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Kongad Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T09:50:30Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kongad
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 53
| map_image = Kongad Government UP School.jpg
| map_caption = A school in Kongad Assembly constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| loksabha_cons = Palakkad
| mla = K. A Thulasi
| party = [[Indian National Congress |INC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}
'''Kongad''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Palakkad district, Kerala.
|access-date = 9 September 2019
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>K.A Thulasi of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] has been the current MLA since the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Kongad Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District
|access-date = 9 September 2019
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Keralasseri|Keralassery]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Palakkad]]
|-
|2
|[[Kongad (gram panchayat)|Kongad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Palakkad]]
|-
|3
|[[Mankara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Palakkad]]
|-
|4
|Mannur
|Grama panchayat
|[[Palakkad]]
|-
|5
|[[Parali grama panchayat|Parali]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Palakkad]]
|-
|6
|[[Kanjirampuzha (gram panchayat)|Kanjirappuzha]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mannarkkad]]
|-
|7
|[[Karimba, Palakkad|Karimba]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mannarkkad]]
|-
|8
|[[Karakurissi]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mannarkkad]]
|-
|9
|[[Tachampara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Mannarkkad]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Kongad Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/kongad-sc-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Kongad
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" | [[K. V. Vijayadas]]
| {{Party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 – 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[K. Shanthakumari]]
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[Thulasi Teacher|K.A Thulasi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kongad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=K. Santhakumari|votes=59028|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Thulasi Teacher]]|votes=62734|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Renu Suresh|votes=24925|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,81,172 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kongad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Santhakumari|votes=67,881|percentage=49.01|change={{increase}}3.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=U. C. Raman|votes=40,662|percentage=29.36|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. Suresh Babu|votes=27,661|percentage=19.97|change={{increase}}2.22|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. E. Guruvayoorappan|votes=1,351|percentage=0.59|change={{increase}}0.39|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=953|percentage=0.69|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=27,219|percentage=19.65|change={{increase}}9.75}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,508|percentage=76.45|change={{decrease}}0.69}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}3.66}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,73,779 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kongad}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. V. Vijayadas|votes=60,790|percentage=45.35|change={{increase}}1.28}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pandalam Sudhakaran|votes=47,519|percentage=35.45|change={{decrease}}8.04|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Renu Suresh|votes=23,800|percentage=17.75|change={{increase}}10.29|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,163|percentage=0.87|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramesh P. V. Kannampariyam|votes=789|percentage=0.59|change={{decrease}}0.47|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=13,271|percentage=9.90|change={{increase}}6.76}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,34,061|percentage=77.14|change={{increase}}4.30}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}1.28}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,55,799 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kongad}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. V. Vijayadas|votes=52,920|percentage=46.49|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. Swaminathan|votes=49,355|percentage=43.49|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. Devayani|votes=8,467|percentage=7.46|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Vijayadasan|votes=1,543|percentage=1.36|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. Velayudhan|votes=1,198|percentage=1.06|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,565|percentage=3.14|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,13,483|percentage=72.84|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Kongad (gram panchayat)|Kongad]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

All India Secular Front

2026-05-05T07:13:52Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Done

{{Short description|Political party in West Bengal, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| eci = Registered Unrecognised Party
| abbreviation = AISF (official) ISF (alternatives)
| logo = ISF–Logo.png
| colorcode = {{party color|Indian Secular Front}}
| chairman = [[Nawsad Siddique]]
| secretary = Biswajit Maity
| founder = [[Abbas Siddiqui]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2021|01|21}}
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}}}
| headquarters = [[Furfura Sharif]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]]
| ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Secularism]] [[Social justice]]}}
| position = [[Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://isf.org.in/about|title=About ISF|publisher=ISF|quote=Siddiqui launched ISF as a secular, centre-left alternative to existing parties with a mission centered around social justice and inclusion. The party's stated goals include the "upliftment of backward masses – Muslims, tribals and Dalits" and fighting for the "deceived, deprived and downtrodden" of Bengal.|access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref>
| colours = {{Colorsample|{{Party color|Indian Secular Front}}}} [[Blue]]
| alliance = [[Left Front-led Alliance|Left Front+]] (since 2026) [[Sanjukta Morcha]] (2021–2024)
| flag = [[File:ISF flag.svg|200px|border]]
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|100px]]
}}

The '''All India Secular Front''' ('''AISF'''), popularly known as '''Indian Secular Front''' ('''ISF'''),<ref>{{cite web |title=Contribution Report and Audit for the year 2021–2022 – All India Secular Front |url=https://ceowestbengal.nic.in/Expenditure/year_9/ContributionReport/Party58.pdf |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal |date=31 March 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 |format=PDF}}</ref> is an [[List of political parties in India|Indian political party]] founded by [[Abbas Siddiqui]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/west-bengal-elections-isf-naushad-siddiqui-letter-alliance-cpi-m-10215490/|title=Rise of Indian Secular Front in Bengal: Furfura Sharif outfit to TMC rival in Muslim pockets|publisher=Indian Express|date=31 Aug 2025|access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> Currently allied with the [[Left Front-led Alliance]], the party is chaired by [[Naushad Siddiqui]] and has its headquarters located at Furfura Sharif in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] district.

== History ==

AISF was formed ahead of the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly election of 2021]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wire.in|first=The|date=28 Feb 2021|title=Bengal: As Left and Congress Ally With Muslim Cleric's Party, Will BJP Be the Winner?|url=https://thewire.in/politics/west-bengal-left-congress-abbas-siddiqui-isf-bjp-elections}}</ref> and joined the [[Sanjukta Morcha]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=India|first=Outlook|date=28 February 2021|title=With Brigade Rally, Left-Congress-ISF's 'Sanyukta Morcha' Kicks Of Bengal Poll Campaign|work=Outlook.India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/photoessay/with-brigade-rally-left-congress-isfs-sanyukta-morcha-kicks-of-bengal-poll-campaign/2628}}</ref> led by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=":0" /> against the [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal: In Left-Congress Brigade Ground Rally, ISF Emerged as the Biggest Mobiliser|url=https://thewire.in/politics/in-left-congress-brigade-ground-rally-isf-emerged-as-the-biggest-mobiliser|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Wire}}</ref> It contested the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election in 32 seats and won in 1 seat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-30-seat-deal-with-leftsays-indian-secular-front-cleric-abbas-siddiqui/cid/1807955|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The party fought the election under the borrowed symbol of Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party, a [[Bihar]]-based political party. Afterwards, ahead of [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], AISF again joined the alliance led by CPI(M)-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/isf-leader-nawsad-siddique-speaks-out-about-isf-and-left-front-alliance-in-west-bengal-assembly-elections-rdp-2555596.html|title=ISF-Left Front Alliance: বামেদের সঙ্গেই সর্বাত্মক জোটে আইএসএফ! বুধবারের মধ্যেই কাটবে আসন রফা নিয়ে জট, ঘোষণা নওশাদের|publisher=News18 Bangla|date=24 Feb 2026}}</ref> Subsequently, AISF retained its common election symbol under the revised [[Election Commission of India|ECI]] criteria ahead of the polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-commisions-new-symbol-rule-to-aid-parties-in-poll-bound-states/articleshow/129960465.cms|title=Election Commission's new symbol rule to aid parties in poll-bound states|publisher=The Economic Times|date=2 April 2026|access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> In 2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, AISF won 1 seat out of 29 it contested.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengal-election-results-split-in-muslim-votespaves-doom-for-trinamool-congress/article70939839.ece|title=West Bengal election results: Split in Muslim votes paves doom for Trinamool Congress|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==

For the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] election, the AISF allied with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Indian National Congress]] in an alliance named [[Sanjukta Morcha]]. [[Nawsad Siddique]] is the only MLA from the party. Ahead of [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], AISF joined the alliance led by CPI(M)-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]].

{|class="wikitable " style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | Election Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | Leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | Poll alliance
! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | seats contested
! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | seats won
! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | +/- in seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Secular Front}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Lok sabha]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian General Election|2024]]
|Rowspan="1"|[[Nawsad Siddique]]
| -
|17
|0
|{{Steady}}
|650,229
|
|{{up}}
|{{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Rowspan="2"|[[Nawsad Siddique]]
|[[Sanjukta Morcha|SM]]
|32
|1
|{{up}}1
|813,489
|1.35%
|{{up}}
|Opposition
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Left Front-led Alliance|LF+]]
|29
|1
|{{Steady}}
|
|
|{{Steady}}
|Opposition
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Secular Front]]

List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s

2026-05-04T15:13:38Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

This is a list of films produced by [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the '''1950s'''.

==1950==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes
|-
|''Baikunther Will''||Manu Sen||Molina Devi, Jahan Ganguly, Bikash Roy|| ||
|-
|''[[Chinnamul]]<ref name="RubertoWilson2007">{{cite book |author1=Laura E. Ruberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ldcIc6ruUcC&pg=PA81 |title=Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema |author2=Kristi M. Wilson |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8143-3324-2 |page=81}}</ref>''||[[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]]<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web |title=8th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052231/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=23 November 2016 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref>||Gangapata Basu, [[Ritwik Ghatak]]||Historical drama||
|-
|''[[Kankal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kankal |url=https://indiancine.ma/FWQ/info |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>''||[[Naresh Mitra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The man who made Devdas popular |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-extract-from-the-book-k-l-saigal-the-definitive-biography/20110419.htm |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref>||[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], [[Jiben Bose]], [[Naresh Mitra]]||Horror||
|-
|''Mandanda''||Ratan Chatterjee||Bhanu Bannerjee, Biman Bannerjee, Kanu Bannerjee|| ||
|-
|''[[Maryada (1950 film)|Maryada]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARYADA Bengali Movie (1950) |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/6896110-maryada-bengali-movie-1950-uttam-kumar-1989-chiranjeet-satabdi-2010-rituparna-ferdou |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722054130/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/6896110-maryada-bengali-movie-1950-uttam-kumar-1989-chiranjeet-satabdi-2010-rituparna-ferdou |archive-date=22 July 2010 |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>''||Digambar Chattopadhyay||[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Pahari Sanyal]]||Drama||
|-
|''[[Mej Didi (1950 film)|Mejdidi]]''||Sabyasachi||[[Jahar Ganguly]], Nripati Chattopadhyay, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Michael Madhusudhan]]''||Modhu Bose||Utpal Dutt, Devjani, Miriam Stark|| ||
|-
|''[[Sudhar Prem]]''||Premankur Atorthy||[[Asit Baran]], Manoranjan Bhattacharya|| ||
|-
|''Vidyasagar''||Kali Prasad Ghosh||Gurudas Banerjee, Tarakumar Bhaduri, Chhabi Biswas|| ||
|}

== 1951 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Barjatri''
|[[Satyen Bose]]
|[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], Haradan Bandopadhyay
|Drama
|
|-
|''Ekti Raat''
|Chitta Basu
|Uttam Kumar, [[Suchitra Sen]], Anup Kumar
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jighansa]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28|title=The Crackling Chemistry between Uttam Kumar and Ajoy Kar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remembering-ajoy-kar-the-genius-of-camera-the-path-breaker-in-bengali-cine-classics/photostory/73690236.cms|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The Times of India}}</ref>''
|[[Ajoy Kar]]
|[[Manju Dey]], [[Bikash Roy]], [[Kamal Mitra]]
|Thriller
|
|-
|''[[Nastaneer (1951 film)|Nastaneer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nastaneer {{!}} GoldPoster Movie Poster Gallery|url=https://www.goldposter.com/movie/424028/|access-date=2020-04-25|website=GoldPoster|language=en-US}}</ref>''
|Pashupati Chatterjee
|Sunanda Bannerjee, [[Uttam Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ore Jatri (1951 film)|Ore Jatri]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ore Jatri on Moviebuff.com|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/ore-jatri|access-date=2020-03-31|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>''
|Rajen Choudhury
|[[Uttam Kumar]], Prabha Devi, [[Anubha Gupta]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Sahajatri]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Souvik-indrajalik|date=2011-07-28|title=Station Hollywood: Agradoot and bengali films.|url=http://stationhollywood.blogspot.com/2011/07/agradoot-and-bengali-films.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827050242/http://stationhollywood.blogspot.com/2011/07/agradoot-and-bengali-films.html|archive-date=27 August 2019|access-date=2020-04-25|website=Station Hollywood}}</ref>''
|[[Agradoot]]
|[[Molina Devi]], [[Uttam Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|}

== 1952 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Basu Poribar (1952 film)|Basu Poribar]]<ref name="r">{{cite web |title=Film details of Basu Poribar (1952)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/basu-paribar-movie/13375|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>''
|Nirmal Dey
|[[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Supriya Devi]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=daily-bangladesh.com|title=Actress Supriya Devi passes away|url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/English/international-news/1115?_e_pi_=7,PAGE_ID10,8984473656|access-date=2018-02-09|work=daily-bangladesh.com}}</ref>
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bindur Chheley''
|Chitta Bose
|Ajit Bannerjee, Kanu Bannerjee, Bibhu Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''[[Hanabari]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian Horror Cinema: (En)gendering the Monstrous |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jukrDwAAQBAJ&dq=hanabari&pg=PT138 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|last=Dhusiya|first=Mithuraaj|date=2017-09-13|isbn=978-1-351-38648-7|language=en}}</ref>''
|[[Premendra Mitra]]
|[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], Nabadwip Halder
|Thriller
|
|-
|''Kapal Kundala''
|Ardhendu Mukherjee
|
|
|
|-
|''Kar Pape''
|Kali Prasad Ghosh
|Asitbaran, Chhabi Biswas, Aparna Devi
|
|
|-
|''[[Kuhelika (1952 film)|Kuhelika]]<ref name="Kuhelika 1952">{{cite web |title=Kuhelika 1952 |url=http://www.gomolo.com/kuhelika-movie/13390 |accessdate=17 December 2012|publisher=Gomolo}}</ref>''
|Ramesh Bose
|Ahindra Choudhury, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], [[Amar Choudhury]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Pasher Bari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinesh Raheja |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/05dinesh.htm |access-date=26 December 2018|date=5 December 2002|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>''
|Sudhir Mukherjee
|[[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Romance
|
|-
|''[[Sanjibani (1952 film)|Sanjibani]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SANJIBANI (1952)|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76635efe|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407140858/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76635efe|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=2020-04-07|website=BFI}}</ref>''
|Sukumar Dasgupta
|[[Uttam Kumar]], Reba Devi
|Drama
|
|}

== 1953 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Bou Thakuranir Haat]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/dvd-vcd-reviews/cid/969450 |title=DVD/VCD reviews |last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=29 July 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407184353/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/dvd-vcd-reviews/cid/969450|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=15 March 2019|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref>''
|[[Naresh Mitra]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Sambhu Mitra]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Keranir Jibon''
|Dilip Mukherjee
|[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]], [[Jahor Roy]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Lakh Taka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakh Taka (1953)|url=https://indiancine.ma/GWI|access-date=2020-04-26|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|Niren Lahiri
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Bhanu Bannerjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Nabin Jatra]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2010|title=Uttam Kumar-Maya Mukherjee in Subodh Mitra's Nabin Jatra|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/91118710-uttam-kumar-maya-mukherjee-subodh-mitras-nabin-jatra-1953-classic-bengali-movie|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923131951/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/91118710-uttam-kumar-maya-mukherjee-subodh-mitras-nabin-jatra-1953-classic-bengali-movie|archive-date=23 September 2010|access-date=26 March 2019|website=washingtonbanglaradio.com}}</ref>''
|Subodh Mitra
|[[Uttam Kumar]], Maya Mukherjee, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Parineeta''
|Bimal Roy
|Moni Bhattacharjee, Sarat Chanda Chattopadhyay, Kamal Chowdhary
|
|
|-
|''[[Saat Number Kayedi]]''
|Sukumar Dasgupta
|[[Suchitra Sen]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Kamal Mitra]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Sharey Chuattor]]''
|Nirmal Dey
|[[Tulsi Chakraborty]], [[Molina Devi]], [[Uttam Kumar]]
|Comedy
|
|}

== 1954 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Agni Pariksha (1954 film)|Agni Pariksha]]<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=8 October 2015 |title=Mangalyabalam (1959) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mangalyabalam/article7734651.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=}}</ref>''
|[[Agradoot]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Annapurnar Mandir]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annapurnar Mandir ( 1954) |url=https://archive.org/details/AnnapurnarMandir1954 |access-date=26 September 2018 |website=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Annapurnar Mandir |url=https://indiancine.ma/HBP/info |access-date=26 September 2018 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref>''
|[[Naresh Mitra]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Social Drama
|
|-
|''Anupama''
|Agradoot
|Sabitri Chatterjee, Jahar Ganguly, Anubha Gupta
|
|
|-
|''[[Bakul]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Britannica |first=Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=New+Theatres+Bakul+bengali+movie+1954&pg=PA58 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}</ref>''
|Bholanath Mitra
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Arundhati Devi]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bhangagara''
|Sushil Majumdar
|Sandhya Rani, [[Chhaya Devi]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|Drama
|-
|''Bidhilipi''
|Manu Sen
|Chhabi Biswas, Nripati Chatterjee, Prasanta Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''Bratacharini''
|Kamal Ganguly
|Sabitri Chatterjee, Uttam Kumar, Sandhya Rani
|
|
|-
|''[[Champadangar Bou]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttam Kumar: 'উত্তমের সঙ্গে কাজ করে অসম্ভব তৃপ্তি পেয়েছিলাম', লিখেছিলেন সত্যজিৎ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/specials/story/satyajit-ray-wrote-obituary-uttam-kumar-death-published-26-july-1980-rjk-286727-2021-07-13 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>''
|Nirmal Dey
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Chheley Kaar]]''
|[[Chitta Basu (director)|Chitta Basu]]
|[[Bikash Roy]], [[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''Dhooli''
|Pinaki Mukherjee
|[[Suchitra Sen]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Grihapravesh (1954 film)|Grihapravesh]]''
|[[Ajoy Kar]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Bhanu Bannerjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Kalyani''
|Niren Lahiri
|Uttam Kumar, Anubha Gupta, Sabitri Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Mantra Shakti]]''
|[[Chitta Basu (director)|Chitta Basu]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Anubha Gupta]], [[Asit Baran]], [[Bhanu Bannerjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Maraner Pare]]''
|Satish Dasgupta
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Sambhu Mitra]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Moner Mayur]]''
|Sushil Majumdar
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Moyla Kagaj]]''
|[[Premendra Mitra]]
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Social Drama
|
|-
|''[[Ora Thake Odhare]]''
|Sukumar Dasgupta
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]
|Romance, Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Sadanander Mela]]''
|Sukumar Dasgupta
|[[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Satir Dehatyag''
|Manu Sen
|Shubhendu Chattopadhyay, Kamal Mitra, Raja Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''Vikram Urvashi''
|Modhu Bose
|Sadhona Bose, Biren Chatterjee, Nilima Das
|
|
|}

== 1955 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Bhagavan Sri Ramakrishna]]''
|[[Prafulla Chakraborty]]
|[[Kanu Banerjee]]
|[[Biographical film]]
|Available on YouTube<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KD1TsRBZnn8 "The film - Bhagavan Sri Ramakrishna - revised file" (on YouTube)]; English subtitles give credits for [[Kanu Banerjee|Kanu Banerji]] ([[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]], 0:08), Bibhuti Chakravarty (photography, 0:11), Baidyanath Chaterji (producer, 0:30), Pulin Ghosh (stage setting, 0:44), [[New Theatres|New Theatre Studio]] (production location, 0:53), Officials of [[Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]] (thanks, 1:05), [[Chhabi Biswas|Chabi Bishwas]] (Mathur, 1:23), [[Shobha Sen]] ([[Sarada Devi|Sri Ma Saradadevi]], 1:23), Kalyani Films (production, 1:38), Prafulla Chakravarty (script writer and director, 1:43) (accessed 14 Jan 2013)</ref> and mentioned in 2012 news<ref>Soumitra Das and Dalia Mukherje (5 August 2012). [[Kolkata]], India: ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]''. (accessed 14 Jan 2013)</ref><ref>See also [http://www.gomolo.com/bhagaban-sree-sree-ramkrishna-movie/13517 ''Bhagaban Sree Sree Ramkrishna''] listing at Gomolo.</ref>
|-
|''[[Dakinir Char]]''
|[[Premendra Mitra]]
|[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], [[Jahor Roy]]
|Horror
|
|-
|''Debatra''
|Haridas Bhattacharya
|Gangapada Basu, Ahindra Choudhury, Kanan Devi
|
|
|-
|''Dui Bon''
|Chandrasekhar Basu
|Kamala Adhikari, Bibhu Bhattacharya, Nripati Chatterjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Hrad (film)|Hrad]]''
|Ardhendu Sen
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Jahor Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Kankabatir Ghat]]''
|[[Chitta Bose]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Pather Panchali]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Subir Banerjee]], [[Kanu Banerjee]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|The first of [[The Apu Trilogy]]
|-
|''Prashna''
|Chandrashekhar Basu
|[[Arundhati Devi]], [[Asit Baran]], [[Bikash Roy]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Raat Bhore]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|
|
|-
|''Raikamal''
|Subodh Mitra
|Kaberi Bose, Uttam Kumar, Nitish Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Rani Rasmani (film)|Rani Rashmoni]]''
|[[Kali Prasad Ghosh]]
|[[Molina Devi]], [[Gurudas Banerjee]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|[[Biographical film|Biopic]] on [[Rani Rashmoni]]
|-
|''[[Saajher Pradip]]''
|Sudhangshu Mukherjee
|[[Suchitra Sen]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Sabar Uparey]]''
|[[Agradoot]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Crime Thriller
|
|-
|''[[Shap Mochan]]''
|Sudhir Mukherjee
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Upahar''
|Tapan Sinha
|Kanu Bannerjee, Sudhiranjan Mukhopadhyay, Tapan Sinha
|
|
|}

== 1956 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Aparajito]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Kanu Banerjee]], [[Karuna Banerjee]]
|Drama
|Won the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]]
|-
|''[[Chirokumar Sabha]]''
|Debaki Kumar Bose
|Jiben Bose, Ajit Chatterjee, Ahindra Choudhury
|
|
|-
|''[[Ekti Raat]]''
|[[Chitta Basu (director)|Chitta Basu]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Comedy
|
|-
|''Laksha-Hira''
|Chittaranjan Mitra
|Nilima Das, Chandrabati Devi, Manju Dey
|
|
|-
|''Mahakavi Girish Chandra''
|Madhu Bose
|[[Pahari Sanyal|Pahadi Sanyal]], [[Gurudas Banerjee]], [[Molina Devi]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|[[Biographical film|Biopic]] on [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
|-
|''Mahanisha''
|Sukumar Dasgupta
|Bhanu Bandopadhyay, Bani Gangopadhyay, Anubha Gupta
|
|
|-
|''Nabajanma''
|Debaki Kumar Bose
|Ajit Bandopadhyay, Kalu Bannerjee, Sabita Basu
|
|
|-
|''[[Prithibi Amare Chaay]]''
|Niren Lahiri
|Uttam Kumar, Mala Sinha, Asit Baran
|
|
|-
|''Putrabadhu''
|Chitta Bose
|Uttam Kumar, Mala Sinha, Bibhu Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''Sadhak Ramprasad''
|Banshi Ash
|[[Gurudas Banerjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Abhi Bhattacharya]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Devotional
|
|-
|''[[Sagarika (1956 film)|Sagarika]]''
|Agragami
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar, Jamuna Sinha]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]''
|Karthik Chatterjee
|[[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Shankar Narayan Bank]]''
|
|[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Kaberi Bose]], [[Chhaya Devi]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Shilpi''
|Agragami
|Sikharani Bag, Kali Bannerjee, Molina Devi
|
|
|-
|''[[Shyamali]]''
|[[Ajoy Kar]]
|[[Kaberi Bose]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Trijama]]''
|[[Agradoot]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|}

== 1957 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''Abhoyer Biye''
|Sukumar Dasgupta
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Sova Sen]], Aparna Devi
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Adarsha Hindu Hotel (film)|Adarsha Hindu Hotel]]''
|Ardhendu Sen
|[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Baksiddha''
|Bireshwar Basu
|[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Jahar Ganguly]], [[Tulsi Lahiri]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Bardidi]]''
|[[Ajoy Kar]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Chhaya Devi]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Harano Sur]]''
|Ajoy Kar
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Harjeet]]''
|Manu Sen
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Anita Guha]], [[Basanta Choudhury]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''Harischandra''
|Phani Burma
|[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Jatra Holo Shuru''
|Santosh Ganguly
|Dhiresh Bannerjee, Sabita Chatterjee, Uttam Kumar
|
|
|-
|''[[Jiban Trishna]]''
|[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Bikash Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Kabuliwala (1957 film)|Kabuliwala]]''
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|[[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]]''
|Kartik Chattopadhyay
|Ahindra Choudhury, Bhanu Bandyopadhyay, Nripati Chattopadhyay, Asim Kumar
|Biographical drama
|
|-
|''[[Pathey Holo Deri]]''
|[[Agradoot]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|
|
|-
|''Prithvi Amarey Chai''
|Niren Lahiri
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]], Sandhya Rani
|Drama
|
|-
|''Punar Milan''
|Manu Sen
|Kanu Bannerjee, Sabitri Chatterjee, Jahar Ganguly
|
|
|-
|''Surer Parashey''
|Chitta Bose
|Master Babua, Kali Bannerjee, Chhabi Biswas
|
|
|-
|''Tasher Ghar''
|Mangal Chakravarty
|Uttam Kumar, Sabitri Chatterjee, Sabita Bose
|
|
|}

== 1958 ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Ajantrik]]''
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi|first=Namrata|date=2025-11-08|title=Ritwik Ghatak: Shooting star who lit up screens and lives|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/2025/Nov/08/ritwik-ghatak-shooting-star-who-lit-up-screens-and-lives|access-date=2026-03-10|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kali Banerjee]], [[Ganga Pada Basu]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Bandhu''
|Chitta Bose
|Chhabi Biswas, Uttam Kumar, Mala Sinha
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhanu Pelo Lottery]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Want a good laugh? Watch these 6 Bengali comedies of Bhanu Bandyopadhyay|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/want-a-good-laugh-watch-these-6-bengali-comedies-of-bhanu-bandyopadhyay/cid/1897725|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221112145344/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/want-a-good-laugh-watch-these-6-bengali-comedies-of-bhanu-bandyopadhyay/cid/1897725|archive-date=2022-11-12|access-date=2026-03-10|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|
|[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]], [[Jahor Roy]], [[Lily Chakravarty]]
|Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Indrani (film)|Indrani]]''
|[[Niren Lahiri]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Romance, Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jalsaghar]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]''
|Prafulla Chakraborty
|[[Bhanu Banerjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Mythological
|
|-
|''Joutuk''
|Jiban Ganguly
|Jiben Bose, Tulsi Chakraborty, Molina Devi
|
|
|-
|''Manmoyee Girls' School''
|Hemchandra Chunder
|Bhanu Bannerjee, Karuna Bannerjee, Dhiraj Bhattacharya
|
|
|-
|''[[Parash Pathar]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Tulsi Chakraborty]], [[Kali Banerjee]], [[Jahor Roy]]
|Fantasy Comedy
|
|-
|''[[Rajlakshmi O Srikanta]]''
|Haridas Bhattacharya
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Sadhak Bamakhyapa''
|Narayan Ghosh
|[[Gurudas Banerjee]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], [[Molina Devi]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Devotional
|
|-
|''Suryatoran''
|Agradoot
|Bhanu Bannerjee, Kali Bannerjee, Chhabi Biswas
|
|
|-
|''Swarga Martya''
|Ashim Pal
|[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]], [[Manju Dey]], [[Jiben Bose]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Comedy
|
|}

== 1959 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
!Title
!Director
!Cast
!Genre
!Notes
|-
|''[[Abak Prithibi]]''
|Bishu Chakraborty
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Tarun Kumar]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Apur Sansar]]''
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]''
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|[[Kali Banerjee]], [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Bicharak]]''
|Pravat Mukhopadhyay
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Chaowa Pawa (1959 film)|Chaowa Pawa]]''
|[[Yatrikof]], [[Tarun Majumdar]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Romance, comedy
|
|-
|''[[Deep Jwele Jaai]]''
|[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
|[[Suchitra Sen]], [[Basanta Choudhury]]
|Romance, drama
|
|-
|''Gali Theke Rajpath''
|Prafulla Chakraborty
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Khelagar''
|Ajoy Kar
|Asitbaran, Shishir Batabyal, Chhabi Biswas
|
|
|-
|''[[Indranath Srikanta O Annadadidi]]''
|Haridas Bhattacharya
|[[Bikash Roy]], [[Gurudas Banerjee]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Khaniker Atithi''
|Tapan Sinha
|[[Ruma Guha Thakurta]], [[Nirmal Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Tulsi Lahiri]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Marutirtha Hinglaj]]''
|[[Bikash Roy]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Bikash Roy]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''[[Mriter Martye Agaman]]''
|Pashupati Chatterjee
|[[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Basabi Nandi]], [[Chhabi Biswas]]
|Fantasy, comedy
|
|-
|''[[Neel Akasher Neechey]]''
|[[Mrinal Sen]]
|[[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Manju Dey]], [[Bikash Roy]], [[Smriti Biswas]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Pushpadhanu''
|Sushil Majumdar
|Bhanu Bannerjee, Tina Barbara, Preeti Bhaduri
|
|
|-
|''[[Sagar Sangamey]]''
|[[Debaki Bose]]
|Bharati Debi, Manju Adhikary, Jahar Roy, Nitish Mukhopadhyay
|
|Entered into the [[9th Berlin International Film Festival]]
|-
|''[[Sonar Harin]]''
|Mangal Chakravarty
|[[Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Kali Bannerjee]], [[Supriya Choudhury]]
|Drama
|
|-
|''Subha Bibaha''
|[[Sombhu Mitra]], Amit Mitra
|[[Tripti Mitra]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Karuna Banerjee]], Sombhu Mitra
|Drama
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year]]

Satyendra Nath Bose

2026-04-24T18:06:05Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Made

{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist (1894–1974)}}
{{For|Indian nationalist belonging to the Anushilan Samiti|Satyendranath Bosu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Satyendra Nath Bose
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellowship of the Royal Society|FRS]],<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last = Mehra | first = J.| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1975.0002 | doi-access = free| title = Satyendra Nath Bose 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]| volume = 21 | pages = 116–126| year = 1975| s2cid = 72507392}}</ref> [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]]
| image = SatyenBose1925.jpg
| caption = Bose in 1925
| birth_name = Satyendra Nath Bose
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1894|1|1|df =y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|2|4|1894|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose |title=Satyendra Nath Bose – Bengali physicist |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603023919/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose |url-status=live }}</ref>
| education = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture|Science College, Calcutta University]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]])
| academic_advisors = {{ubl|[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]]|[[Prafulla Chandra Ray]]}}
| doctoral_students = {{ubl|[[Purnima Sinha]]|[[Partha Ghose]]|[[Siva Brata Bhattacherjee]]}}
| notable_students = {{ubl|[[Mani Lal Bhaumik]]|[[Lilabati Bhattacharjee]]|[[Asima Chatterjee]]|[[Ratan Lal Brahmachary]]}}
| known_for = {{ubl|[[Bose–Einstein condensate]]|[[Bose–Einstein statistics]]|[[Bose–Einstein distribution]]|[[Bose–Einstein correlations]]|[[Boson]]}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Vibhushan]]|[[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref name="frs" />}}
| spouse = Ushabati Bose (''[[née]]'' Ghosh)<ref name = "SNB Project">{{cite web |url = https://sites.google.com/site/snbproject/timeline |title = S. N. Bose Biography Project |date = July 2012 |access-date = 24 July 2015 |archive-date = 17 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017165140/https://sites.google.com/site/snbproject/timeline |url-status = live }}</ref>
| academic_advisor =
| field = [[Theoretical Physics|Theoretical physics]], [[Quantum Mechanics|quantum mechanics]], [[mathematics]]
| work_institution = {{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[University of Dhaka]]|[[Visva-Bharati]]}}
| signature = Signature Satyendranath Bose.svg
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 1952
| term_end = 2 April 1960
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated (Education)]]
| predecessor = ''office established''
| successor =
}}
}}
{{Quantum mechanics|Scientists}}

'''Satyendra Nath Bose''' ({{IPAc-en|'|b|ou|s}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bose,_Satyendra_Nath |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718190953/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bose,_satyendra_nath |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2021 |title=Bose, Satyendra Nath |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>{{efn|The English pronunciation is from the Hindustani, {{IPA|hns|səˈtjeːndrə ˈnaːtʰ ˈboːs|}}. The Bengali pronunciation is {{IPA|bn|ʃotːendronatʰ boʃu|}}.}} 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian [[theoretical physicist]] and [[mathematician]]. He is best known for his work on [[quantum mechanics]] in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]], and the theory of the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]. A [[Royal Society#Fellows|Fellow]] of the [[Royal Society]], he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], in 1954 by the [[Government of India]].{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xv, xxxiv}}<ref name= Biography /><ref name = SMahanti />

The [[Scientific phenomena named after people#B|eponymous]] particles class described by Bose's statistics, [[boson]]s, were named by [[Paul Dirac]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Notes on Dirac's lecture ''Developments in Atomic Theory'' at Le Palais de la Découverte, 6 December 1945 | series = UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers | id = BW83/2/257889 | at = p. 331, note 64 | contribution = The Strangest Man | first = Graham | last = Farmelo}}.</ref><ref name="Sean2013">{{cite book | author=Miller, Sean | title=Strung Together: The Cultural Currency of String Theory as a Scientific Imaginary | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXTcSoXEZNUC&pg=PA63 | date=18 March 2013 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | isbn=978-0-472-11866-3 | page=63 }}</ref>

A [[polymath]], he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including [[physics]], [[mathematics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[mineralogy]], [[philosophy]], [[The arts|arts]], [[literature]], and [[music]]. He served on many research and development committees in [[Indian independence movement|India after independence]].{{sfn |Wali|2009|p= xl}}

==Early life==
[[File:House of Satyendra Nath Bose 01.jpg|thumb|Satyendra Nath Bose Birthplace]]
[[File:House of Acharya Satyendra Nath Bose.jpg|thumb|Satyendra Nath Bose Residence (22, Ishwar Mill Lane, Kolkata) Entrance & Name Plate]]

Bose was born in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), the eldest of seven children in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family.<ref>{{cite Q|Q125628281|page=10|quote=Satyendra Nath was born in Calcutta on the first of January, 1894, in a high caste Kayastha family with two generations of English education behind him.}}</ref> Bose's father was Surendra Nath. Bose's mother was ([[Mrs|Smt.]]) Amodini Debi. Surendra was an accountant and worked in [[East Indian Railway Company|East India Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|author=S J Chatterjee|url=https://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM7_8307.pdf|website=insaindia.res.in|title=SATYENDRA NATH BOSE (1894-1974) Foundation Fellow 1935: page 59|page=2|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> Bose was the only son, with six sisters after him. His ancestral home was in the village Bara Jagulia, in the district of [[Nadia district|Nadia]], in the [[Bengal Presidency]]. His schooling began at the age of five, near his home. When his family moved to Goabagan, he was admitted into the New Indian School. In his final year of school, he was admitted into the [[Hindu School]]. He passed his entrance examination ([[matriculation]]) in 1909 and stood fifth in the order of merit. He then joined the intermediate science course at the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Calcutta]], where his teachers included [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Sarada Prasanna Das]], and [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]].

Bose received a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[mixed mathematics]] from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], standing first in 1913. Then he joined [[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee's]] newly formed [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]] where he again stood first in the [[Master of Science]] (MSc) mixed mathematics exam in 1915. His marks in the MSc examination created a new record in the annals of the [[University of Calcutta]], which is yet to be surpassed.<ref name = "gamble">{{cite web | url = http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm | title = Vigyan Prasar | first = Dr VB | last = Kamble | date = January 2002 | access-date = 10 December 2006 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021244/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

After completing his MSc, Bose joined the [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College, Calcutta University]] as a research scholar in 1916 and started his studies in the [[theory of relativity]]. It was an exciting era in the history of scientific progress. [[Old quantum theory|Quantum theory]] had just appeared on the horizon and significant results had started pouring in.<ref name="gamble" />

His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the [[East Indian Railway Company]]. In 1914, at age 20, Satyendra Nath Bose married Ushabati Ghosh,<ref name="SNB Project"/>{{sfn| Wali| 2009| p= xvii}} the 11-year-old daughter of a prominent Calcutta physician.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Masters, Barry R. |url=http://newweb.bose.res.in/Prof.S.N.Bose-Archive/objects/Masters-Bose.pdf |title=Satyendra Nath Bose and Bose–Einstein Statistics |date=April 2013 |journal=Optics & Photonics News |volume=24 |issue=4 |page=41 |bibcode=2013OptPN..24...40M |doi=10.1364/OPN.24.4.000040 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414144753/http://newweb.bose.res.in/Prof.S.N.Bose-Archive/objects/Masters-Bose.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> They had nine children, two of whom died in early childhood. When he died in 1974, he left behind his wife, two sons, and five daughters.<ref name="gamble" />

As a [[Polyglotism|polyglot]], Bose was well versed in several languages such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, French, German and [[Sanskrit]] as well as the poetry of [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]. In Europe, he impressed his host [[Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn Eisenmann|Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn]] with his knowledge of [[Hebrew]] in literature and religion.{{sfn|Wali|2009|p= 454-455}} He could play the ''[[esraj]]'', an Indian instrument similar to a violin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vigyan Prasar – SC Bose|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm|website=www.vigyanprasar.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410165124/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was actively involved in running night schools that came to be known as the Working Men's Institute.<ref name= SMahanti />{{sfn | Wali | 2009| p= xvi}}

==Research career==
Bose attended [[Hindu School]] in [[Calcutta]], and later [[List of Kolkata Presidencians|attended]] [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], also in Calcutta, earning the highest marks at each institution, while fellow student and future astrophysicist [[Meghnad Saha]] came second.<ref name = SMahanti>{{cite web | first = Dr Subodh | last = Mahanti | place = [[India|IN]] | title = Satyendra Nath Bose, The Creator of Quantum Statistics | url = http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm | publisher = Vigyan Prasar | access-date = 1 February 2012 | archive-date = 10 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160410165124/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> He came in contact with teachers such as [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], Prafulla Chandra Ray and Naman Sharma who provided inspiration to aim high in life. From 1916 to 1921, he was a lecturer in the [[Academic department|physics department]] of the [[Rajabazar Science College]] under [[University of Calcutta]]. Along with Saha, Bose prepared the first book in English based on German and French translations of original papers on Einstein's special and general relativity in 1919.

In 1921, Satyendra Nath Bose joined as [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in the Department of Physics of the recently founded [[University of Dhaka]] (in present-day Bangladesh).<ref name=Banglapedia>{{citation |author=Md Mahbub Murshed |chapter=Bose, Satyendra Nath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Satyendra_Nath |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107004743/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Satyendra_Nath |url-status=live }}</ref> Bose set up whole new departments, including laboratories, to teach advanced courses for MSc and BSc honours and taught [[thermodynamics]] as well as [[James Clerk Maxwell]]'s [[A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field|theory]] of [[electromagnetism]].{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xvii, xviii, xx}}

Bose, along with Indian Astrophysicist [[Meghnad Saha]], presented several papers in theoretical physics and pure mathematics from 1918 onwards. In 1924, whilst a Reader in the Physics Department of the [[University of Dhaka]], Bose wrote a paper deriving [[Planck's law|Planck's quantum radiation law]] without any reference to [[classical physics]] by using a novel way of counting states with [[identical particles]]. This paper was seminal in creating the important field of [[quantum statistics]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF03010400|url=http://hermes.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Bose_1924.pdf|bibcode=1994JApA...15....3B|title=Planck's Law and the Light Quantum Hypothesis|journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy|volume=15|pages=3–7|last1=Bose|first1=S. N.|year=1994|s2cid=121808581|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011075916/http://hermes.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Bose_1924.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Though not accepted at once for publication, he sent the article directly to [[Albert Einstein]] in Germany. Einstein, recognising the importance of the paper, translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]''. As a result of this recognition, Bose was able to work for two years in European [[X-ray]] and [[crystallography]] laboratories, during which he worked with [[Louis de Broglie]], [[Marie Curie]], and Einstein.<ref name= SMahanti/><ref name="shanbhag">{{cite web | first = MR | last = Shanbhag | work = Personalities | title = Scientist | url = http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/snbose.shtml | publisher = Calcutta web | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020802081628/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/snbose.shtml | archive-date = 2 August 2002 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name = "OConnorRobertson">{{cite web | first1 = JJ | last1 = O'Connor | first2 = EF | last2 = Robertson | date = October 2003 | title = Satyendranath Bose | url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html | publisher = St Andrew's | work = The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive | place = UK | access-date = 1 February 2012 | archive-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212827/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html | url-status = live }}</ref>{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp = xx–xxiii}}

===Bose–Einstein statistics===

While presenting a lecture<ref>{{cite web | first =MR | last =Shanbhag | title =Satyendra Nath Bose (January 1, 1894 – February 4, 1974) | url =http://www.isical.ac.in/~econophys/bose.html | publisher =Indian Statistical Institute | access-date =1 February 2012 | archive-date =28 May 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120528020607/http://www.isical.ac.in/~econophys/bose.html | url-status =live }}</ref> at the [[University of Dhaka]] on the theory of [[radiation]] and the [[ultraviolet catastrophe]], Bose intended to show his students that the contemporary theory was inadequate, because it predicted results not in accordance with experimental results.

In the process of describing this discrepancy, Bose for the first time took the position that the [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]] would not be true for microscopic particles, where fluctuations due to [[Heisenberg's uncertainty principle]] will be significant. Thus he stressed the probability of finding particles in the [[phase space]], each state having volume {{math|''h''3}}, and discarding the distinct position and [[momentum]] of the particles.

Bose adapted this lecture into a short article called "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta" and sent it to [[Albert Einstein]] with the following letter:<ref>{{Citation |title=Bose And His Statistics | first =G | last = Venkataraman |page=14 | publisher =Universities Press |year=1992 |isbn= 978-81-7371-036-0}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Respected Sir, I have ventured to send you the accompanying article for your perusal and opinion. I am anxious to know what you think of it. You will see that I have tried to deduce the coefficient {{math|8π ν2/''c''3}} in Planck's Law independent of classical electrodynamics, only assuming that the ultimate elementary region in the phase-space has the content {{math |''h''3}}. I do not know sufficient German to translate the paper. If you think the paper worth publication I shall be grateful if you arrange for its publication in ''Zeitschrift für Physik''. Though a complete stranger to you, I do not feel any hesitation in making such a request. Because we are all your pupils though profiting only by your teachings through your writings. I do not know whether you still remember that somebody from Calcutta asked your permission to translate your papers on Relativity in English. You acceded to the request. The book has since been published. I was the one who translated your paper on Generalised Relativity.}}

Einstein agreed with him, translated Bose's papers "Planck's Law and Hypothesis of Light Quanta" into German, and had it published in ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]'' under Bose's name, in 1924.{{sfn|Wali|2009|p= 414}}
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<div style="min-width:150px; max-width:315px; float:left; margin-top:3px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:25px;">
<div class="thumb" style="float:left; margin-right:15px; margin-bottom:10px;">
<div style="width: 150px">
{| width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa"
|-
|+ '''Possible outcomes of flipping two coins'''
|-
| Two heads || Two tails || One of each
|-
|}
<div style="thumbcaption">'''(1)''' There are three outcomes. What is the probability of producing two heads?</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb" style="float:left;">
<div style="width: 150px;">
{| width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa"
|-
|+ '''Outcome probabilities'''
|-
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | Coin 1
|-
! Head || Tail
|-
! rowspan="2" | Coin 2
! Head
| HH || HT
|-
! Tail
| TH || TT
|-
|}
<div style="thumbcaption">'''(2)''' Since the coins are distinct, there are two outcomes which produce a head and a tail. The probability of two heads is one-quarter.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

The reason Bose's interpretation produced accurate results was that since photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two distinct identifiable photons. By analogy if, in an alternate universe, coins were to behave like photons and other [[boson]]s, the probability of producing two heads would indeed be one-third (tail-head = head-tail).

Bose's interpretation is now called [[Bose–Einstein statistics]]. This result derived by Bose laid the foundation of [[quantum statistics]], and especially the revolutionary new philosophical conception of the indistinguishability of particles, as acknowledged by Einstein and Dirac.{{sfn|Wali|2009|p= 414}} When Einstein met Bose face-to-face, he asked him whether he had been aware that he had invented a new type of statistics, and he very candidly said that no, he wasn't that familiar with [[Boltzmann]]'s statistics and didn't realize that he was doing the calculations differently.
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====Bose–Einstein condensate====
{{Standard model of particle physics|Scientists}}
[[File:Bose Einstein condensate.png|thumb|left|250px|Velocity-distribution data of a gas of [[rubidium]] atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, [[Bose–Einstein condensate|the Bose–Einstein condensate]].<ref>{{Citation | contribution-url = http://patapsco.nist.gov/imagegallery/details.cfm?imageid=193 | contribution = Quantum Physics; Bose Einstein condensate | publisher = NIST | title = Image Gallery | date = 11 March 2006 | url = http://patapsco.nist.gov/ | access-date = 12 April 2012 | archive-date = 16 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120516181854/http://patapsco.nist.gov/ | url-status = live }}.</ref> Left: just before the appearance of a Bose–Einstein condensate. Center: just after the appearance of the condensate. Right: after further evaporation, leaving a sample of nearly pure condensate.]]

Einstein also did not at first realize how radical Bose's departure was, and in his first paper after Bose, he was guided, like Bose, by the fact that the new method gave the right answer. But after Einstein's second paper using Bose's method in which Einstein predicted the Bose-Einstein condensate (''pictured left''), he started to realize just how radical it was, and he compared it to wave/particle duality, saying that some particles didn't behave exactly like particles. Bose had already submitted his article to the British Journal ''Philosophical Magazine'', which rejected it before he sent it to Einstein. It is not known why it was rejected.<ref>A.Douglas Stone, Chapter 24, ''The Indian Comet'', in the book ''Einstein and the Quantum'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2013.</ref>

Einstein adopted the idea and extended it to atoms. This led to the prediction of the existence of phenomena which became known as [[Bose–Einstein condensate]], a dense collection of [[boson]]s (which are particles with integer [[Spin (physics)|spin]], named after Bose), which was demonstrated to exist by experiment in 1995.
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===Dhaka===
[[File:Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg|thumb|Bose at Dhaka University in the 1930s]]
After his stay in Europe, Bose returned to [[Dhaka]] in 1926. He did not have a doctorate, and so ordinarily, under the prevailing regulations, he would not be qualified for the post of Professor he applied for, but [[Einstein]] recommended him. He was then made [[Chair (official)|Head]] of the Department of [[Physics]] at [[Dhaka University]]. He continued guiding and teaching at Dhaka University and was the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of the Faculty of Science there until 1945.

Bose designed equipment himself for an [[X-ray crystallography]] laboratory. He set up laboratories and libraries to make the department a center of research in X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, optical spectroscopy, wireless, and [[Unified field theory|unified field theories]]. He also published an [[equation of state]] for [[real gas]]es with [[Meghnad Saha]].

===Calcutta===
When the [[partition of India]] became imminent (1947), he returned to [[Calcutta]] (now known as Kolkata) and taught there until 1956. He insisted every student design their own equipment using local materials and local technicians. He was made [[Emeritus|professor emeritus]] on his retirement.<ref name="shanbhag"/>{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp = xxx, xxiv}}<ref name=SMahanti/> He then became Vice-Chancellor of [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Santiniketan]]. He returned to the University of Calcutta to continue research in nuclear physics and complete earlier works in organic chemistry. In subsequent years, he worked in applied research such as extraction of [[helium]] in hot springs of [[Bakreshwar]].{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xxxvi, xxxviii}}

===Other fields===
Apart from physics, he did research in [[biotechnology]] and literature ([[Bengali literature|Bengali]] and English). He made studies in [[chemistry]], geology, [[zoology]], [[anthropology]], engineering and other sciences. Being [[Bengali people|Bengali]], he devoted significant time to promoting [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as a teaching language, translating scientific papers into it, and promoting the development of the region.<ref name="OConnorRobertson"/>{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xxiv, xxxix}}<ref name=Biography>{{Citation | title = Science world | url = http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Bose.html | contribution = Bose, Satyendranath (1894–1974) | type = biography | first = Michel | last = Barran | publisher = Wolfram | access-date = 24 January 2006 | archive-date = 1 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180801223439/http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Bose.html | url-status = live }}.</ref>
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==Honours==
[[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumb|left|Bose with other scientists at the University of Calcutta]]
[[File:Bust of Satyendra Nath Bose at BITM 13 July 14 006.jpg|thumb|right|Bust of Satyendra Nath Bose which is placed in the garden of [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]]]]
In 1937, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] dedicated his only book on science, ''Visva–Parichay'', to Satyendra Nath Bose. Bose was honoured with the title [[Padma Vibhushan]] by the Indian Government in 1954. In 1959, he was appointed as the National Professor, the highest honour in the country for a scholar, a position he held for 15 years. In 1986, the [[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] was established by an act of Parliament, Government of India, in Salt Lake, Calcutta.{{sfn| Wali| 2009 | pp = xxxiv, xxxviii}}<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/opinion/story_14952697.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140225060556/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/opinion/story_14952697.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 February 2014 | title = Original vision | first = Partha | last = Ghose | date = 3 January 2012 | newspaper = The Telegraph | place = [[India|IN]] |type=Opinion}}.</ref>

Bose became an adviser to the then newly formed [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]. He was the president of the [[Indian Physical Society]] and the National Institute of Science. He was elected general president of the [[Indian Science Congress]]. He was the vice president and then the president of [[Indian Statistical Institute]]. In 1958, he became a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. He was nominated as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of]] [[Rajya Sabha]].

[[Partha Ghose]] has stated that<ref name=SMahanti/>
{{Blockquote | Bose's work stood at the transition between the '[[old quantum theory]]' of Planck, Bohr and Einstein and the new quantum mechanics of [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]], [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]], [[Max Born|Born]], [[Paul Dirac|Dirac]] and others.}}
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===Nobel Prize nomination===

Bose was nominated by [[Kedareswar Banerjee|K. Banerjee]] (1956), [[Daulat Singh Kothari|D.S. Kothari]] (1959), S.N. Bagchi (1962), and A.K. Dutta (1962) for the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his contribution to [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and the [[unified field theory]]. Banerjee, head of the Physics Department, [[University of Allahabad]], in a letter of 12 January 1956 wrote to the [[Nobel Committee]] as follows: "(1). He (Bose) made very outstanding contributions to physics by developing the statistics known after his name as Bose statistics. In recent years this statistics is found to be of profound importance in the classifications of [[fundamental particles]] and has contributed immensely to the development of [[nuclear physics]]. (2). During the period from 1953 to date, he has made a number of highly interesting contributions of far-reaching consequences on the subject of Einstein's [[Unified field theory|Unitary Field Theory]]." Bose's work was evaluated by an expert of the Nobel Committee, [[Oskar Klein]], who deemed his work not worthy of the Nobel Prize.<ref>Singh, Rajinder (2016) ''India's Nobel Prize Nominators and Nominees – The Praxis of Nomination and Geographical Distribution'', Shaker Publisher, Aachen, pp. 26–27. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-4315-0}}</ref><ref>Singh, Rajinder (2016) ''Die Nobelpreise und die indische Elite'', Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 24–25. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-4429-4}}</ref><ref>Singh, Rajinder (2016) ''Chemistry and Physics Nobel Prizes – India's Contribution'', Shaker Verlag, Aachen. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-4669-4}}.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Satyendranath Bose 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bose on a 1994 stamp of India]]
[[Bosons]], a class of elementary [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] particles in [[particle physics]] were named by Dirac after Satyendra Nath Bose to commemorate his contributions to science.<ref name="AP-20120710">{{cite news |last=Daigle |first=Katy |title=India: Enough about Higgs, let's discuss the boson |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120710/D9VU1DRG0.html |date=10 July 2012 |newspaper=[[AP News]] |access-date=10 July 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316121948/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120710/D9VU1DRG0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20120919">{{cite news |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |title=The Bose in the Boson |url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/indians-clamor-for-credit-for-the-bose-in-boson/ |date=19 September 2012 |work=[[New York Times]] blog |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922024310/http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/indians-clamor-for-credit-for-the-bose-in-boson/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Soviet Nobel laureate [[Lev Landau]] kept a list of names of physicists which he ranked on up to 5 on a logarithmic scale of productivity with lower numbers being more productive. Albert Einstein was ranked 0.5. Landau awarded a rank of 1 to Bose along with the founding fathers of [[quantum mechanics]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Paul Dirac]] and [[Erwin Schrödinger]], and others. Landau ranked himself as a 2.5 but later promoted to a 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2006 |title=New Einsteins need positive environment, independent spirit |url=http://theor.jinr.ru/~kuzemsky/smolind.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montaner |first=Jordi |date=5 May 2010 |title=As a student, Landau dared to correct Einstein in a lecture: Lev P. Pitaevskii |url=http://www.en.globaltalentnews.com/current_news/reports/3609/As-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109195944/http://www.en.globaltalentnews.com/current_news/reports/3609/As-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-09 }}</ref>

Although seven Nobel Prizes were awarded for research related to S N Bose's concepts of the [[boson]], [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and [[Bose–Einstein condensate]], Bose himself was not awarded the Nobel Prize.

In his book ''The Scientific Edge'', physicist [[Jayant Narlikar]] observed: {{blockquote |SN Bose's work on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the behaviour of [[photon]]s (the [[Elementary particle|particles]] of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas on statistics of Microsystems that obey the rules of quantum theory, was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science and could be considered in the Nobel Prize class.<ref>{{Citation | first = Jayant V | last = Narlikar | year = 2003 | title = The Scientific Edge: The Indian Scientist from Vedic to Modern Times | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 978-0-14-303028-7 | page = 127}}. The work of other 20th century Indian scientists which Narlikar considered to be of Nobel Prize class were [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]] and [[Megh Nad Saha]].</ref>}}{{clear|right}}

When Bose himself was once asked that question, he replied, "I have got all the recognition I deserve."<ref name= outlook-in-bose>{{cite news| last= Alikhan| first= Anvar| title= The Spark in a Crowded Field| url= http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281539| access-date= 10 July 2012| newspaper= Outlook India| date= 16 July 2012| archive-date= 9 July 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120709141149/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281539| url-status= live}}</ref>

One of the main academic buildings of [[University of Rajshahi]], the No 1 science building has been named after him.

The 4 June 2022 [[Google Doodle]] featured Bose, on the 98th anniversary of his sending his work to Einstein.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2022 |title=Google Doodle : বিশ্ব মঞ্চে শ্রেষ্ঠ শিরোপা! বিজ্ঞানী Satyendra Nath Bose-কে সম্মান গুগলের |work=The Bengali Chronicle |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/google-give-respect-to-satyendranath-bose-for-his-inventions-via-doodle-mst/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810111121/https://thebengalichronicle.com/google-give-respect-to-satyendranath-bose-for-his-inventions-via-doodle-mst/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Satyendra Nath Bose |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-satyendra-nath-bose/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=www.google.com |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611152445/https://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-satyendra-nath-bose |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyendra Nath Bose: Google Pays Tribute To Indian Physicist With Special Doodle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/satyendra-nath-bose-google-pays-tribute-to-indian-physicist-with-special-doodle-3037229 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616211418/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/satyendra-nath-bose-google-pays-tribute-to-indian-physicist-with-special-doodle-3037229 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Works (selection)==
* {{Citation | first =  | last = Bose | title = Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese | journal = [[Zeitschrift für Physik]] | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 178–181 | year = 1924 | language = de | bibcode = 1924ZPhy...26..178B | doi = 10.1007/BF01327326| s2cid = 186235974 }}.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist |30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category|Satyendranath Bose}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose Satyendra Nath Bose] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{Citation | first = Abraham | last = Pais | author-link = Abraham Pais | title = Subtle is the Lord...: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein | place = Oxford and New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1982 | pages = 423–34 | isbn = 978-0-19-853907-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/subtleislordscie00pais }}.
* {{Citation | title = Heat and thermodynamics | last1 = Saha | last2 = Srivasthava}}.
* {{Citation | first1 = Lev | last1 = Pitaevskii | author-link =Lev Pitaevskii| first2 = Sandro | last2 = Stringari |author-link2=Sandro Stringari | title = Bose–Einstein Condensation | publisher = Clarendon Press | year = 2003 | place = Oxford}}.
* {{citation|last=Wali|first=Kameshwar C | author-link =Kameshwar C. Wali|title= Satyendra Nath Bose: his life and times | type = selected works with commentary | year = 2009|publisher=World Scientific |location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-279-070-5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o1eCJO7lBfUC&q=satyendra+nath+bose}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Bose|title=Satyendra Nath Bose}}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm |date=January 2002 | journal = Vigyan Prasar | place = [[India|IN]] | title = Bosons – The Birds That Flock and Sing Together}} (biography of Bose and Bose–Einstein Condensation).
* {{Citation | url = http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/faculty/ansari/bose_scholars/bose.aspx | title = S.N. Bose Scholars Program | date = 25 April 2023 | publisher = Wisc}}.
* {{YouTube|7z9NUV_YrOo|The Quantum Indians: film on Bose, Raman and Saha}} by [[Raja Choudhury]] and produced by PSBT and [[Indian Public Diplomacy]].

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Vice Chancellor|Upacharya]], [[Vishwa Bharati]]
| years=1956–58}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Khitishchandra Chaudhuri]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Satyendra Nath}}
[[Category:Satyendra Nath Bose| ]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu School, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Thermodynamicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]

Santosh Pandey (Chhattisgarh politician)

2026-04-21T04:23:29Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Made

{{short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santosh Pandey
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Durg district|Sahaspur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| predecessor = [[Abhishek Singh (politician)|Abhishek Singh]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Lawyer
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Santosh Pandey''' (born 31 December 1967) is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] And serves as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]], Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/list-of-chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-election-2019-winners-2205477.html | title=List of Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Election 2019 winners | publisher=Zee News | date=23 May 2019 | accessdate=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5015|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|SantoshPandey44}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Santosh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}
[[Category:People from Rajnandgaon]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Samuel Irenios Kattukallil

2026-04-18T06:24:46Z

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#REDIRECT [[Samuel Mar Irenios]]

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Pramada Charan Banerjee

2026-04-11T19:50:48Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Adding the article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Bengali Indian jurist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| name = Sir Pramada Charan Banerjee
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pramadacharan_Banerjee.jpg
| successor =
| office1 = [[Allahabad High Court#Former Justices|Justice, Allahabad High Court]]
| nominator1 =
| appointer1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = 10 April 1848
| birth_place =
| death_date = 22 March 1930
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh<ref name="times"/>
| education = Graduation, LL.B
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir Pramada Charan Banerjee'''{{efn|also transliterated as Pramoda Churn Banerji, Bannerji, Bannerjee, Banarji, or Banarjee}} (10 April 1848 – 22 March 1930) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] Indian jurist of the [[British Raj]] era in the [[Allahabad High Court]] and also [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Allahabad]].<ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Sir P. C. Banarji|work=[[The Times]] |date=24 March 1930 |page=19 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Banerjee was born on 10 April 1848. He lived in [[Uttarpara]] and attended [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]] and the [[University of Calcutta]], from which he respectively obtained [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]] degrees. He practised at the [[Bar (law)|Bar]] in [[Bankipore]] until moving to [[Allahabad]] in 1870.<ref name="abanerji" /><ref name="liberation" />

== Life ==
Banerjee first entered the judiciary of India in January 1872 as a [[munsif]], working at Allahabad, [[Benares]] and Ghazipore. He was appointed a [[subordinate judge]] in 1880, working first in the [[Small Causes Court]]s of [[Agra]], where he was the first Indian judge,<ref name="abanerji" /> and then at Allahabad. He held a brief appointment as an additional civil judge at [[Lucknow]] in 1893 before becoming a [[puisne judge]] for the [[North-Western Provinces]] at Allahabad High Court in December of that year.<ref name="liberation">{{cite journal |journal=The Liberal and the New Dispensation |location=Calcutta |date=17 December 1873 |volume=XII |issue=50 |page=4 |title=Notes and Comments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KopAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT389}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The India List and India Office List |author=India Office, United Kingdom |publisher=Harrison and Sons |location=London |year=1905 |page=591 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He remained in that office until August 1923, when he was replaced by Kanhaiya Lal prior to retiring from the bench in March 1924.<ref name="abanerji">{{cite web |first=Amitav |last=Banerji |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/SriPramodaCBanerjeeABanerji.pdf |title=Sir Pramoda Charan Banerjee |publisher=Allahabad High Court |accessdate=2014-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imperial and Foreign News Items |newspaper=The Times |location=London, England |date=19 September 1923 |page=9 |issue=43450}}</ref>

Banerjee was the second Indian to be appointed a judge at the Allahabad High Court, the first being [[Syed Mahmood]],{{efn|Between 1876 and 1910 there were 29 judges who sat in the Allahabad High Court, of which 25 were British. Two of the remainder, including Mahmood, were Muslims whose opinions were rarely accepted by the full bench.<ref name="Kozlowski">{{cite book |title=Muslim Endowments and Society in British India |first=Gregory C. |last=Kozlowski |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-08867-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I2JbchpdMMC |pages=118–119}}</ref>}} whom Banerjee succeeded.<ref name="Kozlowski" /><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26467 |date=15 December 1893 |page=7319}}</ref> With Mahmood, Chief Justice [[John Edge]] and others, he "made indelible imprints greatness as Judges on the pages of [Allahabad High Court’s] law reports".<ref>{{cite web |first=Nasirullah |last=Beg |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/Welcome_Address_NU_Beg25-11-66.pdf |title=Welcome Address |date=25 November 1966 |publisher=Allahabad High Court}}</ref>

Appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] in the [[1913 Birthday Honours]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28733 |date=1 July 1913 |page=4638}}</ref> Banerjee was a member of the law faculty at the University of Allahabad and was Vice-Chancellor of the university from 1917 to 1919,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex- Vice Chancellor |publisher=University of Allahabad |url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php/about-us/introduction/ex-vc-list |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204112621/http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php/about-us/introduction/ex-vc-list |archivedate=4 February 2013}}</ref> in which year the university conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws, ''[[honoris causa]]'';<ref name="abanerji" /> later, it also established the P. C. Banerjee Hostel in honour of him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=378 |title=History |publisher=University of Allahabad}}</ref> In 1921, he was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]], first class, by [[George V]] in recognition of his public service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaisar-I-Hind Medal |newspaper=The Times |location=London, England |date=1 January 1921 |page=9 |issue=42607}}</ref>

Banerjee died at the age of 82.<ref name="abanerji" /> Among his children was Lalit Mohan Banerjee, who also served as a judge in the Allahabad High Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr. Justice Banarjee |newspaper=The Times |location=London, England |date=20 October 1932 |page=19 |issue=46269}}</ref>

==Recognition==
[[Allahabad University]] established the Sir Pramada Charan Banerjee [[hostel]] in 1915 in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=786 |title=Sir PCB Hostel |quote=Hindi text: Sir P. C. Banerjee Hostel (established 1916 to pay regard to Sir P. C. Banerjee) organised a centenary function on 2, 3, 4 October 2015" |publisher=University of Allahabad |accessdate=2015-10-06}}</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Pramada Charan}}
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Uttarpara]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]

Biker's Adda

2026-04-10T22:28:11Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning:

{{Short description|Marathi film }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Biker’s Adda
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Rajesh Latkar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = Veejay Haria Pramod Lokhande
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Santosh Juvekar]]
*[[Prarthana Behere]]
}}
| cinematography = Shakeel A. Khan
| editing = Mansoor Azmi
| music = Vishy Neemo
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|10|09}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Biker’s Adda''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by Rajesh Latkar. The film starring [[Santosh Juvekar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title= Santosh Juvekar enjoys the ride in 'Biker's Adda' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/santosh-juvekar-enjoys-the-ride-in-bikers-adda/articleshow/49284020.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129101726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/santosh-juvekar-enjoys-the-ride-in-bikers-adda/articleshow/49284020.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> and [[Prarthana Behere]]. Music by Vishy Neemo. The film was released on 9 October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2015 |title= झंझावती 'बायकर्स अड्डा' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bikers-adda-releasing-on-9-october-1146706/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129101323/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bikers-adda-releasing-on-9-october-1146706/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2015 |title='आला रे आला बाप्पा तू आला' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ala-re-ala-bappa-tu-ala-song-from-bikers-adda-1140829/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129130249/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ala-re-ala-bappa-tu-ala-song-from-bikers-adda-1140829/lite/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Four youngsters start a biking club in order to fuel their passion and enthusiasm for bike racing. Their lives, however, change when the club slowly transforms into a drug haven.
== Cast ==
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Vicky
* Jai Aditya Giri as Krish
* [[Prarthana Behere]] as Aditi
* Shrikant Moghe
* Hrishikesh Mandke
* Shrikant Wattamwar
* Rahulraj Dongare
* Nikhil Rajeshirke
* Devendra Bhagat
* Anirudh Hariip
* Tanvie Kishore
* Sumit Surve
* [[Dharmesh Yelande]] as special appearance in song "Lecture Gyan"

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Biker’s Adda
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vishy Neemo
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Biker's Adda: Music Launch |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/bikers-adda-music-launch/articleshow/45991716.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129125745/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/bikers-adda-music-launch/articleshow/45991716.cms |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:35
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2014
| year = 2016
| next_title =
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|wCELldEkVnU| Biker’s Adda – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:27
| title1 = Ala Re Ala
| extra1 = [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Tune To Love
| extra2 = Sidhant Bhosale, Shonaa Gonsalves
| length2 = 3:31
| title3 = Rimzim Rimzim
| extra3 = Priyanka Barve
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Wallah Wallah
| extra4 = Shreyas Dharmadhikari, [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Lecture Gyan
| extra5 = [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
| length5 = 3:38
}}

== Critical response ==
Biker’s Adda film received mixed reviews from critics. A. reviewer from [[Zee News]] gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "The screenplay of the movie is often messed up, how can it work by focusing only on the stunts... this should have been thought by the director".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2015 |title= अॅक्शन आणि ग्लॅमरचा 'बायकर्स अड्डा' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/film-review-bikers-adda/287022/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129102137/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/film-review-bikers-adda/287022/amp |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[Zee News]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "Biker’s Adda might be a genuine and dedicated experiment but a confused execution halts its progress. More action and much less drama would’ve done wonders for the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title= BIKER'S ADDA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/bikers-adda/movie-review/49338344.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129103550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/bikers-adda/movie-review/49338344.cms |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of [[Maharashtra Times]] wrote "The only positive thing about this movie is that the stunts are really thrilling. But only stunts. The rest has nothing to do with anything".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title= सिनेरिव्ह्यू - बायकर्स अड्डा : घरघर अड्डा! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/bikers-adda/moviereview/49279915.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129104107/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/bikers-adda/moviereview/49279915.cms |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5313726}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Mandeep Kaur (para-badminton)

2026-04-05T14:15:19Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: starting new info.

{{Short description|Indian para badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Mandeep Kaur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| height =
| weight =
| handedness =
| coach =
| years_active =
| event = Women's singles SU5 Women's doubles SL3–SU5
| highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[para-badminton]]}}[[File: Badminton pictogram (Paralympics).svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Women's singles SL3]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|World Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022 Tokyo]] | Women's double's SL3-SU5}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024 Pattaya]] | Women's doubles SL3-SU5}}
{{MedalBronze | 2024 Pattaya | Mixed doubles SL3-SU5}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2026 Manama]] | Mixed doubles}}
|}}

'''Mandeep Kaur''' (born 18 September 1995) is an Indian para athlete from [[Uttarakhand]]. She won two bronze medals at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=Asian Para Games 2023, Day 4 Highlights - Best ever medal haul for India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/live-updates-of-asian-para-games-2023-medal-tally-day-4/liveblog/104715231.cms |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She claimed bronze in Badminton women's double in the SL3 category along with [[Manisha Ramadass]] on 27 October 2023 at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. Earlier on 25 October 2023, she won a bronze in the individual women's singles SL3 event.

== Background ==
Kaur hails from [[Uttarakhand]] but trains at Lucknow under coach [[Gaurav Khanna (badminton)|Gaurav Khanna]], a [[Dronacharya Award|Dronacharya award]] winner. She is supported by Welspun Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-22 |title=Indian contingent finish with 23 medals at Bahrain Para Badminton |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-contingent-finish-with-23-medals-at-bahrain-para-badminton/articleshow/91727287.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Career ==
She won a gold and a silver at the 4th Fazza Dubai Para Badminton International in [[Dubai]] in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tokyo 2020 |first=Paralympic India- |date=2022-05-25 |title=Manisha, Mandeep, Nithya - the emerging faces in Women's Para Badminton |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/new/manisha-mandeep-nithya-the-emerging-faces-in-womens-para-badminton |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Paralympic India - Tokyo 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She paired with Manisha in the SU5 women's doubles to win the gold before securing a silver in the SL3 singles losing to teammate [[Manasi Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-29 |title=Dubai Para Badminton: Manisha Ramadass Wins Two Gold Medals |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/dubai-para-badminton-manisha-ramadass-wins-two-gold-medals-news-199176 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref> Earlier, on 22 May 2022, she entered the final defeating top seed Joshi but had to be content with silver, losing to Halime Yildiz in the SL3 singles at the [[Bahrain]] Para Badminton International in [[Manama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-22 |title=Bahrain Para Badminton International 2022: Pramod Bhagat Bags Two Gold As India Set For Rich Medal Haul |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/bahrain-para-badminton-international-2022-pramod-bhagat-bags-two-gold-as-india-set-for-rich-medal-haul-news-197838 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref> In December 2022, she shocked the World champion Oksana Kozyna in the SL3 women's singles finals of the Peru Para Badminton International in Lima.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-12-06 |title=Peru Para Badminton: Mandeep shocks world champion; Nehal bags 2 gold |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/peru-para-badminton-mandeep-shocks-world-champion-nehal-bags-2-gold/article66231165.ece |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She became World No.1 ranked para badminton player in the WS SL3 category in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-04 |title=Indian Para-shuttler Mandeep Kaur Reaches World No.1 in Women's Singles SL3 Category |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/indian-para-shuttler-mandeep-kaur-reaches-world-no-1-in-womens-singles-sl3-category-7214269.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandeep Kaur Becomes World No. 1 In Women's Singles sl3 |url=https://www.womenentrepreneurindia.com/news/mandeep-kaur-becomes-world-no-1-in-women-s-singles-sl3-nwid-3035.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== World Championships ===

''Women's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]], [[Tokyo]], Japan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Ramadass]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lénaïg Morin]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Faustine Noël]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–13, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024]]
| align="left" | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall, [[Pattaya]], Thailand<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tokyo 2020 |first=Paralympic India- |date=2022-05-25 |title=Manisha, Mandeep, Nithya - the emerging faces in Women's Para Badminton |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/new/manisha-mandeep-nithya-the-emerging-faces-in-womens-para-badminton |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Paralympic India - Tokyo 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-24 |title=Suhas Yathiraj, Pramod Bhagat, Krishna Nagar in Para Badminton World Championships finals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/suhas-yathiraj-pramod-bhagat-krishna-nagar-in-para-badminton-world-championships-finals/articleshow/107968340.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Manisha Ramadass
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Leani Ratri Oktila]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Khalimatus Sadiyah]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024]]
| align="left" | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall, [[Pattaya]], Thailand
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hikmat Ramdani]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Leani Ratri Oktila]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWFB|P82550}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Mandeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian female para-badminton players]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

Stigmella neodora

2026-03-31T05:57:20Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: New

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|image_caption =
|genus = Stigmella
|species = neodora
|authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1918)
|synonyms =
*''Nepticula neodora'' Meyrick, 1918
}}

'''''Stigmella neodora''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Nepticulidae]]. It is known from [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref>[http://nepticuloidea.info/category/nepticuloidea/stigmella/stigmella-oriental-species/stigmella-neodora Nepticulidae and Opostegidae of the world]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7616746}}

[[Category:Stigmella (moth)|neodora]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1918]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Stigmella-stub}}

Decorations of Azad Hind

2026-03-26T11:30:56Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning:

{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Multiple image|total_width = 450
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| image1 = Azad Hind Award with Swords.jpg
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| alt1 =
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| width2 = 
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| footer_align = center
| footer = Azad Hind Award with Swords
}}
The '''decorations of [[Azad Hind]]''' were instituted by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] while in [[Nazi Germany]], initially for the [[Indian Legion]], to be awarded for gallantry in the field of battle. Both Indians and Germans were eligible for the decorations. Later, the same awards were instituted by the [[Azad Hind]] provisional government for the [[Indian National Army]] during its campaign in South-East Asia.

==Sher-e-Hind==
{{main|Sher-e-Hind}}
The Grand Star "[[Sher-e-Hind]]" (Tiger of India), was a neck order/medal and could be conferred with swords for valour in combat, and without swords for non-combat awards. At least three award were made, to Captain Baru Singh, Captain Ganeshi Lal, and Captain Kanwal Singh.

==Sardar-e-Jung==
{{main|Sardar-e-Jung}}
The second highest military decoration by the awarded by the [[Azad Hind Government]] was the Sardar-e-Jung (Leader of Battle), which was a 1st Class Star. The award was a [[Badge]], and could be conferred with swords for valour in combat, and without swords for non-combat awards. At least five awards were made, one to Colonel [[Shaukat Malik]] for the capture of [[Moirang]], to Captain [[Shangara Singh Mann]] and to Lieutenant Kunwar Balwant Singh for capturing British Army Post at Modak. Captain Mann was also awarded the [[Vir-e-Hind]] medal. Colonel Pritam Singh was awarded Sardar-e-jung, he captured a hill named Pritam Hill in Burma and Palel Airport, Major [[Pitri Sharan Raturi]] was awarded for Battle of Kaladan.<ref name=TOIShaikh>{{cite news
| author = Shaikh, Sajid
| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/INAs-soldier-lives-in-oblivion-in-Vadodara/articleshow/573621300.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018213443/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-06/ahmedabad/27243040_1_mann-ina-netaji| url-status=live| archive-date=18 October 2012| title= INA's soldier lives in oblivion in Vadodara
| access-date=7 July 2007
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date=6 October 2001
}}</ref>

==Vir-e-Hind==
{{main|Vir-e-Hind}}
The Vir-e-Hind (Warrior of India) was the 2nd Class Star and third in order. This award was a [[medal]], and like those higher than it, the award could be conferred with swords for valour in combat, and without swords for non-combat awards. At least one award was made, to Captain Shangara Singh Mann. He was also awarded the Sardar-e-Jung.

==Shahid-e-Bharat==
{{main|Shahid-e-Bharat}}
The Shahid-e-Bharat (Martyr for India) was a medal to fallen soldiers. It was awarded in gold or in silver and was only awarded with swords.

==Tamgha-e-Bahaduron==

{{main|Tamgha-e-Bahaduron}}

The soldier's gallantry medal.

==See also==
*[[Former Indian National Army Monument]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Azad Hind Fauj}}

[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:Azad Hind]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of Azad Hind| ]]

Paneer

2026-03-25T09:06:07Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: updated page

{{Short description|Type of fresh cheese in South Asian cuisine}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Paneer
| image = Panir Paneer Indian cheese fresh.jpg
| caption = Paneer
| alternate_name = Ponir, Indian cottage cheese
| region = [[South Asia]]
| type = [[Cheese]]
| main_ingredient = Cow or buffalo milk
}}

'''Paneer''' ({{IPA|hns|/pəˈniːr/ |pron}}) is a [[fresh cheese|fresh]] [[acid-set cheese]], common in [[South Asian cuisine]], made from cow milk or buffalo milk.<ref name=Kumar11/> It is a [[Cheese ripening|non-aged]], non-melting [[soft cheese]] made by [[curdling]] milk with an acid, such as lemon juice or [[citric acid]]. Paneer was predominantly used in [[north Indian cuisine|north Indian dishes]] and is commonly used throughout India due to its versatility as an ingredient in diverse dishes.

Its origins are not known, with doubtful references in the [[Vedas]] of ancient India; other theories include a Persian origin and a Portuguese introduction of the use of acid to form cheeses in the 17th century.

==Etymology==
The word ''paneer'' entered English from the [[Hindi-Urdu]] term ''panīr'', which comes from [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Transliteration|fa|panir}} ({{Wikt-lang|fa|پنیر}}) 'cheese', which comes from Old Iranian.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |access-date=19 August 2024 |title=Entry: paneer |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=paneer |website=The American Heritage Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nundolal Dey |title=Rasātala or the Under-world |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=2 |issue=1–2 |year=1985 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |pages=236–237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTMKAQAAIAAJ |quote=Panir is a Persian word, though derived from the common Sanskrit words ''Pai'' (Payas = milk) and ''Nir'' (nīra = water) meaning milk without water.}}</ref> [[Armenian language|Armenian]] {{Transliteration|hy|panir}} ({{lang|hy|պանիր}}), [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] {{lang|az|pəndir}}, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ''ponir'' (পনির), [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|peynir}} and [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] {{Transliteration|tk|peýnir}}, Kurdish penîr all derive from Persian {{Transliteration|fa|panir}}, and refer to cheese of any type.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0191018251 |edition=2nd |quote=panir and peynir, the Persian and Turkish words for 'cheese' (...)}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further information|Chhena}}
[[File:Sp rajjo.jpg|thumb|alt=A gravy-based dish with many thick cheese cubes together with some vegetables and spices is shown. In the lower parts of the image, some coriander leaves have been added on top as a garnish.|''[[Shahi paneer]]'', a dish from the [[Indian subcontinent]] with paneer as a primary ingredient]]

The origin of paneer is debated. [[Vedic period|Ancient Indian]], [[Afghan people|Afghan]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] origins have been proposed for paneer.<ref name="Sanjeev_2010"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Timothy G. |last1=Roufs |first2=Kathleen |last2=Smyth Roufs |title=Sweet Treats Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture |year=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781610692212 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168}}</ref>

Legends about [[Krishna]] make several references to milk, butter, [[ghee]] and [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yogurt), but do not mention [[sour milk cheese]].<ref name="Harlan_2000">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuor2vcVtiQC&pg=PA57 |title=Milk - Beyond the Dairy: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1999 |editor-first=Harlan |editor-last=Walker |publisher=Oxford Symposium |year=2000 |isbn=9781903018064 |pages=53–57}}</ref> According to [[Arthur Berriedale Keith]], a kind of cheese is "perhaps referred to" in [[Rigveda]] 6.48.18.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA209 |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects |author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |first=Arthur Berriedale |last=Keith |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1995 |isbn=9788120813328 |page=209}}</ref> However, [[Otto Schrader (philologist)|Otto Schrader]] (1890) believes that the Rigveda only mentions "a skin of sour milk, not cheese in the proper sense".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107733 |title=Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples |author-link=Otto Schrader (philologist) |first=Otto |last=Schrader |publisher=C. Griffin |year=1890 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107733/page/n339 319]}}</ref> Vedic literature refers to a substance that is interpreted by some authors, such as [[K. T. Achaya]], [[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]] and [[Sanjeev Kapoor]], as a possible form of paneer, but without definitive evidence.<ref name="Sanjeev_2010">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heG2bdW_NrMC&pg=PA3 |title=Paneer |first=Sanjeev |last=Kapoor |author-link=Sanjeev Kapoor |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2010 |isbn=9788179913307 |page=3}}</ref>

[[Catherine Donnelly]], author of ''The Oxford Companion to Cheese'' (2016), mentions that Vedic literature refers to cheese production made with the aid of barks of palash tree (''[[Butea monosperma]]''), fruits like jujube (''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'') and creeper like putika with coagulating enzymes, "as well as Dadhanvat, a cheese-like substance made with and without pores". According to Catherine Donnelly, these plant substances may have contained [[rennet]]-like enzymes and notes that the "Vedas may include some of the earliest known references to rennet-coagulated cheeses".<ref>''The Oxford Companion to Cheese'', 2016. p. 373.</ref> ''Lokopakara'' text dated to the 10th century gives two recipes for coagulated cheeses made from [[water buffalo|buffalo]] milk for making sweets using plants and roots. According to the text, buffalo milk was coagulated using roots of [[amaranth]] plant or leaves of marsh barbel (''[[Hygrophila auriculata]]''); the soft cheese produced in this manner was called ''Haluvuga''. In the second recipe, buffalo milk was coagulated with Indian mallow (''[[Abutilon indicum]]'') or country mallow (''[[Sida cordifolia]]'') and was made into balls for sweets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Ammini |title=Lokopakara – Part III Recipes |url=https://peppertrail.com/recipes-from-lokopakara/ |website=Peppertrail |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> ''[[Manasollasa]]'', a Sanskrit-language text by the 12th-century king [[Someshvara III]], describes ''Kshiraprakara'', a similar sweet food prepared from milk solids after separating boiled milk using buttermilk.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ena Desai |chapter=Gastronomy of Bengal |editor=Lotika Varadarajan |title=Indo-Portuguese Encounters: Journeys in Science, Technology, and Culture |volume=II |year=2006 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy / Centra de Historia de Alem-Mar, Universidade Nova de Lisboa / Aryan Books International |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LfaAAAAMAAJ |page=668|isbn=9788173053023 }}</ref><ref name="Michael2011">{{Cite book |last=Michael Krondl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN6ySQnUnfwC&pg=PA38 |title=Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-55652-954-2 |pages=7–8|quote= "In another recipe he gives directions for a syrup-soaked fritter many modern Indians would recognize. To make it, the cook is told to curdle warm milk by adding buttermilk, then strain it to remove the liquid. (Nowadays this fresh cheese would be called chhana.) The resulting curds are then mixed with a little rice flour, formed into balls, and fried in ghee. Finally, they are soaked in syrup."}}</ref>

Another theory is that like the word itself, paneer originated in [[Persianate]] lands and spread to the [[Indian subcontinent]] under [[Muslim]] rule.<ref name="origin">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTTxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Technology of Traditional Milk Products in Developing Countries |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |page=169 |isbn=9789251028995}}</ref> Paneer, according to this theory, was developed and moulded to suit local tastes under these rulers, and the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]] are when paneer as currently known developed. Another theory states that paneer is [[Afghans|Afghan]] in origin and spread to [[India]] from the lands that make up [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="origin"/> [[National Dairy Research Institute]] states that paneer was introduced into India by Afghan and Iranian invaders.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zs4NzrRWhQC&pg=PA231 |title=Feta & Related Cheeses |first1=R. K. |last1=Robinson |first2=A. Y. |last2=Tamime |publisher=CRC Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780747600770 |page=231}}</ref> Based on texts such as ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'', BN Mathur wrote that the earliest evidence of a heat-acid coagulated milk product in India can be traced to 75–300 CE, in the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]-[[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] era.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lpMAAAAYAAJ |first=K.V.S.S. |last=Rao |title=Paneer technology — A review |journal=Indian Journal of Dairy Science |volume=45 |publisher=Indian Dairy Science Association |year=1992 |page=281}}</ref> Sunil Kumar ''et al''.(2011) interpret this product as the present-day paneer. According to them, paneer is indigenous to the north-western part of [[South Asia]] and was introduced in India by Afghan and Iranian travellers.<ref name=Kumar11>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Sunil |last2=Rai |first2=D.C. |last3=Niranjan |first3=K. |last4=Bhat |first4=Zuhaib |title=Paneer—An Indian soft cheese variant: a review |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=821–831 |publisher=Springer |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/s13197-011-0567-x |quote="People during the Kusana and Saka Satavahana periods (AD75–300) used to consume a solid mass, whose description seems to the earliest reference to the present day paneer" |pmid=24803688 |pmc=4008736}}</ref>

Another theory is that the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] may have introduced the technique of "breaking" milk with acid to [[Bengal]] in the 17th century. Thus, according to this theory, Indian acid-set cheeses such as paneer and chhena were first prepared in Bengal, under Portuguese influence.<ref name="Harlan_2000"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orHWFRMKf4EC&pg=PA33 |title=India: Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine |first=Pat |last=Chapman |author-link=Pat Chapman (food writer) |publisher=New Holland |year=2009 |isbn=9781845376192 |page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efOjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Cultures of Milk |first=Andrea S. |last=Wiley |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780674369702 |page=2}}</ref> A type of smoked cheese called [[Bandel cheese]] was introduced by the Portuguese in Bengal, which is distinct from paneer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamang |first1=Jyoti Prakash |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |date=2 March 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-1486-9 |page=676 |language=en}}</ref>

== Nutrition and preparation ==
{{Nutritionalvalue
| name = paneer
| kJ = 1251
| protein = 15.9 g
| fat = 15.5 g
| carbs = 23.3 g
| sugars = 22.5 g
| iron_mg = 0
| calcium_mg = 597
| magnesium_mg = 58
| phosphorus_mg = 490
| potassium_mg = 728
| sodium_mg = 185
| zinc_mg = 2.04
| vitA_ug = 155
| betacarotene_ug = 34
| source_usda = 1
| source = [http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2666/2 nutritiondata.com]
}}

Paneer is prepared by adding food [[acid]], such as lemon juice, vinegar, [[citric acid]] or [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] (yogurt),<ref>Adiraja Dasa. ''The Hare Krishna book of Vegetarian Cooking''. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1989, {{ISBN|0-902677-07-1}}</ref> to hot milk to separate the [[curd]]s from the [[whey]]. The curds are drained in [[muslin]] or [[cheesecloth]] and the excess water is pressed out. The resulting paneer is dipped in chilled water for 2–3 hours to improve its texture and appearance. From this point, the preparation of paneer diverges based on its use and regional tradition.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

In north Indian cuisines, the curds are wrapped in cloth, placed under a heavy weight such as a stone slab for two to three hours, and then cut into cubes for use in [[curry|curries]]. Pressing for a shorter time (approximately 20 minutes) results in a softer, fluffier cheese.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

In [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]], [[Odia cuisine|Odia]] and other East Indian cuisines, the chhena are beaten or kneaded by hand into a dough-like consistency, heavily salted and hardened to produce paneer (called ''ponir''), which is typically eaten in slices at [[teatime]] with [[biscuit]]s or various types of [[bread]], [[deep-frying|deep-fried]] in a light batter or used in cooking.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

In the area surrounding the city of [[Surat]] in [[Gujarat]], [[surti paneer]] is made by draining the curds of buffalo milk and ripening them in whey.<ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Smitha |title=8 cheeses you didn't know exist in India |work=[[Condé Nast Traveler]] |date=5 October 2015 |url=http://www.cntraveller.in/story/8-cheeses-you-didn-t-know-exist-india/ |accessdate=25 March 2026}}</ref>

== Culinary use ==

Paneer is the most common type of cheese used in traditional [[cuisines from the Indian subcontinent]]. Paneer dishes can be sweet, like [[shahi paneer]], or spicy/hot, like chilli paneer.

Paneer recipes include:

* [[Matar paneer]] (paneer with peas)<ref name="Good Food">{{cite web |title=Paneer |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/search?q=paneer |website=BBC Good Food |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
* [[Shahi paneer]] (paneer cooked in a [[Mughlai]] curry)<ref name="Kapoor 2017">{{cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev |author-link=Sanjeev Kapoor |title=Shahi Paneer |url=https://www.sanjeevkapoor.com/Recipe/Shahi-Paneer-Turban-Tadka-FoodFood.html |publisher=Sanjeev Kapoor |date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
* [[Paneer tikka]] (a vegetarian version of [[chicken tikka]], paneer placed on skewers and roasted)<ref name="Kapoor 2010"/>
* [[Paneer tikka masala]]<ref name="Kapoor 2010">{{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev |author-link=Sanjeev Kapoor |title=Paneer |year=2010 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-8179913307 |page=3}}</ref>
* Chilli paneer (an [[Indian Chinese cuisine|Indo-Chinese preparation]] with spicy chilies, garnished with spring onions)<ref name="Good Food"/>
* [[Kadai paneer]] (paneer with [[bell pepper]]s and spices)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-27 |title=Express recipes: How to make Kadhai Paneer in six easy steps |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/express-recipes-how-to-make-kadhai-paneer-in-six-easy-steps/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Indian Express en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahi Paneer, Kadai Paneer And More: 5 Classic Paneer Curry Recipes That You Must Try |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/shahi-paneer-kadai-paneer-and-more-5-classic-paneer-curry-recipes-that-you-must-try-2602908 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=NDTV Food }}</ref>
* Paneer [[pakora]] (paneer [[fritters]])<ref name="Good Food"/>
* [[Palak paneer]] (paneer with spinach)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palak Paneer Recipe |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-palak-paneer-98895 |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[NDTV]] Food}}</ref>
* [[Khoya paneer]] (a curry with [[khoya]] soft cheese as well as paneer, eaten with bread)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-khoya-paneer-951305 |title=Khoya Paneer Recipe |website=[[NDTV]] Food |accessdate=25 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[Paneer makhani]] (Paneer with butter, tomatoes and cashews)<ref name="Good Food"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths="160" heights="160">
File:Matar-Paneer.JPG|[[Mattar paneer]], a vegetarian dish
File:Paneer tikka.jpg|[[Paneer tikka]], grilled on a skewer
File:Yummy Palak Paneer.jpg|[[Palak paneer]], a spinach-based curry dish
File:Ishwar Paneer.JPG|[[Paneer tikka masala]]
File:Malai Paneer Pizza from India.jpg|A pizza with paneer and vegetable toppings
</gallery>

==See also==

* {{Annotated link|Kalari cheese}}
* {{Annotated link|Khoa}}
* {{Annotated link|Chhena}}
* {{Annotated link|Surti paneer}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cheeses]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Iranian cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Acid-set cheeses]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

2012 Indian Federation Cup qualifiers

2026-03-21T18:30:36Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: New

{{Main|2012 Indian Federation Cup}}
{{moresources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}

This article details the '''2012 Indian Federation Cup qualifiers'''.

==Format==
The qualifiers will start from 11 September to 16 September 2012 and will consist of 6 teams, 5 of which played in the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division final round]] and the other one being [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL Sporting Club]] who were relegated from the [[2011–12 I-League]] season.<ref name=Qualifiers>{{cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Archak|title=2012 Federation Cup: Qualifying Fixtures|url=http://indiansoccernet.com/news/2012-federation-cup-qualifuing-fixtures-1208281822.php|work=Indian Soccernet|accessdate=28 August 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126052454/http://indiansoccernet.com/news/2012-federation-cup-qualifuing-fixtures-1208281822.php|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All 6 teams are divided into two groups of 3. The top team from each group moves on to the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage|Cup proper]].<ref name=Qualifiers/>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Team !! 2012 2nd Division position !! 2011–12 I-League position
|-
| [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] || 7th || N/A
|-
| [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]] || 5th || N/A
|-
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]] || N/A || 14th
|-
| [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] || 3rd || N/A
|-
| [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]] || 4th || N/A
|-
| [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] || 6th || N/A
|}

==Matches==

===Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="175"|Team!!width="20"|Pld!!width="20"|W!!width="20"|D!!width="20"|L!!width="20"|GF!!width="20"|GA!!width="20"|GD!!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|align=left|'''[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]'''
|2||2||0||0||10||1||+5||'''6'''
|-
|align=left|[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|2||1||0||1||6||7||–1||'''3'''
|-
|align=left|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]
|2||0||0||2||1||9||–8||'''0'''
|}
{{football box
|date=11 September 2012
|time=
|team1=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|score=6 – 1
|report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023065359/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-11/top-stories/33762381_1_federation-cup-qualifiers-md-mukhtar-crush Report]
|team2=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1= Mukhtar {{goal|12}} Laldinpuia {{goal|17|o.g.}} Sunday {{goal|21}} Jaryan {{goal|22||52}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Biswas]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2= Zonuntluanga {{goal|56}}
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{football box
|date=13 September 2012
|time=
|team1= [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score= 5 – 1
|report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024201935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/top-stories/33816213_1_fielder-mintue-87th-minute Report]
|team2= [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]
|goals1= Lalremruata {{goal|22}} Lalrintluanga {{goal|29||65}} Lalfakzuala {{goal|53}} Zonuntlunga {{goal|87}}
|goals2= [[R.C. Prakash|Prakash]] {{goal|25}}
|stadium= [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{football box
|date=15 September 2012
|time=
|team1=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]
|score= 0 – 4
|report= [http://m.goal.com/x/en-india/news/3379774 Report]
|team2=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Gadimch {{goal|37||42||47}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Biswas]] {{goal|88}}
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

===Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="175"|Team!!width="20"|Pld!!width="20"|W!!width="20"|D!!width="20"|L!!width="20"|GF!!width="20"|GA!!width="20"|GD!!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|align=left| '''[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]'''
|2||2||0||0||6||0||+9||'''6'''
|-
|align=left|[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|2||1||0||1||4||8||-4||'''3'''
|-
|align=left|[[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|2||0||0||2||3||8||-5||'''0'''
|}
{{football box
|date=12 September 2012
|time= 15:30 IST
|team1=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|score= 6 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1= [[Christopher Chizoba|Chizoba]] {{goal|3||45||55||88}} [[James Gbilee|Gbilee]] {{goal|9}} Kundu {{goal|49}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{football box
|date=14 September 2012
|time= 15:30 IST
|team1=[[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|score= 1 – 4
|report= [http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/09/15/3377346/kalighat-qualify-for-the-federation-cup-quarterfinal-league?source=breakingnews Report]
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1= Fernandes {{goal|69}}
|goals2= [[James Gbilee|Gbilee]] {{goal|3}} [[Christopher Chizoba|Chizoba]] {{goal|29||41}} Kundu {{goal|45+1}}
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{football box
|date=16 September 2012
|time=
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score= 4 – 2
|report= [http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2012/09/17/wahingdoh-beat-vasco-4-2/ Report]
|team2=[[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|goals1= Lalnunpuia {{goal|18||20}} [[Jackichand Singh|Singh]] {{goal|29}} Di Silva {{goal|60}}
|goals2= Colaco {{goal|57}} Mascarenhes {{goal|87}}
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120828040351/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=18 The Indian Federation Cup at the-aiff.com]


{{2012 in Asian Football (AFC)}}
{{2012-13 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Federation Cup 2012-13}}
[[Category:2012 Indian Federation Cup|Qualifiers]]

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

2026-03-18T17:07:45Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: General cleanup and improvements

{{Short description|Indian Bengali writer, poet and journalist (1838–1894)}}
<noinclude>{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}} </noinclude>
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
| native_name = বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Bankim Chattapadhyay.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = 26 June 1838<ref name="Library">{{cite book | last1=Library | first1=S.T.N.Y.P. | last2=Skillion | first2=A. | title=The New York Public Library Literature Companion | publisher=Free Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-4391-3721-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BD2P-Yb-m3wC&pg=PT160| page=160}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Encyclopaedia Britannica | first1=I. | last2=Encyclopaedia Britannica | first2=I. | title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia | publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-59339-492-9 | page=380}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bankim-chandra-chattopadhyay-16443-2016-06-27|title = Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, writer of the national song Vande Mataram| date=27 June 2016 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Naihati]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1894|4|8|1838|6|27|df=y}}
| pseudonym = Kamalakanta
| occupation = Writer, poet, novelist, essayist, journalist, government official
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal, [[British Raj|British India]]
| genre =
| movement = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| language = Bengali, English
| subject =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| notableworks = ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' ''[[Kapalkundala]]'' ''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]'' ''[[Anandamath]]'' ''[[Bishabriksha]]''
| signature = Sign of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.svg
| website = [http://bankim.eduliture.com/ Bankim-Rachanabali administrated by eduliture]
| honorific_prefix =
}}
'''Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (anglicised as '''Bankim Chandra Chatterjee'''; 26 June 1838<ref>{{cite web |title=History & Heritage |url=http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=History_Heritage |website=north24parganas.gov.in |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101110803/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=History_Heritage |archive-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> – 8 April 1894<ref name="Merriam-WebsterInc1995">{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-042-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr/page/231 231]}}</ref>) was an Indian Bengali novelist, poet, essayist<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhabatosh Chatterjee |url=http://archive.org/details/bankimchandracha00bhab |title=Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay: Essays In Perspective |date=1994 |others=Public Resource}}</ref> and journalist.<ref name="star">[[Staff writer]]. [http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=192109 "Bankim Chandra: The First Prominent Bengali Novelist"], ''The Daily Star'', 30 June 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Fatima|title=Bankim Chandra — the man who wrote Vande Mataram, capturing colonial India's imagination|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/bankim-chandra-the-man-who-wrote-vande-mataram-capturing-colonial-indias-imagination/217506/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=ThePrint|date=8 April 2019|language=en-US}}</ref>

Noted for his pro-British stance, he accepted the legitimacy of the [[British Raj|British rule]] and supported English education.<ref name="r557">{{cite book | last1=Saikia | first1=Yasmin | last2=Rahman | first2=M. Raisur | title=The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2019-03-21 | isbn=978-1-108-48387-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLWQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191 | page=191}}</ref><ref name="m795">{{cite book | last=Urban | first=Hugh B. | title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House | date=2012-01-01 | isbn=978-81-208-2932-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA124 | page=124}}</ref><ref name="n342">{{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=Oroon K. | title=The Changing Indian Civilization: A Perspective on India | publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) | date=1976 | isbn=978-0-88386-836-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_UtAAAAMAAJ | page=201}}</ref>

He was the author of the 1882 [[Bengali language]] novel ''[[Anandamath]]'', which is one of the landmarks of modern Bengali and Indian literature. He was the composer of ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', written in highly [[Sanskritisation (language)|Sanskritised]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[National personification|personifying]] [[India]] as a [[mother goddess]]. Chattopadhayay wrote fourteen novels and many serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treatises in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. He is known as '''''Sahitya Samrat''''' (Emperor of Literature) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakraborty|first=Dr. Dulal|title=History of Bengali Literature (in Bengali)|publisher=Bani Bitan|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, the face of Bengal renaissance, on his birth anniversary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bankim-chandra-chattopadhyay-the-face-of-bengal-renaissance-on-his-178th-birth-anniversary-2879527/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Indian Express|date=27 June 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Harbinger of Indian renaissance': Indians remember 'Sahitya Samrat' Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on his 183rd birth anniversary|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/harbinger-of-indian-renaissance-indians-remember-sahitya-samrat-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-on-his-183rd-birth-anniversary|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Sachis Chandra |title=Bankim's Biography |date=1952|location=Calcutta |page=9|language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Amitrasudana |title=Bankima-chandra-jibani |date=1991 |publisher=Anand Publishers |location=Calcutta |page=25|language=Bengali}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Chattopadhayay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=star/> Some of his writings, including novels, essays and commentaries, broke away from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings,
and provided an inspiration for authors across India.<ref name=star/>
[[File:BankimChandra Chatttapadhyay in his early age.jpg|thumb|Bankim Chandra Chatttapadhyay in his early age]]
Chattopadhayay was born in the village of Kanthalpara in the town of [[Naihati|North 24 Parganas, Naihati]], in an orthodox [[Bengali Brahmins|Bengali Brahmin]] family, the youngest of three brothers, to Yadav Chandra Chattopadhayay and Durgadebi. His Grandfather Shiv Narayan Chatterjee. His ancestors hailed from Deshmukho village in [[Hooghly District]].<ref name = "Chattopadhyay9">Chattopadhyay, Sachishchandra, ''Bankim-Jibani'', 1952, Pustak Bipani, p 9</ref> His father, a government official, went on to become the Deputy Collector of [[Midnapur]]. One of his brothers, [[Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay]] was also a novelist and is known for his book "Palamau". Bankim Chandra and his elder brother both went to [[Hooghly Collegiate School]] (then Governmental Zilla School), where he wrote his first poem. He was educated at the [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] and later at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], graduating with a degree in arts in 1859. He later attended the [[University of Calcutta]] and was one of two candidates who passed the final exam to become the school's first graduates.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |publisher=[[West Bengal Council for Higher Secondary Education]] |year= |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |edition= |chapter=Shri Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |chapter-url=https://wbchse.nic.in/html/bankim_chandra.html}}</ref> He later obtained a degree in law in 1869. Following his father's footsteps, Bankimchandra joined the Subordinate Executive Service. In 1858, he was appointed a Deputy Magistrate (the same type of position held by his father) of [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]]. After merging of the services in 1863, he went on to become Deputy Magistrate & Deputy Collector, retiring from government service in 1891. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the first in-charge ([[Sub-divisional magistrate]]) of the [[Arambag subdivision]] in its earlier days. The ruins of a fort at [[Gar Mandaran]] provided the setting for Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel [[Durgeshnandini]], published in 1865. His years at work were replete with incidents that brought him into conflict with the colonial government. He was, however, made a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CMEOIE) in 1894.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx |title=Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay – Penguin Books India |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084214/http://penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx |archive-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> He also received the title of Rai Bahadur in 1891.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

He held pro-British and anti-Muslim stance. Having accepted the legitimacy of the [[British Raj|British rule]], he supported English education.<ref name="r557"/><ref name="n342"/><ref name="m795"/> In his writings, he used fictional characters to represent Muslims as oppressive and Hindus as victims. He concluded that Muslims will rule over Hindus if the British left South Asia.<ref name="l736">{{cite book | last=Khan | first=Abdul Jamil | title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism | publisher=Algora Publishing | date=2006 | isbn=978-0-87586-439-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zINY5Dpa_-kC&pg=PA244&dq= | access-date=2025-12-10 | page=244}}</ref>

==Literary career==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2017}}
Chattopadhyay's earliest publications were in [[Ishwar Chandra Gupta]]'s weekly newspaper ''[[Sangbad Prabhakar]]''.<ref name="bankim">[http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bankimchandra.asp Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (Chattopadhyay)], from BengalOnline.</ref> He began his literary career as a writer of verse before turning to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win and the [[Novella|novelette]] was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel ''Rajmohan's Wife''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Meenakshi|title=Early Novels in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C&q=rajmohan%3Bs+wife&pg=PA143|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en|date=1 January 2002|isbn=9788126013425}}</ref> ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'', his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-07-08|title=Literary lion - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: The Statesman Notebook|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/literary-lion-1502775019.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722114309/https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/literary-lion-1502775019.html |archive-date=22 July 2019 |access-date=2021-01-29|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|language=en-US}}</ref> His essay 'Shakuntala, Miranda ebong Desdemona' (1873) is considered as the first attempt of comparative analysis of different literatures in Bengali and is studied closely in school of comparative literature of Jadavpur University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadavpur University B.A Syllabus - Comparative Literature |url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/upload_files/dept_file/1462953396-1.pdf |website=Jadavpur University}}</ref>

[[File:আনন্দমঠ (দ্বিতীয় সংস্করণ, ১৮৮৩).djvu|thumb|right|Second edition of [[Anandamath]] (1883)]]

One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is ''Rajsimha'' (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). ''[[Anandamath]]'' (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a [[political fiction|political novel]] which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting a British force. The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism. The novel was also the source of the song ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song ; ultimately, however, he accepted that the British Empire could not be defeated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/what-is-vandana-vande-mataram/articleshow/11652292.cms|title=किसकी वंदना है वंदे मातरम – Navbharat Times|date=28 January 2012|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The novel first appeared in serial form in ''[[Bangadarshan]]'', the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872. ''Vande Mataram'' became prominent during the Swadeshi movement, which was sparked by Lord Curzon's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and Muslim majority East. Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus, Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother Goddess known as [[Bharat Mata]], which gave the song a Hindu undertone.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Aurobindo|title=Vande Mataram and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA9|publisher=Mittal Publications|date=2007|isbn=9788183241595}}</ref>

[[File:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 1969 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on a 1969 stamp of India]]

Bankim was particularly impressed by the historical [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] cultural efflorescence of the 14th and 15th centuries in Bengal. Chattopadhyay's commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4.<ref>Minor, Robert (1986) ''Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita''. State University of NY press. {{ISBN|0-88706-298-9}}</ref>
In a long essay on [[Samkhya|Sankhya]] philosophy, he argues that the central philosophical foundation of the overwhelming part of religious beliefs in India, including even Buddhism, lies in the philosophy of Sankhya. He was a critique of the philosophy in the sense of its emphasis on personal ''vairagya'' (renunciation) rather than political and social power.<ref>Partha Chatterjee, "Chapter 3 The Moment of Departure: Culture and Power in the Thought of Bankimchandra" in National Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1986), 54-84.</ref>

==Meeting with Ramakrishna==
Bankim was highly educated and influenced by Oriental thoughts and ideas. Ramakrishna in contrast, did not have knowledge of English. Yet, they had a nice relationship.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==Legacy==
[[Tagore]] penned in the memory of his mentor:
"Bankim Chandra had equal strength in both his hands, he was a true ''sabyasachi'' (ambidextrous). With one hand, he created literary works of excellence; and with the other, he guided young and aspiring authors. With one hand, he ignited the light of literary enlightenment; and with the other, he blew away the smoke and ash of ignorance and ill conceived notions"

[[Sri Aurobindo]] wrote in his memory:
"The earlier Bankim was only a poet and stylist, the later Bankim was a seer and nation-builder"

After the ''Vishabriksha'' (''The Poison Tree'') was published in 1873, the magazine, [[Punch (magazine)|Punch]] wrote:

::"You ought to read the Poison Tree
::of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lemon|first1=Mark|last2=Mayhew|first2=Henry|last3=Taylor|first3=Tom|last4=Brooks|first4=Shirley|last5=Burnand|first5=Sir Francis Cowley|last6=Seaman|first6=Sir Owen|title=London Charivari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnhIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2|publisher=Punch Publications Limited|date=1885}}</ref>
::
::
::
::
::
::

His novel ''Anushilan-Tattva'' inspired Pramathanath Mitra to start [[Anushilan Samiti]].
Bankim Puraskar (Bankim Memorial Award) is the highest award given by the Government of West Bengal for contribution to Bengali fiction.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==Works==
{{div col}}
;Fiction
* ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' (March 1865)
* ''[[Kapalkundala]]'' (1866)
* ''Mrinalini'' (1869)
* ''[[Bishabriksha]]'' (The Poison Tree, 1873)
* ''Indira'' (1873, revised 1893)
* ''Jugalanguriya'' (1874)
* ''Radharani'' (1876, enlarged 1893)
* ''Chandrasekhar'' (1875)
* ''Kamalakanter Daptar'' (From the Desk of Kamlakanta, 1875)
* ''Rajani''(1877)
* ''Krishnakanter Uil'' (Krishnakanta's Will, 1878)
* ''Rajsimha'' (1882)
* ''[[Anandamath]]'' (1882), [[Orient Paperbacks]], {{ISBN|978-81-222013-0-7}}
* ''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]'' (1884)
* ''Kamalakanta'' (1885)
* ''Sitaram'' (March 1887)
* ''Muchiram Gurer Jivancharita'' (The Life of Muchiram Gur)

;Religious Commentaries
* ''Krishna Charitra'' (Life of Krishna, 1886)
* ''Dharmatattva'' (Principles of Religion, 1888)
* ''Devatattva'' (Principles of Divinity, Published Posthumously)
* ''Srimadvagavat Gita'', a Commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (1902 – Published Posthumously)

;Poetry Collections
* ''Lalita O Manas'' (1858)

;Essays
* ''Lok Rahasya'' (Essays on Society, 1874, enlarged 1888)
* ''Bijnan Rahasya'' (Essays on Science, 1875)
* ''Bichitra Prabandha'' (Assorted Essays), Vol 1 (1876) and Vol 2 (1892)
* ''Samya'' (Equality, 1879)
{{div col end}}
Chattopadhyay's [[debut novel]] was an English one, ''[[Rajmohan's Wife]]'' (1864) and he also started writing his religious and philosophical essays in English.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* {{anl|Sadhu Bhasha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Ujjal Kumar Majumdar: ''Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: His Contribution to Indian Life and Culture''. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 2000. {{ISBN|81-7236-098-3}}.
* Walter Ruben: Indische Romane. Eine ideologische Untersuchung. Vol. 1: Einige Romane Bankim Chattopadhyays iund Ranbindranath Tagore. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1964. (German)
* Bhabatosh Chatterjee, Editor: Bankimchandra Chatterjee: Essays in Perspective (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi) 1994.

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Author:Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
* {{commons category-inline|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
{{EB1911 poster|Chatterji, Bankim Chandra}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=7399| name=Bankim Chandra Chatterji}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Bankim Chandra Chatterji" OR "Chatterji, Bankim Chandra" OR "Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay" OR "Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra")}}
* {{Librivox author |id=16794}}
* https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chattopadhyay,_Bankimchandra

{{Novels by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry|Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Writers of historical romances]]

[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]

[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]

[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Novelists from British India]]

Aniruddha

2026-03-15T07:11:51Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: improve details additionally and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Grandson of the god Krishna in Hinduism}}
{{For|public figures named "Anirudh"|Aniruddha (given name)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Union of Usha and Aniruddha.jpg
| caption = ''Union of Usha and Aniruddha'' by M. V. Dhurandhar, c. 1934
| spouse = Rochana and [[Uṣā|Usha]]
| children = [[List_of_characters_in_the_Mahabharata#Vajra|Vajra]] and Mrigaketana<ref name="DL">{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Vajra+Rochana+Usha|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|language=en}}</ref>
| father = [[Pradyumna]]
| mother = [[Rukmavati]]
| dynasty = Yaduvamsha
| texts = [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Shiva Purana]], [[Mahabharata]]
| Devanagari = अनिरुद्ध
| affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]], [[Vrishni]]
}}
{{Vrishni heroes}}
'''Aniruddha''' ({{langx|sa|अनिरुद्ध|lit=unconquerable}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Yedathore Subbaraya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liYhAAAAMAAJ&q=Nanirudhyathe+paihi+ithyaniruddaha |title=The Inner Meaning of Bharatha and Bhagavatha (the Torch Leading to the Path of Liberation) |date=1971 |publisher=copies can also be had from D. S. Krishna Kumar |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> is a character in [[Hindu mythology]], the son of [[Pradyumna]] and [[Rukmavati]], and the grandson of [[Krishna]] and [[Rukmini]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/68 68]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> He is said to have been very much like his grandfather, to the extent that he is considered by some to be a ''Jana avatar'', an avatar of [[Vishnu]]. He is a member of the [[Caturvyūha|chatur-vyuha]], the four [[Vrishni heroes|Vrishni]] heroes.

==Early life ==
[[File:Anirudha,_holding_a_sword_and_a_shield,_in_the_Kondamotu_Vrishni_heroes_relief,_4th_century_CE.jpg|alt=|291x291px|thumb|Aniruddha, holding a sword and a shield, in the Kondamotu Vrishni heroes relief, 4th-century CE.<ref name="VVG74">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vinay K. |title=Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art |journal=Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta |date=January 2019 |pages=74–75 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40656540 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Anirudha was born to Pradyumna and [[Rukmavati]]. He was the grandson of [[Krishna]] and [[Rukmini]]. His mother [[Rukmavati]] was the daughter of [[Rukmi]], the king of Vidarbha. He was also one of the few Maharathis (incredibly strong warriors) of his dynasty. His early life and marriage to his first wife, Rochana, are described in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], Canto 10, Chapter 61.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 10 - Chapter 61|url=http://bhagavata.org/canto10/chapter61.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Bhagavata.org}}</ref>

== Marriages ==
{{Vaishnavism}}
=== Marriage to Rochana ===
Aniruddha's marriage to Rochana is described in the 61st Chapter of the 10th Canto of the [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name=":0" /> At the behest of his sister [[Rukmini]], [[Rukmi]] requested Krishna to have Aniruddha marry Rochana, after the wedding ceremony, Rukmi was killed by [[Balarama]] after the former cheated the latter in a game of dice and insulted his Yadava heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 10 - Chapter 61 |url=http://bhagavata.org/canto10/chapter61.html |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=bhagavata.org}}</ref>

=== The Great War and Marriage to Usha ===
[[File: Raja Ravi Varma, Usha's Dream (oleographic print).jpg|thumb|left|Usha dreaming of Aniruddha by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
According to the [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]], a [[daitya]] princess named [[Uṣā|Usha]], a daughter of [[Banasura]] (also referred to as Bana), fell in love with Aniruddha after seeing him in her dream and making love to him.

Banasura, ruling his kingdom from the city of Sonitapura, was the son of [[Mahabali|Bali]] and the great grandson of [[Prahlada]]. Banasura was a great devotee of [[Shiva]] and as a result of a boon granted to him from the deity, had gained 1000 arms. Intoxicated by his prowess, he observed to Shiva that he was the latter's equal, and that he had attempted to fight elephants, but the creatures had grown terrified of him. Shiva, enraged by his words, spoke thus: 'Your flag will be broken, oh fool, when your pride is vanquished in a battle you have with someone like me.'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 10 - Chapter 62 |url=http://bhagavata.org/canto10/chapter62.html |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=bhagavata.org}}</ref>

As per the artistic description of Usha's dream, [[Chitralekha (deity)|Chitralekha]] (In Sanskrit, ''artist''), her friend, drew pictures of many [[Vrishni heroes|Vrishnis]] using her special abilities. Usha recognised Aniruddha's picture among all of them. Chitralekha, with her yogic powers and Anima Siddhi, shrunk Aniruddha to the size of a doll and brought him to Usha's palace. She worshipped him and furnished him with priceless garments, garlands, fragrances, lamps, and with beverages, dishes, and words. Breaking her vow of chastity with him, she kept him hidden in her maiden quarters, and the lovers lost track of the days. Catching wind of his daughter's activities, Banasura rushed to her chambers to find her playing dice with doll sized Aniruddha. Even as the prince fended off the guards, Banasura subdued him with the mystical ropes of [[Varuna]] due to Aniruddha's shrunken state. Usha was overwhelmed with sorrow due to this incident. Aniruddha was held captive by Banasura for a month, until Narada informed the Yadus in Dvaraka, who were searching for Aniruddha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto10 - Chapter 62|url=http://bhagavata.org/canto10/chapter62.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Bhagavata.org}}</ref>

The Yadus' army attacked Banasura in a great battle. When the Yadu princes and their army besieged his kingdom with 12 [[Akshauhini|akshauhinis]], surrounding it completely, [[Banasura]] staged a fierce counterattack. During the war, [[Shiva]] appeared on the battlefield, riding on Nandi, to protect his devotee, Banasura. Balarama fought against Banasura's commander, while Samba fought against Banasura's son. To bear witness, the leaders of the godly souls headed by Brahma came in their celestial vehicles, as also the sages, the perfected souls, and the venerable personalities, the singers and [[Apsara|apsaras]] of heaven, and the [[Yakshini|yakshinis]]. Krishna and Shiva faced each other. Krishna used a ''brahmastra'' against Shiva's ''brahmastra'', a mountain weapon against a wind weapon, a rain weapon against a fire weapon, and his ''narayanastra'' against Shiva's ''pashupatastra''. After duelling with [[Satyaki]], Bana took up arms against [[Krishna]]. However, Krishna blew his conch and instantly, Banasura's charioteer was killed and his chariot broken and shattered.

In a desperate attempt to save Banasura, Kothara, his mother, stood naked before Krishna with her hair dishevelled. When the deity looked away, the asura fled to the city. When Shiva's forces had been defeated, Jvara, the embodiment of Shiva's fever, bearing three heads and three feet, attacked Krishna with scorching heat. Krishna produced his own Jvara of frigid coldness, and the two fought each other. Overwhelmed by Vishnu's fever, Shiva's Jvara offered its surrender and obeisance to Krishna and departed.

Meanwhile, Balarama defeated Banasura's commander. Bana rode forth upon his chariot to fight with Krishna, and the fought back with his [[Sudarshana Chakra]]. When Krishna started chopping Banasura's arms, [[Shiva]] returned to his senses and extolled the glories of [[Krishna]], and urged him not to kill Banasura, whom he had bestowed with fearlessness. Obliging, Krishna replied that he had never intended to kill Banasura, since he was the son of Bali and the grandson of the devout [[Prahlada]]. Vishnu had promised Bali not to kill any member of his family, and therefore would not slay him. However, Krishna severed Banasura's extra arms to destroy the latter's pride, leaving Banasura with only four arms.

Banasura realised his mistake and bowed his head before Krishna, arranging for a chariot to seat Aniruddha and Usha for their wedding in Dvaraka.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 10 - Chapter 63|url=http://bhagavata.org/canto10/chapter63.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Bhagavata.org}}</ref>

==Children==
[[Vajra (king)|Vajra]] was the elder son of Aniruddha and his second wife, Usha.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prabhupada |first1=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oohOCgAAQBAJ&dq=rukmavati+aniruddha&pg=PT3766 |title=Srimad-Bhagavatam, Tenth Canto: The Summum Bonum |last2=Prabhupada |first2=Disciples of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |date=1977-12-31 |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |isbn=978-91-7149-643-0 |language=en}}</ref> He was the only survivor of the Yadu dynasty after a violent disaster due to the curse of [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]. Vajra was crowned as the King of [[Indraprastha]] on the request of Krishna by the [[Pandava]]s after the [[Mausala Parva|Yadava fratricide]] just before the [[Vana Parva|Pandavas' exile]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maruvada|first=Surya N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrvTDwAAQBAJ&q=vajra+usha&pg=PT96|title=Who is Who in Hindu Mythology - VOL 1: A Comprehensive Collection of Stories from the Pur??as|date=2020-03-02|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64805-684-0|language=en}}</ref> Aniruddha had one more son named Mrigaketana from Rochana.<ref name = "DL" />

==Boar Aspect==
[[File:The God Vishnu in Three Incarnations. Northern India (Mathura), Gupta period, mid-5th century AD. Boston Museum.jpg|thumb|Aniruddha appears as a boar, and [[Samkarsana]] appears as a lion in this [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]] statue, showing Vishnu with his three main emanations, the mid-5th century. [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston Museum]].<ref name="DS39"/><ref name="CS">For English summary, see page 80 {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}</ref>]]
In [[Vaishnavism]], Aniruddha is associated with the boar, which is his [[theriomorphic]] aspect, also known as [[Varaha]].<ref>"The glorious Aniruddha should be Varaha who rescued the Earth" in {{cite book |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Haripriya |title=Varāha Images in Madhya Pradesh: An Iconographic Study |date=1997 |publisher=Somaiya Publications |isbn=978-81-7039-214-9 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJTpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Aniruddha (is represented) by his theriomorphic form, the boar" in {{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA254 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DS39">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |pages=39–54 |issn=0066-6637|jstor=20111096 }}</ref> Aniruddha appears as a boar in some of the [[Caturvyūha]] statues, where he is an assistant to [[Vāsudeva]], and in the [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]] when his boar's head protrudes from the side of [[Vishnu]]'s head.<ref name="DS39"/>

Aniruddha is also associated with the qualities of ferociousness and sovereignty.<ref name="VIA">"Gentleness and strength are associated with Vasudeva, "knowledge with Samkarsana, (Narasimha) female power with Pradyumna (Varaha) and ferociousness and sovereignty with Aniruddha (Kapila)." {{cite book |last1=Kamalakar |first1=G. |last2=Veerender |first2=M. |title=Vishnu in Art, Thought & Literature |date=1993 |publisher=Birla Archeological & Cultural Research Institute |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMcYAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Pradyumna and Aniruddha died in the intoxicated brawl between the Yadavas, which claimed the life of every Yadava prince, except Vajra, who was the only survivor. [[Arjuna]] moved the survivors to the kingdom of [[Indraprastha]] and crowned Vajra the king.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 11 - Chapter 30|url=http://bhagavata.org/canto11/chapter30.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Bhagavata.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 11 - Chapter 31|url=http://bhagavata.org/canto11/chapter31.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Bhagavata.org}}</ref>

== Literature ==
The story of Aniruddha and Usha (as ''Okha'' in Gujarati, also "Ukha" in Assamese) is depicted in the 18th century [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Akhyana]] entitled ''Okhaharan'' by [[Premanand Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Siba Pada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyhuAAAAMAAJ&q=okha+haran+Akhyan+Premanand|title=Sources of the History of India|date=1988|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|language=en}}</ref>

A 1901 Telugu language play titled ''[[Usha Parinayam]]'' written by [[Vedam Venkataraya Sastry]] was based on his love story with Usha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leiter|first=Samuel L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JttNAAAAYAAJ&q=Usha+Parinayam+play|title=Encyclopedia of Asian Theatre: A-N|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33530-3|language=en}}</ref>

Aniruddha, which means "unstoppable," is also another name of Vishnu.

{{Pancaratra}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*[[Dowson]]: ''Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology''.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317010246/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/63/en1 The story of Aniruddha in the Bhagavata Purana]

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Mythological kidnapped people]]

Gratian Mundadan

2026-03-11T09:37:14Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Starting some page more to come...

{{Short description|Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop (born 1933)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = bishop
| honorific-prefix = Mar
| name = Gratian Mundadan
| honorific-suffix = CMI
| title = Bishop Emeritus of [[Eparchy of Bijnor]]
| church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| diocese = [[Eparchy of Bijnor]]
| appointed = 26 February 1977
| term_end = 14 August 2009
| predecessor = ''See established''
| successor = [[John Vadakel]]
| ordination = 17 May 1964
| consecration = 6 November 1977
| consecrated_by = [[Joseph Parecattil]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|5|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Puthenpally, [[Alangad]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], [[British Raj]]
| previous_post = Apostolic Exarch of Bijnor (1972–1977)
}}

Mar '''Gratian Mundadan''', CMI (born 15 May 1933) is an Indian [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] hierarch, who served as the first bishop of the [[Eparchy of Bijnor]] from 1977 to 2009. He previously served as the Apostolic Exarch of Bijnor from 1972 until the jurisdiction was elevated to a diocese in 1977.<ref name=CH>{{cite web |title=Bishop Gratian Mundadan, C.M.I. |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmundadan.html |publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref><ref name=Bijnor>{{cite web |title=Most Rev. Gratian Mundadan CMI |url=https://bijnordiocese.in/team/most-rev-gratian-mundadan-cmi/ |publisher=Diocese of Bijnor |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gratian Mundadan was born on 15 May 1933 in Puthenpally, [[Alangad]], in present-day [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=CH/><ref name=Bijnor/> He joined the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] (CMI), a religious congregation of the Syro-Malabar Church, and was professed on 16 May 1958.<ref name=SM>{{cite web |title=Mar Gratian Mundadan CMI |url=https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishops/mar--gratian--mundadan--cmi |publisher=Syro-Malabar Church |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

He was ordained a priest on 17 May 1964.<ref name=CH/> Before becoming a bishop, he served in pastoral ministry and in education, including as a lecturer in mathematics at [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]].<ref name=Bijnor/>

==Episcopal ministry==
On 23 March 1972, Mundadan was appointed the first Apostolic Exarch of Bijnor, a missionary jurisdiction of the Syro-Malabar Church in northern India.<ref name=CH/>

When the Apostolic Exarchate was elevated to the [[Eparchy of Bijnor]] on 26 February 1977, he was appointed its first bishop.<ref name=CH/> He was consecrated a bishop on 6 November 1977; the principal consecrator was [[Joseph Parecattil]], Archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam]].<ref name=CH/>

He served as bishop of Bijnor for more than three decades and oversaw the development of the young mission diocese.<ref name=Bijnor/>

His resignation was accepted on 14 August 2009.<ref name=Vatican>{{cite web |title=Rinuncia del Vescovo di Bijnor (India) e nomina del successore |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2009/08/14/0511/01198.html |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[John Vadakel]].<ref name=Vatican/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmundadan.html Bishop Gratian Mundadan, C.M.I.] at the Catholic-Hierarchy

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundadan, Gratian}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]
[[Category:Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul VI]]

Malik ibn Anas

2026-03-10T02:54:50Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: edit

{{Short description|Muslim scholar and namesake of the Maliki school (711–795)}}
{{Distinguish|Anas ibn Malik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = [[Imam]]
| name = Malik ibn Anas
| native_name = مَالِك بْن أَنَس
| native_name_lang = ar
| title = *[[Shaykh al-Islam]] ('Shaykh of Islam')
{{Collapsible list |title={{Nbsp}}|
* Imām al-Aʾimmah (‘The Imam of Imams’)
* Dalīl al-Jamāʿah ('Proof of the Community')
* Imām Ahl al-Madīnah ('Imam of Medina')
* Amīr al-Muʾminin fi al-Hadīth (Imam of the Believers in Hadith)
* Imām Dār al-Hijrah ('Imam of the Abode of Emigration')
* ʿĀlim al-Madīnah ('Knowledgeable Scholar of Medina')}}
| birth_date = 711 CE (93 AH)
| birth_place = [[Medina]], Hejaz, [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])
| death_date = 795 CE (179 AH; aged 83–84)
| death_place = [[Medina]], Hejaz, [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])
| resting_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], [[Medina]], Hejaz, [[Saudi Arabia]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| era = Late [[Umayyad]] – early [[Abbasid]] ([[Tabi' al-Tabi'in]])
| region = [[Hejaz]], Arabia
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Mujtahid|Independent]] (eponym of the [[Maliki school]])
| main_interests = {{plainlist|
*[[Fiqh|Jurisprudence]]
*[[Hadith]]
*[[Aqidah|Theology]]
}}
| notable_ideas = * [[Maliki school]]
* ʿAmal Ahl al-Madīnah (''The practice of the people of Madinah'')
| notable_works = {{plainlist|
*''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Al-Muwatta']]''
}}
| influences = {{flatlist|
*[[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin]]<ref>{{citation|title=Scholar Of Renown: Imam Ali Zain Al-Abideen|author=Adil Salahi|year=2001|publisher=Arab News|quote=In his scholarship, Ali Zain Al-Abideen was a man of high achievement. Imam Malik describes him as “a sea full of knowledge”. All six books of Hadith include traditions reported by him, which suggest that he was considered by all the main scholars as a highly reliable reporter of Hadith. His line of reporting was mainly through his father and grandfather, but he also reported Hadith through the main scholars of the tabieen generation and the Prophet’s companions.}}</ref>
*[[Said ibn al-Musayyib]]
*[[Nafiʽ al-Madani|al-Nafi' al-Madani]]
*[[Hisham ibn Urwa]]
*[[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]]
*[[The Seven Fuqaha of Medina]]
}}
| caption = Illustration of a 1585-1590 Ottoman manuscript depicting Mālik ibn Anas
| image = Chester Beatty T 414 fol 130r Mālik.jpg
| module1 = {{infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism=Mālik
|ism-ar=مَالِك
|nasab=Ibn Anas ibn Mālik ibn Abī ʿĀmir
|nasab-ar=ٱبْن أَنَس ٱبْن مَالِك ٱبْن أَبِي عَامِر
|kunya=Abū ʿAbdillāh
|kunya-ar=أَبُو عَبْدِ ٱللَّٰه
|nisba=Al-Asbahī al-Madanī
|nisba-ar=ٱلْأَصْبَحِيّ ٱلْمَدَنِيّ
}}
| occupation = {{plainlist|
* [[Ulama|Scholar]]
* [[Faqīh|Jurist]]
* [[Muhaddith]]}}
| influenced = {{flatlist|
*[[Ibn Wahb]]
*[[Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Qasim al-Utaqi|Ibn al-Qasim]]
*[[Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi|Yahya ibn Yahya]]
*[[Muhammad al-Shaybani]]
*[[Abu Yusuf]]
*[[Sahnun]]
*[[Ibn Abi Zayd]]
*[[Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr]]
*[[Qadi Iyad]]
*[[Al-Qurtubi]]
*[[Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi]]
*[[Al-Shafi’i]]
*All Malikis}}
| father = Anas ibn Malik (not confused with [[Anas ibn Malik]])
| mother = Aaliyah bint Shurayk al-Azdiyya
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|qid=Q154204|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| official_name = Mālik bin Anas bin Mālik bin Abī ʿĀmir bin ʿAmr bin Al-Ḥārith bin Ghaymān bin Khuthayn bin ʿAmr bin Al-Ḥārith al-Aṣbaḥī al-Ḥumyarī al-Madanī
}}

'''Malik ibn Anas''' ({{langx|ar|مَالِك بْن أَنَس|translit=Mālik ibn ʾAnas}}; {{Circa|711}}–795), also known as '''Imam Malik''', was a [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Islamic scholar|scholar]], [[Faqīh|jurist]], [[muhaddith]] and traditionalist who is the [[eponym]] of the [[Maliki school]], one of the four [[maddhab|schools]] of [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] in [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Schacht, J., "Mālik b. Anas", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online.</ref>

Born in [[Medina]] into the clan of Humayr which belonged to the [[Banu Taym]] of [[Quraysh]], Malik studied under [[Hisham ibn Urwah|Hisham ibn Urwa]], [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]], [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], [[Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar|Nafi ibn Sarjis]] and others. He rose to become the premier scholar of [[hadith]] in his day,<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Referred to as the '''Imam of Medina''' by his contemporaries, his views in matters of jurisprudence became highly cherished both in his own life and afterward, becoming the eponym of the [[Maliki school]], one of the four major [[maddhab|schools]] of [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]].<ref name="ReferenceB" /> His school became the normative rite for Sunni practice in much of [[North Africa]], [[al-Andalus]] (until the [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|expulsion of medieval native Iberian Muslims]]), a vast portion of [[Egypt]], some parts of [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], [[Sudan]], [[Iraq]], and [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]],<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 121">{{cite book |last=Haddad |first=Gibril F. |title=The Four Imams and Their Schools |location=[[London]], the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] |publisher=Muslim Academic Trust |year=2007 |page=121}}</ref> and the prominent [[tariqa|orders]] in [[Sufism]], the [[Shadiliyya|Shadili]] and [[Tijaniyyah|Tijani]].<ref>See "Shadiliyya" and "Tijaniyyah" in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online.</ref>

Perhaps Malik's most famous accomplishment in the annals of Islamic history is, however, his compilation of ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|al-Muwatta']]'', one of the oldest and most revered Sunni hadith collections and one of "the earliest surviving Muslim law-book[s],"<ref name="ReferenceB"/> in which Malik attempted to "give a survey of law and justice; ritual and practice of religion according to the [[ijma|consensus]] of Islam in Medina, according to the [[sunnah|sunna]] usual in Medina; and to create a theoretical standard for matters which were not settled from the point of view of consensus and sunna."<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Composed in the early days of the [[Abbasid caliphate]], during which time there was a burgeoning "recognition and appreciation of the canon law" of the ruling party, Malik's work aimed to trace out a "smoothed path" (which is what ''al-muwaṭṭaʾ'' literally means) through "the farreaching differences of opinion even on the most elementary questions."<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Hailed as "the soundest book on earth after the [[Quran]]" by [[al-Shafi'i]],<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 121"/> the compilation of ''al-Muwatta''' led to Malik being bestowed with such reverential epithets as '''Shaykh al-Islam''', '''Proof of the Community''', '''Imam of the Believers in Hadith''', '''Imam of the Abode of Emigration''', and '''Knowledgeable Scholar of Medina''' in later Sunni tradition.<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 121"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hadithanswers.com/imam-malik-the-leader-of-the-believers-in-hadith|title=Imam Malik; The leader of the Believers in Hadith|publisher=HadithAnswers|website=hadithanswers.com|access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

According to classical Sunni tradition, the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] foretold the birth of Malik, saying: "Very soon will people beat the flanks of camels in search of knowledge and they shall find no one more expert than the knowledgeable scholar of Medina,"<ref>"Narrated by Abu Hurayrah by Ahmad, al-Tirmidhi who said it is ''hasan'' -- in some manuscripts ''hasan sahih'' -- al-Hakim (1:90-91) with three chains, declaring it ''sahih'' by Muslim's criterion, al-Bayhaqi in ''al-Sunan al-Kubra'' (1:386), etc." (Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' [London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007], p. 121, note 271).</ref> and, in another tradition, "The people ... shall set forth from East and West without finding a sage other than the sage of the people in Medina."<ref>Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 122</ref> While some later scholars, such as [[Ibn Hazm]] and [[al-Tahawi]], did cast doubt on identifying the mysterious wise man of both these traditions with Malik,<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 pp. 122-23">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 122-23</ref> the most widespread interpretation nevertheless continued to be that which held the personage to be Malik.<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 pp. 122-23"/> Throughout Islamic history, Malik has been venerated as an exemplary figure in all the traditional schools of Sunni thought, both by the exoteric [[ulema]] and by the [[Sufis|mystics]], with the latter often designating him as a [[wali|saint]] in their hagiographies.<ref>Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 179-81</ref><ref>John Renard (tr.), ''Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism'' (New York: Paulist Press, 2004), p. 131, et passim.</ref> Malik's most notable student, ash-Shafi'i (who would himself become the founder of another of the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law), later said of his teacher: "No one constitutes as great a favor to me in the religion of God as Malik ... when the scholars of knowledge are mentioned, Malik is the star."<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 158">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 158</ref>

==Biography==
Malik's genealogy is as follows:to long Malik was born as the son of Anas ibn Malik (not [[Anas ibn Malik|the Sahabi]] with the same name) and Aaliyah bint Shurayk al-Azdiyya in [[Medina]], {{circa|711}}. His family was originally from the al-Asbahi tribe of [[Yemen]], but his great grandfather Abu 'Amir relocated the family to Medina after converting to [[Islam]] in the second year of the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri calendar]], or 623 CE. His grandfather Malik ibn Abi Amir was a student of the second Caliph of Islam [[Umar]] and was one of those involved in the collection of the parchments upon which Quranic texts were originally written when those were collected during the Caliph [[Uthman]] era.<ref>M M Azami, The History of the Quranic Text, page 100-101</ref>

===Teachers===
{{Islam scholars diagram}}

Living in Medina gave Malik access to some of the most learned minds of early Islam. He [[Hafiz (Qur'an)|memorized the Quran]] in his youth, learning recitation from [[Abu Suhail Nafi' ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman]], from whom he also received his [[Ijazah]], or certification and permission to teach others. He studied under various famed scholars including [[Hisham ibn Urwah]] and [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]] as well as the famed [[Imam Jafar al-Sadiq]].

Both Malik and al Zuhri were student to [[Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar]], prestigious [[Tabi'un]] Imam and freed slave of [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abdullah ibn Umar]].{{sfn|Khallikan|1843|p=521}}

Imam Malik, studied also with [[Imam Jafar]] a wellknown scholar of his time, although primarily influenced by other Fuqaha, like Nafi’.

Imam Malik was a teacher of [[Imam Shafi]],<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 158" /><ref name="Dutton">{{citation |title=The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʼan, the Muwaṭṭaʼ and Madinan ʻAmal |last=Dutton |first=Yasin |author-link=Yasin Dutton |page=16}}</ref> who in turn was a teacher of Imam [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]].

Imam Malik inherited his knowledge from the seven jurists of Madinah, known as Fuqahā’ al-Sab‘ah<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=The Mālikī School: Imām Mālik’s Life, Fiqh and Influence |url=https://library.amauacademy.com/articles/the-maliki-school-imam-maliks-life-fiqh-and-influence/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=AMAU Library |language=en}}</ref>:

# Ubaydullah ibn 'Abdullah ibn 'Utbah ibn Mas'ud
# 'Urwah ibn al-Zubayr
# Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abi Bakr al-Siddiq
# Sa-id ibn al-Mussayib
# Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥārith ibn Hishām
# Sulaymān ibn Yasār
# Khārijah ibn Zayd ibn Thābit

===Golden Chain of Narration===
Malik's [[Isnad|chain]] of narrators was considered the most authentic and called ''Silsilat al-Dhahab'' or "The Golden Chain of Narrators" by notable hadith scholars including [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0041.htm |title="Imaam Maalik ibn Anas" by Hassan Ahmad, '''Al Jumuah' Magazine'' Volume 11 – Issue 9 |work=Sunnahonline.com |access-date=10 April 2010}}</ref> The 'Golden Chain' of narration (i.e., that considered by the scholars of Hadith to be the most authentic) consists of Malik, who narrated from [[Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar|Nafi‘ Mawla ibn ‘Umar]], who narrated from [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Ibn Umar]], who narrated from [[Muhammad]].{{sfn|Ibn Anas|2008|p= 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412}}

==Views==

===Theology===
{{multiple image
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| footer = PERF No. 731, the earliest manuscript of Mālik's Muwaṭṭaʾ, dated to his own time. Recto (left) has the contents of Bāb al-Targib fī-Sadaqah, 795 AD.<ref>N. Abbott, ''Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri: Qur'anic Commentary And Tradition'', 1967, Volume II, University of Chicago Press: Chicago (USA), p. 114.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PERF No. 731: The Earliest Manuscript Of Malik's Muwatta' Dated To His Own Time |url=https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf731 |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=www.islamic-awareness.org}}</ref>
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Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr wrote that Malik was 'the furthest of all people' from dialectic theology who was the most knowledgeable of their discussions without accepting their views.<ref>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, ''Al-Imam Malik, Imam Dar al-Hijrah'', pg. 285, 2nd ed. [[Damascus]]: Dar al-Qalam, 1998.</ref> G.F. Haddad, on the other hand, argued that Malik was not completely averse to the idea of dialectic theology; on the contrary, Haddad points to Malik having studied 'at the feet of Ibn Hurmuz', a master in dialectic theology, for 'thirteen to sixteen years'.<ref name="haddad170">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 170</ref>

====Anthropomorphism====
Malik's unique contributions to the field of theology specifically is that he was a strict opponent of [[anthropomorphism]],<ref name=haddad170/> and deemed it absurd to compare the [[God#Specific characteristics|attributes of God]], with those of man.<ref name=haddad170/> For example, when a man asked Malik about the meaning of Quran 20:5, "The Merciful made [[wikt:ar:استوى|''istiwa'']] over the [[Throne of God|Throne]]," it is related that "nothing affected Malik so much as that man's question," and the jurist fervently responded: "The 'how' of it is unknown; the ''istiwa'' part is acknowledged; belief in it is obligatory; asking about it is an innovation."<ref>Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 167; narrated by Al-Dhahabī, ''Siyar'', 7:415, cf. al-Bayhaqī, ''al-Asmā' wal-Sifāt'', 2:304-305:866.</ref><ref>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, ''Al-Imam Malik'', pg. 292-293.</ref>

====Beatific vision====
Malik was a supporter of the orthodox Sunni doctrine of the [[beatific vision]],<ref>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, ''Al-Imam Malik'', pp. 293-294.</ref> and he is said to have cited Quran 75:22-23 ("That day will faces be resplendent, looking toward their Lord,") and 83:15 ("Nay! Verily, from their Lord, that day, shall they [the transgressors] be veiled,") as proof of his belief.<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 181">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 181</ref><ref>Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr, ''Al-Imam Malik'', pp. 294.</ref>

====Faith's nature====
When he was asked about the [[Iman (concept)|nature of faith]], Malik defined it as "speech and works" (''qawlun wa-'amal''), which shows that Malik was averse to the rigorous separation of faith and works.<ref>Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 176</ref>

====Intercession====
Malik seems to have been a proponent of [[tawassul|intercession]] in [[dua|personal supplication]].<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 181"/> For example, it is related that when the [[Abbasid caliph]] [[al-Mansur]] asked Malik about whether it was preferable to face the [[Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's tomb]] or the [[qibla]] whilst doing the personal prayer or dua, Malik responded: "Why should you not face him when he is your means (''wasīla'') to God and that of your father [[Adam]] on the [[Day of Resurrection]]?"<ref>al-Qādī 'Iyād, ''al-Shifā'', pp. 520-521 and ''Tartīb al-Madārik'' 2:101, narrated "with a good, or rather sound chain" (al-Zarqānī, comment. on ''al-Mawāhib al-Lāduniyya''); cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 181</ref> Regarding this tradition, the thirteenth-century [[hadith]] [[master (form of address)|master]] Ibn Jamāʿa said: "The report is related by the two hadith masters Ibn Bashkuwāl and al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ in ''al-Shifā'', and no attention is paid to the words of those who claim that it is forged purely on the basis of their idle desires."<ref>''Hidāyat al-Sālik'', 3:1381; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 182</ref><ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 182">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 182</ref> Historically, it is known that Malik's statements on the validity of intercession remained a core doctrine of the [[Maliki school]], and practically all Maliki thinkers of the classical era accepted the idea of [[tawassul|the Prophet's intercession]].<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 182"/> It is also known, moreover, that the classical "books of the Mālikīs are replete with the stipulation that ''du'ā'' [personal supplication] be made while facing the grave."<ref>Al-Zarqānī; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 182</ref>

====Mysticism====
On the basis of several early traditions, it is evident that Malik held the early Sufis and their practices in high regard.<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 179">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 179</ref> It is related, moreover, that Malik was a strong proponent of combining the "inward science" ('''ilm al-bātin'') of [[Sufism|mystical knowledge]] with the "outward science" of [[fiqh|jurisprudence]].<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 179"/> For example, the famous twelfth-century [[Maliki]] [[qadi|jurist and judge]] [[Qadi Iyad]], later venerated as a [[wali|saint]] throughout the [[Iberian Peninsula]], narrated a tradition in which a man asked Malik "about something in the inward science," to which Malik replied: "Truly none knows the inward science except those who know the outward science! When he knows the outward science and puts it into practice, God shall open for him the inward science - and that will not take place except by the opening of his heart and its enlightenment."<ref>al-Qādī 'Iyād, ''Tartīb al-Madārik'', 2:41, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 179</ref> While there are a few traditions relating that Malik, while not an opponent of mysticism as a whole, was nonetheless adverse specifically to the practice of [[dhikr|group dhikr]], such traditions have been graded as being ''munkar'' or "weak" in their [[isnad|chain of transmission]].<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 180">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 180</ref> Furthermore, it has been argued that none of these reports - all of which relate Malik's disapproving amusement at being told about an instance of group dhikr happening nearby - explicitly display any disapproval of the act as such, but rather serve as a criticism of "some people who passed for Sufis in his time [who] apparently committed certain excesses or breaches of the [[shariah|sacred law]]."<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 180"/> As both their chains of transmission are weak and not consistent with what is related of Malik elsewhere, the traditions are rejected by many scholars, although latter-day critics of Sufism do occasionally cite them in support of their position.<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 180"/>

===Relics===
Malik was a supporter of ''tabarruk'' or the "seeking of blessing through [the veneration of] relics."<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 177</ref> This is evident, for example, in the fact that Malik approvingly related the tradition of [[Ata ibn Abi Rabah|Atā' ibn Abī Rabāh]], whom he saw "enter the [[Masjid an-Nabawi|[Prophet's] Mosque]], then take hold of the pommel of the Pulpit, after which he faced the ''qibla'' [to pray]," thereby supporting the holding of the pommel for its blessings (''baraka'') by virtue of its having touched Muhammad.<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177"/> Furthermore, it is also recorded that "when one of the caliphs manifested his intention to replace the wooden pulpit of the Prophet with a pulpit of silver and jewels," Malik exclaimed: "I do not consider it good that people be deprived of the relics of the Messenger of God!" (''Lā arā yuḥrama al-nāsu āthāra rasūlillāh'').<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177"/>

===Sunnah of Muhammad===

Malik considered following the [[sunnah]] of Muhammad to be of capital importance for every Muslim. It is reported that he said: "The sunnah is [[Noah's Ark]]. Whoever boards it is saved, and whoever remains away from it perishes."<ref>Narrated from Ibn Wahb by al-Khatīb in ''Tārīkh Baghdād'', 7:336 and al-Suyūtī, ''Miftāh al-Janna'', p. 162: 391, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 175</ref>

===Ethics===

====Differences of opinion====

Accounts of Malik's life demonstrate that the scholar cherished differences of opinion amongst the [[ulema]] as a mercy from God to the Islamic community.<ref>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 162-164</ref> Even "in Malik's time there were those who forwarded the idea of a unified ''madhhab'' and the ostensive removal of all differences between the Sunni schools of law," with "three successive caliphs" having sought to "impose the ''Muwatta'' and Malik's school upon the entire Islamic world of their time," but "Malik refused to allow it every time ... [for he held that the differences in opinion among the jurists]" were a "mercy" for the people.<ref>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), pp. 162-163</ref> When the second [[Abbasid caliph]] [[al-Mansur]] said to Malik: "I want to unify this knowledge. I shall write to the leaders of the armies and to the rulers so that they make it law, and whoever contravenes it shall be put to death," Malik is said to have responded: "Commander of the Believers, there is another way. Truly, the Prophet was present in this community, he used to send out troops or set forth in person, and he did not conquer many lands until God took back his soul. Then [[Abu Bakr]] arose and he also did not conquer many lands. Then [[Umar]] arose after the two of them and many lands were conquered at his hands. As a result, he faced the necessity of sending out the [[Sahaba|companions of Muhammad]] as teachers and people did not cease to take from them, notable scholars from notable scholars until our time. If you now go and change them from what they know to what they do not know they shall deem it disbelief (''kufr''). Rather, confirm the people of each land with regard to whatever knowledge is there, and take this knowledge to yourself."<ref>Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 163</ref>

According to another narration, al-Mansur, after hearing Malik's answers to certain important questions, said: "I have resolved to give the order that your writings be copied and disseminated to every Muslim region on earth, so that they be put in practice exclusively of any other rulings. They will leave aside innovations and keep only this knowledge. For I consider that the source of knowledge is the narrative tradition of Medina and the knowledge of its scholars."<ref name="Tabaqāt 2007 p. 163">Narrated from al-Wāqidī by Ibn Sa'd in the supplemental volume of his ''Tabaqāt'' (p. 440) and from al-Zubayr ibn Bakkār by Ibn 'Abd al-Barr in his ''al-Intiqā'' (p. 81). Cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 163</ref> To this, Malik is said to have replied: "Commander of the Believers, do not! For people have already heard different positions, heard ''hadith'', and related narrations. Every group has taken whatever came to them and put it into practice, conforming to it while other people differed. To take them away from what they have been professing will cause a disaster. Therefore, leave people with whatever school they follow and whatever the people of each country chose for themselves."<ref name="Tabaqāt 2007 p. 163"/>

====Knowing the limits of knowledge====
Malik is famous for declaring: "The shield of the 'alim is: 'I do not know.' If he neglects it, he will receive a mortal blow."<ref name="Ibn 2007 p. 176">Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Intiqā'', pp. 74-75; cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 176</ref> Elsewhere, a certain Khālid ibn Khidāsh related: "I travelled all the way from [[Iraq]] to see Mālik about forty questions. He did not answer me except on five. Then he said: ʿIbn ʿIjlān used to say: If the 'alim bypasses 'I do not know,' he will receive a mortal blow."<ref name="Ibn 2007 p. 176"/> Likewise, al-Haytham ibn Jamīl said: "I saw Mālik ibn Anas being asked forty-eight questions, and he replied to thirty-two of them: 'I do not know.'"<ref name="Ibn 2007 p. 176"/> Later on, Malik's disciple, Ibn Wahb, related: "I heard ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Hurmuz say: 'The 'ulema must instill in those who sit with him the phrase 'I do not know' until it becomes a foundational principle (''asl'') before them and they seek refuge in it from danger."<ref name="Ibn 2007 p. 176"/>

====Religious disputation====
Malik is said to have detested disputing in matters of religion, saying: "Disputation (''al-jidāl)'' in the religion fosters self-display, does away with the light of the heart and hardens it, and produces aimless wandering."<ref>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 170</ref> Needless argument, therefore, was disapproved of by Malik, and he also chose to keep silent about religious matters in general unless he felt obliged to speak in fear of "the spread of misguidance or some similar danger."<ref>From Ma'n, cited in Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 171</ref>

===Social===
====Shaving the moustache====
<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177"/> Elsewhere, it is written that he "detested and condemned" shaving of the mustache and, furthermore, "disliked inordinate length for the beard."<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177"/> While several other scholars held both the clipping (''qass'') and the removal (''ihfā''') of the mustache to be [[sunnah]],<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177"/>

==Physical appearance==
The available physical descriptions of Malik relate that he "was tall, heavy-set, imposing of stature, very fair, with white beard ... [and] bald ... [with] blue eyes."<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177"/> Furthermore, it is also related that "he always wore beautiful clothes, especially [those that were] white."<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 177"/>

==Death==
[[File:Baqi Malek&Nafi.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Final resting place of Malik at [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], Medina]]

Imam Malik died at the age of 83 or 84 in Medina in 795 [[Common Era|CE]], and is buried in the cemetery of [[Al-Baqi]]', across from the [[Masjid al Nabawi|Mosque of the Prophet]]. Although there was a small shrine constructed around his grave during the late medieval period, with many Muslims visiting it to pay their respects, the construction was razed to the ground by the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] during their [[destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|campaign of demolishing many of the traditional Islamic heritage sites]] after the kingdom's establishment in 1932.<ref name="ReferenceA">The medieval Andalusian Muslim traveler and geographer Ibn Jubayr describes seeing a small dome erected above the tomb of Malik when he visited the cemetery in the later twelfth-century.</ref>

Malik's last words were related to one Isma'il ibn Abi Uways who said, "Malik became sick, so I asked some of our people about what he said at the time of his death. They said, "He recited the [[shahadah|testification of faith]] and then he recited:<blockquote>'' To Allah belongs the command [i.e., decree] before and after.''<ref>Quran 30:4</ref></blockquote>

Abbasid governor of Mecca and Medina, [[Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Zaynabi|Abdallah al-Zaynabi]] led the prayers at the funeral of Malik ibn Anas in 795.{{sfn|Yarshater|1985–2007|loc=v. 39: p. 263}}

==Works==
Imam Malik wrote:
*''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Al-Muwatta]]'', one of the earlier Hadith collections.
*''[[Al-Mudawwana al-Kubra]]'', written down by [[Sahnun|Sahnun ibn Sa'id ibn Habib at-Tanukhi]] (c. 776-7 – 854–5) after the death of Malik ibn Anas.

==See also==
*[[Salaf]]
**[[Tabi' al-Tabi'in]]
*[[The Seven Fuqaha of Medina]]

==Further reading==
===Online===
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malik-ibn-Anas Mālik ibn Anas: Muslim legal scholar], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aakanksha Gaur, Marco Sampaolo and Adam Zeidan

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book
| title = Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Anas
| first = Malik
| last = Ibn Anas
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUTYAQAAQBAJ
| pages = 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412
| isbn = 9781136150982
| publisher = Taylor and francis
| date = 2008
| id = 9789791142199
}}

* {{Cite book
| title = Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary
| first = Ibnu
| last = Khallikan
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qQUVAAAAQAAJ&dq=Nafe&pg=PA556
| volume = 3
| others = Translated by Bn Mac-Gluckin de Slane
| location = Paris
| publisher = Benjamin Duprat
| year = 1843
}}

* {{The History of al-Tabari}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisourcelang|ar|الموطأ|Malik ibn Anas}}
* [http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&ID=20001 Biodata at MuslimScholars.info]
* [http://www.haqislam.org/imam-malik/ Life of Imam Malik]
* [http://lostislamichistory.com/the-scholar-of-madinah/ Biography of Imam Malik at Lost Islamic History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503073301/http://www.momin.ca/biographies/Imaam%20Malik.htm Biography of Imam Malik]
* [http://www.sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/malik.htm A comprehensive Biography of Imam Malik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609220703/http://www.sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/malik.htm |date=9 June 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101118121929/http://www.sunnipath.com/Library/Hadith/H0001P0000.aspx Al-Muwatta' of Imam Malik]
* [http://www.muslimsofnorwich.org.uk Muslims of Norwich], a Maliki community
* {{in lang|fr}}: [http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/*] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126044456/http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/ |date=26 November 2015 }} [http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/ BIOGRAPHY OF IMAM MALIK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126044456/http://ecolemalekite.com/index.php/category/imam-malik/ |date=26 November 2015 }}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526103047/http://www.at-tawhid.net/article-le-mode-de-vie-de-l-imam-malik-ibn-anas-abu-zahra-104634686.html The lifestyle of Imâm Mâlik Ibn Anas ''(at-tawhid.net)'']
* [http://islamicencyclopedia.org/public/index/topicDetail/id/450 Malik, Imam B Anas مَالِك بن أنس]; A complete biography on Imam Malik bin Anas
* [https://library.amauacademy.com/articles/the-maliki-school-imam-maliks-life-fiqh-and-influence/ Imām Mālik’s Life, Fiqh and Influence]

{{Maliki scholars}}
{{Islamic Theology}}
{{Maliki books}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik Ibn Anas}}
[[Category:711 births]]
[[Category:795 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:8th-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Arab scholars]]
[[Category:Hadith compilers]]
[[Category:Maliki fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Mujaddid]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Taba‘ at-Tabi‘in]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]

Neithalath Mohan Kumar

2026-03-07T23:27:39Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: minor fix intro after review and added references

{{short description|Indian geometer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Neithalath Mohan Kumar
| image = N. Mohan Kumar.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|12 May 1951}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Algebra]], [[Algebraic Geometry]]
| work_institutions = [[Washington University in St. Louis]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[S. Ramanan]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Forster-Eisenbud-Evans conjectures]]<ref name="IschebeckRao2005">{{cite book|author1=Friedrich Ischebeck|author2=Ravi A. Rao|title=Ideals and Reality: Projective Modules and Number of Generators of Ideals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P82xkbGioL8C&pg=PA238|access-date=2 July 2013|date=12 January 2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-23032-8|pages=238–}}</ref>
| prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''Neithalath Mohan Kumar (N. Mohan Kumar)''' (born 12 May 1951) is an Indian [[mathematician]] who specializes in [[commutative algebra]] and [[algebraic geometry]]. Kumar is a professor emeritus in the [[Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=May 4, 2017 |title=N. Mohan Kumar |url=https://math.wustl.edu/people/n-mohan-kumar |access-date= |website=math.wustl.edu |language=en}}</ref>

In 1994, he was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], the highest science award in [[India]] in the mathematical sciences category. Kumar has made profound and original contributions to commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. He is well known for his contribution settling the [[Eisenbud-Evans conjecture]] proposed by [[David Eisenbud]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=N. Mohan |title=On Two Conjectures About Polynomial Rings |journal=Inventiones Mathematicae |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=225–236 |date=1978 |doi=10.1007/BF01390276 |bibcode=1978InMat..46..225K |s2cid=122188936 }}</ref> His work on rational double points on rational surfaces has also been acclaimed.<ref name=List>{{cite book|author1=Sukumar Mallick|author2=Saguna Dewan|author3=S C Dhawan|title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners(1958 - 1998)|year=1999|publisher=Human Rsource Development Group, [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]]|location=New Delhi|pages=118|url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=N. Mohan |title=Rational Double Points on a Rational Surface |journal=Inventiones Mathematicae |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=251–268 |date=1981 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/21487/1/307.pdf |doi=10.1007/bf01389014|bibcode=1981InMat..65..251K |s2cid=122595425 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Neithalath Mohan}}
[[Category:Algebraic geometers]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis mathematicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

Ministry of Food and Drug Administration (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T00:19:26Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: basic enhance content for clarity and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Government department of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Food and Drug Administration, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Narhari Zirwal]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|http://fda.maharashtra.gov.in/aboutus.html}}
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}} <ref name="about us"/>
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = Saurabh Vijay ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Food and Drug Administration''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The ministry is responsible for [[consumer protection]] and regulating food and drug related issues in [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="about us">{{Cite web|title=FDA {{!}} About Us|url=http://fda.maharashtra.gov.in/aboutus.html|access-date=2021-06-28|website=fda.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=Maharashtra FDA issues notice to 2 e-commerce portals for delivering banned tobacco products|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-fda-issues-notice-to-2-e-commerce-portals-for-delivering-banned-tobacco-products-7137638/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-06 |title=Maharashtra FDA asks 4 companies - 3 of them in Mumbai Metropolitan Region - to stop making cough syrups |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-fda-asks-4-companies-3-of-them-in-mumbai-metropolitan-region-to-stop-making-cough-syrups/articleshow/98437199.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] minister. '''[[Narhari Zirwal]]''' is current Minister of Food and Drugs Administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Maharashtra minister Sanjay Rathod is in controversy again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-maharashtra-minister-sanjay-rathod-is-in-controversy-again-2364569-2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=India Today |date=25 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Directorate of Drugs Control was renamed as Food and Drug Administration in 1970. Scope of FDA was increased to cover adulterated food as well as tobacco products. Various circle offices were opened in 1971 at city levels. Expansion took place in 1975 and posts of [[commissioner]]s as well as joint commissioners were created to grant licenses at divisional levels.<ref name="about us"/>

==Structure==
Ministry controls Food and Drug Administration Department. The department acts as execution wing to take actions. Cabinet level minister is assisted by the minister of state for administration.

===Authorities===
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 gives powers to various authorities to regulate food and drug related issues.

Commissioner

====Joint commissioners====
Several joint commissioners are appointed to oversee
*Food
*Drugs
*Law

=====Divisional joint commissioners=====
*Administrative head for the Division and Licensing Authority for grant of Drugs Manufacturing Licenses (As per ''Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940.'')

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Food and Drug Administration (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Food and Drug Administration}} '''मंत्री अन्न व औषध प्रशासन विभाग'''
| image =
| incumbent = [[Narhari Zirwal]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = *'''M. G. Maney'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor = * '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024- 2024)
| deputy = * '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Food and Drug Administration
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. G. Mane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 02 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Dr Ratnappa kumbhar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol Constituency No. 280]]- [[Kolhapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''K. M. Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner Constituency No. 15]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prabha Rau]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon Constituency No. 41]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''Hashmukhbhai Upadhaya''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kandivali Constituency No. 161]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[V. Subramaniam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Lalita Rao''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Trombay Assembly constituency|Trombay Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|17 April}} 1984
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1984|04|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Ramprasad Borade''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur Constituency No. 95]]- [[Parbhani District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April}} 1984
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1984|04|17|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prabha Rau]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon Constituency No. 41]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Javed Iqbal Khan''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Trombay Assembly constituency|Trombay Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Arun Gujarathi''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda Constituency No. 10]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Diwakar Raote]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Pramod Navalkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Mumbai Graduates Constituency No. 06 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Datta Meghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Vasant Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Governor Nominated Constituency No. 11 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Manohar Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Manohar Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Manohar Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="5" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of Food and Civil Supplies, Maharashtra, Shri Girish Bapat meeting the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar, in New Delhi on October 14, 2016 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Girish Bapat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth Constituency No. 215]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|05|2019|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) Additional Charge
|{{small|04 June}} 2019
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|04|2019|06|16}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:The Tourism Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Jaykumar Rawal calling on the Minister of State for Tourism (IC), Shri Alphons Kannanthanam, in New Delhi on May 31, 2018 (cropped).JPG|75px]]
| '''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda Constituency No. 06]]- [[Dhule District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Rajendra Shingne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja Constituency No. 24]]- [[Buldhana District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Sanjay Rathod]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras Constituency No. 79]]- [[Yavatmal District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao Aatram]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri Constituency No. 69]]- [[Gadchiroli District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|48
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Narhari Zirwal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori Constituency No. 122]]- [[Nashik District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21|}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Food and Drug Administration
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Rajendra Patil Yadravkar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol Constituency No. 280]]- [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Rajendra Shingne]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satejpatil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satej Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Kolhapur Local Authorities Constituency No. 06 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Sanjay Rathod]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao Aatram]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Yogesh Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli Constituency No. 263]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
| [[Narhari Zirwal]] (2024–Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of principal secretary==

{{Empty section|date=October 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://fda.maharashtra.gov.in/}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Heera (film)

2026-03-03T23:39:34Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Heera
| image = Heera.jpg
| caption =
| director = Sultan Ahmed
| producer = Sultan Ahmed
| writer = Sultan Ahmed (screenplay) K.B. Pathak (story) Wajahat Mirza (dialogue)
| starring = [[Sunil Dutt]] [[Asha Parekh]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Farida Jalal]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = R.D. Mathur
| editing = M.S. Shinde
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1973|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Heera''''' is a 1973 film produced and directed by Sultan Ahmed. The film stars [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Asha Parekh]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]] in lead roles. The film ranked ninth among the top grossers of 1973<ref>Subhash K Jha. (11 April 2020). [https://www.masala.com/celebrities/when-shatrughan-sinha-made-a-snarky-remark-at-asha-parekh-blast-from-the-past-324392 When Shatrughan Sinha Made a Snarky Remark at Asha Parekh – Blast from the Past] Masala.{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207135319/https://www.masala.com/celebrities/when-shatrughan-sinha-made-a-snarky-remark-at-asha-parekh-blast-from-the-past-324392|date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
Heera lives in a small rural town in India with his father, a Magistrate, and housewife mother. He meets with the town's moneylender Dhaniram's daughter, Asha, both of them fall in love, and hope to get married soon. Before that could happen, Changu's daughter is killed and the blame put on Heera. Heera runs away to clear his name which he does in the end.

==Cast==
* [[Sunil Dutt]] as Heera
* [[Asha Parekh]] as Asha
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Balwant
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Lahariya
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Magistrate
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Heera's Mother
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Changu
* [[Mukri]] as Manglu
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]] as Makhanlal
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Lala Dhaniram
* [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] as Gulabi
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Heera's employer in the city
* [[Mac Mohan]] as member of the kidnapping gang
* [[Tabassum]] as Asha's friend
* Asha Potdar (guest appearance) ..girl who dies of snake bite
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as and [[item number]] "Der Na Karo"

==Music==
[[Kalyanji Anandji]] composed the music and [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and [[Indivar]] wrote the lyrics.
* "Chaley Chaley Re Pawan" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Aaj Nachoon Aise" - Lata Mangeshkar and Shatrughan Sinha
* "Ek Chhokariya" - [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Usha Khanna]], Mukri and Chorus
* "Main Tuhse Milne Aayi" - Lata Mangeshkar and [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* "Der Na Karo" - Lata Mangeshkar

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0070166}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Shabash Vikram

2026-03-03T22:17:50Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shabash Vikram
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| director = [[Renuka Sharma]]
| producer = S. V. Srikanth
| writer = [[Chi. Udayashankar]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = M. D. Sundar
| story = M. D. Sundar
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Sathyaraj]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = S. V. Srikanth
| editing = D. Venkataratnam
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1985|02|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 142 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shabash Vikram''''' ({{translation}} Bravo Vikram) is a 1985 Indian Kannada-language [[masala film]]. The film features [[Ambareesh]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in the lead roles with [[Sathyaraj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/shabash-vikram-1985-kannada-movie|title=Shabash Vikram (1985)|last=FilmiClub|website=FilmiClub|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/shabhash-vikram-1985|title=Shabhash Vikram (1985) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chiloka.com|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> This is first and only movie for Tamil actor [[Sathyaraj]] in Kannada. It was dubbed in Tamil as ''Kadamai Enathu Udamai''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHwwWFw0sY8|title=Kadami Enadhu Udamai - Tamil Full Action Movie - Sathayraj, Urvashi|last=Classic Movies|date=3 April 2016|website=Youtube.com|access-date=23 May 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> The movie is based on [[Jack Higgins]]' 1962 novel ''Hell Is Too Crowded''.<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=YQ_nTlW1SfhqSuUf&v=Qki3to_QlZw&feature=youtu.be</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ambareesh]] as Vikram
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Gayathri
* [[Sathyaraj]] as 'Tyre King' Suman
* [[Silk Smitha]]
* [[Uma Shivakumar]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Vedapradha]]
* [[Kamala Murthy]]
* [[Jayasheela]]
* Mangala
* Devikarani
* Meenakshi
* Rani
* Mala
* [[T. N. Balakrishna]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* Dinesh
* Umesh
* Sudheer
* [[Shivaprakash]]
* [[Hanumanthachar]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|8719310}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Renuka Sharma]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

I. Panduranga Rao

2026-02-23T05:35:26Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: new new bio!

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (1930–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}

[[File:Panduranga Rao at his eloquent best.jpg|thumbnail|Panduranga Rao]]

'''Ilapavuluri Panduranga Rao''' (15 March 1930 – 25 December 2011) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] scholar, poet, writer, linguist and orator of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] descent.

Rao played a significant role in the establishment of Indian [[Civil service entrance examination|civil service exams]] in multiple languages. He also created many creative studies and translations of classical works into [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[English language|English]].

==Early life==
Rao was born in Ilapavuluru village in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His elder brother, [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao|Kameswara Rao]], was a musician and [[Musicology|musicologist]] who lectured extensively on [[Carnatic music]].

After graduating from university, he taught mathematics and Hindi in [[Ongole]], [[Guntur]], [[Nellore]] and [[Rajahmundry]]. Inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s call to bridge the many ‘divides’ in the [[Culture of India|Indian society]], Rao decided to study Hindi language at [[Nagpur University]]. In 1956, he became the first Telugu to gain a PhD in Hindi. His doctoral thesis on a comparative study of [[Telugu drama|Telugu]] and Hindi drama was among the first comparative studies in the country.

==Personal life==
Panduranga Rao's flair for poetry and penchant for popularizing ancient [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu thought]] found its fullest expression in the 1970s and continued through the later years in [[Delhi]]. His residence was a meeting ground of contemporary prominent poets and literary personages. He was ably supported in the organization of these literary events by his wife, Radha, whom he married in 1951. They have six children, of whom a daughter, Kalyani, died in 1977. The eldest son, [[I. V. Subba Rao (Bureaucrat)|I. V. Subba Rao]] joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1979 and later, in 2011, the [[United Nations]]; the second son, Raghunath, has been a senior executive with a number of Indian companies including Maruti and [[Tata Steel]] and currently works and lives in [[Chicago]]; the three daughters, Vangmayi, Anupa and Suvarna, are active home makers and proactive volunteers for [[social causes]]. Suvarna, an artist, is exploring new ways of using art in enriching daily life.

Rao died in [[New Delhi]] at the age of 81, after a few years of ill health, on 25 December 2011.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Career==
In 1957, Rao started working for the State Government of [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] as Hindi Education Officer. In 1960 he became a regional officer with the [[Government of India]] as a regional officer for the [[East India|Eastern Region of India]]. This was part of the Central Government Hindi Teaching Scheme to popularize the use Hindi. {{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In 1964, Rao became involved in a study by the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] on creating [[civil service exams]] in more languages. At that time, individuals taking the exam for India's highest level of civil service could only take it in English or Hindi, putting the speakers of other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] at a disadvantage. Since these other languages were listed as official in the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], fairness dictated that the exam be available in them.

Rao joined the language team under the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) to study the issue. As the Senior Research Officer (Hindi) and later, as Director (Languages), from 1964 to 1986, he helped the Government shape and implement the new language policy in the civil service examinations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/i-panduranga-rao-no-more/article2750651.ece|title=I. Panduranga Rao no more|date=27 December 2011|author=Special Correspondent|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=4 September 2018}}</ref>

Rao took voluntary retirement from the Government of India in 1986 and joined [[Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad]], [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatiyabhashaparishad.org/about-us.html|title=Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad|publisher=}}</ref> a non-governmental cultural organization, as the Director. In 1989, he moved back to Delhi to head another national literary institution, [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|title=Bharatiya Jnanpith|publisher=|access-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309070110/http://jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|archive-date=9 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his seven years as the Director of this organization and ex-officio member of the selection committee, he coordinated the process of selecting literary works for their annual awards.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Writing==
Rao has contributed to the field of comparative studies and has referred to his translations as ‘trans-creations’.His translation of classics of Hindi poetry like [[Jaishankar Prasad|Jay Shankar Prasad]]'s ‘[[Kamayani]]’, ‘Aansu’ and [[Sumitranandan Pant]]'s ‘Chidambara’, [[Malayalam]] [[Malayalam literature|litterateur]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai|Thakazhi Siva Sankara Pillai]]'s ‘Enippadikal’ enriched literary exchanges and appreciation of literature across Indian languages. He translated Telugu poetry into English and edited an anthology of contemporary [[Telugu literature|Telugu poetry]] for the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].

In addition to the translations of literary works into Telugu, Hindi and English, he wrote extensively on [[Indian epic poetry|Indian literary epics]], most notably on [[Ramayana]]. He authored nearly 40 works covering a variety of literary genres. He was a poet at heart and had composed poems from the age of 17. His prose too had a rare lyrical rhythm and a captivating alliterative style which endeared his works to a large readership.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Speaking==
He was closely associated with many religious leaders who recognized his ability to convey complex religious ideas in simple language. The head of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]], one of the oldest Hindu monasteries established by [[Adi Shankara|Adi Sankara]] around 482 B.C., honoured him with the title of ‘Kavi Ratna’ (‘Gem among poets’). Panduranga Rao lectured for a number of years at the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] as well as Ramana Kendra. He accompanied and translated the speeches of [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Satya Sai Baba]] of [[Puttaparthi]] from Telugu to Hindi when Baba was touring [[North India|northern Indian states]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Awards==
He was honoured by the Government of Andhra Pradesh, the Madras Telugu Academy, Anuvad Parishad and the [[Hindi Academy]]. He was conferred the title of ‘Kavi Ratna’ by Jagadguru Shankaracharya of [[Kanchipuram]].

==List of works==
# Andhra Hindi Roopak (1961, Nagari Prakashan, Patna)
# Chaturvimshati (1971, Navjeevan Book Links, Vijayawada)
# Chidambara (1972, Andhra Pradesh Book Distributors, Hyderabad)
# Sri Kamakshivilas (1974, Shankar Academy of Sanskrit Culture and Classical Arts, New Delhi)
# Kanneeru (1974, Andhra Pradesh Book Distributors, Hyderabad)
# Kaamaayani (1974, Andhra Pradesh Book Distributors, Secunderabad)
# Sant Tyagaraj (1975, Andhra Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi, Hyderabad)
# Baba ke saath das baarah din (1975, Sri Satya Sai Seva Samiti, New Delhi)
# Suradasa Kavita Vaibhavam (1976, Yuva Bharati, Secunderabad)
# Women in Valmiki (1978, Andhra Mahila Sabha, Hyderabad)
# Aditya Hridayam (1978, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati)
# Aadi Anaadi (1978, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati)
# Geetamritam (1978, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati)
# Vishnu Sahsranamam (1978, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati)
# Lalitha Sahasranamam (1978, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati)
# Meera Madhuri (1980, Sri Goda Grandhamala, Musnuru)
# Ramayana Paramartham (1980, Yuva Bharathi, Hyderabad)
# Sahasradhara (1980, Vishwa Adhyatma Samaj, Delhi)
# Art of translation (1980, Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi)
# Indian Poetry Today (1981, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, New Delhi)
# Madhura Kavi Potana (1982, International Telugu Institute, Hyderabad)
# Upanishadsudha (1982, Yuva Bharati, Hyderabad)
# Baba Fareed Suktulu (1982, Yuva Bharati, Hyderabad)
# Satya Shati (1982, Sri Satya Sai Seva Samiti, New Delhi)
# Tulasi Manjari (1983, Sri Goda Grandhamala, Musnuru)
# Iham Param (1984, International Telugu Institute, Hyderabad)
# Sri Sahasrika (1985, Akshara Bharati, New Delhi)
# Gurajada (1990, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi)
# Ramayan ke Mahila patra (1990, Bharatiya Jnanpith, New Delhi)
# Thoughts on Ramayana (1990, Akshara Bharati, Kolkata)
# Voice of Vision (1990, Akshara Bharati, Kolkata)
# Ram Katha Navneet (1991, Bharatiya Jnanpith, New Delhi)
# Mettuku Pai Mettu (1995, National Book Trust, New Delhi)
# Mana Prasiddha Punyakshetralu (1996, National Book Trust, New Delhi)
# Swantantra Udyama Geyalu (1997, National Book Trust, New Delhi)
# Yagnavalkya Maharshi (1999, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, Tirupati)
# The Universe that is God (1999, Jnana Pravah, Varanasi)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnanapravaha.org/publication-details.php?id=9&pid=5&t=|title=Jnana-Pravaha - Centre for Cultural Studies and Research, Varanasi, India|publisher=}}</ref>
# Valmiki (2000, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi)
# Aatmananda Lahari (2003, EMESCO, Hyderabad)
# Anudina Ramayanam, (2003, Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, I Pan}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Malayalam–Telugu translators]]

RedBus

2026-02-21T02:16:43Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Adding first article w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Online bus ticketing company}}
{{lowercase title}}
{{Advert|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = redbus
| logo = RedBus Logo (2015-present).svg
| logo_size = 180px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Online travel
| products = Booking buses, trains and cabs
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{sda|2006}}<ref>{{cite news |title=redBus Eyes Next Phase Of Growth From Further Expanding International Ops |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/redbus-exploring-opportunities-in-vietnam-thailand-and-turkey/ |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Inc42 Media |date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012203/https://inc42.com/buzz/redbus-exploring-opportunities-in-vietnam-thailand-and-turkey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| founders = {{ubl|Phanindra Sama|Charan Padmaraju|Sudhakar Pasupunuri}}
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = {{ubl|[[India]]}}
| key_people = {{ubl|Prakash Sangam {{small|([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}|Anoop Menon {{small|([[Chief technology officer|CTO]])}}}}
| revenue = {{USD}}85 million (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=redBus eyes revving up bus ticketing revenues from overseas operations |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/redbus-eyes-revving-up-bus-ticketing-revenues-from-overseas-operations-120022701096_1.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=27 February 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228165841/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/redbus-eyes-revving-up-bus-ticketing-revenues-from-overseas-operations-120022701096_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = [[MakeMyTrip]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.redbus.in/}}
}}

'''Redbus India Private Limited,''' [[Trade name|doing business as]] '''redBus,''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] online bus-ticketing platform that provides bus and train ticket booking through its [[website]] and [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android mobile apps]]. It is headquartered in [[Bangalore]] and works like a hub, acting as a medium for a network of more than 3500 bus operators,<ref name="livemint" /><ref name="thehindubusinessline" /> across the countries of India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Peru, and Colombia. It claims to have registered over 180 million trips,<ref name="livemint"/> with a customer base of over 20 million.<ref name="livemint"/> In 2018, the company achieved a [[Gross merchandise volume|GMV]] of {{INRConvert|50|b|year=2018}}, with a 70% share in the Indian online bus ticketing segment.<ref name="thehindubusinessline"/>

In 2013, redBus was acquired by [[Ibibo|Ibibo Group]].<ref name="techcrunch">{{cite news|title=Tencent, Naspers JV Ibibo Buys Redbus To Grow Its Online Travel Empire In India|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/21/tencent-naspers-india-jv-ibibo-buys-redbus-to-grow-its-online-travel-empire/|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123856/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/21/tencent-naspers-india-jv-ibibo-buys-redbus-to-grow-its-online-travel-empire/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the Ibibo Group was acquired by [[MakeMyTrip]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MakeMyTrip Limited and ibibo Group to combine |url=https://www.naspers.com/news/makemytrip-limited-and-ibibo-group-to-combine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123070037/https://www.naspers.com/news/makemytrip-limited-and-ibibo-group-to-combine |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2018-10-28 |website=www.naspers.com}}</ref>

==History==
redBus was founded in 2006 by Phanindra Sama,<ref name="techinasia"/> Sudhakar Pasupunuri and Charan Padmaraju, engineers from the [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]],<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Samidha|title=redBus sold to Ibibo in one of the biggest overseas internet deals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/redBus-sold-to-Ibibo-in-one-of-the-biggest-overseas-internet-deals/articleshow/20704509.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2013|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729161019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/redBus-sold-to-Ibibo-in-one-of-the-biggest-overseas-internet-deals/articleshow/20704509.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> who also worked together at various organisations before founding the company. With an initial investment of {{INRConvert|500|k|year=2006}}, the founders began operations in 2006, by tying up with various travel agents for seat reservations through the redBus portal. In the same year the company was selected for the TiE [[Entrepreneurship]] Acceleration Program and was mentored on several aspects of the business.<ref name="rediff">{{cite news|last1=Warrier|first1=Shobha|title=The amazing success story of redBus|url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/19/slide-show-1-the-amazing-success-story-of-redbus.htm#1|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 October 2010|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804070304/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/19/slide-show-1-the-amazing-success-story-of-redbus.htm#1|url-status=live}}</ref> The company owns BOGDS, a cloud computing service for [[Bus|bus operators]], and SeatSeller, a GDS for bus inventory distribution.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naspers-owned redBus completes 30M ticket sales, sees 3X growth in mobile transactions|url=https://www.techcircle.in/2014/07/16/naspers-owned-redbus-completes-30m-ticket-sales-sees-3x-growth-in-mobile-transactions|publisher=Techcircle|date=16 July 2014|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123857/https://www.techcircle.in/2014/07/16/naspers-owned-redbus-completes-30m-ticket-sales-sees-3x-growth-in-mobile-transactions|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operation==
In 2014, the company appointed Prakash Sangam<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Red Bus |url=https://www.redbus.in/info/aboutus |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610012146/https://www.redbus.in/info/aboutus |url-status=live }}</ref> as its [[Chief executive officer]], who was earlier the [[Executive Vice President]] of Info Edge India (Naukri Group), heading Shiksha.com and [[Jeevansathi.com]].<ref name="Techcircle1">{{cite news|title=ibiboGroup appoints Prakash Sangam as redBus CEO, founders fully exit the startup|url=https://www.techcircle.in/2014/06/11/ibibogroup-appoints-prakash-sangam-as-redbus-ceo-founders-fully-exit-the-startup|publisher=Techcircle|date=11 July 2014|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123859/https://www.techcircle.in/2014/06/11/ibibogroup-appoints-prakash-sangam-as-redbus-ceo-founders-fully-exit-the-startup|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2022, redBus appointed [[Allu Arjun]], as its [[brand ambassador]].<ref name="livemint">{{cite news|last1=Tewari|first1=Saumya|title=redBus appoints Mahendra Singh Dhoni as brand ambassador|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/advertising/redbus-appoints-mahendra-singh-dhoni-as-brand-ambassador-1555321742450.html|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=15 April 2019|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718035648/https://www.livemint.com/industry/advertising/redbus-appoints-mahendra-singh-dhoni-as-brand-ambassador-1555321742450.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Partnership==
In 2012, redBus tied-up with [[Kadamba Transport Corporation|Goa State Road Transport]] to launch an online ticketing portal. In the same year, the company announced a partnership with the [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation]] ([[RSRTC]]), following which it started offering [[RSRTC]] bus tickets on the portal.<ref name="medianama1">{{cite news|title=RedBus Announces Tie-Up With RSRTC|url=https://www.medianama.com/2012/07/223-redbus-announces-tie-up-with-rsrtc/|publisher=Medianama|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124334/https://www.medianama.com/2012/07/223-redbus-announces-tie-up-with-rsrtc/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dharmakumar|first1=Rohin|title=Redbus Has The Hot Ticket|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/32382|work=[[Forbes India]]|date=5 March 2012|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124333/http://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/32382|url-status=live}}</ref> Early in 2019, redBus partnered with [[Acko General Insurance]] to offer [[travel insurance]] for its users to cover [[accidents]], baggage loss, cancellation and bus-type mismatch.<ref name="thehindubusinessline">{{cite news|last1=Srivats|first1=K R|title=Acko partners Goibibo for travel insurance foray|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/acko-partners-goibibo-for-travel-insurance-foray/article26006200.ece|publisher=[[Business Line]]|date=16 January 2019|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124332/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/acko-partners-goibibo-for-travel-insurance-foray/article26006200.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It also partnered with [[Truecaller]], to offer bus ticket booking on [[Android devices]].<ref name="gadgets">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Jagmeet|title=Truecaller, RedBus Partner to Offer Bus Ticket Booking on Android Devices|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/truecaller-redbus-bus-ticket-booking-app-android-india-2015847|publisher=Gadgets ([[NDTV]])|date=1 April 2019|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718035004/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/truecaller-redbus-bus-ticket-booking-app-android-india-2015847|url-status=live}}</ref> redBus afterwards announced a partnership with [[Google Maps]] to display information on busses that ply between cities with the time and date services to enhance user experience.<ref>{{cite news|title=redBus Is Now ON Google Maps|url=https://www.digit.in/press-release/general/redbus-is-now-on-google-maps-43209.html|publisher=Digit.in|date=31 August 2018|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124333/https://www.digit.in/press-release/general/redbus-is-now-on-google-maps-43209.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Roundup: Mahindra Pantero, MakeMyTrip, RedBus, Mahindra Comviva|url=http://www.medianama.com/2013/02/223-roundup-mahindra-pantero-makemytrip-redbus-mahindra-comviva/|publisher=Medianama|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801124334/http://www.medianama.com/2013/02/223-roundup-mahindra-pantero-makemytrip-redbus-mahindra-comviva/|url-status=live}}</ref>

June 2019, redBus started ride sharing operations - rPool, across Bengaluru, Pune and Hyderabad. rPool is an option that helps ride givers to share(pool) their vehicle to fellow ride takers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.redbus.in/rpool |title=Bikepool & Carpool for Professionals |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428224138/https://www.redbus.in/rpool |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://inc42.com/buzz/redbus-launches-carpooling-service-rpool-in-three-cities/|title = RedBus Launches Carpooling Service rPool in Three Cities|date = 12 June 2019|access-date = 30 April 2020|archive-date = 10 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191210041121/https://inc42.com/buzz/redbus-launches-carpooling-service-rpool-in-three-cities/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/redbus-launches-carpooling/articleshow/69798125.cms?from=mdr|title=RedBus launches carpooling|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Singh|first1=Shipra|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405020948/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/redbus-launches-carpooling/articleshow/69798125.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 November 2019, redBus partnered with [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] [[India]] to launch a bus ticket booking service on Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/amazon-india-launches-bus-ticket-bookings-in-tie-up-with-redbus-11574763817267.html|title=Amazon India launches bus ticket bookings in tie-up with redBus|date=26 November 2019|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128000608/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/amazon-india-launches-bus-ticket-bookings-in-tie-up-with-redbus-11574763817267.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Bus ticketing platform redBus estimates 75 lakh Indians travelling during Republic Day weekend |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/bus-ticketing-platform-redbus-estimates-75-lakh-indians-travelling-during-republic-day-weekend-367710-2023-01-26 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603134039/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/bus-ticketing-platform-redbus-estimates-75-lakh-indians-travelling-during-republic-day-weekend-367710-2023-01-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Funding==
In 2007, redBus received its first round of funding of $1 million ({{INR|30 million}}) from SeedFund<ref name="rediff"/> and undisclosed investors. SeedFund had invested $500,000 in the company while other investors accounted for the remaining $500,000 investment.<ref name="medianama1"/>

In 2009, the company raised a funding of a $2.5 million from Inventus Capital Partners, Seed Fund and other unnamed [[investor]]s.<ref name="techcrunch"/><ref name="medianama1"/>

In 2011, redBus raised another funding of $6.5 million from Helion Venture Partners, Seedfund and Inventus Capital.<ref name="techcrunch"/><ref name="timesofindia"/>

In 2013, redBus was acquired by [[Ibibo|Ibibo Group]], a subsidiary of [[South Africa]]’s Naspers.<ref name="techinasia">{{cite news|last1=Millward|first1=Steven|title=Why Sell to Ibibo? And Why Now? Redbus CEO Phanindra Sama Explains|url=https://www.techinasia.com/redbus-cofounder-explains-ibibo-acquisition|publisher=[[Tech in Asia]]|date=24 June 2013|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731033727/https://www.techinasia.com/redbus-cofounder-explains-ibibo-acquisition|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia"/><ref name="techcrunch"/>

==See also==
* [[Internet booking engine]]
* [[MakeMyTrip]]
* [[Ibibo]]
* [[Cityflo]]

==External links==
* {{Official|https://www.redbus.in}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Travel ticket search engines}}
[[Category:Travel ticket search engines]]
[[Category:Indian travel websites]]
[[Category:Online travel agencies]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Online companies of India]]

Sethu Parvathi Bayi

2026-02-12T08:47:37Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Made

{{Short description|Indian music promoter and queen (1896–1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Moolam Thirunal Sethu Parvathi Bayi
| title = Junior Maharani (Elaya Thampuratti) of Attingal & Queen Mother (Amma Maharani) of Travancore
| image = Rani Sethu Parvati Bayi of Travancore (1932).png
| image_size =
| caption = Rani Sethu Parvathi Bayi of Travancore (Bassano Ltd. 1932)
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| suc-type =
| spouse = Sri Pooram Nal Ravi Varma Kochu Koyi Thampuran (Valiya Thampuran of Kilimaanoor Palace)
| issue =
| full name = Sree Padmanabhasevini Maharani Moolam Thirunal Sethu Parvathi Bayi
| regnal name = Sree Padmanabhasevini Vanchipala Dyumani Raja Rajeshwari Maharani Moolam Thirunal Sethu Parvathi Bayi Attingal Elaya Thampuran Junior Maharani Of Travancore
| house = [[Travancore royal family|Venad Swaroopam]]
| dynasty = [[Kulasekhara Dynasty (Second Cheras)|Kulasekhara]]
| father = Sri Thiruvonam Nal Kerala Varma Thampuran of Paliyakkara Eastern Palace
| mother = Srimathi Tiruvadira Nal Bhagirathi Bayi Uma Kochukunji Amma Thampurati of Mavelikara Royal House
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1896|11|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|04|04|1896|11|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Junior Maharani as well as Queen Mother of Travancore, President of All-India Women's Social Conference Calcutta (1929) and Trivandrum (1937), President and Patron of National Council of Women in India (1940), Vice-Patron Sri Mulam Club (Trivandrum) (1940-1983), Pro-Chancellor University of Travancore (1937-1949), Life Member of Senate of Andhra University
| signature_type =
| signature =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Moolam Thirunal Sethu Parvathi Bayi''' (1896–1983), better known as '''Amma Maharani''', was the Junior Maharani (Queen) of Travancore as well as a promoter of Indian Classical music. She was the mother of [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], the last King of [[Travancore]]. She was the president of the [[National Council of Women in India]] in 1938–1944.

Sethu Parvathi Bayi was distantly related by birth to the royal house of Travancore in the direct female line. In 1900, following the absence of heirs in the [[Travancore Royal Family]] she, along with her elder maternal cousin [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]], was adopted by her maternal [[great-aunt]], Senior [[Maharani]] [[Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi|Lakshmi Bayi]]. At the age of five, she became the Junior Maharani of [[Travancore]]. Sethu Parvathi Bayi chose Sri Pooram Nal Ravi Varma Thampuran of the [[Kilimanoor Palace]] as her consort owing to his high educational achievements. Their wedding took place in 1907. In 1912, after giving birth to the [[Heir-Apparent]] [[Sree Chithira Thirunal]] at the age of fifteen, she became the Amma (mother) Maharani (queen), or the Queen Mother of [[Travancore]].

Sethu Parvathi Bayi was an accomplished ''[[veena]]'' (stringed instrument) player, and a famous promoter of [[Carnatic Music]] and other arts. She played a major role in bringing to light the compositions of her ancestor Maharajah [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] of Travancore.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=CHATTERJEE|first1=PARTHA|title="Versatile genius" ...... Amongst the adherents of the late Maharaja was the latter-day master of Carnatic vocal Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, who shifted to Travancore in 1940 to assist Mutthiah Bhagavathar to bring to light the kritis of Swati Tirunal with the approval of Maharani Sethu Parvathi Bayi who was a connoisseur of music|journal=Frontline|volume= 29|issue= 7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=J. Weidman|first1=Amanda|title=Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern: The Postcolonial Politics of Music in South India|publisher=Duke University Press|location=United States of America}}</ref> She and cousin [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]], were the grand daughters of Indian artist, [[Raja Ravi Varma]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Of India|first1=The Times|title=THE REBEL PRINCE OF TRAVANCORE : Rema Nagarajan Meets Prince Ashwathy Thirunal Rama Varma, Who Dared Defy Tradition To Pursue His Passion For Music|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAwOC8wNi8yMiNBcjAwMjAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215182955/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAwOC8wNi8yMiNBcjAwMjAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

==Birth and adoption==

Sethu Parvathi Bayi was born on 7 November 1896 the daughter of Thiruvathira Nal Bhageerathi Bayi Uma Kochukunji Amma Thampuratty of the Utsavamadom branch of the Mavelikkara Royal House and Sri Thiruvonam Nal Kerala Varma Thampuran of Paliyakkara Eastern Palace. She had four brothers and three sisters. Two of her sisters, Srimathi Avittam Nal Bhawani Amma Thampuratty (artist and illustrator) and Srimathi Makayiram Nal Rajamma Amma Thampuratty (landscape artist under the name Amma Thampuran) were artists. Sethu Parvathi Bayi's grandmother belonged to the [[Kolathunad]] royal house in [[Travancore]]. Srimathi Makayiram Nal Rajamma Amma Thampuratty's grand daughter, Lekha Varma, was also adopted into the Travancore Royal house in 1996.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Sethu Parvathy Bayi was also the younger grand daughter of the world-renowned artist Sri [[Raja Ravi Varma]] of the [[Kilimanoor]] Palace. The [[Mavelikkara]] royal house was closely associated with the [[Travancore Royal Family]] as her great-aunts, the then Senior and Junior Queens of Travancore, had been adopted and installed into the Royal Family of Travancore in 1858. This adoption, which was the sixth in the Travancore Royal House, was without results as the Senior Queen Lakshmi Bayi, who was married to [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]], was childless while the Junior Queen Parvathi Bayi had only sons. As the Travancore Royal Family follows [[matrilineal]] inheritance, the presence of females to continue the line and dynasty is crucial. With the death of the Junior Queen and her sons between 1893 and 1895, the royal family came to consist solely of [[Maharajah]] [[Moolam Thirunal]], Senior Queen Lakshmi Bayi, and her two nephews. The Senior Queen decided to adopt the daughters of her nieces, Mahaprabha and Kochukunji of Mavelikara ''Utsavamadhom Palace'', into the [[Travancore Royal Family]].

In 1900, Maharani Lakshmi Bayi petitioned Maharajah [[Moolam Thirunal]] for the adoption of her grand nieces, to perpetuate the ruling line. Thus, she became Princess Moolam Thirunal Sethu Parvathi Bayi, the ''First Princess'' of Travancore. The adoption itself was met with some opposition from other branches of the [[Kolathunad]] family who nominated females from their families. There were also objections from the First Prince Chathayam Thirunal Rama Varma, but these were overcome due to the insistence of the Senior Queen of Travancore. But after a year the Senior Queen Lakshmi Bayi died in 1901 and five-year-old Sethu Parvathi Bayi was elevated to the position of H. H. Sree Padmanbhasevini Maharani Moolam Thirunal Sethu Parvathi Bayi, Junior Maharani of Attingal. [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]], [[wikt:consort|consort]] of the late Senior Maharani (Queen) Lakshmi Bayi, was appointed the [[Legal guardian|guardian]] of the two minor Queens and [[tutors]] were appointed to teach them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lakshmi|first=Raghunanadan|title=At the Turn of the Tide}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adarsh |first1=S. |last2=Chacko |first2=Arun |author3=Radhakrishnan A. G |last4=Noor Fidha P. K. |first4=V. |title=The Queen, The Palace and The College: Sagas Untold - History of Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, the Lalindloch Palace and the College of Agriculture, Vellayani. |date=2023 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.8098563}}</ref>

==Personal life==

[[File:Prince Consort Ravi Varma.png|thumbnail|left|Sri Ravi Varma Koyi Thampuran - The consort of Moolam Thirunal Sethu Parvathi Bayi]] At the age of ten, according to the prevalent tradition, alliances were sought for Sethu Parvathi Bayi's marriage. A select group of young men of high accomplishments were presented to her. She chose the twenty-one-year-old graduate, and [[Sanskrit]] [[scholar]], Sri Pooram Nal Ravi Varma Thampuran of the [[Kilimanoor]] royal house, after being impressed by his erudition and his high level of education (college graduates were a rarity in those days). Their wedding took place in 1907; when she turned fourteen in 1911, their marriage was consummated. In 1912, on her sixteenth birthday, she gave birth to her eldest son, the then [[Crown Prince]], Sree [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], the last ruling Maharajah (King) of [[Travancore]]. Thus she became the Queen Mother at the age of fifteen. Sethu Parvathi Bayi gave birth to three more children. Her second child, a baby girl, was [[stillbirth|stillborn]]. Her other children were [[Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]] and [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Arun|first=Mohan|title=Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma Maharaja Travancore History|url=http://www.etrivandrum.com/2011/12/sree-chithira-thirunal-balarama-varma.html|publisher=etrivandrum.com|access-date=2 May 2014|archive-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140414112632/http://www.etrivandrum.com/2011/12/sree-chithira-thirunal-balarama-varma.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Contributions==

Sethu Parvathi Bayi was very interested in Carnatic Music and started learning music and the ''veena'' at a young age. According to musicologists and researchers, she made memorable contributions to Carnatic Music by organizing different music festivals, revamping [[Swathi Thirunal]] compositions, and promoting musicians like [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], and [[Muthiah Bhagavathar]] among others.<ref>{{cite news|last1=RAMNARAYAN|first1=GOWRI|title=OBITUARY - The pitamaha of Carnatic music : " Semmangudi was invited to Travancore to assist the Bhagavatar edit, notate and publish the compositions of Swati Thirunal. Succeeding the senior as Principal of the Swati Tirunal College of Music, Semmangudi left a lasting influence on the Carnatic music scene in Kerala. The Travancore royal family became his life-long patrons."|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2023/stories/20031121006913100.htm|agency=FRONTLINE|issue=23|work=THE HINDU}}</ref> She also made great efforts to bring compositions by Maharajah [[Swathi Thirunal]] back into prominence. She gave the task of revamping Swathi compositions to [[Muthiah Bhagavathar]] and [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]] assisted him with this task. Sethu Parvathi Bayi's eldest son, the then [[Maharajah of Travancore]], [[Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], established the [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] in 1939, and [[Muthiah Bhagavathar]] became its first principal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=.com|first1=angelfire|title=Sangeetha Kalanidhi Gayaka Sikhamani Dr. Harikeshanallur L Muthaiah Bhagavathar|url=https://www.angelfire.com/musicals/kallidaihari/harikesh_profile.htm|website=[[Angelfire]]}}</ref> The task was continued by legendary musician, Sri [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]]. It was due to Sethu Parvathi Bayi's efforts that the Navarathri Music Festival became a huge event after the 1930s. Previously only Mullamudu Bhagavathars were allowed to sing at the festival. She invited the likes of [[Muthiah Bhagavathar]], [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[M. D. Ramanathan]] and others to sing there.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=CHATTERJEE|first1=PARTHA|title="Versatile genius" ...... Amongst the adherents of the late Maharaja was the latter-day master of Carnatic vocal Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, who shifted to Travancore in 1940 to assist Mutthiah Bhagavathar to bring to light the kritis of Swati Tirunal with the approval of Maharani Sethu Parvathi Bayi who was a connoisseur of music|journal=Frontline|volume= 29|issue= 7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=J. Weidman|first1=Amanda|title=Singing the Classical, Voicing the Modern: The Postcolonial Politics of Music in South India|publisher=Duke University Press|location=United States of America}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Of India|first1=The Times|title=THE REBEL PRINCE OF TRAVANCORE : Rema Nagarajan Meets Prince Ashwathy Thirunal Rama Varma, Who Dared Defy Tradition To Pursue His Passion For Music|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAwOC8wNi8yMiNBcjAwMjAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215182955/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAwOC8wNi8yMiNBcjAwMjAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

T. Lakshmana Pillai in his treatise ''Music And The Royal House Of Travancore'' says the following about Sethu Parvathi Bayi :
{{blockquote|I cannot close this brief narrative about " Music and the Royal House" , without making specific mention of Her Highness the present Junior Maharani whose knowledge of the theory and practice of music is simply astonishing. No one who has had the good fortune of listening to her conversation about music can fail to be struck with Her Highness high, keen and refined intelligence, her profundity of knowledge and the vast fund of her information on the subject of music. As a player on the Veena, Her Highness takes rank with the best artists in the field.<ref>{{cite web|last1=.in|first1=swathithirunal|title=MUSIC AND THE ROYAL HOUSE OF TRAVANCORE|url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/articles/musicoftrvncr.htm|publisher=C-DIT}}</ref>}}

==Allegations and controversies==

According to Lakshmi Raghunandan's book on her grandmother Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, the birth of her eldest son, Sree Chithira Thirunal, changed Sethu Parvathi Bayi's position within the royal family as well as in Travancore as she became the Amma Maharani (Queen Mother) of Travancore at the age of fifteen. Raghunandan alleged that the constant hateful comments made by Kochukunji Thampuratty (Sethu Parvathi Bayi's mother) to her daughter led to the estrangement between the former and her elder cousin, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi. Raghunandan also alleges that Sethu Parvathi Bayi resented the fact that, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi and not herself, was chosen as the [[Regent]] for her minor son, Sree Chithira Thirunal who became the King (Maharajah) after the death of Sree [[Moolam Thirunal]] in 1924. Rama Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran, the consort of Regent [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]], prevented his wife from handing over the control of the financial allowance of the then Sree [[Chithira Thirunal]] to his mother Sethu Parvathi Bayi. There were also rumours of an [[assassination]] attempt on the young Maharajah Chithira Thirunal, allegedly at the behest of Rama Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran, the consort of Sethu Lakshmi Bayi. All of these incidents further fanned the enmity between the two Queens. The heirs of Sethu Parvathi Bayi, and her other descendants have never commented on the allegations by [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]'s family, so their side of events remains unknown.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lakshmi|first=Raghunanadan|title=At the Turn of the Tide}}</ref>

Sethu Parvathi Bayi is known to have visited the Sabarimala temple, which is known for refusing entry to women of menstruating age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Don't drag Travancore royal family into Sabarimala women's entry row: Kerala Kshatriya Kshema Sabha |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/27/dont-drag-travancore-royal-family-into-sabarimala-womens-entry-row-kerala-kshatriya-kshema-sabha-1849118.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727110117/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/27/dont-drag-travancore-royal-family-into-sabarimala-womens-entry-row-kerala-kshatriya-kshema-sabha-1849118.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2018 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> Decades after her death, the Kowdiar palace clarified that she entered the temple after the forbidden age, at 53 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palace clarification |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Palace-clarification/article14805436.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=22 October 2018 |language=en-IN |date=29 July 2007}}</ref> However, her recorded entry to the temple was at 1940,<ref>{{cite web |last1=P.M. |first1=Jithesh |title=Appropriation of Ayyappa Cult: The History and Hinduisation of Sabarimala Temple |url=https://thewire.in/history/appropriation-of-ayyappa-cult-the-history-and-hinduisation-of-sabarimala-temple |website=The Wire |access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> when she would have been only 44 years of age.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Travancore}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Travancore royal family]]
[[Category:Women from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:Veena players]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Indian women classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century women composers]]

Jaridih block

2026-02-05T04:28:27Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: small changes

{{distinguish|Jaridih Bazar}}

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| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 212.83
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 247
| population_total = 104,988
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]](Santali-language ), [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 61,736 (68.94%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829301 (Jaina) 827014 (Balidih)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06542
| registration_plate = JH 09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]
| website = {{URL|bokaro.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jaridih''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Bermo subdivision]] of the [[Bokaro district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India.

==Overview==
Bokaro district, a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], has undulating surface with the altitude varying between 200 and 282 m. Topographically, the entire area is divided into three parts – the Bokaro uplands in the west, the Bokaro-Chas uplands in the middle and Barakar basin in the east. The general slope of the region is from the west to the east. The main rivers are the [[Damodar River|Damodar]], Garga, Parga, [[Konar River|Konar]] and Gobei. The district, covered with hills and forests, is a mining-industrial area. With the construction of the gigantic [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] in the nineteen sixties, it has become the focal point of this district.<ref name=admin1>{{cite web | url = http://www.bokaro.nic.in/about_bokaro.html | title = Bokaro district | work = About Bokaro | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 23 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085328/http://www.bokaro.nic.in/about_bokaro.html | archive-date = 2017-10-04 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://ecourts.gov.in/Bokaro/ | title = District Courts of India | work = About Bokaro | publisher = District Court | access-date = 23 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170930134922/http://www.ecourts.gov.in/bokaro | archive-date = 30 September 2017 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by [[Naxalite|Maoist]] activities. {{As of|2012}}, Bokaro was one of the 14 highly affected districts in the state.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/Assessment/2013/Jharkhand.htm |title = Jharkhand Assessment 2013 | publisher= Satp | access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>{{As of|2016}}, Bokaro was identified as one of the 13 focus areas by the state police to check Maoist activities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/jharkhand/ranchi/2016/06/14073809/13-focus-areas-identified-in-Jharkhand-to-check-Maoist.vpf | title = 13 focus areas identified in Jharkhand to check Maoist activities | publisher = Eenadu Jndia, 14 June 2016 | access-date = 3 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170927113900/http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/jharkhand/ranchi/2016/06/14073809/13-focus-areas-identified-in-Jharkhand-to-check-Maoist.vpf | archive-date = 27 September 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Bandhdih, a census town that is a constituent of the Jaridih CD block, is located at {{coord|23|39|30|N|86|0|34|E}}.

Jaridih CD block is bounded by [[Chandrapura (community development block)|Chandrapura]] CD block on the north, [[Chas block|Chas]] CD block on the east, [[Joypur, Purulia (community development block)|Joypur]] CD block, in Purulia district of West Bengal, on the south, and [[Kasmar block|Kasmar]] and [[Petarwar block|Petarbar]] CD blocks on the west.<ref name=dchb1>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2010_PART_B_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= 2011 District Census Handbook Bokaro, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map on Page 3 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>

Jaridih CD block has an area of 212.83 km2.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://desjhrkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Bokaro | work = Tables 2.4 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2017 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has 17 [[gram panchayat]]s, 42 villages and 3 [[census town]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bokaro.nic.in/block_office1.html | title = Bokaro district | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009184259/http://bokaro.nic.in/block_office1.html | archive-date = 2017-10-09 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> [[Bandhdih#Police station|Jaridih]] police station is located in this CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jhpolice.gov.in/police-station/kathara-op-766-1308404713 | title = Jharkhand Police Official Website | work = Contact Bokaro Police | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 1 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140214023553/http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/police-station/kathara-op-766-1308404713 | archive-date = 2014-02-14 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Bandhdih]].<ref name=dchb1/>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jaridih CD block had a total population of 104,988, of which 75,671 were rural and 29,317 were urban. There were 54,445 (52%) males and 50,543 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 15,342. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 11,250 (10.73%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 32,202 (30.70%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref>

Jaridih CD block has three [[census towns]] (2011 population figure in brackets): [[Bandh Dih]] (13,192), [[Jena, Bokaro|Jena]] (8,143) and [[Tanr Balidih]] (7,982).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Jaridih CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Khutri (4,761) and Tanr Mohanpur (4,554).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
{{As of|2011}} census the total number of literate persons in Jaridih CD block was 61,736 (68.94% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 37,268 (80.29% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 24,468 (56.60% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 23.69%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Bokaro district was 73.48% ,<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> Literacy in Jharkhand was 66.41% in 2011.
<ref name=censushandbook2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2010_PART_B_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Bokaro 2011 Series- 21, Part XII B|work= Page 15 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | title= Literacy in India| work= Census 2011 |publisher= Census population 2015 data | access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bokaro district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
[[Hindi language|Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref> Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111122/jsp/jharkhand/story_14782656.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050803/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111122/jsp/jharkhand/story_14782656.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 5, 2017 | title= Khortha demand for language teachers |publisher= The Telegraph, 22 November 2011| access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/second-official-language-of-jharkhand-governor-syed-ahmad-143959-2011-10-21 | title= Second Language |publisher= India Today, 22 October 2011| access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://post.jagran.com/search/second-official-language-in-jharkhand | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170122203922/http://post.jagran.com/search/second-official-language-in-jharkhand | url-status = dead | archive-date = January 22, 2017 | title= Jharkhand Governor turns down language bill |publisher= Post/Jagran Josh, 19 October 2011 | access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>

In the 2001 census, the three most populous mother tongues (spoken language/ medium of communication between a mother and her children) in Bokaro district were (with percentage of total population in brackets): [[Khortha dialect|Khortha]] (41.08%), [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (17.05%) and [[Santali language|Santali]] (10.78%). In the 2011 census, scheduled tribes constituted 12.40% of the total population of the district. The five most populous mother tongues were (with percentage of ST population in brackets): [[Santali language|Santali]] (70.12%), [[Mundari language|Munda]] (17.05%), [[Kurukh language|Oraon]] (5.90%), Karmali (4.23%) and Mahli (3.23%).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= District Census Handbook, Bokaro, Census of India 2011, Series 21 Part XII A| work= Page 20 – Note on mother tongue |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 21 October 2017}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Jaridih CD block'''
|value1 = 23.54
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 19.57
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.16
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 52.73
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Jaridih CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 9,036 and formed 23.54%, agricultural labourers numbered 7,511 and formed 19.57%, household industry workers numbered 1,597 and formed 4.16% and other workers numbered 20,241 and formed 52.73%. Total workers numbered 38,385 and formed 36.56% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 66,603 and formed 63.44% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf| title = District Statistical Handbook 2011 Bokaro, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 42 and 47 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Bokaro, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 14 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 38 inhabited villages in Jaridih CD block. In 2011, 19 villages had power supply. 4 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 38 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 38 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 8 villages had post offices, 9 villages had sub post offices, 6 village had telephone (land line) and 30 villages had mobile phone coverage. 38 villages had pucca (hard top) village roads, 11 villages had bus service (public/ private), 8 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, and 17 villages had tractors. 4 villages had banks branches, 1 village had an agricultural credit society, 1 village had cinema/ video hall, no village had public library and public reading room. 18 villages had [[public distribution system]], 11 villages had weekly haat (market) and 20 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bokaro, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 341 - 344 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The average annual rainfall in Bokaro district is 1291.2 mm. The soil is generally [[laterite]] and sandy. 39.21% of the total area is under agriculture. It is generally a single monsoon-dependent crop. 9.90% of the cultivable land is under horticulture. Rice and maize are the main crops. Bajara, wheat, pulses and vegetables are also grown.<ref name=admin1/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Bokaro district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 3 October 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2011, amongst the 38 inhabited villages in Jaridih CD block, 3 villages had no primary school, 27 villages had one primary school and 8 villages had more than one primary school. 13 villages had at least one primary school and one middle school. 5 villages had at least one middle school and one secondary school. Jaridih CD block had 1 senior secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Bokaro, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 345, 341 Appendix 1, I A & B: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

NJS College, Jaina More, [[Bandh Dih]]

==Healthcare==
In 2011, amongst the 38 inhabited villages in Jaridih CD block, 1 village had [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], 4 villages had primary health sub-centres,1 village had an allopathic hospital, 1 village had an dispensary and 32 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2010_PART_A_DCHB_BOKARO.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bokaro, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Page 342 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 16 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Blocks of Bokaro district}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaridih Block}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in Bokaro district]]

Mooh Boli Shaadi

2026-02-04T12:19:56Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: starting new stub.

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Muh Boli Shaadi.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Comedy]] [[Drama]]
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Dony Hazarika Udbhav Ojha
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 01
| num_episodes = 79
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shashi Mittal]] [[Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal]]
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2015|02|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2015|06|19}}
| related =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]
}}
'''''Mooh Boli Shaadi''''' ({{Translation|''Fake marriage''}}) is an Indian television romantic-drama soap opera which aired from 23 February 2015 to 19 June 2015 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbanasian.com/featured/2015/02/fahad-alis-muh-boli-shaadi-replaces-humsafars|title=Fahad Ali's Muh Boli Shaadi Replaces Humsafars - UrbanAsian|work=UrbanAsian|date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/muh-boli-shaadi-to-launch-on-sony-tv-this-month-2015|title='Muh Boli Shaadi' to launch on Sony TV this month|work=media247.co.uk|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219214220/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/muh-boli-shaadi-to-launch-on-sony-tv-this-month-2015|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Mooh Boli Shaadi'' is about the love story of a rich girl called Anmol and a middle-class boy named Nikhil and how they end up marrying secretly only to land in a pool of conjugal troubles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nikhil-confesses-his-feelings-for-Anmol-in-Muh-Boli-Shaadi/articleshow/46466310.cms|title=Nikhil confesses his feelings for Anmol in Muh Boli Shaadi|work=The Times of India|date=10 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/muh-boli-shaadi-to-replace-humsafars/|title='Muh Boli Shaadi' to replace 'Humsafars'|date=12 February 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anmol is the only daughter of rich businessman Ratan Singh and has been brought up as a pampered daughter. Nikhil is a young boy who Anmol becomes attracted to and soon discovers he is the son of their next door neighbour, a priest named Ashok Tiwari. While Nikhil and Anmol gradually fall in love, their fathers become sworn enemies constantly sparring on issues and trying to show each other down. Both Nikhil and Anmol hold back their feelings seeing the enmity between their families

Anmol's family fixes her engagement with Sushant, the son of his business associate. Nikhil confronts Anmol and she finally relents. They hug, reaffirming their love for each other and marry on the spot. They decide to keep it hidden from their families till Nikhil can become financially independent. They continue to meet and spend time secretly as Anmol confides in her cousin sister Nidhi about her marriage. Anmol's aunt Neelam finds out about her relationship with Nikhil and convinces Ratan Singh to get Anmol married to Sushant without telling her. Anmol believes she will be getting engaged but discovers her family plans to get her married instead. Meanwhile, Sushant and his father have decided on the marriage only to get Ratan Singh's money since they have gone bankrupt and are in debt.

At her wedding ceremony, Nikhil finally finds out and interrupts the ceremony. They declare their love and as Nikhil's father insults Anmol, they reveal to everyone that they are married and beg for acceptance but Ratan Singh throws Anmol out of the house and breaks all relations with her. Ashok also throws Nikhil out of his house. Meanwhile, Neelam manipulates the situation and gets Sushant married to her daughter Nidhi thinking he is from a rich family. Nikhil and Anmol are given shelter by his friend Kishor and his mother who live in a small house. Kishor's mother is sweet to them but takes away Anmol's jewellery. When Nikhil finds out, he gets the jewellery back and leaves the house. Nidhi finds out about Sushant and physically threatens her to stay quiet.

Ratan Singh tries to bribe Nikhil to divorce Anmol but he refuses. Ratan Singh and Ashok Tiwari team up to try and drive a wedge between their children. Ashok invites Nikhil and Anmol to return to his house. Ratan Singh hires Nikhil's old acquaintance Payal to work for him and he and Ashok try to make Anmol think Nikhil and Payal are getting close. Nikhil sees Sushant mistreating Nidhi and wants to tell the family but Nidhi protects Sushant for the sake of her family. Creating an argument, Ratan and Ashok instigate Anmol and Nikhil against each other. Nikhil and Anmol pretend they have committed suicide to make their fathers realise the error of their ways. In the end it is revealed that Sushant has had a change of heart and informed Nikhil and Anmol about their fathers' plan. He promises to be a better husband to Nidhi as both families finally accept Nikhil and Anmol as the show ends.

==Cast==
*[[Zalak Desai]] as Anmol Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/itsy-bitsy/on-a-romantic-note/46184.html|title=On a romantic note}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/photos-launch-of-the-new-tv-show-muh-boli-shaadi/8583|title=Fahad Ali and Zalak Desai|work=mid-day}}</ref>
*[[Fahad Ali]] as Nikhil Tiwari<ref name=":0" />
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Pandit Ashok Tiwari, Nikhil's father
*[[Meghan Jadhav]] as Akhil Tiwari
* Bobby Parvez as Ratan Singh, Anmol's father
* Kajal Srivastav as Nidhi, Anmol's cousin sister
*Nasir Khan as Nidhi's father
*Ghanshyam Srivastva as Satpal Chaiwaala
*Priyanka Chahar Choudhary as Seema

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*''[http://www.setindia.com/shows/muh-boli-shaadi Mooh Boli Shaadi]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television India|Setindia]]
*''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-obODqv8lSQ Mooh Boli Shaadi]'' on [[YouTube]]
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}
{{Shashi Sumeet Productions}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Shashi Sumeet Productions series]]

State Museum, Ranchi

2026-01-19T15:26:19Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: New

{{short description|Indian cultural museum in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = State Museum Hotwar
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption = State Museum Hotwar
|alt =
|map_type = India Jharkhand
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|23|23|0.73|N|85|23|7.64|E}}
|established = {{Start date|2009}}
|dissolved =
|location = Khelgaon Mega Sports Complex, Hotwar, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India
|type =Cultural
|collection =
|visitors =
|director = Vandana Dadel, Secretary
|president =
|curator =
|publictransit =
|network =
|website = {{URL|http://www.statemuseumranchi.in/about.html|www.statemuseumranchi.in}}
}}
'''State Museum Hotwar''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] cultural museum located in [[Ranchi]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Museum Hotwar Ranchi, India {{!}} Best Time To Visit State Museum Hotwar|url=https://www.tourtravelworld.com/india/ranchi/state-museum-hotwar.htm|website=www.tourtravelworld.com|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> The current secretary of the museum is Vandana Dandel.

== History ==
The museum's original name was Ranchi Museum. It was established on the premises of the [[Tribal Research Institute Museum|Tribal Research Institute]] in 1974. Confined by the boundaries of the building, it moved to a new site in Hotwar, Ranchi. On 10 September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four-day celebrations to mark museum week in Hotwar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Four-day-celebrations-to-mark-museum-week-in-Hotwar/articleshow/27235706.cms|date=December 12, 2013|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> the museum was inaugurated by Vice President [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] of India.<ref name="MyUser_Statemuseumranchi.in_November_24_2015c">{{cite web |url=http://www.statemuseumranchi.in/about.html |title=Welcome to State Meseum, Hotwar - Ranchi |newspaper=Statemuseumranchi.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=3 Best Museums in Ranchi, JH - Expert Recommendations|url=https://threebestrated.in/museums-in-ranchi-jh|website=ThreeBestRated.in|language=en-us|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>

The museum was built to express the cultural heritage of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heritage meet at Hotwar museum|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/heritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum/cid/242331|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> It has ten galleries, and contains paintings by artists from many states such as [[West Bengal|Bengal]], [[Odisha|Orissa]], and [[Bihar]]. The museum has a library that is well-equipped and can house up to 300 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Destination ::Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. |url=https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/destinationDetails/123 |access-date=2020-05-13 |website=tourism.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Museums in Ranchi]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2009]]
[[Category:Museums in Jharkhand]]

{{India-museum-stub}}

Tufanganj subdivision

2026-01-17T15:36:28Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Made redirect

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tufanganj subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:Tufanganj (subdivision) in Cooch Behar (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.32|N|89.67|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tufanganj]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tufanganj subdivision''' is a subdivision of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Subdivisions==
Cooch Behar district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/District_Administration.html| title = Cooch Behar | publisher = District administration |access-date = 25 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Cooch Behar Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural Population % (2011)||Urban Population % (2011)
|-
|[[Mekhliganj subdivision|Mekhliganj]]||[[Mekhliganj]]||459.78||282,750||90.09||9.91
|-
|[[Mathabhanga subdivision|Mathabhanga]]||[[Mathabhanga]]||896.26||654,831||96.35||3.65
|-
|[[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision|Cooch Behar Sadar]]||[[Cooch Behar]]||754.84||748,394||77.92||22.08
|-
|Tufanganj||[[Tufanganj]]||586.44||456,319||93.02||6.97
|-
|[[Dinhata subdivision|Dinhata]]||[[Dinhata]]||692.02||676,792||94.02||5.98
|-
|[[Cooch Behar district]]||[[Cooch Behar]]||3,387.00||2,819,026||89.73||10.27
|-
|}

{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=380| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|35|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Tufanganj and Dinhata subdivisions (except Sitai CD block) in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|19|52|N|89|46|18|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Chhota Laukuthi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chhota Laukuthi]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|40|6|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Kamat Phulbari| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kamat Phulbari]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|7|0|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Bhangri |labela3= Pratham| labelb3 = Khanda| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Bhangri Pratham Khanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|19|20|N|89|39|20|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Tufanganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Tufanganj]] (M)|shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|8|20|N|89|28|32|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Dinhata| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Dinhata]] (M)|shape-color5= #800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|19|41|N|89|45|32|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Bakshirhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bakshirhat]] (R)| shape-color6= #C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|24|52|N|89|35|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Natabari| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Natabari, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color7= #C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|4|14|N|89|35|10|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bamanhat| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bamanhat]] (R)| shape-color8= #C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|1|59|N|89|29|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Gitaldaha| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Gitaldaha]] (R)| shape-color9= #C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|6|50|N|89|35|3|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Sahebganj| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sahebganj, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|9|10|N|89|23|0|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gosanimari| numbered11=H| mark-title11= [[Gosanimari]] (H) |shape-color11=#AA6666
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|20|15|N|89|33|10|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Airani Chitalia| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Airani Chitalia]] (H)|shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|20|24|N|89|39|15|E}}| label-pos13=top|label13=Andaranfulbari| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Andaranfulbari]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|18|16|N|89|42|42|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Bara Kodali| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bara Kodali]] (H)|shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|23|36|N|89|34|14|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bhuchungmari| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhuchungmari]] (H)|shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|17|51|N|89|39|14|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Chamta| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Chamta]] (H)|shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|16|13|N|89|39|20|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Nakkatigachhi| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Nakkatigachhi]] (H)|shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|1|35|N|89|27|0|E}}|label18= Dharla River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=55| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|6|0|N|89|43|0|E}}|label19= Dudhkumar| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19=none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|3|30|N|89|43|0|E}}|label20= River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=100| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20=none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|49|0|E}}|label21= Gangadhar River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=11| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|17|30|N|89|32|30|E}}|label22= Mara Torsha| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=25| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|16|0|N|89|35|40|E}}|label23= River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|9|6|N|89|20|30|E}}| label-pos24=top|label24=Rajpat| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Rajpat]] (H)|shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|8|29|N|89|21|47|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Kamteswari |labela25= temple| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Kamteswari temple]] (H)|shape-color25=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|16|30|N|89|45|30|E}}|arc-textA= ASSAM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|0|30|N|89|36|30|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-25| arc-gapB=4.2| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Administrative units===
Tufanganj subdivision has 2 police stations, 2 community development blocks, 2 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samitis]], 25 [[gram panchayat]]s, 127 [[mouza]]s, 125 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 2 [[census town]]s. The municipality is: [[Tufanganj]]. The census towns are: [[Kamat Phulbari]] (P) and [[Chhota Laukuthi]]. The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Tufanganj]].<ref name="handbook"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Cooch Behar | access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in the Tufanganj subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction: <ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://coochbeharpolice.in/index.php/admin/police_stations|title =Police Stations | publisher= Cooch Behar Police | access-date =28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/CoB_Police.html |title = Police stations under Cooch Behar district| access-date =28 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police Station ||Area covered km2 ||International border ||Inter-state border km||Municipal Town || CD block
|-
|[[Tufanganj]]||320.75|| n/a|| n/a ||[[Tufanganj]]||[[Tufanganj I]]
|-
|[[Bakshirhat]]|| 257.22 || n/a || - || - ||[[Tufanganj II]]
|-
|}

===Blocks===
Community development blocks in the Tufanganj subdivision are:<ref name="handbook"/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Koch Bihar district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Cooch Behar Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD block ||Headquarters||Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Tufanganj I]]||[[Tufanganj]]||317.00||248,595||46.26||0.15||73.69|| 1
|-
|[[Tufanganj II]]|||[[Chhota Laukuthi]]||265.69||186,726||53.76||2.12||75.75|| 1
|-
|}

==Gram Panchayats==
The subdivision contains 25 [[gram panchayat]]s under 2 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Cooch Behar – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>

* [[Tufanganj I]] block consists of 14 gram panchayats, viz. Andaran–Fulbari–I, Balabhut, Dhalpal–I, Natabari–I, Andaran–Fulbari–II, Chilkhana–I, Dhalpal–II, Natabari–II, Balarampur–I, Chilkhana–II, [[Maruganj]], Balarampur–II, Deocharai and Nakkatigachh.

* [[Tufanganj II]] block consists of 11 gram panchayats, viz. Barokodali–I, Bhanukumari–II, Mahiskuchi–II, Salbari–I, Barokodali–II, Falimari, Rampur–I, Salbari–II, Bhanukumari–I, Mahiskuchi–I and Rampur–II.

==Education==
Given in the table below is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Cooch Behar district, with data for the year 2012-13.<ref name="education">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 4.4 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Mekhliganj subdivision|Mekhliganj]]
|align="center"|216
|align="center"|24,210
|align="center"|52
|align="center"|27,782
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|4,012
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|27,680
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2858
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|55
|align="center"|456
|align="center"|25,387
|-
|align=left|[[Mathabhanga subdivision|Mathabhanga]]
|align="center"|432
|align="center"|52,235
|align="center"|80
|align="center"|52,338
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|113,452
|align="center"|42
|align="center"|61,315
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|3,910
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|578
|align="center"|1,171
|align="center"|70,179
|-

|align=left|[[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision|Cooch Behar Sadar]]
|align="center"|441
|align="center"|61,375
|align="center"|47
|align="center"|15,322
|align="center"|33
|align="center"|35,204
|align="center"|56
|align="center"|59,614
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|8,934
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|3,749
|align="center"|1,195
|align="center"|61,733
|-
|align=left|Tufanganj
|align="center"|310
|align="center"|31,205
|align="center"|72
|align="center"|45,231
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|17,510
|align="center"|30
|align="center"|38,274
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2,871
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|275
|align="center"|950
|align="center"|36,293
|-
|align=left|[[Dinhata subdivision|Dinhata]]
|align="center"|431
|align="center"|42,213
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|14,723
|align="center"|27
|align="center"|31,836
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|44,946
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3,492
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|381
|align="center"|1,228
|align="center"|1,950
|-
|align=left|[[Cooch Behar district]]
|align="center"|1,830
|align="center"|211,247
|align="center"|297
|align="center"|154,943
|align="center"|94
|align="center"|102,014
|align="center"|178
|align="center"|231,829
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|22,065
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|5,038
|align="center"|5,000
|align="center"|223,323
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name="education"/>

===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Tufanganj subdivision:
*[[Tufanganj Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1971 at [[Tufanganj]].<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.tufanganjmahavidyalaya.net/ |title = Tufanganj Mahavidyalaya |publisher= TM | access-date = 28 July 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2005 at [[Bakshirhat]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bakshirhatmahavidyalaya.org/| title = Bakshirhat Mahavidyalaya| publisher = BM |access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2013 in Cooch Behar district, with data for the year 2012-13.: <ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 3.1, 3.3 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 28 July 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors*
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Mekhliganj subdivision|Mekhliganj]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|255
|align="center"|32
|align="center"|23,850
|align="center"|185,720
|-
|align=left|[[Mathabhanga subdivision|Mathabhanga]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|7
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"|13
|align="center"|297
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|44,730
|align="center"|712,513
|-
|align=left|[[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision|Cooch Behar Sadar]]
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|1
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|1,030
|align="center"|115
|align="center"|96,233
|align="center"|560,813
|-
|align=left|Tufanganj
|align="center"|1
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|266
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|46,232
|align="center"|560,813
|-
|align=left|[[Dinhata subdivision|Dinhata]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|429
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|62,943
|align="center"|624,514
|-
|align=left|[[Cooch Behar district]]
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|2
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|73
|align="center"|2,277
|align="center"|280
|align="center"|273,988
|align="center"|3,145,902
|-
|}
.* Excluding nursing homes.

===Medical facilities===
Medical facilities in the Tufanganj subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 July 2020 }}</ref>
*Tufanganj Subdivisional Hospital, [[Tufanganj]] M, 100 beds
*Tufanganj Mental Hospital, Tufanganj

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 July 2020}}</ref>
*Natabari Rural Hospital, Tufanganj I CD block, [[Natabari, Cooch Behar|Natabari]], 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 July 2020}}</ref>
*Bakshirhat Block Primary Health Centre, Tufanganj II CD block, [[Bakshirhat]], 10 beds

'''Primary Health Centres ''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 July 2020}}</ref>
*Tufanganj I CD block: Dewchari (10), Moradanga (10), Balarampur (4)
*Tufanganj II CD block: Salbari (4), Rampur (10)

==Legislative segments==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the Tufanganj municipality, Tufanganj–II block and Andaran–Fulbari–I, Balabhut, Dhalpal–I and Nakkatigachh gram panchayats of Tufanganj–I block together will constitute the Tufanganj assembly constituency of West Bengal. The other ten gram panchayats of Tufanganj–I block, viz. Natabari–I, Andaran–Fulbari–II, Chilkhana–I, Dhalpal–II, Natabari–II, Balarampur–I, Chilkhana–II, Maruganj, Balarampur–II and Deocharai will be part of the Natabari assembly constituency. Natabari constituency will be part of [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]] candidates. Tufanganj constituency will be part of [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribes (ST)]] candidates.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 8 January 2009 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission | pages = 4, 23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Cooch Behar District}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tufanganj Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar district]]

Aniruddha Maroo

2026-01-16T14:22:59Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: New...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
'''Aniruddha Madhav Maru''' (born 1961)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anirudha (madhav) Maroo(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MANASA(NEEMUCH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3342 |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Manasa Assembly constituency]] in [[Neemuch district|Neemuch District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasa assembly election results 2023: Manasa Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/manasa-assembly-result-12228 |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasa Constituency Election Results 2023: Manasa Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/manasa |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Maru is from Manasa, Neemuch District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Rameshwar. He completed his graduation in mechanical engineering in 1986 at Samrat Ashok Technological College, Bidisha, which is affiliated with [[Bhopal University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Maru won from Manasa Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He polled 90,980 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Narendra Nahata of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 18,987 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasa Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Aniruddha (Madhav) Maroo Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/manasa-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686929.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=aniruddha madhav maroo madhya-pradesh aniruddha-madhav-maroo-manasa candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/aniruddha-madhav-maroo-madhya-pradesh-manasa-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Manasa Assembly Election 2023 Result Live Updates: Check Latest Trends From Madhya Pradesh Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/manasa-assembly-election-2023-result-live-updates-latest-trends-from-madhya-pradesh-election-results-article-105694306 |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maroo, Aniruddha}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Neemuch district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dhana Nanda

2026-01-16T10:26:10Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning:

{{Short description|King of Magadha from 329 to 321 BCE}}
{{redirect|Xandrames|the genus of moths|Xandrames (moth)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png
| alt = Possible extent of Dhana Nanda's empire
| caption = Dhana Nanda's empire
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Magadha#House of Nanda|King of Magadha]]
| birth_date = 
| death_date = {{circa|321 BCE}}
| reign = c. 329–321 BCE
| predecessor = Kaivarta
| successor = [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (as [[List of Mauryan emperors|Emperor of Magadha]])
| dynasty = [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]]
| father = [[Mahapadma Nanda]]
| issue = [[Durdhara]]
}}

'''Dhana Nanda''' (died {{circa| 321 BCE}}), according to the Buddhist text ''[[Bodhi Vamsa|Mahabodhivamsa]]'', was the last [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]] king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].

[[Chandragupta Maurya]] raised an army that eventually conquered the Nanda capital [[Pataliputra]] and defeated him. This defeat marked the fall of the Nanda Empire and the birth of the [[Maurya Empire]].

The [[Jain]] tradition presents a similar legend about the last Nanda emperor, although it simply calls the emperor "Nanda", and states that the emperor was allowed to leave his capital alive after being defeated. The [[Puranas]] give a different account, describing the last Nanda emperor as one of eight sons of the dynasty's founder, whom they call [[Mahapadma Nanda|Mahapadma]]. The Greco-Roman accounts name [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s contemporary ruler in India as Agrammes or Xandrames, whom modern historians identify as the last Nanda emperor. According to these accounts, Alexander's soldiers mutinied when faced with the prospect of a war with this emperor's powerful army.

== Buddhist tradition ==
The Buddhist text ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'' names 9 Nanda kings, who were all brothers, and ruled in succession for a total of 22 years. The first of these kings was Ugrasena, and the last was Dhana Nanda:{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=273}}{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# Ugrasena (Uggasena in Pali)
# Panduka
# Pandugati
# Bhuta-pala
# Rashtra-pala
# Govishanaka
# Dasha-siddhaka
# Kaivarta
# Dhana Nanda
}}

The Buddhist tradition states that Dhana Nanda insulted the [[Chanakya]] for his ugly appearance during an alms-giving ceremony at Pupphapura ([[Pushpapura]]), ordering him to be thrown out of the assembly. Chanakya then cursed the king, who ordered his arrest. Chanakya escaped and befriended the king's son Pabbata, instigating the prince to seize the throne. With help of a [[signet ring]] given by the prince, Chanakya fled the Nanda palace. Determined to overthrow Dhana Nanda, he acquired wealth to raise an army by using a secret technique that allowed him to turn 1 coin into 8 coins.{{sfn|Thomas Trautmann|1971|p=13}}

Chanakya narrowed down two candidates to replace Dhana Nanda: Pabbata, and [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]], who belonged to a former royal family. To test them, he gave each of them an amulet to be worn around the neck with a woolen thread. One day, while Chandragupta was asleep, he asked Pabbata to remove Chandragupta's woolen thread without breaking it and without waking up Chandragupta. Pabbata failed to accomplish this task. Some time later, when Pabbata was sleeping, Chanakya challenged Chandragupta to complete the same task. Chandragupta retrieved the woolen thread by cutting off Pabbata's head. Over next seven years, Chanakya trained and mentored Chandragupta. When Chandragupta became an adult, Chanakya assembled an army using his wealth.{{sfn|Thomas Trautmann|1971|p=14}}

The army invaded Dhana Nanda's capital, but was decisively defeated and disbanded. Subsequently, Chandragupta and Chanakya raised a new army, and started capturing the border villages. Gradually, they advanced to the Nanda capital Pataliputta ([[Pataliputra]]), and killed Dhana Nanda. Chanakya found the treasure of Dhana Nanda through a fisherman, and appointed Chandragupta as the new king.{{sfn|Thomas Trautmann|1971|p=15}}

== Other descriptions of the last Nanda king ==

=== Jain tradition ===

The Jain tradition contains a legend that has several similarities with the Buddhist legend, but does not mention the name "Dhana Nanda": the Jain texts simply call Chanakya's rival king "Nanda". According to the Jain tradition, Chanakya visited the Nanda capital [[Pataliputra]] to seek donations from the king, but felt insulted by a servant of the king. He then vowed to overthrow the Nanda dynasty.{{sfn|Thomas Trautmann|1971|p=22}} He discovered and mentored Chandragupta, and raised an army that defeated the Nanda forces after an initial debacle. However, unlike the Buddhist tradition, the Jain tradition states that the Nanda king was allowed to leave his capital alive after being defeated. The king's daughter fell in love with Chandragupta and married him.{{sfn|Thomas Trautmann|1971|p=23}} This legend does not name this daughter, although later, it names [[Durdhara]] as the mother of Chandragupta's son [[Bindusara]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1966|p=234}}

Nanda's chief minister was Sakadala who had two sons, [[Sthulabhadra]] (297–198 BCE) and Srikaya.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=42}} Srikaya became the king's personal bodyguard.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=42}} Sthulabhadra loved the royal dancer Rupakosa and lived for 12 years with her.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=42}} Sakadala was killed in a plot of his political opponent Varichi, after which, his son Srikaya was made the chief minister.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=42-43}}

=== Puranas ===
Like the Buddhist tradition, the [[Puranas]] also state that there were 9 Nanda kings.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=272}} However, they name the first of these kings as [[Mahapadma Nanda|Mahapadma]], and state that the next 8 kings were his sons. The Puranas name only one of these sons: Sukalpa.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=20}} [[Dhundhiraja of Svamimalai|Dhundhi-raja]], an 18th-century [[Puranas|Puranic]] commentator, claims that Chandragupta Maurya was the grandson of a Nanda king called Sarvatha-siddhi,{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=273}} although this claim does not occur in the Puranas themselves.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=140}}

=== Greco-Roman accounts ===
The Greek accounts name [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s contemporary ruler in India as Agrammes or Xandrames, whom modern historians identify as the last Nanda king. "Agrammes" may be a Greek transcription of the Sanskrit word "Augrasainya" (literally "son or descendant of Ugrasena", Ugrasena being the name of the dynasty's founder according to the Buddhist tradition).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=14}} The Greco-Roman tradition suggests that this dynasty had only two kings: according to Curtius, the dynasty's founder was a barber-turned-king; his son was overthrown by [[Chandragupta Maurya]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1966|p=5}}

Indian kings [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] and Phegeles (Bhagala) are said to have informed Alexander of the unpopularity of Agrammes among his subjects.{{sfn|Mookerji|1966|p=35}} According to the Roman historian [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]], his army had as 200,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry, 2,000 four-horsed [[Ratha|chariots]] and 3,000 [[War elephant|elephants]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1966|p=34}} The Greek accounts describe Agrammes as the ruler of the [[Gangaridai]] (the [[Ganges valley]]) and the Prasii (probably a transcription of the Sanskrit word ''prachya''s, literally "easterners").{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}} When faced with the prospect of facing the powerful army of Nanda, Alexander's soldiers mutinied, forcing him to retreat from India.{{sfn|Ian Worthington|2014|pp=251-253}}

All historical accounts agree that the last Nanda king was unpopular among his subjects. According to Diodorus, [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] told Alexander that the contemporary Nanda king was a man of "worthless character", and was not respected by his subjects as he was thought to be of low origin. Curtius also states that according to Porus, the Nanda king was despised by his subjects. According to [[Plutarch]], who claims that Androkottos (identified as Chandragupta) met Alexander, Androkottos later declared that Alexander could have easily conquered the Nanda territory (Gangaridai and Prasii) because the Nanda king was hated and despised by his subjects, as he was wicked and of low origin. The Sri Lankan Buddhist tradition blames the Nandas for being greedy and for imposing oppressive taxation. The Puranas of India label the Nandas as ''adharmika'', indicating that they did not follow the norms of ''[[dharma]]'' or righteous conduct.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

== Popular culture ==
Dhana Nanda appears as the primary antagonist in almost every series on Indian television portraying the life of Chanakya or Chandragupta Maurya.

*In the epic historical drama [[Chanakya (TV series)]], Suraj Chaddha portrayed the role of Dhana Nanda.
* In [[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)]], [[Sooraj Thapar]] portrayed Dhana Nanda.
* In [[Chandra Nandini]] TV Serial, Lokesh Batta portrayed the role of Dhana Nanda.
* In [[Porus (TV series)|Porus]] and [[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV Series)|Chandragupta Maurya]], [[Saurabh Raj Jain]] essayed the role of Dhana Nanda.

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=History and Historians in Ancient India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang/page/23 23] |year=1984 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-03250-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=H. C. Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11 |year=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ian Worthington |title=By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnGVAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-992986-3 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Irfan Habib |author2=Vivekanand Jha |title=Mauryan India |series=A People's History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Aligarh Historians Society / [[Tulika Books]] |isbn=978-81-85229-92-8 }}
* {{citation |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Thomas Trautmann |author-link=Thomas Trautmann |title=Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Brill }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:4th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Magadha]]
[[Category:Nanda dynasty]]

Gadiseer Bijbehara

2025-11-15T18:39:05Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Starting some post and citations

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gadiseer Bijbehara
| official_name = Gari Seer
| native_name = Gaedseer
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.80|N|75.10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| established_title = 
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| population_total = 1,700
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 192124
| registration_plate = JK03
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''[https://www.facebook.com/GadiseerBijbehara Gadiseer]''' is a village in the [[Anantnag district]] in the Indian administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is located on the bank of [[Jhelum River]] (Veith- Vatasta). PIN code of Gadiseer is 192124 and its postal head office is Bijbehara. The village falls in the vicinity (jurisdiction) of tehsil Bijbehara in Dachnipora Block.

==Geography==
Gadiseer is {{cvt|7|km}} away from the north of the Anantnag town and {{cvt|3|km}} to the south of [[Bijbehara]] and is about {{cvt|50|km}} away from [[Srinagar]] city. It is {{cvt|850|km}} away from the national capital [[New Delhi]] and about {{cvt|250|km}} from Jammu. It is approximately 5,000 meters above sea level. It shares its boundaries in the west with River Jehlum and on the other sides with the villages like Zirpara, Arm Gund, Duptyar, Batagund, Veeri and Guree.

== History ==
It is generally believed that the history of Gadiseer started with the advent of Migrant Muslims in Gadiseer near about in the last decade of 14th century.

Gadiseer was Port of South Kashmir till 1990's, Gadiseer was called Hub of all Markets in South Kashmir, but unfortunately, we are handicapped to have an abundant material about Gadiseer at our disposal. It is because that the early history of Gadiseer is obscure.

== Demographics ==
Gadiseer is a village situated in Bijbehara tehsil of Anantnag district in Jammu and Kashmir. As per the Population Census 2011, there are total 210 families residing in the village Gadiseer. The total population of Gadiseer is 1,700 out of which 884 are males and 816 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Gadiseer is 923.

The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Gadiseer village is 206 which is 12% of the total population. There are 112 male children and 94 female children between the age 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Gadiseer is 839 which is less than Average Sex Ratio (923) of Gadiseer village.

As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Gadiseer is 68.2%. Thus Gadiseer village has higher literacy rate compared to 50.6% of Anantnag district. The male literacy rate is 78.11% and the female literacy rate is 57.62% in Gadiseer village.

'''Population = 1,700, Families = 21, Literacy = 68.21% Sex Ratio = 923.'''

Gadiseer Data as per Census 2011 As per the Population Census 2011 data, following are some quick facts about Gadiseer village [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=4444].
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Children
|206
|112
|94
|-
|Literacy
|68.21%
|78.11%
|57.62%
|-
|Scheduled Caste
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Scheduled Tribe
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Illiterate
|681
|281
|400
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|
|'''District'''
|'''SubDistrict'''
|'''Place'''
|-
|'''Gadiseer Bijbehara'''
|Anantnag
|Bijbehara
|Gadiseer
|-
| colspan="4" |Total Number of HouseHold : 210
|-
|Population
|Persons
|Males
|Females
|-
|Total
|1,700
|884
|816
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|206
|112
|94
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Literates
|1,019
|603
|416
|-
|Illiterate
|681
|281
|400
|-
|Total Worker
|590
|319
|271
|-
|Main Worker
|267
|225
|42
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|61
|36
|25
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|1
|1
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|2
|2
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|203
|186
|17
|-
|Marginal Worker
|323
|94
|229
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|92
|33
|59
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|5
|2
|3
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|16
|0
|16
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|210
|59
|151
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|118
|56
|62
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|42
|21
|21
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|1
|1
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|5
|0
|5
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|70
|34
|36
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|205
|38
|167
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|50
|12
|38
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|4
|1
|3
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|11
|0
|11
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|140
|25
|115
|-
|Non Worker
|1,110
|565
|545
|}

== Other information ==
'''Areas / Communities / Mohallas in Gadiseer Bijbehara;'''

From North To South;

* Usman Colony - Gadiseer.
* Umar Colony - Gadiseer.
* Bonmarg - Gadiseer.
* Astaan Mohalla - Gadiseer.
* Wani Mohalla - Gadiseer.
* Rather Pora - Gadiseer.
* Thoker Pora - Gadiseer.
* Hermarg Colony - Gadiseer.

'''Mosques in Gadiseer Bijbehara;'''

* Jamia Masjid Gadiseer.
* Astaan Masjid (Astan Mohalla - Gadiseer).
* Masjid-e-Usman (Usman Colony - Gadiseer).
*Masjid-e-Umar (Umar Colony - Gadiseer).

'''Schools / Institutes in Gadiseer Bijbehara;'''

* Mushtaq Memorial Darasgah Gadiseer Bijbehara.
* Islamia Darasgah Gadiseer Bijbehara.
* Darasgah Jamia Masjid Hazrat-e-[[Ali]] - Gadiseer.
* Darasgah-e-[[Umar]] - Gadiseer
* Scholar's Institute of Education {Closed} ( Now, Radiant Public School Anantnag )[https://www.facebook.com/ScholarsInstituteofEducation].
* Govt. Middle School Gadiseer Bijbehara [http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=1060502401].

'''Rivers / Canals flowing through Gadiseer Bijbehara;'''

* River [[Jhelum River|Jehlum]].
*[[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] Canal.
* Kier Spring.
*[[Veeri]] Canal.

'''Places / Sites / Spots / in Gadiseer Bijbehara;'''

* [[Eidgah]] Gadiseer.
* Gadiseer Sports Ground.
* Chinar Park Gadiseer Bijbehara.
* Daaf Kadel.
* Sunderban II.

'''Sport in Gadiseer Bijbehara;'''

* [https://www.facebook.com/GadiseerCricketAssociation Gadiseer Cricket Association] Gadiseer Cricket Board of Control, Under Which All Type of Cricket Teams, Events, Tournaments & Leagues Are Managed, Estd. By [https://www.facebook.com/ErDavoodRaja Er Davood Raja] In 2023.
* Gadiseer Cricket Club (Team 'A' Cricket Team of Gadiseer Bijbehara)
* [https://www.facebook.com/GadiseerUnited/ Gadiseer United] (United Cricket Team of Gadiseer Bijbehara is a Cricket Team of Top 11 Players Chosen From Whole Locality, "Gadiseer Bijbehara"). Gadiseer United Was Founded in 2021 By [[google:Er+Davood+Raja&oq=ER&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j35i39j46i67j46i433i512j69i60l3.2063j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|Er Davood Raja]].
* Gadiseer United Blues Is The Team of Emerging & New Talented Players of Gadiseer.
==See also==
*[[Bijbehara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/GadiseerBijbehara/ Facebook]
* [https://www.wikivillage.in/pincode/gadiseer-pincode-192124/ Wiki Pin Code 192124] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042833/https://www.wikivillage.in/pincode/gadiseer-pincode-192124/ |date=2019-02-02 }}
* [https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/jammu-and-kashmir/ananthnag/bijbehara.html Maps of India]
* [http://vlist.in/village/003614.html Vlist]
* [http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3614-gari-seer-jammu-and-kashmir.html Census 2011]
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=4444 Census India]

[[Category:Anantnag district]]

Ladwa

2025-11-14T04:37:47Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning:

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ladwa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi/Haryanvi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Ladwa Assembly constituency map.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ladwa tehsil in Kurukshetra district (Haryana)
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|59|45|N|77|02|24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 209
| population_total = 28887
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], Regional [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 136132
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 1744]]
| registration_plate = HR 97
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.133 males/female [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ladwa''' is a [[town]] and a municipal committee, just 18 km from [[Kurukshetra|Kurukshetra city]] in the [[Kurukshetra district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Haryana]]. It is current seat of Haryana CM Nayab singh Saini.

==Geography==
Ladwa has an average elevation of {{convert|209|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}. It is located on the [[Kurukshetra]] - [[Yamunanagar]] - [[Saharanpur]] road and is also close to the towns of [[kurukshetra]], [[Shahbad]], [[Radaur]] and [[Indri, India]]. The nearest major [[Highway]] is [[National Highway 1 (India)]] known as [[Grand Trunk Road]] which is {{convert|14.5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} west direction of downtown. Ladwa has one of the best new grain markets all over [[Asia]]{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}.

==Tehsil==
Ladwa is a tehsil in Kurukshetra district which includes Babain sub-tehsil. Ladwa tehsil includes total number of 98 villages. Ladwa includes 53 whereas Babain sub-tehsil includes 45 villages.

===Villages===
Villages under Ladwa—Badarpur,
Bahlolpur,
Bakali,
Ban,
Bani,
Bapda,
Bapdi,
Baraichpur,
Baraunda,
Baraundi,
Baraut,
Barshami,
Bhalar,
Bhalari,
Bharthauli,
Bhut majra,
Bir Bhartauli,
Brahan,
Budha,
Chhalaundi,
Chhapra,
Dab khera,
Dehra,
Dhandla,
Dhanora Jattan,
Dhudi,
Dudha,
Dugaheri,
Gadli,
Gajlana,
Gharaula,
Gobindgarh,
Girdharpura
Gudha,
Halalpur,
Haripur
Jainpur,
Jalaludin Majra,
Jandhera,
Jogi majra,
Kharkali,
Kheri Dabdalan,
Kishan Garh,
Ladwa,
Lathi dhanaura,
Mehra
Muniyarpur
Mehuwa Kheri,
Murad Nagar,
Nakhrojpur,
Niwarsi,
Pahladpur,
Salempur,
Samalkha,
Shahzadpur,
Sultanpur,
Sura,
Sonti

Villages under Babain—Babain,
Baghrat,
Berthla,
Bhagwanpur,
Bhaini,
Bhukhri,
Bint,
Bir Kalwa,
Bir Mangoli Sainian
Bir Sujra,
Buhavi,
Danani,
Ghisarpari,
Guhan,
Hamidpur,
Haripura,
Isherheri,
Jandaula,
Kali Rano,
Kalwa,
Kandoli,
Kanoni,
Kasithal,
Khaira,
Khairi,
Khirki Viran,
Lakhmadi,
Lohara,
Mandokhra,
Mangoly Jattan,
Mangoly Rangdan,
Phallsanda Jattan,
Phallsanda Rangdan,
Ram Nagar-112,
Ram Nagar-156,
[[Ram Saran Majra]],
Rampura,
Rurki,
Sanghor,
Simbalwal,
Sujra,
Sujri,
Sunario,
Tatka,
Tatki.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|title= Primary census abstract| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/pca.aspx}}</ref> Ladwa has a total population of 28,887 person comprising 15,345 [[Male]]s and 13,542 [[Females]]. Males constitute 53.1% and females 46.87% of the population. Ladwa has an average literacy rate of 72.3%, lower than the national average of 72.99%: male literacy is 76.3%, and female literacy is 67.8%. In Ladwa, 12.4% of the population lies between age group 0–6 years.

===Crops===
[[Paddy (unmilled rice)|Paddy]] and [[wheat]] are the main crops which are cultivated in Ladwa in [[rainy season]] and [[winter season]] respectively. Other crops are [[sunflowers]], [[sugar cane]], [[pulses]], [[turmeric]], and [[maize]], etc.

==Education==

===Public schools===
*Government Senior Secondary School
*Government Girls High School
*Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya

===Private schools===
*Hindu High School(Govt. Aided)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/06%20List%20of%20Aided%20Schools.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417061153/http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/06%20List%20of%20Aided%20Schools.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Guru Nanak High School(Govt. Aided)
*Sant Nischal Singh Public School
*The Discovery World School
*New Janta Sr. Sec. School
*Sugni Devi Arya Girls Sr. Sec. School
*Om Parkash Garg Memorial Public School
*Doon Public School
*Unique Shiksha Niketan
*Jai Bharat High School
*Tagore High School
*Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Public School
* GENIUS VOICE INSTITUTE
*CAMBRIDGE MONTESSORY PRE-SCHOOL
*SAHARA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

===Colleges and universities===
Indira Gandhi National College
Ladwa. There is easy access to colleges and universities.

===Broadband Service Available in Ladwa===
There are many Broadband service providers in Ladwa which provide high speed fiber internet throughout the city.
*BSNL
*Netplus
*Falconet(Airtel Broadband)
*Planet WIFI

==Festivals==
India is a country of festivals where every day is a new festival and people of Ladwa also celebrate many of them. The main festivals of Ladwa are:
* [[Dipawali]] is the festival of happiness which is connected with their religious history.
* [[Teej]] is celebrated by girls in which they swing again and again and distribute sweets among them.
* [[Holi]] is the festival of colour.

==Public health care==
Community Health Center and Primary Health Center is the only government infrastructure which serves local community. In the past few years many private hospitals have come up in the town to provide better medical facilities to the people of Ladwa.

==Transportation==
The diverse connection of rural roads and state highways provides well-connectivity to the city.

===Airports===
[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] is the nearest major international airport which is situated in [[delhi]] at a distance of {{convert|180|km|mi|0}}. In addition, [[Chandigarh International Airport]] situated in the proximity of approx. {{convert|106|km|mi|0}}, is serving few non-stop international and domestic flights.

===Rail===
The closest [[Train Station]]s are located at [[Kurukshetra railway station|Kurukshetra]], [[Yamunanagar]], [[Karnal]] and [[Ambala]]. The divisional headquarters of [[Northern Railway Zone (India)]] and major [[Train station]] are located at [[Ambala Cantonment]] in the [[Ambala]] which is about {{cvt|45|km}} away. A new railway line from Karnal to Yamunanagar will go via Ladwa.

===Road===
The road transportation is provided by [[Haryana Roadways]] which runs on all the Inter State and City routes. Moreover, [[Village]] are well-connected by [[Bus]].

== See also ==

* [[Ladwa State]]
* [[Kurukshetra]]

==References==
<references/>

;General references
*http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/Schools.html
*http://haryana.gov.in/
*http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/CBSE.html
*https://web.archive.org/web/20130124014628/http://haryanahealth.nic.in/userfiles/file/pdf/Planning/DISTRICTWISE%20COMMUNITY%20%20HEALTH%20CENTRES12102012.pdf
*http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/AtAGlance/basicstat.htm

==External links==
*[http://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=29.9924720698056~77.04592895507812&lvl=15&dir=0&sty=r&where1=Ladwa%2C%20India&form=LMLTCC/ Location on Bing Maps]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps/place?q=Ladwa+Bus+Stand,+SH+6,+Ladwa,+Haryana,+India&hl=en&cid=4754498370550581831/ Location on Google Maps]

{{Kurukshetra district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kurukshetra district]]

Shalini Bharat

2025-10-29T09:25:39Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian academic}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Shalini Bharat'''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/TISS-Appoints-Prof-Shalini-Bharat-As-Director-/02-10-2018-161279|title=TISS Appoints Prof. Shalini Bharat As Director|website=BW Education}}</ref> is Director of [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS), Mumbai.

==Academic contribution==
Bharat has worked extensively in the field of HIV/AIDS and wrote several articles in identifying stigmas, gaps and recommendation highlighting the current scenario of Health Systems in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiss.edu/view/9/employee/sbharat/|title=Prof Shalini Bharat | Tata Institute of Social Sciences|website=www.tiss.edu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharat, Shalini}}
[[Category:Indian women social scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Suparshvanatha

2025-10-18T18:53:22Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Stub

{{short description|7th Tirthankara in Jainism}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| deity_of = 7th Jain [[Tirthankara]]
| image = File:Thirthankara Suparshvanath Museum Rietberg RVI 306.jpg
| caption = Idol of Suparshvanatha depicting Śvetāmbara iconography
| alt = Suparshvanatha
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| symbol = [[Swastika]]
| color = Golden
| father = Pratishtha
| mother = Prithvi
| height = 200 [[Dhanusha (unit)|bows]] (600 meters)
| age = 2,000,000 purva (141.12 [[Quintillion]] years)
| tree =
| predecessor = [[Padmaprabha]]
| successor = [[Chandraprabha]]
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]]
| moksha_place = [[Shikharji]]
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Ikṣvākuvaṁśa]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Suparshvanatha''' ({{langx|sa|सुपार्श्वनाथ}} {{IAST|Supārśvanātha}}), also known as '''Suparśva''', was the seventh Jain ''[[tirthankara|Tīrthankara]]'' of the present age (''[[avasarpini]]''). He was born to King Pratistha and Queen ''Prithvi'' at [[Varanasi]] on 12 [[Jestha]] Shukla in the [[Ikshvaku]] clan. He is said to have attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' at [[Shikharji]] on the sixth day of the dark half of the month of ''Phālguna''.

== Jain biography ==

Suparśvanātha was the seventh Jain ''[[tirthankara|Tīrthankara]]'' of the present age (''[[avasarpini]]'').{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} He was born to King Pratishtha and Queen Prithvi at [[Varanasi]] on 12 [[Jestha]] Shukla in the [[Ikshvaku]] clan.{{sfn|Singh|2015}} There is temple dedicated to Suparshvanatha built in Bhadaini, [[Varanasi]] to commemorate the birth of Suparshvanatha.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=54}}{{Sfn|Lodha|2013|p=544}} Nine months before the birth of ''Suparśvanātha'', Queen ''Prithivī'' dreamt the sixteen most [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|auspicious dreams]].{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=188}}

His height is mentioned as 200 [[Dhanusha (unit)|dhanusha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} He is said to have lived for 2,000,000 ''[[purva]]''.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} Suparśvanātha spent 5 lakh ''pūrva'' as youth (''kumāra kāla'') and ruled His kingdom for 14 lakh ''pūrva'' and 20 ''pūrvāṇga'' (''rājya kāla'').{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=189}} Suparśvanātha was married and ruled after his father King Pratistha. He conducted affairs in state and looked after well being of individual.{{Sfn|Jain|2009|p=78}}

According to Jain legends, When he observed tree leaves falling and flower wilting, he renounced his worldly life. He gave his kingdom to his son and became a Jain ascetic. After 9 months and then obtained [[Kevala Jnana]] (omniscience). After a many years of spreading his knowledge, he is said to have attained [[moksha (Jainism)|nirvana]] at [[Sammed Shikharji]] on the sixth day of the dark half of the month of ''Phālguna''.{{Sfn|Jain|2009|p=78}}{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=189}}

According to Jain texts ''Balladatta Svami'' was the leader of the Suparśvanātha disciples and 20 lakh years he also achieved nirvana.{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=189}}

Suparsvanatha is said to have been born 9,000 ''crore sagara'' after his predecessor, [[Padmaprabha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His successor, [[Chandraprabha]], is said to have been born 900 ''crore sagara'' after him.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

== As a historical figure==
The [[Yajurveda]] is also said to have mentioned the name of Suparśvanātha but the meaning is different. It is an epithet of God which means "All-Pure Lord".

The ''Mahavagga'' book of the [[Khandhaka]] (1. 22. 13), a [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist text]], mentions a [[Jain temple|temple]] of Suparśvanātha situated at [[Rajgir]] in the time of [[Gautama Buddha]].{{Sfn|Jain|2009|p=77}}

At [[Mathura]], there is an old [[stupa]] with the inscription of 157 CE. This inscription records that an image of the tīrthankara [[Aranatha]] was set up at the ''stupa'' built by the gods. However, [[Somadeva Suri]] stated in Yashstilaka and Jinaprabha Suri in [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]] that the stupa was erected for Suparśvanātha.{{Sfn|Jain|2009|p=77}}

== Adoration ==
''Svayambhūstotra'' by ''[[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Acharya Samantabhadra]]'' is the adoration of twenty-four ''Tīrthankaras''. Its five slokas ([[aphorism]]s) are dedicated to ''Tīrthankara Suparśvanātha''.{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=44-50}}

{{quote|As an inanimate equipment (a vehicle, for example) requires an animate being (a man) for its operation, so does the body, that the soul adopts as its encasement, require the soul for its functioning. The body is repugnant, foul-smelling, perishable, and a source of anxiety and, therefore, it is futile to have attachment towards it. O Lord Suparśvanātha, this is your benign precept.|Svayambhūstotra (7-2-32){{sfn|Jain|2015|p=45}}}} Suparshvanatha is associated with [[Nandavarta]] (Dig.) & [[Svastika]] (Svet.) emblem, Sirisa tree, Varanandin (Dig.) & Matanga (Svet.) [[Yaksha]] and Kali (Dig.) & Santa (Svet.) [[Yakshi]].{{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=44}}{{Sfn|Titze|1998|p=5}}

== In literature ==
Supasnath Chariyam was compiled during reign of Mokkhal in 1422-23 at Dilwara.{{Sfn|Neeraj|Nīraja|1991|p=9}}

== Iconography ==
Suparshvanatha is usually depicted in a lotus or kayotsarga posture. Statues and paintings show his head shielded by a multi-headed serpent, fanned out like an umbrella.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|p=385}}

Serpent-hood iconography is not unique to Suparshvanatha; it is also found above the icons of [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd of the 24 ''tirthankaras'', but with a small difference.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=278–279}} Suparshvanatha's serpent hood has five heads, and a seven (or more)-headed serpent is found in Parshvanatha icons. Statues of both ''tirthankaras'' with serpent hoods have been found in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, dating to the 5th to 10th centuries.{{Sfn|Harvard|Tirthankara Suparsvanatha}}{{sfn|Pal|Huyler|Cort|2016|p=204}}

Unlike Parshvantha who is depicted with coils of snake behind the body, Suparshva is depicted with snake hood only overhead. Suparshva's emblem of [[swastika]] is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier.{{Sfn|Harrell|2013|p=124-125}}{{Sfn|Titze|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=139}}

<gallery>
File:'Jina Suparsvanatha' from Karnataka, c. 900, schist, Norton Simon Museum.JPG|Suparsvanatha, c. 900 CE, [[Norton Simon Museum]]
File:Jain shrine with Suparsvanathal, western India, 16th century, bronze, HAA.JPG|16th century bronze idol of Suparsvanatha, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]
File:Four Fold Jain Image with Suparshvanath and Three Other Tirthankaras - Circa 1st Century CE - ACCN 00-B-67 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6023.JPG|Jain chaumukha sculpture with Suparshvanath and three other Tirthankaras, 1st century
File:Pārśvanāth AS IS.jpg|Supārśva in middle with [[Pārśva]] on both side, [[Jain temple, Deogarh]]
File:Suparshvanatha Basadi, Chandragiri (1).jpg|Suparshvanatha with yaksha Varanandin and yakshi Kali
</gallery>

== Main temples ==
* [[Suparshvanatha temple, Pavagadh]]
* [[Mandaragiri]]
* Shri Mandavagadh Teerth, [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]
* Suparshavanath Jain Basadi, [[Varanasi|Bhadaini]]
* Suparshavanath Jain Basadi, [[Narlai]] : believed to be more than 1000 years old.{{Sfn|Mehta|1970|p=130}}

<gallery>
File:Ranakpur-Suparshavanath_Temple-20131012.jpg|Suparshavanath Temple at [[Ranakpur]]
File:Suparshvanatha Jain temple, Varanasi.jpg|Suparshvanatha temple near [[Ghats_in_Varanasi#Jain_Ghat_or_the_Bachraj_Ghat|Jain ghat]], [[Varanasi]]
File:Suparshvanatha Basadi, Chandragiri.jpg|Suparshvanatha Basadi, [[Shravanabelagola]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons cat}}
*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Arihant (Jainism)]]
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]
*[[Ikshvaku dynasty]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Finegan |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4nAAAAYAAJ |title=The archeology of world religions |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1952 }}
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |title=Suparshvanathacaritra (Book 3.5 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213142.html |publisher=[[Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda#Oriental_Institute|Baroda Oriental Institute]] |date=1931 }}
* {{citation | last1=Jain | first1=Vijay K. | title=Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara | year=2015 | publisher=Vikalp Printers | isbn=9788190363976 | url={{Google books|xI8HBgAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | quote=Non-Copyright}}
* {{citation |last=Tandon |first=Om Prakash |title=Jaina Shrines in India |publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=81-230-1013-3 |date=2002 |orig-year=1968 |edition=1 |location=[[New Delhi]] }}
* {{citation |last=Tukol | first=T. K. | title=Compendium of Jainism | publisher=University of Karnataka | year=1980 | location=Dharwad}}
* {{citation|last=Jain|first=Arun Kumar|url={{Google books|y4aVRLGhf-8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism |publisher=Gyan Publishing House|date=2009|isbn=9788178357232|access-date=2017-09-23}}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|MDBpq23-0QoC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | volume=1 |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}
* {{citation |last1=Pal |first1=Pratapaditya |last2=Huyler |first2=Stephen P. |last3=Cort |first3=John E. |title= Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent|url={{Google books|NXolDQAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year= 2016|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-28847-8 }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/337768|title=From the Harvard Art Museums' collections Tirthankara Suparsvanatha in Kayotsarga, or Standing Meditation, Posture and Protected by a Five-Headed Naga |last=Harvard |website=www.harvardartmuseums.org |ref={{SfnRef|Harvard|Tirthankara Suparsvanatha}} }}
* {{citation |last=Titze |first=Kurt |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC }}
* {{citation | last=Singh | first=Binay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/4-Jain-Tirthankaras-born-in-Varanasi/articleshow/48664869.cms |title=4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi |date=25 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}
* {{citation |last1=Neeraj |first1=Jai Singh |last2= Nīraja | first2=Jayasiṃha | url={{Google books|PGjTjmL29VIC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Splendour of Rajasthani Painting | publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1991 | isbn=9788170172673 }}
* {{citation |last=Lodha |first=Jain Chanchalmal | url={{Google books|3m-J50FHmGcC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=History of Oswals | publisher= Panchshil Publications | date=2013| isbn=9788192373027}}
* {{citation|last=Singh |first=Rana | url={{Google books|JwMaBwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City | publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing | year=2009 | isbn=9781443815796}}
* {{citation |last=Mehta |first=Jodh Sinha |url={{Google books|Q6FpVLjVzU8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Abu to Udaipur (Celestial Simla to City of Sunrise) | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1970 }}
* {{citation |last=Harrell |first=D. Fox |url={{Google books|vYqjAQAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Phantasmal Media: An Approach to Imagination, Computation, and Expression |publisher=[[MIT Press]] | year=2013 |isbn=9780262019330 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/ Harvard Pluralism Project: Jainism]
{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]

Kandla–Bhatinda Oil Pipeline

2025-09-11T06:06:10Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: revised

{{Short description|Oil pipeline in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Kandla–Bhatinda Oil Pipeline
| type = Oil products
| photo =
| caption =
| map =
| map_caption = Location of Kandla–Bhatinda Oil Pipeline
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| operator = [[Indian Oil Corporation]]
| partners =
| length_km = 1443
| discharge = 6 million metric tons per annum
| direction =
| start = [[Kandla]]
| finish = [[Bhatinda]]
| est = 1996
| through = [[Panipat]]
| par =
}}

The '''Kandla-Bhatinda Oil Pipeline''' (KBPL) is a petroleum pipeline system in India that transports crude oil and refined petroleum products across Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab. Commissioned in 1996, it has a total length of approximately 1,443 km. Its initial annual throughput capacity was 6 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA), later upgraded to 8.8 MMTPA.<ref name="IOCL1">{{cite web|title=Petroleum Product Pipelines|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/petroleum-product-pipelines|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Route and configuration ==
The pipeline follows a strategic northwest route:

* '''Kandla (Gujarat)''' – origin at the Deendayal Port foreshore terminal, fed by oil jetties and Single-Point Mooring (SPM) facilities.<ref name="IOCL2">{{cite web|title=IndianOil Pipelines Division|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/Contents/Prestige_Publications/CoffeeTableBookPipelinesDivison17012023.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>
* '''Panipat (Haryana)''' – a major refinery and junction point; connected via a 1,113 km, 22-inch crude oil leg from Kandla.<ref name="IOCL3">{{cite web|title=Northern Region Pipelines (NRPL)|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/uploads/NRPL_Book_Single_page_file.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>
* '''Bhatinda (Punjab)''' – terminus via a 218 km, 14-inch product pipeline.<ref name="IOCL3">{{cite web|title=Northern Region Pipelines (NRPL)|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/uploads/NRPL_Book_Single_page_file.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

Additionally, a 112 km spur connects Kot (near Jodhpur) to Salawas, enhancing regional supply.<ref name="CAG05">{{cite web|title=Review of Pipelines Division – Northern Region|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India|url=https://www.cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_compliance/2004_2005/Commercial_Audit/Report_No_6/Chapter_3.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Historical development ==

The pipeline was commissioned in phases between December 1995 and June 1996.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Q&A: Kandla–Bhatinda Pipeline Project|publisher=Parliament Digital Library|date=30 Jul 1991|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14304/1/10_I_30071991_p78_p78_t137.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

* '''Phase I enhancement (1999)''': was implemented by adding pump stations at Sidhpur and Sanganer. This increased capacity to approximately 7.5 MMTPA at an additional cost of ₹42.62 [[crore]].<ref name="CAG05"/>

The Kandla-Panipat segment was initially built to transport petroleum products but was later converted to crude oil transport. The Panipat-Bhatinda section continues to carry refined products.<ref name="IOCL2">{{cite web|title=IndianOil Pipelines Division|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/Contents/Prestige_Publications/CoffeeTableBookPipelinesDivison17012023.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Ownership and administration ==

The pipeline is owned and operated by '''Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)''' through its Pipelines Division, which manages over 13,000 km of pipeline infrastructure across India<ref name="IOCL2">{{cite web|title=IndianOil Pipelines Division|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/Contents/Prestige_Publications/CoffeeTableBookPipelinesDivison17012023.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Technical features ==
* '''Length''': ~1,443 km
* Kandla–Panipat: 1,113 km (22")
* Panipat–Bhatinda: 218 km (14")
* Kot–Salawas Spur: 112 km (10.75")<ref name="CAG05"/>

* The pipeline includes pump stations such as Sanganer, a SCADA-based control system, cathodic protection, and storage terminals.<ref name="IOCL3">{{cite web|title=Northern Region Pipelines (NRPL)|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/uploads/NRPL_Book_Single_page_file.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Strategic importance ==

KBPL facilitates transportation of crude oil from Gujarat's coastal terminals to the inland Panipat refinery and the distribution of refined products to northern India. It reduces dependence on road and rail transport, thereby lowering logistical costs and environmental risks.<ref name="IOCL1">{{cite web|title=Petroleum Product Pipelines|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/petroleum-product-pipelines|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref name="IOCL2">{{cite web|title=IndianOil Pipelines Division|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/Contents/Prestige_Publications/CoffeeTableBookPipelinesDivison17012023.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Performance and audit insights ==

Between 1999-2004, throughput ranged from '''5.0 to 6.9 MMT''', which was below the designed capacity.<ref name="CAG05"/>

The 2004-05 audit by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) reported the following:

* The Phase II expansion was not justified due to underutilization.
* ₹176.96 crore in bank guarantees was encashed compared to ₹10.45 crore actually required.
* An avoidable interest cost of ₹70.29 crore was incurred.<ref>{{cite news|title=CAG pulls up Indian Oil|newspaper=The Telegraph India|date=10 May 2005|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/cag-pulls-up-indian-oil/cid/877177|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Network integration ==
The pipeline was later integrated with the '''Mundra-Panipat crude pipeline project'''. A 74 km spur connects [[Mundra Port|Mundra port]] to Kandla, sharing the route to Panipat. This enhances import flexibility via Gujarat’s SPM and supports 499 KT crude storage at Mundra.<ref name="IOCL1">{{cite web|title=Petroleum Product Pipelines|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/petroleum-product-pipelines|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref><ref name="IOCL2">{{cite web|title=IndianOil Pipelines Division|publisher=IndianOil Corporation|url=https://iocl.com/Contents/Prestige_Publications/CoffeeTableBookPipelinesDivison17012023.pdf|access-date=2025-06-23}}</ref>

== Challenges and criticism ==
The project has been criticized for underutilization after expansion, excess spending on augmentation, and delays in contract execution. These issues have been cited in public audits as examples for improving infrastructure governance.
<ref name="CAG05"/>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Oil Corporation]]
* [[Panipat Refinery]]
* [[Petroleum in India]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandla-Bhatinda Oil Pipeline}}
[[Category:Oil pipelines in India]]
[[Category:Indian Oil Corporation]]
[[Category:Economy of Kutch district]]
[[Category:Bathinda district]]
[[Category:Energy in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Energy in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Energy in Haryana]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bangamata

2025-09-05T07:21:21Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Banga Mata]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Dharamyudh (Sikhism)

2025-08-14T03:21:20Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: enhance structure further and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Term in Sikhism}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

In [[Sikhism]], '''dharamyudh''', '''dharam-yudh''' or '''dharam yudh''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਧਰਮਯੁਧ) is a term which is variously translated as '[[religious war]]',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |date=2011 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA76 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=76 |isbn=9780199756551 |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="Chima">{{Cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep S. |date=2008 |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |location=New Delhi |publisher=SAGE Publications India |page=70 |isbn=9788132105381 |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> 'war of righteousness',<ref name="Chima"/> 'war in defence of righteousness',<ref name="Fenech">{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |location=Plymouth & Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=99–100 |isbn=9781442236011 |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> or 'war for justice'.<ref name="Schnabel">{{Cite book |last1=Schnabel |first1=Albrecht |last2=Gunaratna |first2=Rohan |date=2015 |title=Wars From Within: Understanding And Managing Insurgent Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mdi3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |location=London |publisher=Imperial College Press |page=194 |isbn=9781783265596 |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> Though some core tenets in the Sikh religion are understood to emphasise peace and nonviolence, especially before the 1606 execution of [[Guru Arjan]] by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]],<ref name="Syan">{{Cite book |last=Syan |first=Hardip Singh |date=2013 |title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA3 |location=London & New York |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=3–4, 252 |isbn=9781780762500 |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref> military force may be justified if all peaceful means to settle a conflict have been exhausted, thus resulting in a ''dharamyudh''.<ref name="Fenech"/>

== Etymology ==
The first part of the term ''dharamyudh'' comes from [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ''dharm'' or ''dharam'' ([[:wikt:ਧਰਮ#Punjabi|ਧਰਮ]]), which is usually translated as 'religion',<ref name="Fenech"/> although it is said to 'encapsulate a wider understanding of appropriate conduct, moral order, and bodily discipline' than the words 'religion' and 'religious practice' in English do.<ref name="Dhavan14-15"/> It is derived from [[Sanskrit]] ''dhárma'' ([[:wikt:धर्म#Sanskrit|धर्म]]),<ref name="Dhavan14-15">Dhavan, pp. 14–15.</ref> which has various possible meanings<ref name="Fenech"/> including 'morality', 'justice', 'law', 'religion', 'devotion' and 'sacrifice'. The second part is a cognate of [[Hindi]] ''yuddh'' ([[:wikt:युद्ध#Hindi|युद्ध]], meaning 'war'), derived from Sanskrit ''yuddhá'' ([[:wikt:युद्ध#Sanskrit|युद्ध]], meaning 'battle', 'fight' or 'war'). The meaning of the term ''dharamyudh'' appears to have been somewhat ambiguous in the writings of the early Sikh Gurus, ranging from 'an interior, individual, spiritual struggle' to 'a war to defend one's beliefs', but by the 18th century, it was increasingly interpreted as 'a religiously sanctioned war against Muslims in particular', which scholars attribute to the changing political circumstances that the Sikhs found themselves in, or moved themselves into.<ref name="Dhavan14-15"/>

[[Hinduism]] also has a similar concept called ''[[dharma-yuddha]]'' that appears several times in the ''[[Mahabharatha]]''.

== History ==
=== Militarisation of Sikhism (17th century) ===
{{See also|Just war theory}}
Sikhism, founded in the late 15th century by [[Guru Nanak]] in the [[Punjab]] region, which was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire]] in the early 16th century, is generally considered to have been pacifist until the early 17th century.<ref name="Syan"/> Perceiving the growth of the Sikhs as a threat, the Mughal authorities began to persecute them, and in 1606 Sikh leader [[Guru Arjan]] was executed by Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]], apparently for refusing to [[Forced conversion|convert]] to [[Islam]], though this remains disputed.<ref name="Syan"/> Sikhism split into two movements: one led by Guru Arjan's son [[Guru Hargobind]] began to regard Guru Arjan as a martyr, became more political and militaristic, and started organising armed rebellions against the Mughals; the other, the [[Mina (Sikhism)|''Minas'']] led by Guru Arjan's older brother [[Prithi Chand]], would be concerned with defining themselves as maintainers of the precept of interiorization, rejecting uprisings against the state.<ref name="Syan"/> The militarized Sikhs justified armed conflict as self-defence against Mughal oppression,<ref>Syan, pp. 8–10.</ref> trained themselves to become warriors and ''[[nihang]]s'', and organised themselves in ''[[jatha]]s''. In 1621, the first acts of open rebellion led to the eruption of the Mughal-Sikh Wars.

=== Sikh imperialism (1716–1849) ===
[[File:Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg|thumb|right|alt=5 early [[Nihang|Akali]] Sikh warriors, one carrying a flag, one on horseback.|19th-century ''[[Nihang|Akali]]'' Sikh warriors.]]
Over the course of several decades, small Sikh states known as [[misl]]s combined to form the [[Sikh Confederacy]] in 1716, that jointly fought against Mughal power. Professionalisation of combat led the last [[Guru Gobind Singh]] to create the [[Khalsa]], a special class of Sikh warriors, in 1699.<ref>Fenech, p. 178.</ref> In 1735, the jathas would be merged into a single army, the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]]. During the [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]], the Sikhs expanded even further and in 1799 the [[Sikh Empire]] was founded, which would last until 1849, when it was [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|defeated]] and annexed by the [[British East India Company]].<ref>Fenech, p. 37.</ref> Sikh soldiers would continue to serve in the [[British Indian Army]].

=== Modern period (1970s–1995) ===
{{Main|Dharam Yudh Morcha|Khalistan movement|Punjab insurgency|Kharku}}

The Dharam Yudh Morcha ("righteous campaign";<ref name="bakke" /> ''morcha'' meaning "agitation"<ref name="Schnabel" />) was a political movement launched in 1982<ref name="Chima" /> by the Sikh political party [[Akali Dal]] in partnership with [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], with its stated aim being the fulfillment of a set of devolutionary objectives based on the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] (1973).<ref name="bakke">{{cite book |last1=Bakke |first1=Kristin |title=Decentralization and Intrastate Struggles: Chechnya, Punjab, and Québec |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781107094383 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipfwCAAAQBAJ |page=143 }}</ref> While this movement advocated for more autonomy for Punjab within India, the more radical separatist [[Khalistan movement]] also emerged, demanding a fully independent Sikh state.<ref name="Enc Sikhs" /><ref name="Schnabel" /> As the protest movement gained momentum, the government began to run out of room in jails for the over 25,000 peaceful volunteer protestors.<ref name="grewal">{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781316025338 |page=222 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |author1-link=J. S. Grewal}}</ref> Over 150,000 protestors would be arrested over the course of the ''morcha''.<ref>Chima, p. 83.</ref> The central government, instead of preempting the agitation regarding [[Punjab, India|Punjab state]] by constitutionally referring all the legal issues to the [[Supreme Court of India]] as demanded, played up the threat to law and order, and was ineffective in resolving the issues politically.<ref name="pettigrew">{{cite journal |last1=Pettigrew |first1=Joyce |title=In Search of a New Kingdom of Lahore |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1987 |volume=60 |issue=1 |page=20, 24 |doi=10.2307/2758827 |jstor=2758827}}</ref> Extrajudicial killings by police forces of orthodox Sikh youth in rural areas during the summer and winter of 1982 and early 1983 resulted in retaliatory violence.<ref name="pettigrew" /> Progressively, violent actions by Sikh militants to achieve their demands also took place.<ref>Chima, p. 71.</ref> In June 1984, the movement reached its zenith during [[Operation Blue Star]], when Indian security forces stormed the holiest Sikh site, the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], where militants had set up their headquarters.<ref name="Enc Sikhs">Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Sikhs. §3. Autonomie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref> In retaliation, the two Sikh bodyguards of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi assassinated her]] in October 1984.<ref>Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Gandhi, Indira".</ref> The killing was followed by many [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|massacres of Sikhs]] as well as more Sikh militant attacks which cost dozens of lives.<ref>Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "India. §5.5 Tweede regeerperiode Indira Gandhi".</ref> In the end, Sikh militancy did not bring about a separate state, and the [[Indian Government]] achieved victory in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sSXCwAAQBAJ|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|first1=Scott|last1=Gates|first2=Kaushik|last2=Roy|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Routledge|access-date=10 October 2017|via=Google Books|pp=163}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism and violence]]
[[Category:Sikh military]]

2016 Indian Premier League final

2025-06-14T11:09:55Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: New...

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
|title = 2016 Indian Premier League final
| event = [[2016 Indian Premier League]]
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team1score = 208/7
| team1overs = (20 overs)
| team2score = 200/7
| team2overs = (20 overs)
| details = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] won by 8 runs
| date = 29 May 2016
| stadium = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Ben Cutting]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| attendance = 38,468
| television =
| previous = [[2015 Indian Premier League final|2015]]
| next = [[2017 Indian Premier League final|2017]]
|image=Ashish Reddy and Shikhar Dhawan.jpg|caption=SRH players [[Ashish Reddy]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]] posing with the trophy after the victory.|imagesize=200px}}

The '''2016 Indian Premier League final''' was a [[Day/night cricket|day/night]] [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] match on 29 May 2016 at the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], which was played between [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] to determine the winner of the [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016 season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]], an annual Twenty20 cricket tournament in [[India]]. In case play was not completed on 29 May, the Final would have resumed on 30 May, the allotted reserve day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Match Playing Conditions|url=http://www.iplt20.com/about/2016/match-playing-conditions/174/ipl-2016-playoff-matches-|publisher=iplt20.com|access-date=30 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505084142/http://www.iplt20.com/about/2016/match-playing-conditions/174/ipl-2016-playoff-matches-|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Winning the toss, Sunrisers Hyderabad elected to bat first and set up a big total of 208/7 off 20 overs for their opposition. While chasing 209 to win, Royal Challengers Bangalore managed 200/7 off their 20 overs, thus falling just short of their target. Sunrisers Hyderabad won the match by 8 runs and secured the [[2016 Indian Premier League]] trophy, which happens to be their maiden title in the history of the tournament.

[[Ben Cutting]] of Sunrisers Hyderabad was declared the man of the match in the Final, [[Virat Kohli]] of Royal Challengers Bangalore was declared the most valuable player of the tournament and [[Mustafizur Rahman]] of Sunrisers Hyderabad was declared as the emerging player of the season for the [[2016 Indian Premier League]].

==Road to the final==
{{main|2016 Indian Premier League|Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2016|Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016}}

===League stage===
{{update|section|date=May 2017}}

{{stack begin|float=left}}
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression|create
| caption = League progression
| teams = Royal Challengers Bangalore, Sunrisers Hyderabad
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = 2016 Indian Premier League

| W4, L11, L14, W16, L19, L27, L30, W35, W39, L41, W44, W48, W50, W56
| W57, U, L60

| L4, L8, W12, W15, W18, L22, W27, W34, W37, W40, L42, W47, L52, L55
| W58, W59, W60
}}
{{stack end}}{{clear}}

====League stage series====
{{update|section|date=May 2017}}

===Playoff stage===
{{update|section|date=May 2017}}

==Final==
===Background===
On 26 April, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition against the Bombay High Court's ruling and confirmed that matches should be moved out of Maharashtra including Final which was initially supposed to be held at Mumbai, home of previous season champions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/no-ipl-2016-matches-in-maharashtra-in-may-supreme-court-cancels-mca-plea-2772661/|title=No IPL 2016 matches in Maharashtra in May,Supreme Court cancels MCA plea|date=27 April 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 29 April, it was announced that all league stage matches scheduled to be held after 1 May in Mumbai and Pune were shifted to the [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in Bangalore, which was scheduled to host the Qualifier 1, was also announced as the host of the Final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/1005797.html|title=Visakhapatnam to host both Mumbai and Pune|date=29 April 2016|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

The final was played at [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], the home of Royal Challengers Bangalore, one of the finalist in [[2016 Indian Premier League]]. This was RCB's third appearance in an IPL final, having lost previous two times. Sunrisers Hyderabad were playing in their maiden final. Hyderabad and Bangalore share their head-to-head record 4-4 but Hyderabad won only once against Bangalore in Bangalore.

Bangalore scored past 200 runs three times (four times after this match) this season including in a match against Hyderabad.

===Summary===
After winning the toss, Sunrisers Hyderabad captain [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] opted to bat first and were given a good start by skipper David Warner and [[Shikhar Dhawan]] by showing their intent early on scoring very big on a ground where tall scores have been chased down nonchalantly. The Australian opener was on fire and smashed 69 off 38 balls and set the platform for Hyderabad's win. [[Yuvraj Singh]], who came in at 97/2 in 10th over, sustained Hyderabad's momentum with his free flowing bat-swing. He raced to 38 with four fours and two sixes before falling to [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Jordan]]'s slower ball. [[Ben Cutting]] provided final push in Hyderabad's score clobbering low full-tosses and attempted yorkers of [[Shane Watson]] scoring 24 runs in final over which proved at the end to be a valuable match-turning point.

RCB skipper [[Virat Kohli]] and West Indian [[Chris Gayle]] gave their team the perfect start and in no time reached the 100-run mark without any loss scoring 114 in 10.3 overs with Gayle alone contributing 76. But Hyderabad were able to apply brakes with Gayle's wicket. Hyderabad were able to continue to put pressure on Bangalore taking Gayle, Kohli and [[AB de Villiers|de Villiers]] in the space of 20 balls. Still needing 61 off 37 balls, Watson tried to make up for his lapses with the ball swatting Henriques for a six over long-on but was immediately dismissed along with [[KL Rahul]] leaving rest of the team with too much to do in too little time. [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], Purple Cap holder in this season, held composure in last overs delivering successive yorkers and giving just 14 runs in 18th and 20th over combined and helped Hyderabad lift their maiden [[Indian Premier League]] trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/981019/Royal-Challengers-Bangalore-vs-Sunrisers-Hyderabad-Final-ipl|title=Sunrisers choke RCB chase to seal first title|date=29 May 2016| work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Scorecard===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[Abhijit Deshmukh (umpire)|Abhijit Deshmukh]] (Ind)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Ranjan Madugalle]] (SL)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 60%;"
|+ [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] batting innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Boundary (cricket)|4s]]
! [[Boundary (cricket)|6s]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] * || c [[Iqbal Abdulla]] b [[Sreenath Aravind|Aravind]] || 69 || 38 || 8 || 3 || 181.57
|-
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || c [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Jordan]] b [[Yuzvendra Chahal|Chahal]] || 28 || 25 || 3 || 1 || 112.00
|-
| [[Moises Henriques]] || c [[Yuzvendra Chahal|Chahal]] b [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Jordan]] || 4 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 80.00
|-
| [[Yuvraj Singh]] || c [[Shane Watson|Watson]] b [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Jordan]] || 38 || 23 || 4 || 2 || 165.21
|-
| [[Deepak Hooda]] || c [[Virat Kohli|Kohli]] b [[Sreenath Aravind|Aravind]] || 3 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
| [[Ben Cutting]] || not out || 39 || 15 || 3 || 4 || 260.00
|-
| [[Naman Ojha]] {{dagger}} || run out ([[Shane Watson|Watson]]) || 7 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 175.00
|-
| [[Bipul Sharma]] || c [[Yuzvendra Chahal|Chahal]] b [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Jordan]] || 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 166.66
|-
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || not out || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
| [[Barinder Sran]] || did not bat || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| [[Mustafizur Rahman]] || did not bat || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| Extras || (b 1, lb 2, wd 11) || 14 || colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Total''' || (20 overs) || '''208/7''' || colspan="4" |'''RR: 10.40'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 60%;"
|+ [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! [[Economy rate (cricket)|Economy]]
! [[Glossary of cricket terms|0]]s
! [[Boundary (cricket)|4]]s
! [[Boundary (cricket)|6]]s
! [[Wide (cricket)|WD]]
! [[No-ball|NB]]
|-
|| [[Sreenath Aravind]] || 4 || 0 || 30 || 2 || 7.50 || 9 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|| [[Chris Gayle]] || 3 || 0 || 24 || 0 || 8.00 || 8 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 0
|-
|| [[Shane Watson]] || 4 || 0 || 61 || 0 || 15.25 || 7 || 4 || 6 || 2 || 0
|-
|| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || 4 || 0 || 35 || 1 || 8.75 || 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
|| [[Iqbal Abdulla]] || 1 || 0 || 10 || 0 || 10.00 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
|| [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] || 4 || 0 || 45 || 3 || 11.25 || 9 || 6 || 1 || 2 || 0
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 60%;"
|+ [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] batting innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Boundary (cricket)|4s]]
! [[Boundary (cricket)|6s]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Chris Gayle]] || c [[Bipul Sharma]] b [[Ben Cutting|Cutting]] || 76 || 38 || 4 || 8 || 200.00
|-
| [[Virat Kohli]] * || b [[Barinder Sran|Sran]] || 54 || 35 || 5 || 2 || 154.28
|-
| [[AB de Villiers]] || c [[Moises Henriques|Henriques]] b [[Bipul Sharma]] || 5 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 83.33
|-
| [[KL Rahul]] {{dagger}} || b [[Ben Cutting|Cutting]] || 11 || 9 || 1 || 0 || 122.22
|-
| [[Shane Watson]] || c [[Moises Henriques|Henriques]] b [[Mustafizur Rahman|Mustafizur]] || 11 || 9 || 0 || 1 || 122.22
|-
| [[Sachin Baby]] || not out || 18 || 10 || 1 || 1 || 180.00
|-
| [[Stuart Binny]] || run out ([[Deepak Hooda|Hooda]]/[[Naman Ojha|Ojha]]{{dagger}}) || 9 || 7 || 0 || 1 || 128.57
|-
| [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] || run out ([[Naman Ojha|Ojha]]{{dagger}}) || 3 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 75.00
|-
| [[Iqbal Abdulla]] || not out || 4 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 200.00
|-
| [[Sreenath Aravind]] || did not bat || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || did not bat || – || – || – || – || –
|-
| Extras || (lb 5, wd 4) || 9 || colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs) || '''200/7''' || colspan="4" |'''RR: 10.00'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 60%;"
|+ [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! [[Economy rate (cricket)|Economy]]
! [[Glossary of cricket terms|0]]s
! [[Boundary (cricket)|4s]]
! [[Boundary (cricket)|6s]]
! [[Wide (cricket)|WD]]
! [[No-ball|NB]]
|-
|| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || 4 || 0 || 25 || 0 || 6.25 || 13 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
|| [[Barinder Sran]] || 3 || 0 || 41 || 1 || 13.66 || 6 || 1 || 4 || 2 || 0
|-
|| [[Ben Cutting]] || 4 || 0 || 35 || 2 || 8.75 || 7 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 0
|-
|| [[Mustafizur Rahman]] || 4 || 0 || 37 || 1 || 9.25 || 9 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-
|| [[Moises Henriques]] || 3 || 0 || 40 || 0 || 13.33 || 5 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0
|-
|| [[Bipul Sharma]] || 2 || 0 || 17 || 1 || 8.50 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0
|}

'''Source''' : <div style="font-size:75%">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/981019/Royal-Challengers-Bangalore-vs-Sunrisers-Hyderabad-Final-ipl/ Scorecard on ESPNcricinfo]</div>

'''Key'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]
* c ''Fielder'' – the [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] was dismissed by a catch by the named [[Fielding (cricket)|fielder]]
* b ''Bowler'' – the [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who gains credit for the dismissal
* lbw – the batsman was dismissed [[leg before wicket]]
* Total runs are in the format: ''score/wickets''
* b  – ''[[Bye (cricket)|Bye]]'', lb  – ''[[Leg bye]]'', nb  – ''[[No-ball]]'', wd  – ''[[Wide (cricket)|Wide]]'', RR  – ''[[Run rate]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]

Khariberi

2025-06-07T09:38:12Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jodhpur district]]

Shaikhpur, Uttar Pradesh

2025-05-26T19:08:50Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Done

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shaikhpur, Handaur, Pratapgarh
| native_name = Shaikhpur
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|55|46|N|81|47|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Pratapgarh
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 230136
| registration_plate = UP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Allahabad
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shaikhpur''' is a small village in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The nearest river is the Loni River. It is situated near [[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|State Highway 36]].

Shaikhpur is located 24 km from [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] and 150 km from [[Lucknow]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Pratapgarh-geo-stub}}

Hari Sharma

2025-04-07T05:26:04Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: /* External links */ Fix problems in Category:Succession box misuse tracking., replaced: {{s-aft|after=Unknown}} → {{s-vac|unknown}}, {{s-bef|before=Unknown}} → {{s-break}} {{s-vac|unknown}}

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox civil servant
|name = Hari Sharma
|image =
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =
| office = Member, [[Union Public Service Commission]]
| term_start = 22 May 1967
| term_end = 22 May 1973
|1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Chairman}}
|1namedata1 = K. R. Damle [[Ranadhir Chandra Sarma Sarkar|Ranadhir Sarkar]] [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai|Akhlaqur Kidwai]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary to Government of India]] (UT) in [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 1965
| term_end2 = 1967
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = 4th [[Governor of Goa|Lieutenant Governor of Goa, Daman and Diu]]
| term_start3 = 12 December 1964
| term_end3 = 23 February 1965
| predecessor3 = [[M. R. Sachdev]]
| successor3 = K. R. Damle
|birth_date = 1910
|nationality = Indian
|death_date = 1987
|alma_mater =
|spouse =
|children =
}}

'''Hari Sharma''' (1910–1987) was an Indian career civil servant who formerly served as Member of [[Union Public Service Commission]] and [[Secretary to Government of India]] (UT) in [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] during the terms of [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministers]] [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Yashwantrao Chavan]].

He was a member of [[Imperial Secretariat Service]] and later [[Central Secretariat Service]] [[Civil Services of India|officer]].

==Early life and education==
Hari Sharma was born in [[British India]] and had degrees in [[Master of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]].

==Career==
He joined the [[Imperial Secretariat Service]] during British rule in India and later merged into [[Central Secretariat Service]]. He served as Foreign and Political Minister in [[Patiala State]] from 1947–48 and was a member of Major States Negotiating Committee, 1947.<ref name="18 UPSC">{{cite web |title=18th Report of UPSC |url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-18_67-68_0.pdf |work=[[Union Public Service Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630171016/https://www.upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-18_67-68_0.pdf |accessdate=30 June 2020|archive-date=2020-06-30 }}</ref> He was later appointed adviser to [[Government of India]]'s Delegation to [[United Nations Security Council]] in 1948.<ref name="18 UPSC"/>

He was appointed [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India]] in the Ministry of States from 1950-51<ref name="18 UPSC"/> and later appointed Minister in [[Government of Rajasthan]] and then adviser and counsellor to Rajasthan Government, 1951–54.<ref name="18 UPSC"/>

He was later appointed [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India]] in [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] in 1955<ref name="18 UPSC"/> and served in this post until 1959.<ref name="18 UPSC"/> He was later promoted as [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India]] (1959–63) and later served as Special Secretary (1964–65). He was later appointed [[Secretary to the Government of India]] {Union Territories) in Ministry of Home where he served from 1965 to 1967.<ref name="18 UPSC"/>

He also served as [[Governor of Goa|Lieutenant Governor of Goa, Daman and Diu]] and Member of [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref name="18 UPSC"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal|Biography|India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200630171016/https://www.upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-18_67-68_0.pdf 18th Report UPSC] (Archived) Union Public Service Commission
* [https://www.upsc.gov.in/list-former-chairmen-and-members-commission List of former Chairmen and Members of Commission] Union Public Service Commission
* [https://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/former-governor-generals List of former Governors of Goa] Raj Bhavan, Goa

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=}}
{{S-ttl|title= Member of [[Union Public Service Commission]]|years=22 May 1967 - 22 May 1973}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[M. R. Sachdev]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Governor of Goa|Lieutenant Governor of Goa, Daman and Diu]]|years=12 December 1964 - 23 February 1965}}
{{S-aft|after=K. R. Damle}}
{{s-prec|india}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|unknown}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indian order of precedence|Order of Precedence of India]] ''as Secretary to Government of India''|years=}}
{{s-vac|unknown}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Hari}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]
[[Category:Members of Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]

Amalendu Guha

2025-02-14T16:36:52Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian historian, economist and poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Amalendu Guha''' (30 January 1924 – 7 May 2015), was an eminent Marxist historian, poet and a littérateur from India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chetia |first=Bonojit Hussain and Mayur |title=Amalendu Guha (1924-2015): Lifelong revolutionary, peoples’ historian, life-affirming poet |url=http://scroll.in/article/728582/amalendu-guha-1924-2015-lifelong-revolutionary-peoples-historian-life-affirming-poet |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was born in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. He completed his MA from Presidency College. He started his teaching career at Darrang College, [[Tezpur]], and also taught at [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]], Pune, and thereafter at [[Delhi]] School of Economics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/epaper/may0815/at05.html |title=The Assam Tribune Epaper |publisher=Assamtribune.com |date=1924-01-30 |accessdate=2015-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/historian-amalendu-guha-dies-body-donated-to-medical-college/|title=Historian Amalendu Guha dies, body donated to medical college|date=2015-05-08|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150508/jsp/frontpage/story_18887.jsp#.VU0Dx8KJjIU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508095627/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150508/jsp/frontpage/story_18887.jsp#.VU0Dx8KJjIU|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2015|title=Passing of a historian|date=8 May 2015|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|first=Pranab|last=Bora|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Planter Raj to Swaraj – Freedom Struggle & Electoral Politics in Assam''
* ''Medieval and Early Colonial Assam: Society, Polity, Economy''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guha, Amalendu}}
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist historians]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Border shooting of Felani Khatun

2025-01-14T19:39:22Z

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#REDIRECT [[Shooting of Felani Khatun]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Changlang Assembly constituency

2025-01-01T18:22:41Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: Starting initial entry added tags...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Changlang
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 7,432
| mla = Tengam Ngemu
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Changlang Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. After delimitation, it was divided into two new constituencies: [[Changlang South Assembly constituency]] and [[Changlang North Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=3 | Tengam Ngemu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tengam Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,055 |percentage=53.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangnia Pongte |party=Independent politician |votes=2,573 |percentage=44.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jungpom Jugli |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=482 |percentage=8.37% |change= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,759 |percentage=80.99% |change= {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,432 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tengam Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,018 |percentage=44.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongman |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,708 |percentage=37.85% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lunpong |party=Independent politician |votes=558 |percentage=12.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jungpom Jugli |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=229 |percentage=5.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=310 |percentage=6.87% |change= {{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,513 |percentage=78.88% |change= {{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,929 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Changlang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tengam Ngemu |party=Janata Party |votes=2,194 |percentage=50.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongcho |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,643 |percentage=38.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samhong |party=Independent politician |votes=480 |percentage=11.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=551 |percentage=12.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,317 |percentage=76.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,831 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Shiva (TV series)

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#REDIRECT [[List of programmes broadcast by Nickelodeon Sonic#Animated series]]

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Cast of Dasavathaaram

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[[Category:Lists of actors by film series]]
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[[Category:Lists of Indian actresses]]

List of characters in Marthandavarma (novel)

2023-05-05T14:28:50Z

Ahmedabadwebdesigning: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Marthandavarma characters]]