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2014 in Kerala

2026-05-05T18:13:38Z

Ahmjit: added new post!

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2014''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

* [[List of governors of Kerala|Governors of Kerala]] – [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]] (till March), [[Sheila Dikshit]] (March–August), [[P. Sathasivam]] (from September)
* [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] – [[Oommen Chandy]]

== Events ==

=== January – May ===
* February 15 – [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]] inaugurates [[Cyberpark, Kozhikode]], the first IT park in [[Malabar District|Malabar region.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-13 |title=Cyberpark at Kozhikode to be inaugurated on Saturday |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/cyberpark-at-kozhikode-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday/article23117022.ece |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
* March 6 – [[Jose Chacko Periappuram]] at [[Lisie Hospital, Kochi]] became the first cardiac surgeon in India to conduct a successful heart re-transplant in the country. The replanting was done when a patient who had already received a transplant [[Heart transplantation]] developed a heart valve infection.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 15, 2014|first=J.|last=Binduraj|title=Kerala man now lives with a third heart|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kerala-man-now-lives-with-a-third-heart-189047-2014-04-15|access-date=2022-01-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* March 8 - [[N. K. Premachandran]] and RSP leaders leave [[Left Democratic Front]] following [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] taking over [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency]] seat prior to general elections.
* March 11 – [[Kerala Police]] takes case against [[Gail Tredwell]], [[Indiavision]] etc. for allegations against [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]].
* April 21 – Sabarinath, the main accused in the multi-crore ''Total 4 U scam'', who went absconding on bail surrendered before Judicial Magistrate Court, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 22, 2014|title=Total 4 U scam: Total 4 U scam prime accused Sabarinath surrenders in court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/total-4-u-scam-prime-accused-sabarinath-surrenders-in-court/articleshow/34070882.cms|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* April 25 - Gold ornaments lost from [[Guruvayur Temple]] in 1985, recovered from the temple well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decades-old Guruvayur temple gold mystery reignites political debates amid Sabarimala row |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/guruvayur-thiruvabharanam-row-mystery-v5erxfhx |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>
* May 5 – [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] established through an ordinance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-29 |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=22976&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=2702 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029023839/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=22976&tmpl=component&format=raw&Itemid=2702 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* May 7 - [[Supreme Court of India]] gives verdict in [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]] in favour of [[Tamil Nadu]] by declaring [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] law of 2006 which limits the dam height to 136 as unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-07 |title=SC allows TN to increase Mullaperiyar water level |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-allows-tn-to-increase-mullaperiyar-water-level/article5985048.ece |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-03 |title=SC rejects Kerala plea to review Mullaperiyar verdict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Supreme-Court-dismisses-Kerala-plea-seeking-review-of-Mullaperiyar-verdict/article60385770.ece |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* May 27 – Professional football club, [[Kerala Blasters FC]] established.
* May – '''Operation Kubera''' launched by [[Kerala Police]] to contain illegal money lending business in Kerala.

=== June – December ===
* June 10 – [[Kerala Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)]] led by [[Shibu Baby John]] and [[Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)]] led by [[Babu Divakaran]] merges with parent party [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] after 15 years and resultant [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] joints [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-10 |title=RSP factions merge in Kerala, UDF numbers rise to 75 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/rsp-factions-merge-in-kerala-udf-numbers-rise-to-75-114061000814_1.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* June 13 – [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]] Home and Education ministries jointly launched '''Clean Campus Safe Campus Project''<nowiki/>' to spread awareness to wean school students from usage of narcotics and drugs.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2014-06-03|title='Clean campus-Safe campus' drive against drug abuse in Kerala|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/clean-campus-safe-campus-drive-against-drug-abuse-in-kerala-114060301630_1.html|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>
* July 25 – [[Kerala High Court]] pronounces a verdict that declares eviction and demolishion drive carried out by Special Task Force in [[Munnar]] on 2007 as illegal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-26 |title=Demolition of Munnar resorts in 2007 'illegal', rules high court |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/demolition-of-munnar-resorts-in-2007-illegal-rules-high-court/articleshow/39013077.cms |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* August 22 - [[Government of Kerala]] imposes ban on Bars, restricts sale of liquor to [[Five-star hotel]]s and [[Kerala State Beverages Corporation]] outlets and declares that state is planning to achieve [[Prohibition]] by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-29|title=Kerala holidaymakers left high and dry as India's wettest state bans alcohol|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/29/kerala-alcohol-ban-hits-holidaymakers|access-date=2022-01-26|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* November 2 – [[2014 Kiss of Love protest|Kiss of Love protest]] at [[Marine Drive, Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-11|title=The 'Kiss of Love' campaign|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-kiss-of-love-campaign/photostory/45108971.cms|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* November – [[Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)]] formed by a split in [[Communist Marxist Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMP Split Now Formal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/jan/11/CMP-Split-Now-Formal-563076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123143555/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/jan/11/CMP-Split-Now-Formal-563076.html |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* 22 December – [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] attacks [[KFC]] and [[McDonald's]] outlets in [[Palakkad]] along with two forest outposts in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Online Desk|date=2014-12-22 |title=KFC, McDonald's Attacked by Maoists in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/Dec/22/kfc-mcdonalds-attacked-by-maoists-in-kerala-697157.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* July 17 - [[J. Sasikumar]], 86, Film Director
* November 9 – [[M. V. Raghavan]], 81, politician
* December 25 – [[N. L. Balakrishnan]], 72, actor

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2014 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]

George Maryan

2026-05-05T00:40:48Z

Ahmjit: New Some Pg and Citations

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = George Maryan
| image = George Maryan 2019.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|3|23}}
| birth_name = 
| birth_place = 
| years active = 2002–present
| parents =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| website =
}}
'''George Maryan''' (ஜார்ஜ் மரியன்) is an Indian actor and comedian, who has appeared in [[Tamil cinema]]. He started his career in theatre, before working in Tamil cinema and has often collaborated with film-makers [[A. L. Vijay]], [[Siva (director)|Siva]], [[M. Manikandan]], [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], [[Thangar Bachan]], [[Sundar C]] and [[Priyadarshan]].<ref name="NS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nadigarsangam.org/member/m-a-george-mariyaan/|title=M.A.George Mariyaan | Official Site of South Indian Artists Association, Nadigar Sangam, Tamil Nadigar Sangam|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091535/http://www.nadigarsangam.org/member/m-a-george-mariyaan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
George Maryan began his career as an actor in theatre during 1989 and continued to perform in plays until 2002. Thereafter, he moved on to work in Tamil cinema, often portraying supporting and comedy roles.<ref name="NS"/> George had his breakthrough as an actor in Tamil films after being cast as a bumbling police officer in [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' (2008), where he was selected by the casting director [[A. L. Vijay]], who was impressed by George's work in theatre.

Vijay then cast George in his own venture ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' (2008), before giving him progressively larger roles in ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010) as an English teacher and in ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2011) as an [[Intellectual disability|intellectually disabled]] person. His role as a house servant in A. L. Vijay's ''[[Saivam]]'' (2014) also won him critical acclaim, with a reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stating George was "well-cast".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saivam/movie-review/37338588.cms|title=Saivam Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Saivam by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Saraswathi of [[Rediff]] praised his "impeccable comic timing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-saivam-is-worth-a-watch-south/20140627.htm|title=Review: Saivam is worth a watch|website=Rediff|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113161250/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-saivam-is-worth-a-watch-south/20140627.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Likewise, the reviewer from the [[Deccan Chronicle]] also noted he "shines with his natural feat", while [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of [[The Hindu]] also praised his performance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/saivam-something-to-crow-about/article6158097.ece|title=Saivam: Something to crow about|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 June 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113161255/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/saivam-something-to-crow-about/article6158097.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98saivam%E2%80%99-inspiring-feel-good-family-drama|title=Movie review 'Saivam': Is an inspiring feel good family drama|first=anupama|last=subramanian|date=27 June 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218092108/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98saivam%E2%80%99-inspiring-feel-good-family-drama|url-status=live}}</ref> George has also collaborated with [[Sundar C]] three times, in ''[[Aambala]]'' and as a part of the ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' franchise. He then received critical acclaim for his role in ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019) as a constable named Napoleon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/george-maryan-elated-after-kaithi-reviews-bags-role-in-indian-2-news-tamil-tk4k44bfeiieh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625092013/https://www.sify.com/movies/george-maryan-elated-after-kaithi-reviews-bags-role-in-indian-2-news-tamil-tk4k44bfeiieh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2020|title = George Maryan elated after 'Kaithi' reviews, bags role in Indian-2|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/kaithi-review-an-engrossing-poignant-thriller-1.67467155|title=‘Kaithi’ review: An engrossing, poignant thriller|first=Mythily Ramachandran, Special to|last=tabloid!|date=29 October 2019|website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
| ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]''
| Maths teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]''
| Villager
|
|-
| ''[[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]''
| Panneer
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]''
| Lawyer
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]''
| George
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Pirappu]]''
| Muthusamy
|
|-
| ''[[Onbadhu Roobai Nottu]]''
| Villager
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]''
| Muthu Karuppan
|
|-
| ''[[Jayamkondaan]]''
| Michael
|
|-
| ''[[Kanchivaram]]''
| Policeman
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Laadam]]''
| Pavadai's henchman
|
|-
| ''[[Thiru Thiru Thuru Thuru]]''
| Watchman
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Kadhalagi]]''
| Sankaran
|
|-
| ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''
| English teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Neeyum Naanum]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''[[Sankarankovil (film)|Sankarankovil]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''
| Krishna's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]''
| Villager
|
|-
| ''[[Mouna Guru]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Kalakalappu]]''
| Constable Pachchai Perumal
|
|-
| ''[[Paagan]]''
| Subramani's father
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]''
| Parathaman
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014
| ''[[Bramman]]''
| Director
|
|-
| ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]''
| Eating joint worker
|
|-
| ''[[Saivam]]''
| Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]''
| Koottayan
|
|-
| ''[[Appuchi Gramam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
| Oviyar Muthurama Lingam
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2015
| ''[[Aambala]]''
| Eli Josiyam
|
|-
| ''[[Sandamarutham]]''
| Kuppan
|
|-
| ''[[Ivanuku Thannila Gandam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Agathinai]]''
| Muthaiah
|
|-
| ''[[Komban]]''
| Tea master
|
|-
| ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
| Apartment security guard
|
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]''
| Teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]''
| Factory worker
|
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]''
| Hostel warden
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2016
| ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]''
| Watchman
|
|-
| ''[[Jithan 2]]''
| Sombu Vinayagam
|
|-
| ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Kuttrame Thandanai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]''
| Senior lawyer
|
|-
| ''[[Ammani]]''
| Muthu
|
|-
| ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]''
| Shiva's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Kanavu Variyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu]]''
| Lawyer Vasudevan
|
|-
| ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''
| Suresh
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Nimir]]''
| Subramani
|
|-
| ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]''
| Police Constable
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuppai Kathai]]''
| Poongodi's father
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]''
| Laundryman
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019
| ''[[Viswasam]]''
| Police inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Thadam]]''
| Police Constable Dhanasekar
|
|-
| ''[[Sindhubaadh]]''
| Thiru's uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Mei (film)|Mei]]''
| Gopi
|
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]''
| Church father
|
|-
| ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
| Napoleon
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''Pizhai''
|
|
|-
| ''Thoonga Kangal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021
| ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
| BDO Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]''
| Bhaktavatsalam
|
|-
| ''[[Naduvan]]''
| Pazhani
|
|-
| ''[[Annaatthe]]''
| Komberi Mookan
| Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]''
| Ganesan
|
|-
| ''[[Theerpugal Virkapadum]]''
| Court Attender
|
|-
| ''[[Thanne Vandi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2022
| ''[[Naai Sekar]]''
| Scientist Rajarajan
|
|-
| ''[[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum]]''
| Raghupathi
|
|-
| ''[[Achcham Madam Naanam Payirppu]]''
| Manikandan
|
|-
| ''[[Visithiran]]''
| Church Father
|
|-
| ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]''
| Principal George Mathews
|
|-
| ''[[Ayngaran (film)|Ayngaran]]''
| Bus ticket collector
|
|-
| ''[[Veetla Vishesham]]''
| Dr. George
|
|-
| ''Kichi Kichi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gulu Gulu]]''
| Kidnapper
|
|-
| ''[[Battery (film)|Battery]]''
| Constable
|
|-
| ''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]''
| Marriage registrar
|
|-
| ''[[Gurumoorthi]]''
| Guduguduppai
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2023
| ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]''
| Passenger in van
|
|-
| ''[[Rudhran]]''
| Cab driver
|
|-
| ''[[Erumbu]]''
| Chittu
|
|-
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
| Napoleon
|
|-
| ''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Porkaasukal]]''
| Harichandran
|
|-
| ''[[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]''
| Christopher Kannaiyan
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024
| ''[[Ayalaan]]''
| Fake money lender
|
|-
| ''[[Election (2024 film)|Election]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Padikada Pakkangal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]''
| Constable I. Tiruvettai
|
|-
| ''[[The Smile Man]]''
| Veerayya
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2025
| ''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
| Dhanapal
|
|-
| ''[[Kooran (film)|Kooran]]''
| Antony
|
|-
| ''[[Madras Matinee]]''
| Kamal
|
|-
| ''[[Mask (2025 film)|Mask]]''
| George
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2026
| ''[[Lockdown (2025 film)|Lockdown]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mellisai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thaai Kizhavi]]''
| Sign language interpreter
|
|-
| ''[[Kenatha Kanom]]'' || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi Babu prays along with villagers for water in the new look poster of Kenatha Kanom |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/19/yogi-babu-prays-along-with-villagers-for-water-in-the-new-look-poster-of-kenatha-kanom |work=Cinema Express |date=19 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Happy Raj]]'' || Kathamuthu || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=25 March 2026 |title=Happy Raj Movie Review: Warm enough but weighed down by its own excesses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/happy-raj/movie-review/129797129.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/WSHkr?wr=false|archive-date=26 March 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Sebastian P.C. 524]]''
| Father Sree Paul
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]''
| Tamil Nadu CI Ramakrishamoorthy
| [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024
| ''[[Yatra 2]]''
| Blind man
|Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
| Arumugam
| Malayalam ||
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Program Name
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Network
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Time Enna Boss]]''
| Aalavaayan
| rowspan="2" |[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Time Enna Boss trailer: A fun Tamil series about time travel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/time-enna-boss-trailer-a-fun-tamil-sitcom-about-time-travel-6596868/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919040849/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/time-enna-boss-trailer-a-fun-tamil-sitcom-about-time-travel-6596868/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023||''[[The Village (2023 TV series)|The Village]]''|| Peter Pandiyan ||
|}

=== Dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' || [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]] || Kalki's father || Tamil dubbed version
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Srinivas |first= Siddarth |author-link= |user=sidhuwrites |number=1699652364574281854 |date=7 September 2023 |title=#Jawan Interval: Importantly, the blending by Atlee to make it a Pan-Indian movie is terrific. Most dubbed films feel alienated but this one feels most close to a Tamil film except for the lip sync part. Great idea to bring in names like VTV Ganesh, George Maryam for the dubbing!|script-title= |trans-title= |language= |retweet= |location= |access-date= |link= |quote= |ref=}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2020
| [[Zee Cine Awards]] Tamil
| Best Supporting Actor - Male
| rowspan="3"|''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-ajith-kamal-haasan-dhanush-won-these-honours-811280|title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020 winners list: Ajith, Kamal Haasan, Dhanush won these honours|website=International Business Times|date=2020-01-05|access-date=2020-01-05|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004659/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-ajith-kamal-haasan-dhanush-won-these-honours-811280|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor - Male
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html|title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Taapsee Pannu wins 'Best Actor' for Game Over, shares surreal moment with Dhanush and Vetrimaaran|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=12 January 2020|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actor - Male
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/ |access-date=2021-09-19 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Kalaimamani]]
| {{N/a}}
| Many films
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalaimamani awards winners list: Sai Pallavi, S J Suryah, Lingusamy and Anirudh Ravichander win the highest honour of Tamil cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kalaimamani-awards-winner-list-sai-pallavi-s-j-suryah-lingusamy-and-anirudh-ravichander-win-the-highest-honour-of-tamil-cinema-10268333/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7017264}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maryan, George}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Don (1978 film)

2026-04-26T04:09:59Z

Ahmjit: New Basic Article V1

{{short description|1978 Indian film by Chandra Barot}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Don
| image = Don 1978 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chandra Barot]]
| producer = [[Nariman Irani]]
| writer = [[Salim–Javed]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Zeenat Aman]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Iftekhar]] 
[[Om Shivpuri]] [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] [[Kamal Kapoor]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
| cinematography = [[Nariman Irani]]
| editing = Waman Rao
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|05|12|df=yes}}
| studio = Nariman Films
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|7 [[million]]}}<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2642|title=Excel Entertainment - Raees After 15 Years Of DCH Cinema - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|70 million}}<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020102521/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=184&catName=MTk3OA==|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Box Office 1978|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=20 October 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''''Don''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Chandra Barot]], written by [[Salim–Javed]] and produced by [[Nariman Irani]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in dual role, alongside [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Om Shivpuri]] and [[Satyen Kappu]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] with lyrics written by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and [[Indeevar]].

''Don'' was the third [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film]] of 1978 and was classified a [[golden jubilee]] by [[Box Office India]].<ref name="boxoffice" /><ref name="don2">{{cite web|title=Farhan's next Don to go on floors in October|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/farhan-s-next-don-to-go-on-floors-in-october-news-bollywood-kkfqQ5hjbgi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119201407/http://sify.com/movies/farhan-s-next-don-to-go-on-floors-in-october-news-bollywood-kkfqQ5hjbgi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 September 2011 |agency=IANS|date=22 February 2010}}</ref> The film spawned the [[Don (franchise)|''Don'' franchise]]; Javed Akhtar's son [[Farhan Akhtar]] created a remake ''[[Don: The Chase Begins Again]]'' (2006) and its sequel ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011), both starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. It also inspired several [[South Indian]] remakes, including the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Yugandhar]]'' (1979) and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980).<ref name="expressindia"/> ''Don'' is also known for its theme music, which was used in the ''[[American Dad!]]'' episode "[[Tearjerker (American Dad!)|Tearjerker]]" (2008). The intro "Yeh Mera Dil" was [[sample (music)|sampled]] by the [[Black Eyed Peas]] for the song "[[Don't Phunk with My Heart]]" (2005).<ref name=IANS/>

==Plot==
Mark Donald "Don" is a notorious crime boss in [[Mumbai]] who always eludes the authorities despite being wanted in eleven countries. [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] D'Silva, [[Inspector]] Verma and [[Interpol]] officer R. K. Malik have spent the last few years in capturing Don, but to no avail. During a chase with the police, Don is severely wounded after an accident and dies in front of D'Silva, who holds a burial of Don without anyone's knowledge. D'Silva keeps Don's death as a secret even from his fellow officers, and tracks down a look-alike called Vijay, a street performer. D'Silva asks Vijay to infiltrate Don's gang by pretending to be Don. In return, D'Silva will make sure that the children Vijay adopted, Deepu and Munni, get a proper education.

D'Silva trains Vijay and sends him back to Don's gang, disguised as an [[amnesia]]c Don, who had been hiding at an [[apartment complex]] due to his injuries. Slowly, Vijay starts to learn about Don's gang. Vijay provides a diary with the secret information of the crime network to D'Silva, but he is about to be killed by Roma because her brother Ramesh as well as his fiancée Kamini were killed by Don earlier. At this juncture, D'Silva arrives and tells her that he is Vijay and not Don. Later before a party, Vijay secretly provides information to D'Silva about a meeting of Don's network. A shootout occurs at the party and D'Silva is killed in a crossfire. Vijay finds D'Silva dead and is taken into the custody of the police team, now headed by Malik.

Vijay argues to Malik that he is not Don and mentions a piece of evidence – the diary, which may prove his innocence, but the diary is nowhere to be found. Unable to prove his innocence, Vijay escapes from a police van and joins Roma, where he learns that the diary is stolen by a person named Jasjit in order to track down his children Deepu and Munni. Jasjit meets Vijay and Roma and joins them. However, the trio learns that Malik is actually Vardhaan who captured the real Malik and posed as the latter to cover his crime and that Vardhaan was the one who had murdered D'Silva during the party and had already exposed Roma's identity to the gang members before having them kidnap Deepu and Munni so that the trio can surrender themselves and the diary to Vardhaan.

After being captured by Vardhaan, Jasjit is reunited with Deepu and Munni and manages to escape the hideout with them, thanking Vijay for taking care of his children. Meeting up in the same graveyard where Don was buried, Vardhaan and his gang members who are holding Deepu and Munni hostages, have a long standoff with Vijay, Roma and Jasjit, resulting in Vardhaan grabbing the diary from Roma and throwing it in a fire. Eventually, Vardhaan calls Inspector Verma and the police to the scene to have the trio and the gang members arrested so that he can get away scot-free. However, anticipating the possibility that Vardhaan would try to escape, Vijay cleverly reveals that the diary that he had thrown in the fire was actually a blank one that he had switched just as he hands over the real diary to Verma, exposing Vardhaan's identity to the police. Vardhaan and the gang members are arrested, while Vijay, Roma, Jasjit, Deepu and Munni happily leave the police station.

== Cast ==

* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Vijay
**[[Don (character)|Mark Donald "Don"]]
* [[Zeenat Aman]] as [[Roma (character)|Roma]]
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Jasjit ("JJ")
* [[Iftekhar]] as DSP D'Silva
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Vardhaan / the fake R. K. Malik
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Inspector Verma, DSP D'Silva's junior
* [[P. Jairaj]] as Dayal, Judo & Karate trainer
* [[Kamal Kapoor]] as Sham Narang, Vardhaan's right-hand man
* [[Moolchand]] as Govinda fat man in the song "Khaike Paan Banaraswala"
* Arpana Choudhary as Anita, Don's girlfriend
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Kamini, Ramesh's fiancée
* [[M. B. Shetty]] as Shakaal, Don's gang member
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Mac, Don's gang member
* [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]] as Vikram, Don's gang member
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as the real R. K. Malik, [[Interpol]] officer
* Sharad Kumar as Ramesh, Roma's brother
* Baby Bilkish as Munni, Jasjit's daughter
* Mastar Alankar as Dipak "Dipu", Jasjit's son
* Jagdish Raj (drama artist)
* Keshav Rana as Rana (fake police)
* M.A.Latif as father @ Church
* Rajan Haksar as Owner Bombay Circus

==Production==
Producer and cinematographer Nariman Irani was in a financial mess when his film ''[[Zindagi Zindagi]]'' (1972), starring [[Sunil Dutt]] flopped. He was in debt for Rs 1.2 million and couldn't pay the money off on a cinematographer's salary. When he was doing the cinematography for [[Manoj Kumar]]'s major hit ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'' (1974), the film's cast ([[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]) and crew (assistant director Chandra Barot) decided to help him out. They all recommended that he produce another film and that they would anticipate in its production. They all approached scriptwriting duo [[Salim–Javed]] ([[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]]), who gave them an untitled script that had already been rejected by the entire industry. The cinematographer Nariman Irani, while working on ''[[Chhailla Babu]]'', decided to borrow most of the plot of ''Chhailla Babu'' and shared a modified story idea with Chandra Barot, who made the new modified story into the film ''Don'' (1978). The script had a character named [[Don (character)|Don]]. Bachchan would play Don, and Barot would direct the film. Aman and Pran would play key roles in the film.

The film took three-and-a-half years to complete.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/20/stories/2006102001510100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106064309/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/20/stories/2006102001510100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 November 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Don, down the decades | date=20 October 2006}}</ref> Before filming was completed, producer Irani died from an accident on the set of another film he was working on.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was Nariman Irani?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/he-produced-amitabh-bachchans-blockbuster-don-but-did-not-have-money-to-buy-food-died-penniless-before-its-release-who-was-nariman-irani/articleshow/122560237.cms|publisher=Economic Times| date=16 July 2025}} </ref> During the making of Manoj Kumar's ''Kranti'' in November 1977 at Rajkamal Kalamandir Studios, Bombay, a sudden cloudburst caused a wall to collapse on Nariman Irani. He was seriously injured, hospitalized, and passed away a few days later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was Nariman Irani?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/he-produced-amitabh-bachchans-blockbuster-don-but-did-not-have-money-to-buy-food-died-penniless-before-its-release-who-was-nariman-irani/articleshow/122560237.cms|publisher=Economic Times| date=16 July 2025}} </ref> Barot faced budget restraints but received aid. The rest of the cinematography and production was completed by Barot with support from the cast and crew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/16sld3.htm|title=An exclusive interview with Chandra Barot, who made the first Don|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Barot showed the film to his mentor [[Manoj Kumar]], who felt that the film was too tight and needed a song in the midst of the action-filled film, and so "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" was added into the film. ''Don'' was released without any promotion on 12 May 1978 and was declared a flop the first week. Within a week after adding the song "Khaike Paan Banaraswala", the song by itself became a big hit, and word of mouth spread, so by the second week, the film's fortunes were reversed, and the film was declared a blockbuster. The profits from the film were given to Irani's widow to settle her husband's debts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/16sld4.htm|title=An exclusive interview with Chandra Barot, who made the first Don|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

The hit-song "Khaike Pan Banaraswala" sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] was choreographed by [[P. L. Raj]].<ref name="hindu03">{{Cite web | title = PONYTAIL 'n' pop, but desi | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/29/stories/2003092902140200.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040708195206/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/29/stories/2003092902140200.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 July 2004 | date = 29 September 2003 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 29 June 2013 }}</ref>

''Don'' was produced on a budget of {{INR|link=yes}}70{{nbsp}}[[lakh]]<ref name="budget"/> ([[United States dollar|$]]860,000).<ref name="exchange78">{{cite web|title=Exchange Rate of the Indian Rupee (8.15 INR per USD)|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15268|website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|year=1978}}</ref> Adjusted for inflation, its budget is equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|0.86|1978|r=1}} million ({{INR}}22{{nbsp}}[[crore]]) in 2016.<ref name="exchange16">{{cite web |title=Exchange Rates (68.3 INR per USD) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |year=2016 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215024949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2076.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Don
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|1978}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[EMI Records]]
| producer = [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack of the film has been composed by the duo [[Kalyanji–Anandji]], while the lyrics were written by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and [[Indeevar]].

According to film music expert Rajesh Subramanian, the song "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" was composed by Babla, the younger brother of a famous music director Kalyanji–Anandji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/16sld4.htm|title=An exclusive interview with Chandra Barot, who made the first Don|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

[[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] received accolades at filmfare for the tracks "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" and "Yeh Mera Dil" respectively, both of which have also been remixed in the remake.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Jiska Mujhe Tha Intezaar, Jiske Liye Dil Tha Bekaraar"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Khaike Paan Banaraswala"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Ee Hai Bambai Nagaria"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Main Hoon Don"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Yeh Mera Dil"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==Box office==
At the Indian box office, the film grossed {{INR|link=yes}}3.5{{nbsp}}[[crore]]<ref name="boxoffice"/> ([[United States dollar|$]]8.6{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="exchange78"/> Adjusted for inflation, its box office gross is equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|6|1978}} million ({{INR}}186{{nbsp}}crore) in 2016.<ref name="exchange16"/>

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Results
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[26th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Kishore Kumar]] for "Khaike Paan Banaraswala"
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Asha Bhosle]] for "Yeh Mera Dil"
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] for "Khaike Paan Banaraswala"
|}

==Legacy and influence==
===''Don'' series===
{{see also|Don (franchise)}}

The film was remade in 2006 as ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in the lead role of [[Don (character)|Don]] and Vijay, [[Priyanka Chopra]] as [[Roma (character)|Roma]], [[Arjun Rampal]] as Jasjit, [[Boman Irani]] as D'Silva, and [[Om Puri]] as Malik. It was directed by [[Farhan Akhtar]]. With some changes in the script, the film proved to be one of the highest-grossing films of the year. A sequel to that film, ''[[Don 2]]'', was released on 23 December 2011.<ref name="don2" />

===Remakes in other languages===
* ''Don'' was first remade in 1979 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Yugandhar]]'', starring [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Jayamalini]].
*It was also remade in 1980 in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'', starring [[Rajinikanth]]. [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], who played Kamini in the original Hindi film ''Don'' (1978), repeated her role in this remake. ''Billa'' was a breakthrough film for Rajinikanth,<ref name="expressindia">{{cite news |author=Girija Jinnaa |url= http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=88218 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070617192827/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=88218 |archive-date=17 June 2007 |title='Yesterday I was a conductor, today I'm a star' |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 June 2007 |access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref> establishing him as the top star of [[South Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajanikant: His name spells box-office magic in the south|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19880731-rajanikant-his-name-spells-box-office-magic-in-the-south-797520-1988-07-30|work=[[India Today]]|date=31 July 1988}}</ref>
* In 1986, the movie was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Shobhraj|Shobaraj]]'', starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/don-but-notout/893481/0|title=Don but Notout|date=29 December 2011|website=The Indian Express|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>
* In 1991, the movie was remade into a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani]] movie titled ''[[Cobra (1991 film)|Cobra]]'', starring [[Sultan Rahi]] and [[Nadira (Pakistani actress)|Nadira]].
* The 2006 Hindi remake starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], titled ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'', inspired the Tamil directors who made the [[Ajith Kumar]] starrer ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' — a remake of the same-titled Rajinikanth film.
*In 2009, a second Telugu remake titled ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]'' was released, starring [[Prabhas]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Namitha Kapoor|Namitha]] and [[Krishnam Raju]], and [[Jayasudha]] in a different role than the one she played in [[Yugandhar]]. This film used the same title as the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] remakes.
* ''[[Billa II]]'' (2012) is a Tamil film starring Ajith and a prequel to ''Billa'' (2007).

===Music===
A [[sampling (music)|sample]] from the song "Yeh Mera Dil" was used by [[The Black Eyed Peas]] for their hit song "[[Don't Phunk with My Heart]]" in 2005. The song won the Black Eyed Peas their first [[Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group]], while the composers for "Yeh Mera Dil", [[Kalyanji–Anandji]], were awarded the [[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI Award]] for being the originators of the melodies used in "Don't Phunk with My Heart."<ref name=IANS>{{cite web|title=Kalayanji, Anandji win BMI award|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=17 May 2006|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1029728|access-date=8 May 2009}}</ref>

The third season ''[[American Dad!]]'' episode "[[Tearjerker (American Dad!)|Tearjerker]]" (2008) uses the theme music in its intro sequence.

The third episode of the [[Marvel Studios]] television series ''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]'' features "Yeh Mera Dil" in a wedding dance sequence.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0077451|title=Don}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|1155182_don}}

{{Don And Remakes|state=expanded}}
{{Salim-Javed}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:1970s crime action films]]
[[Category:1970s action thriller films]]
[[Category:1978 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Girls with guns films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about Interpol]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]

Tukuni Sahu

2026-04-22T01:22:05Z

Ahmjit: New Basic Details Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tukuni Sahu
| image = Tukuni Sahu.jpg
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 29 May 2019
| term_end = 11 June 2024
| governor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Commerce and Transport
* Water Resources
* Women & Child Development
* Mission Shakti
| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = Surendra Singh Bhoi
| successor1 = [[Nabin Kumar Jain]]
| constituency1 = [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|3|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Balangir]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| party = [[Biju Janta Dal]]
| spouse = Abhimanyu Sahu
| children =
| father =
| education = [[Graduation|Graduate]]
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| source =
}}

'''Tukuni Sahu''' is an Indian politician from Odisha who was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Titlagarh, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/titlagarh-constituency-s18aed2008a069/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Titlagarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/titlagarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916748.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Tukuni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

2022–23 Hyderabad C.A. season

2026-04-20T19:05:52Z

Ahmjit:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Hyderabad C.A.
| image =
| alt =
| season = 2022–23
| coach = [[Milap Mewada]]
| captain = [[Tanmay Agarwal]]
| colors =
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]
| comp1 = [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]]
| comp1 result = 32nd [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy Group B|Elite Group]] (relegated)
| comp2 = [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| comp2 result = 3rd [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A|Group A]]
| comp3 = [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
| comp3 result = 5th [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B|Group B]]
| prevseason = [[2021–22 Hyderabad C.A. season|2021–22]]
| nextseason = ''2023–24''
| most runs = FC: [[Rohit Rayudu]] (575) LA: Rohit Rayudu (490) T20: [[Tilak Varma]] (297)
| most wickets = FC: [[Kartikeya Kak]] (24) LA: Elligaram Sanketh (12) T20: [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] (10)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
}}

The '''2022–23 season''' is [[Hyderabad cricket team]]'s 89th competitive season. The Hyderabad cricket team is senior men's domestic cricket team based in the city of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]], run by the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] (HCA). They represent the state of [[Telangana]] in domestic competitions.

==Squad==
===Departures===
[[Hanuma Vihari]] returned to the [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] after playing one season for the Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|last=V. V.|first=Subrahmanyam|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/hanuma-vihari-andhra-hyderabad-ranji-trophy-2022-23-season/article65821561.ece|title=Ranji Trophy 2022-23: Hanuma Vihari to play for Andhra|work=Sportstar|date=28 August 2022|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref>

===Players===
The following players made at least one appearance for Hyderabad in first-class, List A or Twenty20 cricket in 2022–23 season. Age given is at the start of Hyderabad's first match of the season (11 October 2022). 
Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: center;width:70%;"
|-
!align=center| Name
!align=center| Birth date
!align=center| Batting style
!align=center| Bowling style
!align=center| Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Alankrit Agarwal]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1999|10|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || '''Twenty20''' debut against [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] (22 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut4">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333028.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 22 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tanmay Agarwal]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1995|05|03|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || '''Captain'''<ref name="SMATsquad"/><ref name="VHTsquad"/><ref name="RTsquad"/>
|-
| [[Jaweed Ali]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1993|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| [[Rahul Buddhi]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1997|09|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| [[Muthyala Charan]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1999|12|03|df=y}} || Right-handed || — || '''Twenty20''' debut against [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] (11 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut1">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332920.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 11 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[T Santosh Goud]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1999|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break || '''List A''' debut against Manipur (19 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333132.html |title=Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Delhi, Nov 19 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> '''First Class''' debut against [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (10 January 2023)<ref name="FCdebut3">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333275.html|title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Hyderabad, Jan 10 2023|access-date=13 January 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prateek Pawar]] || || Left-handed || Right-arm off-break ||
|-
| [[Rohit Rayudu]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1994|07|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm off break ||
|-
| [[Abhirath Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1996|09|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break || '''First Class''' debut against [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] (13 December 2022)<ref name="FCdebut1"/>
|-
| [[Jayram Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1993|04|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || '''Twenty20''' debut against [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] (14 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut3">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332956.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 14 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mandadi Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1999|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break ||
|-
| [[P Nitesh Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2000|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break || '''Twenty20''' debut against [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]] (12 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332938.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 12 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> '''First Class''' debut against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] (17 January 2023)<ref name="FCdebut4">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333295.html|title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Pune, Jan 17 2023|access-date=20 January 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Samhith Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1999|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break || '''First Class''' debut against [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] (27 December 2022)<ref name="FCdebut2"/>
|-
| [[Shreyas Vala]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1997|02|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || '''Twenty20''' debut against [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] (16 October 2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332974.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 16 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tilak Varma]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2002|11|08|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm off break || Played for '''[[Mumbai Indians]]''' in [[2023 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="IPLsquads">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/auction/content/site/ipl2023|title=IPL Auction 2023|access-date=23 December 2022|date=23 December 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | All-rounders
|-
| [[Mickil Jaiswal]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1998|05|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break ||
|-
| [[Rishith Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2003|11|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || '''Twenty20''' debut against Manipur (22 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut4"/> '''List A''' debut against Tripura (13 November 2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333078.html |title=Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Delhi, Nov 13 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chandan Sahani]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1998|01|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1994|10|19|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || Played for '''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]''' in [[2022–23 Duleep Trophy]]<ref name="duleep-trophy-south">{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/duleep-trophy-squads-south-zone-team-hanuma-vihari-captain-mayank-agarwal/article65826143.ece|title=Duleep Trophy 2022 squads: Hanuma Vihari to lead South Zone; Mayank Agarwal named vice-captain|work=Sportstar|date=29 August 2022|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1995|11|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox || Played for '''South Zone''' in 2022–23 Duleep Trophy<ref name="duleep-trophy-south"/>
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Dheeraj Goud]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2004|12|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || — || '''List A''' debut against Manipur (19 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut2"/>
|-
| [[Rahul Radesh]] || || Left-handed || — || '''First Class''' debut against Maharashtra (17 January 2023)<ref name="FCdebut4"/>
|-
| [[Pragnay Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1999|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || — || '''First Class''' debut against [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] (3 January 2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333254.html|title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Vizainagaram, Jan 3 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prateek Reddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2000|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || — || '''Twenty20''' debut against Punjab (11 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut1"/>
|-
| [[Bhavesh Seth]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1997|10|07|df=y}} || Right-handed || — || '''Twenty20''' debut against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (18 October 2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332992.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 18 2022 |access-date=18 October 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> '''List A''' debut against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] (12 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut1">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333058.html |title=Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Delhi, Nov 12 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> '''First Class''' debut against Assam (27 December 2022)<ref name="FCdebut2">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333236.html|title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Hyderabad, Dec 27 2022|access-date=2 January 2023|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align="center" | Bowlers
|-
| [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2000|10|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox || '''Twenty20''' debut against Goa (14 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut3"/> '''List A''' debut against Himachal Pradesh (12 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut1"/>
|-
| [[Trishank Gupta]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2001|09|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg-break ||
|-
| [[Ajay Dev Goud]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2000|02|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| [[Kartikeya Kak]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1996|10|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || '''First Class''' debut against Tamil Nadu (13 December 2022)<ref name="FCdebut1">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333199.html |title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Hyderabad, Dec 13 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abrar Mohiuddin]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1995|02|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || '''First Class''' debut against Saurashtra (10 January 2023)<ref name="FCdebut3"/>
|-
| [[Chama Milind]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1994|09|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm medium-fast ||
|-
| [[B Punnaiah]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2003|05|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || '''Twenty20''' debut against Punjab (11 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut1"/> '''List A''' debut against Himachal Pradesh (12 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut1"/>
|-
| [[Rakshann Readdi]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2000|09|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || '''Twenty20''' debut against Punjab (11 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut1"/>
|-
| [[Elligaram Sanketh]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1999|10|08|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm medium-fast || '''List A''' debut against Himachal Pradesh (12 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut1"/>
|-
| [[Mehrotra Shashank]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|2002|12|06|df=y}} || Left-handed || Slow left-arm orthodox || '''List A''' debut against Manipur (19 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut2"/> '''First Class''' debut against [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (20 December 2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333218.html |title=Group B, Ranji Trophy at Mumbai, Dec 20 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Mohammed Siraj]]''' || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1994|03|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || Played for '''[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]''' in 2023 Indian Premier League<ref name="IPLsquads"/>
|-
| [[Bhagath Varma]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1998|09|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break || '''Twenty20''' debut against Puducherry (12 October 2022)<ref name="T20debut2"/> '''List A''' debut against Manipur (19 November 2022)<ref name="LAdebut2"/> Played for '''[[Chennai Super Kings]]''' in 2023 Indian Premier League<ref name="IPLsquads"/> '''First Class''' debut against Assam (27 December 2022)<ref name="FCdebut2"/>
|-
| [[Basettigari Vikram]] || {{birth date and age2|2022|10|11|1996|08|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break ||
|-
! colspan="23" | Source:<ref name="SMATsquad">{{cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tanmay-to-lead-hyderabad-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-t20-tournament|title=Tanmay to lead Hyderabad in Syed Mushtaq Ali T20 tournament|website=Telangana Today|date=16 October 2022|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="VHTsquad">{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2022-23-1332914/hyderabad-india-squad-1343893/series-squads|title=Vijay Hazare Trophy 2022-23 / Hyderabad (India) Squad|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 November 2022|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="RTsquad">{{cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tanmay-agarwal-to-lead-hyderabad-in-ranji-trophy|title=Tanmay Agarwal to lead Hyderabad in Ranji Trophy|website=Telangana Today|date=10 December 2022|access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Competitions==
===Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy===
{{main article|2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy}}
The [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], a [[Twenty20 cricket]] tournament in India, fixtures were announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) on 8 August 2022 and the [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] was placed in the [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B|Group B]] with all the group fixtures to be played in a bio-secure hub in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="domestic-schedule">{{cite web|last=Kishore|first=Shashank|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/two-ranji-trophy-winners-inaugural-under-16-tournament-for-girls-in-bcci-s-new-domestic-schedule-1328327|title=Two Ranji Trophy winners, inaugural Under-16 tournament for girls in BCCI's new domestic schedule|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 August 2022|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2022-23-smat-t20-full-schedule-venues-teams-time-squads/article65975708.ece|title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2022-23: Full schedule, teams, date, venues, match time|website=Sportstar|date=7 October 2022|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> On 6 October, the Hyderabad announced team for the tournament with [[Tanmay Agarwal]] as captain and [[Milap Mewada]] as coach.<ref name="SMATsquad"/>

====Points table====
{{2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B|showteam=HYD}}

====Matches====
;Group stage
{{main|2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group B}}
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 11 October 2022
| time = 16:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = Hyderabad
| score1 = 174/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 115 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanvir Singh]] 55[[not out|*]] (19)
| wickets1 = [[Rakshann Readdi]] 2/53 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 50 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Baltej Singh]] 3/22 (4 overs) [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Vikas Lund]] and [[Mohamad Rafi]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332920.html Scorecard]
| result = Punjab won by 59 runs
| notes = Gaurav Chaudhary, [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]] (Punjab), [[Muthyala Charan]], [[B Punnaiah]], [[Rakshann Readdi]] and [[Prateek Reddy]] (Hyderabad) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Ashwani Kumar for Abhishek Sharma (Punjab) and Muthyala Charan for B Punnaiah (Hyderabad).
| bg = L
| stack = yes
| round = Round 1
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 12 October 2022
| time = 10:30
| daynight =
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]]
| score1 = 147/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 143/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 57 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Bharat Sharma]] 4/18 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ramachandran Ragupathy]] 35 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Bhagath Varma]] 1/11 (2 overs)
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Puducherry won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Parashar Joshi]] and [[Vikas Lund]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332938.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 4 runs
| notes = [[P Nitesh Reddy]] and [[Bhagath Varma]] (Hyderabad) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: B Punnaiah for Rahul Buddhi (Hyderabad) and Satish Jangir for Sagar Udeshi (Puducherry).
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 2
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 14 October 2022
| time = 16:00
| daynight =
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 140 (18.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 62 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Arjun Tendulkar]] 4/10 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aditya Kaushik]] 33 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 4/20 (3.5 overs)
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Parashar Joshi]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332956.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 37 runs
| notes = [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] and [[Jayram Reddy]] (Hyderabad) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Trishank Gupta for Rahul Buddhi (Hyderabad) and Tunish Sawkar for Felix Alemao (Goa).
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 3
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 16 October 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = Hyderabad
| score1 = 158/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 162/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bikramkumar Das]] 73 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 67 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Rana Dutta]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| venue = [[KL Saini Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Mohamad Rafi]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332974.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| notes = [[Shreyas Vala]] (Hyderabad) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Bhagath Varma for B Punnaiah (Hyderabad) and Sridam Paul for Bishal Ghosh (Tripura).
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 4
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 18 October 2022
| time = 13:30
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = Hyderabad
| score1 = 196/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 150 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yash Dhull]] 73 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 3/54 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Buddhi]] 47 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 4/17 (3.1 overs)
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Parashar Joshi]] and [[Belur Ravi]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332992.html Scorecard]
| result = Delhi won by 46 runs
| notes = [[Bhavesh Seth]] (Hyderabad) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Sub: P Nitesh Reddy for B Punnaiah (Hyderabad).
| bg = L
| stack = yes
| round = Round 5
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 20 October 2022
| time = 13:30
| daynight =
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 132/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 133/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 48 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aryan Juyal]] 71[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets2 = [[Trishank Gupta]] 2/23 (3.1 overs)
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Parashar Joshi]] and [[Vikas Lund]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333010.html Scorecard]
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 7 wickets
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Dhruv Jurel for Kartik Tyagi (Uttar Pradesh) and Trishank Gupta for Ravi Teja (Hyderabad).
| bg = L
| stack = yes
| round = Round 6
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 22 October 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = Hyderabad
| score1 = 117/10 (19.5 overs)
| score2 = 120/0 (14.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] 49 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Elligaram Sanketh]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Buddhi]] 72[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 =
| venue = [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuria Vidyalaya Ground]], [[Jaipur]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Belur Ravi]] and [[Parashar Joshi]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333028.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 10 wickets.
| notes = [[Alankrit Agarwal]] and [[Rishith Reddy]] (Hyderabad) made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Sub: Rahul Buddhi for Elligaram Sanketh (Hyderabad) and Sultan Karim for Johnson Singh (Manipur).
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 7
}}

===Vijay Hazare Trophy===
{{main article|2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy}}
The [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a [[List A cricket]] tournament in India, fixtures were announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) on 8 August 2022 and the [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] was placed in the [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A|Group A]] with all the group fixtures to be played in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="domestic-schedule"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/series-stories/vijay-hazare-trophy-2022-23/vijay-hazare-trophy-2022-23-schedule-full-fixtures-list-and-match-start-timings|title=Vijay Hazare Trophy 2022/23 schedule: Full fixtures list and match start timings|website=Wisden|date=8 November 2022|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> On 6 November, the Hyderabad announced team for the tournament with [[Tanmay Agarwal]] as the captain.<ref name="VHTsquad"/>

====Points table====
{{2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A|showteam=HYD}}

====Matches====
;Group stage
{{main|2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A}}
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 12 November 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 360/3 (50 overs)
| score2 = 335/9 (48 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 156 (144)
| wickets1 = [[Vaibhav Arora]] 2/72 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Amit Kumar (cricketer)|Amit Kumar]] 103 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Elligaram Sanketh]] 3/54 (7 overs)
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and [[Vinod Seshan]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333058.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 17 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])
| rain = Himachal's innings was reduced to 48 overs and their target revised to 353 due to a wet outfield.
| notes = [[B Punnaiah]], [[Bhavesh Seth]], [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] and [[Elligaram Sanketh]] (Hyderabad) all made their List-A debuts.
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 1
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 13 November 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score1 = 190 (46.1 overs)
| score2 = 191/3 (35 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 72 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Abhijit Sarkar (cricketer)|Abhijit Sarkar]] 3/27 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bishal Ghosh]] 102[[not out|*]] (111)
| wickets2 = [[Elligaram Sanketh]] 2/41 (7 overs)
| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Rajesh Timaney]] and [[Yeshwant Barde]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333078.html Scorecard]
| result = Tripura won by 7 wickets
| rain =
| notes = [[Rishith Reddy]] (Hyderabad) all made his List-A debuts.
| bg = L
| stack = yes
| round = Round 2
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 15 November 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = Hyderabad
| score1 = 312/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 314/5 (48.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harvik Desai]] 102 (120)
| wickets1 = [[Elligaram Sanketh]] 4/62 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 124 (119)
| wickets2 = [[Chetan Sakariya]] 2/48 (10 overs)
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and [[Vinod Seshan]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333093.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| rain =
| notes =
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 3
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 17 November 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score1 = 256/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 262/3 (48.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mickil Jaiswal]] 73 (59)
| wickets1 = [[Shivam Mavi]] 3/52 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aryan Juyal]] 100[[not out|*]] (136)
| wickets2 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 3/29 (8 overs)
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Mohit Krishnadas]] and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333112.html Scorecard]
| result = Uttar Pradesh won by 7 wickets
| rain =
| notes = Aaradhya Yadav (Uttar Pradesh) made his List A debut.
* Player Replacement: Aryan Juyal for Aaradhya Yadav (Uttar Pradesh).
| bg = L
| stack = yes
| round = Round 4
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 19 November 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]
| team2 = Hyderabad
| score1 = 191/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 192/3 (28.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bikash Singh]] 44[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Mehrotra Shashank]] 3/16 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 126[[not out|*]] (77)
| wickets2 = [[Rex Rajkumar]] 2/33 (7 overs)
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Manipur won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] and [[Rajesh Timaney]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333132.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| rain =
| notes = [[Sanatombaroy Laiphangbam]] (Manipur), [[Dheeraj Goud]], [[Bhagath Varma]], [[Mehrotra Shashank]], [[T Santosh Goud]] (Hyderabad) all made their List A debuts.
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 5
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 21 November 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = Hyderabad
| score1 = 248/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 251/6 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kathan Patel]] 109 (136)
| wickets1 = [[Elligaram Sanketh]] 3/39 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 109 (125)
| wickets2 = [[Kathan Patel]] 2/43 (7 overs)
| venue = [[Palam B Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Mohit Krishnadas]] and [[Yeshwant Barde]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333150.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| rain =
| notes =
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 6
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 23 November 2022
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 306/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 196 (46.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhavesh Seth]] 71 (60)
| wickets1 = [[Arpit Pannu]] 2/53 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]] 59 (81)
| wickets2 = [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] 3/21 (8.3 overs)
| venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Chandigarh won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and [[Vinod Seshan]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333167.html Scorecard]
| result = Hyderabad won by 110 runs
| rain =
| notes =
| bg = W
| stack = yes
| round = Round 7
}}

===Ranji Trophy===
{{main article|2022–23 Ranji Trophy}}
The [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a [[List A cricket]] tournament in India, fixtures were announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) on 8 August 2022 and the [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] was placed in the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy Group B|Group B]] with all the group fixtures to be played in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="domestic-schedule"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/no-plate-team-in-ranji-trophy-knockouts/article65747075.ece|title=No Plate team in Ranji Trophy knockouts|website=The Hindu|date=9 August 2022|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> On 10 December, the Hyderabad announced team for the tournament with [[Tanmay Agarwal]] as the captain.<ref name="RTsquad"/>

====Points table====
{{2022–23 Ranji Trophy Group B|showteam=HYD}}

====Matches====
;Group stage
{{main|2022–23 Ranji Trophy Group B}}
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| time = 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| date = 13–16 December 2022
| round = Round 1
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 395 (115 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mickil Jaiswal]] 137[[not out|*]] (193)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 5/83 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 510/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (111.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 179 (273)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] 2/106 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 258 (85 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tanay Thyagarajan]] 69 (137)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore]] 5/101 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 108/1 (7 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] 59[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kartikeya Kak]] 1/41 (3 overs)

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm = [[Sai Sudharsan]] (Tamil Nadu)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333199.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Kartikeya Kak]], [[Abhirath Reddy]] (Hyderabad), [[Sai Sudharsan]] and [[R Kavin]] (Tamil Nadu) all made their first-class debuts.
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| time = 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| date = 20–23 December 2022
| round = Round 2
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = Hyderabad

| score-team1-inns1 = 651/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (127.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 204 (261)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kartikeya Kak]] 3/106 (19.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 214 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 77 (151)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shams Mulani]] 7/94 (26.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 220 (67.2 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Buddhi]] 65 (97)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 5/82 (22.2 overs)

| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm = [[Shams Mulani]] (Mumbai)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333218.html Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by an innings and 217 runs
| notes = [[Mehrotra Shashank]] (Hyderabad) made his first-class debut.
| bg = L
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| time = 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| date = 27–30 December 2022
| round = Round 3
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = Hyderabad

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (56.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Swarupam Purkayastha]] 83 (88)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 4/53 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 208 (66.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 60 (169)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 4/48 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 252 (75.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 78 (28)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 5/50 (15.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 231 (61.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 126[[not out|*]] (158)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 4/93 (25.5 overs)

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm = [[Riyan Parag]] (Assam)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333236.html Scorecard]
| result = Assam won by 18 runs
| notes = [[Samhith Reddy]], [[Bhavesh Seth]] and [[Bhagath Varma]] (Hyderabad) all made their first-class debuts.
| bg = L
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| time = 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| date = 3–6 January 2023
| round = Round 4
| team1 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = Hyderabad

| score-team1-inns1 = 135 (51.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Abhishek Reddy]] 81 (145)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]] 5/34 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 197 (63.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mehrotra Shashank]] 47 (55)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 4/64 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 462 (107.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ricky Bhui]] 116 (150)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rakshan Readdi]] 3/120 (30 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 246 (73.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chandan Sahani]] 56 (87)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[K. V. Sasikanth]] 5/68 (23 overs)

| venue = [[Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex]], [[Vizianagaram]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Manish Jain and Nagaraj Ramesh
| motm = [[Ricky Bhui]] (Andhra)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333254.html Scorecard]
| result = Andhra won by 154 runs
| notes = [[Kodavandla Sudharsan]] (Andhra) and [[Pragnay Reddy]] (Hyderabad) both made their first-class debuts.
| bg = L
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| time = 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| date = 10–13 January 2023
| round = Round 5
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 79 (30.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 23 (72)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 3/8 (3.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 327 (68.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Harvik Desai]] 81 (108)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] 7/95 (25.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 191 (46.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[T Santosh Goud]] 58 (125)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 4/34 (14.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Akshay Marathe]] and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]]
| motm =
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333275.html Scorecard]
| result = Saurashtra won by an innings and 57 runs
| notes = [[T Santosh Goud]] and [[Abrar Mohiuddin]] (Hyderabad) both made their first-class debuts.
| bg = L
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| time = 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| date = 17–20 January 2023
| round = Round 6
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = Hyderabad

| score-team1-inns1 = 385 (96.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Naushad Shaikh]] 152 (241)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kartikeya Kak]] 7/91 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 192 (86.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 68 (186)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashay Palkar]] 3/26 (15.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 30/1 (2.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Taranjit Singh]] 30[[not out|*]] (15)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kartikeya Kak]] 1/25 (1.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 219 (53.1 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chandan Sahani]] 59 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Satyajeet Bachhav]] 3/32 (7.1 overs)

| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[C. K. Nandan]] and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]]
| motm = [[Naushad Shaikh]] (Maharashtra)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333295.html Scorecard]
| result = Maharashtra won by 9 wickets
| notes = [[P Nitesh Reddy]] and [[Rahul Radesh]] (Hyderabad) both made their first-class debuts.
| bg = L
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| time = 09:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| date = 24–27 January 2023
| round = Round 7
| team1 = Hyderabad
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 355 (124 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 153[[not out|*]] (295)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Divij Mehra]] 3/45 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 433 (100.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ayush Badoni]] 191 (230)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gangam Anikethreddy]] 5/143 (34 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 124 (37.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rohit Rayudu]] 32 (77)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harshit Rana]] 7/45 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 47/1 (8.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dhruv Shorey]] 23[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kartikeya Kak]] 1/26 (4.4 overs)

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Ranjeev Sharma]] and [[Sadashiv Iyer]]
| motm = [[Harshit Rana]] (Delhi)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333312.html Scorecard]
| result = Delhi won by 9 wickets
| notes = [[Shashank Lokesh]] and [[Praneeth Raj]] (Hyderabad) both made their first-class debuts.
| bg = L
}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hycricket.org Hyderabad cricket team official site]

{{Hyderabad C.A. seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Telangana]]
[[Category:Sport in Telangana]]

List of Padma Shri award recipients in social work

2026-04-15T16:34:29Z

Ahmjit: Added first article basic info

{{Short description|Recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2025}}

List of people awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian order of India in the field of social work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Padma Awards- Previous awardees |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Social%20Work |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=padmaawards official gov list |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Padma Shri Awardees in Social Work
|-
! Year
! Name
! State
|-
| 1955
| [[Periyazhwar]]
| Tamil Nadu
|-
|1955
|[[Mary Clubwala Jadhav|Mary Clubwalla Jadhav]]
|
|-
| 1955
| [[Zarina Currimbhoy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1955 |title=Padma Awards 157 awardees in Social Work |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Social%20Work&Year=1955-1955&Award=Padma%20Shri |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=padmaawards gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
| Maharashtra
|-
|1957
|[[Thakkadu Jagadisan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1957 |title=Padma Awards - 1957 Social Work awardess |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Social%20Work&Year=1957-1957&Award=Padma%20Shri |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1962
| [[Mother Teresa]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcJNAAAAIBAJ&dq=List+of+Padma+Shri+award+recipients+in+social+work&pg=PA2&article_id=4681,1326606 |title=Lakeland Ledger |publisher=Lakeland Ledger |language=en}}</ref>
| West Bengal
|-
| 1985
| [[Ela Bhatt]]
| Gujarat
|-
| 1990
| [[Anna Hazare]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1998
| [[Shantha Sinha]]
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2005
| [[Hema Bharali]]
| Assam
|-
| 2006
| [[Sudha Murty]]
| Karnataka
|-
| 2010
| [[Anu Aga]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[Ayekpam Tomba Meetei]]
| Manipur
|-
| 2010
| [[Baba Sewa Singh]]
| Punjab
|-
| 2010
| [[Deep Joshi]]
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[J. R. Gangaramani]]
| UAE
|-
| 2010
| [[Kranti Shah]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2010
| [[Kurian John Melamparambil]]
| Kerala
|-
| 2010
| [[Sudha Kaul]]
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[Sudhir M. Parikh]]
| USA
|-
| 2011
| [[Anita Reddy]]
| Karnataka
|-
| 2011
| [[Azad Moopen]]
| UAE
|-
| 2011
| [[Jockin Arputham]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[Kanubhai Hasmukhbhai Tailor]]
| Gujarat
|-
| 2011
| [[Mamang Dai]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
|-
| 2011
| [[Martha Chen]]
| USA
|-
| 2011
| [[Meena Sharma]]
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2011
| [[Nomita Chandy]]
| Karnataka
|-
| 2011
| [[Sheela Patel]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
| [[Binny Yanga]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
|-
| 2012
| [[G. Muniratnam]]
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2012
| [[Niranjan Pranshankar Pandya]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
| [[P. K. Gopal]]
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2012
| [[Phoolbasan Bai Yadav]]
| Chhattisgarh
|-
| 2012
| [[Reeta Devi (social worker)|Reeta Devi]]
| Delhi
|-
| 2012
| [[S. P. Varma]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| 2012
| [[Shamshad Begum (social worker)|Shamshad Begum]]
| Chhattisgarh
|-
| 2012
| [[Uma Tuli]]
| Delhi
|-
| 2013
| [[Jaymala Shiledar]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
| [[Jharna Dhara Chowdhury]]
| Bangladesh
|-
| 2013
| [[Nileema Mishra]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2013
| [[S. K. M. Maeilanandhan]]
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2014
| [[Mathurbhai Savani]]
| Gujarat
|-
| 2014
| [[Mukul Chandra Goswami]]
| Assam
|-
| 2014
| [[Narendra Dabholkar]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2015
| [[Ashok Bhagat]]
| Jharkhand
|-
| 2015
| [[Bimla Poddar]]
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2015
| [[Janak Palta McGilligan]]
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 2015
| [[Veerendra Raj Mehta]]
| Delhi
|-
| 2016
| [[Arunachalam Muruganantham]]
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2016
| [[Sunitha Krishnan]]
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2017
| [[Anuradha Koirala]]
| Nepal
|-
| 2018
| [[Arvind Gupta (toy inventor)|Arvind Gupta]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2018
| [[Damodar Ganesh Bapat]]
| Chhattisgarh
|-
| 2018
| [[Lentina Ao Thakkar]]
| Nagaland
|-
| 2018
| [[Rani Bang|Rani]] & [[Abhay Bang]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2018
| [[Sitavva Joddati]]
| Karnataka
|-
| 2018
| [[Subhasini Mistry]]
| West Bengal
|-
| 2018
| [[Sudhanshu Biswas]]
| West Bengal
|-
| 2020
| [[Abdul Jabbar (activist)|Abdul Jabbar]]
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 2020
| [[Himmat Ram Bhambhu]]
| Rajasthan
|-
| 2020
| [[Jagdish Lal Ahuja]]
| Punjab
|-
| 2020
| [[Javed Ahmad Tak]]
| Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| 2020
| [[Mohammed Sharif]]
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2020
| [[Popatrao Baguji Pawar]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2020
| [[Radha Mohan (environmentalist)|Radha Mohan]] & [[Sabarmatee]]
| Odisha
|-
| 2020
| [[S. Ramakrishnan (social worker)|S. Ramakrishnan]]
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2020
| [[Satyanarayana Mundayoor]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
|-
| 2020
| [[Usha Chaumar]]
| Rajasthan
|-
| 2020
| [[Yogi Aeron]]
| Uttarakhand
|-
| 2021
| [[Birubala Rabha]]
| Assam
|-
| 2021
| [[Chutni Devi]]
| Jharkhand
|-
| 2021
| [[Girish Prabhune]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2021
| [[Lakhimi Baruah]]
| Assam
|-
| 2021
| [[Parkash Kaur]]
| Punjab
|-
| 2021
| [[Sangkhumi Bualchhuak]]
| Mizoram
|-
| 2021
| [[Shyam Sunder Paliwal]]
| Rajasthan
|-
| 2021
| [[Sindhutai Sapkal]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2021
| [[Tsultrim Chonjor]]
| Ladakh
|-
| 2022
| Basanti Devi
| Uttarakhand
|-
| 2022
| [[Acharya Chandanaji]]
| Bihar
|-
| 2022
| [[Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai]]
| Gujarat
|-
| 2022
| [[Om Prakash Gandhi]]
| Haryana
|-
| 2022
| [[Prem Singh (social worker)|Prem Singh]]
| Punjab
|-
| 2022
| [[Shakuntala Choudhary]]
| Assam
|-
| 2022
| [[Srimad Baba Balia]]
| Odisha
|-
| 2023
| [[Bikram Bahadur Jamatia]]
| Tripura
|-
| 2023
| [[Hirabai Lobi]]
| Gujarat
|-
| 2023
| [[Ramkuiwangbe Jeme Newme]]
| Assam
|-
| 2023
| [[Sankurathri Chandra Sekhar]]
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2023
| [[Tula Ram Upreti]]
| Sikkim
|-
| 2023
| [[V. P. Appukutta Poduval]]
| Kerala
|-
| 2023
| [[Vadivel Gopal]] & [[Masi Sadaiyan]]
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2024
| [[Chami Murmu]]
| Jharkhand
|-
| 2024
| [[Dukhu Majhi]]
| West Bengal
|-
| 2024
| [[Gurvinder Singh (Social worker)|Gurvinder Singh]]
| Haryana
|-
| 2024
| [[Jageshwar Yadav]]
| Chhattisgarh
|-
| 2024
| [[K. S. Rajanna]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title=Puppeteer to 'people's psychiatrist' to sports icon and social worker, Karnataka's list of Padma award winners is diverse |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/puppeteer-peoples-psychiatrist-to-sports-icon-and-social-worker-karnatakas-list-of-padma-award-winners-is-diverse/article67780917.ece |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| Karnataka
|-
| 2024
| [[Maya Tandon]]
| Rajasthan
|-
| 2024
| [[Parbati Baruah]]
| Assam
|-
| 2024
| [[Sangthankima]]
| Mizoram
|-
| 2024
| [[Sano Vamuzo]]
| Nagaland
|-
| 2024
| [[Shankarbaba Pundlikrao Papalkar]]
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2024
| [[Somanna]]
| Karnataka
|-
| 2025
| [[Bhim Singh Bhavesh]]
| Bihar
|-
| 2025
| [[Jumde Yomgam Gamlin]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
|-
| 2025
| [[Libia Lobo Sardesai]]
| Goa
|-
| 2025
| [[Sadhvi Ritambhara]]
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2026
| [[Anke Gowda]]
| rowspan="1" | Karnataka
|-
|2026
|Brij Lal Bhat
| rowspan="1" |Jammu and Kashmir
|-
|2026
|Budhri Tati
| rowspan="1" |Chhattisgarh
|-
|2026
|Hally War
| rowspan="1" |Meghalaya
|-
|2026
|[[Inderjit Singh Sidhu]]
| rowspan="1" |Chandigarh
|-
|2026
|Janardhan Bapurao Bothe
| rowspan="1" |Maharashtra
|-
|2026
|Khem Raj Sundriyal
| rowspan="1" |Haryana
|-
|2026
|Mohan Nagar
| rowspan="1" |Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2026
|Nilesh Vinodchandra Mandlewala
| rowspan="1" |Gujarat
|-
|2026
|S. G. Susheelamma
| rowspan="1" |Karnataka
|-
|2026
|[[Swami Brahmdev Ji Maharaj]]<ref>{{cite news |title='Not Just One Person's Endeavour': Padma Shri Swami Brahmdev Ji Maharaj Dedicates Award To Team |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/not-just-one-person-endeavor-padma-shri-swami-brahmdev-ji-maharaj-dedicates-award-to-team-enn26012604256 |access-date=15 April 2026 |work=ETV Bharat |date=January 26, 2026}}</ref>
| rowspan="1" |Rajasthan
|-
|2026
|Techi Gubin
| rowspan="1" |Arunachal Pradesh
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Padma Shri award recipients]]

Akshay Parija

2026-04-11T14:38:08Z

Ahmjit: added post

{{Short description|Indian film maker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akshay Kumar Parija
| image = Living Ghost photo.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|05|12}}
| birth_place = [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Orissa]], India
| children = Payal Parija
| mother = Khetramani
| father = Alekha Bihari Parija
| awards = President Award at [[64th National Film Awards]], President Award at [[56th National Film Awards]]
}}

'''Akshay Kumar Parija''' (born 12 May 1954) is an Indian filmmaker known for his depictions of [[Odia culture]] and [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] in his films. He is the first Odia to have a film, Papa Buka (2025) nominated for the 98th Academy Awards. Originally he is a [[bank]]er and currently lives in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/akshay-kumar-parija-plans-film-on-odissi/article2345699.ece|title=Akshay Kumar Parija plans film on Odissi|last=Chakra|first=Shyamhari|date=2011-08-11|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=3237|title=A LIFE TRANSFORMED|last=Robert S|first=Benchley|date=2014-03-03|newspaper=Alumni|language=en-IN|issn=1553-1546|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/first-odia-song-1-lakh-views-youtube-dhire-dhire/|title=First Odia Song To Cross 1 Lakh Views On Youtube in 2 Weeks|date=2016-06-05|website=IncredibleOrissa.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/odisha-news/agastya-movie-song-ananya-nanda-winner-indian-idol-junior-crossed-100000-views-2-weeks|title=Dhire Dhire Agastya song crosses a lakh views|date=2016-06-05|website=OrissaDiary.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=67611|title=Agastya Movie Song by Ananya Nanda winner of Indian Idol Junior crossed 100,000 views in 2 weeks|date=2016-06-06|website=Bhubaneswar Buzz|language=en-IN|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113065154/http://orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=67611|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fullodisha.com/bye-bye-dubai-odia-film-mid-east-shooting|title=Bye Bye Dubai Odia Film Mid-East Shooting|date=2016-07-11|website=FullOdisha.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=68163|title=First time ever an Odia film to be shot in Mid-East, for 10 days|date=2016-07-11|website=orissadiary.com|language=en-IN|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113050735/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=68163|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://odishalive.tv/entertainment/music/biebhukishores-odia-songs-album-blue-mood-released/
|title=Devdas Chhotray's 'Blue Mood' set to music by Biebhukishore|date=2016-10-19|website=Odisha Live|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sambad.in/news/state/51123.html|title=64th National Film Award |date=2017-05-04|website=Sambad.in|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
'''Akshay''' Parija was born in a [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family & he presently serves as Board Member and Executive Director to Blue Lines Shipping Group which he founded in the year 2010. He is the Chairman of Odisha's Premiere OTT Platform Kancha Lannka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Staff |first=Express News |date=10 June 2021 |title=Odisha’s first independent OTT platform Kancha Lannka to stream local content |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/jun/10/odishas-first-independent-ott-platform-kancha-lannka-to-stream-local-content-2314115.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2021 |title=National Award Winning Filmmaker Akshay Parija Launches Odisha’s First OTT Platform |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-national-award-winning-filmmaker-akshay-parija-launches-odishas-first-ott-platform-kancha-lannka/384795 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref> Blue Lines Shipping has its operation all across the globe.

Originally a banker for over 30 years, he transitioned into filmmaking to promote Odia culture globally. Parija has served in [[Burgan Bank]], Kuwait for 8 years (1983-1991), in [[National Bank of Oman]] for 7 years (1991-1998) and 12 years in [[Bank Muscat]] in different senior positions. He started his banking career at [[Indian Overseas Bank]] at Bissam Cuttack in 1976. In recognition of his contribution to films and television, he was accorded the [[Golden visa|Dubai Golden Visa]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar Parija accorded Golden Visa by Dubai, UAE Government |url=https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2023/01/28/akshay-kumar-parija-accorded-golden-visa-by-dubai-uae-government-for-his-remarkable-work-in-films-and-television/ |work=Odisha News Times |date=28 January 2023}}</ref> His international co-production ''[[Papa Buka]]'' was selected as Papua New Guinea's official entry for the 98th Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odia Producer Akshay Kumar Parija's 'Papa Buka' Becomes Papua New Guinea's Official Oscar 2026 Entry |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/odia-producer-akshay-kumar-parijas-papa-buka-becomes-papua-new-guineas-official-oscar-2026-entry20250827165515/ |work=[[ANI News]] |date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

An alumnus of [[Harvard Business School]], USA, he has studied in [[Utkal University]] (ଉତ୍କଳ ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ) for Masters, and [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College|BJB College]] for graduation as well. Akshay Kumar Parija has schooled from Jagannathpur High School in Tiran of undivided Cuttack district.

== Filmography ==
'''Produced:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Director!! Year !! Language!! Awards & Remarks
|-
| Jianta Bhoota || [[Prashant Nanda]] || 2008 || [[Odia language|Odia]] || Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation at [[56th National Film Awards]] [[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]] Awards- 2008 for Best Film Special recognition Film Award at OMAN Green Awards' 2011 Membership Achievement Award- 2010 for his role as the Producer at OSA, San Francisco, Bay Area Jury Award for Best Foreigner Film-2010 at 6th Muscat Film Festival 
|-
| Thukool || [[Prashant Nanda]] || 2012|| Odia|| 
|-
| Kehi Nuhe Kahara || [[Susant Mani]]<ref name="Susant Mani">{{Citation|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/sushant-mani|title=Susant Mani}}</ref> || 2015 || Odia || [[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]] Awards Best Feature Film- 2015 Best Supporting Actress Best Screenplay Best Lyrics Best Sound Best Costume Best Make-up 
|-
| [[Agastya (film)|Agastya]] || K Murlee Krishna || 2016|| Odia || 
|-
| [[Bye Bye Dubai]] || Basanta Sahoo || 2016|| Odia || 
|-
| God's Own People (A Documentary on NABAKALEBARA of Lord Shri Jagannath)|| [[Nila Madhab Panda]] || 2016|| Hindi || 
|-
| [[Kadvi Hawa]] || [[Nila Madhab Panda]] || 2016 || Hindi || President's Award at [[64th National Film Awards]] || 
|-
| Love U Jessica || [[Susant Mani]]<ref name="Susant Mani"/> || 2016|| Odia || Best Supporting Actor Best Editor Best Sound Best Screenplay 
|-
| [[Halka]] || [[Nila Madhab Panda]] || 2018|| Hindi || Grand Prix de Montreal at Toronto 
|-
| Paika Bidroha || || 2018|| Odia || Best Tele-Film Award at 30th State Tele Awards Best Director Best DOP Best Editor 
|-
| [[4 Idiots]] || Basanta Sahoo || 2018|| Odia || 
|-
| Andhakare Alo || [[Ashoke Viswanathan]] || 2018|| Bengali 
|-
| Bhija Mati Ra Swarga || [[Manmohan Mahapatra]] || 2018|| Odia || Mohan Sundar Dev Goswami-Best Film Award at 30th State Film Awards Best Director Best Screenplay Best Cinematography 
|-
| Manojer Adbut Bari || [[Anindya Chatterjee]] || 2018|| Bengali || 
|-
| [[Rasogolla]] || [[Pavel]] || 2018|| Bengali || 
|-
| [[Biju Babu]] || Debiprasad Lenka & Vishal Mourya || 2019|| Odia || 
|-
| [[Mukherjee Dar Bou]] || Pritha Chakraborty || 2019|| Bengali || 
|-
| [[Life in a Day (2019 film)|Life In A Day]] || Aniket Rumde || 2019|| Hindi || 
|-
| [[Chirkut]] || Tatwa Prakash Satapathy (Papu Pam Pam) || 2019|| Odia || 
|-
| [[Konttho]] || [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] & [[Nandita Roy]] || 2019|| Bengali || 
|-
| [[Gotro]] || [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] & [[Nandita Roy]] || 2019|| Bengali || 
|-
|}

It was his experience of tribal culture in [[Bissam Cuttack]] that prompted him to produce ''Jiantaa Bhoota'' (The Living Ghost), the National Award-winning film that yet again put the limelight on Odia film Industry. Directed by [[Prashant Nanda]], the film dealt with exploitation of environment, economy, culture in the name of industrialisation and resultant displacement, focusing on vanishing culture of Dongria [[Kondha]] tribals inhabiting the [[Niyamgiri]] Hills of [[Rayagada]] district due to mindless mining.

[[File:Akshay Parija.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[56th National Film Awards]] for Best Film on Environment from [[President of India]] Mrs. [[Pratibha Patil]].]]
Both the director and producer won the National Award in 2008 from the [[President of India]] and the sensitive film that was adjudged as the 'Best Film on Protection of Environment'. This apart, ''Jianta Bhoota'' won seven- State Film Awards in various categories including the Best Film. ''Jianta Bhoota'' also bagged Best Production, Best Direction and Best Film on Social Issues at the sixth Independent South Asian Film Festival ([[ISAFF]]) in the United States.

As a culture enthusiast, Akshay Parija also holds the reputation of giving international wings to [[Odissi]] dance. For a period of over 15 years, he took Odissi onto different stages of Far East, [[Middle East]], and [[Europe]], besides the [[United States]]. Thukool was his second [[Ollywood]] venture, focused on [[Odissi]] dance and portrayed the story of a dancer. Dubbed as one of the most expensive movies of 2011-12, Thukool was made at the cost of Rs 3 crore which is still the highest production cost in [[Odia Film Industry]]. Shot in exotic locations in the Middle-East, ''Thukool'' scored on locales, music, costumes and post-production. For the movie, Parija ensured the best of all elements of film-making including technicians. While post-production of ''Thukool'' was done at [[Chennai]], some of the computer graphics were done in [[London]]. The film starred [[Archita Sahu]], [[Babushaan]] and Pakruti Mishra. The movie went on to bag five State Film Awards besides, four ''ETV Cine Awards'', as many ''Tarang Cine Awards'' and seven ''Chalachitra Jagat Awards''.

His next film was Kehi Nuhen Kahar and that was followed by association with documentary feature God's Own People which dealt with the Trinity's (Lord [[Jagannath]], Devi [[Subhadra]], Lord [[Balabhadra]]) [[Nabakalebara]]. The 88-minute documentary was directed by [[Nila Madhab Panda]] ([[Padma Shri|Padmashree]] Awardee) to portray the unique rituals of the Trinity that occur once in every 19 years.

Apart from Odia films, Akshay Kumar Parija had produced a number of reality talent hunt shows and tele-serials for different satellite channels. These include ''Sahanai'' for ''Tarang TV'', ''Dancing Stars'' and ''Aaina'' for ''Colours Odia''. Akshay Kumar Parija now plans to venture into promoting Odia music at national and international forums, here he has recently tied up with ''Devdas Chhotray'' and singer ''Bibhu Kishore'' for an album ''Blue Mood''. While ''Devdas Chhotray'' has penned eight poems for the album, ''Biebhu Kishore'' has lent his voice to the songs. Also in the pipeline this year is Sushant Mani's much talked about ''Love You Jessica'' that Akshya Kumar Parija has produced. He has joined hands with Nilamadhab Panda for a Hindi film titled ''Dark Winds'' that deals with climate change.

'Kadvi Hawa' deals with the most explosive subject of the world as of today: climate change. The story is conceived and written by Padmashree Awardee Director Shri Nilamadhab Panda.

[[File:64th National Award.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Special Mention film-2016 from the [[President of India]] Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] for the Movie “Kadvi Hawa”.]]

The movie is a positive initiative and awareness for the world of the menace of changing global climatic conditions, which affects millions across the globe.

== Awards ==
* [[56th National Film Awards]], 2008, Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation for The Living Ghost (Jiaanta Bhoota).
* [[64th National Film Awards]] 2016 from the [[President of India]] Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] for the [[Movie]] "Kadvi Hawa".
* Prabasi Odia Pratibha Samman, 2011 by Non-resident Odia Facilitation Centre [[Bhubaneswar]]
* Community Service award, 2011 by [[Kuwait]] Odia Association for promoting Odia culture outside [[India]] and contribution to Odia films
* 36th Annual Function & Chalachitra Jagata Pratibha Samman, 2011 for Best Film Producer for ''Jianta Bhoota''
* [[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]] Awards, 2008 for Best film ''Jianta Bhoota''
* WASITRAC Honors & Recognition for Akshay Ku Parija for his extraordinary contribution in promoting international cultures & trade 2010 by Lt. Governor [[Brad Owen]], Space Needle, Seattle, 2010
* 37th Annual Orissa Society of the Americas as Member Achievement Award.
* Special recognition film award to ''The Living Ghost'' at OMAN Green Awards 2011
* Guest of Honour & Speaker 2015, Jagannath Society Of The Americas, Nashville
* Special Recognition at 42nd Annual OSA Convention' 2011
* Appreciation for support & contribution to Prabasi Odia Samaj, [[Abu dhabi]], 2013
* Membership Achievement Award, His role as the producer of the award-winning movie ''The Living Ghost'', 2010, [[San Francisco]], Bay Area, OSA
* Chitralipi Samman 2012, Best Film Jiaanta Bhoota
* 6th Muscat Film Festival, Jury Award for Best Foreigner Film, The Living Ghost, 2010
* [[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]] Awards Best Feature Film-2015 award at State Odia Awards
* Odia Film Fair Award, 2015, Best Producer, ''Kehi Nuhe Kahara''
* Banichitra Cine Award- 2016
* Basant Nayak Smruti Samman 2015 by Cinema Sansara
* ACRUX Showcase Odisha Awards- 2014 by Prelude Communications
* Utkal Pratibha Samman 2015
* 6th Odia Film Fair Award 2015
* Cinema Duniya Award 2016
* Chalachitra Jagat Prativa Samman, 2015, Debabrata Kar Memorial Best Film Award for the film ''Kehi Nuhe Kahara''
* Guru Gangadhar Smruti Samman, 2016, 12th Dhauli Kalinga
* ''Jiaanta Bhoota'' won record Seven State Awards, a record in Odisha

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4161501}}
*[[56th National Film Awards]]
*[[64th National Film Awards]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parija, Akshay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:People from Jagatsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award]]

Alok Ranjan

2026-04-03T03:05:51Z

Ahmjit: added a post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1956)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Notability|date=January 2026}}
{{autobiography|date=June 2018}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=June 2019}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image =
Mr. Alok Ranjan delivering a speech .gif
|office =
|office1 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|term_start1 = June 2014
|term_end1 = 16 July 2016
|predecessor1 = [[Jawed Usmani]]
|successor1 = [[Deepak Singhal]]
|office2 = Chief Adviser to [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] & Chairman, UPSIDC
|prime_minister2 =
|term_start2 = July 2016
|term_end2 = March 2017
|predecessor2 = Office established
|successor2 = Office abolished
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|03|09|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|title=Gradation list of Uttar Pradesh Cadre IAS officers - 2016|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021010956/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=15 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]], Thought Leader, Speaker & Author.
|children = Shivam Ranjan and Shikhar Ranjan
|spouse = Surabhi Ranjan
|party =
|alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|MBA(PGDM, 2yr), IIM Ahemdabad]] [[St. Stephen’s College|BA(Hon.) Economics, St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]]
|profession =
|sibling =
|website = {{URL|http://ranjanalok.com}}
|name = Alok Ranjan
|order =
|native_name = आलोक रंजन
|native_name_lang = hi
}}
'''Alok Ranjan''' (born 9 March 1956) is a retired 1978 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer from the U.P Cadre. He retired on 1 July 2016<ref name="Express">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/alok-ranjan-appointed-chief-adviser-akhilesh-yadav-uttar-pradesh-2884639/ |title=Alok Ranjan retires as chief secretary today, appointed chief adviser to CM Akhilesh Yadav |last= Seth |first=Maulshree |date=June 30, 2016 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |access-date=January 9, 2022}}</ref> after holding the office of [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] for the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Alok-Ranjan-prepones-March17-deadline-to-complete-Gomti-channelisation-by-a-year/articleshow/50840654.cms|title=Alok Ranjan prepones March'17 deadline to complete Gomti channelisation by a year|date=3 February 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Priyanka|last=Singh|access-date=15 July 2018 }}</ref> for over two years.

After retirement, he was appointed as the Chief Adviser to Chief Minister of U.P and Chairman U.P.S.I.D.C (Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation).<ref name="Express"/> He resigned from this post following the defeat of the ruling [[Samajwadi Party]] government in the state assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-upele-alok-ranjan-resigned-as-cm-chief-adviser-post-news-hindi-5551160-PHO.html|title=UP Assembly Election 2017: हार के बाद व‍िपक्षी पार्ट‍ियों में इस्तीफे का दौर शुरू, इन्होंने क‍िया र‍िजाइन|date=15 March 2017|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=21 March 2017|language=hi|trans-title=UP Assembly Elections 2017: After the defeat, the round of resignations start in Opposition Parties.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/yogi-adityanath-relieves-non-govt-advisers-chairmen-of-their-charge/article17556361.ece|title=Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath relieves non-govt. advisers, chairmen of their charges|last=PTI|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-21|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, Alok}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Unnao]]
[[Category:Chief secretaries of Uttar Pradesh]]

Sivalik Hills

2026-03-21T16:23:03Z

Ahmjit: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Mountain range in India, Pakistan and Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
|name=Sivalik Hills
|photo=Ganges_and_the_Shivalik_ranges,_near_Rishikesh.jpg
|photo_caption=Sivalik Hills and [[Ganges]] River
|image_map=Sivallik Hills map.svg
|image_map_caption=Sivalik Hills, highlighted in light red
|range_coordinates={{coord|27|46|N|82|24|E|source:kolossus-fiwiki|display=inline,title}}
|length_km=2400
|location=northern [[Indian subcontinent]]
|parent=outer [[Himalayas]]
|geology=[[Tertiary (geology)|Tertiary]]
}}
The '''Sivalik Hills''', also known as '''Churia Hills''', are a [[mountain range]] of the outer [[Himalayas]].
The [[literal translation]] of "Sivalik" is 'tresses of [[Shiva]]'.<ref name=Balokhra99>{{cite book |last1=Balokhra |first1=J. M. |year=1999 |title=The Wonderland of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=H. G. Publications |location=New Delhi |edition=Revised and enlarged fourth |isbn=978-81-8465-975-7}}</ref> The hills are known for their numerous fossils, and are also home to the [[Soanian]] [[Middle Paleolithic]] archaeological culture.<ref name=SchugWalimbe2016/>

== Geography==
The Sivalik Hills are a [[mountain range]] of the outer [[Himalayas]] that stretches over about {{cvt|2400|km}} from the [[Indus River]] eastwards close to the [[Brahmaputra River]]; they are {{cvt|10|-|50|km}} wide with an average elevation of {{cvt|1500|-|2000|m}}. Between the [[Teesta River|Teesta]] and [[Raidāk River]]s is a gap of about {{cvt|90|km}}.<ref name=Kohli2002>{{cite book |author=Kohli, M. S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage |year=2002 |chapter=Shivalik Range |pages=24–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA24 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1}}</ref>
They are known for their [[Neogene]] and [[Pleistocene]] aged vertebrate fossils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=A. P. |date=2022 |title=New fossil mammalian assemblages and first record of ostrich from the Pinjore (Pinjor) formation (2.58–0.63 Ma) of Siwalik Hills near Chandigarh, northern India |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=293 |article-number=107694 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107694 |bibcode=2022QSRv..29307694K}}</ref>

==Geology==
Geologically, the Sivalik Hills belong to the [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] [[Deposition (geology)|deposits]] of the outer Himalayas.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Siwalik Hills |volume=25 |pages=163–164}}</ref> They are chiefly composed of [[sandstone]] and [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] rock formations, which are the solidified [[Detritus (geology)|detritus]] of the Himalayas<ref name=EB1911/> to their north; they are poorly consolidated. The sedimentary rocks comprising the hills are believed to be 16–5.2 million years old.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautam |first1=P. |last2=Fujiwara |first2=Y. |year=2000 |title=Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=812–824 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00185.x |bibcode=2000GeoJI.142..812G |doi-access=free|hdl=2115/38248 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this, the coarse alluvial [[Bhabar]] zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer [[monsoon]], percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the [[Terai]] or plains.<ref name=Mani>{{cite book|title=Ecology and Biogeography in India|first=M.S.|last=Mani|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |page=690}}</ref>

== Prehistory ==
{{see|South Asian Stone Age#Siwalik Hills}}
[[File:Colossochelys atlas.jpg|thumb|right|Skeleton of the gigantic tortoise ''[[Megalochelys atlas]]'', the largest known to have ever existed, and one of the best known Sivalik fossils]]
The Sivalik Hills are well known for fossils of vertebrates, spanning from the Early [[Miocene]], until the [[Middle Pleistocene]], around 18 million to 600,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=A.C. |date=2002 |title=Upper Siwalik mammalian faunas of India and associated events |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00013-5|bibcode=2002JAESc..21...47N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=R. |chapter=Indian Neogene Siwalik Mammalian Biostratigraphy. An Overview |date=2013 |doi=10.7312/wang15012-017 |title=Fossil Mammals of Asia |place=New York Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref>

Some of the best known fossils from the hills include ''[[Megalochelys atlas]]'', the largest known tortoise to have ever existed,<ref name="TEWG2015">{{cite journal |author1=Rhodin, A.G.J. |author2=Thomson, S. |author3=Georgalis, G. |author4=Karl, H.-V. |author5=Danilov, I.G. |author6=Takahashi, A. |author7=de la Fuente, M.S. |author8=Bourque, J.R. |author9=Delfino M. |author10=Bour, R. |author11=Iverson, J.B. |author12=Shaffer, H.B. |author13=van Dijk, P.P. |year=2015 |title=Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: first checklist and review of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene chelonians. |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=000e.1–66 |doi=10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |collaboration=Turtle Extinctions Working Group |hdl=11336/62240}}</ref> the sabertooth cat ''[[Megantereon|Megantereon falconeri]]'',''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Stimpson |first=Christopher M. |date=May 2024 |title=Siwalik sabrecats: review and revised diagnosis of Megantereon fossils from the foothills of the Himalaya |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |bibcode=2024RSOS...1131788S |doi=10.1098/rsos.231788 |doi-access=free|issn=2054-5703 |pmc=11076117 |pmid=38720790}}</ref>'' ''[[Sivatherium giganteum]],'' the largest known [[Giraffidae|giraffid]],<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Christopher |last2=Falkingham |first2=Peter L. |last3=Hutchinson |first3=John R. |date=January 2016 |title=The extinct, giant giraffid ''Sivatherium giganteum'': skeletal reconstruction and body mass estimation |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=20150940 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2015.0940 |pmc=4785933 |pmid=26763212}}</ref> and the ape ''[[Sivapithecus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelley |first1=J. |date=1988 |title=A new large species of Sivapithecus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=305–324 |doi=10.1016/0047-2484(88)90073-5|bibcode=1988JHumE..17..305K }}</ref>

Remains of the [[Lower Paleolithic|Lower]]-[[Middle Paleolithic]] [[Soanian]] culture dating to around 500,000 to 125,000 years [[Before Present]] were found in the Sivalik region.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1434–1440 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001|year=2007|last1=Lycett|first1=S. J.|bibcode=2007JArSc..34.1434L }}</ref> Contemporary to the [[Acheulean]], the Soanian culture is named after the [[Soan River|Soan Valley]] in the Sivalik Hills of [[Pakistan]]. The Soanian archaeological culture is found across Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan.<ref name="SchugWalimbe2016">{{cite book|editor1=Schug, G. R. |editor2=Walimbe, S. R. |title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Oxford, Chichester |isbn=978-1-119-05547-1 |author=Chauhan, P. |chapter=A decade of paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent. The Soanian industry reassessed |page=39 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39}}</ref>

==Ecosystem==
The [[carbon stock]] and [[carbon sequestration]] rates of the Churia forests differ among different forest management regimes and are highest in protected areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thapa |first1=H. B. |title=Churia forests of Nepal |url=http://www.dfrs.gov.np/downloadfile/CHURE_REPORT_1453193322.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508190912/http://www.dfrs.gov.np/downloadfile/CHURE_REPORT_1453193322.pdf |publisher=Forest Resource Assessment Nepal, Department of Forest Research and Survey, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal |date=2014 |lccn=2015515752}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Subedi |first1=B. |last2=Lamichhane |first2=P. |last3=Magar |first3=L. K. |last4=Subedi |first4=T. |date=2022 |title=Aboveground carbon stocks and sequestration rates of forests under different management regimes in Churia region of Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BANKO/article/view/45442 |journal=Banko Janakari |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=15–24 |doi=10.3126/banko.v32i1.45442|doi-access=free }}</ref> Early twentieth-century engineering studies of the Punjab Himalaya and adjoining Siwalik Hills provided some of the earliest documented recognition of the environmental consequences of deforestation in the region. Work by L. B. Holland and H. M. Glover (1930) explicitly linked the disappearance of forests in the outer Himalaya to increased surface runoff, soil erosion, reduced groundwater retention, and more frequent and severe flooding, noting that formerly forested catchments had become degraded, sediment-laden, and less capable of sustaining stable water supplies.<ref>Holland, L. B.; Glover, H. M. (1930). ''Erosion in the Punjab Himalaya and its probable effect on water supplies''. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Congress of the Irrigation Branch, Buildings and Roads Branch, and Railway Branch North West Railway (Pakistan Engineering Congress). https://pecongress.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/P18-PAPER135.pdf</ref><ref>Vardon, J. (1930). ''Some Interesting Tube Wells on the North Western Railway''. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Congress of the Irrigation Branch, Buildings and Roads Branch, and Railway Branch NWR (Pakistan Engineering Congress). https://pecongress.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/P18-PAPER139.pdf
</ref>

==See also==
[[File:River Ganga meandering through the Shivalik ranges, Rishikesh.jpg|thumb|upright|Ganga river cutting through the Sivalik hills]]

; Subranges of Sivalik
* [[Dundwa Range]]
* [[Margalla Hills]]
* [[Shivalik Fossil Park]]
; Geological subdivisions of Himalayas
* [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]]
*[[Karakoram fault system]]
*[[Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains]]
*[[Main Himalayan Thrust]]
* [[Lower Himalayan Range]]
; Geographical subdivisions of Himalayas
* [[Western Himalayas]]
* [[Eastern Himalaya]]s
* [[Indian Himalayan Region]], [[Geology of Bhutan]] and [[Geology of Nepal]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]], [[Geography of Ladakh]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and [[Geology of Pakistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Himalayas}}
{{Sister bar|auto=1|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Siwalik Hills}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Asia]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hills of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hills of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hills of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hills of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]]

List of Governors of India

2026-03-19T08:55:33Z

Ahmjit: created a entry with sources

#REDIRECT [[Governor (India)#List of current governors]]

Sania Mirza

2026-03-16T16:24:01Z

Ahmjit: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian tennis player (born 1986)}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Sania Mirza
| image = Sania Mirza in Tennis Premier League 2021.jpg
| caption = Mirza in 2021
| image_size =
| country_represented = {{IND}}
| residence = [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|11|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/310112/sania-mirza|title=Overview {{!}} Sania Mirza {{!}} WTA Official|website=Women's Tennis Association|access-date=24 November 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117190906/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/310112/sania-mirza|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| height = {{convert|1.73|m|ftin}}<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |title=Sania Mirza |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mi/sania-mirza-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418090341/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mi/sania-mirza-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref>
| turnedpro = February 2003
| retired = February 2023<ref name="O.C">{{Cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/sania-mirza-retirement-2023-indian-tennis |title='Can't push body anymore,' Sania Mirza to retire after Dubai Tennis Championships in February |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124092245/https://olympics.com/en/news/sania-mirza-retirement-2023-indian-tennis |url-status=live }}</ref>
| plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney = US$ 7,265,246
| college = [[St. Mary's College, Hyderabad|St. Mary's College]]
| website =
| singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=271|lost=161}}
| singlestitles = 1
| highestsinglesranking = No. 27 (27 August 2007)
| AustralianOpenresult = 3R ([[2005 Australian Open – Women's singles|2005]], [[2008 Australian Open – Women's singles|2008]])
| FrenchOpenresult = 2R ([[2007 French Open – Women's singles|2007]], [[2011 French Open – Women's singles|2011]])
| Wimbledonresult = 2R ([[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2005]], [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2007]], [[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2008]], [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2009]])
| USOpenresult = 4R ([[2005 US Open – Women's singles|2005]])
| Othertournaments = yes
| Olympicsresult = 1R ([[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|2008]])
| doublestitles = 43
| doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=536|lost=248}}
| highestdoublesranking = [[List of WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|No. '''1''']] (13 April 2015)
| AustralianOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2016 Australian Open – Women's doubles|2016]])
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult = F ([[2011 French Open – Women's doubles|2011]])
| WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2015]])
| USOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2015 US Open – Women's doubles|2015]])
| OthertournamentsDoubles = yes
| OlympicsDoublesresult = 2R ([[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|2008]])
| WTAChampionshipsDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2014 WTA Finals – Doubles|2014]], [[2015 WTA Finals – Doubles|2015]])
| Mixed = yes
| mixedtitles = 3
| AustralianOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2009]])
| FrenchOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|2012]])
| WimbledonMixedresult = SF ([[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2022]])
| USOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[2014 US Open – Mixed doubles|2014]])
| OthertournamentsMixedDoubles = yes
| OlympicMixedDoublesresult = SF ([[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2016]])
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{Medal|Sport|Women's tennis}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Tennis at the 2014 Asian Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games – Women's team|Women's team]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Tennis at the 2010 Asian Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Tennis at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Tennis at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|2010 Delhi]]|[[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Women's singles]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's doubles|2010 Delhi]]|[[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Women's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Afro-Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003 Hyderabad]]|[[Tennis at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Women's singles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003 Hyderabad]]|[[Tennis at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Women's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003 Hyderabad]]|[[Tennis at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003 Hyderabad]]|[[Tennis at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Women's team]]}}
}}

'''Sania Mirza''' ({{IPA|te|ˈsaːnijaː ˈmirzaː|}}; born 15 November 1986) is an Indian former professional [[tennis]] player. A former [[List of WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|doubles world No. 1]], she won six [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Tournaments|major]] titles – three in women's doubles and three in mixed doubles.<ref name=No1ranking>{{cite news|title=Hingis & Mirza Win, Mirza Becomes No.1 | url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4634188/title/hingis-mirza-win-mirza-becomes-no1 |work=[[Women's Tennis Association]]|date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414015756/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4634188/title/hingis-mirza-win-mirza-becomes-no1 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/sania-mirza-martina-hingis-wins-womens-doubles-title/ | location=Hyderabad, India | work=[[Mana Telangana]] | title=Sania Mirza Martina Hingis Wins Women's Doubles Title | date=12 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712062226/http://www.telangananewspaper.com/sania-mirza-martina-hingis-wins-womens-doubles-title/ |archive-date=12 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 2003 until her retirement from [[singles (tennis)|singles]] in 2013, she was ranked by the [[Women's Tennis Association]] as the No. 1 Indian in singles.<ref name="sports.vice.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/fatwas-feminism-and-forehands-the-life-of-indian-tennis-superstar-sania-mirza/ |title=Fatwas, Feminism, and Forehands: The Life of Indian Tennis Superstar Sania Mirza |first=Lindsay |last=Gibbs |date=14 January 2015 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice.com]] |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225191521/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/mg89ax/fatwas-feminism-and-forehands-the-life-of-indian-tennis-superstar-sania-mirza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="forbesindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/sania-mirza-the-queen-of-her-court/39231/1 |title=Sania Mirza: The queen of her court |date=23 December 2014 |first=Kathakali |last=Chanda |work=[[Forbes India]] |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527231705/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/sania-mirza-the-queen-of-her-court/39231/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout her career, Mirza has established herself as one of the most known, highest-paid, and influential [[Sport in India|athletes in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/26236930/india-top-10-most-famous-athletes |title=World Fame 100: India's Top 10 most famous athletes |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031073653/https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/26236930/india-top-10-most-famous-athletes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/tennis/sania-mirza-career-earnings-india-tennis-net-worth-28558 |title=How much did Sania Mirza earn in her illustrious career |date=22 January 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031073655/https://thebridge.in/tennis/sania-mirza-career-earnings-india-tennis-net-worth-28558 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/01/20/the-remarkable-story-of-sania-mirza-and-what-she-means-to-india#:~:text=She%20has%20inspired%20a%20generation,asked%20to%20prove%20her%20patriotism. |title=The remarkable story of Sania Mirza, and what she means to India |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031073657/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/01/20/the-remarkable-story-of-sania-mirza-and-what-she-means-to-india#:~:text=She%20has%20inspired%20a%20generation,asked%20to%20prove%20her%20patriotism. |url-status=live }}</ref>

In singles, Mirza had wins over [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], [[Vera Zvonareva]], and [[Marion Bartoli]], as well as former [[List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players|world-number-one]]s [[Martina Hingis]], [[Dinara Safina]], and [[Victoria Azarenka]]. She is the highest-ranked Indian female player ever, peaking at world No. 27 in mid-2007. However, a major wrist injury caused her to shift to doubles. Mirza has achieved a number of firsts for women's tennis in India, including reaching the one million-US$ mark in career earnings (currently over US$7.2 million), winning a singles [[WTA Tour]] title, and winning a major title, as well as qualifying for (and eventually winning) the [[WTA Finals]] in [[2014 WTA Finals – Doubles|2014]] in doubles partnering [[Cara Black]], and defending her title the [[2015 WTA Finals – Doubles|following year]] partnering Martina Hingis.<ref>{{cite news|title=US Open: Sania Mirza-Bruno Soares Win Mixed Doubles Title |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/229393-us-open-sania-mirza-wins-mixed-doubles-title |date=5 September 2014 |website=sports.ndtv.com |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909044422/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/229393-us-open-sania-mirza-wins-mixed-doubles-title |archive-date=9 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mirza retired from professional tennis in February 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sania Mirza to retire after 2022 season: How much prize money tennis icon has earned in her career?|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/tennis/article/sania-mirza-to-retire-after-2022-season-how-much-prize-money-tennis-icon-has-earned-in-her-career/851078|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130061237/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/tennis/article/sania-mirza-to-retire-after-2022-season-how-much-prize-money-tennis-icon-has-earned-in-her-career/851078|url-status=live}}</ref>

She is one of only two Indian women to win a WTA Tour title, and the only one to be ranked within the top 100 in singles. Mirza is the third Indian woman in the [[Open Era (tennis)|Open Era]] (after [[Nirupama Mankad]] and [[Nirupama Sanjeev]], and the second in singles after Sanjeev) to contest and win a match at a major, and the first to advance past the second round. In doubles, Mirza won 43 titles and spent 91 weeks as world No. 1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1573605/-i-hope-this-inspires-a-few-women-mirza-kichenok-reach-hobart-doubles-final |title='I hope this inspires a few women' – Mirza, Kichenok reach Hobart doubles final |work=Women's Tennis Association |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712065032/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1573605/-i-hope-this-inspires-a-few-women-mirza-kichenok-reach-hobart-doubles-final |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Mirza was crowned the Newcomer of the Year by the WTA, and in 2015 she and Martina Hingis were the Doubles Team of the Year, going on to earn a 44-match winning streak, one of the longest in history. Mirza has also won a total of 14 medals (including six golds) at three major multi-sport events, namely the [[Asian Games]], the [[Commonwealth Games]] and the [[Afro-Asian Games]].

Mirza was named one of the "50 Heroes of Asia" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in October 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sania in Time 2005 Asia heroes list|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-02/top-stories/27865436_1_sania-mirza-hyderabad-open-wta |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-02/top-stories/27865436_1_sania-mirza-hyderabad-open-wta |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 October 2005}}</ref> In March 2010, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' named Mirza in its list of the "33 women who made India proud".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pictures/videos/pictures/33-women-who-made-india-proud/sania-mirza/articleshowpics/5661392.cms|title=DAY IN PICS-Sania Mirza|access-date=9 March 2010|work=The Times of India|archive-date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017083339/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pictures/videos/pictures/33-women-who-made-india-proud/sania-mirza/articleshowpics/5661392.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She was appointed as the [[UN Women Goodwill Ambassador|UN Women's Goodwill Ambassador]] for South Asia during the [[International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women]] on 25 November 2013.<ref>[http://www.affairscloud.com/sania-mirza-un-womens-goodwill-ambassador-south-asia/ "Sania Mirza, UN Women's Goodwill ambassador for South Asia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205033703/http://www.affairscloud.com/sania-mirza-un-womens-goodwill-ambassador-south-asia/ |date=5 December 2014 }}, "Affairscloud", 26 November 2014.</ref> She was named in ''Time'' magazine's 2016 list of the [[Time 100#2016|100 most influential people in the world]].<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/collection/2016-time-100/|title=The 100 Most Influential People in the World|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129133525/http://time.com/collection/2016-time-100/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Early life==
Sania Mirza was born on 15 November 1986 in [[Mumbai]] to [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi Muslim]] parents Imran Mirza, a sports journalist,<ref>{{cite news |last=Tolasaria |first=Vatsal |date=8 September 2018 |title=Interview with Imran Mirza (Sania Mirza's Dad) |url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2018/09/08/interview-with-imran-mirzasania-mirzas-dad/ |work=Indian Tennis Daily |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003656/https://indiantennisdaily.com/2018/09/08/interview-with-imran-mirzasania-mirzas-dad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and his wife Naseema, who worked in a printing business. Shortly after her birth, her family moved to [[Hyderabad]] where she and younger sister Anam were raised in a [[Sunni Muslim]] family. Anam is married to cricketer [[Mohammad Asaduddin]], the son of former [[India national cricket team]] captain, [[Mohammad Azharuddin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/121219/mohammad-azharuddins-son-asad-marries-sania-mirzas-sister-anam-see.html|title=Mohammad Azharuddin's son Asad marries Sania Mirza's sister Anam; see pics and videos|date=12 December 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155740/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/121219/mohammad-azharuddins-son-asad-marries-sania-mirzas-sister-anam-see.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the distant relative of former [[cricket]] captains [[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] of India, and [[Asif Iqbal (cricketer, born 1943)|Asif Iqbal]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2010/apr/030410-Cricket-Pakistan-captain-Shoaib-Malik-Sania-Mirza.htm|title=Sania and the great cricket connection|work=mid-day.com|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921075808/http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2010/apr/030410-Cricket-Pakistan-captain-Shoaib-Malik-Sania-Mirza.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> She took up tennis at the age of six. She has been coached by her father and also Roger Anderson.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Capt Dr (Mrs ) Satpal |title="Glimpse of Women in sport" |date=21 November 2015 |isbn=978-1-329-70523-4 |pages=77 |publisher=Lulu.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGIdCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sania and Saina's Formidable Legacy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/Apr/18/sania-and-sainas-formidable-legacy-744161.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

She attended [[Nasr School]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |title='We were making it for a long time actually—budget issues at that point': Inside Sania Mirza's family home in Hyderabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/we-were-making-it-for-a-long-time-actually-budget-issues-at-that-point-inside-sania-mirza-family-home-hyderabad-10095632/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She later graduated from the [[St. Mary's College, Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amena |first1=Rasti |title=Sania Mirza's lesser-known engagement with Hyderabad's Sohrab Mirza |url=https://www.siasat.com/sania-mirzas-lesser-known-engagement-with-hyderabads-sohrab-mirza-2456696/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=14 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sania Mirza: Bright star on tennis horizon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/sania-mirza-bright-star-on-tennis-horizon/story-Gh10ZfsjWIHqND6F5KRuSM.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Mirza also received an [[honorary degree]] of [[Doctor of Letters]] from the Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute in [[Chennai]] on 11 December 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/12/stories/2008121255701700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214200050/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/12/stories/2008121255701700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2008 |title=Sport : Sania Mirza gets a doctorate |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=17 May 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Tennis career==
===2001–2003: Success on the ITF Junior Circuit===
Mirza began playing tennis at the age of six, turning professional in 2003. She was trained by her father. Mirza won ten singles and thirteen doubles titles as a junior player. She won the [[2003 Wimbledon Championships]] girls' doubles title, partnering [[Alisa Kleybanova]]. She also reached the semifinals of the [[2003 US Open (tennis)|2003 US Open]] girls' doubles, with [[Sanaa Bhambri]], and the quarterfinals of the [[2002 US Open (tennis)|2002 US Open]] girls' doubles.
On the senior circuit, Mirza started to show early success as she made her debut in April 2001 on the ITF Circuit as a 15-year-old. Her highlights of 2001 include a quarterfinal showing in [[Pune]] and a semifinal finish in [[New Delhi]]. As the 2002 season began, she turned around a season of early losses to winning three straight titles; her first in her hometown Hyderabad and the other two in [[Manila]], Philippines. Mirza clinched the women's gold medal in tennis in [[2002 National Games of India]] in Hyderabad at the age of 16 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1862093|title=My international career took off after the National Games in 2002: Sania Mirza|access-date=18 December 2022|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218100634/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1862093|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/national-games-ap-leads-medals-tally/articleshow/31998551.cms|title=National Games: AP leads medals tally|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 December 2002 |access-date=18 December 2022|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218101714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/national-games-ap-leads-medals-tally/articleshow/31998551.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/my-international-career-took-off-after-national-games-in-2002-sania-mirza/articleshow/94438942.cms|title=My international career took off after National Games in 2002: Sania Mirza|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218102106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/my-international-career-took-off-after-national-games-in-2002-sania-mirza/articleshow/94438942.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2003, Mirza was given a wildcard to play in her first ever WTA Tour event, at the Hyderabad Open, in her hometown. She lost the tough first round encounter to Australia's [[Evie Dominikovic]] in three sets. The following week, at the [[Qatar Ladies Open]], she fell to Czech [[Olga Blahotová]] in the first qualifying round. She had a good result representing India on the [[Fed Cup]], winning three straight matches. She helped India win a [[bronze medal]] in the mixed doubles event of the [[2002 Asian Games]] in Busan, partnering [[Leander Paes]]. In addition, Mirza picked up four [[gold medal]]s at the [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]] in Hyderabad.

===2004–2005: Success in WTA Tour and Grand Slam tournaments===
[[File:The renowned Tennis Player Ms. Sania Mirza calls on the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in New Delhi on February 18, 2005.jpg|right|thumb|Sania Mirza calls on the Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh in New Delhi on 18 February 2005]]
At her hometown event, the [[2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open|Hyderabad Open]], Mirza was a wildcard entrant. She put up a good fight against the fourth seed and eventual champion, [[Nicole Pratt]], in round one, but lost in three sets. She won her first WTA doubles title at the same event, partnering [[Liezel Huber]]. She then received a wildcard to compete at [[Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem|Casablanca]], Morocco, but suffered a first-round defeat by eventual champion [[Émilie Loit]].

On the ITF Circuit, Mirza ended runner-up at the [[Palm Beach Gardens Challenger]] where she fell to [[Sesil Karatantcheva]]. Mirza won six ITF singles titles in 2004. Going into the [[2005 Australian Open]], she defeated [[Cindy Watson]] and [[Petra Mandula]] in the first and second rounds, respectively, to reach the third round where she was beaten in straight sets by eventual champion [[Serena Williams]]. In February, Mirza became the first-ever Indian woman to win a [[WTA Tour]] title, by winning her hometown event, the [[2005 Hyderabad Open|Hyderabad Open]], defeating ninth-seeded [[Alona Bondarenko]] in the final. At [[2005 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|Dubai]], she upset in round two fourth seed and reigning US Open champion, [[Svetlana Kuznetsova]], to reach the biggest quarterfinal of her career. In the second round of the [[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|Wimbledon Championships]], she lost to Kuznetsova in a tight three-setter.

In August, she reached the third round at the [[Acura Classic|Stanford Classic]], falling to Morigami. Mirza reached her second WTA final at the [[2005 Forest Hills Tennis Classic|Forest Hills Tennis Classic]], falling to Lucie Šafářová. Mirza became the first Indian woman to reach the fourth round of a [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournament]] at the [[2005 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], defeating [[Mashona Washington]], [[Maria Elena Camerin]] and [[Marion Bartoli]], before losing to top seed [[Maria Sharapova]], in the round of 16. At the [[Japan Open Tennis Championships|Japan Open]], Mirza reached semifinals with wins over [[Vilmarie Castellvi]], [[Aiko Nakamura]] and [[Vera Zvonareva]], before being overpowered by [[Tatiana Golovin]]. Thanks to a successful [[2005 WTA Tour|2005 season]], Mirza was named the [[WTA Awards|WTA Newcomer of the Year]].

===2006–2007: Top 30 singles breakthrough===
Mirza was seeded at the [[2006 Australian Open]] (the first female Indian to be seeded in a Grand Slam event), only falling to [[Michaëlla Krajicek]]. Next she fell to [[Camille Pin]] at the [[2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open – Singles|Bangalore Open]], but won the doubles title partnering Huber. She played at the [[2006 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|Dubai Tennis Championships]] but lost to [[Martina Hingis]]. At the [[2006 Pacific Life Open – Women's singles|Indian Wells Open]], she reached the third round but lost to [[Elena Dementieva]]. She also lost in the first round of the [[2006 French Open – Women's singles|French Open]] Grand Slam to [[Anastasia Myskina]].
[[File:Mirza 2006 US Open 3.jpg|thumb|right|Sania Mirza at the 2006 US Open]]
Her next tournament was the [[2006 DFS Classic – Singles|Birmingham Classic]] where she defeated Alona Bondarenko and [[Shenay Perry]] to reach the third round, where she was overpowered by [[Meilen Tu]]. She also reached the quarterfinals of the [[2006 Western & Southern Financial Group Women's Open – Singles|Cincinnati Open]] and the third round of the [[2006 Acura Classic – Singles|Stanford Classic]], falling to [[Patty Schnyder]] and [[Elena Dementieva]], respectively. She reached the second round of the [[2006 US Open – Women's singles|US Open]], losing to [[Francesca Schiavone]]. In September, she reached the semifinals of the [[2006 Sunfeast Open – Singles|San Diego Open]], losing to eventual champion and top seed Martina Hingis. She also won the doubles title there partnering Huber. Mirza made the quarterfinals of the [[2006 Hansol Korea Open – Singles|Korea Open]] (defeating top seed Hingis en route) and the [[2006 Tashkent Open – Singles|Tashkent Open]]. In December, Mirza picked up three medals at the [[2006 Asian Games|Doha Asian Games]]—gold, in mixed doubles and silver in women's singles and team.

In 2006, Mirza notched up three top-ten wins against Svetlana Kuznetsova, [[Nadia Petrova]] and Martina Hingis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/sep/28sania.htm|title=Sania shocks Hingis at Korea Open|access-date=28 September 2006|archive-date=25 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025121958/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/sep/28sania.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza started 2007 in strong fashion, making it to the semifinals of Hobart, the second round of the [[2007 Australian Open – Women's singles|Australian Open]], semifinals in [[2007 Pattaya Women's Open – Singles|Pattaya]], and the quarterfinals in [[2007 Sony Ericsson International – Singles|Bangalore]]. At the [[2007 French Open – Women's singles|French Open]], Mirza lost the battle against [[Ana Ivanovic]] in the second round. She also fell in the second round at the [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|Wimbledon Championships]] to Nadia Petrova. Mirza had the best results of her career during the 2007 summer hardcourt season, finishing eighth in the 2007 [[US Open Series]] standings and reaching her highest singles ranking of world No. 27.

She reached the quarterfinals in San Diego, the semifinals at Cincinnati, and made it to the final at Stanford. She also won the doubles event in Cincinnati with [[Shahar Pe'er]]. At the [[2007 US Open – Women's singles|US Open]], she reached the third round before losing to [[Anna Chakvetadze]] for the third time in recent weeks. She fared much better in the doubles competition, reaching the quarterfinals in mixed doubles with her partner [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] and the quarterfinals in the women's doubles with [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands|Bethanie Mattek]], including a win over number two seeds [[Lisa Raymond]] and [[Samantha Stosur]]. She won four doubles titles in 2007.

===2008–2009: Grand Slam mixed-doubles championship===
Mirza reached the quarterfinals at Hobart as the No. 6 seed and lost to [[Flavia Pennetta]] in three sets. She reached the third round at the [[2008 Australian Open|Australian Open]] as No. 31 seed, in which she lost to No. 8 seed [[Venus Williams]] having been up a break in the first set. She ended runner-up in the [[2008 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|Australian Open mixed doubles]] partnering Mahesh Bhupathi, where they lost in straight sets to [[Sun Tiantian]] and [[Nenad Zimonjić]].

She had to withdraw from the [[Thailand Open (Pattaya)|Pattaya Open]] because of a left abductor strain. She reached round four at [[Indian Wells Open|Indian Wells]] as the No. 21 seed, defeating ninth seed Shahar Pe'er en route, but lost to No. 5 seed [[Daniela Hantuchová]]. On grass, Mirza was crushed in the second round of Birmingham by [[Marina Erakovic]]. At the [[2008 Wimbledon Championships]], as the No. 32 seed, Mirza was defeated by qualifier [[María José Martínez Sánchez]] in round two, having had several match points.

Mirza represented India at the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Summer Olympics]] but was eliminated from singles when she retired during her match against [[Iveta Benešová]] because of a right wrist injury. For doubles, she got a walkover through the first round with [[Sunitha Rao]], but lost in the second to the Russian duo. Throughout 2008, Mirza was plagued by a slew of wrist injuries, requiring her to withdraw from several matches including those of the [[2008 French Open|French Open]] and [[2008 US Open (tennis)|US Open]].

Mirza started her year by playing at the doubles event of the [[Hobart International]]. Partnering Francesca Schiavone, they reached the quarterfinals. At [[2009 Australian Open – Women's singles|2009 Australian Open]], she won her first-round match against [[Marta Domachowska]], but she fell against tenth seed Nadia Petrova in round two. In [[2009 Australian Open – Women's doubles|doubles]] she lost in the first round partnering [[Vania King]]. But in [[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|mixed doubles]], Mirza picked up her first Australian Open [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] title. Partnering with Mahesh Bhupathi, she beat [[Nathalie Dechy]] and [[Andy Ram]] in the final.

She then entered the [[Thailand Open (Pattaya)|Pattaya Open]] and reached the final after a string of good performances but lost to Vera Zvonareva. She made the semifinals in doubles in the same tournament. Mirza then competed in Indian Wells where she lost in the second round to [[Flavia Pennetta]]. She then lost to [[Mathilde Johansson]] in the first round of the [[2009 Sony Ericsson Open – Women's singles|Miami Open]]. However, Mirza and her doubles partner Chuang Chia-jung made the semifinals of the [[2009 Sony Ericsson Open – Women's doubles|women's doubles]]. Mirza also lost in the first round of the [[2009 MPS Group Championships – Singles|MPS Group Championships]] but won the [[2009 MPS Group Championships – Doubles|doubles title]] with Chuang. She again lost in the first round at [[2009 French Open – Women's singles|Roland Garros]], to [[Galina Voskoboeva]]. On grass, Mirza participated at the [[2009 Aegon Classic – Singles|Birmingham Classic]] and reached the semifinals, losing to [[Magdaléna Rybáriková]]. At [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|Wimbledon]], Mirza defeated [[Anna-Lena Grönefeld]] in the first round, before falling to No. 28 seed [[Sorana Cîrstea]] in the second. She also lost in the second round of the [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|doubles]] (with Chuang) and [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|mixed doubles]] (with Bhupathi).

Next, Mirza went to Lexington to compete in the [[2009 Fifth Third Bank Tennis Championships – Women's singles|Tennis Championships]], and won the title after a few good wins. Her next two tournaments were in Canada, where she had mixed results. She managed it all the way to the final at the [[2009 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open – Women's singles|Vancouver Open]] but was beaten by [[Stéphanie Dubois]]. At the [[2009 Rogers Cup – Singles|Rogers Cup]], she fell to [[Heidi El Tabakh]] in the second qualifying round.

Playing in the US Open, she defeated [[Olga Govortsova]] in the first round, but was [[Bagel (tennis)|double-bageled]] by tenth seed Flavia Pennetta in the second. She also lost in the second round of the doubles event (partnering Francesca Schiavone) to Shahar Pe'er and Gisela Dulko. Mirza then went to Japan, where she qualified for the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo but lost in the first round to [[Zheng Jie]]. At Osaka, Mirza won against fifth seed Shahar Pe'er and [[Viktoriya Kutuzova]] and in the quarterfinal, she defeated second seed [[Marion Bartoli]] by retirement. Mirza moved on to the semifinal, where she lost to Francesca Schiavone.

===2010–2012: Injury, struggles & doubles specialization===
[[File:Sania Mirza at the 2010 US Open 02.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Sania Mirza at the 2010 US Open]]
Mirza began her year at the [[2010 ASB Classic – Singles|Auckland Open]] where she won her first-round match against [[Stefanie Vögele]], but was crushed by fourth seed Francesca Schiavone in the second round. Mirza then suffered two first-round losses at the [[2010 Moorilla Hobart International – Singles|Hobart International]] and the [[2010 Australian Open – Women's singles|Australian Open]]. In February, she competed in the [[2010 PTT Pattaya Open|Pattaya Open]] as the sixth seed, but was upset by [[Tatjana Maria|Tatjana Malek]]. She then played in [[2010 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles|Dubai]] but suffered a first-round defeat to [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]]. Mirza was forced to withdraw from the [[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]], the [[2010 BNP Paribas Open – Women's singles|Indian Wells Open]] and the [[2010 Family Circle Cup – Singles|Family Circle Cup]] due to a right wrist injury. This injury also caused her to pull out of the [[2010 French Open – Women's singles|French Open]].

She returned at the [[2010 Aegon Classic – Singles|Birmingham Classic]], where she lost in the second round to [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]] in three sets. Mirza then fell in the qualifying at [[Eastbourne International|Eastbourne]] and also lost in the first round of [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|Wimbledon]]; however, she did manage to finish runner-up at the GB Pro-Series Wrexham. Her bad form continued, as she lost in the second round of the [[2010 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open – Women's singles|Vancouver Open]] and qualifying rounds of both the [[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters and Women's Open|Cincinnati Open]] and the [[2010 Rogers Cup – Women's singles|Rogers Cup]]. Mirza won her first round match against [[Michelle Larcher de Brito]] at the [[2010 US Open – Women's singles|US Open]], but she went down against 20th seeded [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] in the second round.

In September, Mirza competed in the [[2010 Guangzhou International Women's Open|Guangzhou International Open]] where she made her first quarterfinal of the season. She then lost in the first round of the [[Tashkent Open]], in the qualifying draw of the Luxembourg Open, and the first round of the Taipei Ladies Open. In doubles, Mirza won in Guangzhou (with [[Edina Gallovits]]) and finished as a runner-up in Taipei (with [[Hsieh Su-wei]]). In October, she represented India at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] as the second seed. She defeated Brittany Teei ([[Cook Islands]]), [[Marina Erakovic]] (New Zealand), and [[Olivia Rogowska]] (Australia) before losing to Australian [[Anastasia Rodionova]] in the final. In doubles, she partnered with fellow Indian, [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]], losing in the semifinals to Anastasia Rodionova and [[Sally Peers]] (Australia). Mirza and Chakravarthi beat compatriots [[Poojashree Venkatesha]] and [[Nirupama Sanjeev]] to win the bronze medal.

In November, she represented India at the [[2010 Asian Games]]. The unseeded Indian defeated [[Venise Chan]] in the first round. Next, she defeated sixth seed [[Zhang Shuai]] in straight sets to enter into quarterfinal. In the quarterfinal, Mirza won against second seed [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]] to move in semifinal, where she was defeated by third seed [[Akgul Amanmuradova]] and won [[bronze medal]] in singles. In mixed doubles, she partnered with India's [[Vishnu Vardhan]] losing in the finals to Chan Yung-jan and [[Yang Tsung-hua]] and won [[silver medal]]. In December, she went to Dubai to compete at the [[Al Habtoor Tennis Challenge|Al Habtoor Challenge]]. Coming unseeded, she won the tournament, defeating [[Ksenia Pervak]], top seed [[Julia Görges]] and [[Evgeniya Rodina]] en route, and second seed [[Bojana Jovanovski]] in the final.

[[File:Sania Mirza - Roland Garros 2011.jpg|thumb|left|Mirza at the 2011 French Open, where she reached the finals in doubles alongside Vesnina|200px]]
Mirza lost in the early rounds of the [[2011 Australian Open|Australian Open]] and its warm-up tournaments. Following that, she received wildcards to play in the [[2011 Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Open]] and the [[2011 Qatar Ladies Open|Qatar Open]]. She made the second rounds of both events, falling to [[Ayumi Morita]] and Jelena Janković, respectively. She also was the quarterfinalist in doubles at both, with [[Elena Vesnina]]. At the Premier Mandatory events in March, Mirza made the second rounds in both. In doubles, she won her first Premier Mandatory title at [[2011 Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]], with Vesnina, defeating [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] and [[Meghann Shaughnessy]].

Mirza participated at the Premier-level [[2011 Family Circle Cup|Charleston Open]] in South Carolina. In singles, she made her first Premier quarterfinal since San Diego in August 2007. In doubles, Mirza won the title with Vesnina: the Indo-Russian duo beat Mattek-Sands and Shaughnessy in the final for the second time this season. Mirza won her 11th WTA Tour doubles title and second of the year.

Next, she also competed at the [[2011 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], losing in the first round against doubles partner Elena Vesnina. In doubles, with Vesnina, she managed to go up to the third round. Mirza took part in the [[2011 Sparta Prague Open|Sparta Prague Open]], but had to retire in her first round match against [[Aleksandra Krunić]] due to a back injury. Next she played at [[2011 Internationaux de Strasbourg|Strasbourg]], but suffered a first round lost [[Alizé Cornet]].

Mirza breezed through the first round of the French Open where she beat [[Kristina Barrois]] in straight sets. Then in round two, she lost to 12th seed [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]. In doubles, Mirza had what was probably the greatest highlight of her career- reaching the finals of a Grand Slam and she ended up runner-up with Vesnina losing out to [[Andrea Hlaváčková]] and [[Lucie Hradecká]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-challenge/Sania-Vesnina-lose-French-Open-doubles-final/articleshow/8715174.cms |title=Sania-Vesnina lose French Open doubles final |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=13 September 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018212859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-challenge/Sania-Vesnina-lose-French-Open-doubles-final/articleshow/8715174.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the grass-court season Mirza lost in the first rounds of the singles and doubles competition at [[2011 Aegon International|Eastbourne]]. Playing at the [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club|All England Lawn Tennis Club]], she came up with her personal best performance by reaching her first semifinals at [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] alongside Vesnina losing out to Květa Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik. En route they beat 13th seeds Daniela Hantuchová and Agnieszka Radwańska in the round of 16 and the Spanish duo of [[Nuria Llagostera Vives]] and [[Arantxa Parra Santonja]] in the quarterfinal clash. In singles, she lost in the first round to [[Virginie Razzano]] in a close three-setter.

[[File:Sania Mirza during her first round match with Virginie Razzano, Day 2 of Wimbledon 2011.jpg|thumb|260px|Mirza during her match with Virginie Razzano at Wimbledon, 2011]]
She then could not cross the first round hurdles in her next five attempts in singles including the [[2011 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] where she lost yet another tight three setter to 23rd seed Shahar Pe'er. On two occasions Mirza scored two wins in qualifying rounds, defeated Heidi El Tabakh at [[2011 Rogers Cup|Rogers Cup]] and [[Vania King]] at [[2011 Western & Southern Open|Cincinnati]]. She, however, continued her good run in doubles competition as she won the title at D.C. partnering [[Yaroslava Shvedova]], defeating the second seeded Olga Govortsova and [[Alla Kudryavtseva]] in the final.

Partnering Vesnina, Mirza entered the [[Southern California Open]] but the duo had to withdraw from their first-round match against [[Elena Bovina]] and [[Zheng Jie]] while leading 5–2 in the first set. Playing at Rogers Cup, the pair lost to the future world No. 1, Italian duo of [[Sara Errani]] and [[Roberta Vinci]], in three sets. At [[US Open (tennis)|Flushing Meadows]], Mirza and Vesnina lost in the pre-quarterfinals to the Czech duo of [[Iveta Melzer]] and [[Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová]], having beaten [[Samantha Crawford]] and [[Madison Keys]], [[Vitalia Diatchenko]] and [[Olga Savchuk]], in straight sets in their previous encounters. After playing on the singles circuit regularly throughout the year, Mirza also re-entered top 60 in singles ranking in 2011.

Mirza kicked off her [[2012 WTA Tour|2012 season]] ranked 104th in [[2012 ASB Classic – Singles|Auckland]]. She lost a first qualifying match against [[CoCo Vandeweghe]]. As for [[2012 ASB Classic – Doubles|doubles]], she partnered Elena Vesnina and made it to the semifinals, losing to Julia Görges and Flavia Pennetta. Her next tournament was in [[2012 Apia International Sydney|Sydney]] where she played doubles only alongside Roberta Vinci, but lost in round one.

Going into the [[2012 Australian Open – Women's singles|Australian Open]], Mirza was overpowered by [[Tsvetana Pironkova]] in the first round. In [[2012 Australian Open – Women's doubles|doubles]], she reached her third Grand Slam semifinal, partnering Vesnina, where they fell to Svetlana Kuznetsova and Vera Zvonareva. For the [[2012 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|mixed-doubles event]], Mirza played alongside compatriot Mahesh Bhupathi and reached her fourth Grand Slam semifinal.

Mirza then represented India at the [[2012 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone|Fed Cup]] in [[Shenzhen]], China where they were facing Hong Kong. In singles, she defeated [[Zhang Ling (tennis)|Zhang Ling]]. Partnering with [[Isha Lakhani]], the pair beat Chan Wing-yau and Zhang in three sets. With this performance, India advanced to the Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I for 2013. Mirza then played at the [[2012 PTT Pattaya Open|Pattaya Open]] where she won her first WTA main draw match since the 2011 French Open – coming from a set down to upset [[Ayumi Morita]] (ranked 47 spots higher). In second round she beat [[Anne Keothavong]] to enter in quarterfinal, where she lost to Hsieh Su-wei. In doubles with Anastasia Rodionova, she won her 13th WTA title: they defeated the Taiwanese sisters [[Chan Hao-ching]] and Chan Yung-jan.

Mirza then went to Doha to play at the [[2012 Qatar Ladies Open|Qatar Ladies Open]] but had to withdraw from the singles qualifying event, due to playing Pattaya doubles final. She lost in the second round of doubles with Elena Vesnina. Then, in [[2012 Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships|Dubai]], she was beaten by [[Aleksandra Wozniak]] in the first qualifying round. In doubles, Mirza and Vesnina were runners-up against top seeds [[Liezel Huber]] and Lisa Raymond. Mirza then lost a tough three set encounter to [[Eleni Daniilidou]] in round one of the [[2012 Malaysian Open|Malaysian Open]].

Playing doubles at the Premier-line up of [[2012 Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]], [[2012 Miami Masters|Miami]] and [[2012 Family Circle Cup|Charleston]], Mirza reached the final, lost in round one and made the quarterfinals, respectively. She also reached round two of singles in Indian Wells. She then would begin the European Clay Court Season at [[2012 Estoril Open|Estoril]], where she was the semifinalist in doubles (with Anastasia Rodionova). She lost in round two of doubles in [[2012 Madrid Masters|Madrid]] and also in [[2012 Italian Open (tennis)|Rome]]. Mirza returned on the singles circuit in May at [[2012 Brussels Open|Brussels]] where she won three good matches – including her first 'double bagel' – in the qualifying competition, where she beat [[Lesia Tsurenko]], who was ranked 87 spots higher than her. She also won the doubles of the same event with Bethanie Mattek-Sands.

She then participated in the French Open in the women's doubles (with Mattek-Sands) and the French Open mixed doubles (with Bhupathi). In the doubles she suffered a first-round shock defeat but found great success in the French Open mixed-doubles where she and Bhupathi won the crown by defeating [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]] of Mexico and [[Klaudia Jans-Ignacik]] of Poland in the final on 7 June 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/indian-challenge/Mahesh-Bhupathi-and-Sania-Mirza-win-French-Open-mixed-doubles-crown/articleshow/13909650.cms | title=Sania Mirza and Mahesh Bhupathi win French Open mixed doubles crown| date=8 June 2012 | work=The Times of India |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609231741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/indian-challenge/Sania-Mirza-and-Mahesh-Bhupathi-win-French-Open-mixed-doubles-crown/articleshow/13909650.cms |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

At [[2012 Aegon International|Eastbourne]], Mirza would play the last singles tournament of her career. She defeated [[Lisa Whybourn]] in the qualifying round one, before losing to Andrea Hlaváčková in the next round. Mirza and her partner Shvedova crashed out of the [[2012 Aegon Classic|Birmingham Classic]] with a straight-set defeat by Iveta Benešová and Alla Kudryavtseva.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Shvedova-pair-suffers-defeat-at-AEGON-Classic/articleshow/14150809.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126040011/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-15/top-stories/32253865_1_aegon-classic-elena-vesnina-yaroslava-shvedova | url-status=live | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Sania-Shvedova pair suffers defeat at AEGON Classic| date=15 June 2012 }}</ref> Mirza then would go on to falling in the qualifying singles and first-round doubles at Eastbourne.

Mirza and her American partner Mattek-Sands advanced to the third round of the women's doubles competition at [[2012 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], where they fell to the [[Williams sisters]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Sania-Bethanie-in-second-round-of-Wimbledon/articleshow/14415962.cms | title=Sania-Bethanie in second round of Wimbledon | date=26 June 2012 | work=The Times of India | access-date=27 June 2012 | archive-date=9 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209001056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Sania-Bethanie-in-second-round-of-Wimbledon/articleshow/14415962.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 June 2012, Mirza was awarded a wildcard entry hence confirming her participation in women's doubles event of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Sania-Somdev-get-wild-cards-for-London-Olympics/articleshow/14415955.cms | title=Sania, Somdev get wild cards for London Olympics | date=26 June 2012 | work=The Times of India | access-date=26 June 2012 | archive-date=26 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626182142/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Sania-Somdev-get-wild-cards-for-London-Olympics/articleshow/14415955.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 July 2012, Mirza and her partner Mattek-Sands were ousted in the first round of WTA Premier event in the US.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mattek-bow-out-of-WTA-event-in-USA/articleshow/15015953.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126045430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/top-stories/32713639_1_sania-mattek-wta-event-yung-jan-chan | url-status=live | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Sania-Mattek bow out of WTA event in USA| date=17 July 2012 }}</ref>

Mirza, partnering [[Rushmi Chakravarthy]] in the women's doubles competition at Olympics, bowed out, losing to Chinese Taipei team in a tight match.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Sania-Rushmi-bow-out-of-Womens-doubles-event-of-Olympics/articleshow/15241559.cms | title=Sania-Rushmi bow out of Women's doubles event of Olympics | date=29 July 2012 | work=The Times of India | access-date=29 July 2012 | archive-date=29 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729072749/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Sania-Rushmi-bow-out-of-Womens-doubles-event-of-Olympics/articleshow/15241559.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> She also lost in quarterfinals of mixed doubles with [[Leander Paes]] to Belarus in a tough encounter. At the Premier Mandatory events of Montréal and Cincinnati, partnering Mattek-Sands, Mirza reached the quarterfinals and lost in round one of doubles, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/saniabethanie-advance-in-rogers-cup/280983-5-22.html|title= Sania-Bethanie advance in Rogers Cup |date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815164329/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/saniabethanie-advance-in-rogers-cup/280983-5-22.html |archive-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2012 the prize purse for female winners of the "Fenesta Open National Tennis Championship" was increased to be equal to that of male winners at Mirza's suggestion to All India Tennis Association president Anil Khanna.<ref name="deccanherald1">{{cite web |author=New Delhi, 13 October 2012 (IANS) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/285088/national-tennis-womens-prize-money.html |title=National Tennis: Women's prize money increased on Sania's suggestion |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222041244/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/285088/national-tennis-womens-prize-money.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanna also announced that "From now on we will see to it that all national tournaments have the same prize money for both categories women and men."<ref name="deccanherald1" />

===2013–2014: Top 5 doubles breakthrough===
Mirza kicked off her 2013 season with a title [[Brisbane International|Brisbane]] alongside Bethanie Mattek-Sands in the first tournament itself. The pair then unexpectedly lost in the first round of [[2013 Australian Open|Australian Open]], Mirza though reached the quarterfinals of the 2013 Australian Open [[Mixed doubles (tennis)|mixed doubles]] partnering [[Bob Bryan]]. Mattek-Sands and Mirza then won the doubles title at the Dubai Tennis Championships in February. They had to retire in their round of 16 match at the French Open after having won the first set against [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] and [[Lucie Šafářová]]. They also lost in the round of 16 at Wimbledon. Mirza then formed a brief successful partnership with Zheng Jie from China winning a title at [[Connecticut Open (tennis)|New Haven]] and reaching the semis at [[2013 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] losing out to Australians [[Casey Dellacqua]] and [[Ashleigh Barty]]. Mirza then partnered [[Cara Black]] for the rest of the season and the pair won their first title in their first outing at Tokyo. They won their second title in a row as they lifted the [[China Open (tennis)|China Open]] trophy defeating top seeds and world-number-ones, Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci, en route. Mirza partnered different players during 2013 and won five WTA titles.

Mirza began 2014 playing with Cara Black in the [[2014 Apia International Sydney|Sydney International]] where they lost in the first round to [[Ajla Tomljanović]] and [[Jarmila Gajdošová]]. Her next tournament was the [[2014 Australian Open|Australian Open]]. Seeded sixth, Mirza and Black reached the quarterfinals at the [[2014 Australian Open – Women's doubles]] before losing to top seeds and eventual champions Errani and Vinci. She was more successful in the mixed doubles event, reaching the final partnering [[Horia Tecău]] of Romania. Tecău and Mirza lost to [[Kristina Mladenovic]] and [[Daniel Nestor]] in the final.

[[File:Sania Mirza (14253458810).jpg|thumb|200px|Mirza practicing at the 2014 Eastbourne International]]
Mirza and Black next competed in the [[2014 Qatar Total Open|Qatar Open]] and lost to the pairing of Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Nadia Petrova in the quarterfinals. The pair lost in the first round of the [[2014 Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Championships]] to Andrea Hlaváčková and [[Lucie Šafářová]]. They reached their first WTA Tour doubles final of the year at the [[2014 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells Open]] but lost to Hsieh Su-wei and Peng Shuai. Mirza and Black reached the semifinals of the [[2014 Sony Open Tennis|Miami Open]], before losing to wildcards Martina Hingis and Sabine Lisicki. They finished runners-up to Errani and Vinci once again in the [[2014 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix|Porsche Tennis Grand Prix]]. They won their first title of the year at the [[2014 Portugal Open]], defeating [[Eva Hrdinová]] and [[Valeria Solovyeva]] in the final.

Mirza and Black recorded three consecutive quarterfinal finishes in the subsequent clay tournaments, namely the [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid Open]], the [[2014 Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]], and the [[2014 French Open|French Open]]. In the mixed doubles event at the 2014 French Open, Mirza and Horia Tecău lost in the second round to Tímea Babos and [[Eric Butorac]]. Mirza began grass-court season playing in Birmingham. She and Black lost to [[Raquel Kops-Jones]] and [[Abigail Spears]] in the semifinals. At [[2014 Aegon International|Eastbourne]], they reached the quarterfinals before losing to Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan. The pair next competed at [[2014 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] and lost in the second round to the unseeded pairing of Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Lucie Šafářová.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wimbledon 2014: serena Williams and Sania-cara ousted|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/wimbledon-2014-serena-williams-and-sania-cara-ousted/1015105 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707101550/http://www.patrika.com/news/wimbledon-2014-serena-williams-and-sania-cara-ousted/1015105 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mirza and Black next competed in the [[2014 US Open (tennis)|2014 US Open]] and lost to the pairing of Martina Hingis and Flavia Pennetta in the semifinals. Mirza played the mixed doubles in the US Open pairing with [[Bruno Soares]] and went on to become the 2014 US Open mixed-doubles champions, thereby winning the third mixed doubles title in her career.

Sania won a gold and bronze at the [[2014 Asian Games|17th Asian Games]] in Incheon, South Korea. She paired with [[Saketh Myneni]] to beat China's Hsien Yin Peng and Chan Hao-ching and win gold in the mixed doubles tournament. She also won a bronze medal in women's doubles, pairing with [[Prarthana Thombare]].

Black and Mirza won their biggest title together at the [[WTA Finals]] defeating Hsieh Su-wei and Peng Shuai in the final. It was the heaviest defeat ever witnessed in the end-of-season competition's doubles final which dates back 41 years to 1973, the year the [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] was founded. Black and Mirza survived matchpoints in both their previous encounters against [[Květa Peschke]]/[[Katarina Srebotnik]] and Raquel Kops-Jones/Abigail Spears coming through in third set tiebreaks. This final would be the duo's final match as a team.

"It was great – we saved the best for the last. I think today was our best match. One of our best matches at least, and one of our best matches we played against them." Mirza told reporters after the win. "To end this way, we couldn't have asked for a better start or end. It kind of sums up our partnership", she added. She added that Black was her great friend "But I've also found a great friend in her. Almost like an older sister to me. I'm the oldest in my family, so I learned a lot from her on and off the court."

Mirza participated in the [[International Premier Tennis League]] starting on 28 November 2014, playing with the Micromax Indian Aces alongside tennis legend [[Roger Federer]], countryman [[Rohan Bopanna]], Ana Ivanovic and [[Gaël Monfils]]. She played all the mixed-doubles matches alongside Bopanna and partnered Federer who visited the country for his first match there in the [[New Delhi]] leg, much to her personal and fans' delight.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/international-premier-tennis-league/Honoured-to-have-played-with-Federer-says-Sania-Mirza/articleshow/45412622.cms|title=Honoured to have played with Federer, says Sania Mirza|work=The Times of India |date=8 December 2014 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208215147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/international-premier-tennis-league/Honoured-to-have-played-with-Federer-says-Sania-Mirza/articleshow/45412622.cms |archive-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mirza won the majority of her matches and played a key role for the Indian Aces to win the inaugural edition of the IPTL 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.internationalpremiertennisleague.com/p/micromax-indian-aces-an.html | title=International Premier Tennis League website | access-date=17 November 2014 | archive-date=5 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105014254/http://www.internationalpremiertennisleague.com/p/micromax-indian-aces-an.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===2015–2016: Rise to world No. 1 and women's doubles major titles===
[[File:Mirza RG15 (3) (19119521988).jpg|thumb|180px|Mirza attained the No. 1 ranking in April and was seeded No. 1 at the 2015 French Open with Martina Hingis]]
Mirza began her 2015 season ranked No. 6 in the doubles rankings. She started a new partnership with then world No. 5, Hsieh Su-wei from Chinese Taipei, after Cara Black decided to go for a limited 2015 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/230630-sania-to-split-with-cara-partner-su-wei-hsieh-in-2015|title=Sania Mirza to Split With Cara Black, Partner Chinese Taipei's Su-Wei Hsieh in 2015|work=NDTVSports.com|access-date=18 January 2015|archive-date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126065855/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/230630-sania-to-split-with-cara-partner-su-wei-hsieh-in-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The pair started their season at the [[2015 Brisbane International]] as the top seeds and reached the semifinals losing out to fourth seeds [[Caroline Garcia]] and Katarina Srebotnik in the super tie-breaker after having won the first set.

Mirza paired up with former partner and good friend Bethanie Mattek-Sands for the [[2015 Apia International Sydney|Sydney International]] and went on to win the tournament for her 23rd career title (fifth with Mattek-Sands) beating the highly fancied second seeds Martina Hingis and Flavia Pennetta in the quarterfinals and top-seeds Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears in the finals,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirza-wins-first-title-of-season-with-Bethanie/articleshow/45912740.cms|title=Sania Mirza wins first title of season with Bethanie|work=The Times of India|date=16 January 2015 |access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=17 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117164752/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirza-wins-first-title-of-season-with-Bethanie/articleshow/45912740.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> but lost in the second round at [[2015 Australian Open|Melbourne]]. She also re-entered the top 5 in the rankings. Mirza also reached the finals of [[WTA Qatar Open|Qatar Ladies Open]] at Doha alongside Hsieh. The pair lost to Americans Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennislive.net/wta/match/raquel-kops-jones-abigail-spears-VS-su-wei-hsieh-sania-mirza/qatar-total-open-doha-2015/|title=Raquel Kops-Jones/Abigail Spears vs. Su-Wei Hsieh/Sania Mirza 28.02.2015|author=eHM, s.r.o.|work=tennislive.net|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135300/http://www.tennislive.net/wta/match/raquel-kops-jones-abigail-spears-VS-su-wei-hsieh-sania-mirza/qatar-total-open-doha-2015/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza then ended her partnership with Hsieh and paired up with Swiss legend Martina Hingis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/238394-sania-mirza-to-team-up-with-swiss-legend-martina-hingis|title=Sania Mirza to Team up With Swiss Legend Martina Hingis|work=NDTVSports.com|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124848/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/238394-sania-mirza-to-team-up-with-swiss-legend-martina-hingis|url-status=live}}</ref> The pair entered [[2015 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]] as the top seeds and went on to win the titles in their debut. They beat opponents including former world number ones Lisa Raymond and Sam Stosur. Hingis and Mirza didn't lose more than four games in any set. After cruising through the first set of the final, they fell behind in the second set but won the next four games to beat second seeds Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in straight sets. They also won the Miami masters event, again beating the same opponents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4581338/title/hingis-mirza-complete-dream-debut|title=News – WTA Tennis English|work=Women's Tennis Association|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323042508/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4581338/title/hingis-mirza-complete-dream-debut|url-status=live}}</ref> Mirza jumped two places on the ranking table to be ranked at her career best No. 3 in the doubles rankings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirza-is-now-world-number-three-in-doubles/articleshow/46659494.cms|title=Sania Mirza is now world number three in doubles|work=The Times of India|date=23 March 2015 |access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324050504/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirza-is-now-world-number-three-in-doubles/articleshow/46659494.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The duo then entered the [[2015 Miami Open|Miami Open]] and went to beat the same opponents in the finals making it their second title in as many tournaments. The pair did not lose a single set at the tournament, making the set score 20–0 for their newly formed partnership. Before reaching the finals at Miami the pair beat [[Elena Bogdan]] and [[Nicole Melichar]], [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] and [[Alicja Rosolska]], Anastasia Rodionova and [[Arina Rodionova]], and seventh seeds [[Tímea Babos]] and Kristina Mladenovic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/240128-sania-mirza-martina-hingis-reach-final-of-miami-open|title=Sania Mirza-Martina Hingis Reach Final of Miami Open|work=NDTVSports.com|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724211523/http://sports.ndtv.com//tennis/news/240128-sania-mirza-martina-hingis-reach-final-of-miami-open|url-status=live}}</ref> They overcame Vesnina and Makarova in the finals in straight sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirza-Martina-Hingis-win-Miami-Open-title/articleshow/46819618.cms|title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 April 2015 |access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018212859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirza-Martina-Hingis-win-Miami-Open-title/articleshow/46819618.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza and Hingis won [[2015 Family Circle Cup|Family Circle Cup]]'s double title in April 2015 defeating Casey Dellacqua and [[Darija Jurak]] and with the title win Mirza became the first Indian to be ranked world No. 1 in WTA's doubles rankings.<ref name=No1ranking /> It was Mirza and Hingis' third successive title win and they have not lost as a single match since joining forces, winning 14 matches in a row. "It's a dream for every kid to be No. 1 one day." Mirza said after her win. And on reaching No. 1 in Charleston she added "No tournament has been as special to me as the Family Circle Cup and no tournament will ever be as special to me, because I became No. 1 here."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-sania-mirza-becomes-world-no-1-in-doubles-following-win-at-wta-family-circle-cup-2076961|title=Sania Mirza becomes World No 1 in doubles following win at WTA Family Circle Cup|date=12 April 2015|work=dna|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925060539/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-sania-mirza-becomes-world-no-1-in-doubles-following-win-at-wta-family-circle-cup-2076961|url-status=live}}</ref> They were routed in the first round at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix. They reached the finals of [[2015 Italian Open – Women's doubles|Italian Open]] but lost to the team of Tímea Babos and Kristina Mladenovic. They lost in the quarterfinals of [[2015 French Open|French Open]] to Mattek-Sands and Šafářová where the duo were the top seeds. Mirza was also given the top seeding with her partner Bruno Soares in the [[2015 French Open – Mixed doubles|mixed doubles]] event. In spite of this, the pair lost in just 56 minutes against the unseeded [[Anna-Lena Grönefeld]] and [[Jean-Julien Rojer]] in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/242910-french-open-top-seeds-sania-mirza-bruno-soares-stunned-in-1st-round-of-mixed-doubles|title=French Open: Top Seeds Sania Mirza-Bruno Soares Stunned in 1st Round of Mixed Doubles|work=NDTVSports.com|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705185222/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/242910-french-open-top-seeds-sania-mirza-bruno-soares-stunned-in-1st-round-of-mixed-doubles|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the grass-court season, Mirza was seeded No. 1 in the [[2015 Aegon Classic – Doubles|Birmingham]] Premier level event and partnered with Casey Dellacqua. However, the team crashed out of the WTA event following a straight-set defeat in Birmingham on 18 June 2015.<ref name="sports.ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/244083-sania-mirza-casey-dellacqua-ousted-from-aegon-classic|title=Sania Mirza – Casey Dellacqua Ousted from Aegon Classic|work=NDTVSports.com|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629182820/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/244083-sania-mirza-casey-dellacqua-ousted-from-aegon-classic|url-status=live}}</ref> They lost to unseeded pair of Zheng Jie and Chan Yung-jan in the opening round.<ref name="sports.ndtv.com"/> Mirza and Hingis were beaten in the semifinals at the WTA [[Aegon International]] doubles in Eastbourne. The top seeds lost to the fourth seeded French-Slovenian combine of Caroline Garcia and Katarina Srebotnik in 81 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/sania-hingis-beaten-in-aegon-semis-wimbledon/20150626.htm|title=Sania-Hingis beaten in Aegon semis|date=26 June 2015|work=Rediff|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=9 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809003520/http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/sania-hingis-beaten-in-aegon-semis-wimbledon/20150626.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza Won Wimbledon 2015.JPG|left|220px|thumb|Mirza won her maiden women's doubles Grand Slam title with Hingis at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships.]]
Mirza and Hingis won the [[2015 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Championships]], defeating Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in three tough sets in the final. After splitting two very close sets against two-time Grand Slam champions Makarova and Vesnina, Hingis and Mirza – who were playing just their second Grand Slam together – fell behind in the third set were a game away from going out. But a fierce rally saw them draw level at 5-all, and after a half hour break for the Centre Court roof to be closed due to fading light, the No. 1-seeded Swiss-Indian duo came out stronger, breaking the No. 2-seeded Russians one last time and then serving it out for a gritty victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4857718/title/hingis-mirza-conquer-wimbledon|title=News – WTA Tennis English|work=Women's Tennis Association|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714170212/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/4857718/title/hingis-mirza-conquer-wimbledon|url-status=live}}</ref> The win gave Mirza her first Grand Slam title in women's doubles and Hingis her tenth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2015/top-stories/Wimbledon-Sania-Mirza-Martina-Hingis-win-womens-doubles-title/articleshow/48037169.cms|title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2015 |access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714224938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2015/top-stories/Wimbledon-Sania-Mirza-Martina-Hingis-win-womens-doubles-title/articleshow/48037169.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

En route to the final, the pair did not lose a single set against any of their opponents. In the opening two rounds the duo beat unseeded opponents, [[Zarina Diyas]] and [[Zheng Saisai]] and veteran Japanese-Italian combine of [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]] and Francesca Schiavone. 16th seeded Spaniard duo of [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]] and [[Arantxa Parra Santonja]] beating them in the third round, ninth seeds Casey Dellacqua and Yaroslava Shvedova in the quarter finals, and dominated fifth seeded Kops-Jones and Spears (who beat them earlier) in the semifinals before finally overcoming Vesnina and Makarova in the marathon final. With the win Mirza and Hingis also regain the top spot in [[2015 WTA Finals|2015 Road to Singapore]] standings trading spots with Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová and became the first team to qualify for [[2015 WTA Finals|WTA Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/9471/title/sania-mirza?year=2015&tournamentExtId=all&matchType=S&playerId=9471|title=Players – WTA Tennis English|work=Women's Tennis Association|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019192041/http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/9471/title/sania-mirza?year=2015&tournamentExtId=all&matchType=S&playerId=9471|url-status=live}}</ref>

The pair reached two consecutive finals at the [[2015 Rogers Cup|Rogers Cup]] and [[2015 Western & Southern Open|Western & Southern Open]] losing out to Caroline Garcia, Katarina Srebotnik and Chan Hao-ching, Chan Yung-jan, respectively. At the [[2015 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] the pair entered the tournament as the top seed and went on to win the title defeating Casey Dellacqua and Yaroslava Shvedova in the finals. They did not lose a set throughout the fortnight defeating seeded opponents [[Michaëlla Krajicek]], Barbora Strýcová, Chan sisters, Sara Errani, Flavia Pennetta. This was the pair's second straight Grand Slam title after Wimbledon. Their undefeated run continued through the rest of the year with titles at [[Guangzhou International Women's Open]] and Premier-level tournament [[2015 Wuhan Open]], and Premier Mandatory [[2015 China Open (tennis)|China Open]] defeating Xu Shilin and You Xiaodi, [[Irina-Camelia Begu]] and [[Monica Niculescu]], Chan sisters again, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/sania-mirza-martina-hingis-claim-china-open-doubles-title/|title=Sania Mirza-Martina Hingis claim China Open doubles title|date=10 October 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033904/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/sania-mirza-martina-hingis-claim-china-open-doubles-title/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The pair then entered [[2015 WTA Finals]] as heavy favourites and the top seeds and lived up to the expectations as they did not lose a single set en route to the title at the Premier Event. This was Mirza's second straight title at the Finals and she remains undefeated at the year ending tournament. The pair of Hingis-Mirza topped their group and beat the Chan's in the semi-finals and [[Garbiñe Muguruza]] and [[Carla Suárez Navarro]] in the finals to win the title. The pair thus ended the year with a 22 match winning streak and Mirza secured the year ending No. 1 ranking and wrapped up her [[2015 WTA Tour|2015 season]] with ten WTA titles including two Grand Slams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5110522/title/hingis-mirza-storm-to-wta-finals-title|title=News – WTA Tennis English|work=Women's Tennis Association|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126235719/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5110522/title/hingis-mirza-storm-to-wta-finals-title|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sania Mirza (33075767774) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Mirza on clay court at the 2016 French Open]]
Mirza and Hingis kicked off their [[2016 WTA Tour]] in Australia by winning the tournaments in Brisbane and Sydney. In the [[2016 Australian Open|Australian Open]], they were seeded top and won the doubles title, Mirza's third Grand Slam title.

Mirza and Hingis then proceeded to the inaugural [[2016 St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy – Doubles|St. Petersburg Trophy]] and won the title there, defeating [[Vera Dushevina|Dushevina]]/[[Barbora Krejčíková|Krejčíková]] in the final. They next played at the [[2016 Qatar Total Open – Doubles|Qatar Ladies Open]], where they suffered a shock loss to [[Daria Kasatkina]]/Elena Vesnina. That loss ended Hingis and Mirza's 41 match winning streak. They then played the [[2016 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells Open]], where they played their first tournament together, and surprisingly lost their second-round match against [[Vania King]]/[[Alla Kudryavtseva]].

At the [[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]], Mirza and Hingis again lost in the second round to [[Margarita Gasparyan]] and Monica Niculescu. After losing three out of last five matches, Mirza and Hingis took a break and did not play in the [[Charleston Open]], where they were the defending champions.

Mirza and Hingis started their clay season by reaching the finals of Porsche Grand Prix and Madrid Open, where they eventually lost to Kristina Mladenovic and Caroline Garcia in both the tournaments. They, however, managed to reach and win their third consecutive clay-court final in Internazionali d'Italia, by defeating Makarova and Vesnina in the deciding tie-breaker.

===2017–2018: Split with Hingis, maternity leave===
In August 2016, Mirza and Hingis announced their mutual decision to split as a team, citing their last few under-par performances, with the [[2016 WTA Finals|2016 WTA Finals in Singapore]] being their last event together. Mirza partnered with [[Barbora Strýcová]] in late 2016 (winning two titles) and some parts of the [[2017 WTA Tour|2017 season]]. In 2017, her sole title came at [[2017 Brisbane International|Brisbane]], where she played alongside her friend Mattek-Sands. However, Mirza struggled to find a committed partner to play with in the [[2017 WTA Tour|2017 season]], which resulted in her falling out of the top 5. The last tournament she played was the [[2017 China Open (tennis)|China Open]], where she lost in the semifinals partnering Peng Shuai.

Mirza missed the first few tournaments of the [[2018 WTA Tour|2018 season]], including the [[2018 Australian Open|Australian Open]], citing a knee injury she sustained in October 2017. In early February 2018, Mirza said the same injury would keep her out of competition for a further two months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sania-mirza-to-be-off-court-plans-a-two-month-break-after-knee-injury/articleshow/62788684.cms|title=Sania Mirza to be off court, plans a two-month break after knee injury|date=5 February 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052520/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sania-mirza-to-be-off-court-plans-a-two-month-break-after-knee-injury/articleshow/62788684.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In April, Mirza announced on [[Instagram]] that she was pregnant with her first child, with husband Shoaib Malik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/mirza-expecting-first-child-shoaib-malik%20|title=Mirza expecting first child with Shoaib Malik|date=23 April 2018|work=WTA|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133916/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/mirza-expecting-first-child-shoaib-malik%20|url-status=live}}</ref> In late October, Mirza had delivered a baby boy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/mirza-gives-birth-baby-boy|title=Mirza gives birth to baby boy|date=30 October 2018|work=WTA|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170526/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/mirza-gives-birth-baby-boy|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2020: Winning return===
In late 2018, Mirza announced she hoped to return to professional tennis in time for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/mom-be-mirza-aiming-olympic-return|title=Mom-to-be Mirza aiming for Olympic return|date=7 May 2018|work=WTA|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052546/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/mom-be-mirza-aiming-olympic-return|url-status=live}}</ref> After having celebrated her son's first birthday and having spent more than two years off the professional circuit, she returned to the tour at the [[2020 Hobart International – Doubles|Hobart International]] in January 2020 playing alongside [[Nadiia Kichenok]]. The newly formed team won the tournament beating second seeds [[Peng Shuai]]/[[Zhang Shuai]] in the final. However, the team lost their first round match at the [[2020 Australian Open]] because of a calf injury suffered by Mirza.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/28543810/australian-open-sania-mirza-retires-doubles-first-round-calf-strain | title=Injured Sania retires in doubles | publisher=ESPN | date=22 January 2020 | access-date=22 February 2020 | archive-date=23 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223073157/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/28543810/australian-open-sania-mirza-retires-doubles-first-round-calf-strain | url-status=live }}</ref> She played at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] with [[Ankita Raina]], but lost to Ukrainian Pair of [[Lyudmyla Kichenok]] and [[Nadiia Kichenok]] in the first round. This was Mirza's third consecutive first round exit in women's doubles event at the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-sania-mirza-ankita-raina-knocked-out-of-doubles-tennis-in-first-round-400474|title=Tokyo Olympics: Sania Mirza, Ankita Raina knocked out of doubles tennis in first round|work=Wionews|date=11 February 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003712/https://www.wionews.com/sports/tokyo-olympics-sania-mirza-ankita-raina-knocked-out-of-doubles-tennis-in-first-round-400474|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2022: French Open third round, three WTA 1000 semifinals, back to top 25===
She reached the semifinals at the WTA 1000 [[2022 Qatar Total Open|Qatar Open]] and the [[2022 Italian Open (tennis)|Italian Open]] as well as the [[2022 French Open|French Open]] third round, partnering Lucie Hradecká.

At the [[2022 National Bank Open|Canadian Open]], she reached the quarterfinals of a WTA 1000 level partnering [[Madison Keys]] where they defeated top seeds [[Elise Mertens]] and [[Veronika Kudermetova]].<ref>{{cite web |author=priyannraj |url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2022/08/12/mirza-keys-move-into-wta-canadian-masters-qf-after-upset-of-top-seeds/ |title=Mirza/Keys move into WTA Canadian Masters QF after upset of top seeds |publisher=Indian Tennis Daily |date=12 August 2022 |accessdate=2022-08-13 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812204136/https://indiantennisdaily.com/2022/08/12/mirza-keys-move-into-wta-canadian-masters-qf-after-upset-of-top-seeds/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Next, they defeated [[Sofia Kenin]] and [[Yulia Putintseva]] to reach the semifinals.

===2023: Retirement===
On 7 January, she announced she would retire after her last tournament at the Dubai Championships, in February.<ref name="O.C"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/35396439/sania-mirza-confirms-retirement-last-tournament-dubai-wta-1000-february |title=Sania Mirza confirms retirement, to play last tournament in February |date=7 January 2023 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114100139/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/35396439/sania-mirza-confirms-retirement-last-tournament-dubai-wta-1000-february |url-status=live }}</ref> Mirza started the season at [[2023 Adelaide International 2 – Women's doubles|Adelaide International]] with [[Anna Danilina]] where they lost to top seeds [[Storm Hunter]] and [[Barbora Krejčíková]] in three sets.

At the [[2023 Australian Open – Women's doubles|Australian Open]], she and Danilina entered as the eighth seeds. They defeated [[Bernarda Pera]] and [[Dalma Gálfi]] in first round in straight sets but they lost in the second to [[Anhelina Kalinina]] and [[Alison Van Uytvanck]] in three sets. The second-round match became Mirza's last women's doubles match at a major. In the [[2023 Australian Open - Mixed doubles|mixed doubles]], partnering with [[Rohan Bopanna]], Mirza advanced to the final.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Gill |title=Partners in opposition in AO 2023 mixed doubles |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/partners-opposition-ao-2023-mixed-doubles |website=ausopen.com |access-date=25 January 2023 |language=en |date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/australian-open-lookahead-djokovic-faces-paul-in-semifinals |title=Australian Open lookahead: Djokovic faces Paul in semifinals- Sania Mirza confirms retirement, to play last tournament in February |work=www.tennis.com |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>

At [[2023 Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]], she partnered Madison Keys for the last tournament of her career.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/sania-mirza-20-of-the-indian-trailblazers-biggest-achievements-retirement-dubai |title=Sania Mirza: 20 of the Indian trailblazer's most incredible career achievements |work=www.tennis.com |date=20 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/sania-mirza-ends-career-with-first-round-defeat-in-dubai/articleshow/98129125.cms |title=Sania Mirza ends career with first round defeat in Dubai |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>

==Playing style==
Mirza is an [[Tennis strategy|offensive baseliner]] with very powerful [[groundstroke]] and is known for setting up good attacks with the sheer velocity of her groundstrokes. Her main strength is her [[forehand]], as well as her volleying skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsrediscovered.com/2011/analysis-sanias-third-grand-slam-win|title=Analysis of Sania's Third Grand Slam Win|work=Sports Rediscovered|date=5 September 2014 |access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110022218/http://sportsrediscovered.com/2011/analysis-sanias-third-grand-slam-win|url-status=live}}</ref> Her power game has drawn comparisons to Romanian legend [[Ilie Năstase]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saniamirza.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=49|title=Saniamirza.com|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712225839/http://www.saniamirza.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=49|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also a great returner of serve finding many return winners during matches. Mirza goes for winners, which means she goes for many angles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ninarota.com/tennis/sania-mirzas-fiery-forehand/|title=Sania Mirza's Fiery Forehand|work=ninarota.com|date=10 August 2007 |access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109224459/http://ninarota.com/tennis/sania-mirzas-fiery-forehand/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mirza has said that "There's no doubt that my forehand and backhand can match anyone, it's about the place that they're put in. I can hit the ball as hard as anyone can". "I'm not that fast on my feet", she added as her most evident weakness is her movement around the court, where Mirza usually struggles moving up and around the court. Mirza's second serve and relatively poor mobility are often quoted as her big weaknesses. But by 2012, a series of injuries had effectively ended her singles career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1176088|title=Sania Mirza: The forehand that brought Indian tennis back to life|author=Keshava Guha|date=15 April 2015|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=9 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809051718/http://www.dawn.com/news/1176088|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Arjuna Award]] (2004)<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=April 13, 2015|title=Sania Mirza ranks World No. 1: Interesting facts you must know about her|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sania-mirza-ranks-world-no.-1-248322-2015-04-13|access-date=2021-07-19|magazine=India Today|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150811/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sania-mirza-ranks-world-no.-1-248322-2015-04-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[WTA Awards|WTA Newcomer of the Year]] (2005)
* [[Padma Shri]] (2006)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Khel Ratna Award]] (2015)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-for-saniamirza/ | location=Hyderabad, India | work=TNP LIVE | title=Telangana brand ambassador Makes india Proud | date=11 August 2015 | access-date=11 August 2015 | archive-date=12 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812054827/http://www.telangananewspaper.com/rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-for-saniamirza/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=August 29, 2015|title=Sania Mirza conferred with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/sania-mirza-conferred-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-290878-2015-08-29|access-date=2021-07-19|magazine=India Today|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150809/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/sania-mirza-conferred-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-290878-2015-08-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dhyan Chand Award: Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award renamed Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-renamed-major-dhyan-chand-khel-ratna-award/articleshow/85093875.cms |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807011925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-renamed-major-dhyan-chand-khel-ratna-award/articleshow/85093875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* BBC list of [[100 Women (BBC)|100 inspiring women]] (2015)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-34745739|title=BBC 100 Women 2015: Who is on the list?|date=17 November 2015|publisher=BBC News|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073712/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-34745739|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (2016)<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=April 12, 2016|title=Humbled, says Sania Mirza after accepting Padma Bhushan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tennis/story/humbled-says-sania-mirza-after-accepting-padma-bhushan-317595-2016-04-12|access-date=2021-07-19|magazine=India Today|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150810/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tennis/story/humbled-says-sania-mirza-after-accepting-padma-bhushan-317595-2016-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
* NRI of the Year (2016)<ref>{{cite web|title=Aishwarya wins Global Indian of the Year award|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/aishwarya-wins-global-indian-of-the-year-award-588688-2016-04-12|access-date=2021-07-19|website=India Today|date=12 April 2016 |archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150809/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/pti-feed/story/aishwarya-wins-global-indian-of-the-year-award-588688-2016-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]] - Super Glam Sports Star of the Year (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411065217/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the year 2014, the government of [[Telangana]] appointed Mirza as the brand ambassador of the state. Telangana Chief Minister K. Chandrashekhar Rao congratulated Sania Mirza on her being awarded Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indtoday.com/kcr-congratulated-sania-mirza-on-her-being-awarded-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-indtoday-com/|title=KCR congratulated Sania Mirza on her being awarded Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award – indtoday.com – INDToday|work=indtoday.com|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018212900/http://indtoday.com/kcr-congratulated-sania-mirza-on-her-being-awarded-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-indtoday-com/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was named in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'s}} 2016 list of [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]].<ref name="Time"/>

==Personal life==
In 2009, Mirza got engaged to Sohrab Mirza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-11 |title=Sania Mirza's engagement called off |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirzas-engagement-called-off/articleshow/5506727.cms |access-date=2022-11-10 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-28/top-stories/28138200_1_sania-mirza-engagement-friends |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the engagement was called off shortly after.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sania-Mirzas-engagement-called-off/articleshow/5506727.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-28/top-stories/28138200_1_sania-mirza-engagement-friends|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title= Sania Mirza's engagement called off|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>

On 12 April 2010, she married Pakistani cricketer [[Shoaib Malik]] in a traditional [[Marriage in Islam|Hyderabadi Muslim wedding ceremony]] at the Taj Krishna Hotel in [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Telangana]], India; followed by [[Marriage in Pakistan|Pakistani]] [[Punjabi wedding traditions|Punjabi wedding customs]] for a [[mahr]] of {{INR}} 6.1 million (US$137,500).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todaynews.in/national/shoaib-malik-finally-married-with-sania-mirza-on-12-apr-62985.html|title=Shoaib Malik finally married with Sania Mirza on 12 Apr|date=14 April 2020|publisher=Today News|access-date=13 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416155151/http://www.todaynews.in/national/shoaib-malik-finally-married-with-sania-mirza-on-12-apr-62985.html|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article7095764.ece | title=Shoaib Malik and Sania Mirza wed after controversial engagement | access-date=13 April 2010 | location=London | work=The Times | first=Jeremy | last=Page | date=13 April 2010 | archive-date=20 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720223504/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Their [[Walima]] ceremony was held in [[Sialkot|Sialkot, Punjab]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/9062/shoania-valima-reception-held/|title=Shoania valima reception held|date=26 April 2010|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121200135/https://tribune.com.pk/story/9062/shoania-valima-reception-held/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The couple announced their first pregnancy on social media on 23 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/sania-mirza-pregnant-child-shoaib-malik-5148548/|title=Sania Mirza announces pregnancy on Twitter|date=23 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232416/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/sania-mirza-pregnant-child-shoaib-malik-5148548/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bh6U0QpgLGs/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/mirzasaniar/1763813756288151980 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |url-access=subscription|title=Sania Mirza on Instagram, BabyMirzaMalik|website=Instagram|access-date=23 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In October 2018, Malik announced on [[Twitter]] that Mirza had delivered a baby boy and named him Izhaan Mirza Malik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sania-mirza-shoaib-malik-baby-boy-name-1378756-2018-10-30|title=Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik decide name of their baby boy|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181915/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sania-mirza-shoaib-malik-baby-boy-name-1378756-2018-10-30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/sania-mirza-delivers-a-healthy-baby-boy-excited-father-shoaib-malik-expresses-joy-on-twitter-435765.html|title=Sania Mirza Delivers A Healthy Baby Boy, Excited Father Shoaib Malik Expresses Joy on Twitter|publisher=LatestLY|date=30 October 2018|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131225/https://www.latestly.com/sports/sania-mirza-delivers-a-healthy-baby-boy-excited-father-shoaib-malik-expresses-joy-on-twitter-435765.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportswallah.com/tennis/news/sania-mirza-and-shoaib-malik-welcome-baby-mirza-malik/|title=Wishes pour in as Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik welcome 'Baby Mirza Malik'|publisher=SportsWallah|date=30 October 2018|access-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131241/https://www.sportswallah.com/tennis/news/sania-mirza-and-shoaib-malik-welcome-baby-mirza-malik/|archive-date=30 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indtoday.com/sania-mirza-welcomes-her-baby-boy/ |title=Sania Mirza Welcomes Her Baby Boy |date=30 October 2018 |website=IndToday.com |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131244/https://indtoday.com/sania-mirza-welcomes-her-baby-boy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2024 Mirza's family announced that the couple had divorced some months prior.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=Separated Some Months Ago: Anam Mirza Confirms Sister Sania Mirza's Divorce With Shoaib Malik - The Hills Times |work=The Hills Times |url=https://thehillstimes.in/entertainment/separated-some-months-ago-anam-mirza-confirms-sister-sania-mirzas-divorce-with-shoaib-malik |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Off the court==
In 2014, Mirza was the [[brand ambassador]] for the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]] to promote the interests of the then newly created state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sania-mirza-is-telangana-brand-ambassador-201319-2014-07-22|title=indtoday|date=22 July 2014 |access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120072419/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sania-mirza-is-telangana-brand-ambassador-201319-2014-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza has established a tennis academy in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desiblitz.com/content/sania-mirza-star-indian-tennis|title=Sania Mirza ~ The Glamorous Star of Indian Tennis|work=DESIblitz|date=14 April 2015|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704120521/http://www.desiblitz.com/content/sania-mirza-star-indian-tennis|url-status=live}}</ref> Former world No. 1s and multiple Grand Slam winners [[Cara Black]] and [[Martina Navratilova]] have both visited the academy on different occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/sports/sania-mirza-made-good-team-says-tennis-legend-martina-navratilova-2345542.html|title=Sania Mirza and I would have made a good team too, says tennis legend Martina Navratilova|work=Firstpost|date=16 July 2015|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721181317/http://m.firstpost.com/sports/sania-mirza-made-good-team-says-tennis-legend-martina-navratilova-2345542.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza was announced the [[UN Women Goodwill Ambassador]] for South Asia. She is the first South Asian woman to be appointed as a Goodwill Ambassador in the organization's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2014/11/sania-mirza-un-women-goodwill-ambassador-for-south-asia|title=Sania Mirza announced as UN Women Goodwill Ambassador for South Asia|work=headQuarters|date=25 November 2014 |access-date=2 December 2014|archive-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112040623/http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2014/11/sania-mirza-un-women-goodwill-ambassador-for-south-asia|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Controversies==
[[File:Sania Mirza, Mahesh Bhupathi, Bipasha Basu at the NDTV Marks for Sports event 08 (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px| Mirza (here with Bhupathi) accused the [[All India Tennis Association]] (AITA) of using her as 'bait' in [[Leander Paes|Paes]]–[[Mahesh Bhupathi|Bhupathi]] 2012 Olympics controversy.]]

In September 2005, a [[fatwa]] against Mirza was issued by a cleric named Haseeb-ul-hasan Siddiqui of the Sunni Ulema Board. The fatwa said that her attire on the tennis court and billboard advertisements were un-Islamic.<ref name=FatwaTennis>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/10/india.randeepramesh|title=Fatwa orders Indian tennis star to cover up|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Guardian (UK)]]|date=10 September 2005}}</ref> Mirza later decided to hire bodyguards.<ref name=MostWanted>{{cite news|title=India's most wanted|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/feb/05/features.india|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=[[The Guardian (UK)]]|date=5 February 2006}}</ref>

In 2006, some newspapers reported that Mirza declined to play doubles with Israeli tennis player [[Shahar Pe'er]] for fear of protests from India's Muslim community.<ref name="ynet">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3217231,00.html |title=Sania Mirza Indian tennis star refuses to play with Israeli |newspaper=Ynetnews |access-date=27 April 2007 |year=2006 |last1=Sagy |first1=Miki |archive-date=22 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422172427/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3217231,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 February 2008, Mirza said that she would stop appearing in tennis tournaments held in India, starting with the [[2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open|2008 Bangalore Open]] the following month, citing the series of controversies and upon advice by her manager.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mirza boycotts Indian tournaments |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7227094.stm |access-date=2 April 2008 |date=4 February 2008 |archive-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208185643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7227094.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> But Mirza chose to participate at the [[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=In women's tennis, it's anyone's game: Sania - Rediff Sports |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/slide-show/slide-show-1-cwg-2010-delhi-in-womens-tennis-it-anyones-game-sania/20101002.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Sania Mirza? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-sania-mirza-487312 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sania eyes Commonwealth medal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/Sania-eyes-Commonwealth-medal/article16371245.ece |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=20 April 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

After both [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] and [[Rohan Bopanna]] refused to play in the men's doubles event at the 2012 Olympics with [[Leander Paes]], Paes demanded that he be partnered with Mirza for the mixed doubles event. Mirza accused the [[All India Tennis Association]] (AITA) of using her as 'bait' to keep Paes happy as she wanted to play with Bhupathi, with whom she has won 2 grand slams. In the end, Mirza was paired with Paes and the pair lost in the quarterfinals of the mixed doubles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/sania-mirza-humiliating-to-be-used-as-bait-for-paes/articleshow/14418170.cms|title=Sania Mirza: Humiliating to be used as bait for Paes|work=The Times of India|date=27 June 2012 |access-date=29 August 2012|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124092314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Sania-Mirza-Humiliating-to-be-used-as-bait-for-Paes/articleshow/14418170.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza, along with [[Sunitha Rao]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/slipshod-india-cuts-a-sorry-figure-in-olympic-opening-ceremony/70713-5.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730005212/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/slipshod-india-cuts-a-sorry-figure-in-olympic-opening-ceremony/70713-5.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-07-30|title=Slipshod India cuts a sorry figure in Olympic opening ceremony|work=IBNLive}}</ref> was photographed violating the dress code at Beijing Olympic Opening Ceremony parade in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hprakesh10.wordpress.com/tag/indian-olympics-sushil-kumar/|title=Indian Olympics Sushil Kumar – A blog by Rakesh HP|work=wordpress.com|date=29 July 2012 |access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812174338/https://hprakesh10.wordpress.com/tag/indian-olympics-sushil-kumar/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, Mirza reaffirmed loyalty to the land of her birth—"To see the national flag go up while standing on the podium is the proudest moment in an athlete's life and I will want to experience that for myself in London."<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Ill-play-with-anyone-for-my-country-Sania-Mirza/articleshow/14740066.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news/32588214_1_olympic-medal-doubles-wimbledon | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] |title=I'll play with anyone for my country: Sania Mirza |date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

Mirza was referred to as "Pakistan's daughter-in-law" and unfit to be a representative of an Indian state after she was appointed the [[Telangana]] state's [[brand ambassador]]. The comment referred to Mirza's husband, [[Shoaib Malik]], being a Pakistani cricketer.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistans-daughter-in-law-Sania-Mirza-lacks-credentials-to-be-Telangana-brand-ambassador-BJP/articleshow/38965740.cms | title=Pakistan's 'daughter-in-law' Sania Mirza lacks credentials to be Telangana brand ambassador: BJP | date=7 September 2014 | access-date=7 September 2014 | archive-date=9 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909141759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistans-daughter-in-law-Sania-Mirza-lacks-credentials-to-be-Telangana-brand-ambassador-BJP/articleshow/38965740.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Telangana chief minister [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] presented Mirza with {{INR}}1 [[crore]] on two occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sania-mirza-nets-rs-2-crore-in-2-months-from-telangana-government/15595168|title=Sania Mirza nets Rs 2 crore in 2 months from Telangana government|date=15 September 2014|work=mid-day|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711141224/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sania-mirza-nets-rs-2-crore-in-2-months-from-telangana-government/15595168|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Basu |first1=Suromitro |url=https://www.saddahaq.com/theotherside-ktr-responds-to-saina-nehwals-unpaid-prize-money-tweet|title=TheOtherSide : KTR responds to Saina Nehwal's unpaid prize money|work=SaddaHaq |access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001180147/https://www.saddahaq.com/theotherside-ktr-responds-to-saina-nehwals-unpaid-prize-money-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref>
She was summoned by the tax department for non-payment of service tax on the payment received, however she responded that the {{INR}}1 crore given was training incentive, and not towards becoming state's brand ambassador.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/no-tax-evasion-telangana-government-gave-rs-1-crore-as-incentive-sania-mirza/articleshow/57200279.cms?from=mdr| title=No tax evasion, Telangana government gave Rs 1 crore as incentive: Sania Mirza| date=17 February 2017| accessdate=14 August 2021| website=economictimes.indiatimes.com| archive-date=14 August 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814092716/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/no-tax-evasion-telangana-government-gave-rs-1-crore-as-incentive-sania-mirza/articleshow/57200279.cms?from=mdr| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{main|Sania Mirza career statistics}}

===Grand Slam performance timelines===
{{performance key}}

====Women's doubles====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
|-
!Tournament!![[2004 WTA Tour|2004]]!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2008 WTA Tour|2008]]!![[2009 WTA Tour|2009]]!![[2010 WTA Tour|2010]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!![[2012 WTA Tour|2012]]!![[2013 WTA Tour|2013]]!![[2014 WTA Tour|2014]]!![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]]!![[2016 WTA Tour|2016]]!![[2017 WTA Tour|2017]]!!...!![[2020 WTA Tour|2020]]!![[2021 WTA Tour|2021]]!![[2022 WTA Tour|2022]]!![[2023 WTA Tour|2023]]!!SR!!W–L
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 Australian Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2008 Australian Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2009 Australian Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2010 Australian Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2011 Australian Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 Australian Open – Women's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2013 Australian Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2014 Australian Open – Women's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2015 Australian Open – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:lime;"|'''[[2016 Australian Open – Women's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2017 Australian Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
|
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2020 Australian Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2022 Australian Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2023 Australian Open – Women's doubles|2R]]
|1 / 15
|23–14
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[French Open]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 French Open – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 French Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 French Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2009 French Open – Women's doubles|2R]]
|A
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2011 French Open – Women's doubles|F]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2012 French Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2013 French Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2014 French Open – Women's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2015 French Open – Women's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2016 French Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2017 French Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
|
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2022 French Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
|A
|0 / 12
|19–11
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:lime;"|'''[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|3R]]
|
| style="color:#767676" |NH
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|1R]]
|A
|1 / 15
|29–13
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 US Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 US Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2007 US Open – Women's doubles|QF]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2009 US Open – Women's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2010 US Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2011 US Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2012 US Open – Women's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2013 US Open – Women's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2014 US Open – Women's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:lime;"|'''[[2015 US Open – Women's doubles|W]]'''
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2016 US Open – Women's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2017 US Open – Women's doubles|SF]]
|
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2021 US Open – Women's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|1 / 13
|31–12
|- style=background:#efefef;font-weight:bold
| style="text-align:left" |Win–loss
|0–0
|1–3
|5–4
|7–4
|5–2
|3–4
|3–3
|11–4
|8–4
|8–4
|11–4
|16–2
|14–3
|8–4
|
|0–1
|1–2
|2–3
|1–1
|3 / 55
|104–52
|}

====Mixed doubles====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!Tournament!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2008 WTA Tour|2008]]!![[2009 WTA Tour|2009]]!![[2010 WTA Tour|2010]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!![[2012 WTA Tour|2012]]!![[2013 WTA Tour|2013]]!![[2014 WTA Tour|2014]]!![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]]!![[2016 WTA Tour|2016]]!![[2017 WTA Tour|2017]]!!...!![[2021 WTA Tour|2021]]!![[2022 WTA Tour|2022]]!![[2023 WTA Tour|2023]]!!SR!!W–L
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|W]]'''
|A
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2014 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2015 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2016 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2017 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2022 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2023 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|1 / 12
|32–11
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|1 / 11
|17–10
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|A
|0 / 14
|28–14
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2014 US Open – Mixed doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|1 / 11
|14–10
|- style=background:#efefef;font-weight:bold
| style="text-align:left" |Win–loss
|0–0
|1–3
|5–4
|7–4
|6–3
|2–3
|3–3
|11–4
|8–4
|8–4
|11–4
|16–2
|14–3
|
|2–2
|6–3
|3–1
|3 / 48
|91–45
|}

===Grand Slam finals===
====Doubles: 4 (3 titles, 1 runner-up)====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:130px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:150px"|Partner
!style="width:150px"|Opponents
!style="width:120px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2011 French Open – Women's doubles|2011]]
| style="background:#ebc2af;"|[[French Open]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]]
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Andrea Hlaváčková]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Hradecká]]
| 4–6, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles|2015]]
| style="background:#cfc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
| Grass
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ekaterina Makarova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} Elena Vesnina
| 5–7, 7–6(4), 7–5
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2015 US Open – Women's doubles|2015]]
| style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|SUI}} Martina Hingis
| {{unbulleted list|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Casey Dellacqua]]|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yaroslava Shvedova]]}}
| 6–3, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2016||style="background:#ffffcc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|SUI}} Martina Hingis||{{flagicon|CZE}} Andrea Hlaváčková {{flagicon|CZE}} Lucie Hradecká|| 7–6(1), 6–3
|}

====Mixed doubles: 8 (3 titles, 5 runner-ups)====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:130px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:155px"|Partner
!style="width:155px"|Opponents
!style="width:120px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2008 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2008]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|[[Australian Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]] {{flagicon|SRB|2004}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
| 6–7(4), 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2009]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nathalie Dechy]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]]
| 6–3, 6–1
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|2012]]
| style="background:#ebc2af;"|[[French Open]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Klaudia Jans-Ignacik]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]]
| 7–6(3), 6–1
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2014 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2014]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
| 3–6, 2–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[2014 US Open (tennis)|2014]]
| style="background:#ccf;"|US Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Abigail Spears]] {{flagicon|MEX}} Santiago González
| 6–1, 2–6, [11–9]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|2016]]
| style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open
| Clay
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]]
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]
| 6–4, 4–6, [8–10]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2017 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2017]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig
| {{flagicon|USA}} Abigail Spears {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]]
| 2–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2023 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2023]]
| style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Matos]]
| 6–7(2–7), 2–6
|}

== Autobiography ==
{{Main|Ace Against Odds}}
In July 2016, Mirza published an autobiography titled ''Ace Against Odds'' chronicling her journey to the top. The book also lists some of her memorable encounters on and off the court and talks about the people and relationships that have contributed to Mirza's growth as a person and a sportsperson.

==See also==
* [[Muslim women in sport]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sania Mirza}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Subject bar
|commons =
|d =
|q =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Tennis
|portal3 = India
}}
* {{WTA}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Fed Cup player}}
* {{ESPN Tennis}}
* {{Olympics.com |oc_archive=20201205000026 |org_archive=20210124154938}}
* {{Olympedia}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[WTA Newcomer of the Year]]
| years = 2005
| before = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Tatiana Golovin]]
| after = {{flagicon|POL}} [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[WTA Doubles Team of the Year]] (with {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]])
| years = 2015
| before = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] & {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberta Vinci]]
| after = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Caroline Garcia]] & {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[ITF World Champions#Women's doubles|ITF Doubles World Champion]] (with {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]])
| years = 2015
| before = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sara Errani]] & {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberta Vinci]]
| after = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Caroline Garcia]] & {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]]
| years = 2015
| before = [[Ronjan Sodhi]]
| after = [[P. V. Sindhu]], [[Dipa Karmakar]], [[Jitu Rai]], and [[Sakshi Malik]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Navboxes|list1={{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–2019}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Wimbledon girls' doubles champions}}
{{Wimbledon women's doubles champions}}
{{Australian Open women's doubles champions}}
{{Australian Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{French Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{US Open women's doubles champions}}
{{US Open mixed doubles champions}}
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Kangra district

2026-03-16T14:05:34Z

Ahmjit: refined references additionally and added references

{{short description|District in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the district in India|its namesake municipality|Kangra, Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kangra district
| native_name =
| other_name = Nagarkot, Trigarta
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Shiva Temple of Baijnath ,Himachal Pradesh ,India 10.jpg
|photo1b = McLeod Ganj from the Dalai Lama Temple (6466149411).jpg
|photo2a = Beautiful evening at Triund (16285399662).jpg
|photo2b = Ranjit Singh Gate, Kangra Fort 06.JPG
|photo3a = Full view of Masroor temple.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Baijnath Temple|Baijnath]] Shiva temple, [[McLeod Ganj]] from Dalai Lama temple, Ranjit Singh Gate, [[Kangra Fort]], [[Masrur Temples]], View of [[Dhauladhar|Dhauladhar Range]] from [[Triund]]
| image_map = Kangra in Himachal Pradesh (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|32|13|0|N|76|19|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]], Part of
| subdivision_name2 = Kangra
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]s
| subdivision_name3 = {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|[[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]|[[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur]]|[[Jawali, Himachal Pradesh|Jawali]]|[[Indora]]|[[Dera Gopipur|Dehra]]|Shahpur|[[Baroh]]|Khundian|[[Jaswan]]|[[Rakkar]]|[[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]|[[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]]|[[Jaisinghpur]]|[[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]|[[Palampur]]}}
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha |Lok Sabha Constituency]], part of
| leader_name = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; 
|title=[[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
|1= [[Nurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nurpur]]
|2= [[Indora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indora]]
|3= [[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]]
|4= [[Jawali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jawali]]
|5= [[Jawalamukhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jawalamukhi]]
|6= [[Jaisinghpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaisinghpur]]
|7= [[Sullah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sullah]]
|8= [[Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
|9= [[Kangra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
|10= [[Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
|11= [[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala]]
|12= [[Palampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palampur]]
|13= [[Baijnath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baijnath]]
}} {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; 
|title=[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|1= [[Dehra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehra]]
|2= [[Jaswan-Pragpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaswan-Pragpur]]
}}
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name1 = [[Rajeev Bhardwaj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5112|title = Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name2 = Nipun jindal, IAS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/deputy-commissioner-kangra-himachal-pradesh/|title=Deputy Commissioner Kangra, Himachal Pradesh | District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214912/https://hpkangra.nic.in/deputy-commissioner-kangra-himachal-pradesh/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kangri language|Kangri]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| leader_name3 = Vimukt Ranjan, IPS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|title=Who's Who | District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215437/https://hpkangra.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 5739
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_min_m = 500
| elevation_max_m = 5930
| elevation_max_point = [[Hanuman Tibba]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.himalayadestination.com/expedition/hanuman-tibba-climbing-expedition|title=Hanuman Tibba Climbing Expedition (19450 Ft.)|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214945/http://www.himalayadestination.com/expedition/hanuman-tibba-climbing-expedition|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = 1,510,075
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 263
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]- 68(RTO), {{center|01/ 02D(Taxi)}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|ETh]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| website = {{URL|hpkangra.nic.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Gender ratio
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1012 females/1000 males
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy rate
| blank3_info_sec1 = 85.67%
| blank5_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha Constituencies
| blank5_info_sec1 = 15{{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|[[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur]]|[[Indora]] (SC)|[[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]]|[[Jawali, Himachal Pradesh|Jawali]]|Dehra|[[Jaswan]]-[[Pragpur]]|[[Jawalamukhi]]|[[Jaisinghpur]] (SC)|[[Sullah (village)|Sullah]]|[[Nagrota]]|[[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]|Shahpur|[[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]|[[Palampur]]|[[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]] (SC)}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|32|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|20|°C|°F}}
}}
'''Kangra district''' is the most populous<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in | archive-date = 11 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224943/http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | url-status = live }}</ref> [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] is the administrative headquarters of the district.

==History==
{{see also|History of the Punjab|Kangra Fort}}
Kangra is known for having one of the oldest serving Royal Dynasty in the world, the [[Katoch]] of the [[Kangra State]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s348aedb8880cab8c45637abc7493ecddd/uploads/2018/03/2018032983.pdf |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra district (1883-1884) |page=48}}</ref> In 1758, Raja Ghamand Chand was appointed ''nazim'' or governor of Jullundur Doab under the Afghans. Ghamand Chand was a brave and strong ruler who restored the prestige of Kangra. As he was unable to capture [[Kangra Fort]], he built another fort at Tira Sujanpur on the left bank of the [[Beas River|Beas]], almost opposite to Alampur on a hill overlooking the town. He died in 1774 and was succeeded by his son, Tegh Chand, who died too soon in 1775.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://himachalpradeshtravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/History-of-Kangra.pdf |title=Kangra from the Pages of History |website=himachalpradeshtravel.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701145502/http://himachalpradeshtravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/History-of-Kangra.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ghamand Chand's grandson, Raja [[Sansar Chand]] (r. 1775–1823) established the supremacy of Kangra over all the surrounding hill states. During his reign, Kangra became a major centre for the arts and several palaces were built.<ref name=Parry>{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Jonathan P. |title=Caste and Kinship in Kangra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MabdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |page=11 |isbn=978-1-136-54585-6}}</ref>

In 1805, the neighbouring hill states rebelled, with the aid of the [[Gurkha]] army. Raja Sansar Chand was forced to seek the help of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]. The Gurkha army was expelled but Ranjit Singh also annexed the most fertile part of the Kangra valley, reducing the Katochs of Kangra as well as the neighbouring rajas to the status of vassals.<ref name=Parry/> Kangra was annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire in 1810.

Kangra became a district of [[British India]] in 1846, when it was ceded to British India at the conclusion of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Abhijit |url=https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/bardhan/e271_sp03/2_18.pdf |title=History, Institutions and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India (BREAD Working Paper No. 003) |last2=Iyer |first2=Lakshmi |date=January 2003 |publisher=Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development |pages=39 |chapter=Appendix Table 1: Districts of British India, With Dates and Mode of Acquisition by the British}}</ref> The British district included the present-day districts of Kangra, [[Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Kullu District|Kullu]], and [[Lahul and Spiti]]. Kangra District was part of the British province of [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]]. The administrative headquarters of the district were initially at Kangra, but were moved to [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] in 1855.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_386.gif Kangra District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510040509/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_386.gif |date=10 May 2021 }} ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', v. 14, p. 380.</ref><ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_307.gif Dharamshala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135425/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_307.gif |date=14 April 2021 }} ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', v. 11, p. 301.</ref>

=== In Jainism ===
Kangra was once an important center of [[Jainism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Ganesh |title=Jainism in India |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001667/71}}</ref> According to a local legend, ''King Suśarmācandra'', after hearing the importance of [[Shatrunjaya|Mount Shatrunjaya]], took a vow to not eat or drink anything until he pays homage to [[Rishabhanatha]] at [[Palitana temples]]. Pleased by his devotion and to save him from starvation, demigoddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] created a temple of Rishabhanatha at the king's fort. After paying homage to the idol, the king broke his fast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2024 |title=Iconographic distinctiveness and sacred veneration: Exploring some of the ancient pratimās of Jina Śrī Ṛṣabhadeva |url=https://www.storiesbyarpit.com/2024/12/iconographic-distinctiveness-and-sacred.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Within the premises of [[Kangra Fort]] lies an idol of [[Rishabhanatha]]. The inscription on the pedestal of the idol is in ''Śāradā'' script. It mentions that the idol was consecrated by [[Śvetāmbara]] monk ''Amalacandra'', a disciple of ''Ācārya Abhaycandra'' of the ''Rājakula Gachha'' in 854 CE.<ref name=":0" /> The granite idol of Rishabhanatha is seated in [[Padmāsana|Padmāsana posture]]. An icon of bull carved on its pedestal indicates that the idol is of Rishabhanatha. However, another important trait of this idol is that it does not feature a waistband and a waistcloth, as most commonly found in Śvetāmbara icons of [[Tirthankara]]s after [[Bappabhattisuri]]'s era.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Dhaky |first=M.A. |title=Vadikavi Bappabhatta Suri |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/249313/3}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ranka |first=Rishabhdas |title=Mahavira and his Teaching |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008019/290 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> Locks of hair carved on both sides of the head of the idol as well as an inscription from 854 CE, however, make it clear that the idol and the temple is of the Śvetāmbara sect of [[Jainism]] as noted by archaeologist [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=Understanding the Iconography of Digambar and Shwetambar Idols |url=https://www.storiesbyarpit.com/2024/06/understanding-iconography-of-digambar.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Once a thriving Jaina center, it soon went unnoticed after migration of Jainas out of the town. The idol of Rishabhanatha was found in the ''Indreśvara Temple''. Later on, efforts to reinstall the idol were made by Śvetāmbara Jaina nun ''Mrugavati'', a disciple of ''[[Vallabhsuri|Ācārya Vijayavallabhsuri]]''. In 1978, the idol was installed in an independent shrine within Kangra Fort. Currently, the idol is under the care of the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]], but Jainas are given the right to worship the idol.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Publication |first=Jain Bhawan |title=Jain Journal 1969 04 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/520014/89}}</ref>
[[File:Śvetāmbara_Idol_of_Rishabhanatha_at_Kangra_Fort.jpg|thumb|Idol of Rishabhanatha decorated with flowers and ornaments as per Śvetāmbara rituals]]
Dr. K. N. Sitaram, on his tour to Kangra Valley in 1930, discovered numerous remains of Jaina idols and temples. He also noted that several Jaina idols and temples were appropriated by the [[Hindus]] under different names of [[Hindu deities]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1916, ''Muni Jinavijaya'' published ''Vijnaptitriveni,'' which is a detailed report about the author's pilgrimage to Nagarkot and Kangra. It explains the journey of pilgrims from ''Faridpur'' to ''Nagarkot''. It also highlights that the pilgrims return from ''Nagarkot'' to ''Faridpur'' through another route. It also describes a war between ''Yasoratha'', a ''Khokhar'' chief and ''Sikandara'', a Muslim ruler.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Publication |first=Jain Bhawan |title=Jain Journal 1969 04 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/520014/90}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,78,364|13=1911|14=4,69,046|15=1921|16=4,69,251|17=1931|18=4,94,658|19=1941|20=5,63,163|21=1951|22=5,70,643|23=1961|24=6,57,232|25=1971|26=8,00,863|27=1981|28=9,90,758|29=1991|30=11,74,072|31=2001|32=13,39,030|33=2011|34=15,10,075|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010234955/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|align=left}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Kangra district had a population of 1,510,075. The district has a population density of {{convert|263|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.77%. 5.71% of the population lives in urban areas. Kangra district has a sex ratio of 1012 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 85.67%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 21.15% and 5.60% of the population respectively.<ref name="2011CensusHandbook"/>{{rp|18}}

'''District highlights of 2011 Census'''<ref name="2011CensusHandbook">{{cite web|year=2011|title=District Census Handbook: Kangra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/472/download/1536/DH_2011_0202_PART_A_DCHB_KANGRA.pdf|access-date=|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125190423/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/472/download/1536/DH_2011_0202_PART_A_DCHB_KANGRA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kangra district has the highest number of 3,869 villages among the 12 district of the state.
* Kangra district stands 1st position in terms of its working force having total workers of 675,170 persons against 3,559,422 working persons of the state.
* Kangra district occupies 1st rank among the districts of the state in terms of literate population. It has a literate population of 1,152,640 persons.
* The economy of Kangra district is mainly depends on agriculture. It has returned 303,007 persons as cultivators and holds the 2nd position among the districts of the state
* All the inhabited villages of the district enjoy the facility of electricity and potable drinking water.
* Kangra district is also known for its attractive tourist destinations. [[Dharamsala]], [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Palampur]], [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]], [[Jawalamukhi]] and [[Masroor]] are the famous places of tourist interest in the district. McLeodganj in Dharamsala is a seat of the Dalai Lama has become a place of international fame since 1966.
* Central University of Himachal Pradesh at Dharamsala in Kangra district was established on 20 March 2009 under the Central University Act 2009(No.25 of 2009) of Indian Parliament.

The native people are the [[Kangri people]] and the native language is [[Kangri language|Kangri]], which is very similar to [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. The majority of the people are [[Hindu]], although many [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] and others who follow [[Buddhism]] have also settled here recently. There are also other minorities such as Sikhs, Muslims, and Christians.

Jhamakda is a folk dance of Kangra. It is exclusively performed by women. It features percussion instruments and songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=himachalpradeshtravel.com |url=http://himachalpradeshtravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/History-of-Kangra.pdf |website=Kangra’s from the Pages of History |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701145502/http://himachalpradeshtravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/History-of-Kangra.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kangra district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh|Buddhism]]|yellow|0.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.59}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.42}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in Kangra District
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Himachal Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11375/download/14488/DDW02C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=25 November 2022|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125182946/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11375/download/14488/DDW02C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 1,461,140
| {{Percentage | 1461140 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 19,797
| {{Percentage | 19797 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 14,511
| {{Percentage | 14511 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 8,929
| {{Percentage | 8929 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 3,023
| {{Percentage | 3023 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 194
| {{Percentage | 194 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|-
| Others
| 2,481
| {{Percentage | 2481 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|-
!Total Population
!1,510,075
!{{Percentage | 1510075 | 1510075 | 2 }}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Kangra District ([[British Punjab province]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881A">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14 |last1=Edward Maclagan |first1=Sir |volume=2 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109220619/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326083309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031110212/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002225000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 687,635
| {{Percentage | 687635 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 715,607
| {{Percentage | 715607 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 722,554
| {{Percentage | 722554 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 725,156
| {{Percentage | 725156 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 722,277
| {{Percentage | 722277 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 752,098
| {{Percentage | 752098 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 846,531
| {{Percentage | 846531 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 39,148
| {{Percentage | 39148 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 39,709
| {{Percentage | 39709 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 39,672
| {{Percentage | 39672 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 38,859
| {{Percentage | 38859 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 38,263
| {{Percentage | 38263 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 40,483
| {{Percentage | 40483 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 43,249
| {{Percentage | 43249 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 2,860
| {{Percentage | 2860 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 5,768
| {{Percentage | 5768 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 4,176
| {{Percentage | 4176 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 3,992
| {{Percentage | 3992 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 3,019
| {{Percentage | 3019 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 5,663
| {{Percentage | 5663 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 738
| {{Percentage | 738 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 1,461
| {{Percentage | 1461 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 1,220
| {{Percentage | 1220 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 1,910
| {{Percentage | 1910 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 2,083
| {{Percentage | 2083 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 2,396
| {{Percentage | 2396 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 4,809
| {{Percentage | 4809 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 327
| {{Percentage | 327 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 343
| {{Percentage | 343 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 385
| {{Percentage | 385 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 386
| {{Percentage | 386 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 363
| {{Percentage | 363 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 576
| {{Percentage | 576 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 788
| {{Percentage | 788 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 133
| {{Percentage | 133 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 140
| {{Percentage | 140 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 113
| {{Percentage | 113 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 81
| {{Percentage | 81 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 56
| {{Percentage | 56 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 94
| {{Percentage | 94 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 101
| {{Percentage | 101 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 3,890
| {{Percentage | 3890 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 730845 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 763030 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 768124 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 770386 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 766065 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 801312 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 730,845
! {{Percentage | 730845 | 730845 | 2 }}
! 763,030
! {{Percentage | 763030 | 763030 | 2 }}
! 768,124
! {{Percentage | 768124 | 768124 | 2 }}
! 770,386
! {{Percentage | 770386 | 770386 | 2 }}
! 766,065
! {{Percentage | 766065 | 766065 | 2 }}
! 801,312
! {{Percentage | 801312 | 801312 | 2 }}
! 899,377
! {{Percentage | 899377 | 899377 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the [[Tehsil]]s of Kangra District (1921)<ref name="Census1921"/>
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=othersC|Including [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! Kangra Tehsil
| 110,804
| {{Percentage | 110804 | 118374 | 2 }}
| 7,270
| {{Percentage | 7270 | 118374 | 2 }}
| 192
| {{Percentage | 192 | 118374 | 2 }}
| 104
| {{Percentage | 104 | 118374 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 118374 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 118374 | 2 }}
! 118,374
! {{Percentage | 118374 | 118374 | 2 }}
|-
! Dehra Tehsil
| 119,197
| {{Percentage | 119197 | 124638 | 2 }}
| 4,787
| {{Percentage | 4787 | 124638 | 2 }}
| 647
| {{Percentage | 647 | 124638 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 124638 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 124638 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 124638 | 2 }}
! 124,638
! {{Percentage | 124638 | 124638 | 2 }}
|-
! Nurpur Tehsil
| 78,504
| {{Percentage | 78504 | 95470 | 2 }}
| 16,540
| {{Percentage | 16540 | 95470 | 2 }}
| 419
| {{Percentage | 419 | 95470 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 95470 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 95470 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 95470 | 2 }}
! 95,470
! {{Percentage | 95470 | 95470 | 2 }}
|-
! Harimpur Tehsil
| 162,608
| {{Percentage | 162608 | 168504 | 2 }}
| 5,504
| {{Percentage | 5504 | 168504 | 2 }}
| 339
| {{Percentage | 339 | 168504 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 168504 | 2 }}
| 53
| {{Percentage | 53 | 168504 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 168504 | 2 }}
! 168,504
! {{Percentage | 168504 | 168504 | 2 }}
|-
! Palampur Tehsil
| 133,456
| {{Percentage | 133456 | 137052 | 2 }}
| 3,077
| {{Percentage | 3077 | 137052 | 2 }}
| 441
| {{Percentage | 441 | 137052 | 2 }}
| 78
| {{Percentage | 78 | 137052 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 137052 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 137052 | 2 }}
! 137,052
! {{Percentage | 137052 | 137052 | 2 }}
|-
! Kulu Tehsil
| 117,708
| {{Percentage | 117708 | 122027 | 2 }}
| 1,085
| {{Percentage | 1085 | 122027 | 2 }}
| 45
| {{Percentage | 45 | 122027 | 2 }}
| 167
| {{Percentage | 167 | 122027 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 122027 | 2 }}
| 3,019
| {{Percentage | 3019 | 122027 | 2 }}
! 122,027
! {{Percentage | 122027 | 122027 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the [[Tehsil]]s of Kangra District (1941)<ref name="Census1941"/>
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi}}
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=othersB|Including [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]], [[British Christianity|British Christians]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! Kangra Tehsil
| 129,089
| {{Percentage | 129089 | 138840 | 2 }}
| 8,574
| {{Percentage | 8574 | 138840 | 2 }}
| 833
| {{Percentage | 833 | 138840 | 2 }}
| 214
| {{Percentage | 214 | 138840 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 138840 | 2 }}
| 130
| {{Percentage | 130 | 138840 | 2 }}
! 138,840
! {{Percentage | 138840 | 138840 | 2 }}
|-
! Dehra Tehsil
| 141,009
| {{Percentage | 141009 | 147444 | 2 }}
| 5,370
| {{Percentage | 5370 | 147444 | 2 }}
| 1,035
| {{Percentage | 1035 | 147444 | 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28 | 147444 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 147444 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 147444 | 2 }}
! 147,444
! {{Percentage | 147444 | 147444 | 2 }}
|-
! Nurpur Tehsil
| 83,565
| {{Percentage | 83565 | 104304 | 2 }}
| 18,659
| {{Percentage | 18659 | 104304 | 2 }}
| 2,067
| {{Percentage | 2067 | 104304 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 104304 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 104304 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 104304 | 2 }}
! 104,304
! {{Percentage | 104304 | 104304 | 2 }}
|-
! Harimpur Tehsil
| 194,801
| {{Percentage | 194801 | 201331 | 2 }}
| 6,067
| {{Percentage | 6067 | 201331 | 2 }}
| 362
| {{Percentage | 362 | 201331 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 201331 | 2 }}
| 97
| {{Percentage | 97 | 201331 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 201331 | 2 }}
! 201,331
! {{Percentage | 201331 | 201331 | 2 }}
|-
! Palampur Tehsil
| 166,397
| {{Percentage | 166397 | 170256 | 2 }}
| 3,207
| {{Percentage | 3207 | 170256 | 2 }}
| 398
| {{Percentage | 398 | 170256 | 2 }}
| 231
| {{Percentage | 231 | 170256 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 170256 | 2 }}
| 23
| {{Percentage | 23 | 170256 | 2 }}
! 170,256
! {{Percentage | 170256 | 170256 | 2 }}
|-
! Kulu Tehsil
| 131,670
| {{Percentage | 131670 | 137202 | 2 }}
| 1,372
| {{Percentage | 1372 | 137202 | 2 }}
| 114
| {{Percentage | 114 | 137202 | 2 }}
| 104
| {{Percentage | 104 | 137202 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 137202 | 2 }}
| 3,938
| {{Percentage | 3938 | 137202 | 2 }}
! 137,202
! {{Percentage | 137202 | 137202 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note1: [[British Punjab province]] era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases. Note2: [[Tehsil]] religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labelled as "Indian Christians" on [[Census in British India|census]]. Does not include [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]] or [[British Christianity|British Christians]], who were classified under "Other" category.}}
|}

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kangra district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Kangri language|Kangri]] |value1 = 70.88
|color1 = slategray
|label2 = [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] |value2 = 14.92
|color2 = coral
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |
value3 = 5.55 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]] |value4 = 2.64 |color4 = tan
|label5 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value5 = 2.06
|color5 = pink
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 3.95
|color6 = grey
}}

At the 2011 Census, 70.88% of the population in the district spoke [[Kangri language|Kangri]], 14.92% [[Western Pahari|Pahari]], 5.55% [[Hindi]], 2.64% [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]] and 2.06% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Himachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027033558/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Politics==
{{main|14th Himachal Pradesh Assembly}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |MLA
! rowspan="2" |Remark
|-
!No.
!Name
|-
|-
|6
|[[Nurpur Assembly constituency|Nurpur]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP
|[[Ranbir Singh Nikka|Ranveer Singh]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Indora Assembly constituency|Indora]] (SC)
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Malender Rajan
|
|-
|8
|[[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Bhawani Singh Pathania]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Jawali Assembly constituency|Jawali]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Chander Kumar]]
|'''Cabinet Minister'''
|-
|10
|[[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra]]
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|[[Hoshyar Singh]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Jaswan-Pragpur Assembly constituency|Jaswan-Pragpur]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bikram Singh (politician)|Bikram Thakur]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency|Jawalamukhi]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Sanjay Rattan]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency|Jaisinghpur]] (SC)
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Yadvinder Goma]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Sullah Assembly constituency|Sullah]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Vipin Singh Parmar]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Raghubir Singh Bali]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Kangra Assembly constituency|Kangra]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Kajal]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Kewal Singh Pathania
|
|-
|18
|[[Dharamshala Assembly constituency|Dharamshala]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sudhir Sharma]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Palampur Assembly constituency|Palampur]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Ashish Butail]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Baijnath Assembly constituency|Baijnath]] (SC)
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Kishori Lal (Baijnath politician)|Kishori Lal]]
|
|}

==Wildlife Sanctuaries==
===Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary===
Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary is located at an altitude of 1600 m going up to 4400 m, Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1994 by the Wildlife Department of Himachal Pradesh Government. It is situated in Kangra district. The wildlife sanctuary is covered by snow-clad mountains from three sides. The flora of Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary includes deodar, rhododendron, oak, spruce, pine, and mixed conifers. This wildlife sanctuary is home to animals such as red fox, black bear, leopard sambar, Asiatic lion, angora rabbit, and deer. It covers an area of 982.86 sq.km.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhauladhar as Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://hpforest.gov.in/public/frontend/pdf/DhauladharWildLifeSanctuary_A1b.pdf |website=Government of himachal Pradesh - Department of Forests |access-date=18 September 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary===
[[Maharana Pratap Sagar|Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary]] covers an areas of 207.95 sq. km. in Kangra district. It is spread through the submerged area between Pong Dam Terrace (Talwara) to the bridge on Beas River at Dehra. It was created in1975, by building the highest [[earthfill dam]] in India on the [[Beas River]] in the wetland zone of the [[Siwalik Hills]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Education==


* [[Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya]]
* [[Central University of Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[College for Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarah]]
* [[Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala|Government College of Teacher Education Dharamshala]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education]]
* [[Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology]], [[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh|Palampur]]
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], Kangra<ref>{{cite web |title=National Institute of Fashion Technology - [NIFT], Kangra |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/6913-national-institute-of-fashion-technology-nift-kangra |website=collegedunia.com |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref>

===Schools===
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kangra]]
* [[Sherab Gatsel Lobling School]]

==Notable people==


* [[G. S. Bali]] - Indian politician
* Captain [[Vikram Batra]], PVC - Indian army officer, recipient of [[Param Vir Chakra]]
* [[Didi Contractor]] - architect
* [[Chandrarekha Dhadwal]] - writer
* Captain [[Saurabh Kalia]] - Indian Army
* The [[14th Dalai Lama]] - spiritual and religious leader of Tibetan people
* [[Kishan Kapoor]] - Indian politician
* Major General [[Siri Kanth Korla]], PVSM, DSO, MC - Indian Army officer
* [[Chander Kumar]] - Indian politician
* [[Shanta Kumar]] - Indian politician
* Major [[Somnath Sharma]], PVC - Indian Army officer, recipient of Param Vir Chakra
* [[Anuj Sharma (singer)|Anuj Sharma]] - Singer, second Indian ''Idol'' runner-up
* [[Shriya Sharma]] - Film actress
* [[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]] - painter
* Jemadar [[Lala (VC)|Lala, VC]] - British Indian Army soldier, Victoria Cross awardee
* [[Tenzin Palmo]] - Buddhist nun
* [[Shivya Pathania]] - Television actress
* [[Dr. Saligram|Dr. Salig Ram]] - Rajya Sabha MP and two-term minister in the Himachal Pradesh government
* [[Norah Richards|Nora Richards]] - Irish playwright
* [[Sudhir Sharma]] - Indian politician
* General [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]], PVSM, AVSM, ADC - 14th Chief of Army Staff, Indian Army
* Brigadier [[Sher Jung Thapa]], MVC - Indian Army officer, recipient of [[Maha Vir Chakra]], known as "Hero of Skardu"
* [[Gautam Chand Sharma 'Vyathit']] - writer and folklorist

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}* [[Chambi, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Dhanotu, Kangra district|Dhanotu]]
* [[Harchakian]]
* [[Nagrota Surian]]
* [[Kangra Valley]]
* [[Kangra Valley Railway]]
* [[Kangra Fort]]
* [[Kangra painting]]
* [[Rait, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Shamirpur]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
* Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). ''History of the Panjab Hill States'', Vol. I. 1st edition: Govt. Printing, Punjab, Lahore, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter V Kangra State, pp. 99–198.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kangra}}
* {{Official website|hpkangra.nic.in}} - Kangra District
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125203959/http://himachalpr.gov.in/intranet/Kangra/Distt%20Profile.doc Distt Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125204103/http://himachalpr.gov.in/intranet/Kangra/Kangra's%20History.doc Kangra's History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125203758/http://himachalpr.gov.in/intranet/Kangra/Temples%20of%20Kangra.doc Temples of Kangra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125203850/http://himachalpr.gov.in/intranet/Kangra/Kangra%20Map.jpg Kangra Map]

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Kangra district
| North = [[Chamba district]]
| Northeast = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
| East = [[Kullu district]]
| Southeast = [[Mandi district]] [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]
| South = [[Una district]]
| Southwest = [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| West =
| Northwest = [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
}}

{{Kangra district}}
{{Districts of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Geo HP}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kangra District}}
[[Category:Kangra district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Himachal Pradesh]]

Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation

2026-03-15T16:05:25Z

Ahmjit:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type =[[Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2021}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 =K. Saravanan
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =S. P. Tamizhazhagan
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =M. Senthil Murugan
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
|political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kumbakonam/}}
| motto =
|last_election1=|party1=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|election1=4 March 2022|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|election2=4 March 2022|leader4_type=[[District Collector]]|leader4= Tmt. B.Priyanka Pankajam, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|jurisdiction=Kumbakonam|logo_pic=Kumbakonam city office.jpg|logo_caption=}}

'''Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing city of [[Kumbakonam]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]] mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==

Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation in Thanjavur district<ref name="ku ref6">{{cite news |title=Central region hails expansion plan for Trichy, Thanjavur corpns {{!}} Trichy News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/central-region-hails-expansion-plan-for-trichy-thanjavur-corpns/articleshow/85607050.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> was formed on 20 December 2021 and is the 21st municipal corporation of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ku ref1">{{cite news |title=Government of Tamil Nadu Gazette ordinance|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%206%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=PRS India |date=21 January 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="ku ref2">{{cite news |last1=Shanmughasundaram |first1=J |title=Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ku ref5">{{cite news |title=Tambaram, Kancheepuram to become Municipal Corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-become-municipal-corporations/article36077265.ece |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=24 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation will include Darasuram town panchayat and 13 panchayats adjacent to the place.<ref name="ku ref4">{{cite news |title=GO issued for new Corporation formation in Kumbakonam |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/10/16013351/1323808/GO-issued-for-new-Corporation-formation-in-Kumbakonam.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204024738/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/10/16013351/1323808/GO-issued-for-new-Corporation-formation-in-Kumbakonam.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=dtNext.in |date=16 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ku ref7">{{cite news |title=Ahead of polls to urban local bodies, TN to have six more corporations, 28 new municipalities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/aug/24/ahead-of-polls-to-urban-local-bodies-tn-to-have-six-more-corporations-28-new-municipalities-2349214.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 August 2021}}</ref> The place is driven spiritually through many important temples.<ref name="ku ref11">{{cite news |title=Kerala robot to clean up: Kerala robot to clean up Tamil Nadu temple town {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-robot-to-clean-up-tamil-nadu-temple-town/articleshow/65214368.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=31 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation has a Commissioner,<ref name="ku ref6" /> a Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, and a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.

== Factors driving Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation ==

Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:<ref name="ku ref3">{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu: Corporation status for Tambaram, five more municipalities {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/corporation-status-for-tambaram-five-more-municipalities/articleshow/85605899.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ku ref6" /><ref name="ku ref15">{{cite news |last1=Renganathan |first1=L. |title=Kumbakonam Municipality turns 150 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kumbakonam-municipality-turns-150/article8242630.ece |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 February 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

* Population Growth.
* Increase in annual Income.
* Improvement of Roads.
* Providing drinking water.
* Improving landscape.
* Improving employment opportunities.<ref name="av ref11">{{cite news |title=TN govt set to implement urban employment scheme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tn-govt-urban-employment-scheme-7572428/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Improving relations between police and public.
* Waste management.<ref name="ku ref9">{{cite news |last1=Renganathan |first1=L. |title=Kumbakonam Municipality adopts bio mining, reclaims garbage dump |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kumbakonam-municipality-adopts-bio-mining-reclaims-garbage-dump/article8477773.ece |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 April 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Arranging facilities during natural calamities.
* Establishing industrial units.
* Providing sewage connection.
* [https://www.genrobotics.com/ProductPages/bandicoot Clean Sanitation].<ref name="ku ref8">{{cite news |last1=Karthik |first1=Deepak |title=First in TN: Kumbakonam gets Bandicoot, a semi-automatic robot to clean manholes {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-in-tn-kumbakonam-gets-bandicoot-a-semi-automatic-robot-to-clean-manholes/articleshow/65090780.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=22 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ku ref17">{{cite news |title=Robotic scavenger ‘Bandicoot’ would soon be cleaning sewers – Find out more about this product of a Kerala-based start-up |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/robotic-scavenger-bandicoot-would-soon-be-cleaning-sewers-find-out-more-about-this-product-of-a-kerala-based-start-up/1264891/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Financial Express |date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="ku ref10">{{cite news |last1=Asokan |first1=Mamtha |title=‘Bandicoot’ to put an end to manual scavenging by cleaning sewers {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bandicoot-to-put-an-end-to-manual-scavenging-by-cleaning-sewers/articleshow/70221253.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation local body polls ==
Kumbakonam City Municipal Corporation will get a mayor and municipal council through local body polls.<ref name="ku ref7" />

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.kumbakonamonline.in/city-guide/administration-in-kumbakonam official website]

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kumbakonam]]

Hosadurga

2026-03-13T15:31:47Z

Ahmjit: new a pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hosadurga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Hosadurga-AerialView.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view of Hosadurga in 2008
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Located in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.7975|N|76.2849|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Town Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.34
| area_rural_km2 = 1332.38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 739
| population_total = 28370
| population_rural = 206746
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="source1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/603/download/2060/DH_2011_2912_PART_B_DCHB_CHITRADURGA.pdf|access-date= 24 August 2023|title=Census Data Handbook 2011 Chitradurga District}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577527 <ref>[https://archive.today/20130203130148/http://yellowpages.sulekha.com/ramanagar_hosadurga_area_pin-code.htm Hosadurga Pin Code, Postal Code, Zip Code, Map | Ramanagar Pin Code]</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-8199 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stdcodesindia.com/search-stdcodes/karnataka/hosadurga/H/ |title=STD Codes India, Hosadurga |access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402114306/http://www.stdcodesindia.com/search-stdcodes/karnataka/hosadurga/H/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| registration_plate = KA-16
| website = {{URL|http://hosadurgatown.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hosadurga''' is a town and a [[taluk]] in [[Chitradurga district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. The name "Hosadurga" translates to "New Fort" in Kannada as it was built around the hill fort. Hosadurga is known as land of Coconuts (ಕಲ್ಪವೃಕ್ಷದ ನಾಡು) and recently promoted as land of millets (ಸಿರಿಧಾನ್ಯದ ನಾಡು).

==History==
Not much about Hosadurga is documented in the history. The name 'Hosadurga' should not be confused with similar named places such as important fort city of [[Kampili kingdom]]
, 'Hosamale-durga' or 'Hosa-vidu' which as later named as [[Anegundi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K.A. |url=https://archive.org/details/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/Further%20Source%20Of%20Vijayanagara%20History%20Vol%20I%201946%20/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Furthers Sources of vijayanaga History |publisher=University of Madras |year=1946 |pages=18}}</ref>
[[File:Hosadurga Administrative Map.svg|alt=Hosadurga Taluk Map|thumb|Hosadurga Taluk Map|359x359px]]
Hosadurga, as part of Chitradurga was ruled under [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and subsequently ruled by the [[Nayakas of Chitradurga]] in the late medieval period. The hill fort of Hosadurga on the surrounding hill (ಭೈರಪ್ಪನ ಬೆಟ್ಟ) was built by Chikkanna Nayaka in 1676. According to B.N. Sri Sathyan, a ''Jangama'' priest took refuge under the chitradurga Palegars and was commissioned to build a ''pete'' below the hill.<ref name="MysoreGazetter" /> Eventually this settlement, Hosadurga was taken over by [[Hyder Ali]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501532/page/n139 |title=Annual Report Of The Mysore Archaeological Department, For The Year 1930 |publication-date=1934 |pages=86}}</ref> During the British rule, the Chitradurga province was included in the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].

In the year 1882, Hosadurga sub-taluk was created, comprising Hosadurga and Bagur hoblis. In July 1902, it was upgraded to a ''pucca'' (proper) taluk.<ref name ="MysoreGazetter">{{cite book |title=Mysore State Gazetter: Chitradurga District |date=1967 |publisher=The directoreate of printing, Govt press, Bangalore |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Karnataka state archives|url=http://archive.org/details/karnataka-state-archives-RGVlcGFrMTQ5NTc2-RGVlcGFrMQ|date=1882|language=English|last=Karnataka State Archives|pages=123 out of 282}}</ref>

During the Forest Satyagraha of 1939, the Hosadurga region experienced widespread support for the movement against British rule.

==Geography==
Hosadurga is located in south-western part of Chitradurga district,<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Hosdurga.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Hosadurga]</ref> at an average elevation of {{convert|739|m|ft}} above the mean sea level. The highest point of the taluk is near Halurameshwara village {{Convert|1118|m|ft}}.<ref name="MysoreGazetter" />

Hosadurga taluk is traversed a hill range that is part of a geological structure known as the Chitradurga Supracrustal Belt. This belt is a section of the Dharwar Supergroup, which formed between 2,600 and 2,300 million years ago due to the deposition of sedimentary rocks, volcanic activities, and erosion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chadwick |first=Brian |title=The stratigraphy and structure of the chitradurga region: an illustration of cover-basement interaction in the late Archaean evolution of the Karnataka craton, Southern India |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(81)90004-8 |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=16 |issue=1-2 |doi=10.1016/0301-9268(81)90004-8 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A gap in this hill range forms a valley where the [[Vani Vilasa Sagara]] Dam is constructed across. A part of the hill range forms town hill (ಭೈರಪ್ಪನ ಬೆಟ್ಟ).

[[Vedavathi River]] flows 7 km south of the town and is the only major river of in the taluk. The Tumkur and Chitraduraga branches of [[Bhadra Dam|Upper Badra project]] traverse the taluk. The taluk has the oldest dam in the state, [[Vani Vilasa Sagara]] (also known as Mari Kanive) which is constructed across the river in the eastern border of the taluk.

== Climate ==
Hosadurga lies in the [[Steppe#Subtropical steppe|Subtropical steppe]] climate with Köppen climate classification type [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]] (semi-arid or semi desert). Low rainfalls and high temperatures make this area prone for droughts.

The mean high temperatures reaches up to 37 °C in April and the mean minimum temperatures goes up to 14 °C in January.<ref name=":0" /> Most of the rainfall occurs during the [[Monsoon]] season with highest rainfall in the month of July of 152 mm.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Simulated historical climate & weather data for Hosadurga |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/hosadurga_india_1269943 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 [[census]] of India,<ref name="source1"/> Hosadurga has a population of 28,370. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Hosadurga has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with a male literacy rate of 76% and a female literacy rate of 70%. In Hosadurga, 12% of the population is under seven years of age.

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the primary occupation in Hosadurga Taluk. The town hosts an Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) market, covering a large area to support farmers in trading and auctioning their produce.

Hosadurga and surrounding areas had mines for Asestos, iron ores, limestones. Mathodu had factories of bangle making making use of the nearby limestones <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Francis |url=http://archive.org/details/journeyfrommadra03hami |title=A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, performed under the orders of the most noble the Marquis Wellesley, governor general of India, for the express purpose of investigating the state of agriculture, arts, and commerce; the religion, manners, and customs; the history natural and civil, and antiquities, in the dominions of the rajah of Mysore, and the countries acquired by the Honourable East India company |last2=East India Company cn |date=1807 |publisher=London, T. Cadell and W. Davies |others=University of Pittsburgh Library System |pages=369}}</ref>

Hosadurga had a strong cement industry in the 1990s, but many factories have closed over time due to shortages of limestone. Currently only one remains, the Ramco Cement Factory in Mathodu Village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramcocement.in/mathodu.aspx|title=Strategically Located to Feed Growing Markets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204225339/http://www.ramcocement.in/mathodu.aspx|archive-date=4 February 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
Major highways passing through Hosadurga are; [[National Highway 173 (India)]], [[State Highway 24 (Karnataka)]] and [[State Highway 47 (Karnataka)]].

Hosadurga is connected by Road and Rail network. Public transport is maintained by both private players and [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]], who has a Bus Stand and a [[List of bus depots in Karnataka|bus depot]] here, under Chitradurga division. ''Hosadurga Road'' railway station ('''Station Code:HSD''') is the nearest railway station, which is 20 km away. It lies on [[Bangalore-Arsikere-Hubli line]].
The nearest airport is [[Shivamogga Airport]], which is 97 km away.

== Administration ==
Hosadurga town is governed by a Town Municipal Council (TMC). Hosadurga taluk is represented as Constituency No. 101 in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. Hosadurga as part of Chitradurga, represents Lok Sabha Constituency.

== Notable people ==

# [[Madakari Nayaka|Madakari Nayaka V]]: Born in Janakal (Hosadurga Taluk). He is well recognized and the last Nayaka of Chitradurga.
# [[T. K. Rama Rao]]: Born in Hosadurga, he was a Kannada novelist, known for introducing detective and thriller genres to Kannada literature. His famous work as ''[[Bangaarada Manushya|Bangaaradha Manushya]]'' became a blockbuster film.

==See also==
*[[Huliyar]]
*[[Hagalavadi]]
*[[Bukkapatna]]
*[[Gubbi]]
*[[Birur]]

==References==
{{commons category|Hosadurga}}
<references/>

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chitradurga district]]

Siddhartha Shankar Ray

2026-03-13T10:33:07Z

Ahmjit: update structure and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer (1920–2010)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Siddhartha Shankar Ray
| honorific-prefix = 
| image = SSROY.jpeg
| office = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]]
| termstart = 18 March 1971
| termend = 20 March 1972
| predecessor = [[V. K. R. V. Rao]]
| successor = [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]
| office3 = [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
| governor5 = [[Anthony Lancelot Dias]]
| predecessor3 = [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
| successor3 = [[Jyoti Basu]]
| office4 = [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]] [[Administrator of Chandigarh]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] 
[[President's rule]]
| predecessor4 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| successor4 = [[Nirmal Mukarji]]
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Indian Ambassador to the United States]]
| termstart1 = 1992
| termend1 = 1996
| primeminister1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abid Hussain]]
| successor1 = [[Naresh Chandra]]
| office6 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency6 = [[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowranghee]]
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1992
| predecessor6 = [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]]
| successor6 = [[Anil Chatterjee]]
| office7 =
| constituency7 = [[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha]]
| term_start7 = 1972
| term_end7 = 1977
| predecessor7 = Mahammad Gafurur Rahman
| successor7 = Shubhendu Chowdhury
| office8 =
| constituency8 = [[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowranghee]]
| term_start8 = 1967
| term_end8 = 1971
| predecessor8 = [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
| successor8 = [[Shankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
| office9 =
| constituency9 = [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| term_start9 = 1957
| term_end9 = 1967
| predecessor9 = [[Mira Datta Gupta]]
| successor9 = ''Constituency abolished''
| office5 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition, West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Raiganj]]
| term_start5 = 1969
| term_end5 = 1971
| predecessor5 = [[Khagendra Nath Dasgupta]]
| successor5 = [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| termstart2 = 1971
| termend2 = 1972
| predecessor2 = [[Chapalakanta Bhattacharya|Chapala Kanta Bhattacharjee]]
| successor2 = [[Maya Ray]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|11|6|1920|10|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Kidney failure]]
| party =
| spouse = [[Maya Ray]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata]] [[Inner Temple]] ([[Barrister-at-Law]])
| height = {{convert|6|ft|4|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30182642.ece Bengal's Political Aristrocrat] Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref>
| profession = [[Lawyer]], [[Politician]], [[Diplomat]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| governor3 = [[Anthony Lancelot Dias]]
| termstart4 = 2 April 1986
| termend4 = 8 December 1989
| termstart3 = 20 March 1972
| termend3 = 30 April 1977
}}

'''Siddhartha Shankar Ray''' (20 October 1920 – 6 November 2010) was an Indian lawyer, diplomat and [[Indian National Congress]] politician from [[West Bengal]]. In his political career he held a number of offices, including [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] (1972–77), [[Minister of Human Resource Development|Union Minister of Education]] (1971–72), [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] (1986–89) and [[Indian Ambassador to the United States]] (1992–96). He was, at one point, the main troubleshooter for the Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/28/stories/2010032856151000.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100403030349/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/28/stories/2010032856151000.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 3 April 2010 |title=National : S.S. Ray in hospital |access-date=30 March 2010|location=Chennai, India|work= [[The Hindu]] |date=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/books/1154/5/1 |title = Welcome to Sri Chinmoy Library |work = srichinmoylibrary.com |access-date = 30 March 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716125130/http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/books/1154/5/1 |archive-date = 16 July 2011 |df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20100327/1416/tnl-siddhartha-shankar-ray-ill.html |title = Siddhartha Shankar Ray ill – Yahoo! India News |work = in.news.yahoo.com |access-date = 30 March 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100329034855/http://in.news.yahoo.com/20/20100327/1416/tnl-siddhartha-shankar-ray-ill.html |archive-date = 29 March 2010 |df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200042 |title=A Wily Survivor |work=outlookindia.com |access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200571 |title=There Are More Anti-American Indians Than Anti-Indian Americans |work=outlookindia.com |access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="wbpcc">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/18/stories/2010011858291200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121160554/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/18/stories/2010011858291200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2010|title= Ray recalls his fights, friendship with a great human being|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2010-03-29|location=Chennai, India|date=18 January 2010}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ray was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[kayastha]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta-Ray|first=Sunanda|author-link=Sunanda K. Datta-Ray|date=2016-06-04|title=WB Polls: Mamata's triumph, a victory of class over caste|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/wb-polls-mamatas-triumph-a-victory-of-class-over-caste-sunanda-k-datta-ray|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Free Press Journal|publisher=The Free Prees Journal|language=en|type=News Paper}}</ref> family. Ray's father, Sudhir Kumar Ray, was a well-known barrister of [[Calcutta High Court]] and a member of the Indian National Congress and his mother Aparna Devi, was the elder daughter of the barrister and nationalist leader [[Chittaranjan Das]] and [[Basanti Devi]] grew up in England. Ray's sister is [[Judge|Justice]] Manjula Bose (1930–2016) who was a senior judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]]; along with Padma Khastagir, she was one of the first female judges of the Calcutta High Court. Ray was also related to [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]], a former Chief Justice of India and [[Satish Ranjan Das]], a former Advocate General of Bengal and a Law Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Ray studied at, [[Mitra Institution (Main)|Mitra Institution]], [[Bhowanipore]] Branch, Calcutta, [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] and University Law College, of the [[University of Calcutta]]. In college and university, he was active in both sports and politics. In 1941, he was elected as student Under-Secretary in the Calcutta University Institute Elections and was put in charge from time to time of various departments including Students' Aid Fund, Debates, Sports and Socials. He was also the Debate Secretary and later the General Secretary of the Calcutta University Law College Union. As a sportsman he captained the Presidency College cricket team. He was the captain of the team that won the Inter Collegiate cricket Championship in 1944. He had scored three double centuries and 1000 runs for three consecutive seasons. He was also a keen footballer in Calcutta playing for the Kalighat Club. He was a University Blue in this sport and represented the Calcutta University in inter-varsity matches. In 1939, he was the captain of the victorious Presidency College football team which won both the Elliot and Hardinge Birthday Shields. He was also interested in lawn tennis and table tennis.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Later Ray was called to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] by the Honourable Society of [[Inner Temple]], [[London]], in 1947.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sengupta|first1=Ranjana|title=A man of many faces|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880925&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=14 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=25 September 1988|page=24}}</ref> While in London he played cricket for the [[Indian Gymkhana Club]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Career==

Upon his return from England in 1946, Ray joined the Calcutta Bar as a junior of Justice Ramaprasad Mukherjee, who later became a Judge and Chief Justice (Acting) of the High Court of Calcutta. In 1954 he became one of the three junior Central Government counsels in [[Calcutta]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]] he was elected as an MLA from [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhowanipore]] which he won by a large majority, becoming the youngest member of the West Bengal Cabinet under the leadership of Dr. [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]. He was appointed Minister of Law & Tribal Welfare. However, after one year, he resigned from his ministerial portfolios and Congress party membership, citing differences with Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. In [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]], he was re-elected from the Bhowanipore seat as an Independent MLA. In 1967 he rejoined the Congress party & was elected as an MLA from [[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowranghee]] [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|that year]], which he retained in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|next state election]]. When the Congress split in 1969, Ray sided with [[Indian National Congress (R)|Indira Gandhi's faction]]. From 1969 to 1971, he was the Leader of Opposition in the State Legislative Assembly during the Second [[United Front (West Bengal)|United Front]] Government. In the [[1971 Indian general election]], he won the [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj seat]] and became the Union Cabinet Minister of Education & Youth Services under [[Indira Gandhi]]. He was also the Union Cabinet Minister of West Bengal & Bangladesh Affairs and was actively involved with the matters of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=A>{{Cite web|title=পড়ে গিয়ে বলেছিলেন, পতন শেখাটাও জরুরি|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/patrika/special-write-up-on-the-birth-centenary-of-siddhartha-shankar-roy-1.1231781|website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref>

After the Congress(R) won the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|assembly election of 1972]], he became the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] from 20 March 1972 to 30 April 1977 after being elected from the [[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha seat]] in a bypoll.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile: Shri Siddharta Shankar Ray|url=https://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx|website=West Bengal Legislative Assembly}}</ref> His administration was faced with the massive problem of resettling over a million refugees from [[East Pakistan]] fleeing war and [[Operation Searchlight|the campaign of genocide of Bengalis launched by the Pakistani military]] in various parts of the state. He also undersaw the [[Anti-communist mass killings|crackdown]] on [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|Maoist insurgents in the state]].<ref name="Austin">{{Cite book | last = Austin | first = Granville | title = Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | location = New Delhi | pages = 237
| isbn = 0-19-565610-5 }}</ref> His rule was characterised by widespread political violence against supporters of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|CPI(ML)]] (which consisted of mostly students studying in colleges and universities) and other Communist parties, which often involved [[Politicide|political murders]] and [[extra-judicial killings]] by the [[West Bengal Police|state police force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19771130-im-not-doing-anybody-a-favour-siddhartha-shankar-ray-823488-2014-09-11|title=I'm not doing anybody a favour: Siddhartha Shankar Ray|date=11 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/curtains-fall-on-one-of-bengal-s-most-controversial-leaders/story-s7GdEfKlMdTWkt0cWbt03J_amp.html|title=Curtains fall on one of Bengal's most controversial leaders|work=Hindustan Times |date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Under Section 47(c) of the ''Calcutta Municipal Act'' of 1951 Ray had the Governor let the [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]] be superseded by the state government, effectively dissolving the Communist-led mayoral council of Calcutta from 22 March 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta Corporation - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Calcutta_Corporation |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref> No further election to the post of mayor was held during his tenure. Ray was instrumental in passing the ''West Bengal Panchayat Act'' of 1973, which changed the pre-existing {{ill|4-tier panchayat system|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গের পঞ্চায়েত ব্যবস্থা}} into the current [[Panchayati raj in India|3-tier panchayat system]]. This system was implemented nationally as the 73rd Amendment to the [[Constitution of India]] in 1992. The ''West Bengal Panchayat Act'' of 1973 was one of his biggest achievements. However, he refused to hold election to the panchayats out of fear of [[Naxalite]]s and Communists escalating violence in rural areas. Ray had also instituted a commission headed by [[Kailas Nath Wanchoo|K. N. Wanchoo]] to investigate corruption allegations against his own Cabinet ministers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/not-black-as-he-s-painted/cid/1268694|title=Not black as he's painted|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> and had even sacked his own Power Minister [[Suniti Chattaraj]] for accepting bribes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=দুর্নীতির দায়ে রাজ্যে মন্ত্রিত্ব আগেও গিয়েছে, 'পার্থকীর্তি' নজিরবিহীন {{!}} Partha Chatterjee |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/north-bengal/the-decision-taken-for-partha-chatterjee-is-instants/tid/83456 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TheWall}}</ref> During his tenure, a new Water Treatment Plant was set up at Garden Reach in [[South Kolkata]] and construction for the [[Kolkata Metro]] began.

After the Congress(R) lost the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|next elections in the state]] to the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|CPI(M)-led alliance of Communist parties]], Ray was widely blamed for Congress' electoral defeat in the state. As Ray had stood against her nominated candidate [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] in the polls for the party's president in 1978, Indira Gandhi sidelined Ray from the party after coming back to power [[1980 Indian general election|in 1980]]. From 1982, he served as the head of the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] until 1986. After [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's murder]], Ray tried to return to state politics by standing against veteran Communist leader [[Somnath Chatterjee]] as the Congress(I) candidate in bypolls to the [[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur seat]] in 1985, but his unpopularity and enmity with a section of state Congress leaders caused him to lose by a margin of around 1 lakh votes.<ref name=A />

Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] appointed Ray as the [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] from 2 April 1986 where he played a pro-active role in suppressing [[Khalistani movement|Sikh insurgents]], however there too he was accused of conducting police brutalities while the state was under [[President's rule]]. Ray was removed as Governor on 8 December 1989 by Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] for the former's insistence to use violence for neutralising [[All India Sikh Students Federation|AISSF]] general secretary Harminder Singh Sandhu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Governor S.S. Ray quits before being booted out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19891231-punjab-governor-ss-ray-quits-before-being-booted-out-816864-1989-12-30 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=India Today |date=31 December 1989 |language=en}}</ref>

Following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the USSR]], [[India-Soviet Union relations|India's longtime strategic partner]], Ray was sent by Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] as [[Ambassador of India to the United States]] to thaw [[India-United States relations|bilateral relations with the country]] that had been hostile towards India throughout the [[Cold War]]. He remained in the United States from 1992 to 1996. Prior to that, he was the Leader of Opposition in the state Legislative Assembly from 1991 to 1992, having been elected from the Chowranghee seat. In 1995, it was rumoured that Ray might return to contest the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|upcoming state elections]], but it didn't happen due to opposition from the state Congress unit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddhartha Shankar Ray fever grips West Bengal|date=31 December 1995 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19951231-siddhartha-shankar-ray-fever-grips-west-bengal-808116-1995-12-30}}</ref> Ray contested his last election as the Congress candidate for the [[Calcutta North West Lok Sabha constituency|North West Calcutta seat]] in the [[1999 Indian general election]], in which [[Calcutta North West Lok Sabha constituency#General election 1999|came third]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE THIRTEENTH LOK SABHA VOLUME I: NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

=== Role in the Emergency ===
Siddhartha Shankar Ray had a major role in the imposition of [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] from 1975 to 1977. He proposed to the prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] to impose an "internal emergency" and also drafted the letter for the President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] to issue the proclamation and showed her how democratic freedoms could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lt. Gen J.F.R. Jacob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99BbBAAAQBAJ&q=%22minister+of+Tripura%2C+Sen+Gupta%2C+was+openly+encouraging+the+entry+of+Bangladeshis+into+Tripura+in+order+to+change+the+ethnic+balances%27&pg=PT120|title=An Odyssey in War and Peace|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|year= 2012|isbn=9788174369338|location=262|pages=189}}</ref><ref name="The Hans India">{{cite news |last= Narayan|first= S|date=25 June 2020|title=[Explained] Why Did Indira Gandhi Impose Emergency In 1975?|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/why-did-indira-gandhi-impose-emergency-in-1975-630015|newspaper=The Hans India}}</ref>

==Retirement==

After his retirement in 1996 till 2010, Ray returned to his law practice as a Barrister of the [[Calcutta High Court]].

Ray continued to remain close with his protégé [[Mamata Banerjee]], even after she left the Congress and formed [[Trinamool Congress|her separate party]].

Ray died of [[kidney failure]] on 6 November 2010 at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-wb-cm-siddhartha-shankar-ray-passes-away/134542-3.html?from=tn |title=Former WB CM Siddhartha Shankar Ray dies - India News - IBNLive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110081633/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/former-wb-cm-siddhartha-shankar-ray-passes-away/134542-3.html?from=tn |archive-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The CPI(M)-led Left Front government of the state was criticised by the Congress for not according full state honours to Ray as it did to Ray's arch-nemesis [[Jyoti Basu]], who died 9 months before.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two funerals & a study in contrasts|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/two-funerals-and-a-study-in-contrasts/cid/469595|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pranab slams Buddha govt over SS Ray|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pranab-slams-buddha-govt-over-ss-ray/articleshow/6966661.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 November 2010 }}</ref>

== Legacy ==

A philanthropic society named "Siddhartha Shankar Ray Foundation"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/SiddharthaShankarRayFoundation/|title=Siddhartha Shankar Ray Foundation|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref> was formed by Mr. Rajesh Chirimar in memory of Ray with the due consent of [[Maya Ray]]. The society engages in various social activities and will be celebrating the Birth Centenary Year of Shri Siddhartha Shankar Ray.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2219.htm Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]
* [http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=206345 S.S. Ray - an administrator par excellence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053308/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=206345 |date=4 March 2016 }}, [[Indo-Asian News Service]], 7 November 2010
* [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/ss-ray-accorded-a-state-funeral_100456075.html S.S. Ray accorded a state funeral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081934/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/ss-ray-accorded-a-state-funeral_100456075.html |date=4 March 2016 }}, [[Indo-Asian News Service]], 7 November 2010
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-07/kolkata/28222334_1_siddhartha-shankar-ray-chittaranjan-das-law-minister Ray, Bengal's last aristocrat politician, departs], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 7 November 2010
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-07/kolkata/28263239_1_siddhartha-shankar-ray-west-bengal-naxalite A leader of many hues], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 7 November 2010
* Sukharanjan Sengupta, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205426/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-07/kolkata/28256360_1_siddhartha-shankar-ray-s-s-ray-ray-s-beltala Misunderstood for role in Naxal period], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 6 November 2010
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-07/kolkata/28254404_1_bar-library-court-barrister-ray Legal eagle with excellent court etiquette], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 7 November 2010
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060017/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=347651:ray-the-lefts-whipping-boy-till-the-end&catid=42:bengal&from_page=search Ray: The Left’s whipping boy till the end], ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', 6 November 2010
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101108/main5.htm Punjab's friendly troubleshooter], ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 7 November 2010

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |
before=[[V.K.R.V. Rao]]|
title=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Education Minister, Government of India]]|
years=1967–1972|
after=[[S. Nurul Hasan]]
}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee]]|
title=[[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]|
years=1972–1977|
after=[[Jyoti Basu]]
}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]|
title=[[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]|
years=1986–1989|
after=[[Nirmal Kumar Mukarji]]
}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Abid Hussain]]|
title=[[Indian Ambassador to the United States]]|
years=1992–1996|
after=[[Naresh Chandra]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of West Bengal}}
{{Das family}}
{{Indian Emergency}}
{{Presidents of CAB}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Siddhartha Shankar}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Das family (Telirbagh)]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of India]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in West Bengal]]
[[Category:People of the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Administrators of Chandigarh]]

Sridevi Prasanna

2026-03-04T09:33:29Z

Ahmjit: New Basic Bio W/ Refs - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sridevi Prasanna
| image = Sridevi Prasnna.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|श्रीदेवी प्रसन्न}}
| director = Vishal Modhave
| writer = Aditi Moghe
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sai Tamhankar]]
*[[Siddharth Chandekar]]
*[[Sulbha Arya]]
*[[Sanjay Mone]]
*[[Rasika Sunil]]
}}
| cinematography = Arjun Vishwas Sorte
| editing = Faisal Mahadik
| music = [[Amitraj]]
| studio = Tips Films Trisha Studios
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|02|02}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Sridevi Prasanna''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Vishal Modhave, written by Aditi Moghe and produced by [[Tips Industries|Tips Films]] and Trisha Studios. The film starring [[Sai Tamhankar]] and [[Siddharth Chandekar]] in the lead roles and [[Sulbha Arya]], [[Sanjay Mone]] and [[Rasika Sunil]] in the supporting roles.

The film was theatrically released on 2 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-20 |title=Sai Tamhankar-starrer Sridevi Prasanna New Song Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sai-tamhankar-starrer-sridevi-prasanna-new-song-out-8747603.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sridevi and Prasanna defy traditional notions of love and romance, forging a distinctive bond despite familial expectations.

== Cast ==

* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Sridevi
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]] as Prasanna
* Siddharth Bodke as Rishikesh
* [[Rasika Sunil]] as Neerja<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-02-02 |title='SRIDEVI PRASANNA' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 2 February 2024 | publisher=Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/sridevi-prasanna-marathi-review-2-february-2024/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sulabha Arya|Sulbha Arya]] as Sridevi's grandmother
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Sridevi's father
* Sameer Khandekar as Sridevi's brother
* [[Shubhangi Gokhale]]
* Vandana Sardesai
* Aakanksha Gade
* Rammakant Daayama
* Rahul Pethe
* Pallavi Paranjape
* Pooja Wankhade
* Siddharth Mahashabde
* Jiyansh Parde

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sridevi Prasanna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amitraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| venue = [[YRF Studios]] RT Studios
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m= |s=}}
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips]] Marathi
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music of the film is composed by [[Amitraj]] with lyrics are penned by [[Kshitij Patwardhan]].

The Song Dil me baji guitar recreated by Amitraj, originally composed by [[Pritam]]. Songs choreography done by Pappu Maalu and Sagar das.

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Sridevi Prasanna
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m= |s=}}
| title1 = Toch Aahe
| extra1 = Harshavardhan Wavare & [[Aarya Ambekar]]
| music1 = Amitraj
| lyrics1 = Kshitij Patwardhan
| length1 =
| title2 = Dil me baji guitar
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Kasturi Wavre
| music2 = Amitraj
| lyrics2 = Kshitij Patwardhan
| length2 =
| title3 = Asach Asel ka
| extra3 = [[Aanandi Joshi (singer)]] & Harshavardhan Wavare
| lyrics3 = Kshitij Patwardhan
| music3 = Amitraj
| length3 =
| title4 = Ajun koni aahe ka
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Kasturi Wavre
| lyrics4 = Kshitij Patwardhan
| music4 = Amitraj
| length4 =
| title5 = Harun gele
| extra5 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| lyrics5 = Kshitij Patwardhan
| music5 = Amitraj
| length5 =
}}

== Critical response ==
Prerana Jangam of ''[[Sakal]]'' awarded 4 stars out of 5 and suggests that the movie will appeal more to the younger generation but believes that its interesting story can entertain audiences of any age group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जंगम |first=प्रेरणा |date=2024-02-03 |title=Sridevi Prasanna Movie Review : लग्न करायला जाताय, 'श्रीदेवी प्रसन्न' पाहून गेलात तर 'एवढे गुण' नक्की जुळतील! |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/sridevi-prasanna-marathi-movie-review-sai-tamhankar-sidhartha-chandekar-yst88 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref> Harshada Bhirvandekar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the film for its exceptional acting, particularly highlighting the performances of Siddharth Chandekar and Sai Tamhankar. In addition she added "They emphasize that the characters feel authentic and well-portrayed thanks to these actors."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Sridevi Prasanna Review : प्रसन्नला श्रीदेवी पावणार का? वाचा कसा आहे सिद्धार्थ-सईचा नवाकोरा चित्रपट? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sridevi-prasanna-movie-review-sai-tamhankar-and-siddharth-chandekar-starrer-marathi-film-review-141707034481111.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> Kalpeshraj Kubal reviewed for ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.0/5 and wrote "It will definitely tug your heart's (and guitar) strings."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sridevi Prasanna Movie Review : Sridevi Prasanna has a lot of things to watch out for, predominantly the performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sridevi-prasanna/movie-review/107386653.cms |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=30632761}}
* ''[https://www.amctheatres.com/movies/sridevi-prasanna-76066 Sridevi Prasanna]'' at [[AMC Theatres]]

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romance films]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Huliya (film)

2026-03-03T22:04:11Z

Ahmjit: new new entry

{{Short description|1996 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Huliya
| director = K. V. Raju
| producer = G. Govind Kadur Ramesh
| writer = K. V. Raju
| starring = [[Devaraj]] [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] [[Pooja Lokesh]] [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]]
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = Mallikarjun
| editing = Shyam Yadav
| studio = Shri Raghavendra Films
| released = {{Film date|1996}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Huliya''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by K. V. Raju and produced by G. Govind and Kadur Ramesh under the Shri Raghavendra Films banner. It stars [[Devaraj]] and [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]. Apart from them, the film stars [[Pooja Lokesh]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Srinivasa Murthy]], [[Sanketh Kashi]] in important roles. [[Sadhu Kokila]] composed the film's score and soundtrack.

== Cast ==
The cast:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/huliya-1996|title=Huliya (ಹುಲಿಯಾ)|date=2013-08-28|website=chiloka.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>

* [[Devaraj]] as Huliya, innocent villager
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Mydani, wife of Huliya
* [[Pooja Lokesh]] as Rekha, journalist
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Madagi, crooked politician
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]]
* [[Lohithaswa]] as Newspaper Editor
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Raama, child trafficker
* [[Sanketh Kashi|Sanket Kashi]] as Shegani, broker
* [[Bank Janardhan]] as [[Colonial Service|District Commissioner]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as [[pimp]] in brothel
* [[Sindhu Menon]] (credited as Baby Sindhu) as Puttagowri, Huliya's daughter

== Soundtrack ==
[[Sadhu Kokila]] composed the soundtrack album for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/08/28/huliya-1996/|title=Huliya – ಹುಲಿಯಾ (1996/೧೯೯೬)|last=Said|first=ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್|date=2013-08-28|website=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| title1 = Banna Bannadaramane
| length1 =
| title2 = Appa Appa
| length2 =
| title3 = Brahma Devane
| length3 =
| title4 = Aase Hakki Kare Needide
| length4 =
| title5 = Manushhatwavannu
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length =
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| extra2 = [[Nanditha]]
| extra3 = [[C. Ashwath]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| music3 =
}}

== Awards ==
1995–96: [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] - [[Pooja Lokesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15164312}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:1996 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 action drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Daana Veera Soora Karna

2026-03-03T20:23:03Z

Ahmjit: correct layout based on references and added references per standard format

{{Short description|1977 Indian film by N. T. Rama Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daana Veera Soora Karna
| image = Daana Veera Soora Karna.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| producer = N. T. Rama Rao
| writer = N. T. Rama Rao {{small|(story & screenplay)}} [[Kondaveeti Venkatakavi]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| starring = N. T. Rama Rao [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]]
| music = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cinematography = M. Kannappa
| editing = G. D. Joshi
| based_on = Life of [[Karna]]
| studio = [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]]
| distributor = Mayuri
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1977|1|14}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}10 [[lakh]]<ref name="it" />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}1.5{{En dash}}2 [[crore]]<ref name="it" /><ref name="tt" />
}}

'''''Daana Veera Soora Karna''''' ({{translation|Generous, heroic, and valiant [[Karna]]}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] co-written, produced and directed by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] under his banner [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]].<ref name="dvsk">{{cite web |last=Chinarayana |first=Pulagam |date=17 January 2017 |editor-last=Sri |editor2-last=NaChaKi |title=Daana Veera Soora Karna - Retrospective |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/daana-veera-soora-karna-retrospective |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[TeluguCinema.com]]}}</ref> Based on the life of [[Karna]] from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the film stars Rama Rao in three roles: the title character Karna, [[Duryodhana]], and [[Krishna]]. The music was composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=అనితరసాధ్యం.. దాన వీర శూర కర్ణ! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/45-years-compleated-dana-veera-sura-karna-120577.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref>

The film focuses on Karna's life, his deep loyalty to Duryodhana, and the moral dilemmas he faces. Duryodhana, traditionally portrayed as an antagonist in the ''Mahabharata'', is shown here in a more positive light as a knowledgeable and loyal friend to Karna. This sympathetic portrayal of Duryodhana, first introduced in Rama Rao's earlier film ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' (1966), is expanded upon in ''Daana Veera Soora Karna''.<ref name="dvsk" />

Produced on a budget of ₹10 [[lakh]], ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' became a significant commercial success, emerging as the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film]] of its time with a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor share]] of ₹1.5–2 [[crore]].<ref name="it">{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=April 11, 2020 |title=Quarantine Curation: 20 classic South Indian films that deserve a watch during lockdown |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/quarantine-curation-20-classic-south-indian-films-that-deserve-a-watch-during-lockdown-1665821-2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{Cite web |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=8 July 2017 |title=Highlighting the goodness of Karna, Suyodhana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/highlighting-goodness-karna-suyodhana |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> It is regarded as a classic in Telugu mythological cinema.<ref name="it" />

== Plot ==

A baby is discovered floating in the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river by a charioteer named [[Adhiratha]], who adopts and names the boy [[Karna]]. As Karna grows up, he witnesses the injustice of [[Drona|Dronacharya]] removing [[Ekalavya]]'s thumb to ensure [[Arjuna]] becomes the foremost archer. Outraged by this act, Karna vows to one day surpass Arjuna.

Karna later becomes a student of [[Parashurama|Parasurama]], seeking to master the art of archery. One day, while Parasurama sleeps, [[Indra]], disguised as an insect, bites Karna. Despite the pain, Karna remains still to avoid waking his guru. When Parasurama sees the blood, he mistakenly believes Karna to be of the [[Kshatriya]] caste and curses that Karna's skills would fail him when he needs them the most. Although Parasurama later realizes that Karna is a Sūtaputra (son of a charioteer), he cannot revoke the curse.

During his travels, Karna attempts to save a Brahmin's cow from Indra, who is in the form of a lion. Failing to do so, Karna incurs another curse from the Brahmin, foretelling that Karna will die in a helpless situation. Additionally, Karna, moved by a young girl's distress, squeezes [[ghee]] from the soil to restore her spilled offering. For disturbing the earth, [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] curses Karna that his chariot wheel will get stuck in the ground at a critical moment during battle.

At an archery competition in [[Hastinapur|Hastinapuram]], Karna arrives to challenge Arjuna but is insulted due to his lower birth. [[Duryodhana]], the [[Kaurava]] prince, defends Karna by crowning him king of [[Anga]]. Grateful, Karna pledges his loyalty to Duryodhana, and the two become close friends. When [[Yudhishthira|Dharmaraja]], the eldest [[Pandava]], challenges Duryodhana to a dice game, Dharmaraja loses everything to [[Shakuni|Sakuni]]'s manipulation, forcing the Pandavas into exile.

As tensions rise before the [[Kurukshetra War]], [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] reveals Karna’s true parentage—he is [[Kunti]]'s firstborn son and the eldest Pandava. However, Karna remains loyal to Duryodhana. During the war preparations, [[Bhishma]], the Kaurava commander, refuses to allow Karna to fight, labeling him "Ardharatha" (half a charioteer), a term implying his lower status. Karna swears not to fight until Bhishma is incapacitated. After Bhishma falls on the battlefield, Karna receives his blessing and joins the war.

On the battlefield, Karna faces [[Abhimanyu]], Arjuna’s son, who has been wreaking havoc on the Kaurava forces. Duryodhana orders Karna to destroy Abhimanyu's bow, which leads to Abhimanyu's death. Karna mourns the loss, recognizing Abhimanyu’s courage and lamenting his role in the young warrior's death.

Later, Kunti approaches Karna and begs him to join the Pandavas or at least spare them in battle. Karna agrees not to kill any of the Pandavas except Arjuna, promising that Kunti will still have five sons, whether he or Arjuna survives. During the subsequent battles, Karna repeatedly spares the lives of the Pandavas, though he defeats them in combat. After the deaths of his own sons at the hands of the Pandavas, Karna declares that he has sacrificed his sons for Kunti's.

Indra, disguised as a Brahmin, tricks Karna into surrendering his divine armor (Kavacha) and earrings (Kundala), which protect him from harm. In return, Indra gives him a powerful weapon, the Vasavi Sakthi, for one-time use. Though Karna hopes to use this weapon against Arjuna, he is forced to deploy it during a night attack, losing his advantage.

On the final day of battle, [[Shalya|Salya]], an uncle of the Pandavas, serves as Karna’s charioteer and demoralizes him, as per Krishna’s plan. Karna's accumulated curses take effect as his chariot wheel becomes stuck in the battlefield. In his moment of helplessness, Karna calls upon Arjuna to honour the warrior code and allow him to free his chariot, but Krishna urges Arjuna to strike. Arjuna kills Karna, aided by Krishna's guidance.

After Karna's death, Krishna explains Karna's sacrifices and valoir to Arjuna. Kunti reveals Karna’s true identity to the Pandavas, leading Dharmaraja to curse all women for keeping secrets. Karna's soul ascends to [[Surya]], the [[Solar deity|Sun God]]. Duryodhana mourns the loss of his closest friend and attempts to abandon the war, but Krishna convinces him to continue.

In the final duel, Duryodhana chooses [[Bhima]] as his opponent. Following Krishna's advice, Bhima strikes Duryodhana's thigh, a dishonorable move that ultimately kills him. As Duryodhana lies dying, he questions Krishna's righteousness. After their deaths, Karna and Duryodhana are reunited in heaven, their unbreakable bond enduring beyond life.

== Cast ==
Source:<ref name="dvsk" /><ref name=":0" />
{{colbegin}}
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Srikrishna]], [[Karna]], and [[Duryodhana]] (triple role)
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as [[Yudhishthira|Dharma Raju]]
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as [[Bhima]]
* [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] as [[Arjuna]]
* [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] as [[Draupadi]]
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Kunti]]
* [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry]] as [[Sakuni]]
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as [[Parasurama]]
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Bhishma]]
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Shalya|Salya]]
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as [[Drona]]
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as [[Abhimanyu]]
* [[P. J. Sarma]] as [[Vidura]]
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as [[Indra]], [[Adhiratha]], [[Jarasandha]], and [[Dhrishtadyumna]] (quadruple role)
* Jagga Rao as [[Dushasana]]
* Jaya Bhaskar as [[Ekalavya]] and [[Surya]] (dual role)
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as [[Subhadra]]
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as [[Vrishali]]
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as [[Bhanumati (Mahabharata)|Bhanumati]]
* [[Rajasree]]
* [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]]
* [[Jayamalini]] as Dancer
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer
{{colend}}

Chalapathi Rao performed four roles and also appeared in two other costumes as disguises of Indra, while Jaya Bhaskar did a dual role.

==Production==

=== Development ===
''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' was launched on 7 June 1976 at [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]] in [[Hyderabad]] with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] giving the inaugural clap. It was the first shot at Ramakrishna Cine Studios. [[N. T. Rama Rao]], who produced, directed, and played three key roles in the film (Karna, Krishna, and Duryodhana), intended to release the film for the [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]] festival in 1977. During the planning stages, Rama Rao became aware that actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] was preparing to make ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (1977), with a story line similar to ''Dana Veera Soora Karna''. This prompted Rama Rao to start the film immediately to ensure a timely release for Sankranti.<ref name="dvsk" />

The film's dialogues were written by [[Kondaveeti Venkatakavi]], a scholar and Sanskrit college principal, who initially declined the offer due to his atheistic beliefs but eventually agreed after Rama Rao's personal request. While most mythological and folkloric movies since the 1950s used colloquial language (Vaduka Bhasha), ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' distinguished itself by employing a formal literary style (Granthika Bhasha) throughout.<ref name="dvsk" />

=== Casting ===
Rama Rao initially wanted [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] to play [[Krishna]] in ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'', but Nageswara Rao declined due to concerns over screen presence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-27 |title=Daana Veera Soora Karna: ఒక్క ఎన్టీఆర్‌కే ఇది సాధ్యం..! |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/oldies/ntr-centenary-celebrations-special-daana-veera-soora-karna-kbk-45057.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Chitra Jyothi |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref> Even after a request from [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]], who assured him that audiences would appreciate the collaboration, Nageswara Rao refused the role. However, Rama Rao later cast him as [[Chanakya]] in ''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]'' (1977), a role Nageswara Rao had shown interest in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=ఏయన్నార్‌ వద్దన్నా ఎన్టీఆర్‌ వదల్లేదు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/anr-denines-ntr-urge-to-act-in-dana-veera-sura-karna/0208/120101433 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

[[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]] and [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], Rama Rao's sons, played the roles of [[Arjuna]] and [[Abhimanyu]], respectively. This marked the second and final film where Rama Rao, Harikrishna, and Balakrishna worked together.<ref name="dvsk" /> [[Madala Ranga Rao]] was initially cast as Arjuna but was replaced by Harikrishna following a disagreement over Rama Rao's strict rule that all actors maintain a vegetarian diet during the production of the mythological film.<ref name=":2" />

During the film’s production, Rama Rao imposed conditions on actors, including prohibiting them from working on Krishna's ''Kurukshetram'' simultaneously, as both films were being made at the same time. However, exception was made for [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], who acted in both films. Satyanarayana portrayed [[Bhima]] in ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' and Duryodhana in ''Kurukshetram''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chinthakindhi Ramu |title=ఎన్టీఆర్ పెట్టిన కండీషన్‌ను బ్రేక్ చేసిన కైకాల సత్యనారాయణ... ‘దాన వీర శూర కర్ణ’ సమయంలో... |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/kaikala-satyanarayana-when-kaikala-satyanarayana-breaks-sr-nt-rama-rao-condition-during-daana-veera-soora-karna-r2vooh |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[Asianet News Network]] |language=te}}</ref> [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], initially apprehensive about working with Rama Rao due to his strict nature, played the role of [[Draupadi]] and later became more comfortable after her first day's shoot.<ref name="dvsk" />

=== Filming ===
''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' was completed in 43 working days, a record at the time, considering that N. T. Rama Rao required at least three hours for makeup and two hours for removal for each of his three roles. Rama Rao typically did not review [[Dailies|rushes]] before release, allowing the film to be edited quickly without pre-screening. The [[Mayasabha]] set was not finished during filming, so Rama Rao filmed [[Close-up|close-ups]] while the paintings were still in progress and [[Wide shot|wide shots]] once they were completed. The film was shot entirely at Ramakrishna Cine Studios, with no major location shoots.<ref name="dvsk" />

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]], who completed the majority of the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhana Veera Soora Karna (1977) - Song Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CRR/info |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Initially, [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]] contributed by composing the song "Ye Thalli Ninu Kannadho" along with many verses. However, only Pendyala Nageswara Rao's name appears in the title credits.<ref name=":0" />

''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' features ten songs and thirty-five verses, making it one of the most song-heavy films in Telugu cinema, surpassed only by [[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|''Lava Kusa'']] (1963).<ref name="dvsk" /> Many of the verses were adapted from ''Paandavodyoga Vijayam'' and ''Sree Krishna Raayabaram'', written by the poet duo [[Tirupati Venkata Kavulu]].<ref name=":0" /> Pundareekakshayya, who held the rights to these verses for ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967), was offered a blank cheque by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] for their use in ''Kurukshetram''. However, he chose to give the rights to N. T. Rama Rao for free, allowing ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' to use them.<ref name="dvsk" />
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!{{abbr|No.|number}}!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!Length
|-
|1
|"Ey Thalli Ninu Kannadho"
| rowspan="8" | [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:05
|-
|2
|"Jayeebhava Vijayeebhava"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[G. Anand]]
|3:21
|-
|3
|"Chithram Bhalaare Vichitram"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:23
|-
|4
|"Telisenule Priyaa Rasikaa"
|[[S. Janaki]], P. Susheela
|4:32
|-
|5
|"Raara Itu Raara"
|S. Janaki
|3:23
|-
|6
|"Anna Devudu Ledanna"
|S. Janaki
|3:13
|-
|7
|"Idhira Dhora Madhiraa"
|S. Janaki
|3:58
|-
|8
|"Eyla Santhaapammu"
|[[V. Ramakrishna]]
|4:03
|-
|9
|"Kalagantino Swamy"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|Madhavapeddi Ramesh, P. Susheela
|3:57
|}

== Release ==

=== Reception ===
The film received widespread acclaim, particularly for N. T. Rama Rao's portrayal of three distinct characters and Kondaveeti Venkatakavi's powerful dialogues. Rama Rao's innovative reimagining of Duryodhana as "Suyodhana," a noble and virtuous leader, deviated from the traditional negative portrayal and was well-received by audiences. The film's complex and classical Telugu (Grandhikam) dialogues, while challenging for some viewers to follow, contributed to the film's authenticity and grandeur. These dialogues became immensely popular, with their recordings released on [[LP record|LP records]] and [[Cassette tape|audio cassettes]], which sold in large numbers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Box Office ===
''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' was censored on January 12, 1977, and released on January 14. Initially distributed with 30 prints, Gemini Labs could not print all of them in the limited time available. Consequently, the film was released in 14 centers on the first day and expanded to 16 centers the following day.<ref name="dvsk" />

The film achieved significant box office success, running for 100 days in nine centers and 250 days at the Shanti Theatre in Hyderabad. This success solidified N. T. Rama Rao's reputation as a leading figure in mythological cinema. Produced on a budget of less than ₹10 [[lakh]], ''Daana Veera Soora Karna'' grossed over ₹1 [[crore]] during its initial run.<ref name="cinegoer.com">{{cite web |date=9 January 2007 |title=Silver Jubilee Films of NTR |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/ntr175.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616014403/http://www.cinegoer.com/ntr175.htm |archive-date=16 June 2012 |website=CineGoer.com}}</ref> It was the second Telugu film to collect ₹1 crore after [[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|''Lava Kusa'']] (1963).<ref name=":1" /> For its 1994 re-release, the film once again earned over ₹1 crore in revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arun |date=2018-10-15 |title=మన ఎన్టీఆర్ దాన వీర శూర కర్ణ ! |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/content/daana-veera-soora-karna-movie-9441 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*[[P. Susheela]] won [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Ye Thalli Ninu Kannado"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/andhrapatrikamag19781229/page/n33/mode/2up?q=వీర | title=Andhra Patrika ఆంధ్ర పత్రిక Volume 72 Issue 16 | date=29 Dec 1978}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0259261}}

{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:1977 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Krishna in popular culture]]

Garuda Saukiyama

2026-03-03T05:17:23Z

Ahmjit: refine article per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Garuda Saukiyama
| image = Garuda Saukiyama.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]
| writer = [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
| producer = T. S. Sethuraman
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] [[Thiagarajan]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = K. R. Krishnan
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Revathi Combines
| released = {{Film date|1982|02|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Garuda Saukiyama''''' ({{translation|Are you fine, Garuda?}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film]], directed by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] and written by [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Thiagarajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=221-230 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp23.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319122129/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp23.htm |archive-date=19 March 2018 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It revolves around a petty criminal who eventually rises to become a feared don. The film was released on 25 February 1982, and became a [[box-office bomb]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
Mary reared Deenadayalan as an orphan. He begins with little offences and progresses to more serious offences as he grows older. He eventually becomes a don and presents himself to the public as a philanthropic businessman.

Muthukrishnan is taken under Deenadayalan's wing. Despite this, he has a strong sense of justice and is regarded as a protector of the poor and oppressed. His wife Lakshmi and daughter Radha have no idea about his unlawful operations. However, as he experiences treachery from people close to him, his work begins to have an influence on his family.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Deenadayalan
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Thiagarajan]] as Muthukrishnan
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Mary
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Radha
*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Mohan
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Meena
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as Sathyanathan

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garudaa Sowkyama Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/garudaa-sowkyama-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612030140/https://mossymart.com/product/garudaa-sowkyama-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sandana Malarin Sundara Vadivil
| lyrics1 = [[Alangudi Somu]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Mottu Vitta Vasanai
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Muthu Rathina Chithiram
| lyrics3 = Alangudi Somu
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Geethai Solla Kannan
| lyrics4 = Alangudi Somu
| extra4 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length4 = 4:11
| total_length = 17:31
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Garuda Saukiyama'' was released on 25 February 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' negatively reviewed the film, criticising its similarities to ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=14 March 1982 |title=கருடா சௌக்கியமா? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-03-14/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230421071626/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-03-14/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=23 October 1987 |title=Authentic |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871023&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254349}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 crime films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu

2026-03-03T05:16:49Z

Ahmjit: creating new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu
| image = Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| writer = C. V. Sridhar
| producer = C. V. Sridhar
| starring = [[Raghuvaran]] [[Sumalatha]] Manochitra [[Prathapachandran]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Chithralaya]]
| distributor =
| cinematography =Tiwari
| editing =M. Umanath M. Mani
| released = {{film date|1983|12|2|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu''''' ({{translation|A stream becomes a river}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, written, produced and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]] and starring [[Raghuvaran]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2016 |title=ஆட்டம்னா ஆட்டம்! |language=ta |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=https://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2016-mar-19/satire/116899-kollywood-actors-funny-dance-steps.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209003058/https://www.vikatan.com/timepassvikatan/2016-mar-19/satire/116899-kollywood-actors-funny-dance-steps.html |archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> The female leads were Sumalatha and Manochitra (daughter of [[T. S. Balaiah]]). The film was released on 2 December 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஒரு ஓடை நதியாகிறது / Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu (1983) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/oru-odai-nadhiyagirathu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009045441/https://screen4screen.com/movies/oru-odai-nadhiyagirathu |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}
Raghuvaran visits his friend's place on a tour and one night he happens to see a woman while returning from a party. On that rainy night, he rapes her and leaves. He speaks about this incident to his friend and his friend advises him not to search for that girl, as she would have forgotten it. Haunted by guilty feelings, Raghuvaran searches for her later, but is unable to find her.

Meanwhile, the woman becomes pregnant and, unable to come to terms with this incident, leaves that place with her father. In the new place, she gives birth to a boy, and she tries to search for Raghuvaran, even though she never recalls his face from that dreaded rainy night.

Later, Raghuvaran marries Manochitra as everyone forces him, even though he is still fond of Sumalatha, the woman he raped. Whether Sumalatha finds Raghuvaran and what happens to Manochitra, or whether Raghuvaran identifies his son forms the climax.

== Cast ==

*[[Raghuvaran]]
*[[Sumalatha]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2016 |title=80-களின் நடிகர்கள் சந்திப்பு மனநிறைவை தருகிறது - சுமலதா |language=ta |work=[[Dinakaran]] |url=http://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=20820&id1=3 |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209003112/http://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=20820&id1=3 |archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref>
*[[Manochithra]]
*[[Prathapachandran]]
*[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]]
*[[Typist Gopu]]
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/oru-odai-nadhiyagirathu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009045358/https://mossymart.com/product/oru-odai-nadhiyagirathu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Thendral Ennai Muththam Ittadhu" is set in [[Malayamarutam]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2013 |title=Morning ragas |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/morning-ragas/article4793166.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831050311/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/morning-ragas/article4793166.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=161}} "Kanavu Ondru" is in [[Revati (raga)|Revati]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=15 February 2013 |title=Mystical Revathi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mystical-revathi/article4418462.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226101542/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mystical-revathi/article4418462.ece |archive-date=26 December 2020}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=136}} and "Thalaiyai Kuniyum" is in [[Reetigowla]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=25 November 2011 |title=Riveting Ritigowla |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/riveting-ritigowla/article2659559.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190854/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/riveting-ritigowla/article2659559.ece |archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=160}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track
! Singers
! Lyrics
|-
| "En Thegam Amudham"
| [[S. Janaki]]
| [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Thalayai Kuniyum Thamaraye"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Rajeswari]]
| Vairamuthu
|-
| "Thendral Ennai Muththam"
| [[Krishnachandran]], B. S. Sasirekha
| Vairamuthu
|-
| "Kanavu Ondru"
| S. Janaki
| Vairamuthu
|-
| "Rathiri Pozhuthu"
| [[P. Jayachandran]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| [[Gangai Amaran]]
|}

== Critical reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the actors underacted, praised the film's opening scenes but criticised the abundance of songs and inclusion of item number.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=25 December 1983 |title=ஒரு ஓடை நதியாகிறது |url=https://ibb.co/3ypqDMj |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504131019/https://ibb.co/3ypqDMj |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, music, cinematography and also praised Sridhar's talent for opening scenes, sharp dialogues.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=18 December 1983 |title=ஒரு ஓடை நதியாகிறது |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_63/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621150438/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_63/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=22 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{C. V. Sridhar}}

[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sabuj Palli High school

2026-02-21T08:58:31Z

Ahmjit: New Basic Details Needs Work - done

{{Short description|High school in Coochbehar, West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{independent sources|date=January 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sabuj Palli High School
| logo = Logo_Of_Sabuj_palli_High_school.png
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| caption = Logo Of Sabuj Palli High School
| motto = '''Discipline, study, practice''’
| established = {{start date and age|02 January 1971}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| campus = Rural
| affiliation = [[WBBSE]] and [[WBCHSE]]
| type = [[Govt. sponsored school]]
| gender = Co-educational
| enrollment = 1200
| address = Barasakdal, [[Dinhata II]], [[Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 736169
| location = [[Cooch Behar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.117665|N|89.539758|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| website = [https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19030204401 Banglarshiksha.gov]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sabujpalli High School''' is a co-educational school.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbbse.wb.gov.in/Web/SchoolDirectory?l=NvIA4/0JZGMsvPnDuBDEBA== | title=WBBSE :: School Directory | access-date=2023-01-09 | archive-date=2023-01-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107151509/https://wbbse.wb.gov.in/Web/SchoolDirectory?l=NvIA4/0JZGMsvPnDuBDEBA== | url-status=dead }}</ref> It was established on 2 January 1971 and it is managed by the [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|Department of Education]]. It is located in the [[Dinhata II]] block of [[Cooch Bihar]] district of [[West Bengal]], India.

==Gallery==
[[File:Sabujpalli_High_school.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|Sabuj palli High school]]
[[File:Sabuj palli High school campus.jpg|thumb|Sabuj palli High school campus]]
[[File:Sabuj_palli_High_school.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|Sabuj palli High school Building]]

==See also==

* [[WBBSE]]
* [[WBCHSE]]
* [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|School Education WB]]
* [[Kanyashree Prakalpa|Kanyashree]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/
* https://wbbse.wb.gov.in/
* https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226163115/https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/ |date=2022-12-26 }}

[[Category:Schools in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Arthi Venkatesh

2026-02-17T13:38:56Z

Ahmjit: added a info!

{{short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Indian name|Arthi|Venkatesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arthi Venkatesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| height = 5ft 9in
| education = Bachelors in Visual Communication
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| spouse = [[Anirudha Srikkanth]] (divorced)
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Model
* actress
}}
| othername = Arthi Anirudha
}}

'''Arthi Venkatesh''' is an Indian model and socialite from Chennai.<ref name="magzter">{{cite news|title=Arthi Venkatesh A Heroine Is Born|url=https://www.magzter.com/article/Womens-Interest/Women-Exclusive/Arthi-Venkatesh-A-Heroine-Is-Born|access-date=16 January 2018|work=Magzter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestoryteller-india.com/arthi-venkatesh|title=The Storyteller - Arthi Venkatesh :)|website=thestoryteller-india.com}}</ref> After appearing in commercials and portfolios in the late 2000s, she made her acting debut through [[Bejoy Nambiar]]'s bilingual film ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' (2017).<ref name = "solo">{{cite news|title=Arthi Venkatesh excited about working with Dulquer Salmaan in Solo|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/arthi-venkatesh-excited-about-working-with-dulquer-salmaan-in-solo/story-q9RKkq5NoP0P8GaAuUQtFI.html|access-date=16 January 2018|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|date=23 November 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XBeZY2HI17Q| archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBeZY2HI17Q&list=PLYYJzFxZ0a_OnLGlP9TAJAFfhqEgfaZHc| title = "Hangover ஆயிட்டு One Day Waste ஆயிடுச்சு..." Arthi Venkatesh {{!}} Fun Filled Interview {{!}} Vijay | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Career==
Arthi Venkatesh was born in Chennai to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family. She graduated with a degree in visual communications from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] and pursued a course in interior design from Bangalore.<ref name="magzter"/> During her time in Bangalore, she became acquainted with fashion stylist [[Prasad Bidapa]], who suggested that she should partake in the [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] pageant, and subsequently Arthi pursued a career in modelling.<ref name="magzter"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110815-clean-bowled-747124-2011-08-03|title=Clean bowled|first=Shilpa| last=Rathnam|orig-date=August 3, 2011 |date=August 15, 2011|website=India Today}}</ref>

She briefly moved to [[New York City|New York]] to further her career in fashion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobecreative.com/feature|title=Feature|website=NOBE Creative}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Her first introduction to the international fashion industry took place during the New York Fashion Week, where she was noticed by [[Jovani Fashion|Jovani]] and Morrell Maxie and eventually walked for them at the New York Bridal Fashion Week.<ref name="aleg">{{Cite web|url=https://alegria.co.in/arthi-venkatesh-visitor-at-sector-16/|title=Arthi Venkatesh – Visitors at #Sector16 | Alegria 2020 | The Festival Of Joy | 04 Feb 2020 to 08 Feb 2020 | Pillai College Festival | Dreamland | One Of India's Biggest College Festivals|date=25 February 2017|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023214606/https://alegria.co.in/arthi-venkatesh-visitor-at-sector-16/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is considered as a [[socialite]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/arthi-venkatesh-looked-pretty-at-the-launch-of-charles-keith-festive-collection-at-express-avenue/articleshow/66556438.cms|title=Arthi Venkatesh looked pretty at the launch of Charles & Keith festive collection at Express Avenue |website=The Times of India|date=6 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hospibuz.com/magnums-limited-edition-pop-up-is-the-ultimate-destination-for-a-luxurious-experience-this-festive-season-2/|title=Magnum's Limited-edition Pop-up is the Ultimate Destination for a Luxurious Experience this Festive Season|date=28 October 2019|website=HospiBuz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140729/lifestyle-fashionbeauty/article/plait-gives-way-pixie-look|title=Move aside plaits, say hello to pixies|date=29 July 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20130306/282544425728181|title=|via=PressReader}}</ref> As of 2017, Arthi has had about 250 runway shows and more than 350 photo shoots to her credit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pavitrakrishnaswamy.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/02/12/Arthi-Venkatesh-Talks-Beauty-and-Makeup|title=Arthi Venkatesh Talks Beauty and Makeup|website=website|date=12 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="aleg"/>

Despite receiving acting offers from the likes of [[Mani Ratnam]] and Shanoo Sharma of [[Yash Raj Films]], Arthi had been reluctant to enter the film industry early in her career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/231116/arthi-walks-beyond-the-ramp.html|title=Arthi walks beyond the ramp|first=Gautam|last=Sunder|date=23 November 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In 2016, Arthi accepted an acting offer from director [[Bejoy Nambiar]] and took up acting training to work on the film. Although the film was shelved, he later offered her a role in Tamil-Malayalam bilingual, ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' (2017) opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]]. She shot for the film for a week in [[Kochi]], and it remains her only acting venture to date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/arti-venkatesh-is-dulquers-heroine-in-solo-news-malayalam-qlwmeQhfabffh.html|title = Arti Venkatesh is Dulquer's heroine in 'Solo'| website=[[Sify]] }}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Model-Arthi-to-debut-in-Bejoy-Nambiars-bilingual/articleshow/55561891.cms|title=Chennai Model Arthi to debut in Bejoy Nambiar's bilingual - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://provokelifestyle.org/2019/09/05/speakyourmind-with-arthi-venkatesh/|title=Provoke Lifestyle|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326172042/http://provokelifestyle.org/2019/09/05/speakyourmind-with-arthi-venkatesh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, she appeared as a judge on the reality show ''Kadhalika Neramillai'' alongside [[Sathish Krishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/10/13021851/1091940/No-Filter-Being-a-reality-show-judge-has-helped-Arthi-.vpf|title=No Filter: Being a reality show judge has helped Arthi improve her Tamil|date=13 October 2018|website=dtNext.in}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was married to the Indian cricketer [[Anirudha Srikkanth]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Peek into the home of cricketer Anirudha Srikkanth & model Arthi : MagnaMags|url=http://magnamags.com/society-interiors/at-home-with/peek-into-the-home-of-cricketer-anirudha-srikkanth-model-arthi/4264|access-date=16 January 2018|work=magnamags.com|archive-date=13 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413053701/http://www.magnamags.com/society-interiors/at-home-with/peek-into-the-home-of-cricketer-anirudha-srikkanth-model-arthi/4264|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportswallah.com/cricket/photos/meet-arti-venkatesh-the-beauty-with-brains-that-you-didnt-know-about/|title=Meet Arti Venkatesh - The beauty with brains that you didn't know about!|date=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/when-bollywood-and-cricket-collide/20160211.htm|title=When Bollywood and Cricket collide!}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]''
|Ayesha
|Malayalam Tamil
|Segment : World of Trilok
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12404217}}
* {{Instagram|artxo23}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, Arthi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ayeesha Aiman

2026-02-14T09:09:23Z

Ahmjit:

{{Short description|Indian actress and Miss India (born 1996)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Ayeesha Aiman
| image =
| birth_name = Ayeesha Aiman
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|09|19}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/i-wish-to-act-like-madhubala-meena-kumariji-former-miss-india-international-now-actress-ayeesha-s-aiman-1206457?amp | title="I wish to act like Madhubala & Meena Kumariji," former Miss India International, now actress Ayeesha S Aiman | date=16 January 2023 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nawada]], [[Bihar]], India
| education = [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Mechanical engineering]] [[Bachelor's degree]] in Aeronautical engineering
| alma_mater = [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]] [[Indian Institute of Aeronautics]]
| occupation = actress, model & Aeronautical engineer
| years_active = 2015 to present
| height = {{height|m=1.73}}
| title =[[Glamanand Supermodel India 2015 | Miss India International 2015]]
}}

'''Ayeesha S. Aiman''' (born 19 September 1990) is an Indian actress, model, beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned Miss India International 2015 and she represented India at [[Miss International 2015]] pageant held in [[Tokyo]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/Supriya-Aiman-at-Miss-International-2015/articleshow/49594055.cms |title=Miss India - Miss Diva - World Pageants - Indiatimes.com |website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808183813/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/Supriya-Aiman-at-Miss-International-2015/articleshow/49594055.cms |archive-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> She made her acting debut in a [[Bollywood film]] ''[[India Lockdown]]'' by National award-winning director [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]. Ayeesha S Aiman played her first lead role [[Randeep Hooda]] starrer web series ''[[Inspector Avinash]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=PR |first1=ANI |title=Ayeesha Aiman wraps up shoot for her new web series Inspector Avinash |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ayeesha-aiman-wraps-up-shoot-for-her-new-web-series-inspector-avinash/912628/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=12 April 2022}}</ref> where Ayeesha played gorgeous modern-day royal princess in the series presented by [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]]. Ayeesha will be seen in another web series AK47 where she is leading the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayeesha S Aiman Bags a Web Series AK 47 with Endemol Shine |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ayeesha-s-aiman-bags-a-web-series-ak-47-with-endemol-shine-2967610 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ayessha S. Aiman was born on 19 September 1990 in Nawada district of Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=राज |first1=अमन |title=मधुर भंडारकर की फिल्म में अदा बिखेरेंगी नवादा की आयशा, 2 दिसंबर को रिलीज हो रही 'इंडिया लॉकडाउन |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/fashion-movie-director-madhur-bhandarkar-film-india-lockdown-star-cast-nawada-girl-ayesha-aiman-to-be-released-on-2nd-december-ann-2271738 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=www.abplive.com |date=1 December 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Pageantry==
She was awarded [[Panasonic]] Beauty Ambassador for the year 2015 award by the [[Panasonic]] organisation and Miss Visit Japan Tourism Ambassador by the [[Japan]] Tourism and International Cultural association at Miss International pageant. Supriya Aiman was awarded Asia Star Model award in South Korea, Seoul in the year of 2018 may in Asia Model Festival irrespective of her contribution in The modelling industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/supriya-aiman-awarded-asia-model-star/videoshow/64146050.cms |title=Supriya Aiman awarded Asia Model Star {{!}} Beauty Pageants- Times of India Videos |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514105452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/supriya-aiman-awarded-asia-model-star/videoshow/64146050.cms |archive-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>

===Glamanand Supermodel India 2015===
In October 2015, she was chosen by the Glamanand Supermodel India to represent India at [[Miss International 2015]] held in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. She succeeded [[Jhataleka Malhotra]] as [[Miss International]] India.

===Miss International 2015===
She represented India at the [[Miss International 2015]] pageant held [[Tokyo]], Japan from 16 October to 5 November and was awarded as [[Panasonic]] Beauty Ambassador of the year 2015 by [[Panasonic]] and Visit Japan Tourism Ambassador by Japan Tourism.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Pictures of Miss India International Ayeesha S Aiman take the internet by storm- The Etimes Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/yearendershow/93936094.cms |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/bakarganj-girl-takes-flight-for-japanese-ramp-glory/cid/1326963|title = Bakarganj girl takes flight for Japanese ramp glory}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[India Lockdown]]''
| Kamli
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest & Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ayeesha-s-aiman-paying-tribute-to-waheeda-rahman-through-india-lockdown/81847687.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhirani |first1=Garvit |title=Former Miss India International Ayeesha S Aiman Sets The Temperature High With Her Upcoming 'India Lockdown' |url=https://boxofficeworldwide.com/movies-latest-news/former-miss-india-international-ayeesha-s-aiman-sets-the-temperature-high-with-her-upcoming-india-lockdown/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=Box Office Worldwide |date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Inspector Avinash]]''
| Nandini
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayeesha Aiman wraps up shoot for her new web series Inspector Avinash - Articles |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/ayeesha-aiman-wraps-up-shoot-for-her-new-web-series-inspector-avinash |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=ZEE5 |date=12 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
| scope="row" style="background: #ffc;" |''Miss Massakali Tripathi{{dagger}}''
| Kalli Tripathi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First look of Miss Massakalli Tripathi has been released - Watch now {{!}} Business Upturn |url=https://www.businessupturn.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-miss-massakalli-tripathi-has-been-released-watch-now/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|14022769}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Jhataleka Malhotra]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Miss India International
|years=2015}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Rewati Chetri]]}}
{{S-bef|before=First Glamanand Miss India International}}
{{S-ttl|title=Glamanand Miss India International
|years=2015}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-end}}
{{Miss International 2015 delegates}}
{{Indian beauty pageant representatives}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aiman, Ayeesha}}
[[Category:Femina Miss India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from India]]
[[Category:Miss International 2015 delegates]]
[[Category:Female models from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]

Namita Chandel

2026-02-03T21:49:37Z

Ahmjit: Added some entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian canoeist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Namita Chandel
| image = Namita Chandel Seoni.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|02|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Seoni]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| country = [[India]]
| height =
| weight =
| sport = [[Canoe]]
| club =
| event =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[sprint canoe]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Canoeing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships|2022 Rayong]]|C-4 200 m}}
}}

'''Namita Chandel''' (born 10 February 1993 in [[Seoni]]) is an Indian [[canoeist]], who won four gold medals at the National Canoe Sprint Championship in 2016<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |first=Ramendra |last=Singh |title=From small town girl to India's best canoeist |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/From-small-town-girl-to-Indias-best-canoeist/articleshow/50573378.cms |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> and one in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |first=Litha |last=Thampy|title=MP players clinch 6 gold medals on 4th day |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/mp-players-clinch-6-gold-medals-on-4th-day/articleshow/56505978.cms |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> She represented India at the [[2022 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships]], where she was part of a bronze-winning team in the C-4 200m discipline.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namita makes Seoni proud by winning bronze in Asian C'ship |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/3/29/Namita-makes-Seoni-proud-by-winning-bronze-in-Asian-C-ship.html |work=The Hitavada |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Namita Chandel is from Chhapara,<ref name="TOI" /> a small village in [[Madhya Pradesh]], who regularly had to cross a river to attend school.<ref name="Bridge">{{cite news |first=Abhijit |last=Nair |title=Crossed river to go to school, Namita Chandel now India's canoeing star |work=The Bridge |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/crossed-river-go-school-namita-chandel-now-indias-canoening-star/ |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> She enrolled in the Madhya Pradesh water sports academy, whose only admission criterion was that the applicants know swimming, in 2011.<ref name="TOI" />

==Career==
Namita initially trained for [[kayaking]] but later switched to canoeing.<ref name="TOI" /> She represented [[India at the 2014 Asian Games|India]] in the [[2014 Asian Games]]. She won her first international medal at the Asian Canoe Sprint and Dragon Boat Championship in [[Indonesia]] in 2015.<ref name="Bridge" />

==Achievements==
* Represented India, Obstacle Slalom, [[Asian Games]], [[Incheon]], 2014
* Silver medal, Mixed 200m, Asian Canoe Sprint & Dragon Boat Championship, [[Indonesia]], 2015
* Gold medal, C-2 500m, National Canoe Sprint Championship, [[Bhopal]], 2018
* Represented India, C-1 events, [[2019 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships|ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships]], [[Szeged]], 2019
* 4 x Gold medals, C-4 (1000m, 500m, 200m) and C-2 (500m) events, National Canoe Sprint Championship, [[Bhopal]], 2020<ref name="ikca30th">{{cite web |url=https://www.ikca.in/30th_women_final_results_.pdf |title= 30th National Kayaking and Canoeing Sprint Senior Men and Women Championship|author= |date=16 January 2020 |publisher=Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703072332/https://www.ikca.in/30th_women_final_results_.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>
* 3 x Gold medals, C-4 (500m) and C-2 (500m, 200m), National Canoe Sprint Championship, [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], 2021<ref name="ikca31st">{{cite web |url=https://www.ikca.in/Result_-_31st_National_Canoe_Sprint_Senior_Men_&_Women_Championship_24-27_October_2021_at_Bilaspur_Himachal_Pradesh.pdf |title= 31st National Kayaking and Canoeing Sprint Senior Men and Women Championship|author= |date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703073834/https://www.ikca.in/Result_-_31st_National_Canoe_Sprint_Senior_Men_&_Women_Championship_24-27_October_2021_at_Bilaspur_Himachal_Pradesh.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>
* Gold medal - C-2 (5000m), 2 x Silver medals - C-2 (500m, 200m) and Bronze medal - C-4 (200m), National Canoe Sprint Championship, Bhopal, 2022<ref name="ikca32nd">{{cite web |url=https://www.ikca.in/32nd_Canoe_Sprint_Result_.pdf |title= 32nd National Kayaking and Canoeing Sprint Senior Men and Women Championship|author= |date=13 March 2022 |publisher=Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703074608/https://www.ikca.in/32nd_Canoe_Sprint_Result_.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>
* Bronze medal, C-4 (200m), [[2022 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships|Asian Canoe Sprint Championships]], [[Rayong]], 2022

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandel, Namita}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female canoeists]]
[[Category:Canoeists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-canoe-bio-stub}}

2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election

2026-01-27T14:32:18Z

Ahmjit: added new details!

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Haridwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing =
| previous_election = 2018 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2018
| election_date = 23 January 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 31
| turnout =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = Kiran Jaisal
| alliance1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 33
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''40'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 7
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| colour2 =
| leader2 = Amresh Baliyan
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 18
| seats2 = '''15'''
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 3
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 =
| colour3 =
| leader3 = ''None''
| party3 = Independent politician
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 8
| seats3 = '''5'''
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 3
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image = India Haridwar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation Election 2025.svg
| map_size = 300px

| title = Mayor
| before_election = Anita Sharma
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| after_election = Kiran Jaisal
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

The '''2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/26/bjp-sweeps-urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-wins-10-of-11-mayoral-seats | title=BJP sweeps urban local body polls in Uttarakhand, wins 10 of 11 mayoral seats }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/haridwar-uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-result-2025-bjp-kiran-jaisal-becomes-haridwar-mayor-23873283.html|title=Uttarakhand Nikay Chunav Result 2025: भाजपा की किरण जैसल बनी हरिद्वार की मेयर, कांग्रेस को दी करारी पटखनी|date=26 January 2025|website=www.jagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/dehradun/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-dates-announced-check-full-schedules/2571380|title=उत्तराखंड निकाय चुनाव की तारीखों का ऐलान, जानें नगर निगम, नगरपालिका और नगर पंचायतों में कब पड़ेगा वोट|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-date-of-municipal-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand-election-commission-announced-after-reservation-was-decided-23854347.html|title=उत्तराखंड में नगर निकाय चुनाव की तारीख का एलान, आरक्षण तय होने पर चुनाव आयोग ने की घोषणा - Date of municipal elections announced in Uttarakhand Election Commission announced after reservation was decided|website=Jagran}}</ref> was a municipal election to the [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]] which governs [[Haridwar]] city in [[Uttarakhand]]. It took place on 23 January 2025.

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 23 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumaonjansandesh.com/date-of-civic-elections-announced-in-uttarakhand/|title=उत्तराखंड में निकाय चुनाव की तिथि घोषित - कुमाऊँ जनसंदेश|date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 27 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 30 December 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 31 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 2 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 3 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''23 January 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''25 January 2025'''
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
! 1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| Kiran Jaisal<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-cong-release-another-list-of-candidates-for-ulb-polls/articleshow/116774327.cms|title=BJP, Cong release another list of candidates for ULB polls|work=Times of India|accessdate=30 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
| Amresh Baliyan<ref name="BJP & INC Mayor candidates Uttarakhand"/>
|}

===Ward-wise candidates===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Ward No.
!rowspan="2"|Ward Name
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!1
|Saptarishi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Akash Bhati
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vikas Gupta
|-
!2
|Bhupatwala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunita Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sita Devi
|-
!3
|Durga Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suryakant Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bharat Giri
|-
!4
|Kharkhari
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Aniruddh Bhati
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rishabh Vashisht
|-
!5
|Shri Gangadhar Mahadev Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anil Vashisht
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Satish Gujral
|-
!6
|Bhimgora
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sumit Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kailash Bhatut
|-
!7
|Har Ki Pauri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shruti Khevadia
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anju Thakur
|-
!8
|Gaughat
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Himanshu Advani
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Himanshu Gupta
|-
!9
|Brahmpuri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nishant Verma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sohit Sethi
|-
!10
|Bilkeshwar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sachin Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nikhil Saudai
|-
!11
|Shrawan Nath Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deepak Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajeev Bhargav
|-
!12
|Nirmala Cantonment
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ishtadev Soni
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Deepak Kapoor
|-
!13
|Mayapur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manju Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rekha Rani
|-
!14
|Rishikul
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lalit Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kiran Bhatia
|-
!15
|Vivek Vihar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Siddharth Kaushik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vivek Bhushan
|-
!16
|Shivlok
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nisha Naudiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Krishna Devi
|-
!17
|Tibri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rani Devi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vandana Kumar
|-
!18
|Govindpuri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mamata Negi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tanisha Gupta
|-
!19
|Khanna Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Monika Saini
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ayushi Tandon
|-
!20
|Awas Vikas
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajesh Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vishal Agarwal
|-
!21
|Sharda Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pinki Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kamlesh Bhardwaj
|-
!22
|Aryanagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sapna Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Parvati Negi
|-
!23
|Ramnagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashi Bhardwaj
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shalu Ahuja
|-
!24
|Krishna Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|P.S. Gill
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gagandeep Singh
|-
!25
|Acharayan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ekta Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Deepika Lohri
|-
!26
|Sandesh Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shubham Mendola
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anshu Srivastava
|-
!27
|Latowali
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunil Agarwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohit Tyagi
|-
!28
|Rajghat
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mukul Parashar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Neha Sharma
|-
!29
|Kumhar Garha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prashant Saini
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Harsh Lodhi
|-
!30
|Chowk Bazaar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sachin Agarwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Chandra Mohan Chauhan
|-
!31
|Ravidas Basti
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhupendra Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aishcharya Pant
|-
!32
|Nathnagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anuj Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vijay Sharma
|-
!33
|Shastri Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajendra Kataria
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sunil Kumar Singh
|-
!34
|Ambedkar Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nisha Pundir
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shivdutt Kumar
|-
!35
|Kadachh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deepali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anju Kumar
|-
!36
|Teliyan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Monika Gihar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kamlesh Kumar
|-
!37
|Katorawan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rehman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nauman Ansari
|-
!38
|Mehtan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Annu Mehta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Parag Mishra
|-
!39
|Lodha Mandi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tanija Prajapati
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shabana
|-
!40
|Peeth Bazaar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Monika Verma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anjum Qureshi
|-
!41
|Kassawan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Naseem Samrani
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arshad Khwaja
|-
!42
|Valmiki Basti
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chetna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kritika
|-
!43
|Paodhoi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Harvinder
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nasir
|-
!44
|Trimurti Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjeev Saini
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shaukat Ali
|-
!45
|Tapovan Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Yogendra Saini
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohammad Shahzad
|-
!46
|Neelkhudana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sandeep Saini
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Khursheeda Ahmad
|-
!47
|Pandewala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kiran Prakash Verma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajendra Yadav
|-
!48
|Chaklana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashutosh Chakrapani
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheel Sharma
|-
!49
|Lakkadharan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Babita Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kiran Kaushik
|-
!50
|Maidanian
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sudeshana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Neelofar Ansari
|-
!51
|Ghosian
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Neetu Kashyap
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nasreen Begum
|-
!52
|Ahvab Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunil Kumar Pandey
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abdesh Kumar
|-
!53
|Vishnu Lok
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Hitesh Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vijay Kumar
|-
!54
|Gurukul
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nagendra Singh Rana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Udaiveer Chauhan
|-
!55
|Shivpuri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vikas Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ved Prakash Jyotishacharya
|-
!56
|Hanumantpuram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Yadram Walia
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sanjay Dhiman
|-
!57
|Jagjeetpur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manoj Puraliya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mahesh Chandra
|-
!58
|Raja Garden
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vimla Dhaudiyal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumit Tyagi
|-
!59
|Sitapur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vineet Chauhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Priti Sharma
|-
!60
|Harilok
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sandeep Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shubham Chauhan
|}

==Results==
===Mayoral election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor<ref name="Uttarakhand SEC Portal">{{cite web|url=https://secvoter.uk.gov.in/UlbResult/ElectionResultDashboard_main2|title=2025 Uttarakhand Local Election Results|work=State Election Commission Uttarakhand|accessdate=26 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kiran Jaisal
| votes = 72,773
| percentage = 57.86
| change = {{increase}}12.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Amresh Baliyan
| votes = 44,203
| percentage = 35.15
| change = {{decrease}}13.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Shipra Saini
| votes = 4,056
| percentage = 3.22
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Usman
| votes = 2,870
| percentage = 2.28
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Independent
| candidate = Afroza
| votes = 1,285
| percentage = 1.02
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
| votes = 586
| percentage = 0.47
| change = {{decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 28,570
| percentage = 22.71
| change = {{increase}}19.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,25,773
| percentage = 65.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = {{increase}}12.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Results by party===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|59<ref name="Uttarakhand SEC Portal"/>
|40
|{{up}}7
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|59<ref name="Uttarakhand SEC Portal"/>
|15
|{{down}}3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|colspan="3"|Other parties
|32<ref name="Uttarakhand SEC Portal"/>
|0
|{{down}}1{{efn|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] lost a seat it had won in 2018.}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|58<ref name="Uttarakhand SEC Portal"/>
|5
|{{down}}3
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!208
!60
!
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections]]
* [[2013 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sec.uk.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Uttarakhand local elections]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Haridwar]]

Discovery Science (Indian TV channel)

2026-01-24T21:02:55Z

Ahmjit:

{{Short description|Indian pay Television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Discovery Science
| logo = Discovery Science - Logo 2017.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| launch_date = 25 January 2010
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] [[16:9]])
| network =
| owner = [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[Science|Science Channel]]
| language = [[English Language | English]] [[Hindi]]
| area = {{Plainlist|
* [[India]]
* [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://akashdth.com/channels/AkashStandard|title=Channels|access-date=13 July 2022|website=Akash Digital TV}}</ref>
* [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dishhome.com.np/explore-channels|title=Explore Channels|access-date=13 July 2022|website=[[DishHome]]}}</ref>
* [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/discovery-networks-apac-strengthens-portfolio-in-sri-lanka-with-two-new-channels-38385.html|title=Discovery Networks APAC strengthens portfolio in Sri Lanka with two new channels|date=8 June 2010|access-date=13 July 2022|work=Exchange4Media}}</ref>
}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| parent =
| sister_channels = ''See [[List of channels owned by Warner Bros. Discovery in India]]''
| replaced_by =
| terr_serv_1 = [[DVB-T2]] (India)
| terr_chan_1 = Check local frequencies
| availability_note = - Available on all major Indian DTH & Cables.
| online_serv_1 = [[Discovery+]] (India)
| online_chan_1 = SD & HD
| online_serv_2 = [[Jio TV]] (India)
| online_chan_2 = SD & HD
| online_serv_3 = Amazon Prime Video (India)
| online_chan_3 = SD & HD
}}

'''Discovery Science''' is an Indian [[pay television]] network, operated by [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]. It primarily features programming in the fields of [[Astronomy|space]], [[technology]], and [[science]]. The channel is a science television channel. It was launched in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2010-01-28|title=Discovery launches two new channels in India|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Discovery-launches-two-new-channels-in-India/article16840068.ece|access-date=2021-04-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery Science Reviews and Ratings - MouthShut.com |url=https://www.mouthshut.com/product-reviews/Discovery-Science-reviews-925771039 |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.mouthshut.com |language=en}}</ref> From 1 March 2021, it began to follow a timeshifted schedule of the [[Southeast Asia]] feed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery Science India Continuity - 2 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FF_oawbB3M |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725115240/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FF_oawbB3M |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=discovery+ |url=https://www.discoveryplus.in/channel/discovery-science?liveStream=true |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.discoveryplus.in}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Discovery Science India 2010.webp|thumb|Former logo used by Discovery Science from 2010 to 2012]]
The channel was launched on 25 January 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-28 |title=Discovery launches two new channels in India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Discovery-launches-two-new-channels-in-India/article16840068.ece |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Discovery Science introduced its 2011 global logo in India in July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery Science |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/jun/junrel114.php}}</ref>

Discovery Science India did not rebrand to match the other international channels in 2016.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

After sometime, recently{{Specify|date=February 2025|reason=Needs to specify the year for which Discovery Science finally changed to its current 2017 logo.}}, Discovery Science India has finally changed to the current 2017 logo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery Science Live TV : Watch Travel, Wildlife Documentaries online |url=https://www.jiotv.com/live-channel/discovery-science/568 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221014910/https://www.jiotv.com/live-channel/discovery-science/568 |archive-date=February 21, 2025 |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=Jiotv}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{Main| List of programs broadcast by Science Channel}}
Science Channel broadcasts a number of science-related television [[Television program|series]] originally produced by or aired on [[Discovery Channel]], such as ''Beyond Tomorrow'', among others. Discovery Communications has also produced a few programs specifically for Science, such as ''MegaScience'' and ''What The Ancients Knew''. Programs from other Discovery Networks channels, [[PBS]] and the [[BBC]] are either regularly or occasionally aired on the network. Television series produced in the 1990s, such as ''[[Discover Magazine (TV series)|Discover Magazine]]'' and ''[[Understanding (TV series)|Understanding]]'', are carried on the network's weekday schedule. Science also broadcasts programs such as ''Moments of Impact'' and ''[[An Idiot Abroad]]''. The channel has experienced some [[channel drift|drifting]] from its intended format throughout its existence, increasingly adding reruns on several [[science fiction]] series such as ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'' and ''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]'' to its schedule in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=discovery+ |url=https://www.discoveryplus.in/channel/discovery-science?liveStream=true |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.discoveryplus.in}}</ref>

==Specials and miniseries==
*''2057'' – Predictions on the future technology of the body, city, and the world.
*Uncovering Aliens - 2013 mini series of 4 episodes.
*''Base Camp Moon'' – Returning to the [[Moon]], harvesting Moon dust for oxygen/water, robotics ([[Robonaut]]), etc.
*''[[The Challenger Disaster]]'' – A biography surrounding the mystery of the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|titular tragedy]], starring [[William Hurt]]. Science's first foray into dramatic programming, its premiere on the channel will be simulcast on sister network Discovery Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2013/10/discovery-channel-science-channel-challenger-disaster-620557/|title=Discovery To Simulcast Science Channel's First Scripted Film 'Challenger Disaster'|last=de Moraes|first=Lisa|work=Deadline|date=25 October 2013 }}</ref>
*''[[Critical Eye|The Critical Eye]]'' – An eight-part series examining pseudoscientific and paranormal phenomena.
*''[[Dinosaur Revolution]]'' – A four-part miniseries on the natural history of [[dinosaur]]s. The last two episodes were planned to air on Discovery Channel, but a last-minute schedule change landed them on Science.
*''[[Exploring Time]]'' – A two-hour [[TV]] [[Documentary film|documentary]] [[mini-series]] about [[natural]] [[Time perception|time scale]] changes
*''Extreme Smuggling''
*''Futurecar'' – New technology may be used to create advanced cars and sometimes [[funny car]]s in the future.
*''[[Hawking (2004 film)|Hawking]]'' – About the early work of [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] [[Stephen Hawking]].
*''[[Hubble Live]]'' – Launch of Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' on NASA's Servicing Mission 4 (HST-SM4), the eleven-day fifth and final mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope
*''A Life In Memory'' – An hour-long documentary about [[Memories]], and [[PTSD]] and the ways they effect our lives. "Barney recalls the day he was hit by a car: his back was broken, and his wife was killed. Today, he will be given a pill to erase the memory of that tragic day for good. At a treatment center in Montreal, PTSD patients are given a second chance at life."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=105x8174557|title=Nerd TV alert: A Life in Memory, Science Channel, 10/19 9pm ET|work=democraticunderground.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2008/04/08/science-channel-explores-full-spectrum-of-science-with-in-depth-engaging-programming-27209/20080408science01/|title=Science Channel Explores Full Spectrum of Science with In-Depth, Engaging Programming|work=thefutoncritic.com}}</ref>
*''[[List of An Idiot Abroad episodes#Lost Luggage (2013)|Lost Luggage]]'' – Rebroadcasts of ''[[An Idiot Abroad]]'' episodes from previous seasons, each including two new "Lost Luggage" segments filmed at [[Ricky Gervais]]' home in [[England]] in which Gervais and [[Karl Pilkington]] hold brief discussions.
*''[[Mars Rising]]'' – A six-part series on possible future missions to Mars.
*''NextWorld'' – Predicting the future of the world, humanity, and life.
*''Outlaw Tech''
*''[[Perfect Disaster]]'' – Predicting violent [[natural disasters]] that could happen in the near future.
*''[[Prophets of Science Fiction]]'' – Biographies of some of the greatest [[sci-fi]] authors.
*''[[Pumpkin chunking|Punkin Chunkin]]'' – A one-hour condensed version of the World Championship pumpkin chunking contest in [[Sussex County, Delaware]]. Traditionally aired on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]].
*''[[Science of Star Wars (miniseries)|Science of Star Wars]]'' – Explains how the cutting edge technology of ''[[Star Wars]]'' might be useful and possible to implement in everyday life.
*''[[Tank on the Moon]]'' – Concentrates on Russian attempts to launch an unmanned rover to the [[Moon]] before the successful American [[Apollo program]].
*''What the Ancients Knew'' – Rediscovered innovations of the ancient world.
*''The Planets (miniseries)''
*''The Planets and Beyond''

==See also==
* [[Discovery Channel India|Discovery Channel]]
* [[Discovery Turbo India|Discovery Turbo]]
* [[Science Channel]]
* [[Pogo TV|Pogo]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Warner Bros. Discovery}}
{{Discovery Communications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Discovery Science (India)}}
[[Category:Science Channel|India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery India]]

Sundaravarada Perumal temple

2026-01-24T03:32:06Z

Ahmjit: New The Place Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sundaravarada Perumal Temple
| image = Sundaravarada Perumal temple1.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|36|53|N|79|45|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Uthiramerur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sundaravarada Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
Anandavalli ([[Lakshmi]])

| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
The '''Sundaravarada Perumal Temple''' in [[Uthiramerur]], a village in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple. Vishnu is worshipped as Sundaravarada Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Anandavalli. The temple was originally built by [[Pallavas]], with later additions from the [[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]], [[Sambuvaraya]]s, Vijayanagara Rayas and the Nayaks.

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower. The temple tank is located adjacent to the temple, outside the main entrance. Unlike other temples, the temple has three sanctums in a two tiered structure and three shrines in three cardinal directions in the lower level.

Sundaravarada Perumal is believed to have appeared for [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the [[Pandava]] princes in ''[[Mahabharatha|Mahabharata]]'', while Anandavalli for their wife [[Draupadi]]. The temple follows [[Vadakalai]] tradition of worship. Six daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (April - May), Pavitrotsava during ''Adi'' (July - August) and Sri Jayanti in ''Avani'' (August - September) being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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|caption1=Varaha Perumal
|image2=Sundaravarada Perumal temple13.JPG
|caption2=Vaikunta Perumal
}}

As per Hindu legend, Sundara Varada Perumal temple is closely associated with ''[[Mahabharata]]'', an epic. [[Bhima]], the [[Pandava]] prince in ''Mahabharata'' worshipped Vishnu at this place. There are three Varadas around the main sanctum in the ground floor namely Achyuta Varada, Anirudhha Varada and Kalyana Varada, who are believed to have given relief to [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], the other three Pandava princes. The consort presiding deity, Anandavalli is believed to have appeared for [[Draupadi]], the wife of the Pandavas. The images of the three Varadas are located around the sanctum in cardinal directions. A flight of steps lead to each of them. The temple was originally called Vellai Vishnugraham (place for the fair deity) and the presiding deity was called Vellaimurthi Embiran, Vellaimurthy Alvar, Rajendra Chola Vinnagar Alvar and Sokka Perumal.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|pages=67–71|year=2007|ref=Madhavan}}</ref>

==History==
Uthiramerur was ruled by the [[Pallavas]], [[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]], [[Sambuvaraya]]s, Vijayanagara Rayas, and Nayaks. As per the inscriptions in the temple, the Pallava king [[Nandivarman II]] (720–796 CE) established the village around 750 CE.<ref name="Constitution 1,000 years ago">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071151250300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714154459/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071151250300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 July 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Constitution 1,000 years ago | date=11 July 2008}}</ref> It is believed that he donated the village to Vedic Brahmins from [[Srivaishnava|Srivaishanva]] community. There is a mention about four Pallava kings up to 900 CE. There are a total of 25 inscriptions from the Pallava period. The temple was built by Nandivarman II modeled from the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikuntantha Perumal temple]] in Kanchipuram. From the inscriptions, it is also learnt that the temple was built according to [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] principles by the architect Takshaka of Pataka and with expert consultation with the Agamic tradition in the village.<ref name=M/>
[[File:Sundaravarada Perumal temple2.JPG|left|thumb|250px|Image of the temple tank]]

The [[Cholas]] captured the region and it came under their dominion during the later part of 9th century. There are inscriptions from the period of [[Parantaka Chola I]] (907–950), [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (985–1014), [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012–1044) and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120) indicating various gifts to the temples. The process of democratically electing the local representatives through a system called Kudavolai during the Chola regime is documented in the inscriptions.<ref name=Nag1216>{{cite book|title=Uttaramerur|last=R.|first=Nagaswamy|ref=Naga|publisher=Tamil Arts Academy|location=Chennai|year=2003|pages=12–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|page=88|first=T.|last=Padmaja|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=8170173981}}</ref>

The region and the village went under the sway of [[Pandyas]] during the 13th century and subsequently to the Telugu Chola ruler Vijaya Gandagopala. He renamed the village of Gandagopala Chaturvedhi Managalam. During the later period, the village switched hands to Pallava chieftains, Telugu Cholas, Samburavarayars and finally [[Kumara Kampana]]. The Vijayanagara emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1502–29) made contributions to the Sundaravarada temple, Subhramanya temple and Kailasanatha temple in the village. The village was the scene of war between Lingma and Yachama during the 17th century. The [[Carnatic Wars]] were fought in the nearby [[Vandavasi]] between the [[British colonial period|British]] and the [[French colonial empire|French]] during the 18th century.<ref name=Nag1216/> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. Based on the inscriptions, the temple has been addressed by many names, like Vellai Vishnugraham, Vellai Murthi Emperan, Vellaimurthi Alvar, Rajendra Chola Vinnagar Alvar and Sokka Perumal.<ref name=M/>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 3264 | height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264 | height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Sundaravarada Perumal temple7.JPG
|image2=Sundaravarada Perumal temple6.JPG
|footer=The stucco images in the vimana
}}
Sundaravarada Perumal temple covers an area of about {{convert|2|acre|hectare|abbr=on}} and has a five-tiered ''[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower). The temple in enclosed in a rectangular enclosure with huge granite walls. Unlike other South Indian temples where there in only one sanctum housing the presiding deity, Sundaravarada temple has a two storied sanctum and three shrines in cardinal directions around the sanctum.<ref name=M/>

The sanctum at the lower level houses the image of Chaturbhujanga Vishnu sported with four arms. Two of his hands hold the [[Shankha|conch]] and [[Sudarshan Chakra|chakra]], while the third is depicted with ''Abhaya hasta'' (guarding sign) and the fourth with ''kati hasta'' (resting on thigh). The image is depicted in standing posture and commonly called as the Sundaravarada Perumal. The sanctum also houses the images of Sridevi and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] on either sides of Sundaravarada. The festival image of Sundaravarada is also housed in the same sanctum. The walls around the sanctum have panels in each direction that house the images of Achyutha Varada (facing South), Anirudda Varadha (facing West) and Kalyana Varada (facing North), who are believed to have offered relief to [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]. The first tier is approached by a flight of steps on either side, usually one is used for ascending and other for descent. The sanctum first tier houses the image of Vaikuntavarada in seated posture with Sridevi and Bhudevi on either of his sides. The sanctum is made of wood and has a narrow precinct around the sanctum. There are shrines of [[Arjuna]], [[Krishna]] and [[Narasimha|Yoga Narasimha]] around the sanctum. Another set of steps leads to the top floor leading to the sanctum of Ananda Padmanabha in reclining posture in his serpent bed of [[Adisesha]]. The images of Bhudevi and sage [[Markandeya|Markendeya]] are seen in the sanctum. The roof of the sanctum is called Padma Kosthta Ashtanga [[Vimana (tower)|Vimana]], which has sculptural depiction of the nine different forms of Vishnu.<ref name=M/><ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|page=175|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

The shrine of the consort of Sundaravarada Perumal, Anandavalli, is located to the south of the main shrine in the lower level. There are smaller shrines of [[Lakshmi Narasimha]], Rama, [[Andal]], Narasimha and [[Vedanta Desika]] are found in separate shrines around the first precinct. The temple tank, called Vairamegha tataka, located to the west of the temple, is mentioned in a lot of inscriptions.<ref name=M/>

The Sundaravarada Perumal temple is said to have been constructed by the mason Paramesa Vathan, who was extremely skilled in [[Vastu shastra]]. The main deity in this temple is Lord Sundara Varada Perumal. This temple has numerous inscriptions — those of the great Raja Raja Chola (985-1015 A.D.), his able son, Rajendra Chola and the Vijayanagar emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]]. Both Rajendra Chola and [[Krishnadeva Raya]] visited Uthiramerur. The rituals in this temple are performed as per [[Vaikhanasas|Vikhanasa Aagama]] following the [[Yajurveda|Krishna Yajurveda]]. This temple's gopuram is seen to have rebuilt in 1998. The rebuilt [[gopuram|Galigopuram]] showcases the rich sculptures of some of the [[Hindu]] gods (mostly the reincarnations of [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]]). It showcases [[Ocean of milk|Kshira Sagara Madhanam]], Sri Vikhanasa Acharya with his four disciples ([[Brigu|Bhrigu]], [[Marichi]], [[Atri]], [[Kasyapa|Kashyapa]]), [[Andal]], [[Sudarshana]], [[SriRama|Rama]], and many other sculptures resembling vikhanasa sutra. Another special thing about this temple is that there will be 9 Mula Virats (main deities) under the same vimanam. Four Perumal vigrahas facing in four different directions around mula virat along with four more Perumal statues one stair up.

==Religious practices and festival==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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|image1=Sundaravarada Perumal temple15.JPG
|image2=Sundaravarada Perumal temple17.JPG
|footer=The entrance and shrines of the temple
}}

The temple follows the traditions of the [[Vadakalai]] sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows ''Vaikasana aagama''. In modern times, the temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. Four daily rituals are held at various times of the day and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (April - May), Pavitrotsava during ''Adi'' (July - August) and Sri Jayanti in ''Avani'' (August - September) being the most prominent. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name=M/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{commonscat}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Sankara Eye Hospital

2026-01-22T18:06:40Z

Ahmjit: New Initial Details More To Come - done

{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Sankara Eye Hospitals
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption = Sankara Eye Hospital, Coimbatore
| location =
| region = 
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| address =
| funding = 
| type = Specialist
| speciality = [[Ophthalmology]]
| network =
| beds = 2250
| founded = 1977
| website = [http://www.sankaraeye.com/ www.sankaraeye.com]
| other_links =
}}

'''Sankara Eye Hospital''' is a not for profit charitable trust which aims at providing affordable eye care and eliminating curable eye blindness in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-magic-of-social-enterprise/article2487684.ece|title=The magic of social enterprise|first=RASHEEDA|last=BHAGAT|date=27 September 2011|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2016}}</ref> Having its headquarters in [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]], Sankara is among the largest community eye care providers in India with ten super specialty eye care hospitals across the country performing over 150,000 free eye surgeries annually.

The hospital follows an 80:20 business model, in which 80 per cent of the patients from rural parts of the country are treated for free, and the remaining 20 per cent are the rich and the middle income sections of the society, who pay for their treatment, thereby cross-subsidizing the free surgeries and making the Hospital self-sustaining.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.justmeans.com/blogs/social-entrepreneur-bringing-quality-vision-care-to-india%E2%80%99s-poor|title=Social Entrepreneur Bringing Quality Vision Care to India's Poor | Justmeans|website=www.justmeans.com}}</ref>
In 2013, Sankara conducted its one millionth free eye surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130606/main7.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2016}}</ref>

==History==
The organization was founded in 1977 by Dr.[[R.V. Ramani]], one of the earliest Doctors of Coimbatore, and his wife Dr. Radha Ramani.<ref name="TimesIndia">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/our-dna-is-to-serve-the-needy-says-dr-ramani/articleshow/67705758.cms|title=Our DNA is to serve the needy, says Dr Ramani | Coimbatore News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
The origins of Sankara Eye Foundation can be traced back to the Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Medical Trust.<ref name="TimesIndia"/> During the initial 5 years of the Movement, the Honorary Panel of Doctors slowly expanded and 75 Consultants from various specialties of medicine came forward voluntarily to join the team in an honorary capacity. By 1982, the activities of the Trust had grown considerably well, and in 1985, the Trust identified community eye care as the major specialized activity. Sankara Eye Hospital was thus established in [[Sivanandapuram]], Coimbatore on the land donated by Late N. Natraj & Family.<ref name="giveindia.org">{{cite web|url=http://ngos.giveindia.org/founding-story/began-sankara-eye-care-institutions/|title=How it began at Sankara Eye Care Institutions - Real NGOs, Real Stories, Real Impact|date=6 June 2014|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009104744/http://ngos.giveindia.org/founding-story/began-sankara-eye-care-institutions/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Expansion==
The Sankara Eye Hospital since its inception has now established 11 hospitals across the nation replicating the 80:20 model.

[[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] Sankara Eye Hospital, was established in the year 2004 (March). Built in over 4.35 acres land, the hospital is a 225 bed capacity facility.

[[Krishnankoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]] was inaugurated on February 4, 2004 by Sri. VijayKumar IAS, Collector of Ramanathapuram District and Sri Mohamed Aslam IAS, Collector of Virudhunagar District. Built in over 6.1 acres land, the hospital is a 225 bed capacity facility.

[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]], [[Gujarat]] Sankara Eye Hospital, was established in the year 2008. The hospital was inaugurated by then Chief Minister Shri [[Narendra Modi]]. Built in over 5.5 acres land, the hospital is a 225 bed capacity facility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sankara-sets-up-eye-hospital-in-anand-108101001067_1.html|title=Sankara sets up eye hospital in Anand|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=10 October 2008|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] was inaugurated in 2008 and it has attained self-sufficiency because of the paying patients it is able to attract. Built in over 4 acres land, the hospital is a 225 bed capacity facility.

[[Shivamoga]], [[Karnataka]] was inaugurated on October 12, 2008. It was made possible due to the initiative of a group of residents from Shimoga who heard about Sankara and approached the group for setting up a hospital in Shivamoga. Built in over 5.5 acres land, the hospital is a 225 bed capacity facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giftofvision.org/project/sankara-eye-hospital-shimoga|title=Sankara Eye Hospital, Shimoga - SANKARA EYE FOUNDATION|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009120141/http://www.giftofvision.org/project/sankara-eye-hospital-shimoga|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]] (R.S. Puram) was established in the year 2011. The hospital functions as a facility performing day care surgery with an operation theatre complex, outpatient clinics and optical services.

[[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] was inaugurated on April 2, 2012 by Charanjeet Singh Atwal, [[speaker (politics)|speaker]] of the Punjab [[Vidhan Sabha]], in the presence of Sankaracharya of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam Sri Jayendra Saraswathi and Singh Sahib Giani Gurbachan Singh, Jathedhar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib, among others. Built in over 2 acres of gifted land, the hospital is having 125 beds in total where 100 dedicated for the free patients and 25 rooms for the paying patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sankara-eye-care-to-open-hospital-in-city-on-april-1/916003/|title=Sankara Eye Care to open hospital in city on April 1 - Indian Express|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2016}}</ref>

[[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] Sankara Eye Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh was inaugurated on October 12, 2014. Sankaracharya of Kanchi was present for the inaugural function.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/print/news-sector-pharma-healthcare/sankara-eye-hospital-inaugurate-in-kanpur-114101800195_1.html|title = Sankara Eye Hospital inaugurate in Kanpur}}</ref>

[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] Sankara Eye Hospital is opening its doors to eye care needs of Jaipur for the first time in December 2017. The Hospital performs Refractions to advanced eye care surgeries of Cataract, Retinal surgeries, Corneal Transplants, Paediatric Eye care and Squints, Glaucoma.

Sankara Eye Centre, [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] the 11th eye hospital of Sankara Eye Foundation, India. This hospital is designed to deliver eye treatment related with Cornea, Retina, Glaucoma, and Diabetic retinopathy to the both rural and urban peoples of Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

==Sankara Eye Bank==
The Sankara Eye Bank Coimbatore started functioning from 1987 to promote organ and tissue donation through a program of public and professional education and donor registration; and to procure and distribute eye tissue for transplant surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myeyeworld.com/files/eyebanks.htm|title=Eye Banks in India|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2016}}</ref> The Sankara Eye Bank is recognized as a model eye bank by the Government of India, receiving a pair of eyes every day.

Currently the Eye Banks are operational in [[Coimbatore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]], [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] and [[Guntur]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankara Eye Hospital}}
[[Category:Eye hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Karnataka]]

Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar

2026-01-18T06:49:10Z

Ahmjit: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian theatre director (1873–1964)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Pammal Vijayarangam Sambandham Mudaliar
| image = Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1873|2|9}}
| birth_place = [[Pammal]], Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|9|24|1873|2|21}}
| occupation = Playwright
| education = [[Pachaiyappa's College]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] {{small|(1959)}}
| relatives = Vijayarangam Mudaliar (father) Manikka Velammal (mother)
}}

'''Pammal Vijayarangam Sambandham Mudaliar''' (1873–1964), who has been described as "the founding father of modern Tamil theatre",<ref name=hindu20030730>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/30/stories/2003073000230300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225203457/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/30/stories/2003073000230300.htm |archive-date=25 December 2004 |title=The Mount Road congregations |date=30 July 2003 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |first=S. |last=Muthiah |url-status=usurped |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> was a playwright, director, producer and actor of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth centuries. He was a recipient of the civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Birth and education==
Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar was born in an aristocratic [[Tuluva Vellala|Thuluva Vellalar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm|title=List of Backward Classes Approved}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Kristen Rudisill | title = Honeymoon Couples and Jurassic Babies: Identity and Play in Chennai's Post-Independence Sabha Theater | year = 2022 | publisher = State University of New York Press | isbn = 9781438489773 | format = ebook | language = English | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s9qAEAAAQBAJ&dq=Pammal+Sambandha+Mudaliar&pg=RA1-PA1946 }}</ref>
<ref name=hindu20020114>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/14/stories/2002011400120300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905191720/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/14/stories/2002011400120300.htm |archive-date=5 September 2008 |title=He bestrode the Tamil stage |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |first=S. |last=Muthiah |date=14 January 2002 |url-status=usurped |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> family of [[Pammal]], near [[Madras]] to Vijayarangam Mudaliar and Manikka Velammal<ref name="காலக்_குறிப்புகள்_by_பம்மல்‌_சம்பந்த_முதலியார்">{{citation |url=https://archive.org/download/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZl6kuYy.TVA_BOK_0003628/TVA_BOK_0003628_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_text.pdf | title=Kaalak Kurippukal by Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar | page=3}}</ref> in 1873.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} He was educated at [[Pachaiyappa's College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pachaiyappaschennai.net/Alumni/cinema.htm |title=List of distinguished alumni: drama |publisher=Pachaiyappa's College |year=2008 |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912051913/http://www.pachaiyappaschennai.net/Alumni/cinema.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Theatre==
Influenced by his father, who had a large library and instilled in his son a love of books, and by his mother's telling of folktales and Indian epics, Mudaliar developed an interest in drama as a child. His father also encouraged him to see theatrical productions at a time when the theatre was considered to be a disreputable environment. Influenced in particular by his childhood reading of works written by [[William Shakespeare]], Mudaliar wrote his own plays from an early age. He staged these at his home, along with his brother and sister, for audiences comprising family and neighbours.<ref name=hindu20020114 />

According to a theatre review written by Kausalya Santhanam, Mudaliar founded the theatre company known as [[Suguna Vilasa Sabha]] to "revive and reform Tamil drama."<ref name=hindu20020927 /> S. Muthiah considers him to have been a co-founder, along with six other people.<ref name=hindu20030730 /> The company was established in July 1891 when Mudaliar was a 19-year-old student. It was inspired by his witnessing of the excitement caused when [[Sarasa Vinodini Sabha]], an amateur theatre company headed by a lawyer, [[Bellary Krishnamacharlu]], visited Madras to perform several [[Telugu language|Telugu]] productions in that year.<ref name=hindu20020114 />

The first of his plays to be staged by the company was the unsuccessful ''[[Pushpavalli]]'', in 1893 at the [[Victoria Public Hall]] in Madras. The lack of success did not deter him and nor did his full-time work as a lawyer and, later, as a judge: Mudaliar maintained his involvement in drama thereafter, as a writer, director, producer and actor. His initial effort was followed by ''[[Sarangadhara]]'' and before long his productions were being watched throughout the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name=hindu20020114 />

According to Santhanam and also Scharada Bail, he wrote 96 plays,<ref name=hindu20020927>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/27/stories/2002092701130300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104044326/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/27/stories/2002092701130300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2003 | location=Chennai | title=Harischandra does a turn-about | date=27 September 2002 |first=Kausalya |last=Santhanam | work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=hindu20020905>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/05/stories/2002090500050200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117212033/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/05/stories/2002090500050200.htm |archive-date=17 January 2005 |title=Offbeat theatre experience |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |date=5 September 2002 |first=Scharada |last=Bail |url-status=usurped |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> while S. Muthiar puts the figure at "over 100".<ref name=hindu20020114 /> In later life, and following the successful introduction of [[talkies]] to [[Tamil cinema]] in 1931, Mudaliar's output was also adapted for film. Among those are ''[[Sati Sulochana]]'', ''[[Vedala Ulagam]]'', ''[[Ratnavali]]'', ''[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]]'' and ''[[Sabapathi]]''.<ref name=hindu20020114 /> ''Manohara'' had originally been published by Mudaliar as an adaptation of ''[[Hamlet]]''. Entitled ''[[Amaladhithan]]'', it was not well received because it followed too closely the values of Western theatre; its rewriting as ''Manohara'', which reflected more closely the values of Indian society, changed its fortunes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/26/stories/2005032600770100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508141115/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/26/stories/2005032600770100.htm |archive-date=8 May 2005 |title=Stage Set |date=26 March 2005 |location=Madurai |work=The Hindu |url-status=usurped |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> The original adaptation of ''Hamlet'', published as ''Amaladhithan'' in 1906, took Mudaliar six years to complete and he studied many references in an attempt to do justice to the original Shakespeare work. It was one of five Shakespearean adaptations that he translated, directed and then acted.<ref>{{cite book |title=Refiguring Mimesis: representation in early modern literature |first1=Jonathan |last1=Holmes |first2=Adrian |last2=Streete |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-902806-35-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMBxWsYyGXYC |page=107 |access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref>

Not all of Mudaliar's works were performed by the Suguna Vilasa Sabha, with one of the exceptions being his only work in the [[burlesque]] style, 1923's ''[[Chandrahari]]''.<ref name=hindu20020927 /><ref name=hindu20020905 /> It was his involvement with the company, which developed Tamil theatre as a respectable art form, that gave rise to the epithet of him being the founding father of Tamil theatre. Professional people such as lawyers and teachers took an interest in the company, including as actors, and thus he caused a shift whereby the old derogatory term for actors - ''Koothadi'' - was replaced by that of ''Kalaignan''. He also changed the structure of dramatisations by emphasising the function of acts and scenes and also placing more stress on dialogue rather than song.<ref>{{cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature |volume=2 |page=1113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC |year=1988|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}</ref>

==Works of playwright==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2012}}
Mudaliar's work included adaptations of English and [[Sanskrit]] plays, as well as original output. These received with much enthusiasm. Educated people turned their attention to the potential of theatre. Some even joined the Sabha and began acting. It became a centre of great moral and educational value. Songs were given a back seat, prose gained significance, and realistic acting was stressed. Mudaliar changed stage conventions, creating new sets and scenery that surprised viewers. T. P. Krishnaswamy Pavalar, hailed as a great teacher of Tamil drama, was a product of the Sabha. After retiring as a judge, Mudaliar continued acting for it.

He acted the lead in many of his own plays. Subsequently, other sabhas or groups produced their own versions. His ''Lilavati-Sulochana'' in 1895, Manoham which was published in 1907, Makapati i.e. Shakespeare's ''[[Macbeth]]'', published in 1910, and ''Sabhapati'' that published in 1918 were the first Tamil plays in prose dialogue while others still performed Puranic musicals. He gave equal importance to narrative and aesthetics in drama. He composed scripts that could be performed within three hours, a revolutionary concept when Tamil productions normally took twice that time. Quite a few were cinematised later, such as ''[[Yayati]]'' in 1908, ''[[Ratnavali]]'' was adapted from ''[[Harsha]]'' in 1910, and the originals mentioned above.

==Legacy==
The title of the film ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' (2002), starring [[Kamal Haasan]], was inspired by Mudaliar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pancha-thanthiram-is-kamals-next-film/articleshow/1598795543.cms | title=Pancha Thanthiram is Kamal's next film - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==List of works==
Source:<ref name="காலக்_குறிப்புகள்_by_பம்மல்‌_சம்பந்த_முதலியார்_பக்கம்_2">{{citation |url=https://archive.org/download/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZl6kuYy.TVA_BOK_0003628/TVA_BOK_0003628_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_text.pdf | title=Kaalak Kurippukal by Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar | page=2}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* Leelavathy - Sulochanai
* Saarangatharan
* Mahapathy
* Kaadhalar Kankal
* Narkula Deivam
* Manokaran
* Oorvasiyin Saabam
* Idaichuvar Irupuramum
* Enna Nerdhidinum
* Vijayarangam
* Kalvar Thalaivan
* Dhaasip Penn
* Mei Kaadhal
* Pon Vilangukal
* Simhala Naadhan
* Virumbiya Vidhamea
* Siruth Thondar
* Kaalava Rishi
* Rajaputhra Veeran
* Unnmaiyaana Sakotharan
*Sathi-Sulochana
* Pushpavalli
* Geetha Manjari
* Uthamapathini
* Amaladhithyan
* Sabaapathy, First Part
* Pongal Pandikai (allathu) Sabaapathy, Second Part
* Orr Othikai (allathu) Sabaapathy, Third Part
* Sabaapathy, Fourth Part
* Peiyalla Pennmaniye
* Buddha Avadharam
*Vichuvin Manaivi
* Veathaala Ulakam
* Manaiviyaal Meendavan
* Chandrahari
* Subathiraarjunaa
* Kodaiyaali Karnan
* Sahadevan Soolchi
* Noakathin Kurippu
* Irandu Aathmakal
* Surgeon General Vithitha Marunthu
* Maalavikaakni Mithram
* Vibareethamana Mudivu
* Sulthan Peatai Sub Assistant Magistrate
* Sakunthalai
* Kaalappan Kalathanam
* Vikramorvasi
* Murpagal Seyyin Pirpagal Vilaiyum
* Naadaka Medai Ninaivukal - Six Parts
* Naadaka Thamil
* Yayaathi
* Piramananum Suthiranum
* Vaanipura Vanikan
* Irandu Nanbarkal
* Sathrujith
* Harichanthiran
* Markandeyar
* Rathnavali
* Kandupidithal
* Koneri Arasakumaran
* Sandhaiyil Kootam
* Vaikunda Vaithiyar
* Dhitchithar Kadhaikal
* Haasya Kadhaikal
* Kuramakal
* NallaThangal
* Sirukadhaikal
* Nadipukalaiyil Therchi Peruvathepadi?
* Haasya Viyaasangal
* Thamil Peasum Padakaakshi
* Viduthi Pushpankal
* Peasumpada Anubavangal
* Valli Manam
* Kadhambam
* Maandavar Meendadhu
* Aasthanapuram Naadaka Sabai
* Sangeetha Paithiyam
* Onbathu Kutti Naadakankal
* Sabaapathy Jameendar
* Sivaalayankal - Indhiyavilum, Appalum - Irandu Bakangal
* Sivaalaya Silpangal
* Sathi Sakthi
* Manaiyaatchi
* Indhiyanum Hitlerum
* Kaalak Kurippukal - (First edition-20/10/1947, Arutperunjothi Press-GT-Madras)
{{Col-end}}

==Death==
Pammal Vijayaranga Sambandha Mudaliar died in 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 1964 |title=P. Sambanda Mudaliar dead |pages=1 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640925&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

Aside from his theatrical works, Mudaliar left a record of his own life that, according to theatre historian Kathryn Hansen, is a "treasure house of information on late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Tamil theatre". These memoirs were originally published weekly in serial form by the nationalist-oriented Tamil newspaper, ''[[Swadesamitran]]'', and have since been translated into English, in which form they comprise six volumes and are entitled ''Over 40 Years Before The Footlights''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Stages of Life: Indian Theatre Autobiographies |first=Kathryn |last=Hansen |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-85728-660-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_KpU-StaoEC |access-date=21 March 2012 |page=35}}</ref> Their original title, when published in book form in 1938, was ''Natakametai Ninaivukal'' (''Reminiscences of the Stage''). He also wrote a short autobiography concerning his legal career, published in 1963 as ''En Chuyacharitai'' (''My Autobiography'').<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo) |volume=1 |first=Amaresh |last=Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC |page=286 |access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mudaliar, Pammal Sambandha}}
[[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

Kamal Nath Tewari

2026-01-17T10:54:48Z

Ahmjit:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamal Nath Tewari https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1y2muK9ql4eG1pII4FgdS-SKNqYXPiwsk
| image =File:Kamalnath Tewari.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|3|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sareya Pipra, East Champaran
| residence = Bagaha, West Champaran
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|1|17|1907|3|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = Delhi
| constituency =[[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]], [[Bihar]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1962-1974
| predecessor =
| successor = Fazlur Rahman
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = Suraj Nath Tewari
Bhagyawanti Devi
| spouse= Kusum Devi
| children = Shambhu Nath Tewari
Siddhi Nath Tewari
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1674.htm
}}

''' Kamal Nath Tewari''' (29 March 1907 – 17 January 1974) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]], [[Bihar]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a freedom fighter, compatriot of [[Bhagat Singh]], co accused in [[Bhagat Singh#Hunger_strike_and_Lahore_conspiracy_case|Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and was imprisoned by the British from 1930 to 1941 and again from 1942-46.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnO2AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=11 March 2019|year=1974|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=246}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Socialist India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8xoJo-GQUIC&pg=PA163|accessdate=11 March 2019|year=1973|publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee.|pages=163–}}</ref><ref name="Sabha2003">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=11 March 2019|year=2003|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=600}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1674.htm Official biographical sketch on the Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Kamal Nath}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University

2026-01-10T17:41:19Z

Ahmjit: add information for consistency

{{Short description|Public university in Agra, Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = <nowiki>[List of ISO 639-2 codes|ISO 639-2 code]]</nowiki>
| image_name = Dr B. R. Ambedkar University Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Seal of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University
| other_name =
| former_name = Agra University
| motto = {{lang|sa-latn|Tamaso mā jyotir gamaya}}
| mottoeng = Lead us from darkness to light
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1927}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Ashu Rani
| city = [[Agra]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1991|78.0155|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=it}}
| type =
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| colors = {{color box|Blue}} Blue
{{color box|white}} white
| accreditation =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://dbrau.ac.in//}}
}}
'''Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University''', formerly '''Agra University''', is an Autonomous University located in [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The university, formerly named as Agra University, was later named after [[Bhimrao Ambedkar]].

==Affiliated colleges==
The University's jurisdiction extends over the four districts of the Agra Division, namely [[Agra]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Firozabad]], and [[Mathura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Admission Policy |url=https://dbrau.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Admission-Policy.pdf}}</ref>

==Institute of Engineering and Technology==
The Institute of Engineering and Technology Khandari, Agra (I.E.T. Khandari, Agra), situated at the Khandari campus in the city of Agra, was established in 1998 and is the engineering institute of the university.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dbrau.ac.in/Department_of_Institute_of_Engineering_&_Technology.html |title= Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University |work= dbrau.ac.in |access-date= 22 September 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111017005756/http://dbrau.ac.in/Department_of_Institute_of_Engineering_%26_Technology.html |archive-date= 17 October 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Institute of Social Sciences==
The [[Institute of Social Sciences, Agra|Institute of Social Sciences (ISS), Agra]] is situated at Paliwal campus in university premises.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dbrau.ac.in/departments.html# |title= Dr B. R. Ambedkar University |work= dbrau.ac.in |access-date= 22 September 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110930002027/http://dbrau.ac.in/departments.html |archive-date= 30 September 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{Main|:Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Charan Singh]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Atal-Bihari-Vajpayees-education-record-missing-at-Kanpur-college/articleshow/50376130.cms |title=Vajpayee did his MA in Political Science from DAV College in 1947. The DAV College was then under the Agra University. |access-date=Dec 30, 2015}}</ref>
*[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Kalyan Singh]], former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Santosh Gangwar]], 12th [[Governor of Jharkhand]] and former [[Committee on Public Undertakings|Chairperson of Committee on public undertakings]]{{citation needed|reason=attendance|date=September 2021}}
*[[Khurshed Alam Khan]], former [[Governor of Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[Governor of Goa|Goa]]
*[[Dronamraju Krishna Rao]], geneticist{{citation needed|reason=lacks a reliable source confirming attendance|date=February 2020}}
*[[Ganesh Prasad Pandey]], organic chemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Indian fellow- Ganesh Prasad Pandey">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N99-1254 |title=Indian fellow-Ganesh Prasad Pandey |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306052149/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N99-1254 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Hirdaya Behari Mathur]], physical chemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Hirdaya Behari Mathur">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA54 |title=Register - University of California |publisher=University of California Press |year=1955 |pages=5–}}</ref>
*[[H. N. Kunzru]], Freedom Fighter, First National Commissioner of [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]] & first President of the [[Children's Film Society]].<ref>^ a b c Sharga, Dr. B.N. (2008). Dr. Hriday Nath Kunzuru: A Great Patriot and Selfless Worker in S. Bhatt, J.N. Kaul, B.B. Dhar and Arun Shalia (ed.) Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace, Delhi:A.P.H. Publishing, {{ISBN|978-81-313-0402-0}}, pp.39-53</ref>
*[[Javed Agrewala]], molecular biologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="215. Javed N Agrewala">{{Cite web |url=http://indianmuslimlegends.blogspot.ae/2011/08/215-javed-n-agrewala.html |title=215. Javed N Agrewala |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Muslim Legends |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[M. V. George]], photochemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Indian fellow - Manapurathu Verghese George">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N75-0259 |title=Indian fellow- Manapurathu Verghese George |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115070711/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N75-0259 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Om Dutt Gulati]], pharmacologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] and [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|B. C. Roy]] laureate<ref name="In memory of a Legend: Dr. Om Datt Gulati">{{Cite journal |last=Sagun V. Desai |title=In memory of a Legend: Dr. Om Datt Gulati |journal=Indian J. Pharmacol. |publication-date=2012 |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=282 |pmc=3326935}}</ref>
*[[Shyam Sunder Kapoor]], nuclear physicist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Indian fellow-Shyam Sunder Kapoor">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N84-0359 |title=Indian fellow-Shyam Sunder Kapoor |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113080159/http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N84-0359 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Virendra Singh (physicist)|Virendra Singh]], theoretical physicist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Biography-Virendra Singh">{{Cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/~vsingh/CV.pdf |title=Biography-Virendra Singh |date=2017 |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Y. D. Sharma (professor)|Y. D. Sharma]], molecular biologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref>{{cite web|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail - Professor YD Sharma|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P10-1423|website=insaindia.res.in|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022033509/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P10-1423|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Gopal Krishna (astronomer)|Gopal Krishna]], radio astronomer, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref>{{cite web|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail - Professor Gopal Krishna|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P10-1513|website=insaindia.res.in|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016015204/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P10-1513|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Rajendra Yadav]], pioneer of the Hindi literary movement
*[[Arun Govil]], television and film actor<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-03 |title=Ahead of contesting Meerut elections, Arun Govil in debt of Rs 14 lakh; A look at Ramayan actor's assets and qualifications |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ahead-of-contesting-meerut-elections-arun-govil-in-debt-of-rs-14-lakh-a-look-at-ramayan-actors-assets-and-qualifications/articleshow/108999349.cms |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Aziz Qureshi]], former governor
*[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]], MP (Uttar pradesh)
* [[Awadhesh Prasad]], MP, former Cabinet minister of Uttar pradesh
*[[Ramakant Yadav (neurologist)|Ramakant Yadav]], ex-VC of [[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]]
*[[Dev Swarup]], ex-VC of [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University]]{{citation needed|reason=attendance|date=September 2020}}
*[[Ram Gopal Yadav]], MP (Rajya Sabha)
*[[Dhatri Saran Mathur]], I.C.S and Chief Justice of [[Allahabad High Court]]
*[[Devendra Singh Yadav]], former MP
*[[Ajit Doval]], 5th [[National Security Advisor of India]], with the precedence of a Cabinet Minister
*[[Raj Babbar]], Indian film actor and politician{{citation needed|reason=attendance|date=November 2021}}
*[[Ibn-e-Safi]], Urdu-language novelist, author of [[Jasoosi Dunya|Jasoosi Duniya]] series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alam|first=Mahtab|date=2021-07-26|title=Ibn-e-Safi Was Not Born on July 26. So Why Do We Think He Was?|url=https://thewire.in/books/ibn-e-safi-july-26-birthday-urdu-detective-writer|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927205610/https://thewire.in/books/ibn-e-safi-july-26-birthday-urdu-detective-writer|archive-date=2021-09-27|access-date=2021-11-19|website=The Wire}}</ref>
*[[Narinder Singh Kapany]], Physicist known as 'Father of Fibre Optics', and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee<ref>{{cite web |title=Nobel question mark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/nobel-question-mark-58572-2009-10-15 |website=India Today |access-date=2021-12-16 |date=2009-10-15}}</ref>
*[[Rekha Dikshit]], former judge of [[Allahabad High Court]]
*[[Ashok Jain (biotechnologist)|Ashok Jain]], Professor at Albany State University
*[[Shyam Sundar Shyam]]- former member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
*[[Tabish Mehdi]], Indian poet and writer
*[[Tejpal Singh]] - former MLA
*[[Desh Pal S. Verma]] - biologist
{{div col end}}
*[[O. K. Harsh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shodhganga@INFLIBNET: Browsing Shodhganga |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/browse?type=author&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=Harsh,+O+K |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=England |first=University of New |title=Alumnus learnt value of knowledge at UNE |url=https://www.une.edu.au/about-une/news-and-events/news/2018/11/distinguished-alumni-learnt-the-power-and-value-of-knowledge-at-une |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.une.edu.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> International Academic & Research Advisor of Brit College, BCET,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brit College of Engineering & Technology (BCET) - Teachers |url=https://bcet.uk/teachers |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Brit College of Engineering & Technology (BCET) - Teachers |language=en}}</ref> London. Ex Pro-Chancellor (addl) & Ex Vice-Chancellor of [[Glocal University]], and Ex Vice-Chancellor of [[Tantia University]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{official website|https://dbrau.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}

== External links ==

# [https://dbrau.ac.in/admission/ Admission Links] DBRAU

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Agra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1927]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University| ]]

Anusandhan (2021 film)

2026-01-04T18:09:12Z

Ahmjit: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian Bengali psychological thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anusandhan
| image = Anusandhan film.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
| producer = [[Ashok Dhanuka]] [[Himanshu Dhanuka]]
| writer = Kamaleshwar Mukherjee
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saswata Chatterjee]]|[[Payel Sarkar]]|[[Churni Ganguly]]|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]| [[Riddhi Sen]] }}
| cinematography = Tuban
| editing = [[Rabiranjan Maitra]]
| music = Debasish Shome
| studio = Big Screen Productions
| distributor = [[Eskay Movies]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2021|12|3|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Anusandhan ('''''{{Translation|The Search}}''''')''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] produced by Big Screen Productions.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} Starring [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Churni Ganguly]] and [[Joydeep Mukherjee]], the film is an adaptation of a play directed by Kamaleswar himself.<ref name="riddhi:toi" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/trailer-of-saswata-chatterjee-ridhhi-sens-upcoming-thriller-anusandhan-released-9458731.html|title=Trailer of Saswata Chatterjee, Ridhhi Sen's upcoming Bengali thriller released Anusandhan|date=March 24, 2021|work=Firstpost}}</ref> The movie is an adaptation of the 1956 novel ''[[A Dangerous Game (novel)|A Dangerous Game]]'' by [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]] which has earlier been adapted in Marathi as ''Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe'' (1971), in Kannada as ''[[Male Nilluvavarege]]'' (2015) and in Hindi as ''[[Chehre]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1003646/chehre-movie-review-one-actor-steals-the-show-its-not-who-you-think|title='Chehre' movie review: One actor steals the show (it's not who you think)|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|website=Scroll.in|date=27 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchans-new-film-chehre-attempts-to-be-a-slow-burn-thriller/cid/1828237|title=Amitabh Bachchan's new film Chehre attempts to be a slow-burn thriller|first= Priyanka |last= Roy |date= 27 August 2021|access-date= 28 August 2021 |website= Telegraph India}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 3 December 2021.<ref name="rev:toi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/anusandhan/movie-review/88118626.cms|title=Anusandhan Movie Review: A familiar dark tale with a fresh twist|author=Upam Buzarbaruah|date= 6 December 2021|access-date= 10 December 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Indra<ref name="london:toi">{{Cite news |title=Paayel and Saswata set to fly to London for Kamaleswar's film shoot|author=Ruman Ganguly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/paayel-and-saswata-set-to-fly-to-london-for-kamaleswars-film-shoot/articleshow/77894319.cms |access-date=24 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Payel Sarkar]] as Papiya
* [[Churni Ganguly]] as Judge
* [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
* [[Riddhi Sen]] as prosecutor<ref name="riddhi:toi">{{Cite news |title=Riddhi feels lucky to work with Kamaleswar in 'Anusandhan'|author=Sankha Ghosh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/riddhi-feels-lucky-to-work-with-kamaleswar-in-anusandhan/articleshow/78926382.cms |access-date=24 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Priyanka Sarkar]] as lawyer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/sep/11/priyanka-Sarkar-plays-saswata-chatterjees-wife-in-kamaleswar-mukherjees-anusandhan-28014.html|title=Priyanka Sarkar plays Saswata Chatterjee's wife in Kamaleswar Mukherjee's Anusandhan|author=Sharmistha Ghosal |access-date=24 March 2021 |work=Indulge Express |date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]] as Indra’s ex-boss
*Joy Bhowmik as Aritra Mukherjee
*Dipanshu Kant
*Seher Bhowmik

==Production==
The production crew and cast of the film flew to London on 13 September 2020 for London schedule of filming.<ref name="london:toi" /> The filming post COVID-19 pandemic resumed in various locations around London on 16 September 2020.<ref name="filming:toi">{{Cite news |title=Post pandemic, Bengali thriller is 1st Indian film to start England shoot|author=Priyanka Dasgupta|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/post-pandemic-bengali-thriller-is-1st-indian-film-to-start-england-shoot/articleshow/78210198.cms |access-date=24 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The schedule was wrapped up in September end.<ref name="wrap:toi">{{Cite news |title=Priyanka Sarkar shares her London shoot experience amid corona panic|author=Sankha Ghosh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/priyanka-Sarkar-shares-her-london-shoot-experience-amid-corona-panic/articleshow/78425584.cms |access-date=24 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack is composed by [[Anupam Roy]] on his own lyrics. The single track was released on 20 November 2021.<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/anusandhan/1Be65HgeWd4_|title=Anusandhan – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=20 November 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 4:22
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anek Durer Manush
| extra1 = Anupam Roy
| length1 = 4:22
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14322620}}

{{external media
| float = right
| video1 = [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcV6dECDV7k Official trailer of the film at YouTube]}}

{{Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anusandhan}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anupam Roy]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films based on A Dangerous Game (novel)]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Eskay Movies films]]

Shamshabad, Hyderabad

2026-01-01T10:04:10Z

Ahmjit: New Some Pg Added Tags

{{Other uses|Shamsabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shamshabad
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Novotel Hyderabad Airport Exterior.jpg
| image_caption = Novotel Hyderabad Airport Exterior
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.2603|N|78.3969|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metropolitan
| subdivision_name1 =[[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]]
| founder = [[Paigah family|Paigah]]
| named_for = Shams-ul-Umra
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 17.8
| elevation_m = 574
| population_total = 32,581
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/telangana/rangareddy/284061400011__shamshabad/ |title=Shamshabad town population}}</ref>
| population_demonym = hyderabadi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501218
| registration_plate = '''TG-07'''
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
}}
'''Shamshabad''' is a census town in the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Shamshabad [[mandal]] of Rajendranagar [[revenue division]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Rangareddy district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130761931250.Rangareddy.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221458/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130761931250.Rangareddy.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Sri Vendikonda Siddalingeswara Devastanam temple is situated in Siddulagutta Road in Shamshabad [[mandal]]. The [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|international airport]] of Hyderabad is located here.

==History==
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
The area was previously known as Sedanti village, which was later renamed Shamsabad in reference to Shams-ul-Umra, the title bestowed upon "Abul Fateh Khan", Tegh Jung, Shams-ud-Daula, Shams-ul-Mulk and Shams-ul-Umrah ("The Sun among the Nobles"), who founded the [[Paigah family|Paigah]] nobility during the reign of [[Nizam]] II, Mir [[Nizam Ali Khan]] (1762–1803). There was a time when the whole of the Shamsabad area were under the direct control of [[Paigah family|Paigah]], including the location where the new airport has been built, the entire Shamsabad village was granted to Nawab Shams-ul-Umara Bahadur as a reward. Nawab [[Moin-Ud-Dowlah Bahadur Asman Jah]], a leading [[Paigah family|Paigah]] noble, built a country home on a hillock and a race course in Shamsabad for his own use. As happened with other locality names, Shamsabad too got corrupted and over the years came to be called Shamshabad.

There is a [[railway station]] at Shamshabad by the name Umdanagar, which is part of the [[South Central Railway]], [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/scr-junks-plan-to-extend-railway-line-to-rgia/article66419948.ece|title=SCR junks plan to extend railway line to RGIA}}</ref>

==Geography==
Shamshabad is located at {{coord|17.2603|N|78.3969|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Shamsabad.html Falling Rain Genomics.Shamsabad]</ref> It has an average elevation of 574 metres (1,886 ft).

==Rajiv Gandhi International Airport==
Shamshabad is the location of the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], which began operations on 23 March 2008.

== Metro station ==
[[Hyderabad Airport Express Metro]] has a metro station planned at airport in Shamshabad mandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/haml-completes-21-km-of-pre-construction-survey-work/article66378276.ece|title=HAML completes 21 km of pre-construction survey work}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/jan/15/pre-construction-works-for-hyderabad-airport-metro-worksin-full-swing-2538042.html|title=Pre-construction works for Hyderabad Airport Metro works in full swing}}</ref><ref name="fordgrand">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140123/airport-metro-progressing-at-a-brisk-pace.html|title=Airport metro progressing at a brisk pace}}</ref>

==Panchayats==
There are 24 ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s'' in the Shamshabad mandal.<ref>[http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumR.asp?selstate=0215032000&ptype=V&button1=Submit Details of Telangana till Village Panchayat Tier] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222635/http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumR.asp?selstate=0215032000&ptype=V&button1=Submit |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>
*[[Chinna Golkonda, Ranga Reddy district|Chinna Golkonda]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Chinna Gollapally, Ranga Reddy district|Chinna Gollapally]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Ghansmiyaguda, Ranga Reddy district|Ghansimiyaguda]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Hamidullanagar, Ranga Reddy district|Hamidullanagar]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Jukal, India|Jukal]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Kacharam, Ranga Reddy district|Kacharam]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Kavvaguda, Ranga Reddy district|Kavvaguda]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Kothwalguda, Ranga Reddy district|Kothwalguda]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Madanpally, Ranga Reddy district|Madanpally]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Malkaram, Ranga Reddy district|Malkaram]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Muchintal, Ranga Reddy district|Muchintal]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Nanjapur, Ranga Reddy district|Nanjapur]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Narkhuda, Ranga Reddy district|Narkhuda]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Ootpally, Ranga Reddy district|Ootpally]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Palamakole, Ranga Reddy district|Palamakole]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Pedda Golkonda, Ranga Reddy district|Pedda Golkonda]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Pedda Shapur, Ranga Reddy district|Pedda Shapur]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Pedda Tupra, Ranga Reddy district|Pedda Tupra]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Ramanujapur, Ranga Reddy district|Ramanujpur]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Satamrai, Ranga Reddy district|Satamrai]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*Shamshabad (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Shankarapur, Ranga Reddy district|Shankarapur]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Sultanpally, Ranga Reddy district|Sultanpally]] (village and ''panchayat'')
*[[Tondpalli, Ranga Reddy district|Tondpalli]] (village and ''panchayat'')

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

Kottayam Santha

2025-12-27T08:36:46Z

Ahmjit:

{{short description|Indian actress and dubbing artist}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kottayam Santha
| image =
| caption =
|
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = 27 April 2007
| death_place = Olassa, Kottayam
| othername =
|
| yearsactive = 1963–2006
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| children=
| website =
}}

'''Kottayam Santha''' was an Indian actress and dubbing artist best known for her work in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She had acted in more than 300 films and several TV serials like Valayam, Krishnakripasagaram etc. She dubbed for almost 1,000 films. She was the voice for [[Lakshmi (actress)|Seema]] in almost all her Malayalam films.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

==Biography==
'''Kottayam Santha''' was born at [[Kottayam]]. She entered the cinema field through M Krishnan Nair's film Aniyathi. She was the founder and chief patron of Sthree Sakthi Samajam, a women's rights protection organisation. She died on 27 April 2007.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Filmography==

===As an actress===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Prajapathi (2006) as Guest role
*Mukhamariyaathe (2006) as Thampuratti
* [[Palunku]] (2006) as Ammayi
* Jalolsavam(2004) as Jose's mother
* Kasthoorimaan (2003) as Sajan's grandmother
* Ladies & Gentlemen (2001) as Mrs.Perera
*[[Stalin Sivadas]] (1999) as Manju's mother
*[[Kaliveedu]] (1996) as Dr. Gonzales's mother
*Swarnachamaram (1996)
*[[Easwaramoorthy IN]] (1996) as Ramesh's mother
*Kanjirapally Kariyachan (1996) as Kuttappayi's mother
* Boxer (1995) as Jimmy's mother
* [[Pakshe]] (1994) as Nandini's mother
*Commissioner (1994) as Indu's mother
*Manichitrathazhu (1993) as Mother Superior
* Oru Kochu Bhoomikulukkam (1992) as Viji's mother
* Manyanmar (1992) as Thomas's mother
* Abhayam (1991)
* [[Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran]] (1990) as Gopalakrishnan's mother
*Ezhuthappurangal (1987)
* Vivaahithare Ithile (1986)
* Vellam (1985)
* Ozhivukaalam (1985) as Das's mother
* Rangam (1985) as Matron
* Thammil Thammil (1985) as Dr. Susan
* Oru Nokku Kanan (1985) as Sister Agnes
* Manassariyathe (1984) as Mohan's mother
* Oru Kochu Swapnam (1984) as Matron
* Ente Upasana (1984) as Mother Superior
* Manase Ninakku Mangalam (1984) as Damodara Kuruppu's sister
* Aattuvanchi Ulanjappol (1984) as Rohiniyamma
* Chakkarayumma (1984)
* Iniyenkilum (1983) as Saraswathy
* Shesham Kazhchayil (1983) as Swimmer's wife
* Bandham (1983)
* [[Koodevide]] (1983) as Captain Thomas's mother
* Oru Kunju Janikkunnu - Mathrika Kudumbam (1982)
* Ankuram (1982)
* Velicham Vitharunna Penkutty (1982)
* Ente Shathrukkal/Porattam (1982)
* Ruby My Darling (1982)
* Ellam Ninakku Vendi (1981) as Bharathi
* ''[[Kilinjalgal]]'' (1981) as Mrs.Thomas [[Tamil film]]
* Rajneegandhi (1980)
* Meen (1980) as Thresia
* Chandrabhimbham (1980)
* Swargadevatha (1980)
* Ithikkarappakki (1980)
* Aaravam (1980) as Mrs.Murukayya
* Ethikkara Pakky (1980) as Kalyani
* Kannukal (1979) as Karthyayani
* Idavazhiyile Poocha Mindapoocha (1979) as Cheriyamma
* Sarapanjaram (1979) as Lakshmiyamma
* Anubhavangale Nandi (1979)
* Kathirmandapam (1979)
* Lovely (1979)
* Iniyum Kaanaam (1979) as Parvathiyamma
* [[Eeta]] (1978)
* Nivedyam (1978)
* Nakshathrangale Kaaval (1978)
* Snehathinte Mukhangal (1978) as Lakshmi's mother
* Aaravam (1978) as Murukayya's wife
* Balapareekshanam (1978) as Raji's mother
* Avar Jeevikkunnu (1978)
* Adimakkachavadam (1978)
* Puthariyankam (1978)
* Agninakshathram (1977)
* Rathimanmadhan (1977)
* Anthardhaaham (1977) as Valyamma
* Yatheem (1977)
* Nadeenadanmaare Aavasyamundu (1974)
* [[Baalya Prathijna]] (Purusharathnam) (1972) as Ammini
*Theerthayathra (1972)
* Sthree (1970) as Naaniyamma
* Ambalapraavu (1970) as Nani Amma
* Priya (1970)
* [[Abhayam (1970 film)|Abhayam]] (1970) as Devakiyamma
* [[Nizhalattam]] (1970) as Mrs. Nair
* Aa Chithrashalabham Parannotte (1970)
* Amma Enna Sthree
* [[Anadha]] (1970)
* [[Kallichellamma]] (1969)
* [[Kattu Kurangu]] (1969)
* Vila Kuranja Manushyan (1969)
* [[Viruthan Shanku]] (1968) as Nanukutty
* [[Padunna Puzha]] (1968) as Radhamma
* Manswini (1968) as Alamelu
* [[N.G.O]] (1967)
* Awal (1967)
* [[Pareeksha (1967 film)|Pareeksha]] (1967)
* [[Anveshichu Kandethiyilla]] (1967) as Cheriyamma
* [[Bhagyamudra]] (1967)
* [[Sthanarthi Saramma]] (1966)
* [[Chemmeen]] (1966)
* Kalithozhan (1966)
* [[Muthalali]] (1965) as Meenakshi
* Kochumon (1965) as Meena
* [[Rajamalli]] (1965) as Manka
* [[Bhargavi Nilayam]] (1964) as Suma
* Aadya Kiranagal (1964) as Vasanthy
* [[Ammaye Kaanaan]] (1963) as Janaki Amma
* Moodupadam (1963)
* [[Ninamaninja Kalpadukal]] (1963) as Lisy
* [[Doctor (1963 film)|Doctor]] (1963)
* Jnaanasundari (1961) as Melitta
*[[Mariakutty]] (1958) as Mariakutty's friend
*[[Jailppulli]] (1957) as Lakshmi
* Paadatha Painkili (1957)
* [[Manthravadi]] (1956)
*[[Aniyathi (film)|Aniyathi]] (1955)
{{div col end}}

===As a singer===
* Padathalir Thozhunnen ...(Sabarimala Ayyappan, 1961)
* Kannukalil Kavanayumaay ...(Bhaagyajaathakam, 1962)
* Keledi Ninne Njaan ...(Doctor, 1963)
* Malaranikkaadukal ... (Ramanan, 1967)
* Kaalamenna Kaaranavarkku ...(Kallichellamma, 1969)
* Ambambo Jeevikkan ...(Naalumanippookkal, 1978)

===As a dubbing artist===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Sindhu (1979) Lakshmi
* Utsavam (1975)
* Mohiniyattam (1976) Lakshmi
* Angeekaram (1977) Prameela
* Sarapancharam (1977) Priya
* Swarangal Swapnangal (1978) Lalithasree
* Marmmaram (1983) Jalaja
* Chandhrahasam (1979) Seema
* Dhanya (1978)
* Shikharangal (1979)
* Nadhi Muthal Nadhi Vare (1983) Lakshmi
* Tholkkan Enikku Manassilla (1981)
* America America( 1986) Seema, Lakshmi
* Panchamrutham(1978)
* Rugma (1984) Seema
* Anubandham (1985)Seema
* Vartha (1986) Seema
* [[Akkareyanente Manasam]] (1985)
* [[April 18 (film)| Shobana
* Sindhoora Sandhyakku Mounam]] (1986) Jayabharathi
* Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu (1984) Seema
* Oru Kochu Swapnam (1984) Seema
* Anujathi (1977)
* Mukthi (1987) Seema
* Snehikkan Samayamilla (1981)
* Moorkhan (1981)
* Aavanazhi (1986) Seema
* Choodatha Pookkal (1985) Lakshmi
* Athirathram(1984)Seema
* Vasanthasena (1995) Seema
* Adiyozhukkukal (1995)Seema
* Adimakal Udamakal (1996)Seema
* Lakshmana Rekha (1984) Seema
* Thirakkil Alpa Samayam (1994) Seema
* Manushyamrugam (1981)Seema
* Ormayilennum(1984)Seema
* Abkari (1996)
* Mattoral (1995) Seema
* Naanayam (1986) Seema
* Iniyenkilum (1986)Seema
* Ithrayum Kaalam (1985)Seema
* Shathrusamharam (1980)
* Chuvanna Chirakukal (1978) Sharmila Tagore
* Panchapandavar (1983)
* Gangster (1981)
*An Evening in Paris (1983)
*Garjanam (1983) Madhavi
*Benz Vasu (1981)Unnimery
*Thusharam (1982) Seema
*John JafarJanarthanan (1984)
*Vishwaroopam (1986)
*Eeta (1978) Seema
*Angadi (1981) Seema
*Sakthi (1980) Seema
*Kaanamarayathu (1985) Seema
*Karimbana (1979) Seema
*Njan Njan Maathram (1980) Seema
*Meen (1980) Seema
*Vicharana (1994) Seema
*Innalenkill Naale (1986)Seema
*1921 (1984) Seema
*Ahimsa (1983) Seema
*Chaakara (1981) Seema
*Karimpoovinakkare (1986) Seema
*Ezham Kadalinakkare (1980)Seema
*Thadakom (1983) Seema
*Deepam (1981) Seema
*Soothrakkari (1979)
*Adavukal 18 (1979)
*Manasa Vacha Karmana (1978)Seema
*Sathyam (1980)
*Anthapuram (1978) Seema
*Ammayum Makalum (1980) Seema
*Theenalangal (1981)
*Aashirvadam (1983)
*Kappal kairali (1983)
*Komaram (1983)
*Sankharsham (1983)
*Sphodanam (1978) Seema
*Maniyara (1983) Seema
*Manassoru Mahaasamudram (1978) Seema
*Nishedi (1984)
*Kodathi (1984) Seema
*Ivide Ingane (1995) Seema
*Oru Smangaliyude Kadha (1984)Seema
*Sandharbham (1994) Seema
*Janakeeya Kodathi (1995)
*Guruji Oru Vaakku (1994) Seema
*Pappan Priyapetta Pappan (1986)
*Njan Kathorthirikkam (1996)
*Ashtabandham (1997) Seema
*Ente Sabdham (1997)
*Koodanayum Kaattu (1996) Seema
*Ee kaikalil (1995) Seema
*Iniyethra Dooram (1984)
*Naalkkavala (1994) Seema
*Sarvakalashala (1996) Seema
*Ayitham (1984) Seema
*Mahayanam (1984)
*Puthiya Velicham (1978)
*Kaamini (1978)
*Thettu (1977)
*Sooryavamsham (1979)
*Pichathy Kuttappan (1979) Sharada
*Kaavilamma (1977)
*Agnipareekshanam (1980)
*Ladies hostel (1979)
*Anubhoothikalude Nimisham (1979)
*Pattalam Janaki (1979)
*Azhakulka Celina (1978)
*Madhuram Thirumadhuram (1979)
*Achani (1979) Nandita Bose
*Abhayam Thedi (1986)
*Ivanente Priyaputhran (1979)
*Sandhyaragam (1979)
*Pushyaraagam (1979) Sharada
*Raathriyile yathrakkar (1979)
*Jumbulingam (1979)
*Avakasham (1979)
*Orkkuka Vallappozhum (1981)
*Ente Sathrukkal (1986)
*Poonthenaruvi (1979) Nandhitha Bose
*Thadavara (1982) Nandhitha Bose
*Vidaparayum Munpe (1984)
*Orikkal Koodi (1985) Lakshmi
*Boing Boing(1985) Menaka, Lizy, Madhuri, Aswani
{{div col end}}

==TV serials==
* Valayam
* Eka Tharakam
* Manasi
* Punarjanmam
* Meera
* Agnisakshi
* Manalnagaram
* Sethuvinte Kathakal

==Dramas==
* Manushyan

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1949655}}
*[https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=singers&artist=Kottayam%20Shantha Kottayam Shantha at MSI (MalayalaSangeetham.Info)]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santha, Kottayam}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Sampreeti Bridge

2025-12-07T15:28:58Z

Ahmjit: New Some Stub First Draft - done

{{Short description|Rail bridge in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Coord|22|54|24.9|N|88|24|15.5|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Sampreeti Setu
| other_name = New Jubilee Bridge
| official_name =Sampreeti Setu
| length = {{convert|415|m}}
| width = {{convert |12|m}}
| image = Sampreeti Bridge 02.jpg
| caption =Sampreeti Setu and Jubilee Bridge are seen at the same time
| material = Concrete, steel
| complete = 2016
| crosses = [[Hooghly River]]
| carries = Rail bridge
| open = 2016
}}
{{Not to be confused with|Sampriti Flyover}}
'''Sampreeti Setu''' or '''Sampreeti Bridge''' is a railway bridge on [[Hooghly River]]. This bridge was inaugurated on 17 April 2016. It is situated between [[Garifa railway station]] and [[Hooghly Ghat railway station]] in the [[Naihati Junction railway station|Naihati]]-[[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] branch line. This bridge has been built as an alternative to the [[Jubilee Bridge (India)]].<ref>{{cite news|title=বিকল্প তৈরির কাজ থমকেই, ছুটি পাচ্ছে না জুবিলি সেতু | url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/substitute-jubilee-bridge-building-work-stopped-keeping-pressure-on-oldest-bridge-1.173317# |language=bengali| accessdate =2 Jan 2017| newspaper = The Daily [[Anandabazar]]}}</ref> The bridge is 415 meters long.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title= সেতু দেখে মনে পড়ল ছেলেবেলা| url= http://www.anandabazar.com/district/2.917/it-bring-back-some-good-old-memories-states-babul-supriyo-after-seeing-jubilee-bridge-1.475536| accessdate = 2 Jan 2017 |language=bengali|newspaper = The Daily Anandabazar}}</ref>

==Construction history==
In 2000, the Indian Railway minister took the project to build this bridge, but the project got clearance in 2003 and construction commenced thereafter. The foundation and Substructure was constructed by Gammon India limited and the work was completed in 2008. The Superstructure is constructed by Tantia construction Limited. The work on superstructure of bridge was started in 2010 by Eastern Railway under supervision of Mr Ajeet Kumar, Dy Chief Engineer of Eastern Railway. The bridge was Commissioned on 17 April 2016 after decommissioning of old Jubilee Bridge at the same time. The construction of new bridge faced several technical challenges, both in the design as well as construction. This is first bridge of its kind in India in general and on Indian Railway in particular. Several expert civil engineers have contributed for development of concept, design and construction scheme of this unique bridge over river Hooghly. . Contractor-Tantia Constructions Ltd.<ref name=":0" />

==Construction properties==
* Bridge length - 415 meters (1,033 ft)<ref name=":0"/>
* Material - Concrete and steel
* Type - Rail Bridge
* Lane - There are two railway tracks in parallel.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in West Bengal]]

{{India-bridge-struct-stub}}

Ambalavasi

2025-11-02T11:27:12Z

Ahmjit:

{{Short description|Group of Hindu castes in Kerala, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Ambalavasi''', more properly '''Ampalavasi''', ([[IAST]]: Ampalavāsi, {{ipa|ml|ɐmbɐlɐʋaːsi|ipa}}; {{literally|temple-dwelling}}) is the generic name for a group of [[Caste system in India|castes]] among [[Hindus]] in [[Kerala]], India, who have traditionally rendered temple services.<ref name="fuller">{{cite book |title=The Nayars Today |first1=Christopher J. |last1=Fuller |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-52129-091-3 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13}}</ref>

==Castes==
[[File:Ampalavasi Women Old Image.png|thumb|right|Ampalavasi women with flower baskets- An old image]]

The Ambalavasis are broadly divided into two groups, being those who wear the [[sacred thread]] and those who do not.

===Sacred thread wearers===
====Pushpakan====
{{main|Pushpakan}}
* [[Pushpaka]] (Pushpakan Unni)<ref name="fuller"/>
* [[Theeyattunni|Theeyatt Unni]]{{cn|date=October 2023}}
* [[Puppalli]]{{cn|date=October 2023}}
* [[Plappalli (caste)|Plappalli]] (Pilappalli){{cn|date=October 2023}}
* [[Nambidi]]{{cn|date=October 2023}}
* [[Nambeesan]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Threadless Ambalavasis===
*[[Pisharody]]<ref name="Gough1961"/>
*[[Marar (Caste)|Marar]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Variar|Varyar]]<ref name="Gough1961">{{cite book |title=Matrilineal Kinship |editor1-first=David Murray |editor1-last=Schneider |editor-link=David M. Schneider |editor2-first=Kathleen |editor2-last=Gough |chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala |first1=Kathleen |last1=Gough |year=1961 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=309–311 |isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfdvTbfilYAC&pg=PA311 |author-link=Kathleen Gough}}</ref>
*[[Pothuval]]<ref name="Gough1961"/>
====Others====
* [[Chakyar]]<ref name="Gough1961"/>
* [[Nambiar (Ambalavasi/Mizhavu)|Nambiar]]<ref name="Gough1961"/>
* [[Kurukkal]]
* [[Padamangalam Nair|Padamangalam]]

==Temple services==

Though all Ampalavāsis have to do service in temples, they have sufficiently distinct functions to perform. Pushpakans and Nambeesans are teachers in the Pathasalas or Mutts and suppliers of flowers to temple.<ref name="fuller"/> Chakyar stages dramas called [[Kooth]] and [[Koodiyattam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Daugherty |first1=Diane |title=The Nangyār: Female Ritual Specialist of Kerala |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume= 13 |date=Spring 1996 |issue=1 |pages=54–67 |doi=10.2307/1124302|jstor=1124302}}</ref> Marars are temple musicians. Variar and Poduval performed managerial and executive functions of temple committees and served as storekeepers and watchmen.<ref>{{cite book |title=People of India - India's Communities N-Z|date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=2861–2863}}</ref>

==Social status ==
Their ritual rank in Hinduism lies between that of a [[Brahmin]] and [[Nair]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Census commissioner Cochin (India). |first1=Achyuta menon B A |title=Report on the Census of Cochin, 1891 A.D. - 1066 M.E. |date=10 November 1893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUVIAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA32}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gundert |first1=Hermann |title=Keralolpathi |date=1868}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Census report of cochin |date=1901}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pisharoti |first1=Rama |title=Pisharoti rituals |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1926 |volume=56 |issue= |pages=83–89 |doi=10.2307/2843601 |jstor=2843601 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843601|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ambalavasis who wear the sacred thread are Brahmins, while those who do not wear the thread, are not considered Brahmins in temple rituals. Ambalavasis were known as Antharala Jathikal.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Kazhakams==
''Kazhakams'' or ''Ambalakkazhakams'' refer to associations of Ambalavasi peoples in a temple to perform specific duties in the temple.<ref>{{cite book |title=People of India - India's Communities N-Z|date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=3605–3607}}</ref>

==Temple arts==
[[File:Margi madhu in koodiyattam as ravanan.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Koodiyattam]]
[[File:Bhadrakali Theeyattu.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Theeyattam]]
[[File:Idakka-1.jpg|thumb|200px|Idakka artist Sri. Chendamangalam Unnikrishna Maarar in action - In the middle.]]

Traditionally, Ambalavasis are associated with various types of temple arts. Earlier, each of these temple arts were performed only by specific Ambalavasi castes. Now there is no community or caste barrier.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Temple Art !! Associated Ambalavasi castes
|-
| [[Koodiyattam]] || [[Chakyar]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narayanan |first1=Mundoli |title=Over-Ritualization of Performance: Western Discourses on Kutiyattam |journal=TDR |date=2006 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=136–153 |doi=10.1162/dram.2006.50.2.136 |jstor=4492680 |s2cid=57567794 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kooth]] || [[Chakyar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Bhagavadhoothu+chakyar+koothu+at+Oottupura&artid=5M4Hn2iFH8=&SectionID=9R67TMeNb/w=&MainSectionID=9R67TMeNb/w=&SEO=&SectionName=gUhH3Holuas= |title=Latest India News | Breaking News | World & Business News | Sports & Entertainment news |publisher=Expressbuzz.com |access-date=2013-09-30 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Nambiar (Ambalavasi caste)|Nangyar]] (women of Nambiar)<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'Florance' of Nangiar Koothu |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/the-%60florance-of-nangiar-koothu--1.522820 |access-date=17 February 2019 |issue=10 September 2015 |publisher=Mathurubhumi Daily |date=10 September 2015}} Quote: Nangyarkoothu is a traditional artform performed by the women of the Ambalavasi Nambiar community of Kerala, called Nangyaramma. However, people from other castes also has been performing the artform since the second half of the 20th century.</ref>
|-
| Certain roles of [[Krishnanattam]]||
|-
| [[Mizhavu]] (Musical Instrument)|| [[Nambiar (Ambalavasi caste)|Nambiar]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Madhumita |title=Let's Know Music and Musical Instruments of India |date=2008 |publisher=Star Publications |page=16}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ottan Thullal|Thullal]] ||
|-
| [[Pathakam]] || [[Nambiar (Ambalavasi caste)|Nambiar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Padakam-the-poor-cousin-of-Chakyarkoothu/articleshow/53285438.cms|title=Padakam, the poor cousin of Chakyarkoothu - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>
|-
| [[Theeyattu]] ||
|-
| [[Ilathalam]] (Musical instrument) ||
|-
| Vadyams (Musical instruments) like [[Chenda]], [[Thimila]], [[Idakka]], [[Udukku]] etc. || [[Marar (Caste)|Marar]]<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Lalitha |first1=Nandini |title=This instrument represents the sastras and vedas |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 December 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/idakka-the-folk-instrument-of-kerala/article25840844.ece}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sopana Sangeetham|Sopanasangeetham]] ||
|-
| [[Panchavadyam]] ||
|-
| [[Thayampaka]] ||
|-
| [[Pandi Melam]] ||
|-
| [[Panchari Melam]] ||
|-
| [[Brahmanippattu]] || [[Nambeesan|Brahmani]] (women of Nambeesan)<ref>{{cite book |title=Folklore: The Identity of Culture |first1=M.V. Vishnu |last1=Nampoothiri |publisher=Department of Information & Public Relations, Government of Kerala |year=2012 |page=73 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Secret Chamber: A Historical, Anthropological & Philosophical Study of the Kodungallur Temple|first1=Induchudan |last1=V.T. |publisher=Cochin Devaswom Board|year=1969 |page=260 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Liturgical castes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Bijolia Parshvanath temple

2025-10-22T20:26:07Z

Ahmjit: New The Place W/ Infobox

{{short description|Jain temple in Bhilwara, Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| image = File:Bijoliya Parasnath 49.jpg
| alt = Bijolia Jain temples
| caption = Shri Digambar Jain Parshwanath Atishay Kshetra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type = Rajasthan
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|25|08|59.3|N|75|20|15|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Bijolia]], [[Rajasthan]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
| established = 12th century
| creator = Mahajan Lala
| governing_body = Shri Digambar Jain Parshwanath Atishay Kshetra Committee
| temple_quantity = 11
| architecture_style =
}}

'''Bijolia Parshvanath Temple''' or '''Tapodaya Teerth Kshetra''' is a [[Jain]] [[tirtha (Jainism)|pilgrimage center]] located in [[Bijolia]] town in [[Bhilwara district]] of [[Rajasthan]].

== History ==
[[File:Bijolia Parasnath 33.jpg|thumb|left|Bijolia inscription]]

Bijolia is famous for two rock inscriptions, both dated 1170 CE ([[Vikram Samvat|V. S.]] 1226).{{sfn|Carlleyle|1878|p=239}} One inscription provides the genealogy of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] and the second is a Jaina poem called {{lang|sa|Uttama Sikhara Purana}}. The first inscription opens with salutation to [[Parshvanatha]] and records coronation of [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Somesvara]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=109}} The third verse of inscription describes how Someshvara gave the grant to build Parshvanatha temple in Rewna village.{{sfn|Mishra|1973|p=127}}{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=156}}{{sfn|Bakshi|2005|p=341}} The latter inscription, engraved near the door of the Parsvanatha temple, records the homage of Manoratha, son of Mahidhara.{{sfn|Aufrecht|1896|p=27}} According to Jain tradition, this place is believed to be where the Uttama Sikhara Purana was composed.{{sfn|Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|1906|p=700}}{{sfn|Joshi|Deva|2006|p=65}}{{sfn|Sircar|2017|p=71}}{{sfn|ASI}}

According to Peter Flügel, the Undeshvar Shiva temple of Bijolia was originally a [[Śvētāmbara]] temple based on carvings of prominent Jain figures in the temple exterior.{{sfn|Flügel|2006|p=402}}

== About temple ==
Five Jain temples was constructed in 1160 CE by Mahajan Lala during the reign of King Somesvara of Chahamanas empire. The main temple is a large structure consisting of a small model of the temple.{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1904|p=8}} The temple is dedicated to Parshvanatha and is a major Jain pilgrimage center.{{sfn|Carlleyle|1878|p=239}}{{sf|Kanakk|2020}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Bijoliya Parasnath 42.jpg|Pond near temple
File:Bijoliya Parasnath 08.jpg|[[Samavasarana]] mural
File:Bijoliya Parasnath 44.jpg|[[Manasthambha]]
File:Foot inscription at Parshwarnath temple.jpg|Footprints near temple
File:Bijoliya Inscription.jpg|Bijoliya Inscription of V.S. 1226
File:Bijoliya Temple Complex.jpg|Bijoliya Temple Complex
File:New Temple at Bijoliya.jpg|Newly Made temple in Bijoliya
File:Gandhara Temple Bijoliya.jpg|Temple Dedicated to Gandhars of Lord Parshvnath
File:Samavsharan at Bijoliya.jpg|Chaturmukh Jaina Idols
File:Bijoliya Parasnath 47.jpg|Outer View of New Temple
File:Bijoliya Parasnath 35.jpg|Inscription on the Bhattarak Nishidikas
File:Bijoliya Parasnath 37.jpg|Inscription on Bhattarak Nishidi
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Ahichchhatra Jain temples]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Aufrecht | first=Theodor | author-link=Theodor Aufrecht |title=Catalogus Catalogorum: An Alphabetical Register of Sanskrit Works and Authors | volume=2 | series=[[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]] |url={{Google books|MI5HAAAAYAAJ|page=27|plainurl=yes}} | year=1896 | publisher=[[F. A. Brockhaus AG]] }}
* {{cite book | author=Archaeological Survey of India |title=Supplementary List of Objects of Antiquarian Interest in the States of Rajputana (Mewar and Partabgarh) |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/22854.pdf | year=1904 | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book|last=Bakshi|first=S. R.|url={{Google books|Ldo1QtQigosC|page=341|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Early Aryans to Swaraj|date=2005|edition=1st|publisher=Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Limited | isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 }}
* {{cite book | last=Carlleyle | first=A. C. L. | author-link=A. C. L. Carlleyle |title=Report of a Tour in Eastern Rajputana in 1871-72 and 1872-73 | volume=6 |url={{Google books|0psgAQAAIAAJ|page=239|plainurl=yes}} | year=1878 | publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing }}
* {{cite book | last=Flügel | first=Peter | url={{Google books|CIgqBgAAQBAJ|page=402|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-415-36099-9 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Joshi | first1=Jagat Pati | author-link1=J. P. Joshi | last2=Deva | first2=Krishna | title=Inventory Of Monuments And Sites Of National Importance | volume=2 | edition=1st | url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/88329.pdf | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | location=Delhi | year=2006 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography | volume=1 |url={{Google books|43Fzt-G_-XYC|page=156|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publication |isbn=978-81-7755-298-0 | location=New Delhi }}
* {{cite book |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150}}
* {{cite book | last=Mishra | first=Vibhuti Bhusana | url={{Google books|LB1qhsw10IwC|page=127|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Religious Beliefs and Practices of North India During the Early Mediaeval Period | volume=1 | series=Asian Studies | publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | year=1973 | isbn=978-90-04-03610-9 }}
* {{cite book | author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | author-link=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |url={{Google books|ZZLPO-SD_ecC|page=700|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | year=1906 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] }}
* {{cite book | last=Sircar | first=D. C. | author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar | url={{Google books|ceDuDwAAQBAJ|page=71|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Indian Epigraphy | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | year=2017 | orig-year=1965 | isbn=978-81-208-4103-1 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news | last=Kanakk | first=Atul | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bijolias-resonance/article32820050.ece | title=Bijolia's resonance | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 October 2020 | access-date=13 October 2020 }}
* {{cite web | author=ASI | title=Bijolia Inscription Parsvnath Temple | url=https://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bijolia%20inscription%20parsvnath%20temp.html | website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | access-date=4 May 2022 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Bijolia Parasnath}}

{{Jain history}}
{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]

Pallu Padama Paathukka

2025-09-29T02:12:27Z

Ahmjit: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Pallu Padama Paathuka]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna

2025-09-24T23:09:49Z

Ahmjit: added a info!

{{Short description|Indian geologist (1918–2012)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna
|image = Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1918|04|30}}
|birth_place = Bangalore, British India
|death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|2012|01|26}}
|death_place = Bangalore, India
|fields = Precambrian Geology, Economic Geology and Groundwater Hydrology
|workplaces =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|signature = 
|footnotes =
}}

'''Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna''' (or '''B P Radhakrishna''', also popularly known as '''BPR'''; 1918–2012), was one of the leading geologists of India. He was often referred to as 'The Doyen of Indian geology'.<ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Aug2004/pdf/Aug2004BookReviews2.pdf Book review of "Random Harvest: An Anthology of Editorials"]</ref> He was a resident of Bangalore and regularly wrote the editorial in the Journal of the Geological Society of India<ref>[https://www.springer.com/earth+sciences/geology/journal/12594 Journal of Geological Society of India]</ref> published by the [[Geological Society of India]].

==Life and career==

B P Radhakrishna was born on 30 April 1918 at Bangalore, as the third son of Sri Bangalore Puttaiya, a well-known public figure of Mysore State. BPR graduated from the Central College, Bangalore in the year 1937 obtaining BSc (Hons) degree in geology in First Class and securing a gold medal.

Soon after graduation, he joined the [https://web.archive.org/web/20090612084109/http://mines.kar.nic.in/index.htm Mysore Geological Department (MGD)] as a field assistant at the young age of 19.

BPR served the department for 37 years and retired from service in 1974. His tenure of office as Director<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mines.kar.nic.in/desk.htm |title=From The Director |publisher=Mines.kar.nic.in |access-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303135401/http://mines.kar.nic.in/desk.htm |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref> of the department saw a great expansion in activities, especially in mineral resource development and the utilisation of groundwater resources of the State.

BPR will be remembered for his service to the cause of geology in India. Besides being a core member of the group that conceived the idea of forming the Geological Society of India in 1958 for "improvement in the standard of geological research, by providing a forum for free exchange of ideas and media for quick publications of results and wide dissemination of knowledge", he served as the first Secretary for fifteen years and later as the editor between 1974 and 1992.

The Society under his fostering care has developed and continues to flourish. The Journal which was issued once a year became a monthly. Apart from maintaining high standards for the Journal, a series of other publications, Memoirs, Lecture Notes, Field Guide Books, Mineral Resource Series and Text Books of Geology and Mineral Resources of individual States have been brought out.

BPR always paid attention to the organisation of Symposia, Group Discussions and Field Workshops. For the past few years the Annual Meetings of the society are being held at different centres in the country to emphasise the national character of the Society and also to spot promising young talent and encourage its development.

The publications of the Society have exercised a beneficial influence on the growth of Earth Science Studies in India. The Society has grown in stature and has nearly 2000 members on its roll. BPR's deep involvement and selfless service are central to the Society.

BPR always encouraged multi-disciplinary efforts to study geological problems. The distinguishing character of his approach was his remarkable independence, he was reluctant to seek governmental support for the Society. On the contrary, he firmly believed in personal commitment involving the intellectual labour of its fellows rather than financial contributions.

==Awards and distinctions==

Various awards and distinctions have been conferred on BPR.

* Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], elected in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fellow Profile – Radhakrishna, Prof. Bangalore Puttaiya|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Radhakrishna,_Prof._Bangalore_Puttaiya|website=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=23 January 2016|location=Bangalore}}</ref>
* National Mineral Award of the Govt. of India (1971).
* Fellow of Indian National Science Academy, elected in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insaindia.org/det.php?id=N73-0581 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726181346/http://insaindia.org/det.php?id=N73-0581 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2011 |title=INSA |publisher=Insaindia.org |access-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref>
* Honorary Fellow of the Geological Society of London, elected in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/society/honoraryfellowship|title = The Geological Society of London}}</ref>
* Honorary Fellow of the Geological Society of America, elected in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geosociety.org/awards/past.htm |title=Geological Society of America – Past Award & Medal Recipients |publisher=Geosociety.org |access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>
* The Pramatha Nath Bose Medal of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta for the year 1990.
* Honorary Doctor of Science by Indian School of Mines (1992).
* National Mineral Award for Excellence of Govt. of India (2000).
* Rajyotsava Award of Govt. of Karnataka, India.
* D.N. Wadia Gold Medal by the Indian National Science Academy (1993).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.org/recipients.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910110751/http://www.insaindia.org/recipients.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=INSA |publisher=Insaindia.org |access-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref>
* "[[Padma Shree Awards]]" by the President of India(1991).
* The Karnataka Sahitya Academy recognised the biography he written on 'Raman' as the best biographies produced in Kannada in 1989.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/10may2010/1169.pdf Interview of Dr. B P Radhakrishna in Current Science published by Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, India]

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishna, Bangalore Puttaiya}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Geological Society of America]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]

List of Odia films of 1961

2025-09-15T05:46:34Z

Ahmjit: Added basic pg basic info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Cuttack]] in 1961:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1961 in film|1961]]'''
|-
|''ପରିଣାମ [[Parinam (1961 film)|Parinama]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Biswanatha Nayaka|Biswanath Nayak]]||[[Pramod Panigrahi]], [[Gitisudha]]||Social||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1961 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1961]]
[[Category:Lists of 1961 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1961 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960s in Orissa]]

Haroa, North 24 Parganas

2025-08-12T10:55:45Z

Ahmjit: new a info!

{{Other uses|Haroa (disambiguation){{!}}Haroa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haroa
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.610362|N|88.677409|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,399
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743425 (Haroa)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03217
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Haroa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haroa]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Haroa''' is a village in the [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Basirhat subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=600| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|49|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Basirhat subdivision, North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|26|48|N|88|59|0|E}}|label-pos1=bottom|label1= Bankra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bankra, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|44|N|88|45|5|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2= Balihati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Balihati]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|53|39|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dandirhat| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dandirhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|29|N|88|45|56|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Dakshin Chatra| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Dakshin Chatra]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|52|52|N|88|46|32|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Deora| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Deora, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|42|30|N|88|45|26|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Dhanyakuria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Dhanyakuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|14|N|88|59|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hingalganj| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|30|N|88|54|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Itinda| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Itinda]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|18|N|88|43|52|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Minakhan| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|48|53|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mathurapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|41|35|N|88|50|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Raghunathpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Raghunathpur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|32|54|N|88|49|7|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sadigachhi| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sadigachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|28|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Uttar Bagundi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Uttar Bagundi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|44|24|N|88|47|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Baduria| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Baduria]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|25|N|88|51|15|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Basirhat| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Basirhat]] (M) | shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|35|24|N|88|54|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Taki| numbered16=M| mark-title16=[[Taki (India)]] (M) | shape-color16= #800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|49|27|N|88|51|22|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Swarupnagar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Swarupnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|41|55|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bamanpukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bamanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|40|23|N|88|56|46|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ghojadanga| labela19=check post| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Ghojadanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|36|37|N|88|40|38|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Haroa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= Haroa, North 24 Parganas (R) |shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|34|30|N|88|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Hasnabad| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Hasnabad]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|12|58|N|88|58|53|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Hemnagar| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Hemnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Iswarigachha| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Iswarigachha]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|25|18|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Kalinagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|30|29|N|88|46|7|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Malancha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Malancha, Basirhat]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|46|15|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Matia| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Matia, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|34|25|N|88|50|30|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Murarisha| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Murarisha]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|26|37|N|88|50|32|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nazat| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Nazat]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|26|48|N|88|57|19|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Sandelerbil| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Sandelerbil]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|21|59|N|88|52|15|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Sandeshkhali| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sandeshkhali]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|50|18|N|88|52|3|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Sarapul| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sarapul, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|57|0|E}} | label32= Ichhamati |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= 80| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|33|0|N|88|53|40|E}} | label33= Raimangal River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 95| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|49|40|E}} | label34= Burokalabati |labela34 =River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 50| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|40|0|E}} | label35= Bidyadhari |labela35 =River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 90| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|33|0|N|89|0|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Haroa is located at {{coord|22.610362|N|88.677409|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. Numerous rivers, creeks and ''khals'' criss-cross the area. The tip of the [[Sundarbans National Park]] is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> A large section of the area is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The densely populated area is an overwhelmingly rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.04% of the population lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Haroa police station serves a total population of 265,754. It has jurisdiction over Haroa CD block. There is an outpost at Lowgachhi.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | title = North 24 Parganas Dist. Police | work = Know Your Police Station | publisher = District Police | access-date = 12 May 2018 | archive-date = 7 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180607033433/http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Haroa CD block are located at Haroa village.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 May 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Haroa had a total population of 2,399, of which 1,191 (50%) were males and 1,208 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 286. The total number of literate persons in Haroa was 1,654 (78.28% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|State Highway 3]] passes through Haroa.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Healthcare==
Haroa (Adampur) Rural Hospital with 30 beds is located at Haroa.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in North 24 Parganas district]]

Gyarah Murti

2025-07-19T04:24:19Z

Ahmjit:

{{Short description|Statue in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Gyarah Murti
| image = File:Gyarah Murti Statue, New Delhi.JPG
| caption = The Gyarah Murti statue
| location = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|President's Estate]], New Delhi, India
| architect = [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Devi Prasad Roy Choudhury]]
}}
'''Gyarah Murti''' is a monument located in [[New Delhi]], India, commemorating the [[Indian independence movement|country's struggle for independence]] under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Devi Prasad Roy Choudhury]] is credited as its sculptor. An ensemble of eleven statues, ten represent people from diverse sociocultural, religious and economic backgrounds following Gandhi in the lead. Widely believed to depict the [[Salt March|Dandi March]], the statue has been replicated in other [[List of cities in India by population|cities in India]] and was featured on the old [[Indian rupee|500-rupee currency note]].<ref>{{cite news |title=This Gandhi Jayanti, we follow trail of the Mahatma's statues in Delhi NCR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-gandhi-jayanti-here-s-a-trail-of-the-mahatma-s-statues-in-the-capital/story-05TqaoT72tHScsB1SLmPiO.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Glimpses of Gandhi: Places you can visit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/glimpses-of-gandhi-places-you-can-visit/story-ICQ1OXPVuSPJoahpenTe3L.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
==Location==
The statue is located near the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], New Delhi, at the T-junction where Sardar Patel Marg meets Mother Teresa Crescent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Judith |last2=Parel |first2=Anthony |title=The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi |date=21 February 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-82484-2 |page=213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC&dq=gyarah+murti&pg=PA213 |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Arpita |title=The women who heeded Gandhi's call |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-women-who-heeded-gandhi-s-call-1554530300409.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=mint |date=6 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahatma Gandhi's legacy looms large over Rashtrapati Bhavan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/mahatma-gandhis-legacy-looms-large-over-rashtrapati-bhavan-6689174/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The statue is approached through Sardar Patel Marg and the entire locality is known as Gyarah Murti.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's missing public art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-missing-public-art/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 March 2009 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:11 Murti, New Delhi.JPG|thumb|right|The statue is located at the junction of Sardar Patel Marg and Mother Teresa Crescent.]]

== Sculptor==
Devi Prasad Roy Choudhury is credited as the creator of the statue which was commissioned by the [[Government of India]] in 1972 as a [[national monument]] to commemorate the [[silver jubilee]] of Indian independence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt plan for Independence jubilee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/govt-plan-for-independence-jubilee/article65658341.ece?homepage=true |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=19 July 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nainy |first1=Mamta |title=A Brush with Indian Art |date=23 March 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-171-6 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjJjDwAAQBAJ&dq=gyarah+murti&pg=PT134 |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=October 16, Forty Years Ago: Sculptor Dead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/october-16-forty-years-ago-pravda-on-peking/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> It bears semblance to the [[Shaheed Smarak Patna|Martyr's Memorial in Patna]], which was inaugurated in 1956, and features six figures following a flag bearer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Abhay |title=Martyred for freedom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/martyred-for-freedom/articleshow/14197552.cms |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=17 June 2012}}</ref> The Martyr's Memorial in [[Patna]] commemorates the martyrdom of seven students who were shot dead by the [[Gurkha]] [[Military police|Military Police]] as they attempted to hoist the Congress flag at the [[Patna Secretariat]] as part of the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhay |title=The magnificent 7 of Bihar live on |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/magnificent-7-bihar-live-on-2351599 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=DHNS |date=19 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Foundation of Patna's Martyrs Memorial laid on Aug 15, 1947; spl philatelic tribute on 75th anniv |url=https://theprint.in/india/foundation-of-patnas-martyrs-memorial-laid-on-aug-15-1947-spl-philatelic-tribute-on-75th-anniv/1085009/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=ThePrint |agency=PTI |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Sahid_Smarak.JPG|thumb|right|Martyr's Memorial in Patna]]

==Design==
The statue features at its head Mahatma Gandhi who is followed by ten other persons who include a woman with a [[sari]] draped over her head, a group of three men – a [[Hindus|Hindu]], a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] and a [[Muslims|Muslim]], a [[turban]]ed man, an emaciated man, a [[Christianity in India|Christian priest]], a woman and a young man urging a tired old man to join the group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's All About Gyarah Murti, A Massive & Glistening Black Sculpture In The Heart Of The City |url=https://so.city/delhi/article/a-massive-glistening-black-sculpture-in-the-heart-of-the-city-all-about-gyarah-murti |website=So City |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en |date=12 March 2022}}</ref> The statues are [[Lost-wax casting|bronze cast]] and have a height of {{convert|8|ft}}, and the entire installation is {{convert|26|m}} long and {{convert|3|m}} tall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Art: Sculptures by Deviprasad Roy Chowdhury capture key moments in Indian History |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/sculptures-deviprasad-roy-chowdhury-indian-history/ |website=The Heritage Lab |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=17 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Milton |first1=Lawrence |last2=Aug 10 |first2=H. M. Aravind / TNN / Updated |title=I-Day gift: Bringing alive Dandi March |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/9516666.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

It is commonly believed that the statue represents Gandhi's march to Dandi and that certain figures have been modelled on [[Matangini Hazra]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Brahmabandhav Upadhyay|Brahmabandhab Upadhyay]] and [[Abbas Tyabji]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Arpita |title=The women who heeded Gandhi's call |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-women-who-heeded-gandhi-s-call-1554530300409.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=mint |date=6 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Art: Sculptures by Deviprasad Roy Chowdhury capture key moments in Indian History |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/sculptures-deviprasad-roy-chowdhury-indian-history/ |website=The Heritage Lab |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=17 June 2021}}</ref> However, both these assumptions have been disputed. It has been contended that the statue is not a representation of the Salt March as were no women among the group of [[Satyagraha|satyagrahis]] who accompanied Gandhi on this march.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reading |first1=A. |last2=Katriel |first2=T. |title=Cultural Memories of Nonviolent Struggles: Powerful Times |date=9 June 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03272-0 |pages=41–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9K_CQAAQBAJ&dq=deviprasad+roychowdhury+gyarah+murti&pg=PA41 |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The plaque at the statue states that it was built "In memory of the countless Indians who, generation after generation, struggled and sacrificed against foreign rule. Mahatma Gandhi's leadership of the [[Indian National Congress]] finally won [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of free India on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947.]]"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reading |first1=A. |last2=Katriel |first2=T. |title=Cultural Memories of Nonviolent Struggles: Powerful Times |date=9 June 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03272-0 |pages=41–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9K_CQAAQBAJ&dq=deviprasad+roychowdhury+gyarah+murti&pg=PA41 |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> As is the case in Choudhary's other works, the figures that constitute the Gyarah Murti, with the exception of Gandhi, are not persons of eminence but represent common people drawn from various [[Demographics of India|classes and communities of India]] united in the common cause of seeking India's independence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kurian |first1=Annly Anna |title=Statues of New Delhi |url=https://dhaaramagazine.in/2021/03/30/statues-of-new-delhi/ |website=Dhaara |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=30 March 2021}}</ref> The statue is one of Delhi's best-known examples of [[public art]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's missing public art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-missing-public-art/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 March 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Meenakshi |title=Public art needs a start |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/public-art-needs-a-start/articleshow/6721342.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 October 2010 |language=en}}</ref>

==Replicas and other depictions==
[[File:India 500 INR, MG series, 2014, reverse.jpg|thumb|Reverse of the {{INR}}500 banknote between October 1997 – November 2016]]

''Who Deviated First?'', a [[Digital printing|digital print]] on [[Acid-free paper|archival paper]] by the artist Gigi Scaria, is a [[morphing|morphed photograph]] of the Gyarah Murti where the statues following Gandhi have been turned around and appear to walk in the opposite direction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Artists across generations have painted the Mahatma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/artists-generations-painted-mahatma-gandhi-jayanti-october-2-7546717/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bapu as a muse |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/bapu-as-a-muse.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The 2010 work is a comment on India's divergence from [[Gandhism|Gandhi's ideals]] and its growing [[Religious violence in India|communal]] and [[Caste system in India|caste]] violence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reading |first1=A. |last2=Katriel |first2=T. |title=Cultural Memories of Nonviolent Struggles: Powerful Times |date=9 June 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03272-0 |pages=41–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9K_CQAAQBAJ&dq=deviprasad+roychowdhury+gyarah+murti&pg=PA41 |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A look at Mahatma Gandhi through the eyes of artists |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mahatma-gandhiji-jayanti-artists-delhi-2019/ |website=Architectural Digest India |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en-IN |date=2 October 2019}}</ref>
A replica of the Gyarah Murti was installed in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], in 2011, whereas the copy built in 2015 in [[Godhra]] in [[Gujarat]] met with controversy when it emerged that it had only nine followers instead of ten as in the original.<ref>{{cite news |title=Replica of 'Gyarah Moorti' unveiled in city |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/184058/replica-gyarah-moorti-unveiled-city.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Milton |first1=Lawrence |last2=Aug 10 |first2=H. M. Aravind / TNN / Updated |title=I-Day gift: Bringing alive Dandi March |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/9516666.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Godhra's 'Gyarah Murti' minus one, to be replaced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/godhras-gyarah-murti-minus-one-to-be-replaced-2898700/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Following widespread criticism, the [[Local government in India|municipal authorities]] were forced to fix the error.<ref>{{cite news |title=Godhra municipality begins work to fix Gyarah Murti mural |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/godhra-municipality-begins-work-to-fix-gyarah-murti-mural/articleshow/53445774.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=29 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Missing 'Gyarah Murti' figure: Godhra Municipality begins work to modify Dandi march sculpture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/missing-gyarah-murti-figure-godhra-municipality-begins-work-to-modify-dandi-march-sculpture-2943540/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
Gyarah Murti featured on a 2010 [[postage stamp]] issued by Togo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=R |first1=Lavanya |title=Life of Mahatma Gandhi through Philately: Gandhi Stamp Catalogue |publisher=Catabooks |isbn=978-93-5473-554-7 |page=460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXs9EAAAQBAJ&dq=gyarah+murti&pg=PA460 |language=en}}</ref> It also featured on a 2019 postage stamp released by [[India Post]] as part of a series on Gandhian heritage in [[History of India (1947–present)|Modern India]] to commemorate the 150th birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postage Stamps Highlight Gandhian Heritage in Modern India |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/10223-postage-stamps-highlight-gandhian-heritage-modern-india/ |website=Mintage World |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en |date=20 August 2019}}</ref>
India's [[Indian 500-rupee note|500-rupee]] currency note featured the statue on its [[Obverse and reverse|reverse side]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Iconic sculpture in the heart of Delhi |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?174 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pushkarna |first1=Neha |title=This Gandhi Jayanti, we follow trail of the Mahatma's statues in Delhi NCR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-gandhi-jayanti-here-s-a-trail-of-the-mahatma-s-statues-in-the-capital/story-05TqaoT72tHScsB1SLmPiO.html |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 1999 the round [[Glasses|spectacles]] on Gandhi's statue were stolen, and the statue has since remained without them. The thief was never caught, and the theft has remained unresolved.<ref>{{cite news |title=What makes this Gandhi statue in Luxembourg a rare find |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/10/23/what-makes-this-gandhi-statue-luxembourg-rare-find.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gandhi statue without glasses 18 years after theft |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/gandhi-statue-without-glasses-18-years-after-theft/story-pdMWVQJ2eyy1FKeowUnELM.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|28|36|36|N|77|11|30|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Statues of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in India]]
[[Category:Sculptures of women in India]]
[[Category:Statues in India]]

Mitti Dam

2025-07-10T11:34:01Z

Ahmjit: Content updated and refined

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
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The '''Mitti Dam''' is a concrete and earthen dam built on the Mitti River in [[Abdasa Taluka]], [[Kutch District]], [[Gujarat]], India. The Mitti River is an [[intermittent stream]]<ref name="Lakhpat-Sheet">{{Citation|date=July 1956|title=Lakhpat, India, Sheet NF 42-2|series=Series U-502|publisher=United States Army Map Service|format=topographic map, scale 1:250,000|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nf-42-02.jpg}}</ref> and provides a catchment area of {{Convert|468.78|sqkm|acre}} for the reservoir.<ref name="Jain">{{Cite book|author1=Jain, S. Sharad Kumar |author2=Agarwal, Pushpendra K. |author3=Singh, V. Vijay P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|location=Dordrecht, Netherlands|publisher=Springer Verlag|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA750 750]|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1}}</ref> The dam is located near the village of Trambau and was completed in 1983.<ref name="WRIS">{{Cite web|title=Mitti D02052|publisher=India-WRIS (Water Resources Information System of India)|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Mitti_D02052|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605195000/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Mitti_D02052|archivedate=5 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The dam is 4405 m long,<ref name="WRIS" /> and has 17.40 [[million cubic metre]]s (MCM) of gross storage, 2.68 MCM of dead storage, and 14.72 MCM of live storage capacity.<ref name="Jain" />

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|author=National Institute of Hydrology (India)|year=1994|title=Dam Break Study of Mitti Dam|location=Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India|publisher=National Institute of Hydrology|oclc=663571248}}
{{Clear}}

{{Abdasa Taluka}}

[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1983]]
[[Category:Earth-filled dams]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{Kachchh-geo-stub}}
{{India-dam-stub}}

R. T. Rama

2025-07-07T09:08:25Z

Ahmjit:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. T. Rama
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|6|25|df=yes}}<ref name="R1">{{cite web |title= R.T.RAMA VISITING FACULTY |url= http://www.tentcinema.com/ourteacher/r-t-rama/ |website= tentcinema.com |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180517093035/http://www.tentcinema.com/ourteacher/r-t-rama/ |archivedate= 2018-05-17 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Davanagere]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<ref name="R1"></ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actress|dubbing artist|TV soap/serial actress|writer}}<ref name="R1"></ref>
| other_names = Kumari Rama
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''R.T. Rama''' is an Indian actress in the [[Kannada film industry]]. Notable films in which R.T. Rama has appeared include ''[[Gejje Pooje]]'' (1969), ''[[Gowri (1963 film)|Gowri]]'' (1963), ''[[Sharapanjara]]'' (1971), and ''[[Jedara Bale]]'' (1968).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/-vidhya-vinayaka-in-zee-tv-kannada-news-199366 |title= Vidhya Vinayaka in Zee TV |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175350/https://www.indiaglitz.com/-vidhya-vinayaka-in-zee-tv-kannada-news-199366 |archivedate= 2018-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/SRI-RAGHAVENDRA-CHITRAVANI-AWARDS-300117.html |title= RI RAGHAVENDRA CHITRAVANI AWARDS PRESENTED |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175126/http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/SRI-RAGHAVENDRA-CHITRAVANI-AWARDS-300117.html |archivedate= 2018-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://prod-newsable.newsable.com/editorial/from-narasimharaju-to-chikkanna-journey-of-comedy-in-kannada-films |title= From Narasimharaju to Chikkanna, journey of comedy in Kannada films |work= Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174912/http://prod-newsable.newsable.com/editorial/from-narasimharaju-to-chikkanna-journey-of-comedy-in-kannada-films |archivedate= 2018-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://dsmaxpropertiespvtltd.blogspot.in/2014/07/ds-max-kalashri-awards-during-ds-max.html |title= DS-MAX 9th Anniversary Celebration |date= July 2014 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174735/http://dsmaxpropertiespvtltd.blogspot.in/2014/07/ds-max-kalashri-awards-during-ds-max.html |archivedate= 2018-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/tribute-to-sudarshan-kannada-movie-news-kannada-news-207620.html |title= Tribute to Sudarshan |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175242/https://www.indiaglitz.com/tribute-to-sudarshan-kannada-movie-news-kannada-news-207620.html |archivedate= 2018-05-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=9525&ptype=News&title=VEDHIKE%20PLATFORM%20FOR%20LEARNING |title= VEDHIKE PLATFORM FOR LEARNING |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174605/http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=9525&ptype=News&title=VEDHIKE%20PLATFORM%20FOR%20LEARNING |archivedate= 2018-05-16 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* ''[[Rajyotsava Award]]'' (2014) <ref>{{cite web |title=RAJYOTSAVA AWARD TO FOUR PLUS ONE |url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=6029&ptype=News&title=RAJYOTSAVA%20AWARD%20TO%20FOUR%20PLUS%20ONE |website=chitratara.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517093035/http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=6029&ptype=News&title=RAJYOTSAVA%20AWARD%20TO%20FOUR%20PLUS%20ONE |archivedate=2018-05-17 }}</ref>
* ''[[Kempegowda Award]]'' (2015) <ref>{{cite news |title=Kempegowda award for poet Siddalingaiah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Kempegowda-award-for-poet-Siddalingaiah/articleshow/46797399.cms | newspaper= timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Rama has acted in more than 50 films and numerous Kannada soap operas/serials. A graduate of the [[National School of Drama]], [[New Delhi]], India,<ref>{{cite web |title=NSD GRADUATES 1975 |url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf |website=nsd.gov.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809044603/http://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf |archivedate=2017-08-09 }}</ref> she is currently a faculty member at ''Nagathihalli School of Cinema''.<ref name="R1"></ref> She formerly served as a professor at Bangalore University.

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''[[Mana Mecchida Madadi]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Mahasathi Anasuya]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]'' (1965) as Basavi
* ''[[Miss Leelavathi]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Sri Kanyaka Parameshwari Kathe]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Jedara Bale]]'' (1968) as Shantha
* ''[[Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Naa Mechida Huduga]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Bala Panjara]]'' (1972) as Radha
{{div col end}}

==TV serials and shows==
*Comedy Khiladigalu Championship (2018) – Team mentor
* Kannadathi (2020–2023) – Mangalamma

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[Cinema of India]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm12574396}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, R.T.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]

{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}

Drawings by Douglas Hamilton

2025-06-18T02:49:25Z

Ahmjit: New The Post Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
There are at least two hundred and twelve detailed '''drawings by Douglas Hamilton''' of [[South India]]n [[Landscape art|landscapes]], [[game (food)|game animals]] and [[Forest management|forestry operations]]. Eighty seven of Hamilton's careful [[drawing]]s of the [[Annaimalai Hills]], [[Palani Hills]] and [[Shevaroy Hills]] are in the [[British Library]],<ref name="BLB"/> ninety six drawings were published in his autobiography, ''Records of Sport in Southern India...'' and an additional thirty one were published in ''Forests and Gardens of South India''.
[[File:Douglas Hamilton and bearer cropped.jpg|thumb|Douglas Hamilton, self-portrait...107]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, His First Ibex...120.jpg|thumb|His first ibex]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, signature.jpg|thumb|400px|''Douglas Hamilton'' signature, c. 1891]]
Lieutenant-Colonel [[Douglas Hamilton]] (1818 – 1892) was a British [[Presidency armies|Indian Army]] officer, gazetted to the 21st Regiment of the [[Madras Army|Madras Native Infantry]] from 1837 to 1871.<ref name="Ham">{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=General Douglas|title=Records of sport in southern India chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, from journals written between 1844 and 1870|editor=Hamilton, Edward|publisher= R. H. Porter|location=London|year=1892|pages= Illustrated, photo. Frontis of the author. Numerous illustrations, some full page. 284 pages. Quarto|oclc=4008435|url=http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/262468650?page=frame&url=%3D%3FUTF-8%3FB%3FaHR0cDovL3d3dy5hcmNoaXZlLm9yZy9kZXRhaWxzL3JlY29yZHNvZnNwb3J0aW4wMGhhbWlyaWNo%3F%3D&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail=}}</ref> Hamilton was a well known [[forester]], [[Medical intelligence|surveyor]] and [[illustrator]] of the early British [[hill station]]s in South India and a famous [[Hunting#Modern sport hunting|sportsman]], [[Hunting#Indian subcontinent|shikari]], [[big-game hunter]] and [[Trophy hunting#The hunting trophy|trophy]] collector. He was an acute observer of [[nature]] and a [[Gentleman#Modern usage|gentleman]].<ref>Hamilton, p. xxxviii</ref>

Though executed only in [[pen and ink]] or pencil, these drawings have [[artistic merit]] due to the artist's skillful use of [[hatching]] and [[stippling]] to achieve [[Realism (arts)|realistic]] [[Texture (visual arts)|texture]], [[Shading#In drawing|shading]] and [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]]. Hamilton's illustration of subjects and backgrounds that are unfamiliar to most people, creates initial interest in his drawings. His effective portrayal of actual or implied recent or future dramatic [[Action (philosophy)|action]] heightens the viewer's interest in his subjects. Hamilton selected from his sketches those that best illustrate scenes in his writing.<ref>Hamilton, p. v.</ref> This implies there were also additional drawings, however their existence is now unknown.

==Government drawings==
[[File:Douglas_Hamilton,_1870.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Douglas Hamilton, 1870, age 52]]
In 1862 Colonel Hamilton was relieved of routine regimental Army duties and given a [[roving commission]] by [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Trevelyan]], the Finance Minister of India and former [[Governors Of Madras#Governors .28of British India.29|Governor]] of [[Madras Presidency]], to conduct surveys and make drawings for the Government of all the [[Hill station#India .28by state.29|hill plateau]]s in Southern India that might suit as Sanitaria, or quarters for European troops. Thereafter, Douglas Hamilton was on "special duty" with the 44th Regiment, Madras Native Infantry.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

A series of five albums of careful drawings of the [[Annaimalai Hills]], [[Palani Hills]] and [[Shevaroy Hills]] was the result of this commission. While at work on this commission he had great opportunities to follow his favorite pursuit of [[big game hunting]], and also to observe the habits of the various animals inhabiting the different districts. These well-known drawings showed him as an accurate observer and a careful draughtsman. Each series of drawings was accompanied by a [[Survey article]] describing all aspects of the district.<ref>Hamilton, p.xiii</ref> Some of his publications about these surveys include:
:Lt.-Col. Douglas Hamilton, Report on the Shevaroy Hills (Madras, 1862),
:Lt.-Col. Douglas Hamilton, Report on the Pulni Mountains (Madras, 1864)
:Lt.-Col. Douglas Hamilton, Report on the High Ranges of the Annamullay Mountains (Madras, 1866)<ref name="Kennedy">{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Dane |title=The Magic Mountains Hill Stations and the British Raj|publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS|location=Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford|year=1996|page=50|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&chunk.id=0&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&brand=ucpress&query=hamilton}}</ref>

=== Albums at British Library ===
The [[India Office Records]] in the [http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/bldept/apac/asianprintsdrawings/infenqread/asianprintsinfo.html Asian and African Print Room] at the [[British Library]] has five albums of Hamilton's work that include eighty six drawings.<ref name="BLB">{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/PrintandDraw.aspx|title=Prints & drawings search results|work=Prints & drawings search: "Artist: Douglas Hamilton"|publisher=The British Library Board|pages= |access-date=2009-03-03}}</ref> These albums are:
;12 Drawings in the Shevaroy Hills -
WD1351, Hamilton, Douglas (1818-1892) is an album of 12 [[pen and ink|pen and ink drawings]] of landscapes in the [[Shevaroy Hills]] made in 1861. The 24 folio volume is entitled: ''Sketches of the Shevaroy Hills by Lieut-Col. Douglas Hamilton, Madras army. 1861.''
Printed descriptions are attached to each picture. Size of the volume is 22.5 by 31.75 inches.
It was deposited in the British Library on 4 June 1866.<ref>Prints & drawings: WD1351</ref> These drawings are:
[[File:Waterfall Near the Village of Killayur...viii.jpg|thumb|200px|Waterfall Near the Village of Killayur...viii]]
:# f.2 '1.(*) ''Waterfall near the village of Killeyor.'' An Englishman in the foreground.
:# f.4 '2. ''Panoramic view from the Garden of Dr Marrett's House at Yercaud.'' An Englishman, his wife and child in the foreground.
:# f.6' 3. ''View of the Temple on the Shevaroyen.''
:# f.8 '4. ''Panoramic view of [[Yercaud]] from the summit of the Shevaroyen.''
:# f.10 '5.(*) ''The lake at Yercaud.''[[File:Douglas Hamiltom, Lake of Yercaud, Shervaroy Hills.jpg|thumb|200px|Lake of Yercaud, Shervaroy Hills...xix]]
:# f.12 '6. ''Panoramic view of Yercaud and the Green Hills, taken from Fischer's Hill.'' Two Englishmen in the foreground.
:# f.14 '7. ''Hill temples.''
:# f.16 '8. ''Panorama of the plateau of the Green Hills.''
:# f.18 '9. ''View of the plateau of the Green Hills.''
:# f.20 '10. ''View of a Malayaly village and cultivation.'' An Englishman in the foreground.
:# f.22 '11. ''View of a Malayaly village.''
:# f.24 '12. ''Panoramic view of the Athoor Ghaut from the summit of the Shevaroyen.'' Two Englishmen with servants and horses in the foreground.
:(*): also published in ''Records of Sport in Southern India...''

;26 Drawings in the Palni Hills -
WD566, Hamilton, Douglas (1818-1892) is an album of 26 pen and ink drawings of views in the [[Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park|Palni Hills]]. This 60 folio volume of views in the Palni Hills was made in 1862, with printed titles and descriptions and some drawings inscribed with titles in pencil. Size of the volume is 20 by 25 inches. It was deposited c. 1866.<ref>Prints & drawings: WD566</ref> These drawings are:
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Pillar rocks.jpg|thumb|200px|View of the Pillar Rocks in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India]]
:# f.3 '1. ''View of the Entrance to the Hill Village of Pullangee.''
:# f.5 '2. ''Distant view of Pulni Mountains.''
:# f.7 '3. ''View of the higher Pulnis.''
:# f.9 '4. ''View in the [[Periyakulam|Perreakolum]] Pass.''
:# f.11 5. ''Another view of the Periyakulam Pass.'' Hamilton and his horse in the foreground.
:# f.13 '6. ''View in the valley of Perrumbookarnal.'' Hamilton and his gun-bearer in the foreground stalking [[ibex]]. Reproduced: 'Records of sport,' plate xv.
:# f.15 '7. ''View of the Settlement of [[History of Kodaikanal|Kudaikarnal]].''
:# f.17 '8. ''Distant View of Kudaikarnal.''
:# f.21 '9. ''Panorama of the Plateau in the Neighbourhood of Kudaikarnal.'' Pillar Rocks and Hamilton with servant and dog pursuing a stag.
:# f.23 '10.(*) ''View of the Pillar Rocks.''
:# f.25 '11. ''View of the great cave at the Pillar Rocks.''
:# f.27 '12. ''View to the South West beyond the Pillar Rocks.'' Deer.
:# f.29 '13. ''View of the Gundair and [[Poombarai|Pombarry]] valleys.'' A herd of bison in the foreground.
:# f.31 '14. ''View of [[Vilpatti|Vilputty]],'' 3 miles N.E. of Kodalkanal.
:# f.35 '15. ''Panorama of 'the Plateau of Poortoor'.''
:# f.37 '16. ''View of Pullangee.''
:# f.43 '18. ''View of the Entrance to the Village of Pombarry.''
:# f.45 '19. ''A Street in the hill village of Pombarry.''
:# f.47 '20. ''View of 'the Pombarry Valley.''
:# f.49 '21. ''Wooded Valley between Kodaikarnal and Pombarry.'' Deer in the foreground.
:# f.51 '22. ''Distant View of Kokul.'' A villager grazing cows in the foreground.
:# f.53 '23. ''View of [[Kukkal|Kokul Village]].''
:# f.55 '24. ''Distant View of the Hills near Ettoor or the Eight Villages.'' Hamilton with his sketch-book, camp chair and two attendants.
:# f.57 '25. ''View of the entrance to the village of [[Mannavanur]].''
:# f.59 '26. ''View of Perumal Mullay and the lower Pulnis.'' Hamilton looking through his field-glasses; a gun-bearer and dead deer in the foreground.

;17 Drawings in the Palni Hills -
WD1350, Hamilton, Douglas (1818-1892); is an album of 17 pen and ink drawings of landscapes in the Palni Hills, 1862 (35 folios), Volume entitled: ''Sketches of the Pulni Mountains.'' Printed descriptions are attached to each picture and there are pencil descriptions on the sketches. Size of the volume is 22.5 by 31.75 inches, deposited c. 1866.<ref>Prints & drawings: WD1350</ref> These drawings are:
:# f.2 Frontispiece. ''The Devil's Gap.'' [[Bodinayakanur|Bodinalkenur]] Pass.
:# f.5' 1. ''Panorama of the High Range of the Pulnis from the summit of the Perumal mullay.''
:# f.7 '2. ''View from the high ground west of the settlement of Kudaikarnal.''
:# f.9 '3. ''View of Perumal Mullay from the encampment.''
:# f.11 '4. ''Panorama overlooking the 'Cumbum Valley'.''
:# f.13 '5. ''The Pillar Rocks.''
:# .15 '6. ''Bird's Eye view of the ancient lake'' near Kodaikanal.
:# f.17 '7. ''View of the ancient lake from near the breach'' in the embankment. Near Kodaikanal.
:# f.19 '8. ''The breached embankment.''
:# f.21 '9. ''View of the boundary ridge dividing the Pulnis' 'from [[Travancore]].'' Englishmen shooting bison in foreground.
:# f.23 '10. ''Village on the lower Pulnis.''
:# f.25 '11. ''View near Perryoor on the lower Pulnis.''
:# f.27 '12. ''View of the lower Pulnis.''
:# f.29 '13. ''View of the entrance to the village of [[Periyar (village)|Perryoor]].''
:# f.31 '14. ''View on the lower Pulnis.''
:# f.33 '15. ''The Pulnis from the village of [[Palani|Pulni]].'' Villagers in the foreground.
:# f.35 Vignette.'' Mountain antelope and Ponjola Hill.''

;17 Drawings in the Anaimalai Hills -
WD567, Hamilton, Douglas (1818-1892) is an album of 17 pen and ink drawings of views in the [[Anaimalai Hills]] (Cochin and Madras) 1863. European school / British school, (30 folios) 1863, with printed titles and descriptions. All signed: 'D. Hamilton delt.' Size of the volume is 20.75 by 14.5 inches. It was deposited c. 1866.<ref>Prints & drawings: WD567</ref> These drawings are:
:# ff.2-4 '1. ''Panorama of the Anamallay Mountains from the village of Anamallay.'' Khaders in the foreground.
:# f.5 '2. ''The Foot of the Poonachy Pass.''
:# f.5 '3. ''Encampment at Poonachy.''
:# f.7 '4. ''Lower valley of the Tooracoodoo.''
:# f.9 '5. ''Our first view of the 'Tungachee'.'' An Englishman in the foreground.
:# f.11 '6. ''The 'Tungachee' and 'Ukka'.''
:# f.13 '7. ''Khader Rattan Chain for collecting honey.''
:# f.15 '8. ''Waterfall at foot of the 'Tungachee'.''
:# f.17 '9. ''Ancient Cromlech. Lower valley of the Tooracoodoo.''
:# f.18 '10. ''Primitive bridge of the Khaders.'' An English party in the foreground.
:# f.19 '11. ''Haystack rock. Rattan Chain.''
:# f.21 '12. ''The 'Tungachee' from our encampment.''
:# ff.23,24 '13. ''High range from our Encampment.'' Villagers and [[Indian elephant|elephants]] in the foreground.
:# f.26 '14. ''View in Michael's Valley.''
:# f.28 '15. ''Water-fall in Michael's Valley.''
:# f, 16. ''Gorge of the Tooracoodoo.''
:# f.29 '17. ''High range from the lower valley of the Tooracoodoo.'' Englishmen and elephants in the foreground.

;15 Drawings in the Anaimalai Hills -
WD568, Hamilton, Douglas (1818-1892); is an album of 15 pen and ink drawings (33 folios) of views in the Anaimalai Hills (Cochin and Madras). 1863, with printed titles and descriptions. (Inscribed on [[Endpaper|fly leaf]]: 'India Museum, received from public deposit on 4 June 1866'). Size of the volume is 22 by 28.5 inches.<ref>Prints & drawings: WD568</ref> These drawings are:
:# 2 Frontispiece. ''Cascade in Michael's Valley.'' Dogs pursuing a stag.
:# f.5 '1. ''Outline panorama of Michael's Valley looking west.'' Hamilton and an attendant stalking ibex.
:# f.7 '2. ''Bird's eye view of Michael's Valley looking west''. Taken from the hill, Parli Mulai.
:# f.10 '3. ''Panoramic view of Michael's Valley looking east.'' Ibex in foreground.
:# f.12 '4. ''View of the Upper or Western portion of the large swamp in Michael's Valley.'' [[Gaur|Bison]] in foreground.
:# f.14 '5. '' View of the lower portion of the large swamp in Michael's Valley.'' Elephants and [[Sambar (deer)|sambur]].
:# f.16 '6. ''Water-fall below Michael's Valley.'' Ibex.
:# f.18 '7. ''View of the Eastern Plateaux'' referred to in sketch No. 3. Ibex in foreground.
:# f.20 '8. ''View of Coomarikul Plateau.'' Ibex and bison.
:# f.22 '9. ''Encampment at the lower end of Michael's Valley.'' Hamilton returning from shikar with two attendants
:# f.24 '10. ''View between Michael's Valley and Coomarikul Plateau.'' Bison grazing
:# f.26 '11. ''View looking towards the valley of the Toracuddu River.''
:# f.29 '12. ''View across the upper or western end of Michael's Valley looking south.'' Hamilton and an attendant stalking sambur.
:# f.31 '13. ''Panoramic view of the great plateau and the Arney Moodie Mountain looking west.'' [[Leopard]] in foreground and ibex grazing.
:# f.33 [[Vignette (graphic design)|Vignette]]. ''Pooliar village and figures.''

== ''Records of Sport'' ==
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Records of Sport in Southern India.jpg|thumb|200px|Leather cover of ''Records of Sport in Southern India...'']]Hamilton's brother Edward was the editor of Douglas Hamilton's 1892 autobiography, ''"Records of Sport in Southern India, Chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney Mountains, also Including Notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, ..."''. It is about "years long gone by when the [[muzzle loader]], with all its drawbacks, was the chief weapon in use."<ref name="Ham"/> All ninety five drawings in ''Records of Sport...'' (with the exception of three) were taken from his sketch books. All scenes illustrated in these drawings are based on the actual hunting experiences of Colonel Hamilton described in full detail in his Autobiography.

Those he drew in [[Indian ink]] were transferred as [[facsimile]]s by means of [[Etching|photo-etching]]. The others, sketched in pencil, were copied by Mr. J. T. Smit with such care and accuracy that the touch, as well as the spirit, of the original sketches was fully retained. The three plates of the two species of [[Bustard|florican]] and of the [[jungle cat]] are from drawings made expressly for ''Records of Sport'' by Mr. Smit. Several types of [[Big-game hunting|big game]] are the primary subject of most of these drawings. Only a few of the drawings overlap with those in the India Office collection. He also drew several landscapes of [[Singapore]], [[Java]] and [[Labuan]] during his visit there in 1848. The drawings are:

===Galleries of 95 drawings===
:- Portrait of Major Douglas Hamilton, 1870. . . Frontispiece
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, preface art.jpg|right|400px]]
:- Preface art...v:
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Bababooden hills, falls.jpg|thumb|Upper falls near Muddikull, Bababooden hills...xxxvi]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton,Valley of Perumbookarnal, Pulney mountains...xv.jpg|thumb|Valley of Perumbookarnal, Pulney mountains...xv]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Cheetah stalking Antelope...910.jpg|thumb|Cheetah stalking Antelope...10]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Mungoose and Cobra...jpg|thumb|Mungoose and Cobra...28]]
PREFACE
#The Pillar Rocks, Pulney Mountains . . . xiii
#Water Fall near the Village of Killiyur . . .viii
#View in the Valley of Perumbookarnal, Pulney Mountains...xv
#Lake of Yercaud, Shervaroy Hills ...xviii
#The Upper Falls, near Muddikull, Bababoopen Hills...xxxvi
CHAPTER I. - Shooting Antelope
# Stalking Antelope with Pony...1
#Spearing the Antelope...5
#The [[Bengal fox|Silver Grey Fox]] (Canis bengalensis)...7
#''Oh, Great King, Don't be Angry''...9
#[[Asiatic cheetah|Cheeta]] Stalking [[Blackbuck|Antelope]]...10
#The Kill...11
#The Mountain Antelope...14
<gallery>
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Stalking Antelope with Pony...1.jpg|Stalking Antelope with Pony...1
Image:Douglas hamilton, Spearing antelope.jpg|Spearing Antelope...5
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Canis bengalensis...7.jpg|Wild Dog, Canis bengalensis...7
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Oh, Great King, Don't be Angry...9.jpg|Oh, Great King, Don't be Angry...9
</gallery>
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Lesser Florican...jpg|thumb|Lesser Florican...36]]
CHAPTER II. - Wolves, Wild Dogs, Boars, Mongoose, Small Game Shooting
#Wolves Watching Antelope...19
#Wild Dogs ([[Dhole|Cuon rutilans]])...25
#[[Mongoose|Mungoose]] and [[Cobra]]...28
#Rather a Stopper...31
#A Brave Boar...33
#The [[Lesser florican|Lesser Florikin]] (Syphcolides auritus)...36
#The [[Bengal florican|Bengal Florican]] (Spyheoides bengaleiuis)...36
<gallery>
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Wolves Watching Antelope...19.jpg|Wolves Watching Antelope...19
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Wild Dogs...25.jpg|Wild Dogs, (Cuon rutilans)...25
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Rather a Stopper...31.jpg|Rather a Stopper...31
Image:Douglas Hamilton, The Bengal Florican...36.jpg|Bengal Florican...36
</gallery>
CHAPTER III. - Sporting Trip to the Dandilly Forest
#The Bungalow, Dandilly Forest...39 [[File:Douglas hamilton, Meeting Tiger.jpg|thumb|Unexpected Meeting...50]]
#"I Just saw His Head and Horns"...44
#"Emam Took up the Track"...47
#An Unexpected Meeting...50
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Curious Hat of the Rusa Deer in Java...jpg|thumb|Curious Hat of the Rusa Deer in Java...89]]
[[File:Stephen Douglas, "He was Upon Me at Once"...jpg|thumb|"He was Upon Me at Once"...104]]
CHAPTER IV. - Singapore, Java and Labuan
#The Wart Hog of Java ([[Sus verrucosus]])...59
#The [[Semeru|Smero]] from [[Papar, Sabah|Paparawang]]...62
#Birdseye View of the Crater of the [[Mount Bromo|Bromo]]...68
#Outline of the Smeroe and the Bromo...68
#Lake of Ranio Clakka...72
#Principal Figure in the Temple of Sookoo...77
#Stone Slabs in the Temple of Sookoo, showing the manufacture of the [[Kris]]s ....78 . to face
#After Deer, [[Bandung|Bandoeng]]...84
#Curious Hat of the [[Javan rusa|Rusa Deer]] in Java...89
#The Big Boar of [[Labuan]] ([[Sus barbatus]])...95
#Nests of a Diminutive Bee found at Labuan...96
CHAPTER V. - [[Sloth bear|Bears]]
#He tried hard to get at us through the Bamboos...99
#"He was upon me at once"...104
#"I didn't do it, Ma!"...107
#I could Hear the Bones Breaking...110
[[File:Douglas hamilton, Nilgiri Tahr.jpg|thumb|Nilgiri Tahr pair...111]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Niligiri Tahr, Annaimalai.jpg|thumb|Ibex Hills, Annaimalai...117]]
CHAPTER VI. - [[Nilgiri tahr|Ibex]] Shooting on the Nielgherries, Annamullais, and Pulnies
#The Ibex (The Nielgherry Wild Goat), Male and Female...111
#The Ibex Hills, Annamullies...117
#My First Ibex...120
#The Hut, Pykara...122
#The Old Saddle-back...124
#I take off my Shoes...127
#A Close Shave...129
#The Ibex Stalker...135
<gallery>
Image:Douglas Hamilton, The Old Saddleback...jpg|The Old Saddleback...124
Image:Douglas Hamilton, I Take Off My Shoes...127.jpg|I Take Off My Shoes...127
Image:Douglas Hamilton, A Close Shave...129.jpg|A Close Shave...129
Image:Douglas Hamilton, The Ibex Stalker...jpg|The Ibex Stalker..135
</gallery>
CHAPTER VII. - [[Indian elephant|Elephant]]s
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Elephant shot.jpg|thumb|First Shot at the Great Tusker...159]]
[[File:Death of Tusker.jpg|thumb|Death of the Great Tusker...160]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, 5 tigers seen.jpg|thumb|What I saw...202]]
#The Knowing Old Engineer...142
#Diagram for Elephant Shots...145
#I try to drive him Home...149
#Charging a Bull Bison, 20 September 1856...151
#The Tables Turned...154
#We held on like "Grim Death"...154
#Help ! Help ! !...155
#We Secure him at last...155
#Heels over Head...157
#The First Shot at the Great Tusker...159
#The Death of the Great Tusker of Hassanoor...160
#"BAFFLED" (for description see Chapter VIII)...164
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, I Could Have Slapped His Face...220.jpg|thumb|I Could Have Slapped His Face...220]]
[[File:The Jungle Cat (Felis chaus)...223.jpg|thumb|The Jungle Cat (Felis chaus)...223]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, My last leopard, Feb. 8, 1870.jpg|thumb|His last leopard, 8 February 1870...235]]
CHAPTER VIII. - [[Bengal tiger|Tiger]]s, Leopards etc.
#Tigers and Sambur...173
#The Cheeky Rascal...185
#A Most Magnificent Bound...188
#The Vultures Bring Him Out...189
#Rather a Surprise...191
#The Mid-Day Siesta...192
#I staring at him, and He Glaring and Growling...197
#He stopped to look at me...200
#What I saw one Morning...202
#He stood to Listen205
#Face to Face...209
#I could have Slapped its Face...220
#The Jungle Cat (Felis chaus)...223
#It will Sit and Watch on a Crag...224
#The Black Leopard...225
#The Black Leopard— His Death...226
#The Leopard's Ride...228
#Leopard on Bough...232
#My Last Leopard...235
<gallery>
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Baffled...164.jpg|Baffled...164
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Mid-Day Siesta...jpg|Mid-Day Siesta...192
Image:Douglas Hamilton, I staring at him, and He Glaring and Growling...197.jpg|I staring at him, and He Glaring and Growling...197
Image:He stood to Listen, I Looking the Other Way...jpg|He stood to Listen, I Looking the Other Way...205
</gallery>
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Attacked by bison.jpg|thumb|Not the Pleasantest Moment..., 30 Aug. 1856...248]]
CHAPTER IX. - The [[Gaur|Bison of Southern India]]
[[File:The Unheeded Warning...jpg|thumb|The Unheeded Warning...262]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, The Axis or Spotted Deer...jpg|thumb|The Axis or Spotted Deer...277]]
#Head of a Bull Bison...236
#Skull and Horns of Bison...238
#I Plunged My Hunting Knife Into His Side...243
#A Big Bull Bison staring at me...245
#A Tall Shot...246
#Not the pleasantest Moment of my Life...248
#A dead Bull...248
<gallery>
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Plunge knife in bison.jpg|I Plunged My Hunting Knife Into His Side...243
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Head of bull bison.jpg|Head of bull bison...236
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Dimensions of Bison horns.jpg|Dimensions of Bison horns...238
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Axis Deer.jpg|Axis deer, Trophy Antlers...279
</gallery>
CHAPTER X. -
#''The Sambur'' buck and doe...252[[File:Douglas hamilton, Sambar bucks & does.jpg|thumb|Sambar Bucks and Does...252]]
#Head and Horns of the big Antler Stag...258
#The Unheeded Warning...262
#His Last Leap...265
#Puzzled...268
#Snob and the Stag...269
#"Now Bounding into the Air"...271
#The Deer Stalker...278
#The Axis or [[Axis deer|Spotted Deer]]...279
#The Jungle Sheep...280

==''Forests and Gardens of South India''==
In 1861, 13 plates and 17 figures of drawings by Douglas Hamiton were published in [[Hugh Francis Cleghorn#Forests and gardens of South India|''The Forests and Gardens of South India'']] written by his friend and co-conservator [[Hugh Francis Cleghorn]]. Several of the drawings were [[lithograph]]ed by Mr. W. H. Macfarane, Edinburgh. Most of the drawings were technical illustrations of forestry operations, though some depicted landscapes of forested areas.<ref name="Cleghorn">{{cite book|last=Cleghorn|first=Hugh Francis Clarke |title=The Forests and Gardens of South India |publisher=W. H. Allen|location=London|year= 1861|edition=Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 10 Feb 2006|oclc= 301345427|url=http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/301345427?page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZbC9FY1JqIC%26checksum%3D374d90c92770a514a51708f07461f0b3&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail=}}</ref> These drawings are:
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Foot of the Poonachy Pass - Crossing the Torakudu River.jpg|thumb|400px|IX- Foot of the Poonachy Pass, Crossing the Torakudu River...290]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, plate 7, Ox Cart.jpg|thumb|200px|I- Usual way of loading a country cart...70]]
;Plates:
:# Forest Chart, facing title page.
:# I. The usual way of loading a [[Bullock cart|country cart]] with a squared beam. . . .facing 70
:# II. Mischief caused by the [[Xylocopa|carpenter-bees]] in a log of [[Terminalia chebula|Chebulai]]...facing 71
:# III. [[Bamboo]] & The formation of a ghat in lieu of the rude timber slip. . . . facing 75
:# IV. [[Teak|Teak Tree]]. . . . facing 107
:# V. Teak. .. .facing 108
:# VI. Natives Carrying Fuel . . .facing 146
:# VII. Woman sitting . . .290
:# VIII. Panorama of mountain range from this village, showing the eastern aspect ('North Latitude 10' 27". East Longitude 77.') {{coord|10|27|N|77|0|E}}. . . facing 289
:# IX. Foot of the Poonachy Pass, Crossing the Torakudu River. . .290
:# X. Ancient [[Dolmen#Asia|Cromlech]].. . 292
:# XI. gives a good outline of the Tangachi and Akka Mountains. . .292
:# XII. Rattan Chain for Collecting Honey (partial image) . . .facing 294
:# XIII. Gorge of the Toracodu River. . . 296
<gallery>
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Carpenter Bees.jpg|II- Mischief caused by Carpenter-bees...71
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Bamboo.jpg|III- Bamboo & The Formation of a Ghat...75
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Teak tree.jpg|IV- Teak tree...107
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Teak tree, A.jpg|V- Teak tree...108
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, plate IX- Carrying Firewood.jpg|VI- Natives Carrying Fuel...146
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Panorama of mountain range from this village.png|VIII- Panorama of mountain range from this village...289
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, X- Ancient Cromlech.jpg|X. Ancient Cromlech. . . 292
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Alan,XI- Tangachi and Akka Mountains.jpg|XI- Tangachi and Akka Mountains...292
</gallery>
;Figures
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Ferry boat.png|thumb|fig. 3. Ferry Boat...41]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Fig. 6. Natives using the Saw..png|thumb|Fig. 6. Natives using the Saw...69]]
[[File:Douglas Hamilton, Alan, Fig. 13. Vertical Section of Kiln.png|thumb|fig. 13. Vertical Section of Kiln...284]]
:# fig. 1. Drag holes in Log...3
:# fig. 2. 'V' shapes incisions in Kino tree...13
:# fig. 3. Ferry Boat...41
:# fig. 4. Showing Radial and Concentric Splits...65
:# fig. 5. Pile of Wood raised on Bricks...65
:# fig. 6. Natives using the Saw...69
:# fig. 7. Windward - Leeward...145
:# fig. 8. Tap Root...175
:# fig. 9. Avenue Trees Protected. From Du Breuil, ''Court d'Arboriculture'', illustrates the manner in which avenue-trees are protected in the Boulevards of Paris....198
:# fig. 10. Forked Stick...283
:# fig. 11. stacked Billets...284
:# fig. 12. Section of one-half of the Kiln...284
:# fig. 13. Vertical Section of Kiln...284
:# fig. 14. Horizontal Section of Kiln...286
:# fig. 15, Kiln After Thirty-six Hours...286
:# fig. 16. Vertical Section of Charcoal Pit, with Vent Holes and Covering of Sod...287
:# fig. 17. Kiln Dug Out the Side of a Hill...288

==Self-portraits==
Hamilton often portrayed himself in his drawings. He is shown at different times with [[sideburns|mutton chop sideburns]] or a [[full beard]]. He is almost always shown holding his rifle and facing to the right. These self-portraits are cropped from drawings in ''Records of Sport...'':
<gallery>
Image:Stepheb Douglas, Portrait, He was upon Me at Once...jpg|Douglas Hamilton, He was upon Me at Once, 1844
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Portrait, Heels over Head, 1856...jpg|Douglas Hamilton, Heels over Head, 1856
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Portrait, Tables Turned, 1856...jpg|Douglas Hamilton, Tables Turned, 1856
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Portrait, Attacked by bison.jpg|Douglas Hamilton, Attacked by bison, 1856
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Killeyor portrait.jpg|Douglas Hamilton at Killeyor, 1861
Image:Douglas Hamilton with Sir Victor Brooke after Death of Tusker, 1863.jpg|Douglas Hamilton with Sir Victor Brooke after Death of Tusker, 1863
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Portrait, He stopped to look at me...jpg|Douglas Hamilton, He stopped... 1867
Image:Douglas Hamilton, Portrait, I Could Have Slapped His Face...jpg|Douglas Hamilton, I Could Have Slapped His Face.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Drawings by artist|Hamilton, Douglas]]
[[Category:Archives in the London Borough of Camden]]
[[Category:Hunting]]
[[Category:Illustration]]
[[Category:19th-century drawings]]

Equestrian Federation of India

2025-05-09T14:02:15Z

Ahmjit:

{{Short description|Governing body for equestrian sports in India}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Equestrian Federation of India
|abbrev = EFI
|logo = Equestrian Federation of India logo.png
|logosize =
|sport = [[Equestrian sports]]
|category =
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction = [[India]]
|membership =
|founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1967|03|14}}
|aff = [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]]
|affdate = 1971
|region = [[Asian Equestrian Federation]]
|regionyear =
|headquarters = T1 Station Road, Cariappa Marg,
Delhi Cantt – 110 010 <ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=http://www.efinf.org/contact.html |website=Equestrian Federation of India |accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref>
|president =
|secretary = Col. Jaiveer Singh<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Committee |url=http://www.efinf.org/executive_cmte.html |website=Equestrian Federation of India |accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref>
|coach =
|womenscoach =
|key staff =
|operating income =
|sponsor =
|url = http://www.efinf.org/
|countryflag = IND
|more =
}}
The '''Equestrian Federation of India''' is the [[governing body]] for [[equestrian sports]] in [[India]].

==History==
Most civilians could not afford to own horses in the period following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]], and equestrian sports were primarily practiced by [[Indian Army]] officers. The Army re-established several major horse shows across the country that had been halted during [[World War II]]. In 1950s, the Army began seeking opportunities to send riders to compete at international events. However, all international competitions were conducted by the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports|Fédération Équestre Internationale]] (FEI) which required participating riders to be sent by national federations. As India did not have such a federation, the Army established the Equestrian Federation of India (EFI) in 1967. General [[P.P. Kumaramangalam]], Major General R.K.R. Balasubramanian, and several senior army officers are credited with setting up the EFI. The Federation held its first meeting on 14 March 1967 and officially proclaimed "the birth of the national Equestrian Federation of India" and defined its objectives. One of the EFI's urgent tasks was to "promote equine breeding and care and management of equines" as the [[Partition of India]] had resulted in the loss of [[West Punjab]], the best horse breeding territory in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], to [[Pakistan]].<ref name="EFI History"/> The EFI became affiliated with FEI in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Federation Detail |url=https://data.fei.org/NFPages/NF/Details/Federation/57/EQUESTRIAN-FEDERATION-OF-INDIA- |website=data.fei.org |accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref>

The EFI played an important role in establishing the [[Asian Equestrian Federation]] in 1978. The EFI convinced both Indian government officials and FEI to introduce equestrian events at the [[1982 Asian Games]] which were to be hosted in India. Keen to develop equestrian sports in the country, FEI Secretary General Fritz O. Widmer agreed to the request and asked the EFI to host [[show jumping]], [[eventing]], and [[dressage]] competitions at the 1982 Asian Games. The EFI agreed to hold the show jumping and eventing competitions but stated that it did not have enough experience to host the dressage competition. Instead, the EFI proposed a new event called [[tent pegging]] and drafted rules for the competition which was approved by FEI. Equestrian sports (show jumping, eventing and tent pegging) were included for the first time at the 1982 Asian Games.<ref name="EFI History">{{cite web |title=BRIEF HISTORY OF EQUESTRIAN FEDERATION OF INDIA |url=http://www.efinf.org/history.html |website=Equestrian Federation of India |accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National members of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Equestrian sports in India]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1967]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Parthasarathy Temple, Mundakkayam

2025-05-04T02:30:36Z

Ahmjit: creating place

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Parthasarathy Temple Mundakkayam
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Sri Parthasarathy Temple, [[Mundakkayam]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|32|21.5|N|76|53|12.0|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = ശ്രീ പാർത്ഥസാരഥി ക്ഷേത്രം മുണ്ടക്കയം
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| location = [[Mundakkayam]]
| elevation_m = 115.64
| deity = [[Krishna]] as Parthasarathy
| festivals= Thiruvutsavam in Makaram
| architecture = Traditional Kerala style
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
|date_established =
| established =
| creator =
| governing_body = [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]
| website =
}}

'''Sri Parthasarathy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Mundakayam|Mundakkayam]] town in [[Kanjirappally]] taluk of [[Kottayam]] district in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is situated on the road to [[Kuttikkanam]], about 52 km from Kottayam and 20 km from Kuttikkanam.

== Deity ==
Lord [[Parthasarathy]] ([[Krishna]] as the charioteer of [[Arjuna]]) is the principal deity here, accompanied by sub deities like [[Ganesha|Ganapathi]], [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]], [[Nagaraja]] and [[Yakshini|Yakshi]].

== Ritual ==
Three poojas are held daily. The morning section starts with 'Ushspooja'. The noon section includes 'Uchapooja. 'Athazhapooja' concludes the desk section.

== Festival ==
The annual festival is hosted in the [[Malayalam]] month of ''Makaram'' (i.e. January/February) lasting 6 days. The festivities are commenced by ceremonial flag hoisting or ''Kodiyettam'' on the first day.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anudinam Volunteer|url=http://anudinam.org/2013/11/26/kerala-vishnu-temple-festival-calendar/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410091447/http://anudinam.org/2013/11/26/kerala-vishnu-temple-festival-calendar/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 April 2014|title=Kerala Vishnu Temple Festival Calendar|website=Anudinam.org|date=26 November 2013 |access-date=2016-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYfRBcLdTNYC&q=kalvari+mount|title=Temples and Festivals|last1=Tourist Guide|first1=to Kerala|last2=Motilal (UK)|first2=Books of India|publisher=Sura Books|year=2008|isbn=978-8174781642|location=Kerala, India|pages=54|quote=|via=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kottayam district]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

Mumtaz Ali

2025-04-27T16:24:06Z

Ahmjit: small fix

{{Short description|Indian dancer and actor (1905–1974)}}
{{Others|Mumtaz Ali (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mumtaz Ali
| image = Mumtaz Ali (vers 1942).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1902|09|29}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|02|07|1902|09|29}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Grave plaque of Mumtaz Ali (1902–1975) |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mumtaz_Ali_Grave_Plaque.jpg |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| caption =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = Latif-un-nisa Ali
| children = 8, including [[Mehmood Ali]], [[Minoo Mumtaz]] and [[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]]
}}

'''Mumtaz Ali ''' (29 September 1902 – 7 February 1975) was an Indian dancer and [[character actor]] in [[Hindi cinema]] from the 1940s to 1970s. He was the father of Indian actor [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]. He also had his own dance troupe "Mumtaz Ali Nites" which performed all over India.<ref name=":0" /> However, his career suffered due to excessive drinking, and his family faced financial difficulties. As a result, his son Mehmood began working as a child artist, while his daughter [[Minoo Mumtaz]] worked as a dancer in his stage shows and later appeared in films.

== Early life ==
Mumtaz Ali was born in [[Madras]] in 1905. Orphaned very early, he was raised by his nine-year-old sister Karimunnisa. Around 1928, he lived on the streets in Bombay when he met [[B. G. Horniman|Benjamin Guy Horniman]], an Englishman amateur of Indian cinema<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194309unse|title=FilmIndia (1943)|date=1 July 1943|publisher=Bombay|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> and former publisher of the ''[[The Bombay Chronicle|Bombay Chronicle]]''. B G Horniman took him in, invited him to his home and supported him financially. Mumtaz Ali founded at that time a small troupe of street theater, the ''Mumtaz Ali Theatrical Company'', for which he plays almost all roles. In 1933, BG Horniman recommended Mumtaz Ali to [[Himanshu Rai]] who was establishing the [[Bombay Talkies]] studio in Malad, the suburbs of [[Bombay]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R2lC3b5e4C|title=Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods|first=Hanif|last=Zaveri|date=1 July 2005|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179912133|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Career==
Mumtaz Ali joined Bombay Talkies from the first movie of the studio. He was a part of the production team of ''Jawani Ki Hawa'' which was released in 1935. But he had to wait the next year to appear on the screen on the third film, ''Achhut Kanya''. Among his best work was his song "Mein to Dilli se Dulhan laya re" from the 1942 film ''Jhula''. This song was a must to be played at all marriage functions in those days in Mumbai and India. Mumtaz Ali sided with Devika Rani during the Bombay Talkies split in early 1943. He decided to leave the studio in 1945, when Devika Rani left him.

==Later Years and Death==
He was last seen in the 1974 Hindi movie [[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|''Kunwara Baap'']], directed by and starring his son Mehmood in the song "Saj Rahi Gali Meri Maa".<ref>{{cite web|title=Master of Mirth|url=http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/master-of-mirth/339434/0|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063518/http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/master-of-mirth/339434/0#|archive-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He died the next year on 7 February, aged 72.
[[File:Mumtaz Ali Grave.jpg|thumb|Grave of Mumtaz Ali with plaque visible.]]
[[File:Mumtaz Ali Grave Plaque.jpg|thumb|Grave plaque of Mumtaz Ali showing his birth and death dates.]]

== Personal life ==
Mumtaz Ali married Latifunnisa, in October 1929. They had eight children: Husseini, Mehmood, Khairunnisa, Usman, Malikunnisa ( Minoo Mumtaz ), Zubeida, Shaukat and Anwar. Mehmood made his acting debut in [[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]] (1943). Minoo Mumtaz made her stage debut for ''Mumtaz Ali Nites'' and became a recognized dancer in Indian cinema in the 1950s.

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Character/Role
|-

| 1998
| [[Ghar Bazar]]
|
|-

| 1975
| Dayar E Madina
|
|-

| 1974
| [[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|Kunwara Baap]]
|
|-

| 1974
| [[Do Phool]]
|
|-

| 1959
| [[Dil Deke Dekho]]
|
|-

| 1955
| Sakhi Hatim
|
|-

| 1952
| Kafila
|
|-

| 1950
| Apni Chhaya
|
|-

| 1950
| Nirala
| Rani
|-

| 1950
| Sangeeta
|
|-

| 1949
| Putli
|
|-

| 1948
| Khidki
|
|-

| 1948
| Padmini
|
|-

| 1948
| Shakti
|
|-

| 1948
| Mulaqat
|
|-

| 1947
| Shehnai
|
|-

| 1943
| Hamari Baat
|
|-

| 1942
| Basant
| Dilip
|-

| 1941
| [[Jhoola (1941 film)|Jhoola]]
| Postman
|-

| 1940
| Azad
|
|-

| 1940
| Punar Milan
|
|-

| 1939
| Navjeevan
|
|-

| 1938
| Nirmala
|
|-

| 1938
| Vachan
|
|-

| 1937
| Jeevan Prabhat
| Nandlal
|-

| 1937
| Prem Kahani
| Mr. Sharma
|-

| 1937
| Savitri
|

|-

| 1936
| Janmabhoomi
| Madhu

|}

== See also ==
* [[Mehmood Ali Family]]
* [[Minoo Mumtaz]]
* [[Mehmood Ali]]
* [[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]]
* [[Lucky Ali]]
* [[List of Hindi film clans]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Mumtaz Ali dans Nirmala (1938).jpg|Mumtaz Ali in 1938 film ''Nirmala''
File:Mumtaz Ali et Sunita Devi dans Prem Kahani (1937).jpg|With [[Sunita Devi]] in 1937 film ''Prem Kahani''

</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0019462}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xfjE89pGMc jhula..mai tau dilli se dulhan laya re.1942] se Mumtaz Ali & actress Shahzadi.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mumtaz}}
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]

Bahing language

2025-01-18T16:03:25Z

Ahmjit: updated structure per standard format and updated info

{{short description|Language spoken in Nepal}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Bahing
|region=[[Nepal]]
|speakers={{sigfig|11,700|2}}
|date=2011 census
|ethnicity=[[Bahing]]
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
|fam5=Western
|fam6=Sunwari
|iso3=bhj
|glotto=bahi1252
|glottorefname=Bahing
|script=
|nation=[[Nepal]]
|notice=IPA
}}

Bahing is one of the ethnicities present in Nepal which consist of the following ancestors: Paiwa''', Dungmowa, Rukhusalu, Waripsawa, Timriwa, Dhimriwa, Nayango, Dhayango, Khaliwa/Khaluwa, Rendukpa/Rendu, and Rungbu'''.<ref>linked to [[Rumjatar]] by Hanßon–Winter 1991</ref> These ancestors spoke the Bahing language. The Bahing language was recorded (census 2021) to be spoken by 14449 people of the [[Bahing|Bahing ethnic group]] in [[Nepal]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=NP&seq=20 Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #4 near the map's north/south center and about 2/3 of the way from east to west]</ref> It belongs to the family of [[Kiranti languages]], a subgroup of [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]].

The group Rumdali is also known as Nechali among some of them.

==Names==
''Ethnologue'' lists the following alternate names for Bahing: Baying, Ikke lo, Kiranti-Bahing, Pai Lo, Radu lo. '''Procha lo'''

==Geographical distribution==
Bahing is spoken in the following locations of Nepal (''[[Ethnologue]]'').

*Northeastern [[Okhaldhunga District]], [[Sagarmatha Zone]]: [[Harkapur]], [[Rajadip|Ragdip]], [[Bigutar]], [[Baraneshwar|Baruneswor]], [[Okhaldhunga]], [[Rumjatar]], [[Barnalu]], [[Mamkha]], [[Ratmate]], [[Serna]], [[Diyale]], and [[Bhadaure, Sagarmatha|Bhadaure]] VDC's (''Rumdali dialect'')
*Mid-southeastern [[Okhaldhunga District]]: [[Ketuke]], [[Moli, Nepal|Moli]], [[Baksa, Nepal|Waksa]], and [[Ubu, Nepal|Ubu]] VDC's (''Tolocha dialect'')
*Southern tip of [[Solukhumbu District]]: [[Necha Batase]] and [[Salyan, Solukhumbu|Salyan]] VDC's
*[[Khotang District]]

==Dialects==
According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'', Bahing consists of the Rumdali, Nechali, Tolacha, Moblocha, and Hangu dialects, with 85% or above intelligibility among all dialects.

==Documentation==
The Bahing language was described by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] (1857, 1858) as having a very complex verbal morphology. By the 1970s, only vestiges were left, making Bahing a case study of grammatical attrition and language death.

==Phonology==
Bahing and the related [[Khaling language]] have synchronic ten-vowel systems. The difference of {{IPA|[mərə]}} "monkey" vs. {{IPA|[mɯrɯ]}} "human being" is difficult to perceive for speakers of even neighboring dialects, which makes for "an unlimited source of fun to the Bahing people".<ref>([https://web.archive.org/web/20090214091840/http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/paper/deboer01evolvingSound.html de Boer 2002] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704143113/http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/deboer01evolvingSound.pdf PDF])</ref>

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="4" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[rounded vowel|rounded]]
|-
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
|-
![[high vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|इ}}
|{{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|इः}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɯ}} {{angbr|उ़}}
|{{IPA link |ɯː}} {{angbr|उ़ः}}
|{{IPA link |u}} {{angbr|उ}}
|{{IPA link |uː}} {{angbr|उः}}
|- align="center"
![[high-mid vowel|High-mid]]
|{{IPA link |e}} {{angbr|ए}}
|{{IPA link |eː}} {{angbr|एः}}
|
|
|{{IPA link |ɤ}} {{angbr|ओ़}}
|{{IPA link |ɤː}} {{angbr|ओ़ः}}
|{{IPA link |o}} {{angbr|ओ}}
|{{IPA link |oː}} {{angbr|ओः}}
|- align="center"
![[low-mid vowel|Low-mid]]
|{{IPA link |ɛ}} {{angbr|ए़}}
|
|{{IPA link |ʌ}} {{angbr|अ}}
|{{IPA link |ʌː}} {{angbr|अः}}
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
![[low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA link |ä}} {{angbr|आ}}
|{{IPA link |äː}} {{angbr|आः}}
|
|
|
|
|}
*Bahing language has no long vowel /ɛ/.

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Bahing consonant phonemes
! colspan="3" |
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Apical consonant|Apico]]- [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! [[Laminal consonant|Lamino]]- [[Dental consonant|alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{angbr|म}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{angbr|न}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{angbr|ङ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="5" | [[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
! colspan="2" | [[implosive consonant|implosive]]
|{{IPAlink|ɓ}} {{angbr|ळ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
! [[unaspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|प}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}} {{angbr|त}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|ट}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}} {{angbr|च}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|क}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{angbr|फ}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}} {{angbr|थ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{angbr|ठ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}} {{angbr|छ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|kʰ}} {{angbr|ख}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[voiced consonant|voiced]]
! [[unaspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|b}} {{angbr|ब}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪}} {{angbr|द}}
| {{IPAlink|d}} {{angbr|ड}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡z}} {{angbr|ज}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{angbr|ग}}
|
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|bʱ}} {{angbr|भ}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪ʱ}} {{angbr|ध}}
| {{IPAlink|dʱ}} {{angbr|ढ}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡zʱ}} {{angbr|झ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡʱ}} {{angbr|घ}}
|
|-
!! colspan="3" | [[Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|s}} {{angbr|स}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɦ}} {{angbr|ह}}
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}} {{angbr|र}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}} {{angbr|ल}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|व}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|य}}
|
|
|}
* Bahing has its unique sound /ɓ/ ळ.
* Nowadays use ट, ठ, ड, ढ, have disappeared or are less used.

==Morphology==
Hodgson (1857) reported a [[Grammatical voice#The middle voice|middle voice]] formed by a suffix ''-s(i)'' added to the verbal stem, corresponding to reflexives in other [[Kiranti]] languages.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151411/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/?q=language_studies/bahing Himalayan Languages Project]}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kiranti languages}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahing Language}}
[[Category:Kiranti languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Harvey Adamson

2024-11-04T03:26:51Z

Ahmjit:

{{Short description|British administrator in Burma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sir Harvey Adamson
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image =
| office = [[List of colonial heads of Burma|Lieutenant-Governor of Burma]]
| term_start = 19 May 1910
| term_end = 28 October 1915
| monarch =
| predecessor = [[Herbert Thirkell White]]
| successor = [[George Shaw (civil servant)|George Shaw]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1854|10|07|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|03|28|1854|10|07|df=y}}
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]]
| spouse = 
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Administrator of the Government|Administrator]]
| religion =
}}
[[File:The grave of Sir Harvey Adamson, St Machar's Cathedral churchyard.jpg|thumb|The grave of Sir Harvey Adamson, St Machar's Cathedral churchyard]]
'''Sir Harvey Adamson''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} (7 October 1854 – 28 March 1941) was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] who served as an Ordinary Member of the Council of the [[Governor-General of India]] and [[British rule in Burma|Lieutenant-Governor of the British Crown Colony of Burma]] from May 1910 to October 1915, save for an interim period in 1913, when [[Sir George Shaw]] took the post.

==Life==
The son of the Rev. Alexander Adamson of Kinnermit, Harvey Adamson was educated at the Gymnasium, Old Aberdeen and Aberdeen University, where he was Fullerton Scholar in Mathematics in 1873 and Ferguson Scholar in Mathematics in 1874.

He entered the Indian Civil Service by examination in 1875 and joined the Burma Commission in 1877. He was an assistant commissioner in Burma from 1877 to 1879, settlement officer from 1880 to 1885, deputy commissioner from 1886 to 1893, and commissioner from 1894 to 1899, chiefly of the Mandalay Division. From 1900 to 1905, he was judicial commissioner for Upper Burma, and from 1897 to 1900 he was lieutenant-colonel commanding, Upper Burma Volunteer Rifles, receiving the Burma Medal.

From 1903 to 1905, Adamson was an additional member of the [[Council of the Governor General of India|Council of the Governor-General of India]], become serving as Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Lower Burma from 1905 to 1906. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Burma from 1910 to 1915, and an ordinary member of the Council of the Governor-General of India from 1906 to 1910.

Adamson was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]],<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27511|date=1 January 1903 |page=2 |supp=y}}</ref> knighted in 1906 and promoted to KCSI in 1910.

He died on 18 March 1941. He is buried in the churchyard of [[St Machar's Cathedral]] in [[Old Aberdeen]]. The grave lies on the north side of the church.

The steamship the "Sir Harvey Adamson" was launched on the [[River Clyde]] in 1914, built for the British India Steam Navigation Company by A & J Inglis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Screw Steamer SIR HARVEY ADAMSON built by A. & J. Inglis Ltd. in 1914 for British India Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., Glasgow, Passenger / Cargo |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=10079 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=www.clydeships.co.uk}}</ref> The ship and 269 passengers went missing at sea in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=WRECKSITE - SIR HARVEY ADAMSON PASSENGER/CARGO SHIP 1914-1947 |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?30947 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=www.wrecksite.eu}}</ref>

==Family==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
He married Jane Charlotte Leslie (1870–1953) in 1892; they had one son and one daughter. Their son, Maurice Leslie Adamson, was killed on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in the [[First World War]]. Their daughter, Isabel, married [[William John Keith|Sir William John Keith]], colonial administrator in Burma.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Myanmar.htm Chronology of Myanmar]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adamson, Harvey}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Administrators in British Burma]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Judges from British Burma]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British civil servants in British India]]

{{UK-gov-bio-stub}}