[Victoria Ocampo]] being read by the other side;<ref name=":0" /> [[Octavio Paz]], a Mexican ambassador to India in the 1960s, played a significant role in initiating these ties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Indian Poets Imagined Latin American Literature Could Do {{!}} Department of English |url=https://english.stanford.edu/events/featured-speaker-series/what-indian-poets-imagined-latin-american-literature-could-do |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=english.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> [[Malayalam literature]] in particular has absorbed Latin American influences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raveendran |first=P. P. |date=2023-04-15 |title=How Latin American fiction influenced India’s ‘magical and fabulous’ literary mind |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-latin-american-fiction-influenced-indias-magical-and-fabulous-literary-mind/1520056/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Street cricket#History}}

[[Kerala]] and [[West Bengal]], which share characteristics with Latin America such as left-leaning politics, are known for passionately supporting Latin American football teams.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romeu Aguiar |first=Ana Raquel |date=2024-08-17 |title=‘Our team will definitely win the cup’: the Keralan support of Brazil and Argentina during Men’s World Cup 2022 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14660970.2024.2332095 |journal=Soccer & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4-6 |pages=722–736 |doi=10.1080/14660970.2024.2332095 |issn=1466-0970|hdl=10400.14/44476 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Fandom battle beyond Brazil |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/fandom-battle-beyond-brazil/cid/1290031 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>

In the 2000s, Cuba had been considering making [[cricket]] its national sport for diplomatic purposes, despite having much more heritage in [[baseball]]; India and other Commonwealth nations were encouraging this move.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Duncan |date=2007-12-21 |title=Cuban cricket team caught out by US ban |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/21/cuba.usa |access-date=2025-02-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Relations with Latin American countries==
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuba–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduras–India relations]]
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[India–Mexico relations]]
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[India–Nicaragua relations]]
* {{flagicon|Panama}} [[India–Panama relations]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[India–Paraguay relations]]
* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[India–Peru relations]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[India–Uruguay relations]]
* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[India–Venezuela relations]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Latin America|Politics}}
* [[BRICS]]
* [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]]
* [[BASIC countries]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.icwa.in/pdfs/SHPIndiaLatinAmericaRelations.pdf INDIA AND LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS Understanding the SICA]

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Latin America topics}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of India by region|Latin America]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Latin America|India]]

Bailhongal

2026-01-05T03:50:32Z

AidanHeim7993963: formatting fix

{{More citations needed|date = April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bailhongal
| other_name = Bailahongala
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.817|N|74.867|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = City Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.30
| area_rural_km2 = 1109.63
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 664
| population_total = 125670
| population_rural = 332007
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/589/download/2004/DH_2011_2901_PART_B_DCHB_BELGAUM.pdf|access-date=25 May 2024|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 591 102
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08288
| registration_plate = KA-24
| website = https://bailhongalatown.mrc.gov.in/en
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bailhongal''' is a town, [[Taluk]] and one of the three Subdivisional headquarters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceg.karnataka.gov.in/aadhaar/public/page/Contact+Us/Contact+details+of+Assistant+Commissioners/en|access-date= 29 May 2024|title=District Subdivisions in Karnataka}}</ref> in [[Belagavi district]] of [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. The taluk headquarters is about 44 km from the district headquarters.

There are important pilgrim places in the taluk. These include Bhartinand Swamiji Math Inchal, Sogal Someshwar Temple, Moorusavira matha, Kittur Channamma samadhi, Aifil Clock in Bazar Road, Hafiz Bari Dargah, Markaz Masjid, and Jamia Masjid. There are also historical places like [[Kittur]], where freedom fighters like Rani Chennamma and Sangolli Rayanna lived. Most of the agricultural land is controlled by the Malaprabha irrigation project. There are many educational institutes including [[taluka]]s such as Saundatti, Gokak, Belagavi.

There is a proposal to make Bailhongal as a separate district, to easy administration of the large [[Belagavi]] district, including Kittur, [[Savadatti]], Bailhongal and [[Ramdurg]] taluks with headquarter at Bailhongal. But the decision is yet to be pending because of district headquarter between Bailhongal and Gokak city crash

But Bailhongal is already a subdivision of Bailhongal, Kittur, Savadatti, Ramdurg, Gokak and Mudalgi talukas

==Geology==
The taluk has a [[Tropical savanna climate]] and semi-Mountainous region climate. Minute quantities of gold are found in some of the [[nullah]]s in the Bailhongal<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bckQAAAAIAAJ&q=hongal Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India]</ref>
[[Uranium]] deposits have recently been found in Deshnur, a small village in Bailhongal taluka.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/article517692.ece THE HINDU July 16, 2010]</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:River Malaprabha.jpg|Malaprabha River|thumb]]
{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bailhongal had a population of 43,215. But in 2011 the population shot up to around 78,196. Males make up 51% of the population and females 49%. Bail Hongal has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 85% of the men and 71% of women literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Kannada]] is main language spoken here. As of 2011, the average literacy rate is 78% with male literacy 85% and female literacy 71% of the total population.

==Civic administration==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2020}}
The civic administration of the town is managed by the Bailhongal [[city Council]], which was established as a [[municipality]] in 1919.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8Lm1AAAAIAAJ&q=Bailhongal+Municipality Karnataka State Gazetteer:Belgaum]</ref> Earlier It was a municipal district governed by Bombay act III of 1906<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CQxbAAAAIAAJ&q=bailhongal The directory of local self-government in Mysore State By All-India Institute of Local Self-Government1966 Page 29]</ref>

Today the Municipal Council oversees the engineering works, health, sanitation, water supply, administration and taxation in the city. It is headed by a Municipal President who is assisted by municipal chief officer and council members. The city is divided into 27 wards and the council members (also known as councilors) are elected by the citizens of Bailhongal every five years. The council members in turn choose the Municipal President. The growth and expansion of the city is managed by the Bailhongal Municipal Council which is headed by a municipal chief officer. Its activities include developing new layouts and roads, town planning and land acquisition.

The citizens of Bailhongal elect one representative, currently Mr. Mahantesh Kaujalgi (Congress), to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] through the constituency of Bailhongal. Bailhongal, being a part of the larger Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency, also elects one member, currently
Mr.[[Jagadish Shettar]], to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]].

==Economy==

Bailhongal is a major cotton ginning center in north Karnataka. The first cotton ginning and pressing mill was established in 1911. Agriculture is the main occupation of the Taluka. The crops grown mainly are cotton groundnut, corn, jowar, wheat, maize, and sugarcane.

The [[Agricultural Produce Market Committee]] is a marketing board established by the state government of Karnataka has a market yard in Bailhongal since 1936. It facilitates farmers to sell their produce and get reasonable price constituted APMC in many towns. Most of the APMC have market yard where traders and other marketing agents are provided godowns and shops for the sale of agricultural products from farmers. Farmers can sell their produce to agents or traders under supervision of APMC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agmarknet.nic.in/profile/profile_online/displayformdetails.asp?mkt=720 |title=APMC Bailhongal |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025220708/http://agmarknet.nic.in/profile/profile_online/displayformdetails.asp?mkt=720 |archive-date=25 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Places of Interest==
* Kittur Rani Channamma Samadi Garden
*[[Bailhongal Fort]]: [[Rani Chennamma]] was captured and imprisoned by [[British Raj]] at Bailhongal Fort, where she died on 21 February 1829.
*Memorial of Rani Chennamma: Rani Chennamma was buried at with full military honors. Her ''Samadhi'' is still preserved at Bailhongal.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books? (??? Where is the fort???) id=ZE_RAAAAMAAJ&q=bailhongal&dq=bailhongal&hl=en&ei=Coh6TLnZO8aDcO_i3KkG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCQ History of freedom movement in Karnataka: Volume 1 By M. V. Krishna Rao, G. S. Halappa Govt. of Mysore, 1964 ]</ref>
*[[Maddi Bhavi]] (well): The [[Mallaprabha River]] (Nayanagar) is the source of local drinking water, Maddi Bhavi is a secondary source of drinking water.{{Clarify|date=May 2010}}
*[[Ramallinga Temple]], an architectural expression of [[Chalukya]] architecture.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AuIvAQAAIAAJ&q=hongal Medieval temples of northern Karnataka built during the rule of the Chalukya of Kalyana and thereafter, AD 1000-1300, Volume 2 By Gerard Foekema]</ref>
*The Jain temples in Devalapur
*Mallammana Belavadi.
* Jain Temple ruins in Wakkund
* Shahi Masjid in Sampgaun
* Shri Kshetra Sogal Waterfalls
* Ramalingeshwara temple Anigol-Bailhongal

<gallery>
File:Jain Temples in Wakkund.JPG|Jain Temple Ruins in Wakkund
File:Sampagaun Masjid Bailhongal.jpg
File:Bailhongal Historic Tank.jpg
File:Jain Temple in Wakkund.JPG
</gallery>

==Education==
{{cleanup list|date=August 2020}}

===Schools and colleges===
* M.J. High School – Municipal Jackson High School now renamed as M.S.S.R. All-Boys High School. (Co-education from 6th to 10th standard.)
* Maoulana Abulkalam Azad Urdu High School
* M.K.C.R. All-Girls High School – Municipal Kittur Rani Channamma Girls High School (only for girls only 8 th standard to 10th standard)
* SNVVS School – Sri Neelakanteshwar Vidya Vardhak Samsthe .
* KRCES School – Kittur Rani Channamma Education Society
* Kittur Rani Channamma International Residential Sainik School & PU College for Girls, Kittur, Bailhongal
* KLE Polytechnic College
* Kalpavruksha Model School – CBSC
* There are five Govt schools – Kannada Medium School and one Govt Schools – Urdu Medium School
* Ayurvedic Medical College and Research Center from SNVVS.
* BeD College from KRCES.
* Lot of pre-nursery schools (Prerana, KRCES, etc.).
* Arunodaya Vidya Samsthe I.T.I.
* Udaya Institute of Commerce & Computer (recognised by Karnataka Government, examinations conducted by K.S.E.E. Board, Bangalore)
* Bapuji Independent Arts and Commerce PU College
* Govt high school sutagatti
*B B ganachari primary and high school Marakumbi Bailhongal
*S.J.M.&S.B.M.K. PU College Indira Nagar Bailhongal.
* Government First Grade College for Women & PG centre, Hosur Road, Bailhongal.
* Government Independent Pre-university College, Bailhongal.
* SSR integrated Science PU college bailhongal
*kle independent pu college bailhongal
*Carmel vidya vikas school
*Government High school Anigol-Bailhongal

==Transportation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}

===Road===
Bailhongal is well connect by state highways one of the major highway from Belagavi to yallammanagudda is passed from bailhongal
Transportation is provided by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] buses as well as many prominent private buses which servers to all major destinations in Karnataka. The city has excellent connectivity with a number of major cities like [[Bengaluru]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Belgaum|Belagavi]] . KSRTC provides bus service from Bailhongal to Belagavi every 15 minutes.
Private buses are more preferred mode of transport due to its wider network and speed. Buses run by private companies are generally considered more comfortable and reliable, with most offering sleeper and air conditioned coaches.

===Nearest railway stations===
*Belagavi
* Dharward

Bailhongal has also proposal a new railway line between Belagavi to Dharwad via Bailhongal and Kittur. The distance is reduced by only 90 km and also connected to Belagavi, Badami, Bagalkot yia bailhongal. The project yet to be approved

===Nearest airport===
*[[Belgaum Airport|Belagavi Airport]] at Sambra, which is the second oldest airport in North Karnataka after Bellary .

===Nearest temples===
* Kalagudi, Bailhongal
* Maradi Basaveswar Temple
* Shri Guru Madiwaleswar Math Bailhongal
* Hanuman Temple
* Sogal Someshwar Temple
* Shri Chidambar Temple, Murgod
* Murgod Shri Duradundeshwara Math
* Karimani Mallaya Temple and Shri Basaveshwar Temple Karimani, Shri Madiwal Machidev Math Karimani
* Sai Baba Temple
* Sri jodabasaveshara temple sutagatti
* Sri Sai Temple Bailhongal.
* Sri Danamma Devi Temple Bailhongal.
* Sri Raghavendra Temple Bailhongal
* Sri Jagdguru Shivanand Swamiji Math Bailhongal
* Sri Veerabhadreshwara Temple Belvadi
* Sri Pawad Basaveshwara Temple Sanikopp
* Sri Ramalingeswara Temple Anigol-Bailhongal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Forts in Belagavi district]]

2021 Punjab, India political crisis

2025-12-20T15:25:10Z

AidanHeim7993963: made new entry

{{short description|Political crisis in Indian state of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}

{{Infobox event|image= {{multiple image|total_width=300|image1= Amarinder Singh.jpg|image2= Punjab Minister of Tourism & Culture Navjot Singh Sidhu.jpg}}|date=September 2021|place=[[Punjab, India]]|type=Parliamentary crisis|cause=*[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]'s [[Pakistan]] visit and meeting with [[Imran Khan]] and [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]]
* Dispute between Sidhu and [[Amarinder Singh]]
*[[Amarinder Singh]] being blamed by own party colleagues for shielding badals in cases of [[Sacrilege]] and [[Drugs]]
|outcome=* Ideological split in the Indian Punjab state government between Navjot Singh Sidhu and Amarinder Singh 
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] sworn in as the new Punjab Congress chief
* [[Amarinder Singh]] and his council of ministers resign from the [[chief minister]] post
* [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] made the new chief minister
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] resigns as the PCC chief
* Congress loses 2022 Punjab Legislative Elections to Aam Aadmi Party
|participants=
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Amarinder Singh]]
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
* [[Imran Khan]] (alleged by Amarinder Singh)
* [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]] (alleged by Amarinder Singh)
* [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (alleged by Amarinder Singh)}}

On 18 September 2021, several government [[Members of the Legislative Assembly|members]] of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Indian National Congress]] in [[India]] attended a Congress Legislative Party (CLP) meeting, which may or may not lead to the change of CM of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Punjab.

This led to the resignation of [[Amarinder Singh]] from the [[chief minister]] post on 18 September 2021 at 4:30 pm.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amarinder-singh-quits-as-chief-minister-under-pressure-from-congress-2545375 "Amarinder Singh, "Humiliated Thrice", Quits As Chief Minister: 10 Facts"], ''[[News18]]''</ref>

Apart from Navjot Singh Sidhu, former Punjab Congress unit chiefs Sunil Jakhar and Pratap Bajwa are said to be the frontrunners for the top job in the state, which is scheduled to hold the assembly elections early next year. State ministers Sukhjinder Randhawa, [[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]] and Tript Rajinder Singh Bajwa are also said to be the contenders for the chief minister’s post. Names of senior party leaders Ambika Soni, [[Brahm Mohindra]], Vijay Inder Singla, Punjab Congress working president Kuljit Singh Nagra and MP [[Partap Singh Bajwa]] are also doing the rounds.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/after-amarinder-singh-these-congress-leaders-are-in-race-to-become-punjab-cm-101632010309993.html "After Amarinder Singh, these Congress leaders are in race to become Punjab CM"], ''[[Hindustan Times]]''</ref>

[[Charanjit Singh Channi]] was made the next chief minister of Punjab on 19 September 2021.

On 28 September, Navjot Singh Sidhu resigned from the post of PCC chief after APS Deol was appointed as the Punjab advocate general, Iqbal Preet Singh Sahota took charge as the director general of police. Followed by the resignation of new minister Razia Sultana “in solidarity” with him. Gulzar Inder Singh Chahal, who was made the PCC treasurer soon after Sidhu took over, also put in his papers along with the general secretary.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/switch-hit-sidhu-quits-as-pcc-chief-minister-follows/articleshow/86592369.cms], ''[[Times of India]]''</ref>

State general secretary Subhash Sharma said Deol was the lawyer of the Behbal Kalan firing accused — ex-DGP Sumedh Saini and suspended IGP Paramraj Umaranangal. “Punjabis are saddened at this as we want a logical conclusion to the sacrilege case,” he said.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aps-deols-appointment-as-punjab-advocate-general-unfortunate-bjp-aap-317051], ''[[The Tribune]]''</ref> 10 Days after Sidhu widraw his resignation as Punjab PCC President

According to party insiders, the immediate trigger for Sidhu’s resignation was the inclusion of Rana Gurjit Singh in the Channi cabinet, besides APS Deol's appointment as advocate general. Iqbal Preet Singh Sahota being appointed DGP and the home portfolio going to Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa are his other peeve points, they said.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sidhu-blames-choice-of-new-ag-tainted-ministers-for-quitting/articleshow/86626951.cms1], ''[[Times of India]]''</ref>

==Background==
[[Amarinder Singh]] and [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] have been at loggerheads since 2018 when Navjot Singh Sidhu visited [[Pakistan]] to attend [[Imran Khan]]'s swearing-in ceremony and for hugging Pakistan's Chief of the Army Staff of Pakistan Army General [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]]. Amarinder Singh, the CM of Punjab was opposed to this and criticized Navjot Singh Sidhu for this. In return, Navjot Singh Sidhu quit from his post and went on a hiatus. In 2021, Navjot Singh Sidhu was made the Punjab Congress Chief which angered Amarinder Singh who wanted [[Sunil Jakhar]] to be appointed instead.

It reached a boiling point on 17 September where a CPL meeting was suggested by a large number of [[Indian National Congress]]' 80 MLAs. [[Harish Rawat]] then announced at that night that a CPL meeting would be held on 18 September where the new [[chief minister]] would be decided. [[Ambika Soni]] and [[Sunil Jakhar]] are in contention whereas it is claimed that Navjot Singh Sidhu will be the new CM face in 2022 before the Vidhan Sabha elections.

'''Timeline:'''

'''2018:'''

According to reports, Singh was not in the favour of Sidhu when he joined the Congress in 2017 just ahead of the Punjab assembly election. It became a little evident when Sidhu in November 2018 publicly had said, “My captain is Rahul Gandhi, who is also his (Amarinder’s) captain. Wherever I went, it was with his approval."

'''2019:'''

Sidhu’s portfolio was changed from the Local Bodies’ to the Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy in this year. However, he did not assume charge of his new department. Singh had cited “inept” handling of local bodies department by Sidhu, which led to the Congress’s poor performance in urban areas, as the reason behind taking away the role. Even the state unit also did not give an election ticket to Sidhu’s wife Navjot Kaur.

The rift became even more evident when reacting to Sidhu’s mannerisms, Singh had said, “Perhaps he is ambitious and wants to be chief minister.”

In the same year, Sidhu resigned from the Punjab Cabinet but what had raised eyebrows at the time was Sidhu’s move to send his resignation letter to Rahul Gandhi.

'''2020:'''

Both the leaders met on November 25 over a lunch, triggering speculation that Sidhu may be re-inducted into the state cabinet. A media adviser to the Chief Minister had then said that both leaders spent an hour together at Singh’s residence in Punjab and shared thoughts on various issues.

At that time, it was thought that the tensions between both leaders appeared to have eased when the Chief Minister praised the Amritsar MLA for the way he spoke in the assembly after the Congress government had moved a resolution and brought bills against the farm laws last month.

'''2021:'''

Both Singh and Sidhu met on March 18 over a tea for nearly 50 minutes in Mohali after which speculations were rife that the latter will be reinducted into the state cabinet. “It was a good meeting. We have a cordial relation and I am waiting for him to reply. I am sure he will decide on what is in favour of the party and the state," Amarinder Singh has said on being asked about the meeting. He added that he had known Sidhu for decades now and he will do what is good for the party and the state.

However, later in May, Sidhu once again attacked Singh over the 2015 Kotkapura firing, saying the Punjab and Haryana High court’s order to form a new SIT to probe the incident was accepted by the state government to “deflect” people’s attention. “Nefarious intentions are evident, No High Court stopped you in 4-1/2 years! When DGP/CPS appointments are set aside, orders are challenged in Higher Courts in matter of hours. Now, first you attack the High Court, than from backdoor accept same orders to deflect People’s attention," Sidhu had alleged in a tweet.

Sidhu has been targeting the Chief Minister over the alleged delay in delivering justice in the desecration of Guru Granth Sahib and post sacrilege police firing incident.<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/politics/amarinder-singh-vs-navjot-sidhu-heres-how-when-the-relationship-got-bitter-3874586.html "Captain Amarinder Singh Vs Navjot Singh Sidhu — A Timeline Of Their Tug of War"], ''[[News18]]''</ref>

And in August, Navjot Singh Sidhu's advisers made some statements which angered Amarinder Singh after which Navjot's followers began attacking Amarinder Singh which culminated in more than half of the party's MLAs wanting to oust Amarinder Singh.

==Aftermath==
This crisis led to the resignation of [[Amarinder Singh]] from the [[chief minister]] post on 18 September 2021 at 4:30 pm. He met the Punjab governor and submitted his and his council of ministers’ resignation. He then addressed the media at the Raj Bhavan.

The next day, another Congress Legislative Party (CLP) meeting was held and the new chief minister was supposed to be announced by 11 AM. However, no new chief minister has been chosen till now. Ambika Soni, one of the contenders refused to be appointed as the new CM and expressed that the new CM should be from the Sikh community.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-chief-minister-sikh-congress-ambika-soni-7518923/ "Punjab CM should be a Sikh, says Congress MP Ambika Soni, declines offer"], ''[[The Indian Express]]''</ref>

===Formation of Punjab Lok Congress===
And at other side Captain Amarinder Singh (former Chief Minister of Punjab)formed a new Political party named Punjab Lok Congress and allianced with NDA, also Shiromani Akali Dal Sanyukt alliance with them to contest Punjab Legislative Assembly Elections 2022.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[1968 Punjab, India political crisis]]
* [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|2020–2021 Punjab farmers' protest]]
* [[2021 Lynchings for sacrilege in Punjab]]

[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Political crises in India|P]]

Haatim Zakiyuddin

2025-12-10T18:18:01Z

AidanHeim7993963: Put Up Initial Info Added Tags

{{short description|Indian Islamic leader (born 1959)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2017}}
{{like resume|date=March 2017}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=March 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haatim Zakiyuddin saheb
| honorific_suffix = 45th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] and Saiyedna of [[Alavi Bohra]] Muslim Community
| image = Maulaa Haatim Zakiyuddin.jpg
| caption = Zakiyuddin in 2015
| birth_date = 10 September 1959
| birth_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education = MA (Arabic Language and Literature)
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]
| organization = ad-Da'wat ul-Haadiyah il-'Alaviyah
| title = Aqaa Maulaa, Saiyedna saheb
| term = From 23-05-2015
| predecessor = [[Abu Haatim Taiyeb Ziyauddin]], 44th Da'i al-Mutlaq
| successor = His eldest son, Ma'zoon ud Da'wat Saiyedi Sa'eed ul Khayr Bhaisaheb 'Imaaduddin
| spouse = al-Mo'azzamah al-Mohtaramah Husbaanah bu
| children = 3 sons, 2 daughters
| website = {{URL|alavibohra.org}}
}}
'''Syedna Haatim Zakiyuddin''' ([[Help:IPA/Arabic|Arabic]]: حاتم زکي الدین) (born 10 September 1959), is the 45th Saiyedna and [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of [[Alavi Bohras]] and Naa'ib (نائب) representative, vicar, legatee and deputy of the progeny of 21st Fatimid Isma'ili [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|Imam Abul Qaasim at-Taiyeb]] during the time of his Concealment from Cairo in 528 AH/1132 AD which is called Daur us Satr (دور الستر). He is of the noble rank of ''[[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]'' or ad-Da'i ul-Mutlaq or Da'i-e-Mutlaq enjoying absolute spiritual and temporal authority under the secreted guidance (تأئید) of the Imam of Time (إمام الزمان). Anyone who gives him Oath of Allegiance and Covenant (بیعت، میثاق) on the name of Imam at-Taiyeb, then only he is regarded the member of [[Alavi Bohras|Alavi Bohra Community]]. The chief jurist an-No'maan of the Fatimid court of Imam Mo'iz says in his work<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kitaab ul Himmah fi Aadaab e Atbaa' e A'immah|last=an-No'maan bin Mohammad|first=Qazi|location=Cairo}}</ref> that, As for the true followers, the members of the Ismaili community, they faithfully take the pledge of allegiance to the Imam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood (Ismaili Heritage)|last=Hamdani|first=Sumaiya A.|publisher=I.B. Tauris & The Institute of Ismaili|year=2006|isbn=978-1850438823|location=New York|pages=117}}</ref>

The present Da'i or Saiyedna is the 12th Saheb of Aal-e-Jivabhai.<ref>the holy progeny or descendants of the 32nd Alavi Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Jivabhai Ziyauddin in Vadodara</ref>
[[File:Saiyedna saheb on Takht e Taiyebi.jpg|alt=Majlis e Husaini|thumb|Aqaa Maulaa Saiyedna Haatim Zakiyuddin saheb on Takht e Taiyebi]]

==Introduction, mission (Da'wat) and community==
The present 45th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq|Da’i-e-Mutlaq]] or Da'i uz-Zamaan (the da'i of the present time) i.e. the representative (naa'ib) of Imaam uz-Zamaan (the imaam in the progeny of Imaam Taiyeb), Haatim ul-Khayraat, Rabi' ul-Barakaat <ref>A title given to the present Da'i al-Mutlaq meaning he is benevolent like the 3rd Da'i Saiyedna Haatim and he is the Spring of Gracefulness</ref> Saiyedna Abu Sa'eed il-Khayr Haatim Zakiyuddin Saheb (tus) has continued his predecessor's endeavors with particular emphasis on strengthening the community's relationship with other community leadership and by following Islamic practices by promoting and spreading awareness about the Fatimid identity and Isma'ili legacy.

His birthplace is Badri Mohalla, [[Vadodara]], his birth date falls on 8th Rabi' ul-Awwal 1379 AH/10 September 1959 AD, Thursday. Under the graceful hands of his grandfather, the 43rd Da'i ul Mutlaq Saiyedna Yusuf Nuruddin saheb (d. 1394 AH) and Mukaasir ud Da'wat Bhaisaheb Nazarali (d. 1397 AH), he completed his formal religious education and then took special sessions of 'Uloom e Da'wat. For graduation and post-graduation he stayed in Mumbai for 5 years (1979-1984 AD) studying Arabic Language and Literature with Islamic Studies in [[Mumbai University]]. During his stay in Mumbai, he did all things possible to enrich the library of [[Dawah|Da'wah]] Shareefah by acquiring Isma'ili-Taiyebi MSS<ref>Hand-written old and reliable books called manuscripts pertaining to the time of Fatimid Caliphs or their representatives in the 4th-5th-6th century after Hijrah</ref> and rare Islamic books. He is instrumental in collating rare manuscripts and make it an integral part of Alavi khizana. He did ''tarbiyat'' and Taiyebi upbringing of [[Mumbai]] mumineen on the morals of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl ul Bayt]] (as) by fulfilling the responsibilities of [[Muharram|Moharram]] and [[Ramadan|Shahrullaah]].

During the Da’iship of his father, the 44th Da'i, Saiyedna [[Abu Haatim Tayyib Ziyauddin|Taiyeb Ziyauddin]] saheb, he being Ma’zoon, (a spiritual status after da’i) from 1984 AD, he shouldered the responsibility of educating people for the betterment of the community. Now that he is on a status of Da’i al-Mutlaq from 2015 AD, he sees to it that the 'Ilmi, Commerce and Social relations with other community members are maintained. He took very strong step and robust decision in 1423 AH/2011 AD by sending his eldest son Bhaisaheb Sa’eed ul-Khayr, who would be elevated to the status of Mazoon e Mutlaq,<ref name=":0">Mazoon is the spiritual status below Da'i al-Mutlaq then comes Mukaasir and Ra's ul Hudood. After all these ranks begins the ranks of close assembly members of Da'i called Hudood</ref> to [[Qom|Qumm, Iran]] for graduation in Arabic Language and Literature. It is for the time that anyone from Qasr-e-‘Aali has travelled to the land of Iran for higher studies. It is the holy land of Du'aat who migrated to Egypt in the service of [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] (Faatemi) Imaam during 4th and 5th century AH. Knowing the importance of Education and this being the foundation of Da’wat e Haqq (divine mission), Saiyedna saheb took personal interest in educating and specializing the Abnaa (children) of Da’wat in various fields.

At present Saiyedna saheb's eldest son Sa'eed ul Khayr Bhaisaheb 'Imaaduddin saheb DM is Mazoon al-Mutlaq<ref name=":0" /> as well as Mansoos<ref>He is the person on whom Da'i al-Mutlaq does "Nass" and appoints him as his successor. The one who does Nass is called Naas and on whom it is propagated is called Mansoos</ref> who was elevated on 4th Rabi' ul Aakhar 1442 AH/19 Nov 2020 AD. Saiyedna saheb's younger brother, Mohammad Bhaisaheb Nuruddin saheb DM is on the status of Mukaasir al-Mutlaq<ref name=":0" /> since 7th Rajab 1430 AH/29 June 2009 AD after the demise of Mukaasir al-Mutlaq Dr. Husain Mo’eenuddin on 13th Shawwaal 1429 AH/12 October 2008 AD. The status of Ra's ul-Hudood<ref name=":0" /> is headed by his youngest brother Dr. Zulqarnain Bhaisaheb Hakeemuddin who was assigned this responsibility along with Mukaasir al-Mutlaq. When Saiyedna saheb did Nass-e-jali<ref>Through this tradition Da'i al-Mutlaq appoints his successor in front of the whole community and from the pulpit declares him as the next Da'i</ref> and appointed-declared his eldest son as his successor 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, Mukaasir al-Mutlaq was awarded a unique laqab as "Siqat ud-Da'wat il-Haadiyat il-'Alaviyah" (ثقۃ الدعوۃ الهادیۃ العلویۃ, SDHA) meaning the most trusted, and Ra's ul-Hudood was awarded a special laqab as "Naasir ud-Da'wat it-Taiyebiyah" (ناصر الدعوۃ الطیبیۃ, NDT) meaning one who assist in Da'wah affairs.

He played a pivotal role in revamping the syllabus of Madrasah Taiyebiyah by making the learning of [[Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah|Lisaan ud-da’wat]] compulsory for all pupils. He is always there to guide and give special inserts in publishing a number of books highlighting Alavi faith and practices. The time when the website<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/|title=Welcome to the Official Website of Shi'a Isma'ili Musta'alavi Taiyebi Alavi Bohras - Home page|website=alavibohra.org}}</ref> was conceptualized in 1425 AH/2004 AD along with bi-monthly deeni newsletter "Mishkaat ul-Haadi",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alavibohra.org/alavibohra/|title=About|website=alavibohra.org}}</ref> he took a forefront in vitalizing and providing subject matter as per the demand of time. Keeping pace with changing times and the World of Mobile Information, he envisioned the way to reach to the farest and smallest member of the community, by developing the [[Mobile App]] "Ahl uz Zikr".<ref>[http://www.alavibohra.org/ahl%20uz%20zikr%209-1437.htm App-Ahl uz Zikr]</ref> He eased the matrimonial related complications by making al-Vezaarat ul-'Alaviyah (the office of ad-Da’wat ul-Haadiyah) the centre of all these activities, promoted youth activities, women welfare, medical centers and camps, educational skills for teachers, higher education, literacy, trade and business etc.

He offered [[Hajj|Hajj e Tamatto’-Pilgrimage to Makkah-Madinah]] along with his beloved father 44th Da’i in 1412 AH/1992 AD with the group of 82 believers. It is after this Hajj, he compiled the book consisting of the Hajj arkaan and its manaasik. He himself took special sessions and prepared mumineen for how to perform proper and perfect Hajj. In 1420 AH/1999 AD, Saiyedna saheb with 44th Da’i, undertook long journey of 42 days for [[Karbala|Ziyaaraat e Mubaarakah in Iraq]], Jordan, Egypt, Israel, Syria and Yemen. It is due to his efforts and encouragement, many more people are opting to go for the Ziyaarat in Karbalaa and Najaf instead of wasting money at some other tourists destinations. Extensive Sabaq with literature has been arranged for the people going for ‘Umrah Mufradah that has increased manifold by every passing year.

For every small or big spiritual or social occasion, printed literature is furnished by Saiyedna saheb's office giving appropriate instructions to the applicants. 24 Hudood (person with specifically assigned task) are there to perform the religious ceremonies as per guidelines defined since centuries and on Taiyebi Tenets. Be it at Devdi Mubaarak – Residence of Saiyedna saheb, masjid, community hall, private majlis, graveyard for the occasions pertaining to inauguration, sehra, birthday, marriage, misaaq (divine oath), roza-iftaari, ziyaafat, khatnah or deceased person's sadaqallaah. Saiyedna saheb and his close associates manages all these affairs. This is the reason that Devdi Mubaarak is abuzz every time with the spiritual proceeding of believers.

He has retained the amount of mehr of Rs. 1000/- fixed by his father al-Maulaa al-Muqaddas, which was previously Rs. 200/- during the time of 41st Da'i, for the marriage proposal given to the bride and it is on a discretionary power of an individual to give or not to give anything apart from mehr. There is no concept of dowry and one is free to arrange anything for the marriage of her daughter as per his financial condition, but under the pre-defined religious laws. His tenure as a Mazoon and now as a Da'i is marked by the constructions of new mosques, guest houses (musaafir-khaanas), mausoleums and community halls. His acumen in [[Fatimid architecture]] could be seen in the building constructed under his supervision. This has earned him an able designer and future planner as far as the space utility is concerned. Masjid-e-Faatemi, Masjid-e-Haatemi, Masjid-e-Shehaabi, Masjid-e-Bardi, Mazaar of Saiyedna Ameeruddin saheb in Pratapnagar, Saiyedna Nuruddin saheb in Wadi, Saiyedna Badruddin saheb in Bustaan e Badri are the master-pieces of his expertise.

The concept of pre-wedding religious counselling and personal consultation was initiated some years back and now, one can find positive results out of it as the instances of marital discord and divorces has considerably decreased. In the majlis known as Dhaaru-Fixing of the date of marriage and the day when wedding cards are distributed in the community, the to be-couple sits in front of Saiyedna saheb and he himself explains the realities of married life, its responsibilities and sacrifices. Likewise by the Razaa-permission of Saiyedna saheb, the training sessions of the Baaligh children-the children who has attained the age of puberty and has to give to Saiyedna saheb the [[Bay'ah|Oath of Loyalty (Misaaq)]] which is meant for the Imaam of the time from the [[Ahl al-Bayt|progeny of Mohammad]] known as "Imaam uz Zamaan (as)", is regularly conducted before the majlis of Misaaq. The children are educated with the pillars of Islam and faith, their responsibilities of being an Alavi Bohra, their obligatory deeds as per the [[Sharia|Canonical Law of Islam]] from dawn to dusk, their relationship with their family members, relatives, neighbours, employees and community members. One who gives misaaq enjoys all the spiritual attachments and absolute guidance from Saiyedna saheb. This gives him the identity of being an Alavi.

During the turbulent time of the pandemic and the fear of the infection of [[COVID-19 pandemic|Corona virus (COVID-19)]] worldwide, there was a global [[lockdown]] and economical slowdown. In every nook and corner of the world people were confined to their homes for months together and a new normal was initiated to Work from Home. This all started in Rajab 1441 AH/March 2020 AD when it started spreading in almost all the countries. All social and religious gatherings were restricted and rescheduled. During this time in Shahrullaah 1441 AH and Moharram 1442 AH, all the prayers, majaalis, wa’az and du’aas were broadcast, or pre-recorded, at Devdi Mubaarak.<ref>The official residence of Da'i al-Mutlaq</ref> Then through Zoom and [[YouTube]] it was made available to mumineen. It was Saiyedna saheb's willingness and guidance to keep pace with the demanding time, this facility could be made possible.

Publications meant for religious knowledge and awareness (deeni ma’lumaat) is his prime objective. Knowing that the books are the mother of development and discipline, he always emphasized in reading good things for fruitful results. Several books highlighting Isma’ili-Taiyebi faith and facts were published to make his followers make aware of their religious and social duties. Books such as:
* کتاب الولایۃ، دعائم الاسلام - Kitaab ul-Walaayah from Da'aaim ul-Islaam - how sincerity is incumbent on a follower for his imaam,
* مخزن المسائل - Makhzan ul-Masaa’il - 363 Q&A relating to wide range of topics strengthening the knowledge of a beginner,
* لسان الدعوۃ - Lisaan ud-Da’wat – 3 books for learning the language of Da’wat in detail,
* منسک - Mansak – 2 books guiding a pilgrim for Hajj and ‘Umrah,
* صلوۃ نصف اللیل - Salaat-o-Nisf il-Layl – different night prayers with translation,
* انوار القرآن - Anwaar ul-Qur’an – different chapters of Qur’an with translation,
* صحیفۃ شھر اللہ - Shahrullaah Saheefah – containing detailed account of Ramazaan and its aamaal-o-arkaan,
* المصباح - Misbaah – consisting of all the supplications (du’aas) with translation which an Alavi Bohra recites from dawn to dusk,
* الصحیفۃ الطیبیۃ - Saheefah Taiyebiyah – comprehensive account of each and every aspect of religious obligations of an Alavi,
* اصحاب الیمین - Ashaab ul-Yameen - History of 24 Yemeni Missionaries (du'aat) with their works and lectures
* ادعیۃ الصلوۃ و الوضؤ - Ad’eeyat us-Salaat wal Wuzu – meant for the students of Madrasah Taiyebiyah,
* منسک کربلاء و النجف - Mansak of Karbalaa-Najaf - book containing supplications and instructions for the one who intends to go for Ziyaarat of Maulaa 'Ali and Maulaa Husain (as)
*كتاب الوصایا '''-''' Kitaab ul Wasaaya - precepts of Faatemi A'immat Taahereen AS compiled from the book Da'aaim ul Islaam.

== Literary works in manuscripts ==
[[File:Alavi bohras aqaa maulaa saiyedna haatim saheb works (1).jpg|alt=Q&A of Ta'weeli Bayaanaat|thumb|A MSS on the List of Realities of Isma'ili-Taiyebi Faith]]
[[File:Alavi bohras aqaa maulaa saiyedna haatim saheb works (2).jpg|alt=Esoteric meaning of the pillar of Islam-hajj|thumb|A Manuscript having various Q&A on the Hajj Pilgrimage]]

* ''"Majmu'ah Bayaan-e-Manaasik il-Hajj min Kotob id-Da'wah" - مجموعۃ بیان المناسک الحج من کتب الدعوۃ'' : Year 1420 AH/1999 AD - In a single book Maulaa has collected all the lectures, chapters and epistles from almost all [[Isma'ilism|Books]] of Da'wah Shareefah relating to the Arkaan (pillars) and Manaasik<ref>Compulsory and traditional things performed by the Hajj pilgrim during the 5 days of Hajj in Mecca in the last month of Islamic Year, Zul Hijjah</ref> of [[Hajj]], its evident-ظاھر as well as hidden-باطن meaning, its compulsory and voluntary actions, its various aspects and ways to deal with the situation in case of big and small mistakes, rules of Tawaaf-طواف i.e. 7 circumambulations of [[Kaaba|Ka'bah]] and Safaa-Marwah.
* ''"Diwaan-e-Haatim" - دیوان حاتم'' : Year 1425 AH/2004 AD - Saiyedna saheb's collection of Ash'aar-اشعار i.e. poetic composition in form of Bayt (couplets), Qasaa'id (eulogy), Ash'aar in Band-بند recited in the Majlis held during the last of Ramadan-رمضان namely Roti (chapati), Awrat (woman), Aadmi (man), 'Ilm (knowledge), Ne'mat (bounties) etc., Rubaa'iyaat-رباعیات, Qata'aat-قطعات etc. Till date different types of composition are added.
* ''"Majmu'at ul-Masaa'il fi 'Ilm il-Haqaa'iq wat Ta'weelaat wa Rusoomaat id-Da'wah" - مجموعۃ المسائل فی علم الحقائق و التأویلات و رسومات الدعوۃ'' : Year 1422 AH/2001 AD - This MSS contains various types of Questions and its Answers based on the Esoteric meaning of Islam, the pillars of Faith, [[Qisas]] ul-Ambiyaa-the Stories of Prophets with relation to the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Household of Mohammad]], Life after Death, the Day of Judgement, the Reward and Punishment of various deeds and accordingly the place in Paradise and Hell, the Creation of this World, the origin and return of all creatures etc.
* ''"Fihrist ul-Masaa'il it-Ta'weeliyah wa fi 'Ilm il-Haqeeqah min Kotob id-Da'wah" - فھرست المسائل التأویلیۃ و فی علم الحقیقۃ من کتب الدعوۃ'' : Year 1423 AH/2002 AD - It is highly important piece of Isma'ili Taiyebi Literature in which one can find the complete list of Questions pertaining to the Esoteric and Hidden meaning and interpretation of Shari'ah covering the Fatimid as well as post Fatimid Yemeni phase of Da'wah. It deals with the questions answered by Saiyedna Hatim, Imam Mo'iz, Saiyedna Ali bin Saiyedna Hatim, Saiyedna Husain bin Ali bin Mohammad al-Waleed, Saiyedna Mo'ayyad ash-Shirazi, Saiyedna Ibraahim bin Husain etc.
* ''"Mulaahezaat fi Zaw'e it-Ta'weel minal Aayaat il-Qur'aniyah" - ملاحظات فی ضوء التأویل من الآیات القرآنیۃ'' : Year 1427 AH/2006 AD - This personal copy of Qur'an e Kareem presents a deep insight and vast study of the works of both Du'aat al-Balaagh<ref>The missionaries during the time of a Manifest Imam (Imaam e Zaahir) who is responsible in disseminating the Isma'ili Faith among the common people and likewise spreading the words of Imam</ref> and Du'aat al-Mutlaqeen<ref>During the time of Hidden Imam i.e. Dawr us Satr, the missionaries who work independently by the hidden guidance of Imam of the time and appoint one after the other through the tradition of Nass and propagate the holy message of the mission of 21st Imam at-Taiyeb and act as a deputy for his progeny.</ref> spanning from the 3rd century to 10th century AH. Each and every page is dotted and marked by specific comments, notes and hints which gives a reader a vivid and spectacular outlook of how Isma'ili-Taiyebi authors takes certain Qur'anic verses or words to a limitless scope of Esoteric Interpretation.
* ''"al-Qaraatees ul-Haatimiyah lil Bayaanaat il-Mukhtalefah wan Nikaat il-'Ilmiyah wat Tawjeehaat wal Muqaabelaat min Kotob id-Da'wah" - القراطیس الحاتمیۃ للبیانات المختلفۃ و النکات العلمیۃ و التوجیھات و المقابلات من کتب الدعوۃ'' : Year 1405 AH/1985 AD - Nearly 3000 Awraaq-pages in the form of MSS is meticulously preserved and used till date. These beautifully calligraphed documents are based on the large number of works and books authored by the Isma'ili Taiyebi Missionaries in Cairo, Yemen and Ahmedabad. Which in turn are based on Qur'anic Teachings, Prophetic Traditions, Quotations and Sermons of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl ul Bayt]] and Fatimid Imams etc. The اوراق-documents are widely used by the close associates of the Da'i to deliver lectures and sermons in various mosques and on various religio-social occasions. As per its subject matter it is categorized and sectioned in wide range of topics encompassing various Isma'ili Sciences and Faculties.
[[File:Alavi bohras aqaa maulaa saiyedna haatim saheb works (3).jpg|alt=Traditions of Religion|thumb|A Manuscript covering the Q&A on the Esoteric meaning and traditions in Shari'ah]]

* ''"Khulaasat ul-Masaa'il" - خلاصۃ المسائل :'' Year 1411 AH/1991 AD - This is the book consisting of different questions asked frequently by a beginner in Isma'ili-Taiyebi faith. Every question is dealt with very simple language and answered to the point easily understood by a reader. The questions pertains to Prophets and their Qur'anic narrations, Isma'ili-Taiyebi Jurisprudence, Customs and Practices, Pillars of Islaam and Imaan, History of Faatemi A'immat and Du'aat, Realities of Worldly life and the Hereafter etc. It has 136 Q&A and lastly it has the Wasiyat of Mohammad to the Commander of Faithful Maulaa 'Ali.

==Further reading==
* Kitaab un-Naseehah fi Anwaar ish-Shari'ah-کتاب النصیحۃ فی انوار الشریعۃ by 29th Da'i Saiyedna 'Ali bin Saiyedi Ibraahim - 1042 AH/1633 AD - Ahmedabad
* Kitaab ul-Himmah fi Aadaab e Atbaa' e A'immah-کتاب الھمۃ فی اٰداب اتباع الأئمۃ by Saiyedna Qazi No'maan bin Mohammad (d. 363 AH/974 AD) - Cairo
* Kitaab Da'aaim ul-Islaam, Kitaab ul-Walaayah - کتاب دعائم الإسلام، کتاب الولایۃ by Saiyedna Qazi No'maan bin Mohammad (d. 363 AH/974 AD) - Cairo
* as-Saheefat ul-Haatemiyah - الصحیفۃ الحاتمیۃ, Da'wat e Shareefah Library, Vadodara (Guj. INDIA) - 2015 AD

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://alavibohra.org/aqaa%20maulaa%20syedna%20haatim%20zakiyuddin%20saheb.htm Required details of the Present Da'i al-Mutlaq]
* Community Website: [http://www.alavibohra.org www.alavibohra.org]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/Mumenoon Videos of various Occasions]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = 45th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq|Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]] of the Alavi Bohras
| years = 2015 - present
| before = [[Abu Haatim Tayyib Ziyauddin]]
| after = incumbent
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haatim Zakiyuddin}}
[[Category:Alavi Bohra da'is]]
[[Category:Alavi Bohras]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Pamidimukkala

2025-12-02T06:28:12Z

AidanHeim7993963: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pamidimukkala
| other_name = Veerankilaku
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.292523|N|80.866191|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pamidimukkala mandal|Pamidimukkala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Pamidimukkala Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=13 February 2016|page=16,406|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.82
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 3185
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628090|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521 250
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-08676
| registration_plate = AP 16
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Machilipatnam]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Sasana Sabha constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Pamarru mandal|Pamarru]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pamidimukkala''' (also known as '''Veerankilaku''') is a village in [[Krishna district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Pamidimukkala mandal]] of Noojiveedu revenue division.<ref name="census" />

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 November 2016 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archivedate=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archivedate= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are [[English language|English]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

'''Schools'''

[[Zilla Parishad High School]]

Jesus High School.

[[Mandal Parishad Primary School]]

Sai Sri Upper Primary School

== Nearby Mandals ==
[[Vuyyuru mandal|Vuyyuru Mandal]]

[[Pamarru mandal|Pamarru Mandal]]

[[Thotlavalluru mandal|Thotlavalluru Mandal]]

[[Movva mandal|Movva Mandal]]

== See also ==
[[List of villages in Krishna district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Krishna district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Villages in Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Townhall, Coimbatore

2025-10-13T14:16:41Z

AidanHeim7993963: added a location basic info

{{Short description|Suburb of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{About|the locality|its eponymous building|Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Townhall
| other_name =
| settlement_type = suburb
| image_seal =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|border=infobox
|image_style=border:2;345847

|total_width=300
|perrow=1/2
| photo1a = Town_Hall_Coimbatore.jpg
| photo2a = Koniamman kovil.jpg
| spacing = 1.3
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 250
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''From top, left to right'': [[Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore|Victoria Town Hall]], [[Koniamman Temple, Coimbatore|Koniamman Temple]]
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Coimbatore#India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Coimbatore##Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.991090|N|76.960037|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Coimbatore metropolitan area|Coimbatore]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = Coimbatore Central
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 411
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91–422
| registration_plate = TN-66
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembliy]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore South]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Townhall''' is the core part of the city of [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is the largest and the major commercial hub in the city with locations such as [[Oppanakara Street]], Raja Street, [[Ukkadam]], VH Road and NH Road. The locality derives its name from the [[Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore]]. It is centrally located in the city.

==Geography==
Townhall is located about 11 km from the [[Coimbatore International Airport]], 1 km from [[Coimbatore Junction|City railway station]], 4 km from [[Coimbatore North Junction]], 3 km from Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus and 8 km from Podanur railway station. Townhall shares its borders with [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]], [[Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore|Ramanathapuram]], [[Selvapuram]], [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]] Karumbukadai, [[R. S. Puram, Coimbatore|R. S. Puram]] and Uppilipalayam.

==Economy==
Townhall is a major commercial center in Coimbatore. It consists of various commercial enterprises and markets.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/revenge-shopping-not-enough-to-boost-stale-textile-business/articleshow/79007487.cms], ''The Times of India''</ref> Oppanakara Street is widely regarded as one of the most commercially significant retail stretches in Tamil Nadu outside Chennai. Located in the heart of Coimbatore’s Townhall area, the street spans approximately 1.5 km and is home to hundreds of textile, jewellery, and footwear stores, attracting lakhs of shoppers, especially during festivals like Diwali and Pongal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-01 |title=The buzz here has always been about business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/the-buzz-here-has-always-been-about-business/articleshow/22196371.cms |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The office of [[Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore Corporation]] is located in Townhall at the [[Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore|Victoria Townhall]] building.<ref>Coimbatore Corporation speeds up plan approval "[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-corporation-speeds-up-plan-approval/article32776903.ece]." ''[[The Hindu]]''. 6 Oct 2020. Retrieved on 23 April 2021.</ref> To ease the traffic congestion, an overpass flyover is being constructed at a cost of ₹265 crore in [[Ukkadam]].<ref name="The Hindu-1">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/cm-lays-foundation-for-ukkadam-flyover-extension-work/article33753773.ece|title=CM lays foundation for Ukkadam flyover extension work| location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-06-29}}</ref>

===Transport===
[[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]] and [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]] are located at a distance of 3 km and 1 km respectively from Town Hall. [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]], which is one of the important railway stations in [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] is located here within walking distance.

==Shopping==
The two major shopping destinations within Townhall are Big Bazar Street and [[Oppanakara Street]]. These streets serves as the epicenter of Coimbatore's textile trade, housing iconic customer favourite brands such as SPP Silks, Pothys, The Chennai Silks, Super Saravana Stores, Malabar Gold And Diamonds and Tanishq Jewellery.

==Temples==
The [[Koniamman Temple]], temple of guardian deity of the city is located here near to the [[Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore|CMC Building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/puthandu-people-throng-temples/articleshow/82072911.cms|work=The Times of India |accessdate=23 April 2021|title='Puthandu': People throng temples | Coimbatore News - Times of India }}</ref>

==Locality==
Townhall is very well connected to all the neighbourhoods in Coimbatore city with a bus terminus located at [[Ukkadam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/portion-of-ukkadam-bus-stand-to-be-demolished/articleshow/80869154.cms|work=The Times of India |accessdate=23 April 2021|title=Portion of Ukkadam bus stand to be demolished | Coimbatore News - Times of India }}</ref>

==Politics==
Townhall is a part of [[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore South assembly constituency]] and [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-2021/story/coimbatore-south-headed-for-a-tough-tripolar-fight-1784542-2021-03-28|publisher=India Today |accessdate=23 April 2021|title=Coimbatore South headed for a tough tripolar fight between Kamal Haasan, BJP and Congress }}</ref>

==Hospitals==
*[[Coimbatore Medical College|Coimbatore Government Hospital]]

===Landmarks===
[[Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore|Coimbatore Corporation Town Hall]] built in 1892 and Manikoondu are the important landmarks in the locality.

==Coimbatore Metro==
[[Coimbatore Metro]] feasibility study is completed and [[Ukkadam]] would be the hub for the metro trains with a three corridors towards Kaniyur, [[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] and Bilichi. Whereas the other two corridors would pass through [[Ukkadam]] connecting Ganeshapuram with Karunya Nagar and connecting [[Karanampettai]] with Thaneerpandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/rs-6683cr-allocated-for-city-metro-rail-project/articleshow/81179584.cms|title=Rs 6,683cr allocated for city metro rail project|work=The Times of India |accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Coimbatore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Coimbatore]]

Nagpuri (buffalo)

2025-10-11T03:18:18Z

AidanHeim7993963: added

{{Short description|Breed of water buffalo originating in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox water buffalo breed
| name = Nagpuri
| altname =
| country = India
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| maleweight =
| femaleweight =
| maleheight = {{nowrap|average 145 cm}}
| femaleheight = {{nowrap|average 135 cm}}
| coat = Black
| use =
| distribution =
| type = River
}}

The '''Nagpuri''' is a [[breed]] of [[water buffalo]] originating in [[Maharashtra]], India. It stands better amongst the breeds of buffaloes which combine the milk and drought qualities in a better proportion in adverse [[climatic]] conditions.{{Clarify|date=October 2021}} It is a River-type buffalo and a central Indian breed.<ref name="auto1">Banerjee, G.C, Animal Husbandry (8th edition)</ref> The breed has many synonyms, such as "Berari", "Gaorani", "Purnathadi", "Varhadi", "Gaolavi", "Arvi", "Gaolaogan", "Gangauri", "Shahi" and "Chanda".<ref>A. R. Sirothia, D.S. Kale and S.B. Kamble</ref>

==Origin==
As the name applies, Nagpuri buffalo is a versatile breed of the Vidarbha region of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The animals of this breed are very well adapted to the harsh-semi-arid conditions of Vidarbha region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cirb.icar.gov.in/nagpuri/ | title=Nagpuri | access-date=21 May 2023 | archive-date=31 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131210447/https://cirb.icar.gov.in/nagpuri/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Physiological and physical characteristics==
[[File:Buffalo at Chinawal.jpg|thumb|A Nagpuri buffalo in the farmlands of Maharashtra, India.]]
Coat color is black.<ref name="auto1"/> The breed is [[black]] with [[white]] patches on face, legs and tail tips. However, the "Purnathadi" strain, one of the productive strains of Nagpuri buffalo, is slightly brown in color. The horns are long, flat and curved, bending backward on each side of the neck nearly up to the shoulders with tips pointed mostly in upward direction.
Average height of Nagpuri buffalo is 145 cm for male and 135 cm for female and heart girth is 210 and 205 cm for male and female respectively.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Livestock:: Buffalo:: BreedsAnimal Husbandry ::buffalo breeds | url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/animhus_buffalo%20breeds.html | access-date=2025-05-10 | website=agritech.tnau.ac.in}}</ref>

==Rearing and production==

The animals are maintained in semi-intensive management system.<ref name="auto2">A Report on Nagpuri Buffalo by Kazi Abdus Sobur</ref>
Male body weight average 525 kg where female attains about 425 kg.<ref>Banerjee, G.C, Animal Husbandry</ref>
Buffaloes and heifers in this area are reared mainly for fat production. Average milk yield per lactation is 1039 kg ranging 760–1500 kg with average milk fat of 8.25% ranging 7.0-8.8%.<ref name="auto">Lactational performance of Shahi strain of Nagpuri buffalo</ref> Nagpuri can withstand extreme climatic conditions as high as 47 °C even in respect of milk production and fertility.<ref name="auto"/>
Male animal is used for [[Draft animal|draught]] purposes but it works slower than domestic [[cattle]].<ref name="auto2"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Water buffalo breeds}}

[[Category:Water buffalo breeds originating in India]]

Hina Shah

2025-10-08T12:43:09Z

AidanHeim7993963: Put Up The Info Nd Citations

{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes |date= September 2011}}
{{COI|date=May 2013}}
}}

[[File:Hina Shah with Narendra Modi, CM, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Hina Shah with [[Narendra Modi]], CM, Gujarat]]
[[File:Hina Shah Stree Shakti Award.jpg|thumb|Hina Shah being awarded the Stree Shakti Puraskar by President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil on Woman's Day]]
'''Hina Shah''' is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] who awards, including the [[Stree Shakti Puraskar|Stree Shakti Award]] which was awarded by [[Pratibha Patil]] the [[President of India]] for her contribution in the field of economic development, the Bharat Jyoti Award, the [[Titan Be More Legend]] title, and the Best Project Award from the [[Project Management Institute]].

== Women's empowerment ==
She began her career in 1976 in the plastic packaging industry.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Hina Shah.jpg|thumb|left|Hina Shah at a meeting with [[entrepreneur]] widows of Gujarat]]
In 1986, she started The International Centre for Entrepreneurship and Career Development].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icecd.org/|title=Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Entrepreneurship Development Programs in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Delhi|website=icecd.org|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> Shah's "Entrepreneurship Development Programme for Women", was started with 25 women from [[Gujarat]] and 16 of them established non-traditional businesses which were still in business in 2011.

Shah was instrumental in initiating and institutionalizing women's economic empowerment strategies in [[Zambia]],{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} [[Bangladesh]], [[Lesotho]], [[Botswana]], [[Cameroon]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]], [[Jordan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Guyana]], [[Ivory Coast]], and [[St. Kitts]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.indiainfoline.com/Research/LeaderSpeak/Hina-Shah-Founder-ICECD/26947305 Interview of Hina Shah, founder, ICECD]
* {{cite web|author=2011icecd |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLQH_TQrftk |title=Hina Shah, Shital Shah, Shaina Shah - Odissi Classical Dance Dashavatar |via=YouTube |accessdate=2012-08-04}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/news/when-she-refuses-to-stoop/346807/0 |title=When she refuses to stoop |work=The Financial Express |date=2008-08-10 |accessdate=2012-08-04}}
* {{cite web|agency=TNN|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-14/india-business/29772761_1_women-entrepreneurs-hina-shah-felicitated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719135606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-14/india-business/29772761_1_women-entrepreneurs-hina-shah-felicitated |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-19 |title=Rural women entrepreneurs felicitated |date=2011-07-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2012-08-04}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.pmi.org.in/manageindia/volume3/issue01/feature.html |title=Project Management Institute |publisher=Pmi.org.in |accessdate=2012-08-04 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225101140/https://www.pmi.org.in/manageindia/volume3/issue01/feature.html |url-status=dead }}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.icecd.org Icecd.org]
*[https://www.satyamevajayate.co.in/ Satyameva Jayate International School]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Hina}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Gujarat]]

Tenali mandal

2025-08-16T10:53:17Z

AidanHeim7993963: Updated and refined page content

{{other uses|Tenali (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tenali mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline = File:Tenali mandal in Guntur district.jpg
| image_caption = Mandal map of Guntur district showing Tenali mandal (in green)
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|14|34|N|80|38|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Tenali]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = G.V.Subba Reddy
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 240031
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628954|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}
'''Tenali mandal''' is one of the 18 [[mandal]]s in [[Guntur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tenali revenue division]], headquartered at [[Tenali]].<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur (Part XII-A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=31 May 2019 |format=PDF}}</ref>{{rp|650}}<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=20 February 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>{{rp|14}} The mandal is located in Velanadu region,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|last=Talbot|first=Cynthia|date=2001-09-20|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|language=en}}</ref> bounded by [[Pedakakani]], [[Duggirala]], [[Kollipara]], [[Vemuru]], [[Amruthalur]], [[Tsundur]] and [[Chebrolu mandal|Chebrole]] mandals.<ref name="map" />

== History ==
Guntur district was constituted in the year 1904 and Tenali was one of the eight [[taluks]] of the district. On 1 July 1909, Tenali taluk was split into Tenali and Repalle taluks. In 1981–82, Tenali taluk was again split into Tenali and Emani taluks. Tenali city taluk was split into Vemuru and Tenali Mandals. Later it was split it into Tenali and Bapatla mandals. On 25 May 1985, mandals were recognised, replacing taluks and firkas.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|title=Hand Book of Statistics 2013 Guntur District|url=http://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/social/Guntur%20District%20DHB%20-%202013.pdf|accessdate=9 September 2016|pages=i|format=PDF|archive-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012181418/http://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/social/Guntur%20District%20DHB%20-%202013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 240,031, including 118,616 males and 121,415 females, for a sex ratio of 1,024 females per 1,000 males. 21,333 children were in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 10,939 were boys and 10,394 were girls. The average literacy rate stood at 79.89% with 174,711 literates.<ref name=population />

Devarapalleseri is the village with the smallest area of all the villages in the district, {{Convert|11|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />{{rp|17}} [[Tenali]] is the most populated and Nelapadu is the least populated settlement in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Guntur District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=24 May 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415192755/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17|archivedate=15 April 2015}}</ref>

== Government ==

=== Administration ===
[[File:Office of the Tahsildar.jpg|thumb|Office of the Tahsildar in Tenali]]

The mandal also forms a part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] under the jurisdiction of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|APCRDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=23 September 2015|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archivedate=23 September 2015}}</ref> It is under the control of a [[tahsildar]]; the present tahsildar is G.V. Subba Reddy.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014|url=http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf|website=Guntur District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=23 January 2015|page=2}}</ref>

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has thirteen villages with one town.<ref name="census" />{{rp|46}}<ref name="map" />{{rp|651}}

The settlements in the mandal are:

* [[Angalakuduru]] (merged in the city)
* [[Burripalem]] (merged in the city)
* [[Chinaravuru]] (merged in the city)
* Devarapalliseri
* Gudiwada
* [[Katevaram]] (merged in the city)
* [[Kolakaluru]]
* [[Nandivelugu]]
* [[Nelapadu, Tenali mandal|Nelapadu]] (merged in the city)
* [[Pedaravuru]] (merged in the city)
* [[Pinapadu]] (rural) (merged in the city)
* [[Sangam Jagarlamudi]]
*'''[https://servicenow.com Chavavaripalem]'''
* [[Tenali]] (M) (converted from town to city by expanding and merging the areas)
* [[Yerukalapudi]]
* '''[[Chavavaripalem]]'''

''Note: M: [[municipality]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref>

=== Politics ===

Tenali mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Guntur district|two mandals]] under [[Tenali (Assembly constituency)|Tenali assembly constituency]], which in turn represents [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur lok sabha constituency]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=11 October 2014|page=22|format=pdf}}</ref> It was under [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali lok Sabha constituency]] until 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=All eyes on Guntur Lok Sabha seat|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/all-eyes-on-guntur-lok-sabha-seat/article328754.ece|accessdate=16 October 2014|work=The Hindu|date=11 March 2009|location=Guntur}}</ref>

== Education ==

The mandal plays a major role in education for the rural students of the nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archivedate=19 March 2016}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal had more than 32,571 students enrolled in over 204 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archivedate=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281739&mandalName=TENALI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of villages in Guntur district#T|Villages in Tenali mandal]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Tenali mandal
|North = [[Duggirala mandal]]
|Northeast = [[Kollipara mandal]]
|East = [[Kollipara mandal]]
|Southeast = [[Vemuru mandal]]
|South = [[Amruthalur]] mandal
|Southwest = [[Tsundur]] mandal
|West = [[Chebrolu mandal|Chebrole]] mandal
|Northwest = [[Pedakakani mandal]]
}}

{{Guntur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Guntur district]]

Malayala Swamy

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AidanHeim7993963: done

{{Short description|South Indian Spiritual Leader}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image =
| alt = Malayala Swami
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|03|29}}
| birth_place = [[Guruvayur]], [[Kerala]]
| birth_name = Velappa
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1962|07|12|1885|03|29}}
| death_place = [[Yerpedu]]
| nationality = Indian
| guru = Sivalinga Swamy
| disciples = [[Sri Vidya Prakasananda Giri Swamy]]
| philosophy = ''Anushtana Vedanta''
| founder = [[Sri Vyasashram]]
| literary_works =
| father = Kariappa
| mother = Notthiyamma
| influenced =
| signature =
}}
'''Malayala Swamy''' (1885–1962) was a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious leader, and a social reformer.<ref name="vyasasramam">{{cite web|title=Sri Vyasashramam Founder|url=http://vyasasramam.org/founder.html|website=vyasasramam.org|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Religion and Philosophy">{{cite book|title=Sri Malayala Swami on Religion and Philosophy|date=1996|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam|location=Tirupati|page=34|edition=First|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/sri-malayala-swami-on-religion-and-philosophy-rare-book-NAH281/|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref> He dismissed the myth that Vedas and other scriptures are only for a particular section of the society and encouraged common man to gain spiritual knowledge. He also encouraged women education. He was the founder of [[Sri Vyasashrama]] in [[Yerpedu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Sri Vidyanandagiri Swamy passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/sri-vidyanandagiri-swamy-passes-away/article1223779.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 March 2008|publisher=Kasturi and Sons|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref> He influenced [[Swami Vidya Prakashananda Giri]], his famous disciple who established [[Sri Sukabrahmashrama]] at [[Srikalahasti]].<ref name="srisukabrahmashram">{{cite web|title=About Swamy Vidyaprakasananda Giri Swamy|url=http://www.srisukabrahmashram.org/p/about-swami-vidyaprakashanandagiri.html|website=srisukabrahmashram.org|publisher=Sri Sukabrahmashram|accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>

Malayala Swamy extensively traveled in and out of Andhra Pradesh, where there is a Telugu speaking crowd to propagate the ancient Hindu wisdom by conducting ''Sanatana Vedanta Jnana Sabha''s, ''Omkara Satra Yaga''s lasting for a week, Chaturmasya Vrathas lasting for four months, installed idols in various temples, inaugurated ashrams, laid foundations to several constructions, opened monasteries, etc. in the service of god.

== Life ==
He was born to a traditional [[Ezhava]] Hindu couple Kariappa, and Notthiyamma in Engadiyur village near Guruvayur, Kerala.<ref name="vyasasramam"/> His birth name is Velappa. He studied various Hindu scriptures and toured various religious places in India. He finally reached [[Tirumala]] and did penance near [[Gogarbham]]. After doing penance for 12 years he settled at a place near Yerpedu, where he started an ashram in the name of Sage [[Vyasa]]. Since he spoke Malayalam only in the initial days, devotees named him Malayala Swamy. After he formally renounced the world, he also got a name ''Asangananda Swami'', but he preferred the name ''Malayala Swamy''.<ref name="vyasasramam about us">{{cite web|title=Welcome to Sri Vyasa Asramam|url=http://vyasasramam.org/about-us.html|website=vyasasramam.org|publisher=Sri Vyasashram|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>

== Vyasashram ==
He established [[Sri Vyasashram]] in 1926 near [[Yerpedu]] which is located in between two famous temple towns [[Tirupati]], and [[Srikalahasti]]. His most popular book is ''Sushka Vedanta Tamo Bhaskaram'' (The sunlight of truth, dispelling the darkness of empty metaphysics) which was published in December 1919.<ref name="vyasasramam"/>

== Books ==
Though he was basically from Malayali origin, he learned to speak Telugu. His Telugu speaking disciples wrote the books when he was dictating them in Telugu. He launched a monthly spiritual magazine called ''[[Yadartha Bharati]]'' in February 1927 to propagate spiritual knowledge expounded by ancient Hindu Rishis. Here are some of his publications.

{{colbegin}}
* ''Sushka Vedanta Tamo Bhaskaram''
* ''Eeshwara Krupa''
* ''Omkaram''
* ''Karma Siddhantam''
* ''Gurubhakti Prabhavam''
* ''Gruhasthashrama Dharmam''
* ''Jeevanmukti''
* ''Dharmopanyasamulu'' (5 parts)
* ''Dhyanamrutham''
* ''Dharma Setuvu''
* ''Nirvana Nilayam''
* ''Nirvijna Yogasiddhi''
* ''Brahmacharyam''
* ''Brahmavidya''
* ''Mayanu Mayamu Cheyuta''
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Satyanarayana |first1=P |title=Sri Sadguru Malayala Swamy |date=2017 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |location=Tirumala |url=https://ebooks.tirumala.org/downloads/sri_sadguru_malayalaswamy.pdf |access-date=15 August 2021}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkgUsxU6IX8 Sadguru Darsanam: Life of Sri Malayala Swamy published by Sri Vyasashram]

[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]

1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

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#REDIRECT [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

USBRL Tunnel 44

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AidanHeim7993963:

{{Short description|Railway tunnel in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox tunnel
|name = USBRL Tunnel 44
|image =
|caption =
|line = [[Jammu-Baramulla line]]
|location = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|coordinates =
|system =
|status = Opened
|start =
|end =
|stations =
|startwork =
|open =
|close =
|owner = [[Indian Railways]]
|operator = Indian Railways
|traffic = Train
|character =
|construction =
|length =
|linelength = {{convert|11.13|km|abbr=on}}
|tracklength =
|notrack = [[Single track (rail)|single track]]
|gauge = 1,676mm ([[Broad gauge]])
|el =
|speed =
|hielevation =
|lowelevation =
|height =
|grade =
}}

{{Jammu-Baramulla line}}
'''USBRL Tunnel 44 ''' is the third longest rail tunnel in India at 11.13 km.<ref name="iricen">{{cite web |url=https://www.iricen.gov.in/iricen/ipwe_seminar/2017/ipwe-2024.pdf |title=IPWE Seminar 2024 |website=IRICEN |publisher=Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> The tunnel lies between [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]-[[Banihal]] section of [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link]] (USBRL) near [[Sangaldan]] town of middle [[Himalayas]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Trial runs were conducted in June 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trial run: Electric train chugs over world’s highest arch rail bridge|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/trial-run-electric-train-chugs-over-world-s-highest-arch-rail-bridge-101718910040280.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2025}}</ref>

==Construction Challenges==
The tunnel passes through strata of poor geology, consisting of Muree formation.<ref name="iricen"/>

==See also==
* [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
* [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]]
* [[List of rail tunnels in India by length]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Railway tunnels in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Northern Railway zone|*]]

Chronology of Chudasama dynasty

2025-06-01T00:03:50Z

AidanHeim7993963: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Chronology and genealogy of the later half of Chudasama dynasty.png|thumb|Chronology and genealogy of the later half of Chudasama dynasty based on inscriptions|400px]]

The early history of the [[Chudasama dynasty]] in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] (now part of [[Gujarat]], India) is largely lost. Bardic legends vary significantly in names, sequence, and numbers, rendering them unreliable as historical sources. ''Mandalika Kavya,'' a Sanskrit poem by Gangadhara, provides some information on the dynasty, though it holds limited historical accuracy. Certain inscriptions from the period offer early genealogical details, but these also vary in their order of succession. Historians like [[Ranchhodji Diwan]], [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes|A. K. Forbes]], [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]],<ref name="Burgess1876">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106940|title=Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh: Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-75|author=James Burgess|year=1876|pages=163–165|chapter=X. Mount Girnar}}</ref> and [[Gaurishankar Oza]] have attempted to determine a more consistent genealogy and chronology. Based on dates from inscriptions linked to Chudasama kings and other literary sources, the genealogy and chronology of the dynasty's later period are now relatively established. It is known that they ruled approximately from [[Vikram Samvat]] (VS) 900 to VS 1527, or around 875 CE to 1472 CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/dynasties/chudasama-dynasty.html|title=CHUDASAMA DYNASTY|last=Soszynski|first=Henry|website=members.iinet.net.au|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref><ref name="Singhji1994">{{cite book|author=Virbhadra Singhji|title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-546-9|pages=35–36}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54106|title=New Indian Antiquary|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|date=December 1938|volume=1|pages=578–579|chapter=Inscriptions Of Kathiawad|issue=9}}</ref>

==Chronology and genealogy==

===Based on inscriptions===
There is no inscription available from the period before the reign of King Mandalika I. However, it is clear that the Chudasama dynasty had established its rule in the Saurashtra region before the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] king [[Mularaja]] came to power in [[Anahilavada]], as literary sources mention battles between Chudasama and Chaulukya kings, including Mularaja and [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. The Dhandusar inscription (VS 1445) identifies the dynasty’s founder as Chudachandra (also known as Chuda of the [[Samma dynasty|Samma]]).

A Vanthali inscription records a King Mandalika, whose kingdom was seized by Jagatsimha, a feudatory of the Chaulukya king Viradhavala. This King Mandalika must be a different ruler than the Mandalika mentioned in later genealogies. Since Viradhavala is known to have lived around VS 1288, this event is likely dated accordingly. The Vanthali inscription itself dates to VS 1346, indicating that Jagatsimha’s family likely retained control until then. Later, a Chudasama king named Mandalika apparently regained Vanthali as Chaulukya rule weakened, marking a new starting point for the dynasty’s later genealogy in subsequent inscriptions.

The Chudasama dynasty continued to rule until VS 1527 (1472 CE), when they were defeated by the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat Sultan]] [[Mahmud Begada]]. Since inscriptions describe the Chudasama resistance against the Gujarat Sultans, it can be concluded that they were the most powerful dynasty in the Saurashtra region during that period.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Singhji1994"/><ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980"/><ref name=EI1>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31980|title=Appendix To Epigraphia Indica And Record Of The Archeological Survey Of India|last=Bhandarkar|first=D. R.|publisher=University of Calcutta|year=1929|volume=19 - 23|location=Calcutta|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31980/page/n251 243], 406}}</ref>

====Genealogy and chronology table====

{| class="wikitable"
!Ruler
!Relationship<ref name=":0" /><ref name=EI1/>
!Reign (CE)
!Accession Year (Samvat)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=EI1/>
!Ra Khengar Mahal/ Neminath Temple inscription on Mount Girnar<ref name="gir1">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54106/2015.54106.Inscriptions-Of-Kathiawad#page/n93/mode/2up/search/Khengar+Mahal|title=New Indian Antiquary|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|date=June 1940|volume=2|pages=116–117|chapter=Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 77 Girnar}}</ref>
!Hani Vav Dhandhusar inscription<ref name="dhan1">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54106/2015.54106.Inscriptions-Of-Kathiawad#page/n67/mode/2up/search/Dhandhusar|title=New Indian Antiquary|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|date=April 1939|volume=1|pages=37–38|chapter=Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 48 Dhandhusar|issue=1}}</ref>
!Mahaprabhu Bethak near Revatikund, Girnar inscription<ref name="gir2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54106/2015.54106.Inscriptions-Of-Kathiawad#page/n85/mode/2up/search/Revati|title=New Indian Antiquary|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|date=December 1939|volume=1|pages=602–603|chapter=Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 68 Junagadh}}</ref>
!Uparkot Junagadh<ref name="gir3">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54106/2015.54106.Inscriptions-Of-Kathiawad#page/n91/mode/2up/search/113|title=New Indian Antiquary|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|date=June 1940|volume=1|pages=113–114|chapter=Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 76 Junagadh (Uparkot)}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mandalika I]]
|son of Yashodhavala
|1294–1306
|1350
|Mandalika
|
|Mandalika
|
|-
|[[Navaghana]]
|son of Mandalika I
|1306–1308
|1362
|Navaghana
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mahipala I (Chudasama dynasty)|Mahipala I]]
|son of Mandalika I
|1308–1331
|1364
|Mahipaladeva
|
|Mahipala
|
|-
|[[Khengara]]
|son of Mahipala I
|1331–1351
|1387
|Shangara (Khangara)
|Khengara
|Khengara
|
|-
|[[Jayasimha I (Chudasama dynasty)|Jayasimha I]]
|son of Khangara
|1351–1378
|1407
|Jayasimhadeva
|Jayasimha
|Jayasimha
|
|-
|[[Mahipala II (Chudasama dynasty)|Mahipala II]]
|son of Jayasimha I
|1378–1384
|1435
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mokalasimha]]/Muktasimha
|son of Jayasimha I
|1384–1396
|1440
|Mokalasimha
|Mokalasimha
|Muktasimha
|
|-
|[[Mandalika II]]
|son of Mokalasimha
|1396–1400
|1452
|
|
|Mandalika
|
|-
|[[Meliga]]
|son of Mokalasimha
|1400–1416
|1456
|Melangadeva
|
|Meliga
|Maligadeva
|-
|[[Jayasimha II (Chudasama dynasty)|Jayasimha II]]
|son of Meliga
|1416–1430
|1472
|
|
|Jayasimha
|
|-
|[[Mahipala III]]
|son of Meliga
|1430–1451
|1486
|Mahipaladeva
|
|
|Mahipala
|-
|[[Mandalika III]]
|son of Mahipala III
|1451–1472
|1507
|Mandalika
|
|
|Mandalika
|}

===Early attempts===
====Ranchhodji Amarji (1825)====
[[Ranchhodji Diwan|Ranchhodji Amarji]], the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] (prime minister) of the [[Junagadh State]], wrote the ''[[Tarikh-i-Sorath]]'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] in 1825. In this work, Ranchhodji documented that the [[Chudasama dynasty]] belonged to the [[Chandravanshi]] (lunar) lineage, claiming they were descendants of Sadashiva and originally hailed from [[Sindh]]. He noted a tradition of rulers with recurring names, including nine named Navghan, ten named Jakhra, and eleven named Alansingh, among others, who ruled in succession.<ref name="RanchhodjiBurgess1882" />

He provided the following chronology of Chudasama rulers in ''Tarikh-i-Sorath'':<ref name="RanchhodjiBurgess1882" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Accession date (Samvat) !! Date (CE) !! Ruler !! Relation !! Reign !! Notable events
|-
| — || — || Rao Dayat || — || — || Married the daughter of Siddha Rao (possibly Jayasimha Siddharaja) of Gujarat.
|-
| 874 || 817 || Navghan || Son of Dayat || Saved by Devait of Alidhar (Gir Somnath District) from Siddha Rao as a child; later regained Junagadh and conquered Sindh.
|-
| 916 || 859 || Khengar || Son of Navghan || 36 years || Attacked Patan; slain by Siddha Rao. Story of Ranik Devi, who ended her life in VS 952 (895 CE).
|-
| 952 || — || Mularaja || Son of Khengar || 35 years and 6 months || —
|-
| 987 || — || Jakhra || Son of Mularaja || 21 years || —
|-
| 1009 || — || Ganraj || Son of Jakhra || 38 years and 4 months || —
|-
| 1047 || — || Mandalika || Son of Ganraj || 48 years and 2 months || Allied with Bhimadeva against Mahmud of Ghazni, who attacked Somnath temple.
|-
| 1095 || — || Hamira Deva || Son of Mandalika || 13 years and some days || —
|-
| 1108 || — || Vijayapala || Son of Hamira Deva || 54 years and 6 months || —
|-
| 1162 || — || Navaghana || Son of Vijayapala || 2 years || —
|-
| 1184 || — || Mandalika || Son of Navghana || 11 years || —
|-
| 1195 || — || Alansingh || Son of Mandalika || 14 years || —
|-
| 1209 || — || Dhanesh || Son of Alansingh || 5 years (some records state 9 years) || —
|-
| 1214 || — || Navghan || Son of Navghan || 9 years || —
|-
| 1224 || 1167 || Khengar || — || 46 years || —
|-
| 1270 || — || Mandalika || Son of Khengar || 22 years, 3 months, 22 days (some records state 32 years) || —
|-
| 1302 || — || Mahipala || Son of Mandalika || 34 years, 5 months, 3 days || Some records state 34 years.
|-
| 12 Magshar 1336 || 1279 || Khengar || Son of Mahipala || 54 years and 13 days || Conquered Diu and 17 other islands; repaired Somnath temple; took refuge on Mount Girnar after Junagadh was taken by Sams Khan under Tughluq orders.
|-
| 1390 || — || Jayasingh || Son of Khengar || 11 years, 8 months, 11 days || —
|-
| 6 Bhadarva 1402 || — || Mugatsingh (or Mokalsingh) || Son of Jayasingh || 14 years, 13 days || —
|-
| 4 Ashvad 1412 || — || Madhupat || Son of Mugatsingh || 5 years, 1 month, 6 days || —
|-
| 10 Kartika Sud 1421 || — || Mandalika || Son of Madhupat || 17 years, 6 months, 3 days || —
|-
| 1439 || — || Malek || Brother of Mandalika (son of a slave-girl) || 11 years, 11 months, 24 days || —
|-
| 1468 || — || Jayasingh || Son of Malek || 18 years, 3 months, 14 days || Captured Zanzira (?)
|-
| 1486 || — || Khengar || Son of Jayasingh || 22 years || Ahmad Shah of Gujarat attacked Junagadh; Khengar and his diwan Hira Singh took refuge in Uparkot in 1470 (?) where Khengar died.
|-
| 1489 || — || Mandalika || — || — || Kiwamu-al-Mlik, Amir of Sultan Mahmud, attacked Junagadh in VS 1520 and captured Mandalika in 1527 (1470 CE). Mandalika embraced Islam and died in Ahmedabad, where he is buried in Manek Chowk. His son was later restored as Jagirdar with the title of Raizada.
|}

Following the defeat by Mahmud Begada, Mandalika’s descendants were granted the [[jagir]] of Junagadh as [[Jagirdar]]s. However, real power was exercised by the Thanadar, appointed by the rulers in Ahmedabad and later by provincial governors.<ref name="RanchhodjiBurgess1882" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Accession date (Samvat) !! Date (CE) !! Ruler as Jagirdar !! Relation !! Reign !! Thanadar
|-
| 1529/1528 || — || Bhupat Singh || — || 31 years || Tatar Khan, son of Zafar Khan
|-
| 1560 || — || Khengar || Son of Bhupat Singh || 22 years || Malik Ayaz and Tatar Khan Ghori
|-
| 1581 || — || Navghan || Son of Khengar || 28 years, 11 months, 20 days || Sayyid Kasam and Mujahid Khan Belim
|-
| 1608 || — || Shri Singh || Son of Navghan || 34 years, 1 month, 10 days || Khan Azam Kokaltash became Subahdar of Ahmedabad, replacing Khan Khanan, and conquered Junagadh in 1633.
|-
| 1642 || — || Khengar || Son of Shri Singh || 22 years || Under Mahmud Shah and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, Junagadh was granted as a jagir to their amirs, with Tatar Khan serving as Thanadar for 13 years.
|}

====James Burgess (1876-1882)====
[[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] translated the ''Târikh-i-Soraṭh'' into English under the title ''Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd'', based on Gujarati translations of Persian manuscripts. The translation, edited by James W. Watson, was published in 1882. Burgess consulted several manuscripts and referenced an inscription from the Vastupal Jain Temple on Mount [[Girnar]] to verify the chronology provided by Ranchhodji Amarji. He initially published these findings in his ''Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh'' and included editor notes in the translation. Burgess also incorporated information from other sources and made conjectural corrections to dates, marking uncertain dates with "(?)" when converting to CE format.<ref name="RanchhodjiBurgess1882">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/trikhisorahahis00amargoog|title=Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd|author=Ranchodji Amarji|publisher=Educ. Soc. Press, & Thacker|year=1882|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trikhisorahahis00amargoog/page/n115 101]–126, 127–131}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Burgess1876"/>

In the ''Târikh-i-Soraṭh'', Ranchhodji lists the reigns of the first four kings, starting with Navaghana I, extending over 151 years, followed by a 22-year gap between Navaghana II and his successor Mandalika I. Burgess added [[Khengar II]] (c. 1107 CE) to the chronology, who was omitted by Ranchhodji. Additionally, Burgess noted that Ranchhodji excluded Navghana (c. 1235) after Mandalika, whom he assigned a reign of 22 years and 3.75 months, beginning in VS 1270, with Mahipala’s reign beginning in VS 1302. This adjustment left a 10-year gap, which may coincide with the reign of Navaghana IV. Ranchhodji’s genealogy includes Mugatsingh’s successors in the order of Madhupat (VS 1416-1421), Mandalika (VS 1421-1439), and Malek (VS 1439-1450), possibly derived from the [[Revatikunda]] inscription, which lists: Mandalika III, his son Mahipala, his son Khangara IV, his son Jayasimha, and his son Mugatsimha, with sons Mandalika and Melak. Burgess retained the dates VS 1421 and 1439 but suggested modifications to VS 1428 and 1433.<ref name="RanchhodjiBurgess1882"/><ref name="Burgess1876"/>

Burgess observed that some copies list VS 874 for Navghan’s accession, allowing him a 42-year reign. He criticized [[James Tod]] for counting [[Chudachandra]] as the fortieth prince before his time and as the eighth before Jam Unad, who Tod placed in VS 1110, speculating Chudachandra’s reign around VS 960.<ref name="Burgess1876"/>

=====Rulers and chronology=====

The rulers are listed with Samvat (VS) dates, probable CE dates, and notes on their reigns and relations:

{| class="wikitable"
! Samvat
! Probable date CE
! Ruler
! Relation
! Reign
|-
| -
| 904?
| Ra Dyas (Dyachh)
| Third descent from Ra Gariyo/Graharipu, grandson of Ra Chandrachud, founder of the Chudasama dynasty
| Defeated and killed by Patan king VS 874 (917 CE). Some sources list VS 874 as Navghan's accession date with a 42-year reign.
|-
| 894
| 937?
| Navaghana (Naughan)
| Son of Ra Dyas
| Invaded Sindh and defeated Hamir of the [[Soomra dynasty]] in VS 890.
|-
| 916
| 959?
| Khangar
| Son of Navaghana
| Killed at [[Bagasara]] by the Anhilvada Raja, possibly [[Mularaja]], who ruled from 942 to 996 CE.
|-
| 952
| 968?
| Mularaja
| Son of Khangara
| Possibly from Anhilvada.
|-
| 1009
| 992?
| Navaghana II
| Son of Mularaja
| Ruled for 38 (18?) years.
|-
| 1078
| 1021?
| Mandalika
| Son of Navaghana
| Joined [[Bhima I]] of Gujarat in pursuit of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (VS 1080, AH 414).
|-
| 1095
| 1038
| Hamir Deva
| Son of Mandalika
| 13 years.
|-
| 1108
| 1051
| Vijaypala
| Son of Hamiradeva
| -
|-
| 1162
| 1085?
| Navaghana III
| -
| Subdued the Raja of Umeta.
|-
| -
| 1107?
| Khengar II
| -
| Slain by [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] of Anhilvada Patan.
|-
| 1184
| 1127
| Mandalika II
| -
| 11 years.
|-
| 1195
| 1138
| Alansimha
| -
| 14 years.
|-
| 1209
| 1152
| Ganesha (Dhanesha)
| -
| 5 years.
|-
| 1214
| 1157
| Navaghana IV
| -
| 9 years.
|-
| 1224
| 1167
| Khangara III
| -
| 46 years.
|-
| 1270
| 1213
| Mandalika III
| Son of Khangara III
| 22 years, mentioned in Girnar inscription.
|-
| -
| 1235?
| Navaghana V
| -
| Omissions of Navghana after Mandalika led to conjectural 10-year reign around Navaghana IV's period.
|-
| 1302
| 1245
| Mahipaladeva (Ra Kavat)
| -
| 34 years, built a temple at [[Somnath Patan]].
|-
| 1336
| 1279
| Khangara IV
| Son of Mahipaladeva
| Repaired Somnath temple, conquered [[Diu Island|Div]], [[Shams Khan]] captured Junagadh.
|-
| 1390
| 1333
| Jayasimhadeva
| Son of Khangara IV
| 11.75 years, subdued 84 petty chiefs.
|-
| 1402
| 1345
| Mugatsimha (Mokalsimha)
| Son of Jayasimha
| 14 years.
|-
| 1416
| 1359
| Melak Deva
| Son of Mugatsimha
| Provided protection to Jhala Krishnaji from Yavana.
|-
| 1421
| 1371
| Mahipaladeva II (Madhupat)
| -
| Married Kunta, daughter of Arjuna.
|-
| 1439
| 1376
| Mandalika IV
| Son of Mahipaladeva
| Defeated Sangana of Okha.
|-
| 1450
| 1393
| Jayasimhadeva II
| -
| Possibly [[Rai of Jerend]], defeated by [[Muzaffar Shah I]] in 1411.
|-
| 1469
| 1412
| Khangara V
| -
| Engaged in war with [[Ahmad Shah I|Ahmad Shah]].
|-
| 1489
| 1432
| Mandalika V
| -
| Restored Uparkot (VS 1507), subdued by [[Mahmud Begada]] in 1469-70 CE.
|}

=====Post-subjugation as tributary jagirdars=====

After the dynasty was subjugated by the kings of Ahmedabad, it continued as tributary ''Jagirdars'' for another century, with the following succession:

{| class="wikitable"
! Accession
CE
! Jagirdar
! Relation
! Reign
|-
| 1472
| Bhupat
| Cousin of Mandalika V
| 32 years.
|-
| 1503
| Khangara VI
| Son of Bhupat
| 22 years.
|-
| 1524
| Navghana VI
| Son of Khangara
| 25 years.
|-
| 1551
| Shrisimha
| -
| 35 years, during [[Akbar]]’s conquest of Gujarat.
|-
| 1585
| Khangara VII
| -
| Ruled until about 1609.
|}

Some versions of the ''Târikh-i-Soraṭh'' list additional names without dates.

====James W. Watson (1884) and Harold Wilberforce-Bell (1916)====
James W. Watson, in ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar'' Volume VIII (1884), provided a chronology of the Chudasama kings. The early kings' chronology was based on bardic legends, while the later chronology was derived from inscriptions.<ref name="GBP1884">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c70MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA711|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1884|editor=Watson|editor-first=James W.|volume=VIII|location=Bombay|pages=492–493}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

In 1916, [[Harold Wilberforce-Bell]] published ''The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times''.<ref name="Wilberforce-Bell1980">{{cite book|author=Harold Wilberforce-Bell|title=The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70165|year=1916|publisher=William Heinemann|location=London|pages=54–83}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> He expanded on Watson's chronology, confirming that the kings starting with Mandalik I were correctly positioned in the chronology, though the dates of accession varied from later chronologies. He presented the following chronology:

{| class="wikitable"
! Ruler
! Accession Start CE
! Accession End CE
! Notes
|-
| Chudachandra
| 875
| 907
| Founder of the dynasty
|-
| Mularaja
| 907
| 915
|
|-
| Vishwavarah
| 915
| 940
|
|-
| Graharipu
| 940
| 982
| Uparkot fort rebuilt; battle with Chaulukya Mularaja
|-
| Kavat
| 982
| 1003
| Uga Wala tale
|-
| Dyas
| 1003
| 1010
| Battle with Chaulukya Dularaj (Durlabhraja?)
|-
| ''Chaulukya Viceroy''
| 1010
| 1020
|
|-
| Navghan
| 1020
| 1044
| Regained from Chaulukya with help from Ahirs; expedition to Sindh; sack of Somnath in 1026 by Mahmud of Ghazni
|-
| Khengar I
| 1044
| 1067
| 23 years
|-
| Navghan II
| 1067
| 1098
| 21 years; defeated by Siddharaj
|-
| Khengar II
| 1098
| 1125
| Youngest of four sons of Navghan II; defeated chief of Umeta; broke gate of Analihavad Patan; Siddharaj attacked in return; tale of Ranik Devi
|-
| Navghan III
| 1125
| 1140
| Navghan III regained throne, expelling the Chaulukya viceroy
|-
| Kavat II
| 1140
| 1152
| 12 years
|-
| Jayasimha/Graharipu II
| 1152
| 1180
|
|-
| Raisimha
| 1180
| 1184
|
|-
| Mahipal II/Gajraj
| 1184
| 1201
|
|-
| Jayamal
| 1201
| 1230
|
|-
| Mahipal III
| 1230
| 1253
| Battles with Kathis
|-
| Khengar III
| 1253
| 1260
| Subdued Kathis
|-
| Mandalik I
| 1260
| 1306
| Alaf Khan raided Saurashtra; lost Vanthali to Rathod chief
|-
| Navghan IV
| 1306
| 1308
|
|-
| Mahipal IV
| 1308
| 1325
| 17 years
|-
| Khengar IV
| 1325
| 1351
| Restored Somnath and expelled the Delhi Sultanate-appointed governor
|-
| Jayasimha II
| 1351
| 1369
| 18 years
|-
| Mahipal V
| 1369
| 1373
| Recovered Vanthali in 1370
|-
| Muktasimha
| 1373
| 1397
| Tughluq order to move capital to Vanthali
|-
| Mandalika II
| 1397
| 1400
| 3 years
|-
| Malek
| 1400
| 1415
| Brother of Mandalika II; conflict with Ahmad Shah I of Gujarat
|-
| Jyasimha III
| 1415
| 1440
| 25 years
|-
| Mahipal IV
| 1440
| 1451
|
|-
| Mandalik III
| 1451
| 1470
| Defeated by Mehmud Begada in 1470 and told to embrace Islam; his descendants restored as Jagirdar
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Chudasama dynasty}}

[[Category:Chudasama dynasty]]

Alappuzha railway station

2025-05-31T20:07:00Z

AidanHeim7993963: fixed issues

{{short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Alleppey
| native_name = Alappuzha
| native_name_lang = ml
| type = Station In Kerala
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Alappuzha Railway Station Entance.jpg
| image_caption = Alappuzha Railway Station
| address = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.4846|76.3223|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal line]]
| other = -
| structure = On Ground
| platform = 3 ( 4 th Platform is Under Construction )
| depth = 300 Meters
| levels = 2
| tracks = 6
| entrances = 2
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1989}}
| closed = 2025 March 1
| rebuilt = 2027 (Expected )
| electrified = Yes
| code = ALLP
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| passengers = 6,536 per day<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1536297820030-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers and earnings for the year 2017-18 - Thiruvananthapuram Division|publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
| pass_year = 80,000
| pass_percent = 1000
| pass_system =
| mpassengers = 5000
| services = 14( Including Passenger Train & Express, Long Distance Trains )
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Ernakulam–Alappuzha–Kayamkulam–Kollam line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Alappuzha railway station''' (also known as '''Alleppey railway station''')(station code: ALLP<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=5 |date=2023–24}}</ref>) is an NSG–3 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=2 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is located in [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]] and is a major station on the [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal line]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Alappuzha Railway station to get a facelift|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/alappuzha-railway-station-to-get-a-facelift/article3347771.ece|work=The Hindu|date =24 April 2012}}</ref>

==History==
{{Railway in Kerala cities}}
The [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam South]]–[[Alappuzha]] coastal railway line was opened on 16 October 1989. The railway line was later extended to [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam]] in 1992. in railway

==Layout==
Alappuzha railway station has 3 platforms to handle long distance and passenger trains. Escalators inaugurated at PF#1 of Alappuzha Railway station<ref>{{cite tweet|number=969101286590136320|user=TVC138|title=Escalators inaugurated at PF 1 Alappuzha Railway station. Hon'ble Minister for Public Works and Registration Shri…|date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

==Significance==
[[Alappuzha]] is an important tourist destination in Kerala. The [[Kerala backwaters|backwaters]] of Alappuzha are one among the most popular tourist attractions in Kerala. Alappuzha is also the access point for the annual [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]]. Alappuzha railway station thus acts as a gateway for visiting the tourist attractions in and around [[Alappuzha]].
[[File:Alleppey railway station panorama.jpg|thumb|centre|1050px|Alappuzha railway station]]

==Important trains originating from Alappuzha==

The following trains starting from Alappuzha station:
[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Kasaragod Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha) - 1st Rake.jpg|thumb|[[Vande Bharat Express]] in Alappuzha station.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff;"
|-
!scope="col"| Train no.
!scope="col"| Train name
|-
| 13351/13352
| [[Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express]]
|-
| 22639/22640
|[[Alappuzha–Chennai Express]]
|-
| 16307/16308
| Alappuzha–Kannur Express
|-
|}

== Major Trains ==

The major trains halting at the station are :
*[[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express (via Alappuzha)]]

== Facilities ==
An integrated security system was installed at the station in 2012 featuring baggage scanners, [[CCTV]]s and vehicle scanners.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 November 2012|title=50 CCTVs at railway station|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/50-cctvs-at-railway-station/article4132570.ece|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref>

* Reservation counters are open between 6:00 am to 8:00 pm
* Retirement rooms (transit lodging facility)
* Parcel booking office
* Railway Mailing service (RMS) office
* Railway Protection Force - Circle office
* IRCTC restaurant
* ATMs
* Pre-paid autorickshaw counters<ref>{{cite news|date=1 Sep 2009|title=Prepaid auto service launched|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/01/stories/2009090152980300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407051529/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/01/stories/2009090152980300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref>
* Pre-paid parking space<ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2010|title=Protest against high parking fee at railway station|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/24/stories/2010012450400300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411022421/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/24/stories/2010012450400300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref>
* Escalator and elevator systems<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/a-new-step-in-kozhikode-railway-stations-journey-to-worldclass-status/article5197948.ece|title = A new step in Kozhikode railway station's journey to world-class status|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 4 October 2013}}</ref>

== ATMs ==
The following bank-ATMs are available at the railway station:

* [[State Bank of India]]
* [[Punjab National Bank]]

== See also ==

* [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal line]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]
* [[Ernakulam Junction railway station]]

==Sources==
*https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/alappuzha-alleppey-allp/54
*https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/station/alappuzha

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram railway division}}
{{Railway stations in Kerala}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1989]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Alappuzha]]

Tanuja Singh

2024-08-22T12:54:13Z

AidanHeim7993963:

{{Short description|Indian academic administrator}}
'''Tanuja Singh''' is an Indian academic administrator who began serving as the tenth president of the [[University of Indianapolis]] in 2023. She was previously the provost at [[Loyola University New Orleans]].

== Life ==
Singh earned a M.Sc. in physics from the [[University of Allahabad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=UIndy announces Dr. Tanuja Singh as 10th president |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/uindy-dr-tanuja-singh-10th-president-university-of-indianapolis/531-cceb4e8a-c008-468f-b82d-3c4c4b48efbf |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=[[WTHR]] |language=en-US}}</ref> She completed a M.B.A. from [[Millsaps College]].<ref name=":0" /> She received a D.B.A. at the [[Southern Illinois University]].<ref name=":0" />

For thirteen years, Singh worked at the [[Northern Illinois University]] where she was a department chair and professor of marketing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Crenshaw |first=Noah |date=2024-04-23 |title=UIndy's president adjusts to role, shares plans for university's future |url=https://dailyjournal.net/2024/04/23/uindys-president-adjusts-to-role-shares-plans-for-universitys-future/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |newspaper=[[Daily Journal (Franklin, Indiana)|Daily Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://northernstar.info/63786/lifestyle/dekalb-scene/marketing-professor-travels-the-world/ |title=Marketing professor travels the world |first=Nyssa |last=Bulkes |date=November 9, 2005 |newspaper=[[Northern Star (Northern Illinois University)|Northern Star]]}}</ref> She later worked as the dean of the Greehey School of Business at [[St. Mary's University, Texas]] for eleven years.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stmarytx.edu/2009/new-dean-of-bill-greehey-school-of-business-named/ |title=New Dean of Bill Greehey School of Business Named |date=March 23, 2009 |work=[[St. Mary's University, Texas]]}}</ref> At [[Loyola University New Orleans]], Singh was the provost and senior vice president of academic affairs.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.loyno.edu/news/jan-15-2020_loyola-university-new-orleans-welcomes-new-provost |title=Loyola University New Orleans Welcomes New Provost |date=January 15, 2020 |work=[[Loyola University New Orleans]]}}</ref> On July 1, 2023, Singh became the tenth president of the [[University of Indianapolis]], succeeding interim president Phil Terry.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dauphinais |first=Sydney |date=2023-03-21 |title=UIndy Board of Trustees selects Tanuja Singh as tenth president |url=https://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/uindy-board-of-trustees-selects-tanuja-singh-as-tenth-president |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=[[WFYI (TV)|WFYI Public Media]] |language=en-us}}</ref> She is the first woman of color to hold the position.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Tanuja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Millsaps College alumni]]
[[Category:Southern Illinois University Carbondale alumni]]
[[Category:Northern Illinois University faculty]]
[[Category:St. Mary's University, Texas faculty]]
[[Category:Loyola University New Orleans faculty]]
[[Category:University of Indianapolis faculty]]
[[Category:Women heads of universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
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[[Category:Business school deans]]
[[Category:Women deans (academic)]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
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[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ismail Qureshi al Hashmi

2024-08-09T07:24:02Z

AidanHeim7993963: slightly fixed lead per sources additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian Sheikh}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background =
| name = Shaikh Ismail Quraishi Asadi Hashmi Suharwardi
| image = Mosque & tomb of Shaikh Ismail1.JPG
| caption = Mosque & tomb of Shaikh Ismail
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = the [[Suhrawardiyya]] order of [[Sufism]]
| alias = Makhdoom Shah of Bamhrauli/Bamrauli
| title= Makhdoom e Hind
| location = [[Allahabad]]
| period = Early 14th century
| predecessor = Shah Rukn e Alam Multani
| successor = Various, including Shah Karak, Anas saeed Hashmi and Dana Nathan
| birth_date = 1260
| birth_place = [[Multan]]
| death_date = 1349
| death_place = Bamhrauli, [[Allahabad]]
}}

'''Imaduddin Ismail''' '''Qureshi Asadi al Hashmi''', a Suharwardi Shaikh was one of the pioneers of Islamic preaching in the [[Allahabad district]]. He was the grandson of [[Bahauddin Zakariya|Bahauddin Zakaria Multani]] and the son of Sadruddin Arif Multani. He is commonly known as Makhdoom Shah Bamrauli.

==Birth and education==
Ismail was born in 1259/1260 AD in [[Multan]] and was brought up under the guidance of his father Shaikh Sadruddin and grandfather [[Bahauddin Zakariya|Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria]].

He was initiated into Suharwardi order at the hands of his grandfather Bahauddin Zakaria and trained by his father and his elder brother Shaikh Ruknuddin Abul Fateh alias Shah Rukn e Alam of Multan. Shah Ruknuddin kept his brother always with him and even in his visits to [[Delhi]] at the call of Alauddin Khalji. When Shah Ruknuddin visited Shaikh [[Nizamuddin Dargah|Nizamuddin Auliya]], his younger brother Shaikh Ismail was with him and asked some questions from both the holy men.

==From Multan to Allahabad==
Shaikh Ismail used to mainly live in Multan looking after the propagation and educative activities of his Khanqaah but a divine intuition propelled him to migrate and shift to Allahabad, called Prayaq at the time, before the death of his brother.

At this distance he travelled first to Delhi where the emperor [[Alauddin Khalji]] and his successor welcomed him. From there he travelled to Allahabad via kara and settled in a village named Bamhrauli or Bamrauli (Chail, Allahabad). Thus he is considered to be one of the earliest Shaikhs who settled in the environs of the present city of Allahabad.

==Adherence to Sharia==
Shaikh Ismail strictly adhered to the basic tenets of Islam and did not like anything outside [[Sharia]]. He did not approve of singing or dancing in the name of Sam'a. He exhorted all to live a live of piety respecting their parents and fulfilling the duty of their creation by carrying out the responsibilities as the slave and [[vicegerent]] of Allah.

He erected a mosque over a small mound exactly on the banks of the Ganges and it is where he was laid down to rest after his death. To this day the mosque stands as it was erected by the Shaikh with he himself resting there.

After spending more than 50 years in that village and commanding respect and honour from all, he died silently in 1349 AD. He was bestowed with the honorific title as "Makhdoom-i-Hind". Since centuries all the great saints of Allahabad and environs have paid their obeisance to this great personality. No big dome and massive tomb kind of structure was erected as per his wish and no [[Urs]] rituals take place at his grave in accordance with the instructions of Shariah. He is the only saint in North India where no Urs rituals are performed.This is one of the most evident and striking evidence of his adherence and strict following of the Shariah.

The writer of Mirat al Asrar paid a special visit to this mosque and tomb in the reign of [[Shahjahan]] and commented " that it is a great place of Barkat".

He never allowed his name and works to be highlighted in books and discourses, so not many people know about him, even in Allahabad.

==Disciples==
Students from all areas including Kara, Manikpur, Zafarabad, [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Jhunsi]], and [[Awadh]], thronged to be his student. Though a lot of students were his disciples but he authorized only three students with Khailafat, Shaikh Abdul Rahim, Shaikh Ali, and Sayyid Muhammad, who used the alias Shah Karak, who eventually rose to become his most famous disciple and became popularly known as Shah Karak Majzoob (Abdal) of Kara Manikpur, Allahabad who is resting at Kara and is the most famous saint of Allahabad to this day. The fact is that he is more known than his master and mentor.

Khwaja Karak is alternatively known as Khwaja Gurg of Karra/Kara.

==References==
* ''Allahabd - A Gazetteer'' by C H Nevill, 1911, Govt Press, United Provinces.
* ''Akhbar al Akhyar'' by [[Abdul-Haqq Dehlavi|Shaikh Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehlavi]], 16th Century. Urdu Edition 1990.
* ''Manba al Ansaab'' by Sayyid Muin al Haqq Jhoonsvi, Manuscript, British Library - India Office Collections, London.
* ''Asral al Makhdumein'' by Shaikh Karim Yar, 1893, Fatehpur.
* ''Mirat al Asrar'' by Shaikh Abdul Rahman Chishti, 1648, Printed Maktaba Jam e Noor, Delhi 1997.
* ''Tarikh Aina e Awadh'' by Sayyid Shah Abul Hasan Qutubi Manikpuri, 1887, Nizami Press, Cawnpore.
* ''Tazkirat al Makhdumeen'' by Khalid Bin Umar, 2004, Manuscript.

==External links==
* [http://parganachail.blogspot.in/2011/06/bamrauli.html] on Google blogs
* [http://wikimapia.org/4621508/Mosque-Makhdoom-Shah-Bamhrauli-RA Mosque Makhdoom Shah Bamhrauli RA] on [[Wikimapia]]
{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hashmi, Ismail Qureshi al}}
[[Category:1349 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Allahabad]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]

[[Category:1260 births]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows

2024-07-16T19:17:49Z

AidanHeim7993963: general cleanup structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]]

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Dil Hi To Hai

2024-05-28T22:33:31Z

AidanHeim7993963:

'''Dil Hi To Hai''' ({{Lit|It's Only a Heart}}) may refer to:

* [[Dil Hi To Hai (1963 film)|''Dil Hi To Hai'' (1963 film)]], 1963 Indian film
* [[Dil Hi To Hai (1992 film)|''Dil Hi To Hai'' (1992 film)]], 1992 Indian film
* ''[[Dil Hi Toh Hai]]'', Indian television and web series

{{disambiguation}}