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D. Sarathkumar

2026-05-08T05:20:45Z

Ahad Sabri:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. Sarathkumar
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| constituency = [[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
| predecessor = [[S. R. Raja]]
| father = Dhanasekaran
| education = [[Misrimal Navajee Munoth Jain Engineering College|M. M. Jain College]] (B.B.A)
| spouse =
}}

'''D. Sarathkumar''' (born 1992) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=D.Sarathkumar, TAMBARAM constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/d-sarathkumar-503/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tambaram Assembly constituency]] in [[Chengalpattu district]], representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sarathkumar is from [[Tambaram]], Chengalpattu district. He declared assets worth Rs.4.1 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=D.Sarathkumar, TAMBARAM constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/d-sarathkumar-503/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
Sarathkumar became an MLA for the first time making a winning debut in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Tambaram Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Tambaram election results 2026: TVK’s D. Sarathkumar wins by 35,621 votes, defeats DMK and AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tambaram-election-results-2026/articleshow/130669844.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He polled 1,18,967 votes and defeated his nearest rival, R. S. Krithika Devi of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 35,621 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tambaram Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's D. Sarathkumar wins Tambaram with 118967 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tambaram-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905887-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=D. Sarathkumar, TAMBARAM TVK Election Results 2026: D. Sarathkumar Vidhan Sabha Chunav Seat, Political Career, Education, Age, Vote Margin, Assets Parinam News in Hindi {{!}} डी सरथकुमार ताम्बरम विधानसभा चुनाव 2026 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/tamil-nadu/candidate-d-sarathkumar-11248 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref>

{{transcluded section|source=Tambaram Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tambaram Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarathkumar, D.}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor

2026-05-04T11:30:57Z

Ahad Sabri: adding a entry

{{Short description|Defence corridor in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Nodemap.jpg|alt=Location of Nodes of Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor|thumb|266x266px|Location of Nodes of Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor]]
The '''Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor (UPDIC)''' or '''Defence Corridor''' is an initiative by the [[Government of India]] to promote self-reliance in defence manufacturing under the [[Make in India]] and [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] campaigns. It was announced in 2018-2019 union budget by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Defence Corridor | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579096 }}</ref> It aims to make [[Uttar Pradesh]] a major hub for aerospace, defence, and military equipment production.

The [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority|Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority (UPEIDA)]] has been appointed as the lead agency to oversee the execution of this project in coordination with various state agencies. It has six nodes, such as [[Aligarh]], [[Agra]], [[Chitrakoot Dham|Chitrakoot]], [[Jhansi]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Lucknow]]. As of June 2025, about [[Indian rupee|₹]]28,809 crore had been invested in the defence corridor by seven companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=UP Defence Corridor: Seven companies start production |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-defence-corridor-seven-companies-start-production-101750693272454.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== DefExpo 2020 ==

23 [[Memorandum of understanding|MoUs]] worth Rs 50,000 crore were inked with the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] alone through the [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority|UPEIDA]] in the presence of [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]] and [[Minister of Defence (India)|Raksha Mantri]] [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UP govt inks 23 defence manufacturing-related MoUs worth Rs 50,000 crore|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-defexpo-2020-up-govt-inks-23-defence-manufacturing-related-mous-worth-rs-50000-crore-1860611/|website= www.financialexpress.com |date=8 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DefExpo 2020 will bring investments over Rs 50,000 crore, generate 3 lakh jobs, says Adityanath|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/defexpo-2020-will-bring-investments-over-rs-50000-crore-generate-3-lakh-jobs-says-adityanath20200208071710/|website= www.aninews.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-08 |title=UP defence corridor attracts Rs 25,000 crore in deals through 154 MoUs, propels industrial growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/up-govt-secures-rs-25000-crore-in-defence-deals-to-propel-industrial-growth/articleshow/111577215.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Nodes ==
The corridor comprises six nodes across Uttar Pradesh, each with specialised focus areas for defence manufacturing.<ref name="bwworld">{{cite web |title=UP's Defence Industrial Corridor Attracts Rs 30,000 Cr Investment |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/ups-defence-industrial-corridor-attracts-rs-30000-cr-investment-556276 |website=BW Businessworld |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Lucknow ===
The Lucknow node spans 117.35 hectares and has attracted investments of approximately {{INR}}1,411 crore. It hosts 12 companies, including [[BrahMos Aerospace]], which has invested {{INR}}300 crore for manufacturing [[BrahMos]] missile systems.<ref name="bsapr">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh defence corridor gets ₹30K crore investment proposals |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/uttar-pradesh-defence-corridor-gets-30k-crore-investment-proposals-125042800863_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref> Other companies at this node include Aerolloy Technologies, which is developing a titanium castings facility for aerospace applications.<ref name="bsapr"/>

=== Kanpur ===
The Kanpur node leads in investment proposals with approximately {{INR}}12,683 crore committed. [[Adani Defence and Aerospace]] has established two manufacturing facilities with an investment of {{INR}}1,500 crore for the production of ammunition and missiles. These facilities, inaugurated in February 2024, are among the largest defence manufacturing units in South Asia.<ref name="bsapr"/>

=== Jhansi ===
The Jhansi node, designated as the Centre for Ammunition and Explosives, has attracted investment proposals worth {{INR}}9,139 crore. Sixteen companies have been allotted 531.09 hectares of land for production of explosives, propulsion systems, and mobile platforms for infantry weapons.<ref name="bwworld"/>

=== Aligarh ===
The Aligarh node has received investment proposals of approximately {{INR}}3,419 crore. Ancor Research Labs is investing {{INR}}550 crore for manufacturing drones and electronic warfare equipment, with operations expected to commence by mid-2026.<ref name="bsapr"/>

=== Chitrakoot ===
[[Bharat Electronics Limited]] has been allotted 75 hectares in the Chitrakoot node for an investment of over {{INR}}562 crore to manufacture radar and air defence systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Electronics Limited's ₹562 Crore+ Investment in Uttar Pradesh Defence Corridor |url=https://www.newsonprojects.com/news/bharat-electronics-limiteds-562-crore-investment-in-uttar-pradesh-defence-corridor-kicks-off-with-75-hectare-land-allotment |website=News On Project |date=April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Agra ===
The Agra node is currently under active development, with the government expediting land allocation and infrastructure improvements to attract further investment.<ref name="bwworld"/>

== Key investors ==
Major companies that have invested or committed investments in the corridor include:<ref name="bsapr"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh govt to expand ambit of defence manufacturing corridor |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/uttar-pradesh-govt-to-expand-ambit-of-defence-manufacturing-corridor-126020501022_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Adani Defence|Adani Defence and Aerospace]]
* [[BrahMos Aerospace]]
* [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
* [[Bharat Electronics Limited]]
* [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
* Aerolloy Technologies Limited
* Tata Technologies
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Military of India]]

{{UttarPradesh-stub}}
{{improve categories|date=September 2025}}

Samar Mukherjee (Howrah politician)

2026-05-02T18:25:52Z

Ahad Sabri:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samar Mukherjee
| native_name = সমর মুখোপাধ্যায়
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Member of Polit Bureau]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1992
| office1 = General Secretary of [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]]
| term_start1 = 1983
| term_end1 = 1991
| office2 = Member of the [[Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 1971
| term_end2 = 1984
| constituency2 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 1986
| term_end3 = 1993
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1913|11|07}}
| birth_place = Amta, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2013|07|18|1913|11|07}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| occupation = Communist Leader
}}
'''Samar Mukherjee''' (7 November 1913 – 18 July 2013) was an Indian Communist leader who served as member of the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] for the [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah constituency]] for three consecutive terms, and as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He was a member of the Polit Bureau, member of the Central Committee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and he was also the General Secretary of [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-21 |title=മുതിര്‍ന്ന കമ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് നേതാവ് സമര്‍ മുഖര്‍ജി അന്തരിച്ചു {{!}} Madhyamam |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/235887/130718 |access-date=2024-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721081002/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/235887/130718 |archive-date=21 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-07 |title=Veteran CPI(M) leader turns 100 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/veteran-cpim-leader-turns-100/article4075091.ece |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mukherjee was born to Sachindralal Mukherjee and Golapsundari Devi in a village near Amta in [[Howrah district]] on 7 November 1913. On 3 February 1928, the [[Indian Statutory Commission]], headed by [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Sir John Simon]] arrived at [[Bombay]], and was greeted by nationwide protests with black flags, and nationwide [[hartal]] was observed. Samar, who was then only a Class VII student, became a part of the students and teachers, who had convened a joint [[hartal]] in the school. In March 1930, he joined the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] at the call of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and conducted picketing in front of the wine shops, and against wearing foreign clothes. On 7 July 1930 he joined and conducted a three-and-half months' long students strike in Pitambar High School, as part of the school-college boycott call given by the [[Indian National Congress]]. After the successful strike, he was rusticated from the school for participating in the strike. In the same year, he was imprisoned under a false libel suit filed by police under Section 107, [[Indian Penal Code]]. After being imprisoned for 6 months, he was set free. In March, 1931 the case was withdrawn following the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]].<ref>[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/m.pdf Members 1952–2003]Rajya Sabha {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103349/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/m.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Political Career==

=== Early activism and the Indian National Congress (1932–1939) ===
In 1932, Mukherjee got admitted to the Bowbazaar High School in the 10th Standard, and passed the Matriculation next year. In 1932, he was made the Secretary of the Amta Congress Committee, and later of the Uluberia Provincial Congress Committee. He was subsequently inducted into the Howrah District Committee of the [[Indian National Congress]].

A pivotal shift occurred in 1936 when Mukherjee met Bimal Roy, a Communist leader from [[Rangpur District]], who was then under [[house arrest]] in Amta. By 1938, Samar became the President of Howrah District Committee of the [[All India Students Federation|All India Students' Federation (AISF)]]. In 1939, he also attended a Conference of the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] at Panchla in Howrah as a delegate.

=== Transition to Communism and the Independence Era (1940–1947) ===
In 1940, he earned the membership of the [[Communist Party of India]], and left his home to become a whole timer. He was again arrested for organizing peasant movement in [[Howrah district]]. He carried a book of historical and dialectical materialism at the time of arrest. He became the Convenor of the Communist Consolidation of the [[Dum Dum]] Jail.

Following his release three months later, he relocated to Amta under the pseudonym "Mani". In 1942, he became the first Secretary of the Howrah District Committee of the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]. In 1943, he was a delegate in the 1st Party Congress of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in [[Bombay]]. In 1946, he took an active part in anti-riot campaigning, and was attacked by both Hindu and Muslim rioters.

=== Post-Independence and Party Split (1948–1964) ===
In 1948, the [[Indian National Congress]] government declared [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] as illegal, and Samar was yet again arrested. Upon release, he concentrated organizing movement in [[Howrah district]]. He even had to jump off a running train at [[Santragachi railway station]] to evade arrest.

In 1953, he was inducted as a member of the West Bengal State Council (Rajya Parishad) of the CPI. He also became associated with the [[United Central Refugee Council]] (UCRC). In 1956, he took an active part in increasing the circulation of ''Swadhinata'', the party's state mouthpiece. In the 1957 Assembly Elections, Mukherjee contested from [[Howrah Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah North]], defeating the sitting Speaker of the Assembly, Shaila Mukherjee.

In 1959, he was elected Secretary of the UCRC, playing a major role in refugee rehabilitation. At the 1961 Bardhaman conference, he was elected to the CPI State Secretariat. During the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, he evaded arrest warrants by scaling the back walls of his Amta home. During this period, he served as the Secretary of the Underground State Committee for the Marxist-Leninist fraction of the party using the pseudonym "Prithwiraj."

As ''Swadhinata'' remained under the control of the party's revisionist section, Mukherjee converted the Marxist periodical ''Howrah Hitoishee'' into ''Deshhitoishee'', which was first published on 16 August 1963. On 22 April 1964, he helped found an Institute of Marxism–Leninism. He was arrested shortly before the 7th Party Congress in 1964, following the arrests of leaders like [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], [[Hare Krishna Konar]] and [[Promode Dasgupta]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2012-11-07 |title=Veteran CPI(M) leader turns 100 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/veteran-cpim-leader-turns-100/article4075091.ece |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Leadership in CPI(M) and Trade Unions (1966–1993) ===
Following his release in May 1966, Mukherjee became a member of the Central Committee of the newly formed [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. Using the pseudonym "Ashok Mukherjee," he wrote extensively in ''Deshhitoishee'' against revisionist trends.

In 1970, he became a member of the Working Committee of the newly formed [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] (CITU). That same year, he represented the CPI(M) at the 5th Party Congress of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Parliamentary Career ===

* '''1971:''' Elected to the [[5th Lok Sabha]] from [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]].
* '''1974:''' Acted as a mainstay for railway workers during the historic Railway Strike, delivering a notable speech in their support.
* '''1977:''' Re-elected to the [[6th Lok Sabha]] from [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]; joined the International Peace Conference in [[Paris]] and served as the leader of the CPI(M) group in the Lok Sabha until 1984.
* '''1986–1993:''' Served two terms in the [[Rajya Sabha]], representing the demands of workers and peasants.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Party Roles ===
Mukherjee was elected to the Polit Bureau of the CPI(M) in 1978. In January 1992, at the 14th Party Congress in Madras, he was elected Chairman of the Central Control Commission.

His international delegations included representing the CPI(M) at the 6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea (1980) with [[M. Basavapunniah]] and representing CITU at the 10th Congress of the [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] at [[Havana]] (1982). He served as the General Secretary of CITU from 1983 to 1991. In 1985, he visited [[Afghanistan]] as part of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] delegation invited by the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]], and held discussion with revolutionary leader [[Babrak Karmal]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Death ==

He died on 18 July 2013 at [[Kolkata]], after being admitted to the hospital the day before.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/veteran-cpim-leader-samar-mukherjee-dies-at-100/article4928216.ece|title=Veteran CPI(M) leader Samar Mukherjee dies at 100|last=|first=|date=18 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130721081002/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/235887/130718 Madhyamam.com]

{{First to Tenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Samar}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]

Udupi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:52Z

Ahad Sabri: adding new post

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Udupi
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1957
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Udupi Lok Sabha constituency'''
was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Karnataka]], India. This seat came into existence in 1957. With the implementation of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, it ceased to exist.

==History==
The former Constituency of Udupi Lok Sabha constituency was [[South Kanara (North) Lok Sabha constituency]], which came into existence in 1951. With the implementation of [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], it ceased to exist.
After [[South Canara]] District of erstwhile [[Madras State]] got merged with [[Mysore State]] in 1956, that seat ceased to exist and was replaced by Udipi Lok Sabha constituency.

==Assembly segments==
Udupi Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha, Volume III|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=403–4|access-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>
# Bantwal
# [[Surathkal Assembly constituency|Surathkal]]
# Kaup
# Udupi
# [[Brahmavar Assembly constituency|Brahmavar]]
# Kundapur
# Baindur
# Moodabidri

The Legislative Assembly segments of Baindur, Kundapur, Brahmavar, Udupi, and Kaup were in [[Udupi district]], and the Legislative Assembly constituencies of Moodabidri, [[Surathkal Assembly constituency|Surathkal]] and Bantwal were in [[Dakshina Kannada district]]. After delimitation process done by Election Commission of India in 2008 A.D., Baindur became part of [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga constituency]] and Brahmavar ceased to exist.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071954120400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122100402/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071954120400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2012|title=Udupi Lok Sabha seat loses its coastal character |last=Prabhu |first=Ganesh|date=19 July 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1952: See [[South Kanara (North) Lok Sabha constituency|South Kanara (North)]]''}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Ullal Srinivas Mallya]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[J. M. Lobo Prabhu]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
| [[Swatantra Party]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[P. Ranganath Shenoy]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="7"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[T. A. Pai]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Oscar Fernandes]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Manorama Madhwaraj]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi-Chikamagalur]]''}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[South Kanara (North) Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[South Kanara (South) Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Udupi district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.3|74.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Udupi district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Gabbar Singh Gujjar

2026-04-29T06:29:48Z

Ahad Sabri: Made Basic Bio W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Indian dacoit}}{{Other uses|Gabbar Singh (disambiguation)}}{{Lead too short|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

'''Gabbar Singh ''' (born '''Gabar Singh'''; 1926 – 13 November 1959) was a [[dacoit]] (bandit) active in the late 1950s in the [[Chambal (region)|Chambal valley]] of north-central India.

== Early life ==
Gabbar Singh was born as '''Gabar Singh''' in 1926 in Dang village of [[Gohad|Gohad Tehsil]], [[Bhind district]] in [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj|British India]]. It is situated in the [[Chambal division]].<ref name="bio"/><ref>{{cite news| title = Samba's boss was for real, Sholay's villain was inspired by real-life dacoit| work = The Hindu| date = 18 November 2009|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Sambarsquos-boss-was-for-real/article16478169.ece}}</ref> His father's name was Raghuveer Singh.

== Dacoity career ==
In 1955, Gabbar Singh left his house and village to join the famous Kalyan Singh gang of [[Bhind]].<ref name="bio"/> Later, Gabbar formed his own gang between October and December 1956, he committed a series of murders and dacoities in the [[Indian state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In December 1957, he went on to disfigure several persons in Machhuari, Bhakre, Chammodi and Chirenasta villages in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web| title = The Real "Gabbar", who chopped up nose and ears of the police| date = 25 February 2016| publisher = Aaj Tak News India|url=https://aajtak.in/crime/police-file-se/story/the-real-dacoit-gabbar-singh-took-off-the-ear-nose-of-cops-856416-2016-02-25}}</ref>

=== Reward for capture ===
The state governments of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] declared a ransom reward of {{INR|50,000}} for his head in 1959. At the time, it was the biggest reward placed on the head of a wanted criminal in India.<ref name="bio">{{cite web| title = Who was the Real "Gabbar"| date = 14 August 2015| publisher = Zee News India|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/gabbar-was-gifted-to-jawaharlal-nehru-on-birthday_1646865.html}}</ref>

Gabbar was captured in [[Sagar district|Sagar]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and a trial was conducted upon him into the town [[Khurai]]. It is said during his hearings in the court a large gathering of people would surround the area of court house to take a look at the dacoit.<ref name="bio">{{cite web| title = Who was the Real "Gabbar"| date = 14 August 2015| publisher = Zee News India|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/gabbar-was-gifted-to-jawaharlal-nehru-on-birthday_1646865.html}}</ref>

In his autobiographical narrative ''The British the Bandits and the Border Men'', [[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]] then the IG ([[Inspector General]]) of Police in the [[Indian state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], details that Gabbar had instilled so much fear in the areas of [[Dholpur]], [[Bhind]], [[Gwalior]] and [[Etawah]], that no one dared to leak any information regarding him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rustamji |first1=Khusro Faramurz |title=The British, the Bandits and the Bordermen |date=2009 |publisher=Wisdom Tree |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8328-135-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yG0kmQEACAAJ |accessdate=24 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 13 November 1959, in Jagannath-Ka-Pur village of [[Bhind district]] during a gunbattle with the police force. [[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]], who earlier worked as special security officer to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] decided to present the news of Gabbar's death as a birthday gift to the [[first Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="bio"/>

==In popular culture==
*[[Rajagopal P. V.]], former [[Director General]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Police]], who had gone after several dacoit gangs, edited the book on the criminal history of the real-life of Gabbar Singh during his retirement in [[Bangalore]]. The book was released in [[New Delhi]].
*[[Hindi cinema]] has made several films based upon Gabbar Singh. The most notable film is ''[[Sholay]]'', in which [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]] was played by [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]].<ref>{{cite news| title = "Gabbar Singh" the dacoit | date = 2 May 2015| publisher = BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-32493120}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gabbar Singh}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1950s in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1950s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1950s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Chambal River]]
[[Category:Crime in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Criminals from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters killed in encounters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian outlaws]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:People from Bhind district]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:People from Dholpur district]]
[[Category:People from Etawah]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior district]]
[[Category:Gwalior culture]]
[[Category:Sholay]]

Major archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church

2026-04-25T07:37:23Z

Ahad Sabri:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox diocese
| titleoverride =
| border = Maran Mar
| image = Majorthattil.jpg
| incumbent = [[Raphael Thattil]] {{Script/Mdnh|ܡܳܪܝ ܪܰܦܳܐܝܶܠ ܛܰܛܺܝܠ}}
| incumbent_note = 11 January 2024
| style = His Beatitude
|established = 16 December 1992
| cathedral = [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam]]
| first incumbent =
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
| website = {{URL|syromalabarchurch.in}}
| jurisdiction = Major Archbishop
| name = the Syro-Malabar Church
| country = India
| headquarters = Mount Saint Thomas, [[Kakkanad]]
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
}}

The [[Syro-Malabar Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic Church]] within the [[Catholic Church]], is led by the [[Major Archbishop]] of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam-Angamaly]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The Major Archbishop holds the following title;
*Father and Head of the Syro-Malabar Church
*Major-Archbishop of the Ernakulam-Angamaly
*President of the Holy Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church
*Metropolitan of the Ecclesiastical Province of Ernakulam-Angamaly
*Metropolitan and Gate of All-India
*Successor to the throne of Mar Thoma Sliha

By virtue of his office, he is a member of the Dicastery for Eastern Churches and ranks second in the order of precedence among Major-Archbishops of the Catholic Church.

== Major Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!No. !! Image !!Name !!Term !!Date and Place of Birth !!Age at start/end of Term
!Notes
|-
!1
|[[File:Mar Antony Padiyara photo 10.jpg|100px]]
|{{center|[[Antony Padiyara|Mar Antony Cardinal Padiyara]]}}
| {{ |16 December 1992{{center|–}}{{center|11 November 1996}}
|11 February 1921 [[Manimala]], [[Travancore]]
|64 / 75 (†79)
|First Major Archbishop of the Syro Malabar Church, with the elevation of the Metropolitan See of Ernakulam to Major-Archiepiscopal See of Ernakulam-Angamaly. Established the Syro-Malabar Synod of Bishops. Retired at the age of 75.
|-
!2
|[[File:Cardinal Varkey Vithayathil.jpg|100px]]
|{{center| [[Varkey Vithayathil|Mar Varkey Cardinal Vithayathil]]}}
|{{center|23 December 1999}}{{center|–}}{{center| 1 April 2011}}
|29 May 1927 [[North Paravur|North Parur]], [[Travancore]]
|70 / 83 (†83)
|Appointed by [[Pope John Paul II]] as the Apostolic Administrator (for around three years) and later elevated as the Major Archbishop on 23 December 1999. Helped establish the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago|Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago]] along with other dioceses.
|-
!3
|[[File:Mar George Alencherry Syro-Malabar.jpg|100px]]
|{{center| [[George Alencherry|Mar George Cardinal Alencherry]]}}
|{{center|24 May 2011}}{{center|-}}{{center|7 December 2023}}
|19 April 1945 [[Thuruthy|Thuruthy]], [[Travancore]]
|67 / 81
|First Major Archbishop to be elected by the Synod of Bishops. Given the title of '''Metropolitan and Gate of All India''' (All India Jurisdiction) by the establishment of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Shamshabad|Eparchy of Shamshabad]] and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Hosur|Eparchy of Hosur]]. Also established the Eparchies of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga|Mississauga]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain|Great Britain]], and the Apostolic Visitation to Europe, among others. Retired at the age of 78.
|-
!4
|[[File:Majorthattil1.jpg|100px]]
|{{center|[[Raphael Thattil| Mar Raphael Thattil]]}}
|{{center|9 January 2024}}{{center|-}}{{center| Present}}
|{{birth date and age|1956|4|21|df=yes}} [[Thrissur|Trichur]], [[Travancore-Cochin]]
|67
|Previously served as the apostolic visitor for the Syro-Malabar faithful "outside proper territory" in India and then as the first Eparch of Shamshabad (since 2017). Elevated the Eparchies of Shamshabad, Faridabad, Kalyan, and Ujain as metropolitan archeparchies, creating new ecclesiastical provinces in India and redistributing the territories of 12 eparchies for better administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2024-01/pope-francis-confirms-election-of-head-of-syro-malabar-church.html|title= Pope Francis confirms election of head of Syro-Malabar Church|date=10 January 2024|access-date=10 January 2024|work=Vatican News}}</ref>
|}

==Brief History==

The [[Vicariate]] was established in 1896, when the first vicar apostolic was appointed. The Syro-Malabar's current hierarchical structure was established in 1923, and Ernakulam elevated as an [[archdiocese]]. In 1956, another archdiocese was erected. In 1993, when Syro-Malabar Catholic Church was raised to major archiepiscopal church, Ernakulam became the [[episcopal see|seat]] of the [[major archbishop]].

===Bishop of Angamaly===
Through the [[Synod of Diamper]], the [[Latin Church|Latin Catholic]] ''[[Padroado]]'' missionaries abolished the All India jurisdiction and erected the [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Diocese of Angamaly]], suffragan to the [[Primatial See of Goa|Padroado Primatal See of Goa]], in place of the Metropolitanate of All India.
* [[Francisco Ros]] (1599-1610)

===Archbishops of Cranganore===
* Francisco Ros (1610-1624)
*[[Etienne de Brito|Stephen Brito]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (18 Feb 1624 - 2 Dec 1641 Died)
*Francisco Garcia Mendes, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (2 Dec 1641 - 3 Jan 1653) Garcia was overthrown through the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. However he remained archbishop of Cranganore for a small minority of the remaining St. Thomas Christians until his death in 1659.
* Joseph Maria Sebastiani (1656–1663) - ''intrusus'' as the Vicar apostolic of Malabar
* [[Palliveettil Chandy]] (Alexandre de Campo) (1663-1687)

===Vicar Apostolics of Kottayam, Thrissur, Ernakulam and Southists===
The pope separated St. Thomas Christians in 1887 from the [[Vicariate of Verapoly]], the local Latin Catholic hierarchy. Initially they were organised under two vicariates, Thrissur and Kottayam. Later in 1896, Ernakulam vicariate was formed by bifurcating southern parts of Thrissur and northern parts of Changanacherry. During the same time native prelates were also appointed for all three vicariates. In 1911 a fourth vicariate was established in Kottayam for southists exclusively.

{{Col-begin|width=100%}}
{{Col-4}}
'''Kottayam (Changanacherry)'''
* [[Charles Lavigne]] (1887–1896)
* [[Matthew Makil]] (11 August 1896– 30 August 1911)
* [[Thomas Kurialacherry]] (30 Aug 1911– 2 Jun 1925)
{{Col-4}}
'''Thrissur'''
*[[Adolph Medlycott]] (1887–1896)
* [[John Menachery]] (11 Aug 1896 – 19 Dec 1919)
* [[Francis Vazhapilly]] (1921-1942)
{{Col-4}}
:'''Ernakulam'''

*[[Aloysius Pazheparambil]] (11 Aug 1896 – 9 Dec 1919)
*[[Augustine Kandathil]] (29 August 1911 - 10 January 1956)
{{Col-4}}
::'''Kottayam (Southists)'''
:* [[Matthew Makil]] (30 August 1911– 26 January 1914)
:*[[Alexander Chulaparambil]] (1914-1952)
{{Col-end}}

===Archbishop of Ernakulam===
* [[Augustine Kandathil]] (1923 - 1956)

===Archbishops of Ernakulam and Changanacherry===
{{Col-begin|width=100%}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Changanacherry'''
* [[Mathew Kavukattu]] (Archbishop: 1956 –9 October 1969)
* [[Antony Padiyara]] (14 Jun 1970 –23 Apr 1985)
* [[Joseph Powathil]] (5 Nov 1985 – 22 Jan 2007)
{{Col-2}}
'''Ernakulam'''
* [[Joseph Parecattil]] (20 July 1956 - 30 January 1984)
* [[Antony Padiyara]] (23 April 1985 – 16 Dec 1992)
{{Col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/ Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ernakulam-Angamaly}}
[[Category:Religion in Ernakulam district| ]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]

Suresh Kumar Routray

2026-04-24T21:17:04Z

Ahad Sabri: adding a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician from Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suresh Kumar Routray
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2025
| term_end1 = 4 Jun 2024
| predecessor1 = Bhagirathi Badajena
| successor1 = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
| constituency1 = [[Jatani (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatani]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2004
| predecessor2 = Sarat Chandra Paikray
| successor2 = Sarat Chandra Paikray
| constituency2 = [[Jatani (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatani]]
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1990
| predecessor3 = Satyapriya Mohanty
| successor3 = Sarat Chandra Paikray
| constituency3 = [[Jatani (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatani]]
| office4 = Minister of State, Sports & Youth Services
| term_start4 = March, 1995
| term_end4 = January, 1996
| term_start5 = February, 1999
| term_end5 = December, 1999
| office6 = Minister of State (Ind), Excise
| term_start6 = January, 1996
| term_end6 = March, 2000
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|08|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khordha district|Chhanaghara]], [[Odisha]], India
| other_party = [[Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse = Malati Routray
| relatives = [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]] (son-in-law)
| father = Shashi Krushna Routray
| children = 5
| mother =
}}

'''Suresh Kumar Routray''' (born 10 August 1945), also popularly known as '''Sura Routray,''' is an Indian politician and a former Minister Of States (ind.) Excise (January 1996 - March 2000) , former Minister Of State, Sports & Youth Services (March 1995 - January 1996, February 1999- December 1999) also a former member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Jatani Assembly constituency]]. He was first elected in the [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], and was most recently elected as member of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jatani Odisha |publisher=news18.com |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/jatani-election-result-s18a115/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626160310/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/jatani-election-result-s18a115/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Shri Suresh Kumar Routray |url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925034538/http://odishaassembly.nic.in/pageerror.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=28 May 2020 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in |publisher=Odisha Assembly |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Routray was born on 10 August 1945,<ref name="Profile"/> to Shashikrushna Routray and Chhaya Devi.<ref name="Profile" /> His wife's name is Malati Routray.<ref>{{Cite web |url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjS0i0heItI | title=Netanka Saha Saradina | EP-3 | Senior Congress Leader Suresh Routray | NEWS18 ODIA | website=[[YouTube]] | date=24 March 2019 }}</ref> His son-in-law, [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]], worked as the Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee President.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasad Harichandan appointed Odisha PCC president |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/prasad-harichandan-appointed-odisha-pcc-president-114121501204_1.html |access-date=15 December 2014 |publisher=Business Standard |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216135018/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/prasad-harichandan-appointed-odisha-pcc-president-114121501204_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
"Madichala", "Lagatali", "Ready!", and "Very Beautiful" are some of his popular dialogues.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Start
!End
!Post
!Constituency
!Party
|-
|1977
|1980
|Member, 7th Odisha legislative assembly
|Jatani
|Janata
|-
|1980
|1985
|Member, 8th Odisha legislative assembly
|Jatani
|Indian national congress
|-
|1985
|1990
|Member, 9th Odisha legislative assembly
|Jatani
|Indian national congress
|-
|1995
|2000
|Member, 11th Odisha legislative assembly
|Jatani
|Indian national congress
|-
|2000
|2004
|Member, 12th Odisha legislative assembly
|Jatani
|Indian national congress
|-
|2019
|2024
|Member, 16th Odisha legislative assembly
|Jatani
|Indian national congress
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Routray, Suresh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Khordha district]]

Huisheng (monk)

2026-04-23T21:32:05Z

Ahad Sabri: made a details - done

{{Short description|Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled to medieval India}}
{{infobox Chinese
|pic=
|picsize=
|piccap=
|title=Huisheng
|c={{linktext|惠|生}}
|p=Huìshēng
|w=Hui-sheng
|altname=Huisheng
|c2={{linktext|慧|生}}
|p2=Huìshēng
|w2=Hui-sheng
|altname3=Daosheng
|c3={{linktext|道|生}}
|p3=Dàoshēng
|w3=Tao-sheng
}}
__NOTOC__

'''Huisheng''' or '''Hui Sheng''' ({{fl.|510s & 520s}}), also known as '''Hoei Sing''',{{sfnp|Yule|1866|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8lYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR72 lxxii]}} '''Hwei Sang''',{{sfnp|Beal|1884|p=[https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsua/page/n109/mode/2up lxxxiv]}} and by other [[romanization of Chinese|romanizations]], was a [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Buddhist monk|monk]] who travelled to [[medieval India]] with [[Songyun (monk)|Songyun]] and others.

Huisheng and his companions were dispatched from the [[Tuoba]] [[Northern Wei]] to seek [[Buddhist scripture]]s in AD 518. They only reached as far as [[Gandhara]] but, receiving 170 sutras, they returned in 521.{{sfnp|Yang & al.|1984}}

==Works==
Huisheng and [[Songyun (monk)|Songyun]] both composed accounts of their travels. Huisheng's is variously known as ''The Travels of Huisheng'' {{nowrap|([[traditional characters|t]] {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|惠|生|/|慧|生|行|傳}}》}},}} {{nowrap|[[simplified characters|s]] {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|惠|生|/|慧|生|行|传}}》}},}} {{translit|zh|Huìshēng Xíngzhuàn}}), ''The Record of Huisheng, Envoy to the [[Western Regions]]'' {{nowrap|([[traditional characters|t]] {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|惠|生|/|慧|生|使|西域|傳}}》}},}} {{nowrap|[[simplified characters|s]] {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|惠|生|/|慧|生|使|西域|传}}》}},}} {{translit|zh|Huìshēng Shǐ Xīyù Zhuàn}}), and the ''Account of the Northern Wei Monk Huisheng, Envoy to the Western Regions'' {{nowrap|([[traditional characters|t]] {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|北魏|僧|惠|生|/|慧|生|使|西域|記}}》}},}} {{nowrap|[[simplified characters|s]] {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|北魏|僧|惠|生|/|慧|生|使|西域|记}}》}},}} {{translit|zh|Běiwèi Sēng Huìshēng Shǐ Xīyù Jì}}). It and Songyun's record are now lost in the original, but were largely preserved through quotes and commentary in books by other authors. [[Samuel Beal]]'s account was based on the version in the 5th book of [[Yang Xuanzhi]]'s 6th-century ''[[History of the Temples of Luoyang]]''.{{sfnp|Beal|1884|p=[https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsua/page/n109/mode/2up lxxxiv]}}

===Editions===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |author=Songyun |author-link=Songyun (monk) |author2=Huisheng |author2-link=Huisheng (monk) |display-authors=0 |editor-last=Neumann |editor-first=Karl Friedrich |editor-link=Karl Friedrich Neumann |ref={{harvid|Neumann|1833}} |language=de |contribution=Pilgerfahrten Buddhistischer Priester von China nach Indien: Song Yun Tse und Hoei Seng |trans-contribution=Pilgrimages of Buddhist Priests from China to India: Songyun and Huisheng |title=Zeitschrift für die Historische Theologie |trans-title=Journal of Historical Theology |series=Vol. III |date=1833 |location= |publisher= |contribution-url=https://mbingenheimer.net/tools/bibls/neumann_carl.1833.pilgerfahrtenBuddhistischerPriester.pdf |pages=152–177 }}.
* {{citation |author=Faxian |author-link=Faxian |author2=Huisheng |author2-link=Huisheng (monk) |author3=Songyun |author3-link=Songyun (monk) |display-authors=0 |editor-first=Samuel |editor-last=Beal |editor-link=Samuel Beal |date=1869 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4774/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Travels of Fah-Hian and Sung-Yun, Buddhist Pilgrims, from China to India (400 A.D. and 518 A.D.) |ref={{harvid|Beal|1869}} |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Co. |contribution=The Mission of Hwui Seng and Sung Yun to Obtain Buddhist Books in the West (518 A.D.) |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4774/page/n245/mode/2up |pages=174–208 }}.
* {{citation |author=Xuanzang |author-link=Xuanzang |author2=Faxian |author2-link=Faxian |author3=Songyun |author3-link=Songyun (monk) |author4=Huizheng |author4-link=Hui Zheng |display-authors=0 |date=1884 |ref={{harvid|Beal|1884}} |editor-last=Beal |editor-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Beal |title=Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World by Hiuen Tsiang |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Co. |contribution=The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei Săng to Obtain Buddhist Books in the West (518 A.D.) |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsua/page/n109/mode/2up |pages=lxxxiv–cviii |volume=I |url=https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsua/page/n25/mode/2up |series=Trübner's Oriental Series }}.
{{refend}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Julien |first=Stanislas Aignan |author-link=Stanislas Aignan Julien |contribution=Renseignements Bibliographiques sur les Relations de Voyages dans l'Inde et les Descriptions du ''Si-yu'', Qui Ont Été Composées en Chinois entre le Vᵉ et le XVIIIᵉ Siècle de Notre Ère", Pt. II: "Seng-hoeï-sing-sse-si-yu-ki 僧惠生使西域記 Mémoire du Samanéen ''Hoeï-seng'' Envoyé dans le ''Si-yu'' |language=fr |trans-contribution=Bibliographic Information on the Accounts of Voyages to India and the Descriptions of the ''Xiyu'' Which Were Composed in Chinese between the 5th and 18th Centuries of Our Era", Pt. II: "Seng Huisheng Shi Xiyuji 僧惠生使西域記 Recollections of the Samanean ''Huisheng'' Sent to the ''Xiyu'' |date=October 1847 |title=Journal Asiatique... |trans-title=Asiatic Journal... |series=4th Series, Vol. IX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_81AAAAIAAJ |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_81AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA278 |pages=273–274 |location=Paris |publisher=[[Imprimerie Royale|Royal Printing House]] }}.
* {{citation |author=Hyecho |author-link=Hyecho |display-authors=0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWo47KtISe8C |title=Hye Ch'o Diary: A Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India |date=1984 |editor-last=Yang |editor-first=Han-sung |editor-mask=Yang Han-sung |editor2=Jan Yün-hua |editor3=Shotaro Iida |editor4=Laurence W. Preston |display-editors=1 |ref={{harvid|Yang & al.|1984}} |publisher=Jain Publishing Co. |location=[[Fremont, California|Fremont]] |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWo47KtISe8C&pg=PA9 |contribution=Sung Yün and Hui Sheng |page=9 |isbn=978-0-89581-024-3 }}.
* {{citation |last=Yule |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Yule |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lYJAAAAQAAJ |title=Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Series of Medieval Notices of China |volume=I |location=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |date=1866 }}.
{{refend}}

[[Category:5th-century births]]
[[Category:6th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese travel writers]]
[[Category:Chinese Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Writers about India]]

Rajesh Tripathi

2026-04-20T09:16:03Z

Ahad Sabri: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajesh Tripathi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chillupar (Assembly constituency)|Chillupar]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = [[Chillupar (Assembly constituency)|Chillupar]]
| term_start2 = May 2007
| term_end2 = March 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]]
| successor2 = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|52|2017|05}}<ref name="MyNeta"/>
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| relatives =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]], 1985
| occupation =
| profession =
| order =
| education =
| relations =
}}
'''Rajesh Tripathi''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] representing [[Chillupar (Assembly constituency)|Chillupar]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]],<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="Election2022"/> and had represented the Chillupar constituency as a member of the [[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th]] and [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=EL2007/><ref name=EL2012/> He is also known as '''Muktpath Wale Baba''' and has also served as a minister in the state government.<ref>{{cite news |last=मिश्रा |first=विवेक |date=28 January 2022 |title=गोरखपुर विधानसभा सीटें: योगी के गढ़ में BJP ने दो विधायकों का टिकट काटा, देखिए 6 सीटों पर उम्मीदवारों की सूची |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/bjp-cut-tickets-of-two-mlas-in-yogi-adityanaths-stronghold-see-candidate-list-on-6-seats/articleshow/89186758.cms |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tripathi was born to Shivakant Tripathi and hails from [[Chillupar Assembly constituency|Chillupar]] in [[Gorakhpur district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He did his graduation from [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]] in 1985.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Rajesh Tripathi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Chillupar (Gorakhpur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4498 |website=myneta.info |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
Tripathi defeated [[Strongman (politics)|strongman]] [[Harishankar Tiwari]] in 2007 in the Uttar Pradesh assembly election, and repeated it again in 2012, becoming a member of the [[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th]] and [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assemblies]] from [[Chillupar (Assembly constituency)|Chillupar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=पूर्वांचल के बाहुबली हरिशंकर तिवारी को हराने वाले मुक्तिपथ वाले बाबा को BJP ने चिल्लूपार से बनाया प्रत्याशी, जानें कौन हैं राजेश त्रिपाठी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/rajesh-tripathi-defeated-purvanchal-bahubali-harishankar-tiwari-in-first-time-was-nominated-by-bjp-spup/1082500 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Zee News |date=28 January 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=EL2007>{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 March 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/}}</ref><ref name=EL2012>{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 March 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/}}</ref> In the 2017 election, Tripathi lost to [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]], son of Harishankar Tiwari.<ref name=EL2017>{{cite news|title= 2017 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 March 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Tripathi defeated the junior Tiwari as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate from Chillupar.<ref name="MyNeta"/><ref name="Election2022">{{cite news |title=Vinay Shankar Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Vinay Shankar of SP loses from Chillupar seat |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/vinay-shankar-election-result-2022-live-updates-4855829.html |work=News18 |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

He served as the Minister for Homoeopathy and Religious Endowment in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], under the leadership of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Day after,Tripathi says wont quit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/day-after-tripathi-says-won-t-quit/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2009, a woman accused Tripathi of stealing her child from a hospital in 2004. Tripathi denied the allegation, claiming that the child had been found abandoned and was formally handed over to him by a village council, and expressed willingness to undergo a DNA test.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minister accused of child-lifting agrees to DNA test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/minister-accused-of-child-lifting-agrees-to-dna-test/story-c7aZccdDCuRRquDli0smfO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=IANS |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Rajesh}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]

Vaastav: The Reality

2026-04-05T11:55:09Z

Ahad Sabri:

{{short description|1999 Indian film directed by Mahesh Manjrekar}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaastav: The Reality
| image = Vaastav The Reality.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| producer = Deepak Nikalje
| writer =
| screenplay = Mahesh Manjrekar
| story = Mahesh Manjrekar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|[[Imtiyaz Husain]]}}
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sanjay Dutt]]
*[[Namrata Shirodkar]]
*[[Mohnish Bahl]]
*[[Shivaji Satam]]
*[[Reema Lagoo]]
*[[Paresh Rawal]]
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Jatin–Lalit]] [[Rahul Ranade]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| narrator = [[Reema Lagoo]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay Kumar Arora]]
| editing = V. N. Mayekar
| studio = Adishakti Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1999|10|07|df=yes}}<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220832/ IMDb]</ref>
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR|7.5 crores}}
| gross = {{INR|20.7 crores}} {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
}}

'''''Vaastav: The Reality''''' is a 1999 [[India]]n Hindi-language [[crime]] [[action film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vaastav-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdcwnzu|title=Vaastav|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] in his Bollywood directorial debut,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title=Mahesh Manjrekar drank two Bacardis before narrating Vaastav to Sanjay Dutt, recalls actor tried to avoid him: 'He started abusing me…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-manjrekar-drank-two-bacardis-before-narrating-vaastav-to-sanjay-dutt-recalls-actor-tried-to-avoid-him-he-started-abusing-me-9862626/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and starring [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]], and [[Sanjay Narvekar]] in lead roles, with [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Reema Lagoo]] and [[Shivaji Satam]] in supporting roles.

''Vaastav'' was promoted with the tagline "The Reality", referring to the harsh realities of life in the [[Indian mafia|Mumbai underworld]]. The film is said to be loosely based on the life of Mumbai underworld gangster [[Chhota Rajan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhota Rajan's brother Deepak Nikalje held |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_chhota-rajan-s-brother-deepak-nikalje-held_1067981 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 December 2006 |access-date=2011-02-27}}</ref>

Released on 7 October 1999, ''Vaastav: The Reality'' received positive reviews from critics, with major praise directed towards Dutt's performance, which is widely considered as his career-best. It emerged as a major commercial success at the domestic and overseas box-office.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web |title=Box Office 1999 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115230056/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ== |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=2011-02-27 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaastav - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2364 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

At the [[45th Filmfare Awards]], ''Vaastav: The Reality'' received 6 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Manjrekar), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Narvekar) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Lagoo), and won 2 awards – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Dutt) and [[Filmfare]]–[[Sony]] Award (Manjrekar).

Dutt's performance received universal critical acclaim and was unanimously regarded by critics amongst one of [[Indian cinema]]'s most memorable onscreen characters.<ref>{{cite web |title=The very best of Sanjay Dutt |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jul/29/slide-show-1-the-very-best-of-sanjay-dutt.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> Over the years, it has become a [[cult film]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1999-2000: Sanjay Dutt for 'Vaastav' |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/movies/features/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3485764&page=2 |publisher=MSN |access-date=2011-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714123744/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/movies/features/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3485764&page=2 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film was remade into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Bhavani'' (2000), in [[Kannada]] as ''Bhagavan Dada'' (2000) and in [[Tamil language]] as ''[[Don Chera]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/don-sera-review-tamil-movie-7979|title=Don Sera review. Don Sera Tamil movie review, story, rating  - IndiaGlitz.com|date=7 June 2006|access-date=20 July 2020|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=MySwar|access-date=24 August 2023|url=http://myswar.co/album/vaastav-the-reality-1999|title=Hindi film songs - Vaastav The Reality (1999)}}</ref> It was followed by the 2002 sequel ''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Web |date=2019-10-08 |title=Sanjay Dutt on 20 years of Vaastav: The film gave me real sense of being an actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sanjay-dutt-on-20-years-of-vaastav-the-film-gave-me-real-sense-of-being-an-actor-1607238-2019-10-08 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, it was dubbed in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as ''Tohar Ko Thok Debe (I will shoot you)''.

== Plot ==
Raghunath Namdev Shivalkar alias "Raghu" and his best friend "Dedh Footiya" (literally meaning "One and a half feet tall" in Hindi) struggle to find work in [[Mumbai]]. Raghu lives in a [[chawl]] with his father Namdev who used to work at a mill, mother Shanta and a graduate but unemployed brother Vijay. Raghu has no interest in studies so he, Dedh Footiya and his friends decide to run a [[pav bhaji]] stall. Their hard work pays off and things go well until the brother of a local goon Fracture Bandya and his men start visiting their stall in a drunken state and abuse Dedh Footiya. One day, Fracture Bandya's brother beats up Dedh Footiya badly. Unable to keep their emotions and anger in the face of abuse continuously for days, Raghu and Dedh Footiya accidentally kill Fracture Bandya's brother. Now on the run, with the help of their friend [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Kishore Kadam, the two of them are given protection by Vitthal Kaanya, a rival gang lord. The two eventually kill Fracture Bandya as well, when the latter tries to find them and kill them both treacherously by arranging a meeting through Suleiman Bhai, a [[intermediary|middle man]] in the Mumbai underworld. Raghu and Dedh Footiya eventually end up in the Mumbai underworld.

Raghu becomes a respected hitman under Vitthal Kaanya, with Dedh Footiya as his accomplice. With Raghu in his gang, Vitthal Kaanya hits a peak in the Mumbai underworld. Later, Raghu is approached by [[home minister]] Babban Rao Kadam who asks Raghu to work for him and uses Raghu for his criminal activities. Raghu agrees, much against the wishes of Kishore, who continues to help him by advising him and providing inside information. Vitthal Kaanya is eventually killed by the Fracture gang. During Dedh Footiya's father's funeral, an attempt is made on Raghu by the Fracture gang, but his father is injured in the process. In retaliation, Raghu and Dedh Footiya learn from [[Inspector]] Rane who works for the Fracture gang that the whole gang will be going to Shirdi the next day. Raghu kills the inspector. They intercept the Fracture gang on the bridge and eliminate the gang, making Raghu the most dreaded gangster in the city.

While Babban Rao relies on Raghu and Dedh Footiya, there are some others who despise Raghu and are on the sidelines waiting for him to make a mistake. Kishore tells Raghu and Dedh Footiya not to continue working for Babban Rao as he is just using them to fulfill his own goals and would dispose them off when they're not needed but the duo doesn't pay any heed. Under the minister's order, Dedh Footiya kills an innocent [[Muslim]] man which sparks riots and causes loss of many lives. The duo then threaten a poor [[Parsi]] man in order to take his land. However, when the Parsi starts yapping about reporting the crime, Raghu, in a fit of rage, kills him. Babban Rao is soon under serious pressure from the public and government as he's alleged to have ties to Raghu. He issues a shoot-to-kill warrant for Raghu and Dedh Footiya. The latter is killed in an [[Encounter killings by police|encounter]] in order to lure Raghu out from hiding. Kishore informs Raghu that the police have been ordered to kill him in an encounter. Raghu is now on the run, both from the police and Babban Rao's men. Raghu knows now that he must protect his wife Sonia, parents, and family, as they too are in danger. He realises that there is no escape from this harsh reality. He arranges to meet Babban Rao with the help of Suleiman Bhai and kills Babban Rao as he would ruin others' lives like him in the future. Suleiman Bhai is also killed in an attempt to save Raghu.

Unable to save himself from the police, Raghu returns to his home and tells his mother to save him. He apparently has [[intellectual disability|lost his mental balance]], become crazy and starts [[Hallucination|hallucinating]]. His mother takes him away to safety. He gives her his gun and his gold chains to sell them off; she remembers how Raghu had once taught her how to use a gun, points it at him, pulls the trigger and [[euthanasia|kills him]].

The family later fulfills Raghu's annual rites on the Mumbai beach. His mother tells her young grandson [[Hathyar (2002 film)|Rohit]] about Raghu and prays that his sins might be pardoned.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Raghunath "Raghu" Namdev Shivalkar
* [[Namrata Shirodkar]] as Sonia "Sonu" Shivalkhar, Raghu's wife
* [[Deepak Tijori]] as Sub-Inspector Kishore Kadam "Kisha"
* [[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Dedh Footiya
* [[Mohnish Bahl]] as Vijay Namdev Shivalkhar, Raghu's brother
* [[Ekta Sohini]] as Pooja Shivalkar, Vijay's wife
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Namdev Shivalkar, Raghu and Vijay's father
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Shanta Shivalkar, Raghu and Vijay's mother
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Dedh Footiya's mother
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Suleiman Basha aka Mandavali Baadshah
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Home Minister Babban Rao Kadam
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Vitthal Kaanya
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Laxmi Akka
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as himself in 'Apni Toh Nikal Padi'
* [[Jack Gaud]] as Fracture Bandya
* Ganesh Yadav as Chhota Fracture
* [[Kishore Nandlaskar]] as Dedh Footiya's father (drunkard)
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as an old Muslim man murdered by Dedh Footiya
* [[Anand Abhyankar]] as a Parsi Man
* [[Bharat Jadhav]] as Raghu's friend
* [[Makarand Anaspure]] as Raghu's friend
* [[Satish Rajwade]] as Satya
* [[Atul Kale]] as Bhopu
* Nilesh Divekar as Raghu's friend
* Dhananjay Mandrekar as Commissioner of Police
* [[Jayant Savarkar]] as Pandit
* [[Kashmera Shah]] as an [[item number]] "Jawani Se"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-where-have-the-real-item-girls-gone/20110223.htm|title = Do you miss these item girls?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kashmera-Shah-I-dont-mind-Krushna-cracking-jokes-on-me/articleshow/50772539.cms|title = Kashmera Shah: I don't mind Krushna cracking jokes on me|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=30 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/the-journey-of-bollywoods-favourite-item-girls-then-and-now/15062561|title = The Journey of Bollywood's Favourite Item Girls then and Now|date = 25 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/photos-12-sexy-sirens-from-tv-who-have-done-bollywood-item-songs/14679/169762 | title=Latest Photos, Mumbai News Photo, Entertainment Gallery, and Sports News Images Gallery }}</ref>
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]] as "Fracture" Bandya's henchman (uncredited)
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] except where noted.
| all_music =
| title1 = Meri Duniya Hai
| music1 = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| extra1 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 04:40
| title2 = Meri Duniya Hai (Male)
| music2 = Jatin–Lalit
| extra2 = Sonu Nigam
| length2 = 04:38
| title3 = Tere Pyar Ne (Male)
| music3 = Jatin–Lalit
| extra3 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length3 = 04:36
| title4 = Tere Pyar Ne (Female)
| music4 = Jatin–Lalit
| extra4 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length4 = 04:37
| title5 = Jawani Se Ab Jung
| music5 = Jatin–Lalit
| extra5 = Preetha Mazhumdar
| length5 = 04:44
| title6 = Apni To Nikal Padi
| music6 = Jatin–Lalit
| extra6 = Kumar Sanu, [[Atul Kale]]
| length6 = 04:22
| title7 = Har Taraf Hai Yeh Shor
| music7 = Jatin–Lalit
| extra7 = [[Vinod Rathod]], Atul Kale
| length7 = 05:41
| title8 = Shendur Laal Chadhayo (Aarti)
| music8 = Jatin–Lalit
| extra8 = [[Ravindra Sathe]]
| length8 = 03:14
| title9 = Vaastav Theme - 1
| music9 = [[Rahul Ranade]]
| extra9 = Ravindra Sathe
| note9 =
| length9 = 01:14
| title10 = Vaastav Theme - 2
| music10 = Rahul Ranade
| extra10 = Ravindra Sathe
| title11 = Apni Maa
| note11 = lyrics by Gautam Joglekar
| length11 = 05:33
| music11 = Rahul Ranade
| extra11 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| note10 =
| length10 = 01:09
}}

== Accolades ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]{{efn|as Zee Gold Bollywood Awards.}}
| 8 June 2000
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Dutt|[[Sanjay Dutt]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/us/2000/jun/08us.htm |title=US edition: Mixed bag at Zee Gold Bollywood Awards show |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000831021223/https://www.rediff.com/us/2000/jun/08us.htm |date=8 June 2000 |archive-date=31 August 2000 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| [[45th Filmfare Awards|13 February 2000]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Vaastav: The Reality''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Nominations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001119072600/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/nominations.shtml |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2000 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/winners.shtml |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017195340/http://www.indiafm.com/filmfare/99/winners.shtml |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2000 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |title=The 45th Filmfare Awards 2000 Winners |publisher=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154018/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/april2000/cs1a.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Manjrekar|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare]] – [[Sony]] Award
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Dutt|Sanjay Dutt}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Narvekar|[[Sanjay Narvekar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{sort|Lagoo|[[Reema Lagoo]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="7"| [[1st IIFA Awards|24 June 2000]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Vaastav: The Reality''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catchuslive.com:80/iifa/iifa_polling.html |title=The 1st IIFA Awards 2000 Nominations Polling |website=CatchUsLive.com |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000620083756/http://www.catchuslive.com/iifa/iifa_polling.html |archive-date=20 June 2000 |access-date=28 July 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/2000_winner.htm |title=The 1st IIFA Awards 2000 Winners |access-date=28 July 2022 |publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212144140/http://www.iifa.com/2000_winner.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2000/ |title=The 1st IIFA Awards ceremony |publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714224612/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2000/ |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Manjrekar|Mahesh Manjrekar}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Dutt|Sanjay Dutt}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{sort|Lagoo|Reema Lagoo}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{sort|Joshi|[[Mohan Joshi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| {{sort|Mayekar|V. N. Mayekar}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[6th Screen Awards|23 January 2000]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Dutt|Sanjay Dutt}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=8 January 2000 |title=Sixth Annual Screen-Videocon Awards nominations |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/139648/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211209/http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/139648/ |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Annual Screen Awards – Nominees & Winners for the year 1999 |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118035703/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2004 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Narvekar|[[Sanjay Narvekar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{sort|Joshi|Mohan Joshi}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="5" | {{sort|Manjrekar|Mahesh Manjrekar}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[3rd Zee Cine Awards|11 March 2000]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="25"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2000/winners/ |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Viewers Choice Awards Nominees & Winners |work=Zee Cine Awards |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517024855/https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2000/winners/ |archive-date=17 May 2020 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_pop/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Popular Awards Nominees |work=[[Zee Next]] |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114051900/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_pop/home.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_pop/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Popular Awards Winners |work=Zee Next |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000619024758/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_pop/home.html |archive-date=19 June 2000 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_tech/home.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Technical Awards Nominees |work=Zee Next |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114054100/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/nominee_tech/home.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_tech/01win.html |title=The 3rd Zee Cine Awards 2000 Technical Awards Winners |work=Zee Next |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010114080000/http://www.zeenext.com/entertainment/events/zca/win_tech/01win.html |archive-date=14 January 2001 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Technical Director
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
| {{sort|Shetty|Raam Shetty}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Make Up Artist
| {{sort|Sawant|Hemchandra Sawant}}
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== Reception ==
Reviewing the film for ''[[Rediff.com]]'', Suparn Verma compared its theme to Hollywood films ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' (1983), ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972), and Indian films such as ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987) and ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' (1990). He felt the film offered "no new insight into the underworld" and added that it was "fast-paced and taut at times". However, he felt the film was "well shot and edited" and criticized the "lengthy dialogues". He concluded commending the acting performance of [[Sanjay Dutt]] and called it "one of the best performances of his career". He added, "From an easy-going guy to a broken man -- the role is essayed with great care by him, maintaining a consistency throughout."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Suparn |title=On the run |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/14vaas.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005042019/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/oct/14vaas.htm |archive-date=5 October 2003 |date=14 October 1999}}</ref> Mukhtar Anjoom of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' felt Dutt, who looked "terrific", couldn't "hold the excitement for long" due to the "shaky screenplay".<ref>{{cite web |title=At the theatres: Vaastav (Hindi) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct/entrevs.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128200504/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct17/entrevs.htm |archive-date=28 November 1999 |date=17 October 1999}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0220832}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=vaastav}}
{{Mahesh Manjrekar}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]

Kalesh Ramanand

2026-04-01T23:22:50Z

Ahad Sabri: made a page - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalesh Ramanand
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 04 Nov 1990
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/01/25/interview-with-kalesh-ramanand.html|title='ഹൃദയ'ത്തിലെ സെൽവ ആലപ്പുഴക്കാരൻ; കലേഷ് ചോദിച്ചു, 'വിനീതേട്ടൻ തരുമോ എനിക്കൊരു ചാൻസ്'|website=Manorama}}</ref>
| other names =
| years_active = 2013{{En dash}}present
| alma_mater = [[Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology]] ([[BTech]])
| occupation = Actor
| parents =
}}

'''Kalesh Ramanand''' is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-surreal-experience/article6066457.ece|title=A surreal experience|website=The Hindu}}</ref> He is best known for his role as Selva in the 2022 Malayalam film ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Life has changed from no one knowing me to everyone calling me Selva |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/celebrity/kalesh-ramanand-life-has-changed-from-no-one-knowing-me-to-everyone-calling-me-selva/97158806 |website=Mirchi}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Hridayam's Kalesh Ramanand: Pranav considers himself as just another guy, that itself creates an aura |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-hridayam-kalesh-ramanand-pranav-considers-himself-as-just-another-guy-that-itself-creates-an-aura/8a099321f5321 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kalesh Ramanand was born in [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" /> He completed a [[BTech]] in [[Computer science|Computer Science]] from the [[Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous)|Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology]] in [[Kochi]], [[Ernakulam]].<ref name=":4" /> After finishing his studies, he moved to [[Chennai]] to attend theatre workshops.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-25 |title=The couple in 'Pon Maalai Pozhudhu' talks in mind voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-couple-in-pon-maalai-pozhudhu-talks-in-mind-voice/articleshow/65934658.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==

Kalesh debuted in the 2013 Malayalam film ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/south-indian-cinema/Kalesh/332981 |title=Actor Kalesh arrives for the audio launch ceremony of his forthcoming debut movie 'Kunjananthante Kada' |website=Times of India}}</ref> He also made his Tamil debut in the 2015 film, ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-cannes-to-kollywood/articleshow/49194728.cms|title=From Cannes to Kollywood |website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Language!! {{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
|2013
|''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]''
|Suku
|[[Malayalam]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || Kumar
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2016 || ''Kerala Paradiso'' || Naveen
|Malayalam||
|-
|2019
|''Thelivu''
|Adv. Ramanujam
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thelivu Movie Review : This MA Nishad film is like a crime novella |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/thelivu/movie-review/71646114.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Maara]]''|| Kishore
|Tamil||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maara Movie Review : Lovingly crafted but somewhat underwhelming remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maara/movie-review/80159468.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022|| ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''|| Selva
|Malayalam||<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]'' || Pazhani
|Tamil||<ref>{{cite news |title=Hridayam actor Kalesh Ramanand to play a pivotal role in Sai Pallavi, Gautham Ramachandran's Gargi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-hridayam-actor-kalesh-ramanand-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-sai-pallavi-gautham-ramachandrans-gargi/a8fb970f2661 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Christopher (film)|''Christopher'']]
|Sudeep Rajan
|Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Neeraja]]''|| Anumohan
|Malayalam||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-03-08 |title=First look of Shruti Ramachandran's Neeraja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Mar/08/first-look-of-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-40784.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Imbam]]''|| Manoj
|Malayalam|| <ref>{{cite news |title='Hridayam's 'Selva' Kalesh Ramanand to play an antagonist in Imbam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hridayams-selva-kalesh-ramanand-to-play-an-antagonist-in-imbam-exclusive/articleshow/92896571.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]''|| Vinod
|Malayalam||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=Neru Movie Review: Mohanlal Film Is A Solid Courtroom Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/neru-movie-review-mohanlal-film-is-a-solid-courtroom-drama-review-106147959 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024|| ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]''|| Indradhanush
|Malayalam|| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-malayalam-film-industry-is-not-a-hero-dominated-industry-now-says-varshangalkku-shesham-actor-kalesh-ramanand-exclusive/articleshow/111434053.cms|title=The Malayalam film industry is not a hero-dominated industry |website=India Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kalesh Ramanand on 'Aavesham' vs. 'Varshangalkku Shesham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalesh-ramanand-on-aavesham-vs-varshangalkku-shesham-family-audiences-prefer-the-latter-exclusive/articleshow/110798955.cms |website=TOI}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Secret (2024 film)|Secret]]''|| Moorthy
|Malayalam|| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalesh-ramanand-on-sn-swamys-secret-exploring-the-science-of-omens-exclusive/articleshow/111462522.cms|title=Kalesh Ramanand on SN Swamy's Secret: Exploring the Science of Omens|website=TOI}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Super Zindagi]]''
|Ashok
|Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025|| ''[[Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai]]''|| Ravindra
|Tamil||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-02-14 |title='Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai' movie review: Admirable queer drama rises above its flaws |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaadhal-enbadhu-podhu-udamai-movie-review-lijomol-jose-jayaprakash-radhakrishnan/article69219324.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vadakkan]]''
|Narayanan
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Vadakkan: Dark And Terrifying Trailer Of This Supernatural Thriller Is Sure To Give You Chills! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/vadakkan-dark-and-terrifying-trailer-of-this-supernatural-thriller-is-sure-to-give-you-chills-article-118561001 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|Faces}} || Michael || Malayalam|| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalesh-ramanand-and-hannah-reji-koshy-to-team-up-for-faces/articleshow/114338911.cms|title=Kalesh Ramanand and Hannah Reji Koshy to team up for 'Faces |website=India Times}}</ref>
|}

== Nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Film
!Result
!{{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
|2023
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Actor - Malayalam]]
|''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-2023-darshana-rajendran-keerthy-suresh-navya-nair-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-among-others-compete-for-the-best-actress-award/articleshow/103690838.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>
|}
==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb name|8230797}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanand, Kalesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Vishrantwadi

2026-03-29T17:28:25Z

Ahad Sabri: small adjusted lead per standard format also based on references

{{Short description|Suburb in Pune, Maharashtra, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vishrantwadi
| native_name = Vishrantwadi (विश्रांतवाडी)
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| nickname = Wadi
| settlement_type = Suburban
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.5726296|N|73.8782501|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 411015
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 020-
| registration_plate = MH-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pune]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Vadgaon Sheri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from City centre
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|9.7|km|mi}} (PMPML City buses)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Vish2.jpg|frame|right]]
'''Vishrantwadi''' is a suburb of [[Pune]] City in the State of [[Maharashtra, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-05 |title=Vishrantwadi school to close down,blames civic body |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/vishrantwadi-school-to-close-down-blames-civic-body/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Vishrantwadi is a bustling commercial and residential neighborhood to the north of the city including areas of Mohanwadi, Pratik Nagar, Kasturbawadi (Kasturba Housing Society), Phule Nagar, Mental Corner, Police Lines, Shanti Nagar, Dhanori, Tingre Nagar, Kalas, Mhaskewasti and Dighi.

==Location==
Vishrantwadi is located near and shares borders with
* [[Yerwada]]
* [[Lohegaon]]
* [[Khadki]]
* [[Alandi]]
* Dhanori

The entire neighbourhood of Vishrantwadi lies along the Alandi Road. Other major roads in this locality are the Tingre Nagar Road (Vishrantwadi-Airport Road) and Dhanori Road. The [[Pune Railway Station|Pune Railway station]] is about 7 kilometers from Vishrantwadi while the [[Pune International Airport]] at [[Lohegaon]] is just about 4 kilometers away. The Maha Metro approved a flyover at Vishrantwadi Chowk connecting Airport Road with Alandi Road in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-01 |title=Go-ahead to flyover work at Vishrantwadi Chowk |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/112180791.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[Yerwada Central Jail]] and the Pune Mental Hospital too are situated nearby. There was a proposal to shif the CBI office to Vishrantwada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-01 |title=CBI to set up new office at Vishrantwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/cbi-to-set-up-new-office-at-vishrantwadi/articleshow/63561938.cms |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Etymology and history==
Vishrantwadi used to be a resting place for the thousands of [[Varkari]]s who made the annual pilgrimage from [[Alandi]] to [[Pandharpur]] in South Maharashtra by foot. ''Vishrant'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] means "rest", "wadi" means "hamlet" or "town", and thus the name 'Vishrantwadi'. Even today the annual [[Jñāneśvar]] pilgrimage procession passes through Vishrantwadi.

==Connectivity==
Vishrantwadi is well connected to the rest of [[Pune]] by various modes of public transportation. [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] operates a number of routes to the rest of Pune and other suburbs.
The PMPML also operates a [[BRTS]] on Alandi Road.

==Population==
In the past, Vishrantwadi was largely populated by Marathi speaking middle-class Maharashtrian families. With Pune becoming more cosmopolitan, a large number of Tamil, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marwadi, Urdu and Telugu speaking families have settled down here as well. It is a favoured residential choice for people working in the IT sector whose offices are in and around [[Kalyani Nagar]], [[Yerwada]], [[Vimannagar]]. Proximity to the city centre, low pollution, good infrastructure and connectivity has led to a substantial increase in population.

There are a number of army and air force establishments nearby, amongst which are the [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)]], [[Bombay Engineering Group]], Khadki military cantonment, GREF Centre and Lohegaon Air Force station. Vishrantwadi is the location of the residential complex of Pune City Police at Police Lines. [[Army Institute of Technology]], a college established by [[Indian Army]] is also near Vishrantwadi on Alandi Road near Dighi.

There is a lake within an abandoned quarry about 200 meters away from Vishrantwadi chowk. Many shopping complexes fulfill the daily needs of the residents living in and around Vishrantwadi. Similarly, there has been a gradual increase in educational institutes (tutors) in Vishrantwadi.

==References==
<references />

==External links==

*[[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]]- pmpml.org

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Pune]]

{{Pune topics |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Geography of Pune]]

Shweta Agarwal

2026-03-29T17:21:18Z

Ahad Sabri:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shweta Agarwal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =

| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2002–2010
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aditya Narayan]]|2020}}<ref name="Aditya Narayan Marries Shweta Agarwal.">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |title=Aditya Narayan Marries Shweta Agarwal. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aditya-narayan-marries-shweta-agarwal-see-pics-from-the-wedding-2332757 |accessdate=25 July 2022 |date=2 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725075357/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aditya-narayan-marries-shweta-agarwal-see-pics-from-the-wedding-2332757 |archivedate=25 July 2022}}</ref>
| children = 1<ref name="Aditya Narayan-Shweta Agarwal welcome baby girl: ‘Music is in her DNA’">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Aditya Narayan-Shweta Agarwal welcome baby girl: 'Music is in her DNA' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/aditya-narayan-shweta-agarwal-welcome-baby-girl-7800333/ |accessdate=25 July 2022 |date=4 March 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725075546/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/aditya-narayan-shweta-agarwal-welcome-baby-girl-7800333/ |archivedate=25 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Udit Narayan]] (father-in-law)
| father =
| mother =
}}
'''Shweta Agarwal Jha''' ([[née]] '''Agarwal''') is an Indian former actress who has appeared in feature films such as ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' (2003), ''[[Tandoori Love]]'' (2008), and ''[[Shaapit]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditya-narayan-on-marrying-shweta-in-spite-of-being-together-for-so-long-it-feels-new-7139513/ |title=Aditya Narayan on marrying Shweta: In spite of being together for so long it feels new |website=The Indian Express |date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/aditya-narayan-reveals-shweta-agarwal-rejected-him-multiple-times-his-mother-deepa-played-cupid-watch/story-9Nn4Lq91732c6L7hA7xxwK.html |title=Aditya Narayan reveals Shweta Agarwal rejected him multiple times, his mother Deepa played Cupid |website=Hindustan Times |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She is married to singer and host [[Aditya Narayan]], the son of [[Udit Narayan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shweta-agarwal-joins-hubby-aditya-narayan-on-indian-idol-12-sets-1756089-2021-01-05 |title=Shweta Agarwal joins hubby Aditya Narayan on Indian Idol 12 sets |website=India today |date=5 January 2021 |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/who-is-shweta-agarwal-aditya-narayan-is-set-to-marry-her-soon-1730788-2020-10-12 |title=Who is Shweta Agarwal? Aditya Narayan is set to marry her soon |website=India today |date=12 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Language
!Notes
|-
|2002
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[Allari (film)|Allari]]''
|Aparna "Appu"
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[Kiccha]]''
| Suma
| [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]
|
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]''
|
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|Special appearance in song "James Bondin Deto
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]''
|Maha Lakshmi
|Telugu
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[Tandoori Love]]''
|Priya
| Swiss
|
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[Gamyam]]''
|Mandhaaram
| Telugu
|[[Item number|Special appearance]] in the song "Hatteri Chintamani"
|-
!scope="row" align="left"|''Miras''
|Ayşa
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/id-like-to-do-more-films-in-the-south-shweta/articleshow/5607617.cms</ref>
|-
|2010
!scope="row" align="left"|''[[Shaapit]]''
|Kaaya Shekhawat
| [[Bollywood|Hindi]]
|
|}

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2881305/ Shweta Agarwal] on [[IMDb]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Shweta}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)

2026-03-26T08:28:58Z

Ahad Sabri: quick refined citations after review and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Muslim community in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group= Baloch
|popplace = • India
|langs = • [[Urdu]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Khari Boli]]
|rels= Islam
|related= • [[Baloch people|Baloch]] • [[Baloch diaspora]] • [[Baloch (Gujarat)|Baloch of Gujarat]] • [[Sindhi Baloch]] • [[Punjabi Baloch]] • [[Bhagnari]]
}}

The '''Baluch''' is a Muslim community found in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. They are descended from [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribesmen who settled in this region of [[North India]] in the late Middle Ages. The community use the surname [[Khan (name)|Khan]], and are often known as [[Baloch people|Khan Baloch]].

In the middle of the 17th century the [[Brahui people|Brahuis]], with the help of [[Turkish people|Turks]], took advantage of the Balochs weakness after the [[Rind-Lashari War|Rind-Lashari war]] which lasted for 30 years and had driven them out of the [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] valley. Yielding to pressure they moved eastward into the [[Sulaiman Mountains]], drove out the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]]s, and settled along the banks of the [[Indus]]. According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, [[Professor]] at [[University of Karachi]], the Balochs migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was inhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maher |first1=Mahim |title=From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/ |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=tribune.com.pk |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=27 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

== Baloch of the Doab ==
The hamlet of [[Bilochpura]] (in Uttar Pradesh) alone is home to approximately 8,000 Balochs.<ref name="NI2018">{{cite web |title=India's Balochistan Freedom Movement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZBGYH1M3Fk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/0ZBGYH1M3Fk |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=[[News18 India]] |access-date=1 February 2019 |date=27 March 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
The Baloch of North India are now altogether separated from the Baloch tribes of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and tribal divisions are no longer important. They are found in the districts of [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshar]] and [[Aligarh]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Their customs are similar to those of the neighbouring Muslim communities such as the [[Jhojha]] and [[Ranghar]]. The Baloch reside in mixed Muslim villages, occupying their own quarters, and are largely small and medium-sized farmers, with a small number being landless agricultural labourers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Their most important settlements are in several villages in and around the town of Baghra in Muzaffarnagar District. A second cluster of Baloch villages exist in Bulandshahr District, where there are several villages near the towns of [[Jhajhar]] and Chanderu. In addition, the town of [[Faridnagar]] in [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad District]] is home to an important colony of Baloch.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} They marry with other Muslim communities and some members are [[endogamy|endogamous]], marrying within close kin, and like other North Indian Muslim communities. The Baloch practice both cross cousin and parallel cousin marriages. They speak both Urdu and Khari Boli, the local dialect in the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>Rivalry and Brotherhood; Politics in the life of Farmers in Northern India by Dipankar Gupta</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Baloch diaspora]]
* [[Punjabi Baloch]]
* [[Sindhi Baloch]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Baloch diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]

Kirtanananda Swami

2026-03-25T11:04:42Z

Ahad Sabri: made new entry

{{short description|American Hindu guru and convicted criminal (1937–2011)}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|honorific-suffix = Bhaktipada
|image = Kirtanananda Swami - 1982.jpg
|caption = Kirtanananda Swami in 1982
|birth_name = Keith Gordon Ham
|birth_date = September 6, 1937
|birth_place = [[Peekskill, New York]], US
|death_date ={{death date and age|2011|10|24|1937|09|06}}
|death_place = [[Thane]], India
|denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
|temple = [[New Vrindaban]]
|sect = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
|lineage = Brahma-Madhva-Gauḍīya Sampradāya
|philosophy = [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
|initiation = Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava [[Diksa]] as Kīrtanānanda dāsa, by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Bhaktivedanta Swami]], 1966, New York
|ordination = Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava [[Sannyasa]] as Kīrtanānanda Svāmī, by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Bhaktivedanta Swami]], 1967, India
|period =
|Successor = Madhusudan Das ("Bapuji")
|post = Co-founder, [[New Vrindaban]] (1968); 
Guru-Acarya, [[ISKCON]] (1978–87)
Founder-Acarya, [[New Vrindaban]] (1977–94);
|website =
}}

'''Kirtanananda Swami'''<ref>Within ISKCON he is now known as "Kirtanananda das", as he is regarded as long-fallen from his sannyasa vows of celibacy.</ref> ({{IAST3|Kīrtanānanda Svāmī}}; September 6, 1937 – October 24, 2011),<ref name="MargalitFox">{{cite web|title=Swami Bhaktipada, Ex-Hare Krishna Leader, Dies at 74|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/us/swami-bhaktipada-ex-hare-krishna-leader-dies-at-74.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Margalit Fox|author-link=Margalit Fox|date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> also known as '''Swami Bhaktipada''', was a [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] guru, the co-founder of [[New Vrindaban]], a [[Hare Krishna movement|Hare Krishna]] community in [[Marshall County, West Virginia]], where he served as spiritual leader from 1968 until 1994, and a convicted criminal.

The first [[sannyasa|sannyasi]] in the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), he also served as an [[ISKCON guru system|initiating guru]] in ISKCON from 1977 until his expulsion in 1987.

==Early life==
Kīrtanānanda was born '''Keith Gordon Ham''' in [[Peekskill, New York]], in 1937, the youngest of five children of Conservative Baptist minister Francis Gordon Ham and his wife Marjorie. Keith's older brother, [[F. Gerald Ham]], would go on to fame as an [[archivist]]. Keith Ham inherited his father's missionary spirit and attempted to convert classmates to his family's faith. Despite an acute case of [[polio]] which he contracted around his 17th birthday, he graduated with honors from high school in 1955. He received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in History from [[Maryville College]] in [[Maryville, Tennessee]] on May 20, 1959, and graduated [[magna cum laude]], first in his class of 117.

He received a [[Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation|Woodrow Wilson fellowship]] to study American history at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], where he remained for three years. There he met Howard Morton Wheeler (1940–89), an undergraduate English major from [[Mobile, Alabama]] who became his lover and lifelong friend. Later Kīrtanānanda acknowledged that, before becoming a Hare Krishna, he had a homosexual relationship with Wheeler for many years, which was documented in the film ''[[Holy Cow, Swami]]'', a 1996 documentary by [[Jacob Young (documentarian)|Jacob Young]].<ref>A clip of Kīrtanānanda with the court transcript in which he was asked, "Back in the 1950s and early 60s, were you homosexual?", and his response ("Yes.") {{YouTube|oEj5UeFOgIU|'''can be seen here.'''}}</ref>

The two resigned from the university on February 3, 1961, and left Chapel Hill after being threatened with an investigation over a "sex scandal", and moved to [[New York City]]. Ham promoted [[LSD]] use and became an LSD guru. He worked as an unemployment claims reviewer. He enrolled at [[Columbia University]] in 1961, where he received a [[Oscar Waddell Fellows Award|Waddell fellowship]] to study religious history with [[Whitney Cross]], but he quit academic life after several years when he and Wheeler traveled to [[India]] in October 1965 in search of a guru. Unsuccessful, they returned to New York after six months.<ref>Hayagriva Dās, ''The Hare Krishna Explosion'' (Palace Press, New Vrindaban WV: 1985)</ref>

==As Kīrtanānanda==
[[File:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and Kirtanananda Swami.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[Swami Prabhupada]] and Kīrtanānanda, undated}}]]

In June 1966, after returning from India, Ham met the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] guru [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] (then known simply as "Swāmiji" to his disciples), the [[acharya|founder-acharya]] of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), more popularly known in the West as the Hare Krishnas. After attending ''[[Bhagavad-gita]]'' classes at the modest storefront temple at 26 Second Avenue on the [[Lower East Side]] of [[Manhattan]], Ham accepted Swamiji as his spiritual master, receiving initiation as "Kīrtanānanda Dāsa" ("the servant of one who takes pleasure in [[kirtan]]") on September 23, 1966. Swamiji sometimes called him "Kitchen-ānanda" because of his cooking expertise. Howard Wheeler was initiated two weeks earlier on September 9, 1966, and received the name "Hayagriva Dāsa".<ref>[[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]], ''Srila Prabhupāda-lilāmrta, Vol. 2'' (Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, Los Angeles, CA: 1980)</ref>

Kīrtanānanda was among the first of Swāmiji's western disciples to shave his head (apart from the [[sikha]]), don robes (traditional Bengali Vaishnava clothing consists of [[dhoti]] and [[kurta]]), and move into the temple. In March 1967, on the order of Swāmiji, Kīrtanānanda and Janus Dambergs (Janardana Dāsa), a French-speaking university student, established the [[Montreal]] Hare Krishna temple. On August 28, 1967, while traveling with Swāmiji in India, Kīrtanānanda Dāsa became Prabhupāda's first disciple to be initiated into the [[Vaishnava]] order of renunciation ([[sannyasa]]: a lifelong vow of celibacy in mind, word, and body), and received the name Kīrtanānanda Swāmi. Within weeks, however, he returned to New York City against Prabhupāda's wishes and attempted to add esoteric cultural elements of [[Christianity]] to Prabhupāda's devotional [[bhakti]] system. Other disciples of Prabhupāda saw this as a takeover attempt. In letters from India, Prabhupāda soundly chastised him and banned him from preaching in ISKCON temples.<ref>''Letters From Srila Prabhupada, Vol. 1'' (The Vaisnava Institute in association with the BBT, Culver City, CA: 1987)</ref><ref>Letter by Bhaktivedanta Swami, November 11, 1967 to Brahmananda, "I do not want crowd of Kirtananandas but I want a single soul like Brahmananda, Mukunda, Rayarama, and Satsvarupa. The same example is always applicable that one moon is sufficient for the night as not thousands of stars ... Without being empowered by Krishna, nobody can preach [[Krishna Consciousness]]. It is not academic qualification or financial strength which helps in these matters, but it is sincerity of purpose which helps us always. Therefore, I wish that you will remain in charge of New York, let Satsvarupa be in charge of Boston, Let [[Mukunda Goswami|Mukunda]] be in charge of San Francisco ... [http://krishnascience.com/Vaisnava%20Library/Biographies/Letters%20from%20Srila%20Prabhupada/1967/67-11A.htm Letters quote]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==The New Vrindaban Community==
[[File:New Vrindaban devotees - 1968.jpg|thumb|{{center|Kīrtanānanda, Vamanadev, Hrishikesh, Hayagriva and Pradyumna, at [[New Vrindaban]] (late summer, 1968)}}]]
Kīrtanānanda lived with Wheeler, by then known as Hayagriva Dasa, who was teaching English at a community college in [[Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania]]. In the ''[[San Francisco Oracle]]'' (an [[underground newspaper]]), Kīrtanānanda saw a letter from [[Richard Rose (mystic)|Richard Rose Jr.]], who wanted to form an [[ashram]] on his land in [[Marshall County, West Virginia]]. "The conception is one of a non-profit, non-interfering, non-denominational retreat or refuge, where philosophers might come to work communally together, or independently, where a library and other facilities might be developed."<ref>Richard Rose, ''[[The San Francisco Oracle]]'' (December 1967)</ref>

On a weekend free of classes (March 30–31, 1968), Kīrtanānanda and Hayagriva visited the two properties owned by Rose. After Hayagriva returned to Wilkes Barre, Kīrtanānanda stayed on in Rose's backwoods farmhouse. In July 1968, after a few months of Kīrtanānanda's living in isolation, he and Hayagriva visited [[Prabhupada]] in Montreal. Prabhupāda "forgave his renegade disciples in [[Montreal]] with a garland of roses and a shower of tears".<ref>Hayagriva Dās, "Chant", ''Brijabasi Spirit'' (November 1981), p. 20.</ref> When the pair returned to West Virginia, Richard Rose Jr. and his wife Phyllis gave Hayagriva a 99-year lease on the 132.77-acre property for $4,000, with an option to purchase for $10 when the lease expired. Hayagriva put down a $1,500 deposit.<ref>Lease available for viewing at Marshall County Courthouse, Moundsville, West Virginia</ref>
[[File:Kirtanananda Swami and Kuladri Das, c. mid-1970s.jpg|thumb|{{center|Kīrtanānanda Swāmi and New Vrindaban Community president Kuladri dās, c. mid-1970s}}]]
Prabhupāda established the purpose and guided the development of the community in dozens of letters and four personal visits (1969, 1972, 1974 and 1976). [[New Vrindaban]] would highlight five key elements for ISKCON:
# Cow Protection and local agriculture,
#Simple living,
# Holy pilgrimage,
# Spiritual education,
# And above all, loving Krishna.

Kīrtanānanda eventually established himself as leader and sole authority of the community. In New Vrindaban publications from the late 1970s through the 1980s he was honored as "Founder-[[Acharya]]" of New Vrindaban, in imitation of Prabhupada's title of Founder-Acharya of ISKCON. Over time the community expanded, devotees from other ISKCON centers moved in, and cows and land were acquired until New Vrindaban properties consisted of nearly 2,500 acres. New Vrindaban became a favorite ISKCON place of pilgrimage and many ISKCON devotees attended the annual [[Krishna Janmashtami]] festivals. For some, Kīrtanānanda's previous offenses were forgiven. Many devotees admired him for his austere lifestyle (for a time he lived in an abandoned chicken coop), his preaching skills<ref>''Back to Godhead'' magazine published three of his poems and 14 articles between 1966 and 1986</ref> and devotion to the presiding [[murti|deities]] of New Vrindaban: Sri Sri Radha Vrindaban Chandra.<ref>Kuladri Das, "Vyasa-puja Homage" (Shri Vyasa-puja: September 4, 1978), p. 6.</ref>

==Palace of Gold==
[[File:Palaceanddevotees 1982.jpg|thumb|right|[[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]] in 1982]]
Late in 1972, Kīrtanānanda and sculptor-architect Bhagavatānanda Dāsa decided to build a home for [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Prabhupāda]]. In time, the plans for the house developed into an ornate memorial shrine of marble, gold and carved teak wood, dedicated posthumously during Labor Day weekend, on Sunday, September 2, 1979. The completion of the [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold|Palace of Gold]] catapulted New Vrindaban into mainstream respectability as tens (and eventually hundreds) of thousands of tourists began visiting the Palace each year. A "Land of Krishna" theme park and a granite "Temple of Understanding" in [[Hindu temple architecture|classical South Indian style]] were designed to make New Vrindaban a "Spiritual [[Disneyland]]". The ground-breaking ceremony of the proposed temple on May 31, 1985, was attended by dozens of dignitaries, including a United States congressman from West Virginia. One publication called it "the most significant and memorable day in the history of New Vrindaban."<ref>"Government Officials Attend Ceremony," Land of Krishna, vol. 1, no. 5 (July 1985).</ref>

==Assault and ensuing expulsion from ISKCON==
[[File:Kirtanananda Swami under house arrest - 1992.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|{{center|Kīrtanānanda Swāmi under house arrest, 1992}}]]
On October 27, 1985, during a New Vrindaban bricklaying marathon, a crazed and distraught devotee bludgeoned Kīrtanānanda on the head with a heavy steel tamping tool.<ref>This was Triyogi dasa, who had come to New Vrindaban in September 1985 to attend the much-publicized "Prabhupada Disciple Meetings." After the conference concluded, he decided to stay at New Vrindaban for a time. His services at New Vrindaban were menial; he assisted in the kitchen and picked up litter around the Palace. He appeared to have some prominent personality dysfunctions, he was sometimes observed muttering under his breath to himself, and the New Vrindaban residents who knew him considered him mentally unstable. Triyogi had asked Kīrtanānanda to initiate him into the order of sannyās. Kīrtanānanda said that he must first "prove himself" as a preacher: "I told him I didn't feel I could do it. I didn't know him well enough. I told him to stay here at New Vrindaban for six months to a year first, and he became disturbed about that". (Kīrtanānanda Swāmi, quoted by Eric Harrison in "Violence is Focus of Krishna Inquiry", ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' (August 21, 1986), 16-A.)

Triyogi was visibly upset and confided in another New Vrindaban devotee that "he felt he had to either kill himself, kill Bhaktipada, or leave". Later he told that same devotee that he would not kill anyone; he would simply leave. (Tulsi dās quoting Triyogi, cited by Terry Smith in "Krishnas May Investigate New Disciples", ''The Wheeling Intelligencer'' (October 31, 1985), pp. 1, 6.)</ref>

Some close associates began leaving the community. On March 16, 1987, during their annual meeting at [[Mayapur]], India, the ISKCON Governing Body Commission expelled Kīrtanānanda from the society for various deviations.<ref>See http://www.dandavats.com/wp-content/uploads/GBCresolutions/GBCRES87.htm</ref> They claimed he had defied ISKCON policies and had claimed to be the sole spiritual heir to Prabhupāda's movement. Thirteen members voted for the resolution, two abstained, and one member, [[Bhakti Tirtha Swami]], voted against the resolution.<ref>[http://www.iskcon.com/icj/5_1/5_1perils.html ''The Perils of Succession: Heresies of Authority and Continuity In the Hare Krishna Movement''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504000414/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/5_1/5_1perils.html |date=May 4, 2007 }}, [[Tamal Krishna Goswami]]</ref>

Kīrtanānanda then established his own organization, The Eternal Order of the League of Devotees Worldwide, taking several properties with him. By 1988, New Vrindaban had 13 satellite centers in the United States and Canada, including New Vrindaban. New Vrindaban was excommunicated from ISKCON the same year.<ref name="Lewis 2011 281">{{cite book|last=Rochford |first=E. Burke Jr. |chapter=Knocking on Heaven’s Door: Violence, Charisma, and the Transformation of New Vrindaban |editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=James R.|title=Violence and New Religious Movements |title-link=Violence and New Religious Movements|year=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|page=281 |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-973561-7}}</ref>

==Criminal conviction and imprisonment==
In 1990, the [[US federal government]] indicted Kīrtanānanda on five counts of [[racketeering]], six counts of [[mail fraud]], and conspiracy to murder two of his opponents in the Hare Krishna movement (Stephen Bryant and Charles St. Denis).<ref name="HolyCow"/> The government claimed that he had illegally amassed a profit of more than $10.5 million over four years. It also charged that he ordered the killings because the victims had threatened to reveal his [[sexual abuse]] of minors.<ref name="HolyCow">''[[Holy Cow, Swami]]'', a documentary movie by [[Jacob Young (documentarian)|Jacob Young]] (WVEBA, 1996)</ref>

On March 29, 1991, Kīrtanānanda was convicted on nine of the 11 charges (the jury failed to reach a verdict on the murder charges), but the [[Court of Appeals]], convinced by the arguments of defense attorney [[Alan Morton Dershowitz]], threw out the convictions, saying that [[child molestation]] evidence had unfairly prejudiced the [[jury]] against Kīrtanānanda, who was not charged with those crimes.<ref name="HolyCow"/> On August 16, 1993, he was released from [[house arrest]] in a rented apartment in the [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]] neighborhood of Warwood, where he had lived for nearly two years, and returned triumphantly to New Vrindaban.<ref name="HolyCow"/>

Kīrtanānanda lost his iron grip on the community after the September 1993 "Winnebago Incident" during which he was accidentally discovered in a compromising position with a teenage boy in the back of a Winnebago van,<ref name="HolyCow"/> and the community split into two camps: those who still supported Kīrtanānanda and those who challenged his leadership. During this time he retired to his rural retreat at "Silent Mountain" near [[Littleton, West Virginia]].<ref name="HolyCow"/>

The challengers eventually ousted Kīrtanānanda and his supporters completely, and ended the "interfaith era" in July 1994 by returning the temple worship services to the standard Indian style advocated by Swami Prabhupada and practiced throughout ISKCON. Most of Kīrtanānanda's followers left New Vrindaban and moved to the Radha Muralidhar Temple in New York City, which remained under Kīrtanānanda's control. New Vrindaban returned to ISKCON in 1998.<ref name="Lewis 2011 281"/>

In 1996, before Kīrtanānanda's retrial was completed, he pleaded guilty to one count of racketeering (mail fraud).<ref name="HolyCow"/> He was sentenced to 20 years in prison but was released on June 16, 2004, because of poor health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=ham&Middle=&FirstName=keith&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=0&y=0 |title=Federal Bureau of Prisons record of release |access-date=September 4, 2006 |archive-date=June 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629065214/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=ham&Middle=&FirstName=keith&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=0&y=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On September 10, 2000, the ISKCON Child Protection Office concluded a 17-month investigation and determined that Kīrtanānanda had molested two boys. He was prohibited from visiting any ISKCON properties for five years and offered conditions for reinstatement within ISKCON:<ref>Official Decision on the Case of Kirtanananda Das, ISKCON Central Office of Child Protection (September 10, 2000)</ref>

#He must contribute at least $10,000 to an organization dedicated to serving Vaishnava youth, such as Children of Krishna, the Association for the Protection of Vaishnava Children, or a gurukula approved by the APVC.
#He must write apology letters to all the victims described in this letter. In these letters he must fully acknowledge his transgressions of child abuse, and he must take full responsibility for those actions. Also, he must express appropriate remorse, and offer to make amends to the victims. These letters should be sent to the APVC, not directly to the victims.
#He must undergo a [[psychological evaluation]] by a mental health professional pre-approved by the APVC, and he must comply with recommendations for ongoing therapy described in the evaluation report and by the APVC.
#He must fully comply with all governmental investigations into misconduct on his part.

Kīrtanānanda never satisfied any of these conditions.<ref>The four conditions for reinstatement into ISKCON formulated by the ISKCON Child Protection Office were in response to particular crimes against two boys. However, these conditions do not take into account the March 1987 GBC resolution which excommunicated Kīrtanānanda from ISKCON for other offenses. Therefore, even if the conditions imposed by the Child Protection Office were satisfied in full, Kīrtanānanda would still be unwelcome in ISKCON.</ref>

==After imprisonment==
[[Image:Kirtanananda2008march4.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|Kīrtanānanda Swami in New York City, March 4, 2008.}}]]
For four years after his release from prison, Kīrtanānanda (now using a wheelchair) resided at the Radha Murlidhara Temple at 25 First Avenue in New York City, which was purchased in 1990<ref>The installation of Sri Sri Radha Murlidhara was reported in ''The City of God Examiner'' (issue no. 48, January 2, 1991)</ref> for $500,000 and maintained by a small number of disciples and followers, although the temple board later attempted to evict him.<ref>[https://www.amny.com/news/hare-krishnas-clash-as-eviction-effort-divides-first-ave-building/ "Hare Krishnas clash as eviction effort divides First Ave. building"] by Tien-Shun Lee. ''The Villager'' (New York: July 18, 2007)</ref>

On March 7, 2008, Kīrtanānanda left the United States for India, where he expected to remain for the rest of his life. "There is no sense in staying where I'm not wanted," he explained, referring to the desertions through the years by most of his American disciples and to the attempts to evict him from the building. At the time of his death Kīrtanānanda still had a significant number of loyal disciples in India and Pakistan, who worshiped him as "guru" and published his last books. He continued preaching a message of interfaith: that the God of the Christians, Jews, Muslims, and Vaishnavas is the same; and that men of faith from each religion should recognize and appreciate the faith of men of other paths. "Fundamentalism is one of the most dangerous belief-systems in the world today. Fundamentalism doesn't promote unity; it causes separatism. It creates enmity between people of faith. Look at the Muslims; Mohammed never intended that his followers should spread their religion by the sword. It is more important today than at any other time to preach about the unity of all religions."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brijabasispirit.com/2008/03/07/kirtanananda-swami-leaves-us-moves-to-india-permanently/|title=Kirtanananda Swami Leaves US, Moves To India Permanently}}</ref>

==Death==
Kīrtanānanda died on October 24, 2011, at a hospital in [[Thane]], near [[Mumbai, India]], aged 74. His brother, Gerald Ham, reported the cause of death to be [[kidney failure]].<ref name="MargalitFox"/>

He named Madhusudan Das (popularly known as ‘Bapuji’), of [https://anandvrindavan.com/home Anand Vrindavan Dham] in [[Ulhasnagar]], [[Mumbai]], as his material and spiritual successor.

==Bibliography==
{{Vaishnavism}}
Kīrtanānanda Swami authored two dozen published books, some of which were translated and published in Gujarati, German, French and Spanish editions. Some books attributed to him and published in his name were actually written by volunteer ghostwriters.<ref>Sri Galim wrote ''The Illustrated Ramayana'' (1987), Rukmini devi dāsi wrote ''Joy of No Sex'' (1988), and "True Peace" wrote ''Heart of the Gita: Always Think of Me'' (1990).</ref> Kīrtanānanda Swami's former disciple, [[Henry Doktorski]], has completed a ten-volume biography of his former spiritual master and a history of the New Vrindaban Community.<ref>url=http://henrydoktorski.com/GoldGunsGod.html</ref>

The Swami Bhaktipada Archives, which includes personal correspondence, books, magazine, sound recordings, and other memorabilia, are protected for posterity at the West Virginia & Regional History Center, a division of West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia.<ref>url=https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/repositories/2/resources/7046</ref>

'''Books by Kīrtanānanda Swāmi:'''
* ''The Song of God: A Summary Study of [[Bhagavad-gita As It Is]]'' (1984)
* ''Christ and Krishna: The Path of Pure Devotion'' (1985)
* ''L'amour de Dieu: Le Christianisme et La Tradition Bhakti'' (1985) French edition
* ''Eternal Love: Conversations with the Lord in the Heart'' (1986), based on [[Thomas à Kempis]]' ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]''
* ''The Song of God: A Summary Study of Bhagavad-gita As It Is'' (c. 1986) Gujarati edition
*''On His Order'' (1987)
* ''The Illustrated [[Ramayana]]'' (1987)
* ''Lila in the Land of Illusion'' (1987), based on [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]''
* ''Bhaktipada Bullets'' (1988), compiled by Devamrita Swami
* '' A Devotee's Journey to the City of God'' (1988), based on [[John Bunyan]]'s ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]]''
* ''Joy of No Sex'' (1988)
* ''Excerpts from The Bhaktipada Psalms'' (1988)
* ''Le pur amour de Dieu: Christ & Krishna'' (1988), French edition
* ''One God: The Essence of All Religions'' (1989), Indian publication
* ''Heart of the Gita: Always Think of Me'' (1990)
* ''How To Say No To Drugs'' (1990)
* ''Spiritual Warfare: How to Gain Victory in the Struggle for Spiritual Perfection'' (1990), a sequel to ''Eternal Love''
* ''How to Love God'' (1992), based on [[Saint Francis de Sales]]' ''Treatise on the Love of God''
* ''Sense Grataholics Anonymous: A Twelve Step Meeting Suggested Sharing Format'' (c. 1995)
* ''On Becoming Servant of The Servant'' (undated), Indian publication
* ''Divine Conversation'' (2004), Indian publication
* ''The Answer to Every Problem: Krishna Consciousness'' (2004), Indian publication
* ''A Devotee's Handbook for Pure Devotion'' (2004), Indian publication <ref>See http://www.kirtananandaswami.org/HandbookforPureDevotion.pdf</ref>
* ''Humbler than a Blade of Grass'' (2008), Indian publication

'''Articles and poems by, and interviews with Kīrtanānanda Swami published in ''[[Back to Godhead]]'' magazine:'''

* 1966, Vol 01, No 01, (untitled poem, no. 1)
* 1966, Vol 01, No 01, (untitled poem, no. 2)
* 1966, Vol 01, No 01, (untitled poem, no. 3)
* 1966, Vol 01, No 02, (untitled poem, no. 4)
* 1969, Vol 01, No 29, "Man's Link to God"
* 1969, Vol 01, No 31, "Krishna's Light vs. Maya's Night"
* 1970, Vol 01, No 32, "Prasadam: Food for the Body, Food for the Soul and Food for God"
* 1970, Vol 01, No 33, "Observing the Armies on the Battlefield of Kuruksetra, Part 1"
* 1970, Vol 01, No 34, "Contents of the Gita Summarized"
* 1970, Vol 01, No 35, "Karma-yoga—Perfection through Action, Part 3: Sankirtana"
* 1970, Vol 01, No 37, "Transcendental Knowledge, Part 4: He Is Transcendental"
* 1970, Vol 01, No 38, "Karma-yoga—Action in Krishna Consciousness, Part 5: Work in Devotion"
* 1970–1973, Vol 01, No 40, "Sankhya-yoga: Absorption in the Supreme"
* 1970–1973, Vol 01, No 41, "Knowledge of the Absolute: It Is Not a Cheap Thing"
* 1970–1973, Vol 01, No 42, "Attaining the Supreme: What Is Brahman?"
* 1974, Vol 01, No 66, "Turning Our Love Toward Krishna"
* 1977, Vol 12, No 12, "The Things Christ Had to Keep Secret"
* 1986, Vol 21, No 07, "The Heart's Desire: How can we find happiness that is not purchased with our pain?"

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kirtananandaswami.org Website of Kirtanananda]
* [http://newvrindaban.com/ Website of New Vrindaban Community]
* [http://www.palaceofgold.com Website of Palace of Gold]
* [http://henrydoktorski.com/newvrindaban.html New Vrindaban: The Black Sheep of ISKCON]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirtanananda, Swami}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:American fraudsters]]
[[Category:American Hare Krishnas]]
[[Category:American members of the clergy convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Former Baptists]]
[[Category:Former International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Hindus]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New York (state)]]
[[Category:People convicted of racketeering]]
[[Category:People from Peekskill, New York]]
[[Category:People from Marshall County, West Virginia]]

No.1 Kodalu

2026-03-25T10:06:38Z

Ahad Sabri: Info

{{Short description|Indian Telugu television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = No.1 Kodalu.jpg
| alt_name = Number One Kodalu
| genre = Drama
| writer = '''Dialogues''': Varaprasad K
| story = Narasimha Murthy Nallam
| director = Rajinkanth Y
| starring = [[Madhumitha Hirannaiah]] Jai Dhanush [[Sudha Chandran]]
| theme_music_composer = Meenakshi Bhujang
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 735
| producer = Chikurupati Sunanda Harish 
Chukurupati Harish <ref name="indiatvnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/no-1-kodalu-producer-harish-dies-sudha-chandran-and-madhumitha-mourn-his-demise-707782|title=No. 1 Kodalu producer Harish dies; Sudha Chandran and Madhumitha mourn his demise | Regional-cinema News|website=India TV|access-date=2022-03-09}}</ref>
| cinematography = Damodhar Rao
| editor = MD Sharuk
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2019|12|09}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|07|09}}
}}

'''''No.1 Kodalu'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Telugu’s ‘No. 1 Kodalu’ starring Sudha Chandran set to redefine women relationships - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-telugus-no-1-kodalu-starring-sudha-chandran-set-to-redefine-women-relationships-101206.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> was an Indian [[Telugu language]] family and [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series aired on [[Zee Telugu]] from 9 December 2019 to 9 July 2022. It stars [[Sudha Chandran]], [[Madhumitha Hirannaiah]] and Jai Dhanush in lead roles.

== Plot ==
The story revolves between two women, Vagdhevi and Saraswathi. Vagdhevi is a business entrepreneur, who is looking for an educated girl for her son Rahul. Saraswathi is an illiterate woman with a kind and good heart. Saraswati parents gave Vagdhevi their jewellery to start a school since she was staying at a village while educated. After Vagdhevi and her family have left the village Uma (Saraswati's mother) went to labour early because of the stress of being homeless after Arun Prasad's father kicked them out of his house. Jaghanadham (Saraswati's father) called Arun to come with his wife Vagdhevi to the hospital since he could not understand what the doctors are saying because he is illiterate but they didn't go because there was an inspection in Vagdhevi's school. Jaghanadham took wrong medicines to the hospital which eventually were the cause of Uma's death and left her child behind Chirni whose brain was underdeveloped. After the last rites of Uma, Jaghanadham left to Dubai to look for a job and left his two children with his brother in law. Saraswati took care of her sister like her own child while her Aunt abuses her because their father does not support them financially.

'''After some years'''

Rahul visit his grandfather after his mother Vagdhevi forbade him wanting his grandfather's land to start a business. Rahul befriends Saraswati. Seeing how Rahul and Saraswathi get along Rahul's grandfather encourages them to get married but Rahul refuses because he wants to marry educated women. Rahul eventually marries Saraswathi as it was the only way to make his dying grandfather to drink his medicines as he was having a heart attack. The land was shared between Rahul and Saraswati.

After a series of consequences, Rahul marries Saraswathi. He hides the truth from Vagdhevi and introduces her as maid named as Vani. Rahul educates her to get a good impression from Vagdhevi. Finally Vagdhevi accepts her as daughter-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Telugu daily soap 'No.1 Kodalu' completes 600 episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/popular-telugu-daily-soap-no-1-kodalu-completes-600-episodes/articleshow/89300663.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Madhumitha Hirannaiah]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=ప్రస్తుతానికి ప్రేమ, పెండ్లి ఆలోచనలు లేవంటున్న నెం.1 కోడలు ఫేమ్ మధుమిత |url=https://www.ntnews.com/zindagi/no-1-kodalu-serial-actress-madhumita-special-interview-with-zindagi-404703 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Namasthe Telangana |language=te}}</ref> as Saraswathi, also known as Sarasu/Brahmini/Vani; Rahul's wife; Vagdhevi and Arun Prasad's daughter-in-law
** Baby Sahrudha as Young Sarasu
* Jai Dhanush<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV couple Keerthi and Jai Dhanush blessed with a baby boy; the actors share their excitement - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/tv-couple-keerthi-and-jai-dhanush-blessed-with-a-baby-boy-the-actors-share-their-excitement/articleshow/85149111.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Rahul; Vagdhevi and Arun Prasad's son
* [[Sudha Chandran]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-19 |title=Sudha Chandran is ‘No. 1 Kodalu’ on the Telugu small screen |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudha-chandran-in-an-educationists-role-in-zee-telugus-no-1-kodalu/article30347993.ece |access-date=2022-03-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudha Chandran to make her Telugu TV debut with ‘No.1 Kodalu’ - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sudha-chandran-to-make-her-telugu-tv-debut-with-no-1-kodalu/articleshow/71792589.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Vagdhevi; Arun Prasad's wife; Rahul, Teja and Navya's mother

=== Recurring ===
* Anshu Reddy as Preethi
** Meghana Khushi as Preethi
** Usha Vaibhavi as Preethi
* Suresh as Arun Babu; Vagdevi's husband
* Kranthi as Teja; Vanaja's husband
* Sireesha as Uma; Sarasu's mother
* Sri Rithika as Vanaja; Teja's wife
** Hrithi as Vanaja
* Jackie as Jagannadham;
** [[Saakshi Siva]] as Jagannadham; Sarasu's father
* Siddu as Chakri
* Vasudha as Manasa
* Naveena as Nagamani
* Anusha Susarla as Maggie
* Akarsh Byramudi as Arjun
* Bhavana Reddy as Arjun's mother
* Rajitha as Katyayani
* Kalluru Kondareddy as Katyayani's son
* Neeraja Valisetty as Shyamala
* Sidhu as Chakri
* Numa Chandar as Navya
** Paddu as Navya
* Abhilasha as Chakri's fake wife
* Manjula Paritala as Lawyer
* Madhu Reddy as Judge
* Bobby as Varun
* Vijaya as Savitri: Brahmini's mother
* Balaji as Narayana; Brahmini's father
* Chalapathi Chowdary as Eeshwar Prasad
* Saraswati Chalapathiraju as Ekambharam; Vaghevi's personal assistant
* Pravallika as Priya
* Durga Prasad as Abhi
* Rithika as Surekha
* Jaya Prakash as Unknown
* Abhishek Yannam as Rishi

=== Cameo appearances ===
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular actor Rajeev Kanakala joins No. 1 Kodalu; watch teaser - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/popular-actor-rajeev-kanakala-joins-no-1-kodalu-watch-teaser/articleshow/77526370.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Karan
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] as Shambhavi: Vagdevi's sister
* Baby Aahana Burfi as Vagdevi: Shambhavi, Karan's daughter
* [[Shivashankar (choreographer)|Shivashankar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choreographer-TV judge Siva Shankar critical after testing COVID-19 positive; son Ajay Krishna says, "Please pray for my dad" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/choreographer-tv-judge-siva-shankar-critical-after-testing-covid-19-positive-son-ajay-krishna-says-please-pray-for-my-dad/articleshow/87903539.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as
* Yeshashwi<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Telugu fame Yeshaswi, Chaitanya and Gayatri play a cameo in No.1 Kodalu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-telugu-fame-yeshaswi-chaitanya-and-gayatri-play-a-cameo-in-no-1-kodalu/articleshow/79563449.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Singer
* Chaitanya<ref name="indiatimes"/> as Singer
* Gayathri<ref name="indiatimes"/> as Singer

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''No.1 Kodalu'' నం.1 కోడలు
| 9 December 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 9 July 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Vidhya No.1'' வித்யா நம்பர்.1
| 27 December 2021
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 25 February 2024
| Remake
|-
|[[Zulu language|Zulu]]
|Umakoti Oyintandokazi (Favourite Daughter In-law)
|23 May 2024
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Zonke]](South Africa)
|7
June
2025
|[[Overdubbing|Dubbed]]
[[Zulu language|Zulu]] Version of The series
|}

== Production ==
=== Filming ===
Due to the COVID-19 outbreak in India, No.1 Kodalu and all other television series and film shootings were suspended from March 19, 2020. Three months later, shooting was permitted and commenced from June, 2020. The series commenced telecasting new episodes from June 22, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-19 |title=Zee Telugu is back with a bang from June 22 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-telugu-is-back-with-a-bang-from-june-22-2290832.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

=== Title song ===
{{Track listing
| all_writing = Sagar Narayana
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = ''No.1 Kodalu title song''<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH4hOSEgdME|website=youtube.com|title=No 1 Kodalu నెం.1 కోడలు Title Song | Rahul Sipligunj | Meenakshi Bhujang | Zee Telugu|access-date=2022-03-09}}</ref>
| length1 = 2:54
| lyrics1 = Sagar Narayana
| music1 = Meenakshi Bhujang
| extra1 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| total_length = 2:54
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/no1-kodalu/0-6-2265 ''No.1 Kodalu''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Thendral

2026-03-24T20:46:00Z

Ahad Sabri:

{{other uses|Thendral (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = thendral.jpeg
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| story = [[Ananda Vikatan]]
| screenplay = {{nowrap|Guru. Sampathkumar}} C. U. Muthuselvan '''Dialogues:''' {{nowrap|Guru. Sampathkumar}} Ezhilvaradhan
| director = S. Kumaran
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Shruthi Raj]]
* [[Deepak Dinkar]]
* [[Hemalatha]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| opentheme = "Poradave" [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] (Vocals) [[Yugabharathi]] (Lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =  1
| num_episodes = 1,340
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]]
| editor = Sasi K. Basanth G. V. Rajan B. Chandru S. Neilston Palanisamy
| cinematography = S. T. Maads
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 20 minutes
| company = [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]]
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2009|12|07}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|01|17}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Thendral''''' ({{translation|Breeze}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera that aired Monday through Friday on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. It was broadcast from 7 December 2009 to 17 January 2015 for 1,340 episodes. The show stars [[Shruthi Raj]] and [[Deepak Dinkar]] and revolves around a girl's struggle in a middle-class family, focusing on the importance of women's education. It was produced by [[Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]] and directed by S. Kumaran.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2011 |title=TV production houses scale Rs 30-cr peak |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tv-production-houses-scale-rs-30-cr-peak-111122600086_1.html |accessdate=8 December 2014 |work=Vanita Kohli-Khandekar |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Gupta, Rinku |date=11 May 2011 |title=Young, bold and daring: Srividya |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article468822.ece#.UyKHrD-SzTo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314085745/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article468822.ece#.UyKHrD-SzTo |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=14 March 2014}}</ref> The show replaced ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'' after it went off-air and was replaced by ''[[Priyamanaval]]'' in 2015.

''Thendral'' was amongst the first Tamil serials to go viral on the internet.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/thendral-video-goes-viral-on-youtube-watch-video-97237-2012-03-26 |title=Thendral video goes viral on Youtube, watch video |magazine=India Today |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> The Indian newspaper ''[[Business Standard]]'' described it as the "first youthful prime time daily soap in Tamil".<ref name=BS>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/from-content-shop-to-media-major-112020600007_1.html |title=From content shop to media major |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=6 February 2012 |accessdate=14 March 2014 |author=Vanita Kohli-Khandekar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article468822.ece#.UyKHrD-SzTo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314085745/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article468822.ece#.UyKHrD-SzTo |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2014 |title=Young, bold and daring: Srividya |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 May 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2014 |author=Gupta, Rinku}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tv-production-houses-scale-rs-30-cr-peak-111122600086_1.html |title=TV production houses scale Rs 30-cr peak |publisher=Business Standard |work=Vanita Kohli-Khandekar |date=26 December 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> ''Thendral'' has been highly acclaimed and has won many awards.<ref name="Drama awards">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/drama-awards/article2348475.ece |title=Drama awards |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 August 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dinakaran">{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?nid=35280 |title=பிரமாண்டமான முறையில் நடந்த சன் குடும்பம் விருதுகள் வழங்கும் விழா |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |date=29 December 2012 |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/director-kb-honoured/177277-60-120.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020003046/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/director-kb-honoured/177277-60-120.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2014 |title=Director KB honoured |publisher=Ibnlive.com |date=21 August 2011 |accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref> After a nine-year hiatus, the show returned from 10 December 2018 on Vikatan Prime Time YouTube channel every day. It was re-telecasting on [[Colors Tamil]] and [[Kalaignar TV]] from 16 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kolangal-and-thendral-to-be-retelecast/articleshow/91525306.cms | title=Kolangal and Thendral to be retelecast | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 May 2022 | accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>From January 2026, the series had reboot as Kanaa Kandenadi which has aired in [[Vijay TV]].

==Plot==
This serial revolves around the main character Thulasi ([[Shruthi Raj]]). Thulasi's mother left her when she was a child for the sake of money and, ever since, her family has shunned her, especially her father and stepmother. The only family member that genuinely cares for her is her grandmother ([[S. N. Lakshmi]]). Thulasi's only dream is to continue her studies to become an engineer and help her family, and she gets the highest marks in her 12th board exams. Thulasi's father Muthumanikam a.k.a. Manikam ([[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]) dreams about seeing his son, Mohan (Ayyappan) becoming an engineer, yet his dreams are put on hold due to the lack of money. Knowing this, a break-inspector and a goon in his 40s, Velayudham ([[Nizhalgal Ravi]]) approaches them to help Manikam's dream come true, on one condition: that is if he agrees to get Thulasi married to him. A greedy Manickam coaxes Thulasi that the only way she can wipe away the sin committed by her mother, who had fled away with another man, is by marrying Velayudham. Stung by guilt, Thulasi agrees to marry Velayudham despite their age difference. Velayudham, in return, offers Manickam a massive amount of cash. But fate has other plans, and so by mistake, the photos of Thulasi and that of another girl Lavanya ([[Neelima Rani]]) mix up in a photo studio and ends up in the hands of the hero – Tamizharasu ([[Deepak Dinkar]]). Lavanya happens to be the sister of Tamizharasu. On seeing Thulasi's photo, she conveys that she would like to have a sister-in-law as beautiful as Thulasi. Attracted by Thulasi's beauty and the frequent taunts by Lavanya, Tamizharasu falls in love with Thulasi. Thulasi refuses to accept Tamizharasu's love and publicly insults him at his bank.

Meanwhile, Tamizharasu's mother wants him to marry a rich girl of her choice so that she can be the controller of her second daughter-in-law. Her relationship with the eldest-daughter-in-law Sudha is not in good terms, and so she wants Tamizharasu to marry a rich girl who is ready to be within the line drawn by her. She selects Charulatha (Srividya), the adopted daughter of a wealthy businessman, as the prospective bride. Tamizharasu is deeply saddened by Thulasi's refusal and so he accepts the engagement between Charu and him. However, through a string of events, Thulasi falls for Tamizh when he stops her marriage with Velayudham and joins her in an engineering college, paying the fees for her. Nevertheless, the marriage between Charu and Tamizh is arranged; Charu surrenders herself to Tamizh and sees him as her husband already, but Tamizh only loves Thulasi.

A sudden turn of events sees Tamizh marrying Thulasi at a temple without the consent of his family. The turn of events shatters Charu, and slowly she turns into a psychopath after directly witnessing the marriage between Tamizh and Thulasi. She develops a deadly vengeance towards Thulasi as she assumes that it was Thulasi who snatched Tamizharasu from her. Charu brainwashes Rukkumani into conspiring to separate Tamizharasu and Thulasi. Thulasi catches the plot and explains Charu's mentality to Tamizharasu, but Charu cleverly outwits Thulasi. Tamizh thinks that Thulasi has no trust in him and their relationship turns sour. Tamizh is ready to divorce her, but Thulasi begs Tamizh for a last chance to prove Charu's dirty thoughts and succeeds in exposing her true face and Thamizh starts hating Charu. In disappointment and vengeance, Charu tries to commit suicide, losing all her memory in the process and is incapable of attending even to her own needs. A furious Thamizh starts hating Rukkumani and leaves her house along with Thulasi.

Thulasi's biological mother, Bhuvana lives with her second husband, Lakshmanan, a doctor by profession and their son Prabhakar. Bhuvana had helped Lakshmanan become successful man and they own a hospital in which she is the chairman. Bhuvana is also a greedy and evil woman who only thinks money to be superior. Thulasi and Bhuvana's first meeting does not go well although they did not know the relationship between them. Soon after, Lakshmanan's first wife, Sundari (Yuvarani) who also happens to be Tamizh's former boss learns that Thulasi is Bhuvana's daughter. In a fierce fight between Thulasi and Bhuvana, the latter slaps her. Bhuvana plans to take revenge on Thulasi and breaks Thulasi's hand using her henchmen. Later, Thulasi and Bhuvana learn the real bond between them through Manikam, but Bhuvana despises Thulasi and says that she considers her not a daughter but a humiliation. Heartbroken, Thulasi decides to take revenge on Bhuvana by separating her from Lakshmanan and his wealth. At last, Bhuvana pretends to be having cancer so that her husband, son, Thulasi, and the others will pity her. She even goes to the extent of pretending to be a lovable mother to Thulasi. She separates Thulasi and her father, which results in Manikkam's suicide attempt after he misunderstands that Thulasi had betrayed him and had joined her mother.

Nevertheless, Thulasi, Thamizharasu and Sundari all find out that Bhuvana is lying. They resolve and successfully exposes the truth to Prabha and Lakshmanan. They chase Bhuvana away from their house, but Bhuvana plays a revenge game on Lakshmanan by setting up a fire in his hospital, and she cunningly makes him jailed for her crime. Lakshmanan and Sundari's 60th Marriage Ceremony is halted due to Lakshmanan's imprisonment. Lakshmanan asks Varadhan, his driver, to get his daughter Deepa (Thulasi's best friend) married to Prabhakar so that his honour will be saved. Deepa sacrifices her dreams and marries Prabhakar.

Kalyani (an auto driver and Thulasi's other close friend) and Mohan's love story too comes up. Mohan wants to marry Kalyani but Padma hates her due to being poor and financially unstable than them and having been provoked by Rukkumani. Nevertheless, Kalyani marries Mohan against Padma's wishes. Deepa divorces Prabhakar as he suspects her of being in love with Kanagu (he is Tamizh's friend and had a crush on Deepa). Finally, he repents his mistake and turns into a new leaf. Padma too realises her mistakes and apologizes wholeheartedly to Thulasi.

Charu, having survived her fall, has become crazy and believes that Thamizh is living with her. Rukkumani again tries to separate Tamizh and Thulasi by planting her past memories with Tamizh. Thulasi goes into prison for a crime she didn't commit because of Maya, Charu's real mother. Maya decides to separate Tamizh and Thulasi by drugging Tamizh and making him forget Thulasi. Thulasi, however, saves Tamizh at the correct time, and Charu and her mother die thereafter. Tamizh's mother still dislikes Thulasi but is forced to accept her as her daughter in law as she has no other choice.

The rest of the story involves around how Thulasi, alongside her now understanding husband Tamizharasu, overcome all the other trials and tribulations. The serial ends on a happy note with Thulasi becoming pregnant.

==Cast==

===Main cast===
* [[Shruthi Raj]] as Thulasi Thamizharasan (Kuttymma), Thamizharasan's wife, Muthumanikkam and Bhuvana's daughter; Padma's stepdaughter; Mohan, Prabhakar and Pavithra's half-sister; Deepa and Kalyani's best friend.
* [[Deepak Dinkar]] as Thamizharasan aka Thamizharasu/Thamizh (Kuttyppa), Thulasi's husband; Rukkumani's son; Lavanya and Puvi's brother.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Deepaks-rooting-for-Chennai/articleshow/7914752.cms |title=Deepak rooting for Chennai |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |work=Nandita Ravi |date=9 April 2009 |accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="திருமதி செல்வம் vs தென்றல்">{{cite web |url=https://70mmstoryreel.com/tag/திருமதி-செல்வம்-vs-தென்றல்/ |title=திருமதி செல்வம் vs தென்றல் |publisher=70MM Story Reel |date=3 May 2011 |accessdate=26 December 2020}}</ref>

===Recurring cast===
{{cast listing|
* [[Hemalatha]] as Deepa Prabhakar; Thulasi and Kalyani's bestfriend; Prabhakar's wife; Varatharajan and Indira's daughter
* [[Suzane George]] (1-878) / S. R. Kaviya Varshini Arun (879- 1340) as Kalyani Mohan; Mohan's wife, Thulasi and Deepa's best friend. An auto driver.
* Adams as Prabhakar; Laxmanan and Bhuvana's son. Thulasi's half-brother. Deepa's husband.
* Ayyappan as Mohan Muthumanikkam; Kalyani's husband; Thulasi's stepbrother; Pavithra's brother
* [[Shanthi Williams]] (1-487)/ [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] (488-1340) as Rukkumani; Thamizh, Puvi and Lavanya's mother who harbors hatred against Thulasi and considers her as an unlucky woman and tries to have her separated from Thamizh by any means of situation, but is forced to accept her following Charu's death (Antagonist)
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Muthumanikkam; Thulasi, Mohan and Pavithra's father, Padma's husband and Bhuvana's former husband.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/versatility-is-his-forte/article5154869.ece |title=Versatility is his forte |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 September 2013 |accessdate=14 March 2014 |author=Murthy, Neeraja}}</ref>
* [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] as Padma Muthumanikkam, Thulasi's stepmother. Mohan and Pavithra's mother. She hates Thulasi and had been the main cause of problems in the latter's life, but eventually realises her folly and reforms (Antagonist 1-1066/Protagonist 1070-1340)
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] (264-590) / [[Sudha Chandran]] (593-731;810) as Bhuvaneshwari "Bhuvana" Laxmanan. Thulasi and Prabhakar's mother. Laxmanan's second wife. Muthumanikkam's first and ex-wife. A money-minded woman who hates Thulasi and refuses to accept her as a biological daughter; Sundari's arch-rival. (Antagonist) (Jailed)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Aishwariyaa-Laughing-all-the-way-to-fame/articleshow/7571023.cms |title=Aishwariyaa: Laughing all the way to fame |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |work=V Lakshmi |date=26 February 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Neelima Rani]] (7-617) / [[Shalu Kurian]](618-1053) / Bhagyalakshmi (1054-1305) as Lavanya Nithish's wife, Tamizh and Puvi's younger sister.
* Shyam Sundar as Nithish, Lavanya's husband, Giriprakash's son, Charu's cousin.
* Srividya (75-554)/(1148-1241)as Charulatha Veera Raghavan, Nithish's cousin sister. (Antagonist) Died. Accidentally killed by Maya
* Aarthi (Devi Krupa) as Shyamala (Bujjimma)
* Shyam Viswanathan as Anand (Bujjippa)
* Sujatha Panju as Indira Varatharajan
* [[S. Rajasekar]](1-995) as Varatharajan. (Died)
* Sujitha "Suji" (1-1105)/Sathya Sai Krishnan(1107-1340) as Pavithra Muthumanikkam
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]](1-578) as Thulasi's grandmother (passed away)
* Antony Raj as Puviarasu "Puvi", Thamizh's elder brother (7-1325)
* Lakshmi Vasudevan (7-74) / Bhavya Kala (75-900) as Sudha, Puvi's wife and Rukkumani's eldest daughter-in-law who is a clever woman and schemes against Rukkumani, Thulasi's sister figure who supports her and Thamizh
* Egavalli as Amirtha Varadharajan, Deepa's first younger sister
* Kiran Mai/ Akila Ramanamoorthy as Banu Varadharajan, Deepa's second younger sister
* V. Saranya (Swetha Venkat) as Revathy Saravana Kumar, Kalyani's first younger sister
* Preethi Menon Dayana (Preethi V.) as Malathy, Kalyani's second younger sister
* [[Yuvarani|Yuvarani Ravindra]] as Thiripura Sundhari Laxmanan. Laxmanan's first wife. Bhuvana's arch-rival and Tamizh's former boss.
* Premi as Sakunthala, Kalyani, Revathy and Malathy's mother. (Died) (2-834)
* Ushapriya (K. Priya) as Thiripura Sundhari's mother
* [[A. C. Murali Mohan]] as Laxmanan, Sundhari and Bhuvana's husband. Akhil and Prabhakar's father. (296-731) (Dead)
* Giridhar Thirumalachary as Giriprakash, Nithish's father
* Viji Kannan as Nithish's mother
* Madhu Mohan as Veera Raghavan, Charu's adopted father
* Mohana Priya as Gayathri, Charu's adopted mother
* Veena Nair as Maya (1014-1241) (Antagonist) Charu's biological mother (dead)
}}

=== Other cast===
{{cast listing|
* Gopalakrishnan as Saravana Kumar, Revathy's husband
* [[Gayathri Yuvraaj]] (Y. Gayathri) as Nila (981-1331)
* Sabarish as Vicky, Nila's love interest
* A. Revathi as Nila's grandmother
* T. V. V. Ramanujam as Saravana Kumar's father
* Uma Mageshwari as Saravana Kumar's first elder sister
* Vaijayanthi as Saravana Kumar's second elder sister
* Unknown as Sekhar, Pavithra's ex fiancée (Antagonist)
* Unknown as Narmadha
* Raja as Kanagasabai "Kanagu"
* Sundar as Joseph
* Akhila as Roja Kanagasabai
* Hema as Hema
* Unknown (403)/Sweety (726-765)/Shamily Sukumar (766-874)as Suchi, Prabhakar's ex-girlfriend.(Antagonist)
* [[Iswarya Menon]] as Shruthi, Prabhakar's cousin. (Antagonist)
* [[Swaminathan]] as Venkatachalam
* [[K. R. Vatsala]] as Thilaga, Velayudham's elder sister
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Velayudham, Thilaga's brother (Antagonist)
* Kovai Anuradha as Anand's father
* Mumtaz Pakoda Kader as Anand's mother
* Vijay Anand as Gautham
* C. N. Ravi Shankar as Kalyani's fiancé
* Ilavarasan / Bhanuprakash as Vishwa
* [[Sabarna Anand]] as Ambika
* Shobana / Suhasini as Shyamala's sister
* N. Subramanian (Sakthivel) as Venkatraj
* Chithra as Shyamala's sister-in-law
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Shyamala's first elder brother
* Yuvraj as Lokeswaran, Shyamala's second elder brother
* [[Suruli Manohar]] as Sivagadacham
* Udumalai Ravi as Gothandam, Velayudham's assistant
* Baby Kavitha as Pooja
* V. Krishnan as Sudha's father
* Shereen Taha as Sakshi (Antagonist)
* V. Sri Latha as Seetha, Sakshi's mother (Antagonist)
* [[Jeeva Ravi|R. Raveendran]] "R. Ravi" ([[Jeeva Ravi]]) as Sakshi's father (Antagonist)
* Vishwam as the Central Minister
* N. Vinod as Sathyamoorthy "Sathya"
* Dhanasekaran (Mullai) as Namachivayam "Namachi"/Gowri's husband, Antagonist
* Nilani as Gowri, Antagonist
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Avinash
* Sharmila Thapa as Tejeswari "Teju" (Kanaga)
* Robo Chandru as Azhagam Perumal
* Rajendranath (Meesai Rajendran) as Dharman
* Baboos as Sub Inspector
* Bagyanjali as Gomathy
* Jayanthi (Jenuya) as Bhavani
* Andrew Jesudoss as Venkatesh
* Rajkumar as Ganesha Pandian "GP"
* Annadurai Kannadasan as Commissioner
* Jhayasundari as Commissioner's wife
* Gokul as Commissioner's son
* Divya Prabha as Commissioner's daughter
* Moses as a food inspector
* Pushpalatha as Roja's mother
* Priya as Narmadha
* Lalitha as Sivaprakasam's mother
* Mithun Raj as Vetri
* Premalatha as a CBI officer
* Mohammed Afzal as a CBI officer
* Premrasan as a lawyer
* Krishna Kumar as Kanagu's brother
* Tamil Selvi as Kanangu's sister-in-law
* S. Gokulthilak as Gokul, Charulatha's suitor
* V. Vishwanath (Vishwa) as Charulatha's suitor
* S. Ramakrishnan as Mariyappan
* Venkatakrishnan as Sekar's father
* Eswari as Sekar's mother
* R. Selvanathan as Sridharan
* Moses as Parandhaman
* Vaani as Nithish's grandaunt
* K. Anjalatchi as Logu
* Gemini as Counselor
* M. Ravi as a police assistant commissioner
* Jagadeesan as a police inspector
* Manikandaraj Major as a police assistant commissioner
* David Solomon Raja as a police commissioner
* C. Rajaappasamy as Murugesan
* S. Palaniappan as Dharman's assistant
* Jayanthi Shankar as Porkodi
* Y. P. Gajjendran as Lakshmikanth
* Jayashree Nair as Nila's mother
* Babu Bilal "Bobby" as Shyam
* Haaris as Keshav Prasad "Keshav"
* M. Rani as Saravana Kumar's aunt
* Ashwin as Sivaprakasam "Siva"
* Rudran Praveen as Srinivasan "Seenu"
* Aravish as Aadhikesavan "Aadhi"
* G. V. E. Krishna "Krish" as Guruprasad "Guru"
* Vasantha as a jail warden
* R. Sundira Vali as a prisoner
}}

==Production==

===Casting===
[[Shruthi Raj]] was approached for the female lead, initially she refused, but Shruthi Raj reconsidered her decision after realizing that this series will be produced by a well reputed company like [[Vikatan Televistas]] as a replacement for the time slot of their highly successful series ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]''. Moreover, she was also interested with the story narrated by S. Kumaran. Shruthi Raj made her acting debut in television with this series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjMfuKrBwQI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/VjMfuKrBwQI |archive-date=20 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Vijay ran holding my Hand |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=16 April 2018 |accessdate=7 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Television actor and anchor [[Deepak Dinkar]], who is very well known for playing supporting roles and negative roles in many serials, was signed to play the male lead Thamizharasan, marking his 2nd collaboration with both the director and company after the successfully running series ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'' in which he was already playing a supporting role with grey shades.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrBeMvx9O5o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/QrBeMvx9O5o |archive-date=20 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Promo is not made for TRP - Actor, Vj Deepak Dinkar Interview - Thendral Serial |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=7 May 2018 |accessdate=7 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDsOHylGYhM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/RDsOHylGYhM |archive-date=20 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Still People asks when will there be a 2nd Part for Thendral! - Deepak and Shruthi |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=26 May 2019 |accessdate=7 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Reception==
The Indian newspaper ''[[Business Standard]]'' describes it as the "first youthful prime time daily soap in Tamil".<ref name=BS/> ''Thendral'' has been highly acclaimed and has won many awards.<ref name="Drama awards"/><ref name="Dinakaran"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=318905 |title=2009-13ம் ஆண்டுக்கான சின்னத்திரை விருதுகள் அறிவிப்பு |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=12 January 2021}}</ref> ''Thendral'' was amongst the first Tamil Serials to go viral on the internet.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role !! Result
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2010
| rowspan="6" | Tamil Nadu State Television Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/61100/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Tamilnadu-government-announced-tv-awards.htm |title=Tamil Nadu State Television Awards |publisher=[[Dinamalar]] |date=16 July 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NQ5-TF-Xtk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/4NQ5-TF-Xtk |archive-date=20 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Award for TV Serial Actors |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=15 July 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/95461-tn-government-tv-serial-awards-from-2009-13 |title=Tamil Nadu State Television Awards 2009-2013: Deiva Magal, Vani Rani Best Mega Serials |publisher=[[Vikatan]] |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}</ref>
| Best Television Serial (Second Prize)
| Thendral
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Deepak Dinkar]]
| Thamizharasu
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Shruthi Raj]]
| Thulasi
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Villain Male
| [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
| Velayudham
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Achiever
| [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
| Muthu Manikkam
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Editing
| B. Chandru
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | Vikatan Awards
| Best Mega Serial
| Thendral
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2011
| rowspan="2" | Tamil Nadu State Television Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/television-awards-announced-by-tn-government-117071300074_1.html |title=Tamil Nadu State Television Awards 2009-2013 Announced: Deiva Magal, Vani Rani Best Mega Serials |publisher=WebDunia Tamil |date=10 January 2021 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}</ref>
| Best Villain Female
| Srividya
| Charulatha
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue writer
| Ezhilvaradhan
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | Mylapore Academy Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kvivekshankar.wordpress.com/2011/08/03/mylapore-academy-tv-serial-awards-2010/ |title=Mylapore Academy – TV Serial Awards 2010 |publisher=Paperless Musings by Script Writer K. Vivekshankar |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJow3cl9GiA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/QJow3cl9GiA |archive-date=20 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Mylapore Academy Awards |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=26 August 2011 |accessdate=11 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/director-kb-honoured-393846.html |title=Director KB Honoured |publisher=[[News18 Tamil Nadu|News18]] |date=21 August 2011 |accessdate=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/aug/21/director-kb-honoured-283189.html |title=Director KB Honoured |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 August 2011 |accessdate=11 January 2021}}</ref>
| Best Production House
| [[Vikatan Televistas]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| Deepak Dinkar
| Thamizharasu
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Shruthi Raj]]
| Thulasi
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Character Actor
| [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
| Muthumanikkam
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
| Velayudham
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actress in a Negative Role
| [[Shanti Williams]]
| Thamizharasu, Puviarasu and Lavanya's mother
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| Kiran
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2012
| rowspan="1" | Tamil Nadu State Television Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamilcinetalk.com/tamilnadu-government-chinnathirai-awards-2009-2013/ |title=Tamil Nadu State Television Awards 2009-2013 Announced: Deiva Magal, Vani Rani Best Mega Serials |publisher=Tamil CineTalk |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}</ref>
| Best Villain Female
| [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]]
| Padma
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4730&id1=3&issue=20130107 |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டாருன்னா என்ன? சன் குடும்பம் விருதுகள் |publisher=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |date=7 January 2013 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}</ref>
| Sun Kudumbam Best Jodi Award
| Deepak Dinkar & Shruthi Raj
| Thamizharasu & Thulasi
| {{Won}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Director Award
| S. Kumaran
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Serial Award
| Thendral
|
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Actor Award
| Deepak Dinkar
| Thamizharasu
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Sun Kudumbam Best Actress Award]]
| Shruthi Raj
| Thulasi
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Son in Law
| Deepak Dinkar
| Thamizharasu
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Comedian Award Male
| Shyam
| Anand
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Supporting Actress Award
| [[Hemalatha]]
| Deepa
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Screenwriter Award
| C. U. Muthuselvan
|
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2014
| rowspan="1" | Mylapore Academy Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/jul/22/tamil-theatre-veterans-artistes-honoured-638573.html |title=Tamil Theatre Veterans, Artistes Honoured |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>
| Best Serial
| Thendral
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=7979&id1=4&issue=20141201 |title=இது மக்கள் தரும் விருது! |publisher=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |date=1 December 2014 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=14519&id1=6 |title=சன் குடும்பம் விருதுகள் விழா கொண்டாட்டம் |publisher=[[Dinakaran|Cinema.Dinakaran.com]] |date=29 November 2014 |accessdate=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/thendral-serial-actress-sruthi-and-actor-deepak-jolly-meet |title=''தீபக்கை மறுபடியும் பார்த்ததும் பயமும் தயக்கமும் வந்துடுச்சு'' - 'தென்றல்' தீபக் - ஸ்ருதி கலாட்டா! |publisher=[[Vikatan]] |date=3 June 2019 |accessdate=12 January 2021}}</ref>
| Sun Kudumbam Best Actor Award
| Deepak Dinkar
| Thamizharasu
| {{Won}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Devathaigal Award
| Shruthi Raj
| Thulasi
| {{Won}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Jodi Award
| Deepak Dinkar & Shruthi Raj
| Thamizharasu & Thulasi
| {{Won}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Dialogue Writer Award
| Ezhilvaradhan
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Actress Award
| Shruthi Raj
| Thulasi
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Sun Kudumbam Best Supporting Actress Award
| Hemalatha
| Deepa
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==Crossover==
Thendral had a crossover with [[Thirumathi Selvam]] as a special episode on 1 May 2011.<ref name="திருமதி செல்வம் vs தென்றல்"/>

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt2980066}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Works by Vikatan Televistas}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Vikatan Televistas]]

Krishnarao Sable

2026-03-20T21:06:59Z

Ahad Sabri: made a biography

{{Short description|Indian artist (1923–2015)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishnarao Ganpatrao Sable
| image = Shahir Sable.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|9|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pasarni]], [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Satara district|Satara]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|3|20|1923|9|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| honorific_prefix =
| occupation = Folk Artist Singer Playwright
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| years_active = 1947–2015
}}
| spouse = Bhanumati Sable (divorced) Radhabai Sable
| parents = Ganpatrao Sable
| children = [[Devdatta Sable]] (Son) Charusheela Vachani (Daughter) Vasundhara Sable (Daughter) Yashodhara Shinde (Daughter)
| relatives = [[Kedar Shinde]] (Grandson)
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1984), [[Padma Shri]] (1998)
| website =
}}

'''Krishnarao Ganpatrao Sable''', popularly known as '''Shahir Sable''' (3 September 1923 – 20 March 2015), was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language folk artist from [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahir Sable|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/features/shahir_sable.pdf|website=mumbaitheatreguide.com|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> He was an accomplished singer, playwright, performer and folk theatre (Loknatya) producer & director.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Economic Viability of Theatre (presented at Ekjute Festival's Theatre Seminar – April 2006)|url=http://theatreforum.in/m/bibliography/?tab=documents&object_id=4|website=theatreforum.in|publisher=India Theatre Forum|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211709/http://theatreforum.in/m/bibliography/?tab=documents&object_id=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bard-of-maharashtra-shahir-krishnarao-sable-passes-away-115032001138_1.html|title=Bard of Maharashtra Shahir Krishnarao Sable passes away|date=20 March 2015|work=Business Standard|access-date=21 March 2015|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> He was awarded with [[Padma Shri]] – India's fourth highest civilian honour, in 1998 for his contribution in the field of arts.

==Early life==
Shahir Sable was born in a small village called [[Pasarni]], in the [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] taluka of district [[Satara district|Satara]] to Ganpatrao Sable in 1923.<ref>
{{cite web|title=Shahir Sable – A patriotic artiste who made an invaluable contribution to freedom and United Maharashtra struggle and a Bard who nurtured Maharashtra's culture through {{sic|i|t's|nolink=y}} folk art|url=https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=8&id=784|website=www.manase.org|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201308/https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=8&id=784|archive-date=2 June 2014|url-status=dead}}
</ref> He learned to play the flute in childhood. After finishing his primary schooling in Pasarni, he moved to his maternal uncle's place in [[Amalner]], [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], where he studied till 7th grade and soon left school. At Amalner, he became close to [[Sane Guruji]] and spent time with Sane Guruji during the freedom struggle. With his shahiri, he started contributing to the struggle. He also started "Jagruti Shahir Mandal" during that time.

==Famous works==
*'''Maharashtrachi Lokadhara''' (Folk dances of Maharashtra) – Maharashtrachi Lokadhara had performed all over India as a renowned troupe formed by Shahir Sable showcasing all native dance forms of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trupti Sahasrabuddhe – World in Motion|url=http://www.worldinmotiondance.com/instructors/trupti-sahasrabuddhe/|website=worldinmotiondance.com|publisher=World in Motion LLC|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222625/http://www.worldinmotiondance.com/instructors/trupti-sahasrabuddhe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He gave rebirth to some of the old traditions of folk like Lavani, Balyanruttya, Kolinruttya, Gondhalinruttya, Manglagaur, Vaghyamurali, Vasudeo, Dhangar etc.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/shahir-sable-passes-away-in-mumbai-1083463/|title=महाराष्ट्राचा आवाज हरपला, शाहीर साबळे यांचे मुंबईत निधन|trans-title=Maharashtra voice RIP, Shahir Sable died in Mumbai|language=mr|date=20 March 2015|work=loksatta.com}}</ref>

===Noted Songs===

* [[Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha]]
* Vinchu Chavla
* Adhi Ganala Rani Aan Na
* Are Krishna Are Kanha
* Athshe Khidkya Navshe Daara
* Hay Pavlay Dev Majha Malhari
* Jezurichya Khanderaya
* Navra Nako Ga Bai
* Run Zun Vaajantri
* Sahyadricha Sinha Garjato
* Ved Lagale
* Ya Go Dandyavarna Boltoy
* Malharavaari
* Ya Vithucha Gajar Harinamacha

===Noted Plays===
* Andhala Daltay – Shahir Sable staged this farcical play highlighting the sorry plight of the Marathi speaking residents of [[Mumbai]]. The lore has it that the play was so impactful that it led to the formation of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]], a political party safeguarding the rights of the native Marathi populace.<ref>{{cite web|title=Herbariums golden oldie 'Andhala Daltay'|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/briefs/article_31990|website=afternoondc.in|publisher=Afternoon Despatch & Courier Mumbai India|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602195949/http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/briefs/article_31990|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ANDHALA DALTAY|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/marathi/17-marathi-play-preview-andhala-daltay.asp|website=mumbaitheatreguide.com|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

==Family==
Notable family members of Shahir Sable -
* Bhanumati Sable (Wife) - first wife of Shahir Sable and a poet. Many of his famous songs were written by her.
** [[Devdatta Sable]] (Son) - Marathi music composer.
*** Shivadarshan Sable (Grandson) - film director and producer.
** Charusheela Vachani<ref>{{cite web |title=All about Charushila Sable – biography, filmography, photos |url=http://www.gomolo.com/about-charushila-sable/334638 |access-date=1 June 2014 |website=Gomolo.com |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113927/http://www.gomolo.com/about-charushila-sable/334638 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Daughter) - Marathi actress
*** [[Ajit Vachani]] (Son-in-law) - husband of Charusheela Sable and famous Indian film and television actor.
*** Yohana Vachani (Grand Daughter) - actress and dancer.
*** Trishala Vachani (Grand Daughter)
** Vasundhara Sable (Daughter) - Marathi writer.
*** Omkar Mangesh Datt (Grandson) - Marathi screenwriter.
*** Yugesha Omkar (Grand daughter-in-law) - Costume designer.
** Yashodhara Shinde (Daughter)
*** [[Kedar Shinde]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview With Kedar Shinde |url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/17-kedar-shinde-interview.asp |access-date=1 June 2014 |website=MumbaiTheatreGuide.com}}</ref>(Grandson) - famous film director and writer.
**** Sana Kedar Shinde (Great-Grand Daughter) - Marathi actress.
* Radhabai Sable - second wife of Shahir Sable.

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Padma Shri India IIIe Klasse.jpg|thumb|200px|Padma Shri Award – India's fourth highest civilian honour]]
* 1984: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|website=sangeetnatak.gov.in|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|access-date=4 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref>
* 1988: Shahir Amar Sheikh Puraskar
* 1990: President, 70th Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan, Mumbai
* 1990: President, Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Shahir Parishad, Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|title=Films to archive theatre artistes' work|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5525964858041597664&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20101105&NewsTitle=Films%20to%20archive%20theatre%20artistes%E2%80%99%20work|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607013007/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5525964858041597664&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20101105&NewsTitle=Films%20to%20archive%20theatre%20artistes%E2%80%99%20work|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 June 2014|website=sakaaltimes.com|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>
* 1990: Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar
* 1994: Sant Namdev Puraskar
* 1997: Satara Bhushan Puraskar
* 1997: Shahir Patthe Bapurao Puraskar
* 1997: Maharashtra Rajya Gaurav Puraskar
* 1998: [[Padma Shri]] (India's fourth highest civilian honour) for his contribution in the field of arts.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | year=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2001: Best Singer Award from Maharashtra State Government
* 2002: P Sawlaram Puraskar
* 2002: Shahir Pharande Puraskar
* 2005: Maharashra Bhushan award by [[Maharashtra Times]]
* 2006: Maharashtra Ratna puraskar
* 2010: [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* 2012: Lokshahir Vittal Umap Mrudgandh Lifetime Achievement award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marathivishwakosh.maharashtra.gov.in/khandas/khand19/index.php/component/content/article?id=10109|title=Awards}}</ref>

==Death==

He died at his residence in [[Mumbai]] on 20 March 2015 at the age of 91, after a long battle with [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/folk-singer-shahir-sable-passes-away/article7016995.ece|title=Folk singer Shahir Sable passes away|first=Satish|last=Nandgaonkar|date=21 March 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

* [[Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha]], originally sung by Shahir Sable, is widely used and played in the official functions of [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]]. It was declared as the official song of Maharashtra state in 2023.
* Maharashtrachi Lokadhara was later adapted into TV format by his grandson Kedar Shinde. The show aired on [[Zee Marathi]].
* Many of the songs composed by him (including [[Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha]], Are Krishna Are Kanha, Malharavaari) were later adapted by many contemporary artists for Marathi films.
* A biographical film, [[Maharashtra Shahir]], based on his life and times was released on 28 April 2023. It is directed by his grandson and noted film director, Kedar Shinde. The character of Shahir Sable is portrayed by [[Ankush Chaudhari]]. The film also stars his great-granddaughter, Sana Kedar Shinde, in the role of Bhanumati Sable.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sable, Shahir Krishnarao}}
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People with Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]

Lady Joan Legge

2026-03-17T17:59:32Z

Ahad Sabri: made new data - done

{{Short description|English botanist (1885–1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lady Joan Legge
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1885|02|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Marylebone]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1939|07|04|1885|02|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Valley of Flowers]], India
| education =
| father = [[William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth|William Legge]]
| relatives = [[William Legge, 7th Earl of Dartmouth|William Legge]] (brother) [[Humphry Legge, 8th Earl of Dartmouth|Humphry Legge]] (brother)
}}
'''Lady Joan Margaret Legge''' [[Justice of the Peace|JP]] (21 February 1885 – 4 July 1939) was an [[English people|English]] botanist who had a fatal accident while collecting samples in the [[Valley of Flowers]] in India.<ref name="obit">{{cite news |title= Obituary: Lady Joan Legge |work=[[The Times]] |publisher=The Times Digital Archive |date= 7 July 1939 |page= 16 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Legge was born at 55 Manchester St.<ref name="births">{{cite news |title= Births |work=[[The Times]] |publisher=The Times Digital Archive |date=24 February 1885 |page= 1}}</ref> in [[Marylebone]], London, to [[William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth]], and [[William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth#Family|Lady Mary Coke]].<ref name=portrait>{{cite web|last=National Portrait Gallery|title=Group in fancy dress for the Shakespeare Memorial National Theatre Ball|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw225752/Group-in-fancy-dress-for-the-Shakespeare-Memorial-National-Theatre-Ball?LinkID=mp135420&role=sit&rNo=0#sitter|publisher=npg.org.uk|accessdate=7 June 2013}}</ref> She held the office of [[Justice of the peace#United Kingdom|Justice of Peace]] for [[Staffordshire]].<ref name="obit"/>

==Death==
[[File:Margaretc.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Lady Joan Margaret Legge]]
In 1939, Legge went to India to study flora in the [[Valley of Flowers]] on behalf of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].<ref name=butler>{{cite book|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=Richard W.|editor-last2=Pearce|editor-first2=Douglas G.|title=Tourism Development.|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780203380307|page=205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQmGzEJoJKUC&q=Joan+Margaret+Legge+botanist&pg=PA205}}</ref> While traversing some rocky slopes to collect flowers, she slipped off and lost her life.<ref name=joan>{{cite web|title=Valley of Flowers|url=http://www.sikhnet.com/oldsikhnet/HemkuntSahib/valley.htm|publisher=sikhnet.com|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref> She died unmarried at the age of 54.

Legge's sister came in search of her and built a tomb in the Valley of Flowers.<ref name=flowers>{{cite web|last=N. Ulysses and Tabish|first=Thingnam Girija|title=Trek to Valley of Flowers|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/vof-trek/|publisher=Flowers of India|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
In 2010 a new species of ''[[Impatiens]]'' found near the Valley of Flowers was named ''[[Impatiens leggei]]'' as a tribute to Legge.<ref name=leggebalsam>{{cite web|title=Mary Legge's Balsam|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Mary%20Legge's%20Balsam.html|publisher=Flowers of India|accessdate=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=taiwania>{{cite web|last=D.K. Singh|first=P.K. Pusalkar|title=Three New Species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) from Western Himalaya, India|url=http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/pdf/tai.2010.55.13.pdf|publisher=Taiwania, 55(1): 13-23, 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legge, Joan Margaret}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in India]]
[[Category:Daughters of British earls]]
[[Category:Legge family|Joan Margaret]]
[[Category:People from Marylebone]]

Benares gharana

2026-03-16T11:14:01Z

Ahad Sabri: corrected citations for accuracy after review

{{Short description|Style of playing the Indian tabla}}
{{distinguish|text=Banaras gharana, a [[Gharana#Vocal gharanas|vocal gharana]] of [[Hindustani classical music]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Shahid_Parvez_Khan_performing_at_a_concert.jpg|thumb| [[Shahid Parvez Khan]] at a concert accompanied by Benaras Gharana tabla player [[Samta Prasad|Pt. Samta Prasad]]]]
'''Benares gharānā''' (Hindi: बनारस घराना) is one of the six most common styles of playing of the Indian [[tabla]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Essays on Indian music (History and culture series) |last=Kumar |first=Raj|year=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=81-7141-719-1 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwwX6DWfn3gC&q=Samta+Prasad&pg=PA200 }}</ref>

==History==

The [[Benaras]] tabla gharana was developed a little over 200 years ago by Pandit Ram Sahai (1780–1826). At the age of nine, Ram moved to [[Lucknow]] to become a disciple of Modhu Khan of the [[Lucknow gharana]].

After some time performing in Benares, Pandit Ram Sahai felt the need to make a significant change in his tabla playing. For six months, he withdrew into seclusion, and worked to develop what is now known as the Benares baj or style of tabla playing. The philosophy behind this new style of tabla playing is that it would be versatile enough to perform solo, and to accompany any form of music or dance. The tabla would be able to play delicately, as required for [[khyal]], or more aggressively, like [[Pakhavaj|pakhawaj]], for the accompaniment of [[dhrupad]] or [[kathak]] dance. Ram Sahai developed a new way of fingering the tabla strokes; especially important is the sound Na, being played with a curved ring finger to allow for maximum resonance of the dahina. He also composed numerous compositions within existing compositional forms ({{Transliteration|hi|[[Gat (music)|gats]]}},{{Transliteration|hi|tukdas}}, {{Transliteration|hi|fard}}, {{Transliteration|hi|parans}}< etc.) and created new forms, such as {{Transliteration|hi|uthan}}, {{Transliteration|hi|Benarasi theka}}, and {{Transliteration|hi|fard}}.

==Characteristics==

Today, the Benares tabla gharana is well known for its powerful sound, though Benares players are also very capable of playing delicately and sensitively. The gharana is categorized into the Purbi (eastern) baj, which includes the [[Farukhabad]], Lucknow, and Benares gharanas. The Benares style makes use of the more resonant strokes of tabla, such as Na (played on the lao), and Din.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==Exponents==
The tabla solo is highly developed in the Benares gharana, and some artists, such as [[Anokhelal Mishra]], [[Samta Prasad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kippen.org/t_masters/samtaprasad.html |title=Samta Prasad |publisher=kippen.org |access-date=2009-05-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907064915/http://kippen.org/t_masters/samtaprasad.html |archive-date=7 September 2008 }}</ref> [[Nanhku Maharaj]] (Fardi Baj)13th generations, and [[Kishan Maharaj]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Pt Kishan Maharaj: End of an era|author= Shovana Narayan|author-link= Shovana Narayan|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080506/nation.htm#16 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=6 May 2008 }}</ref> have become famous as tabla soloists. The direct descendants making up the 6th generation of tabla players are Mahapurush Misra, [[Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay]] (disciple of Mahadev Prasad Mishra), and [[Chandra Nath Shastri]] (disciple of [[Anokhelal Mishra]]). The 7th generation consists of [[Kumar Bose]], Pt Ashis Chakraborty (disciples of Pt. Mahapurush Mishra) and Sukhwinder Singh 'Pinky' (disciples of [[Kishan Maharaj]]), Sanju Sahai (disciple of Sharda Sahai) and [[Shubh Maharaj]], grandson and disciple of [[Pandit Kishan Maharaj]] also considered as one of the torch bearers of Benaras Gharana.

Other noted artists include Kanthe Maharaj, uncle and guru of [[Kishan Maharaj]], and whose disciples were Badri Maharaj and [[Ashutosh Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Kanthe Maharaj |url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/kanthe-maharaj |publisher=varanasi.org |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Misra1990">{{cite book|author=Susheela Misra|title=Some immortals of Hindustani music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcYGAQAAMAAJ|page=127|date=1990|publisher=Harman Pub. House|isbn=978-81-85151-14-4}}</ref>

The Benares baj makes use of over 20 different compositional types, and has an enormously varied repertoire of each type.

Reputed players of the gharana include [[Anokhelal Mishra]] (1914–1958), [[Samta Prasad]] (1921–1994),[[Nanhku Maharaj]](1921-1995), [[Kishan Maharaj]] (1923–2008), [[Ashutosh Bhattacharya]] (1917–2004), [[Prakash Maharaj]] ( born 1945-2003),[[Chandra Nath Shastri]] (b. 1948), [[Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay]] (b. 1942-2021), [[Kumar Bose]] (b. 1953), [[Udai Mazumdar]] (b. 1970), [[Sandeep Das]] (b. 1971), [[Nandan Mehta]] (1942–2010), [[Pt.Ravinath Mishra]], and [[Prabhash Maharaj]] (1982).

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Sahai, Sharda and Shepherd, Frances A. 2000 ''Play Tabla, A Manual for Tabla Playing''. Sittingbourne: Asian Education Press.
*Shepherd, Frances A. 1976 ''Tabla and the Benares Gharana''. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. (Ph.D. dissertation).

==External links==
*[http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/highlight/page/id/375577/t/Benaras-Gharana-Tabla/in/english SBS Radio, Australia - Broadcast: Interview with Chandranath Shastri of Banaras Tabla Gharana about the specialty of Banaras Gharana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630073943/http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/highlight/page/id/375577/t/Benaras-Gharana-Tabla/in/english |date=30 June 2017 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benares Gharana}}
[[Category:Benares gharana| ]]
[[Category:Music of Uttar Pradesh]]

Bharata (Ramayana)

2026-03-15T04:39:25Z

Ahad Sabri: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Rama's brother in epic Ramayana}}
{{About|a figure from the Ramayana|a figure from the Mahabharata|Bharata (Mahabharata)|other uses|Bharat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Bharata (''Ramayana'')}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| god_of =
| image = File:Alone, Bharat worships the sandals.jpg
| caption = Bharata places Rama's [[paduka]] (sandals) on the throne
Bharata, the Prince of [[Ayodhya]].
The king of [[Gandhara]] and [[Kamboj]] region.
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Panchajanya]] of [[Vishnu]]
| name = Bharata
| dynasty = [[Raghuvamsha]]-[[Suryavamsha]]
| father = [[Dasharatha]]
| mother = [[Kaikeyi]]
| spouse = [[Mandavi]]
| children = {{unbulleted list|[[Taksha]]|[[Pushkala]]<ref name="Dutt">[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/ramaconc.htm Ramayana – Conclusion], translated by Romesh C. Dutt (1899)</ref>}}
| siblings = {{unbulleted list|[[Rama]] (half-brother) | [[Lakshmana]] (half-brother) | [[Shatrughna]] (half-brother)}}
| parents = {{unbulleted list|[[Dasharatha]] (father) | [[Kaikeyi]] (mother)| [[Kausalya]] (step-mother)| [[Sumitra]] (step-mother)}}
| texts = ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Versions of Ramayana|its other versions]]
| avatar_birth = [[Ayodhya]], [[Kosala]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| avatar_end = [[Ghaghara|Sarayu River]], Ayodhya, Kosala (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
}}

'''Bharata''' ({{langx|sa|भरत}} {{IAST3|Bharata}}) is the younger brother of [[Rama]] in Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', and the regent of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] during Rama's exile. Bharata is considered as an incarnation of the [[Panchajanya]] of god [[Vishnu]], and was married to [[Mandavi]].<ref name="Naidu">{{Cite news|last=Naidu|first=S. Shankar Raju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okVXAAAAMAAJ&q=Sudarshana|title=A comparative study of Kamba Ramayanam and Tulasi Ramayan|author2=Kampar, Tulasīdāsa|work=Shank|publisher=University of Madras|year=1971|pages=44,148|access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref>

Bharata is regarded for his devotion towards his elder brother Rama. He went against his mother and refused the throne of Ayodhya while elder brother, Rama, was exiled. Bharata also lived a life in exile, in [[Nandigram, Ayodhya]], till Rama, Sita and Lakshmana returned to Ayodhya. He is mostly worshipped in [[Kerala]].<ref name="Dutt"/>
He ruled over [[Gandhara]] and [[Kamboj]] region.

== Etymology ==
The name Bharata is of [[Sanskrit]] origin. His name means "one to be [or being] maintained".<ref>Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0700/mw__0780.html भरत], Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 747</ref>

==Legend==
===Birth and early life===
King [[Dasharatha]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] had three wives: [[Kausalya]], [[Kaikeyi]], and [[Sumitra]]. Bharata was born to Kaikeyi, while [[Rama]] was born to Kausalya, and [[Lakshmana]] and [[Shatrughna]] were born to Sumitra.<ref name="Mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|author-link =Vettam Mani|pages=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/448 448]-9}}</ref> In the ''Ramayana'', he is described as an incarnation of [[Panchajanya]]. While Lakshmana was a loyalist of Rama, his twin, Shatrughna, was a loyalist of Bharata.<ref>{{cite book |title=Śrīgargasaṃhitā: Kīrtibhāṣāsārasahitā |date=2000 |publisher=Vyāsa Bālābakṣa Śodhasaṃsthāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3PXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80 |language=sa}}</ref>

=== Marriage to Mandavi ===
[[File:The marriage of Bharata and Mandavi (6125129180).jpg|thumb|The marriage ceremony of Bharata and Mandavi]]

After Rama won the [[svayamvara]] of [[Sita]], their marriage was fixed. King Dasharatha arrived in Mithila for his son's wedding and noticed that Lakshmana had feelings for [[Urmila]], but according to tradition, Bharata and [[Mandavi]] were to marry first.<ref>{{cite book|author=Praśānta Guptā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&pg=PA32|title=Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa|publisher=Dreamland Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788173012549|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dawar|first=Sonalini Chaudhry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxFPAQAAMAAJ&q=Bharata|title=Ramayana, the Sacred Epic of Gods and Demons|date=2006|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9788187107675|language=en}}</ref> King Dasharatha then arranged for Bharata to marry Mandavi and Shatrughna to marry [[Shrutakirti]], allowing Lakshmana to marry Urmila. Ultimately, all four sisters married the four brothers, strengthening the alliance between the two kingdoms. Bharata and Mandavi had two sons named [[Taksha]] and [[Pushkala]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ&q=Bharata|title=The History of Puranas|date=2005|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-062-4|language=en}}</ref>

=== Rama's exile and regency ===
Prior to Dasharatha's attempt to abdicate and hand over the throne to Rama, Bharata had left for the kingdom of [[Kekaya Kingdom|Kekaya]] along with Shatrughna; his grandfather, King [[Ashwapati|Ashvapati]], had requested his presence, as he had been ill. During his absence, his mother Kaikeyi, under the influence of her maid [[Manthara]], invoked two of the boons granted to her by Dasharatha, forcing him to overturn his decision for Rama to ascend the throne. Under duress, Dashratha named Bharata as his heir, and banished Rama from his kingdom for a period of fourteen years. Rama complied to his father's bidding, departing Ayodhya to live in Chitrakuta, accompanied by his wife Sita and half-brother Lakshmana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMdJ1MhRaXEC&pg=PA42 |title=Ramayana |date=2007 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-070-2 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> Soon after the departure of Rama, Dasharatha died of grief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=dasharatha+died&pg=PT386 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-396-7 |pages=386 |language=en}}</ref> Upon returning to Ayodhya, Bharata and Shatrughana were mortified to learn the events that had transpired in their absence. Bharata grew estranged from his mother and attempted to recall Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana from their exile.

[[File:Bharata fainted during his father Dasratha's cremation.jpg|thumb|upright|Bharata faints during his father Dasaratha's cremation]]

After meeting the tribal king [[Guha (Ramayana)|Guha]] of the [[Nishadas]], and crossing the river [[Ganga]], Bharata, along with Shatrughna and the army of Kosala, reached Chitrakuta. Lakshmana grew threatened by the presence of Bharata, and suggested that Rama prepare to defend himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Robert P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28M2EAAAQBAJ&dq=bharata+returned+slippers&pg=PA255 |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: The Complete English Translation |last2=Goldman |first2=Sally J. Sutherland |date=18 January 2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20686-8 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref> Watching Bharata approach alone in his ascetic garments, Rama allayed his fears. Bharata prostrated himself before Rama, and informed the trio of Dasharatha's passing. After expressing his desire to see Rama assume the throne, the half-brothers offered libations for their father's soul. The following morning, Bharata once again entreated Rama to assume the kingship, and undo the harm that had been caused by Kaikeyi's actions. If Rama refused, Bharata told him, he would live with him in the forest. Rama, however, told his half-brother that he was presently living in exile to fulfil his father's pledge, and that that latter must do the same. When Bharata realized that Rama could not be persuaded otherwise, he urged his half-brother to give him his sandals. He proposed to place Rama's sandals upon the throne of Ayodhya, and rule as a regent for the period of Rama's exile, as an ascetic. Rama consented to this idea. Bharata carried Rama's sandals upon his head, proceeding to Nandigrama, a village on the outskirts of Ayodhya. He had the throne of Ayodhya brought to the village, along with other royal paraphernalia. Placing the sandals on the throne to represent Rama, Bharata assumed the regency of Kosala for fourteen years, the kingdom administered from the village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMdJ1MhRaXEC&dq=ramayana+bharata+meets+rama+at+chitrakuta&pg=PA48 |title=Ramayana |date=2007 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-070-2 |pages=48–52 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YO0lEAAAQBAJ&dq=rama+sandals&pg=PA111 |title=Ramayana |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38338-8 |pages=111 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Later life ===
[[File:Antique Ravi Varma Hindu Divine Ritual Lord Shreeram Nandigram Enter Litho Print.jpg|thumb|upright|Bharata meeting Rama, Lakshmana, Sita and Hanuman after exile]]

Bharata met [[Hanuman]] in Nandigrama, who informed him about all the events that had transpired during Rama's exile. When Rama returned, Bharata approached him, with Rama's shoes above his head, and returned them to him. After Rama's coronation as the king of Kosala, Bharata reconciled with Kaikeyi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC&dq=bharata&pg=PA379 |title=Ramayana |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1720-3 |pages=379 |language=en}}</ref>

Bharata vanquished the [[gandharva]]s on the banks of the river [[Indus River|Sindhu]], and established his son, Taksha as the ruler of [[Taxila|Takshashila]], and his other son, Pushkala as the ruler of [[Pushkalavati]], [[Gaur (clan)|Gaur rajput dynasty]] are the descendants of Bharata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vālmīki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlB2dUaZiX0C&dq=bharata+ramayana+sindhu&pg=RA3-PA2 |title=The Ramayana |date=1894 |publisher=Girish Chandra Chackravarti |pages=1916 |language=en}}</ref> Bharata assisted Rama in the performance of his [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=28 September 2020 |title=The Ashvamedha Sacrifice is to be performed [Chapter 91] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424866.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Bharata performed [[samadhi]] by drowning in the river [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] alongside Rama and Shatrughna. Later, he restored as an attribute of Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=bharata+sarayu&pg=PT285 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=285 |language=en}}</ref>

== Assessment ==
[[File:Vintage 40'S Print BHARAT MEETS RAMA.jpg|thumb|upright|Bharat takes Rama padukas from [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]]]]

Bharata is known for his love and devotion towards his brother Rama. Despite him not willing to take up the throne of Ayodhya, Bharata decidated himself for the people's welfare as the regent.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Gokul M Nair |title=The untold story of Bharatha in Ramayana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Aug/02/the-untold-story-of-bharatha-in-ramayana-1500786.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Rama had donned garments made of tree bark when he went to the forest. His hair was matted. Bharata had no need to dress like Rama for, he was in Ayodhya. Anyone else in his place would have enjoyed all the royal comforts at his disposal. But Bharata chose to shun all the royal riches. Like Rama, he dressed in the bark of trees and kept his hair matted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=Greatness of Bharata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/greatness-of-sita-and-bharata/article38321069.ece |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>}}

==Worship==
Nowadays most of the Bharata worship in India occurs in Kerala. There are rare temples dotted across the state for the worship of Lord Bharata.

Among them, the most important is the [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] in the [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], an ancient temple dedicated to the worship of Bharata and an integral part of the state's most famous [[Nalambalam]] circuit.

Some other Bharata temples in Kerala are:
* Amanakara Sree Bharathaswamy Temple, [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
* Memmury Sree Bharata Swami Temple(Bharatapilly), [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
* Karinchapadi-Chirammal Sree Bharatha Swami Temple, [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
* Elayavoor Sree Bharatha Swamy Temple, [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
* Kuzhalmannam Pulpuramandham Bharata Temple, [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
* Bharatamala Sree Bharatan Temple, Kallur, Thrissur
* Marathombilli Sree Bharata Temple. [[Chalakudy]], Thrissur

In the [[Medak district]] of [[Telangana]], there is a temple called Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Sannadhi that is dedicated to Bharata and Mandavi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Swamy temple: Small wonder on a hillock |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811092819/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031217/hyderabad-small-wonder-on-a-hillock.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This unique Rama temple near Hyderabad where Hanuman finds no place |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unique-rama-temple-near-hyderabad-where-hanuman-finds-no-place-41757 |work=The News Minute |date=17 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
=== Films ===

The following people portrayed Bharata in the film adaptation of Ramayana.

* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] portrayed him in the 1958 Tamil film ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]''.
* [[Master Sekhar]] portrayed him in the 1976 Tamil film ''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]''.
* Chinna Pulliah portrayed him in the 1977 Malayalam film ''[[Kanchana Sita]]''.
* [[Rahul Bose]] and Adarsh Gautam voiced him in the 1992 animated film ''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama]]''.
* Chiranjeevi portrayed him in the 1997 Telugu film ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002122/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/RAMAYANA.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Ramayanam Reviews }}</ref>
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] portrayed him in the 2011 Telugu film ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122051451/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-sri-rama-rajyam-is-a-must-watch/204138-8-69.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2011|title=Telugu Review: 'Sri Rama Rajyam' is a must watch|work=CNN-IBN|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Television ===

The following people portrayed Bharata in the television adaptation of ''Ramayana''.

* [[Sanjay Jog]] portrayed him in the 1987 series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' and in the 1988 series ''[[Luv Kush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramayana cast and characters: A full list|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/ramayana-cast-and-characters-a-full-list/579445|access-date=7 August 2020|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=17 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Riten Mukherjee / Rahul Khetarpal portrayed him in the 1997 series ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''.
* Ayush Pandey portrayed him in the 2002 series ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''.
* Vije Bhatia portrayed him in the 2008 series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
* Vineet Kumar portrayed him in the 2011 series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=An epic battle|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 August 2013|access-date=30 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109095117/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/|archivedate=9 January 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Bharat Kundra]] portrayed him in the 2012 mini-series ''[[Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath]]''.
* Eklavya Ahir portrayed him in the 2015 series ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''.
* [[Sujay Reu]] portrayed him in the 2015 series ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''
* [[Kanan Malhotra]] portrayed him in the 2019 series ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''
* [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] portrayed him in the 2021 web series ''Ramyug''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramyug first impression: Kunal Kohli's retelling of Lord Ram's story misses the mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ramyug-first-impression-kunal-kohli-mx-player-7303122 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 May 2021}}</ref>
* Nikhilesh Rathore portrayed him in the 2024 series ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikhilesh Rathore on essaying Bharata in 'Srimad Ramayana' : I enjoy spirituality |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nikhilesh-rathore-on-essaying-bharata-in-srimad-ramayana-i-enjoy-spirituality-news-342199/amp |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>
* Aryan Mishra portrayed him in 2024 DD National series ''[[Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein]]''.
* Shaurya Upadhyay portrayed him as young Bharata in 2025 Sony Sab series ''[[Veer Hanuman]]''.

====YouTube====

* Karan Parnami portrayed him in 2024 YouTube series ''Valmiki Ramayan''.

=== Books ===
* ''Bharata: Love and Justice in the Ramayana'' by Anantanand Rambachan, published in 1993.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qldvGwAACAAJ | title=Bharata: Love and Justice in the Ramayana |year=1993 | isbn=9780963416438 | last1=Rambachan | first1=Anantanand | publisher=Vijnana Publications}}</ref>
* ''The Legacy of Bharata'' by StoryBuddiesPlay, published in 2011.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVgGEQAAQBAJ&q=bharata+ramayana | title=The Legacy of Bharata | date=7 May 2024 | publisher=StoryBuddiesPlay}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869 |title=Ramayana }}, translated in English by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Griffith]], from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* {{citation|title=Balkand |last=Poddar |first=Hanuman Prasad |author-link=Hanuman Prasad Poddar |date=2001 |url=http://www.gitapress.org |location=[[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] |publisher=[[Gita Press]] |isbn=81-293-0406-6 |series=94 |language=awa, hi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713120313/http://www.gitapress.org/ |archive-date=13 July 2010 }}
* {{citation |last=Bhalla |first=Prem P. |title=The Story Of Sri Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiv9_Cp3OtQC&pg=PA24 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Peacock Books |isbn=978-81-248-0191-8 }}.
*[[Gaur (clan)|Gaur dynasty]].

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Mythological kings of Kosala]]
[[Category:Princes in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological city founders]]

Mahesh Amalean

2026-03-14T22:04:50Z

Ahad Sabri: basic enhance references for consistency additionally and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Sri Lankan engineer and industrialist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Deshamanya]]
| name = Mahesh Amalean
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|04|04}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Chairman of [[MAS Holdings]]
| years_active = 1978 - present
| employer = [[MAS Holdings]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = Deshamanya
| alma mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] [[Royal College Colombo]]
}}

[[Deshamanya]] '''Mahesh Amalean''' (born 4 April 1955) is a Sri Lankan engineer and industrialist. He is the current Chairman of [[MAS Holdings]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070526110239/http://www.lmd.lk/2005/November/cov2.htm FABRIC OF A STRATEGIST AND A VISIONARY]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Amalean was born to parents with [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] ancestry,. his father was in the family textile business.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130818/plus/youve-got-to-get-out-there-with-an-innovative-mind-58229.html |title='You've got to get out there with an innovative mind' |website=www.sundaytimes.lk |access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> He studied at [[Royal College Colombo]] and graduated from [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli|Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli]] (now known as [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]) with a [[BTech]] degree in [[chemical engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nitt.edu/home/icsr/alumni/daa2006-07/|title=NIT Trichy - DAA Recipients for 2006-07|website=www.nitt.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref>

==Career==
Returning to Sri Lanka in 1978 Amalean took up the family businesses. Thereafter he started a manufacturing company with his brothers named Sigma Industries which began operations in [[Ratmalana]], in August 1985.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Moving into the apparel industry he founded MAS Holdings which is a leader in the apparel industry in Sri Lanka catering to major brands such as [[Victoria's Secret]]. For his contribution to Sri Lankan industry in 2005 he was conferred with the title of [[Deshamanya]] by the government of Sri Lanka.<ref name="National Awards">{{cite web|title=National Honours|url=http://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/resources/national-honours/|publisher=Presidential Secretariat of Sri Lanka|accessdate=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928172141/http://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/resources/national-honours/|archive-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, The Open University of Sri Lanka conferred an honorary doctorate (honoris causa) to Mahesh in recognition of his contribution to the country.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Amalean is also one of the five global business leaders recognised with a UN Award at the WEP’s inaugural Leadership Awards presentation where he received the award for Cultural Change for Empowerment. He is also the recipient of the CNBC-IIFA Global Leadership Award and is ranked amongst the Top 20 Progressive Asian Leaders by the World Business Magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=54699746&privcapId=52991457|title=Deshamanya Dayalal Mahesh Amalean: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref> In 2017, he won Global Businessman award of [[Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=43262|title=Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year 2017 - award winners|website=Adaderana.lk|accessdate=2 October 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090621123958/http://www.jaafsl.com/aArchiveView.cfm?nID=57 INTERVIEW: Mahesh Amalean, chairman MAS Holdings ]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amalean, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Sri Lankan businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan engineers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Royal College, Colombo]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Hindus]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:Deshamanya]]

Harivyas Devacharya

2026-03-06T13:13:10Z

Ahad Sabri: made a article

{{Short description|Saint from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1443 CE{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=288}}{{sfn|Sharma|1990|p=42}}
| birth_place = [[Mathura]]{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=247}}
| death_date = {{circa}} 1543 CE{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=288}}{{sfn|Sharma|1990|p=42}}
| image = Sri_Harivyasa_Devacharya_Ji.jpg
| image_size = 370x370px
| caption = Sri Harivyasa Devacharya ji
| successor1 = 12 main disciples{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=401}}{{sfn|Prakash|2022|p=188}}
| predecessor1 = Śrībhaṭṭa Devāchārya{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=323}}{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=402}}
| region = South Asia
| era = {{Circa}} 15-16th Century
| sect = [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]]
| works = Vedānta Siddhānta ratnāñjalih,{{sfn|Bhandarkar|2014|p=62}} Mahāvāṇī
| philosophy = [[Svābhāvika Bhedābheda]]
}}
'''Harivyas Devacharya''' ({{circa}} 15th Century{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=323}}{{sfn|Kaviraj|1965|p=25}}) also known as '''Harivyasadeva''' ({{langx|sa|हरिव्यास देवाचार्य, हरिव्यासदेव|translit=Harivyāsa devāchārya, Harivyāsa}}) was an Indian philosopher, theologian and poet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Guy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> Born into a [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaud brahmin]] family,{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=520}} he became the 35th āchārya of the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya|Nimbārka Sampradāya]].{{sfn|Prakash|2022|p=188}} Residing in the sacred town of Vrindavana, he was a disciple of Śrī Śrībhaṭṭa Devāchārya ji{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=402}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Madan |first=Sada Nand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KH3XAAAAMAAJ&q=harivyasa |title=Śrīmad Bhāgavata and Medieval Hindi Poets |date=1998 |publisher=B.R. Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7646-024-8 |language=en}}</ref> and his nom-de-plume was ''Hari Priyā''.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=307}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkMVAQAAIAAJ&q=1460 |title=Hastalikhita Hindī Granthoṃ Kī Khoja Kā Vivaraṇa |date=1924 |publisher=Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=McDowell |first1=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mra1AAAAIAAJ&q=harivyasadeva |title=Vignettes of Vrindavan |last2=Sharma |first2=Arvind |date=1987 |publisher=Books & Books |isbn=978-81-85016-20-7 |language=en}}</ref> He also played a pivotal role in expanding the reach of the Nimbārka Sampradāya by sending twelve main disciples on missionary journeys across Indian Subcontinent, each establishing their own sub-lineage, some of which continue to thrive today.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=287}}{{sfn|Catherine|1990|p=345}}{{sfn|Prakash|2022|p=188}}

==Life==
Harivyāsa Devāchārya, born into a [[Gaur Brahmin]] family,{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=305}}{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=307}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=522}} is commemorated annually on the twelfth day of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartik]]’s waxing moon. All the Nimbārkīs prior to Harivyāsa were likely trained in regions such as South India or [[Kashmir]]. In contrast, Harivyāsa, a [[Gaur Brahmin|Gauḍa-brāhmaṇa]] from [[Mathura|Mathurā]], chose to pursue his education in [[Varanasi|Vārāṇasi]]. Following the traditional brāhmaṇical custom, Harivyāsa would have begun his formal studies in [[Varanasi|Kāśī]] at the age of eight, completing them by the time he reached twenty-two.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=287,288}}

A disciple of Śrī Śrībhaṭṭa Devāchārya,{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=522}} he was entrusted by his guru to compose a detailed commentary on the "Yugal Shatak," known as 'Mahavani.' This work elaborates on the sentiments expressed in the Yugal Shatak's couplets through lyrical commentary. His influence led to the saints of his tradition being called 'Harivyāsī.' His samadhi is located in [[Mathura|Mathurā]] at 'Nārada Tīlā,' where a statue of [[Narada|Nārada Ji]] is installed.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=305}}

Under him, there were 12 disciples, after whom the 12 dvāra (i.e., branches) of the tradition were established:{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=305,306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Svabhūrāma Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Paraśurāma Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Vohita Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Madanagopāla Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Uddhavaghamaṇḍa Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Vāhula Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Laparāgopāla Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Hṛṣīkeśa Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Mādhava Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Keśava Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Gopāla Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}
# Śrī Mukunda Devāchārya{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=523}}

===Initiation by Durgā===
Harivyāsa devāchārya is linked with many extraordinary occurrences, The most renowned of these is his initiation by goddess Durgā in the village of Caṭathāvala, an event famously recounted in the [[Nabha Dass|Nābhā dāsa]] [[Bhaktamal|Bhaktamāla]] chappaya 77.{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=305}}
Nābhā dāsa wrote that "It is a matter of great wonder that a celestial goddess, who roams the heavens, made a disciple of a human. Saints, imbued with a sense of renunciation and deep devotion to the lotus feet of [[Krishna|Shyāmsundar]], always surrounded him in great abundance. Among these saints, Śrī Harivyāsa shone resplendently, much like King [[Janaka]] of [[Videha]] shone amidst sages like [[Yajnavalkya]] and other enlightened beings. Due to his reverent service at the feet of his guru, Śrī Śrībhaṭṭa, the entire world bowed before him. Through the spiritual power of devotion to Hari, he was once even accepted as a disciple of the great goddess."{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=520}}

==Dating==

Kṛṣṇadeva, a Pāñcarātrika scholar, authored a ritual manual titled Nṛsiṁhaparicaryā. [[Gopinath Kaviraj]], noted a manuscript of this work in the Sarasvatī Bhavana library at the Government Sanskrit College, Vārāṇasi. This manuscript was part of a collection previously owned by [[Mahīdhara]], a Mādhyandinīya Śuklayajurveda commentator who acquired it in 1583 CE. The collection was later donated to the library. Manuscript annotations indicate that it was transcribed by ‘Harivyāsadeva’ in V.S. 1525 (1468 CE).{{sfn|Kaviraj|1965|p=25}}{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=524}}
Based on this evidence, Narayandutt Sharma concluded that Harivyāsa devacharya lived approximately between 1443 CE and 1543 CE.{{sfn|Sharma|1990|p=42}}

The suggested date of Harivyāsa’s death can be corroborated through the following reasoning. In the lineage of Svabhūrāma Devāchārya, Harivyāsa’s eldest disciple, Caturacintāmaṇi Nāgājī is mentioned in Nābhādāsa’s Bhaktamāla chappaya 148 as a contemporary figure: "''Caturacintāmaṇī Nāgājī resides in a house in the kuñja at this time.''"{{sfn|Ramkrishnadev Garga|2004|p=827}} Based on this, Nāgājī’s lifespan is estimated to be approximately 1550–1630. Accordingly, his predecessor, Paramānanda Devāchārya, likely lived from 1520–1600; his teacher, Karṇahara Devāchārya, from 1500–1570; and his preceptor, Svabhūrāma Devāchārya, from 1480–1550. Svabhūrāma is noted to have been significantly older than Paraśurāma Devāchārya. This chronology aligns with the assumption that Harivyāsa passed away around 1540.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=249,289}}

== Works ==
Works of Harivyasa Devacharya:

* ''Prema bhaktivivardhinī'' – A Sanskrit commentary on Śrī Nimbārkaṣṭottaraśatanāma (108 names of Śrī Nimbārka) of Sadānandabhaṭṭa.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=305}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=584}}

* ''Śrī Gopāla Paddhati'' – The ritual manual.<ref name=":3" />

* ''Mahāvāṇī'' (Mahavani) – The famous Braj language lyrical composition Śrīmadbhagavad Bhava Padāvalī, commentary on his preceptor Śrībhaṭṭa’s Yugalaśataka.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=305}}

* ''Vedānta Siddhānta ratnāñjalih'' (Vedanta Siddhanta Ratnanjali) – commentary on [[Vedanta Kamadhenu dashashloki]] of [[Nimbarkacharya]].{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=399}}{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=403}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|2014|p=63}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kathiya baba |first=Dwarka dasa |url=https://archive.org/details/vedanta-siddhant-ratnanjali-of-sri-harivyasdevacharya-with-explaination-by-dr.-s |title=Vedāntasiddhāntaratnāñjaliḥ: Śrīvr̥ndāvanacandrikāvyākhyāsamvalitaḥ |date=2017 |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Saṃsthāna |isbn=978-93-81189-61-0 |edition= |location=Vārāṇasī |oclc=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naganath |first=Dr S. Srikanta Sastri, English Translation by S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xg6EAAAQBAJ&dq=harivyasadeva&pg=PT162 |title=Indian Culture: A Compendium of Indian History, Culture and Heritage |date=2022-05-11 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63806-511-1 |language=en}}</ref> It is further commented by Dr Swami Dwarkadasa kathia baba.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=305}}

==Mahāvāṇī==
Mahāvāṇī is well recognized text in [[Braj Bhasha|braj bhasha]] it has five chapters.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Motīlāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_wcAAAAMAAJ |title=Braj, the Centrum of Indian Culture |date=1982 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOZKBR1oZ1YC&q=mahavani+harivyas |title=Linguistic Survey of India: Sikkim (2 volumes) |date=2002 |publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |language=en}}</ref>

The five chapters of the Mahāvāṇī are:

* Sevā Sukha (128 padas), which describes the daily routine of Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa, the ever-enchanting Shri Radha-Krishna is described through the eightfold service (aṣṭayāma-sevā). The essence of 'Sevā Sukha' lies in the deep immersion in devotion in the mood of sakhī (female friend), becoming one with the beloved couple, engaged in their service throughout the eight watches of the day.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}
* Utsāha Sukha (189 padas) detailing the celebration of the various festivals,{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}
* Surata Sukha (106 padas) revealing the intimate pastimes. According to this, the ever-joyful Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa remain immersed in each other's ocean of love—this is the ultimate state of divine ecstasy.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306}}
* Sahaja Sukha (107 padas) In these padas it is described that Even while being together, there are moments of turmoil due to the fear of separation; at times, immersed in deep emotions, there is an intense eagerness to meet swiftly.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=306, 307}}
* Siddhānta Sukha (44 padas) which summarises the philosophical position of the nikuñja līlā meditations. Within this, there is a deep description of the Vaishnav principles, such as the object of worship (upāsya-tattva), the explanation of the abode of Lord (dhāma-tattva), and the names of the divine female friends (sakhī-nāmāvalī), among others.{{sfn|Upadhyay|1978|p=307}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaviraj |first=Gopinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4XRAAAAMAAJ |title=काशी की सारस्वत साधना |date=1965 |publisher=Bihāra-Rāshṭrabhāshā-Parishad |language=hindi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Upadhyay |first=Baladeva |title=Vaishnava Sampradayon ka Siddhanta aur Sahitya |url=https://archive.org/details/cCoy_vaishnav-sampradayo-ka-sahitya-aur-siddhant-by-baladev-upadhyay-chowkhamba-amarb/mode/1up |date=1978 |publisher=Chowkhamba Amarbharati Prakashan |location=Varanasi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A history of Indian philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150038/mode/1up |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0408-1 |location=Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |title=Nimbarka Sampradaya aur unka Krishna bhakta hindi kavi |last=Sharma |first=Narayanadutt |url=https://archive.org/details/nimbarkparishad_gmail_201902 |date=1990}}
* {{cite journal |last=Catherine |first=Clémentin-Ojha |year=1990 |title=La renaissance du Nimbarka Sampradaya au XVIe siècle. Contribution à l'étude d'une secte Krsnaïte |language=fr |journal=Journal Asiatique |volume=278 |doi=10.2143/JA.278.3.2011219}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramkrishnadev Garga|first=Nabha das ji, Priya Das ji |url=https://archive.org/details/BhaktmalNabhaJi_201905/mode/1up |title=Bhaktamāla of Nābhādāsa, with Bhaktirasabodhinī commentary of Priyādāsa, Hindi translation and gloss by Ramkrishnadev Garga|location=Vṛndāvana |date=2004 |language=Sanskrit, Hindi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=R. G. |url=https://archive.org/details/VaishnavismShaivismAndOtherMinorReligiousSystemsR.G.Bhandarkar/mode/1up |title=Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems (Routledge Revivals) |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58933-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies, Bhedābheda and Dvaitādvaita systems |date=2013 |last=Agrawal |first=Madan Mohan |series=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies / general ed.: Karl H. Potter |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofindianphilosophyvolume15bhedabhedaanddvaitadvaitasystemsagarwalm.m.karlpotterh._928_w/mode/1up |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3637-2 |location=Delhi |language=English}}
* {{cite thesis |surname=Ramnarace |given=Vijay |year=2014 |title=Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology& Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya |type=PhD thesis |place=University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Dr Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0hZEAAAQBAJ |title=Religious Debates in Indian Philosophy |date=2022 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=english}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:16th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:15th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Nimbarka Sampradaya]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

Aliyah

2026-03-04T12:35:54Z

Ahad Sabri: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Distinguish|text=the singer [[Aaliyah]]}}
{{Other uses}}}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[File:100 years of Aliyah (Immigration) to Mandatory Palestine and the State of Israel, between 1919 and 2020.png|thumb|upright=1.5|100 years of Aliyah (immigration) to [[Mandatory Palestine]] and [[Israel]], between 1919 and 2020]]
{{Aliyah}}

'''''Aliyah''''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|æ|l|i|ˈ|ɑː}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|ɑː|-}}; {{langx|he|עֲלִיָּה|ălīyyā|ascent}}) is the immigration of [[Jews]] from [[Jewish diaspora|the diaspora]] to, historically, the geographical [[Land of Israel]] or the [[Palestine region]], where in the 20th century the [[State of Israel]] was established. Traditionally described as "the act of going up" (towards the [[Jerusalem in Judaism|Jewish holy city]] of [[Jerusalem]]), moving to the Land of Israel or "making ''aliyah''" is one of the most basic tenets of [[Zionism]]. The opposite action – emigration by Jews from the Land of Israel – is referred to in the [[Hebrew language]] as ''[[yerida]]'' ({{literal translation|descent}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/aliyah1.html |title='Aliyah': The Word and Its Meaning |date=2005-05-15 |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219161417/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/aliyah1.html |archive-date=2009-12-19}}</ref> The [[Law of Return]] that was passed by the [[Israeli parliament]] in 1950 gives all diaspora Jews, as well as their children and grandchildren, the right to relocate to Israel and acquire [[Israeli citizenship]] on the basis of connecting to their [[Jewish identity]].

For much of [[Jewish history|their history]], most Jews have lived in the diaspora outside of the Land of Israel due to [[Jewish military history|various historical conflicts]] that led to [[Persecution of Jews|their persecution]] alongside multiple instances of [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions and exoduses]]. In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the [[population of the Palestine region]].<ref name="On-1969"/><ref name="Mendel2014"/> Despite its [[Return to Zion|historical value as a national aspiration for the Jewish people]], ''aliyah'' was acted upon by few prior to the rise of a national awakening among Jews worldwide and the subsequent development of the Zionist movement in the late 19th century;<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosenzweig |first=Rafael N. |date=1989 |title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKuU3ZBS7gEC&pg=PA1 |publisher=E. J. Brill |page=1 |isbn=978-90-04-09147-4 |quote=Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ...}}</ref> the large-scale immigration of Jews to Palestine had consequently begun by 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Israel.5246.0.html?&L=1 |title=Israel |first=Jan |last=Schneider |publisher=Hamburg Institute of International Economics |website=Focus Migration |issn=1864-6220 |series=13 |date=June 2008 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2019-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514093707/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Israel.5246.0.html?&L=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] in 1948, more than 3 million Jews have made ''aliyah''.<ref name="Branovsky-2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3539874,00.html |title=400 olim arrive in Israel ahead of Independence Day |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=6 May 2008 |access-date=2013-04-29 |last=Branovsky |first=Yael |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630204042/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3539874,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, Israel and the [[Israeli-occupied territories]] contain approximately 42.9 percent of the [[Jewish population by country|world's Jewish population]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/studies/details.cfm?StudyID=737 |title=World Jewish Population, 2014 |first=Sergio |last=DellaPergola |author-link=Sergio DellaPergola |editor1-first=Arnold |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-first=Ira |editor2-last=Sheskin |volume=11 |pages=5–9, 16–17 |date=2014 |journal=Current Jewish Population Reports |publisher=The American Jewish Year Book (Dordrecht: Springer) |access-date=January 3, 2016 |quote=Israel's Jewish population (not including about 348,000 persons not recorded as Jews in the Population Register and belonging to families initially admitted to the country within the framework of the Law of Return) surpassed six million in 2014 (42.9% of world Jewry). |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222424/https://www.jewishdatabank.org/databank/search-results/study/737 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2024, Israel has seen net negative migration: ''yerida'' is higher than ''aliyah''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel 2025: A Demographic Crossroads |url=https://www.taubcenter.org.il/en/pr/snr-2025-demography/ |access-date=26 February 2026|date=28 December 2025|website=TaubCenter.org.il |publisher=Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel}}</ref>

==Terminology==
{{redirect|Olim}}
The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word ''aliyah'' means "ascent" or "going up". Jewish tradition views traveling to the Land of Israel as an ascent, both geographically and metaphysically. In one opinion, the geographical sense preceded the metaphorical one, as most Jews going on pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]], which is situated at approximately 750 meters (2,500 feet) above sea level, had to climb to a higher geographic [[elevation]]. The reason is that many Jews in early [[Rabbinical Judaism|rabbinic times]] used to live either in Egypt's [[Nile Delta]] and on the plains of [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia#Geographic area|Babylonia]], which lay relatively low; or somewhere in the [[Mediterranean Basin]], from where they arrived by ship.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.forward.com/articles/132111/ |title= Move On Up |newspaper= The Forward |access-date= 2013-04-29 |archive-date= 2011-10-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111018172947/http://www.forward.com/articles/132111/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

It is noteworthy that various references in the earlier books of the Bible indicate that [[Biblical Egypt|Egypt]] was considered as being "below" other countries, so that going to Egypt was described as "going down to Egypt" while going away from Egypt (including Hebrews going out of Egypt to Canaan) was "going up out of Egypt". Thus, in the [[Book of Genesis]] 46 God speaks to [[Jacob]] and says “Do not be afraid to ''go down'' to Egypt, for I will make you into a great nation there. I will ''go down'' to Egypt with you." And in the [[Book of Exodus]] 1, the oppressive new King of Egypt suspects the Hebrews of living in Egypt of being enemies who in time of war might "Fight against us, and so get them ''up'' out of the land".

Widespread use of the term ''Aliyah'' to describe ideologically inspired Jewish immigration to Palestine / Israel is due to [[Arthur Ruppin]]'s 1930 work {{lang|de|Soziologie der Juden}}.{{sfn|Alroey|2015|p=110|ps=: "The sweeping and uncritical use of the two terms, 'aliyah' and 'immigration' is one of the major factors in the emergence of the divergent treatment of similar data. In the Zionist ethos, ''aliyah'' has nothing in common with the migration of other peoples. Zionist historiography takes it as axiomatic that the Jews who came to the country as part of the pioneering early waves were 'olim' and not simply 'immigrants'. The latent ideological charge of the term 'aliyah' is so deeply rooted in the Hebrew language that it is almost impossible to distinguish between Jews who 'merely' immigrated to Palestine and those who made ''aliyah'' to the Land of Israel. Jewish social scientists of the early twentieth century were the first to distinguish ''aliyah'' from general Jewish migration. The use of 'aliyah' as a typological phenomenon came into vogue with the publication of Arthur Ruppin's ''Soziologie der Juden'' in 1930 (English: ''The Jews in the Modern World'', 1934) ... in the eighth chapter, which looks at migration, Ruppin seems to have found it difficult to free himself of the Zionist terminology that was dominant in that period. [Ruppin wrote that whereas] Jewish immigration to the United States was propelled by economic hardship and pogroms, the olim (not immigrants) came to Palestine with the support of the Hoveve Tsiyon, with whom they felt a high degree of ideological conformity."}} ''Aliyah'' has also been defined, by sociologists such as [[Aryeh Tartakower]], as immigration for the good of the community, regardless of the destination.{{sfn|Alroey|2015|pp=115–116}}

''Aliyah'' is an important Jewish cultural concept and a fundamental component of [[Zionism]]. It is enshrined in Israel's [[Law of Return]], which accords any [[Who is a Jew?|Jew]] (deemed as such by [[halakha]] and/or [[Israeli law|Israeli secular law]]) and eligible non-Jews (a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew), the [[legal right]] to assisted immigration and settlement in Israel, as well as Israeli citizenship. Someone who "makes ''aliyah''" is called an ''oleh'' (m.; pl. ''olim'') or ''olah'' (f.; pl. ''olot''). Many religious Jews espouse ''aliyah'' as a return to the [[Promised Land]], and regard it as the fulfillment of [[God]]'s [[Bible|biblical]] promise to the descendants of the Hebrew patriarchs [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]]. [[Nachmanides]] (the Ramban) includes making ''aliyah'' in his enumeration of the [[613 mitzvot|613 commandments]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.responsafortoday.com/moment/3_3.htm |title=Is It A Mitzvah To Make Aliyah? |last=Golinkin |first=David |work=Responsa in a Moment |publisher=Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613193124/http://www.responsafortoday.com/moment/3_3.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sifre]] says that the ''[[mitzvah]]'' (commandment) of living in [[Eretz Yisrael]] is as important as all the other ''[[mitzvot]]'' put together. There are many ''mitzvot'' such as [[shmita]], the [[sabbatical]] year for farming, which can only be performed in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leff |first=Barry |title=The Mitzvah of Aliyah |url=http://www.kefintl.com/the-mitzvah-of-aliyah |publisher=Kef International |access-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227025213/http://www.kefintl.com/the-mitzvah-of-aliyah |archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

For generations of religious Jews, ''aliyah'' was associated with the coming of the [[Moshiach|Jewish Messiah]]. Jews prayed for their Messiah to come, who was to redeem the "Land of Israel" (''Eretz Yisrael'', commonly known in English as the [[Palestine (region)|region of Palestine]]) from gentile rule and return world Jewry to the land under a [[Halacha|Halachic]] [[theocracy]].<ref name="עליית החסידים ההמונית לא">{{cite web |url=https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/mahanaim/aliyat-2.htm |script-title=he:עליית החסידים ההמונית לא"י |trans-title=The mass exodus of the faithful to Israel |date=2008-08-02 |script-work=he:ץראב םתושרתשהו א"רגה ידימלת |publisher=Daat |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023124450/https://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/mahanaim/aliyat-2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In Zionist discourse, the term ''aliyah'' (plural ''aliyot'') includes both voluntary immigration for ideological, emotional, or practical reasons and, on the other hand, mass flight of persecuted populations of Jews. The vast majority of Israeli Jews today trace their family's recent roots to outside the country. While many have actively chosen to settle in Israel rather than some other country, many had little or no choice about leaving their previous home countries.{{cn|date=January 2025}} While Israel is commonly recognized as "a country of [[immigrants]]", it is also, in large measure, a country of [[refugees]], including internal refugees.

==Pre-modern ''aliyah''==

===Biblical===
The [[Hebrew Bible]] relates that the patriarch [[Abraham]] came to the Land of [[Canaan]] with his family and followers in approximately 1800 BC. His grandson [[Jacob]] went down to Egypt with his family, and after several centuries there, the [[Israelites]] went back to Canaan under [[Moses]] and [[Joshua]], entering it in about 1300 BC.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

===Antiquity===
In Zionist historiography, post the Balfour Declaration and the start of the "Third ''Aliyah''", the "First ''Aliyah''" and "Second ''Aliyah''" originally referred to the two Biblical "[[Return to Zion|returns to Zion]]" described in [[Ezra–Nehemiah]] – the "First Aliya" led by [[Zerubbabel]], and the "Second Aliya" led by [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] approximately 80 years later.{{sfn|Shoham|2013}} A few decades after the fall of the [[Kingdom of Judah]] and the [[Babylonian exile]] of the Jewish people, approximately 50,000 Jews returned to Zion following the [[Edict of Cyrus]] from 538 BC. The Jewish priestly [[scribe]] Ezra led the Jewish exiles living in [[Babylon]] to their home city of [[Jerusalem]] in 459 BC. Even those Jews who did not end up returning gave their children names like Yashuv-Tzadik and Yaeliyahu which testified to their desire to return.<ref>Horovitz, Greenberg, and Zilberg, ''Al Naharot Bavel'' ([[Bible Lands Museum]] press, 2015), inscription 15</ref>

Jews returned to the [[Land of Israel]] throughout the [[Second Temple period]]. [[Herod the Great]] also encouraged ''aliyah'' and often gave key posts, such as the position of [[High Priest]], to returnees.<ref>''Hahistoriya shel Eretz Israel – Shilton Romi'', Yisrael Levine, p. 47, ed. Menahem Stern, 1984, Yad Izhak Ben Zvi – Keter</ref>

In late antiquity, the two hubs of rabbinic learning were Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Throughout the Amoraic period, many Babylonian Jews immigrated to the Land of Israel and left their mark on life there, as rabbis and leaders.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel |chapter=Aliya from Babylonia During the Amoraic Period (200–500 AD) |first=Joshua |last=Schwartz |pages=58–69 |editor-first=Lee |editor-last=Levine |year=1983 |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi and Wayne State University Press}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===

In the 10th century, leaders of the [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] Jewish community, mostly living under Persian rule, urged their followers to settle in Eretz Yisrael. The Karaites established their own quarter in [[Jerusalem]], on the western slope of the [[Kidron Valley]]. During this period, there is abundant evidence of pilgrimages to Jerusalem by Jews from various countries, mainly in the month of [[Tishrei]], around the time of the [[Sukkot]] holiday.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel |chapter=Aliya and Pilgrimage in the Early Arab Period (634–1009) |first=Moshe |last=Gil |year=1983 |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi and Wayne State University Press}}</ref>

The number of Jews migrating to the land of Israel rose significantly between the 13th and 19th centuries, mainly due to a general decline in the status of Jews across Europe and an increase in [[religious persecution]]. The [[Edict of Expulsion|expulsion of Jews from England]] (1290), France (1391), [[History of the Jews in Austria|Austria]] (1421), and [[History of the Jews in Spain|Spain]] (the [[Alhambra decree]] of 1492) were seen by many as a sign of approaching redemption and contributed greatly to the messianic spirit of the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=יהדות הגולה והכמיהה לציון, 1840–1240 |language=he |url=http://www.tchelet.org.il/article.php?id=203 |date=2008-08-02 |work=Tchelet |access-date=2012-03-19 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407075612/https://tchelet.org.il/article.php?id=203 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Aliyah was also spurred during this period by the resurgence of messianic fervor among the Jews of [[History of the Jews in France|France]], [[History of the Jews in Italy|Italy]], the [[History of the Jews in Germany|German states]], [[Poland]], [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russia]], and [[North Africa]]. The belief in the imminent coming of the [[Jewish Messiah]], the ingathering of the exiles and the re-establishment of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|kingdom of Israel]] encouraged many who had few other options to make the perilous journey to the land of Israel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

Pre-Zionist resettlement in Palestine met with various degrees of success. In 1211, the "aliyah of the three hundred rabbis" saw notable French and German [[Tosafist]]s such as [[Samson of Coucy]], [[Joseph ben Baruch]], [[Baruch ben Isaac]] and [[Samson ben Abraham of Sens]], along with their colleagues and students, immigrate to Palestine, as recorded in the ''[[Shebet Yehudah]]''. There is doubt about the accuracy of the account, as there is no evidence that there were actually 300 immigrants, and that number is likely exaggerated. It also mentions [[Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen]] immigrating there, but he died in 1205, and was said to have celebrated [[Purim]] in Palestine in 1210.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krauss |first=Samuel |date=1926 |title=L'émigration de 300 Rabbins en Palestine en l'an 1211 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rjuiv_0484-8616_1926_num_82_163_5521 |journal=Revue des études juives |volume=82 |issue=163 |pages=333–352 |doi=10.3406/rjuiv.1926.5521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanarfogel |first=Ephraim |date=1986 |title=The 'Aliyah of "Three Hundred Rabbis" in 1211: Tosafist Attitudes toward Settling in the Land of Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454507 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=191–215 |doi=10.2307/1454507 |jstor=1454507 |issn=0021-6682|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Little is known of the fate of their descendants. It is thought that few survived the bloody upheavals caused by the [[Crusade]]r invasion in 1229 and their subsequent expulsion by the Muslims in 1291. After the fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1453 and the [[expulsion of Jews from Spain]] (1492) and Portugal (1498), many Jews made their way to the Holy Land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehmann |first=Matthias B. |date=2008 |title=Rethinking Sephardi Identity: Jews and Other Jews in Ottoman Palestine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40207035 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=81–109 |jstor=40207035 |issn=0021-6704}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=Jonathan |date=2009 |title=Iberian Jewry between West and East: Jewish Settlement in the Sixteenth-Century Mediterranean |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163962 |journal=Mediterranean Studies |volume=18 |pages=44–65 |doi=10.2307/41163962 |jstor=41163962 |issn=1074-164X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Samson b. Abraham of Sens, who emigrated in 1211, wrote in his [[responsa]] that the biblical commandment to go to Eretz Yisrael was nullified due to ''[[pikuach nefesh]]'', or saving a life, citing the danger of the journey, particularly for pregnant women. [[Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (Tosafist)|Haim ben Hananel HaCohen]] ruled that the commandment was negated altogether. [[Moses ben Joseph di Trani]], born in [[Salonika]] in 1490, made ''aliyah'' and became the rabbi of [[Safed]], where he died in 1580. In his writings, Trani disagreed with Haim Cohen, and argued that it was not dangerous to travel to Palestine due to the peace between "Edom" (Christian Europe) and "Ishmael" (Islamic/Arab world) at the time. [[David ibn Zimri]], known as the Radbaz, also went to Palestine where he died in 1574.<ref name="Zemer-1997">{{Citation |last=Zemer |first=Moshe |title=ALIYAH: CONFLICT AND AMBIVALENCE As Reflected in Medieval Responsa |date=1997-11-30 |work=Israel and the Diaspora in Jewish Law: Essays and Responsa |pages=115–148 |editor-last=Jacob |editor-first=Walter |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781800738843-007/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOopHuJg4RveQS0Rkqfo6uhvPijj1xQ8mtoKpp4IjrMUZEfHSlFjC |access-date=2025-01-09 |publisher=Berghahn Books |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781800738843-007 |isbn=978-1-80073-884-3 |editor2-last=Zemer |editor2-first=Moshe|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Radbaz reconciled [[Maimonides]]' brief journey to Jerusalem in 1165, but ultimate settlement in Egypt, despite Maimonides' belief that it was commanded to settle in Eretz Yisrael and forbidden to remain in Egypt, that he had been compelled to remain by the authorities, as physician to the sultan. [[Ishtori Haparchi]], who was a geographer of Palestine, said that Maimonides signed letters as "the writer who transgresses three negative commandments every day," though no surviving responsa with Maimonides' autograph are found bearing this.<ref name="Zemer-1997"/><ref>{{Cite book |page=317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-o3XAAAAMAAJ&q=%22aliyah+was+an+obligation%22 |title=The Journal of Jewish Studies |date=1999 |publisher=Jewish Chronicle Publications |language=en}}</ref>

Notable rabbi [[Nahmanides]] went to Jerusalem a few years before his death in 1267.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yisraeli |first=Oded |date=November 2017 |title=Jerusalem in Naḥmanides's Religious Thought: The Evolution of the "Prayer over the Ruins of Jerusalem" |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ajs-review/article/abs/jerusalem-in-nahmanidess-religious-thought-the-evolution-of-the-prayer-over-the-ruins-of-jerusalem/9F8B85C868FC3003A7349462DDEBC206 |journal=AJS Review |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=409–453 |doi=10.1017/S0364009417000435 |issn=0364-0094|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Isaiah Horowitz]] made ''aliyah'' in 1621.<ref name="Morgenstern-2010" /> Nahmanides, in his gloss on Maimonides' ''[[Sefer Hamitzvot|Book of Commandments]]'', articulated that contrary to [[Rashi]]'s interpretation, settling Eretz Yisrael was a divine commandment and not simply a promise, arguing that the Torah commanded the people of Israel to conquer and possess the Holy Land. Though he spent most of his life in Gerona, he went to Palestine without his wife and children and died in 1270. It not known why his family did not join him.<ref name="Zemer-1997"/>

In 1541, following their expulsion from Naples, some Jews immigrated to Palestine. In the 1560s, [[Gracia Mendes]] and [[Joseph Nasi]] obtained a concession from the sultan to permit Jews to settle in Safed and Tiberias.<ref>{{Cite book |last=David |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&dq=aliyah+nasi&pg=PA18 |title=To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel |date=2010-05-24 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-5643-9 |language=en|pages=15–23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Birnbaum |first=Marianna D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8l_CwAAQBAJ&dq=safed+tiberias+1561+nasi&pg=PA106 |title=The Long Journey of Gracia Mendes |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-9241-67-1 |language=en|page=106}}</ref>

Some Ukrainian Jewish refugees fleeing the pogroms of the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] of the mid-17th century also settled in the Holy Land. Then the immigration in the 18th and early 19th centuries of thousands of followers of various [[Kabbalah|Kabbalist]] and Hassidic rabbis, as well as the disciples of the [[Vilna Gaon]] and the disciples of the [[Moses Sofer|Chattam Sofer]], added considerably to the Jewish populations in Jerusalem, [[Tiberias]], [[Hebron]], and Safed.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

=== 18th century ===

The 1700 immigration associated with messianic [[Sabbateanism]] is considered the first modern mass movement of Jewish immigrants to Israel.<ref>{{Citation |last=Goldish |first=Matt |title=Sabbatai Zevi and the Sabbatean Movement |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=491–521 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-judaism/sabbatai-zevi-and-the-sabbatean-movement/10D5A1FB8D131C58B6F9792E824E7EA1 |access-date=2025-01-09 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan}}</ref> Also in 1700, [[Judah HeHasid (Jerusalem)|Judah HeHasid]] and his followers settled in Jerusalem, and [[Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia]] and his followers in Tiberias.<ref name="Katz-Oz-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Katz-Oz |first=Avraham |date=2017 |title=Agricultural Settlement: Up to the Present and into the Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26416731 |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=28 |issue=3/4 |pages=60–65 |jstor=26416731 |issn=0792-335X}}</ref> HeHasid's [[Hurva Synagogue]] (or "ruined synagogue"), rebuilt on the ruins of a 15th-century synagogue, was again destroyed in 1720.<ref name="Morgenstern-2010">{{Cite web |date=2010-08-11 |title=THE HURVA SYNAGOGUE 1700-2010 |last1=Morgenstern|first1=Arie|url=https://jewishaction.com/jewish-world/history/the_hurva_synagogue_1700-2010/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Jewish Action |language=en}}</ref>

A notable emigration of about 300 [[Hasidic]] immigrants led by [[Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk]] and [[Abraham Kalisker]] in 1777 aimed to establish a religious center. They were preceded by [[Nachman of Horodenka]], [[Abraham Gershon of Kitov]] and [[Menahem Mendel of Premyshlan]] in 1764, members of the circle of the [[Baal Shem Tov]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etkes |first=Immanuel |date=2013 |title=On the Motivation for Hasidic Immigration (Aliyah) to the Land of Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709800 |journal=Jewish History |volume=27 |issue=2/4 |pages=337–351 |doi=10.1007/s10835-013-9194-6 |jstor=24709800 |issn=0334-701X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===19th century===
The messianic dreams of the [[Gaon of Vilna]] inspired one of the largest pre-Zionist waves of immigration to Eretz Yisrael. In 1808 hundreds of the Gaon's disciples, known as [[Perushim]], settled in Tiberias and Safed, and later formed the core of the [[Old Yishuv]] in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ilani |first=Ofri |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-messiah-brought-the-first-immigrants-1.236673 |title=The Messiah brought the first immigrants |work=Haaretz |date=2008-01-06 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527023509/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-messiah-brought-the-first-immigrants-1.236673 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was part of a larger movement of thousands of Jews from countries as widely spaced as [[Qajar Iran|Persia]] and [[Sultanate of Morocco (1665-1912)|Morocco]], [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]], who moved to Palestine beginning in the first decade of the nineteenth century – and in even larger numbers after the conquest of the region by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] in 1832 – all drawn by the expectation of the arrival of the Messiah in the Jewish year 5600, Christian year 1840, a movement documented in Arie Morgenstern's ''[[Hastening Redemption]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morgenstern |first1=Arie |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/26409/chapter/194776531 |title=Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel |last2=Linsider |first2=Joel A. |date=2006-07-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530578-4 |doi=10.1093/0195305787.003.0003}}</ref> There were also those who like the British mystic [[Laurence Oliphant (1829–1888)|Laurence Oliphant]] tried to lease Northern Palestine to settle the Jews there (1879).{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Jewish immigration to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 [[Tanzimat]] reforms; between 1840 and 1880, the Jewish population of Palestine rose from 9,000 to 23,000.{{efn|Between 1880 and 1907, the number of Jews in Palestine grew from 23,000 to 80,000. Most of the community resided in Jerusalem, which already had a Jewish majority at the beginning of the influx. (Footnote: Mordecai Elia, Ahavar Tziyon ve-Kolel Hod (Tel Aviv, 1971), appendix A. Between 1840 and 1880 the Jewish settlement in Palestine grew in numbers from 9,000 to 23,000.) The First ''Aliyah'' accounted for only a few thousand of the new-comers, and the number of the Biluim among them was no more than a few dozen. Jewish immigration to Palestine had begun to swell in the 1840s, following the liberalization of Ottoman domestic policy (the Tanzimat Reforms) and as a result of the protection extended to immigrants by the European consulates set up at the time in Jerusalem and Jaffa. The majority of immigrants came from Eastern and Central Europe – the Russian Empire, Romania, and Hungary – and were not inspired by modern Zionist ideology. Many were motivated by a blend of traditional ideology (e.g., belief in the sanctity of the land of Israel and in the redemption of the Jewish people through the return to Zion) and practical considerations (e.g., desire to escape the worsening conditions in their lands of origin and to improve their lot in Palestine). The proto-Zionist ideas which had already crystallized in Western Europe during the late 1850s and early 1860s were gaining currency in Eastern Europe.{{sfn|Salmon|1978}}}}

==Zionist ''aliyah'' (19th century)==
{{Further|Zionism}}
{{Zionism sidebar|Principles}}
{{multiple image |direction=vertical |width=220 |image1=Aliyahnumbersby country.png |image2=Olim by source.JPG |image3=Alyah 1948-2007 en.svg |footer=Aliyah by numbers per year (1948-2007)}}

In Zionist history, the different waves of ''aliyah'', beginning with the arrival of the ''[[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]]im'' from [[Russia]] in 1882, are categorized by date and the country of origin of the immigrants. In 1872 colonies were established at [[Petah Tikva]] and [[Rosh Pinna]]. [[Mikveh Israel]] agricultural school was established in 1870.<ref name="Katz-Oz-2017" /> Jewish settlement in [[Jaffa]] may be dated to 1820, when Isaiah Ajiman, a merchant hailing from one of several prominent [[Istanbul]] Jewish families, moved there from said capital. In the aftermath of the 1826 [[Auspicious Incident]], he and two other leading figures of the Istanbul Jewish community were executed, marking a decline in the status of Ottoman Jews.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=1965 |editor-last=Davison |editor-first=Roderick H. |title=The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: A Review |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282119 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=283–295 |doi=10.1080/00263206508700018 |jstor=4282119 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lehmann |first1=Matthias B. |title=Emissaries from the Holy Land: The Sephardic Diaspora and the Practice of Pan-Judaism in the Eighteenth Century |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9246-2 |page=215 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Emissaries_from_the_Holy_Land/Ii9iBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA215&printsec=frontcover |access-date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|population of the Palestine region]].<ref name="On-1969">{{cite journal |last1=On |first1=Raphael R. Bar |title=Israel's Next Census of Population as a Source of Data on Jews |journal=Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות |date=1969 |volume=ה |pages=31–41 |jstor=23524099}} p. 31: The estimated 24,000 Jews in Palestine in 1882 represented just 0.3% of the world's Jewish population [paraphrase].</ref><ref name="Mendel2014">{{cite book|last=Mendel|first=Yonatan|title=The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Security and Politics in Arabic Studies in Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|date=5 October 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-33737-5|page=188}} Note 28: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism is unknown. However, it probably ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. According to Ottoman records, a total population of 462,465 resided in 1878 in what is today Israel/Palestine. Of this number, 403,795 (87 per cent) were Muslim, 43,659 (10 per cent) were Christian and 15,011 (3 per cent) were Jewish (quoted in Alan Dowty, ''Israel/Palestine'', Cambridge: Polity, 2008, p. 13). See also Mark Tessler, ''A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict'' (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 43 and 124.</ref>

Pre-19th century small-scale [[Repatriation|return migration]] of [[Diaspora Jews]] to the [[Land of Israel]] is characterized as the [[#Pre-Modern Aliyah|Pre-Modern ''Aliyah'']]. Since the birth of [[Zionism]] in the late 19th century, the advocates of ''aliyah'' have striven to facilitate the settlement of [[Jewish refugees]] in [[Ottoman Palestine]], [[Mandatory Palestine]], and the [[sovereign state|sovereign]] State of Israel.

The periodization of historical waves of ''Aliyah'' was first published after the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], which created expectations of the start of a huge wave of immigration dubbed the "Third ''Aliyah''", in contrast to the Biblical "First ''Aliyah''" and "Second ''Aliyah''" "[[Return to Zion|returns to Zion]]" described in [[Ezra–Nehemiah]].{{sfn|Shoham|2013|p=35-37|ps=: "The term Aliya as defining historical periods appeared only when talking about Jewish history on the long-durée, when looking back to thousands of years. In 1914, the Zionist activist Shemaryahu Levin [wrote]: “Now at the time of the Third Aliya we can witness the fulfillment of the vision of the Second Aliya, in the days of Nehemiah.” Levin based this remark on a contemporaneous historiographical convention, according to which Jewish history knew two main aliyot to the Land of Israel in biblical times: “the First Aliya” took place in the time of biblical Zerubavel, after Cyrus’ declaration, while “the Second Aliya” took place in the days of Ezra and Nehemiah, about 80 years later… Levin’s periodization was not circulated in public, including among practical Zionists. It achieved dominance only after the WW I, in a way different from both Levin’s intention and counting...Along with analogies of the Balfour Declaration to Cyrus, 2,500 years earlier, many leaders began to write and talk about the forthcoming immigration as “the Third Aliya”, which would continue the previous two, those that departed from Babylonia to establish the second temple. About two months after the Balfour Declaration, Isaac Nissenbaum from the Mizrachi (Zionist-religious) movement published an optimis- tic article in which he anticipated a Hebrew majority in Palestine soon."}} Over the next two years, discussion in Zionist literature transformed the two prior to refer to the contemporary immigration waves at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th. These periods as per the modern convention were first published in October 1919 by [[Yosef Haim Brenner]].{{sfn|Shoham|2013|p=42|ps=: "The first text in which the periodization as we know it today may be found was an article surveying historical immigrations to and from Palestine, written by the widely recognized writer Y.H. Brenner, and published in October 1919…"}}

In the 1930s and 1940s, Zionist historians began to divide the next periods of immigration to Palestine into different phases, in a form which "created and presumed the unique traits of ''aliyah'' and the Zionist enterprise".{{sfn|Alroey|2015|p=111|ps=: "The declaration by Ruppin, the dean of Jewish sociologists, that one "makes ''aliyah''" to the Land of Israel but "immigrates" to the United States laid the terminological and scholarly foundations for turning immigration to Palestine into a unique variety of Jewish migration. During the 1940s and 1950s, demographers and sociologists, including Jacob Lestschinsky, Arieh Tartakower, David Gurevich, Roberto Bachi, and Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, followed the trail blazed by Ruppin in the 1930s, spinning a Zionist narrative that both created and presumed the unique traits of ''aliyah'' and the Zionist enterprise."}} The currently accepted five-wave periodization was first published in Hebrew by sociologist David Gurevich in his 1944 work ''The Jewish Population of Palestine: Immigration, Demographic Structure and Natural Growth'':<ref name="Alroey 2015">{{harvnb|Alroey|2015|p=114}}: "In his work, Gurevich divided the immigration to Palestine into five separate waves, although he was not the first to do so. He dated the First ''Aliyah'' to 1881–1903 and the Second ''Aliyah'' to 1904–1914, a periodization that became accepted in the historiography of the Yishuv; few questioned it. Although, as a demographer and statistician, Gurevich had the tools to examine aliyah to Palestine as immigration and to focus on the majority of those who entered the country, he chose to highlight the ideologically-inclined minority who were unrepresentative of the immigrants as a whole."</ref> the [[First Aliyah]] and the [[Second Aliyah]] to Ottoman Palestine, followed by the [[Third Aliyah|Third]], [[Fourth Aliyah|Fourth]], and [[Fifth Aliyah]] to Mandatory Palestine.<ref name="Alroey 2015"/> Following Ruppin and Jacob Lestschinsky before him, Gurevich's use of the term Aliyah emphasized the ideological element of the immigration,{{sfn|Alroey|2015|p=113|ps=: "Gurevich's 1944 book The Jewish Population of Palestine: Immigration, Demographic Structure and Natural Growth (in Hebrew) examined immigration to Palestine from a local and Zionist standpoint. Like Ruppin and Lestschinsky, Gurevich stressed the magnetic pull of the country and especially Zionist ideology as the main factors motivating immigration to Palestine in the years 1881 to 1914. He described the First Aliyah as the aliyah of the Bilu'im and saw the pioneering agricultural workers of the Second Aliyah as representative of that aliyah as a whole, because they left their mark on the Yishuv at the beginning of the twentieth century."}} despite the fact that such a motivation was not representative of the immigrants as a whole.<ref name="Alroey 2015"/>

Subsequently, named periods include [[Aliyah Bet]] (immigration done in spite of restrictive Mandatory law) between 1934 and 1948 and the [[Bricha]] of the [[Holocaust survivors]]; the [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|aliyah from elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa]] as well as the aliyah from [[western world|Western]] and [[Communist countries]] following the [[Six-Day War]] with the [[1968 Polish political crisis]], as well as the [[1990s Post-Soviet aliyah|aliyah from post-Soviet states]] in the 1990s. Today, most aliyah consists of voluntary migration for ideological, economic, or [[family reunification]] purposes. Because Jewish lineage can provide a right to Israeli citizenship, ''aliyah'' (returning to Israel) has both a secular and a religious significance.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The first modern period of immigration to receive a number in common speech was the Third Aliyah, which in the [[World War I|World War I]] period was referred to as the successor to the First and Second Aliyot from Babylonia in the Biblical period. Reference to earlier modern periods as the First and Second Aliyot appeared first in 1919 and took a while to catch on.<ref name=Shoham>{{cite journal | author = Hizky Shoham | title = From "Great History" to "Small History": The Genesis of the Zionist Periodization | year = 2012 | journal = Israel Studies | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–55 | doi=10.2979/israelstudies.18.1.31| s2cid = 144978084 | issn=1084-9513}}</ref>

===Ottoman Palestine (1881–1914)===
The pronounced persecution of [[Russian Jews]] between 1881 and 1910 led to a large wave of emigration.<ref name="Motta-2020">{{Cite book |last=Motta |first=Giuseppe |year=2020 |chapter=Charity in Time of War. The JOINT Distribution Committee in Russia in the Context of Humanitarian Internationalism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEkUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 |editor1=Aleksandar Rastović |editor2=Andrea Carteny |editor3=Biljana Vučetić |title=War, Peace and Nation-building (1853-1918) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEkUEAAAQBAJ |series=Collection of Works/The Institute of History Belgrade 43 |location=Belgrade |publisher=The [[Institute of History Belgrade|Institute of History]] Belgrade with [[Sapienza University of Rome]] |pages=269–283 [271] |isbn=978-86-7743-140-2 |access-date= 23 February 2021}}</ref> Since only a small portion of East European Jews had adopted Zionism by then, between 1881 and 1914 only 30–40,000 emigrants went to [[Ottoman Palestine]], while over one and a half million Russian Jews and 300,000 from [[Austria-Hungary]] reached Northern America.<ref name="Motta-2020"/>

====First Aliyah (1882–1903)====
{{Main|First Aliyah}}

Between 1882 and 1903, approximately 35,000 Jews immigrated to the [[Ottoman Palestine]], joining the pre-existing Jewish population which in 1880 numbered 20,000-25,000. The Jews immigrating arrived in groups that had been assembled, or recruited. Most of these groups had been arranged in the areas of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in the 1880s. The migration of Jews from Russia correlates with the end of the Russian pogroms, with about 3 percent of Jews emigrating from Europe to Palestine. The groups who arrived in Palestine around this time were called ''Hibbat Tsiyon'', which is a Hebrew word meaning "fondness for Zion." They were also called ''Hovevei Tsiyon'' or "enthusiasts for Zion" by the members of the groups themselves. While these groups expressed interest and "fondness" for Palestine, they were not strong enough in number to encompass an entire mass movement as would appear later on in other waves of migration.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlQTnwEACAAJ|title=Zionism|last=Engel|first=David|date=2013-09-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-86548-3|pages=32–35|language=en}}</ref> The majority, belonging to the [[Hovevei Zion]] and [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]] movements, came from the [[Russian Empire]] with a smaller number arriving from [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]]. Many established agricultural communities. Among the towns that these individuals established are [[Petah Tikva]] (already in 1878), [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Rosh Pinna]], and [[Zikhron Ya'akov]]. In 1882 the [[Temani|Yemenite Jews]] settled in the Arab village of [[Silwan]] located south-east of the walls of the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]] on the slopes of the [[Mount of Olives]].<ref name="The Real Israel Aliyah2">{{cite web|url=http://realaliyah.tripod.com/|title=The Real Aliyah|last=M.|first=Akiva|access-date=9 October 2012|archive-date=4 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004100815/http://realaliyah.tripod.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|Kurdish Jews]] settled in Jerusalem starting around 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-kurdish-jews-made-their-way-to-jerusalem-shocked-herzl-began-to-thrive/|title=How Kurdish Jews made their way to Jerusalem, shocked Herzl, began to thrive|website=The Times of Israel|date=11 July 2020 |access-date=2021-01-14|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215062344/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-kurdish-jews-made-their-way-to-jerusalem-shocked-herzl-began-to-thrive/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Second Aliyah (1904–1914)====
{{Main|Second Aliyah}}
Between 1904 and 1914, 35,000–40,000 Jews immigrated to Ottoman Palestine. The vast majority came from the [[Russian Empire]], in particular from the [[Pale of Settlement]] in Eastern Europe. Jews from other countries in Eastern Europe such as [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]] also joined. Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe was largely due to [[pogrom]]s and outbreaks of [[antisemitism]] there. However, [[Mountain Jews]] from the [[Caucasus]] and Jews from other countries including [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]], [[Qajar Iran|Iran]], and [[Argentina]] also arrived at this time. The Eastern European Jewish immigrants of this period, greatly influenced by [[Socialism|socialist]] ideals, established the first [[kibbutz]], [[Degania Alef]], in 1909 and formed self-defense organizations, such as [[Hashomer]], to counter increasing [[Arab]] hostility and to help Jews to protect their communities from Arab marauders.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrhMbqSA95wC&q=second+aliyah+arab+marauders&pg=PA17 |title=The Origins of Israel, 1882–1948: A Documentary History, eds. Eran Kaplan, Derek J. Penslar |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |date=December 2011|isbn=978-0-299-28493-0 |access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> Ahuzat Bayit, a new suburb of [[Jaffa, Israel|Jaffa]] established in 1909, eventually grew to become the city of [[Tel Aviv]]. During this period, some of the underpinnings of an independent nation-state arose: [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], the ancient national language, was [[Revival of the Hebrew language|revived]] as a spoken language; newspapers and literature written in Hebrew were published; political parties and workers organizations were established. The [[World War I|First World War]] effectively ended the period of the Second Aliyah. It is estimated that over half of those who arrived during this period ended up leaving; [[David Ben Gurion|Ben Gurion]] stated that nine out of ten left.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018–2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion''. Apollo. {{ISBN|978-1-78954-463-3}}. p.61</ref>

===British Palestine (1919–1948)===
====Third Aliyah (1919–1923)====
{{Main|Third Aliyah}}
[[File:Hachshara.JPG|thumb|[[Abba Hushi]] during his [[Hakhshara|Hachshara]], circa 1920]]
Between 1919 and 1923, 40,000 Jews, mainly from [[Eastern Europe]], arrived in the wake of [[World War I]]. The [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|British occupation of Palestine]] and the establishment of the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] created the conditions for the implementation of the promises contained in the [[Balfour Declaration]]. Many of the Jewish immigrants were ideologically driven pioneers, known as ''[[HeHalutz|halutzim]]'', trained in agriculture and capable of establishing self-sustaining economies. In spite of immigration quotas established by the British administration, the Jewish population reached 90,000 by the end of this period. The [[Jezreel Valley]] and the Hefer Plain marshes were drained and converted to agricultural use. Additional national institutions arose such as the [[Histadrut]] (General Labor Federation); an elected assembly; national council; and the [[Haganah]], a Zionist paramilitary organization.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

====Fourth Aliyah (1924–1929)====
{{main|Fourth Aliyah}}

Between 1924 and 1929, 82,000 Jews arrived, many as a result of increasing [[anti-Semitism]] in [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and throughout Europe. The vast majority of Jewish immigrants arrived from Europe mostly from Poland, the [[Soviet Union]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], and [[Lithuania]], but about 12% came from Asia, mostly [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]] and [[Mandatory Iraq|Iraq]]. The [[Emergency Quota Act|immigration quotas]] of the [[United States]] kept Jews out. This group contained many middle-class families that moved to the growing towns, establishing small businesses, and light industry. Of these approximately 23,000 left the country.<ref name="Moving to Israel?">{{cite web|url=http://www.jr.co.il/aliyah/|title=Moving to Israel?|date=2008-08-02|work=Jacob Richman|publisher=jr.com|access-date=2005-10-06|archive-date=2005-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920122338/http://www.jr.co.il/aliyah/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Fifth Aliyah (1929–1939)====
{{main|Fifth Aliyah}}

Between 1929 and 1939, with the rise of [[Nazism]] in [[Germany]], a new wave of 250,000 immigrants arrived; the majority of these, 174,000, arrived between 1933 and 1936, after which increasing restrictions on immigration by the British made immigration clandestine and illegal, called ''Aliyah Bet''. The Fifth Aliyah was again driven almost entirely from Europe, mostly from [[Central Europe]] (particularly from [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], Germany, [[Austria]], and [[Czechoslovakia]]), but also from [[Greece]]. Some Jewish immigrants also came from other countries such as [[Turkey]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]], and [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]]. The Fifth Aliyah contained large numbers of professionals, doctors, lawyers, and professors, from Germany. Refugee architects and musicians introduced the [[Bauhaus]] style (the [[White City of Tel Aviv]] has the highest concentration of [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] architecture in the world with a strong element of Bauhaus) and founded the [[Palestine Philharmonic Orchestra]]. With the completion of the port at [[Haifa]] and its [[oil refineries]], significant industry was added to the predominantly agricultural economy. The Jewish population reached 450,000 by 1940.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

At the same time, tensions between Arabs and Jews grew during this period, leading to a series of [[1929 Palestine riots|Arab riots against the Jews in 1929]] that left many dead and resulted in the depopulation of the Jewish community in [[Hebron]]. This was followed by more violence during the "[[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|Great Uprising]]" of 1936–1939. In response to the ever-increasing tension between the Arabic and Jewish communities married with the various commitments the British faced at the dawn of [[World War II|World War II]], the British issued the [[White Paper of 1939]], which severely restricted Jewish immigration to 75,000 people for five years. This served to create a ''relatively'' peaceful eight years in Palestine while the Holocaust unfolded in Europe.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Shortly after their rise to power, the Nazis negotiated the [[Ha'avara Agreement|Ha'avara or "Transfer" Agreement]] with the Jewish Agency under which 50,000 German Jews and $100 million worth of their assets would be moved to Palestine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transferagreement.com/ |title=Transfer Agreement |publisher=Transfer Agreement |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514051454/http://www.transferagreement.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="170">
File:Survey of Palestine Page 186.jpg|Survey of Palestine, showing place of origin of immigrants between 1922 and 1944
File:Palestine immigrant certificate.jpg|Certificate issued by the [[Jewish Agency]] in Warsaw, Poland, for immigrant to [[Mandatory Palestine]], September 1935
</gallery>

====Aliyah Bet: Illegal immigration (1933–1948)====
{{Main|Aliyah Bet}}
{{Stack|[[File:19450715 Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa.jpg|thumb|[[Buchenwald]] survivors arrive in [[Haifa]] to be arrested by the British, July 15, 1945]]}}

The British government limited Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine with quotas, and following the rise of [[Nazism]] to power in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], illegal immigration to [[Mandatory Palestine]] commenced.<ref>Yoav Gelber, "The Historical Role of Central European Immigration to Israel", ''Leo Baeck Institute Year Book'' 38 (1993), p. 326 n. 6.</ref> The illegal immigration was known as ''Aliyah Bet'' ("secondary immigration"), or ''Ha'apalah'', and was organized by the [[Mossad Le'aliyah Bet]], as well as by the [[Irgun]]. Immigration was done mainly by sea, and to a lesser extent overland through [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] and [[First Syrian Republic|Syria]]. During [[World War II]] and the years that followed until independence, ''Aliyah Bet'' became the main form of Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Following the war, [[Bricha]] ("escape"), an organization of former [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|partisans]] and [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising|ghetto fighters]] was primarily responsible for smuggling Jews from Eastern Europe through Poland. In 1946 Poland was the only [[Eastern Bloc]] country to allow free Jewish aliyah to [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] without visas or exit permits.<ref name="DH70">{{cite book |last=Hakohen |first=Devorah |chapter=Immigration from Poland |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&q=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70 |title=Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2003 |page=70 |isbn=978-0-8156-2969-6}}</ref> By contrast, Stalin [[Operation Keelhaul|forcibly brought Soviet Jews back who lived in occupied or soviet territory to USSR]], as agreed by the Allies during the [[Yalta Conference]].<ref name="Kochavi-15">{{Cite book |last=Kochavi |first=Arieh J. |url=http://archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch |title=Post-Holocaust politics : Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945-1948 |date=2001 |publisher=Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8078-2620-1}}</ref> The refugees were sent to the Italian ports from which they traveled to Mandatory Palestine. More than 4,500 survivors left the French port of [[Sète]] aboard ''President Warfield'' (renamed ''Exodus''). The British turned them back to France from [[Haifa]], and forced them ashore in [[Hamburg]]. Despite British efforts to curb the illegal immigration, during the 14 years of its operation, 110,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine. In 1945 reports of [[the Holocaust]] with its 6 million Jewish killed, caused many Jews in Palestine to turn openly against the British Mandate, and illegal immigration escalated rapidly as many Holocaust survivors joined the aliyah.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

===Early statehood (1948–1960)===
{{see also|Bricha}}
{{Clear|right}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right:20px; font-size: 86%;"
! colspan="8" |Immigration to Israel in the years following the May 1948 [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hacohen |first=Dvora |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&pg=PA267 |title=Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8156-2969-6 |chapter=Aliyah to Israel by Country of Origin and Year of Aliyah, 14 May 1948-31 December 1953 |author-link=Dvora Hacohen |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!
! 1948
! 1949
! 1950
! 1951
! 1952
! 1953
! 1948-53
|-
| '''Eastern Europe'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Romania||17678||13595||47041||40625||3712||61||122712
|-
| Poland||28788||47331||25071||2529||264||225||104208
|-
| Bulgaria||15091||20008||1000||1142||461||359||38061
|-
| Czechoslovakia||2115||15685||263||150||24||10||18247
|-
| Hungary||3463||6842||2302||1022||133||224||13986
|-
| Soviet Union||1175||3230||2618||689||198||216||8126
|-
| Yugoslavia||4126||2470||427||572||88||14||7697
|-
| '''Total'''||'''72436'''||'''109161'''||'''78722'''||'''46729'''||'''4880'''||'''1109'''||'''313037'''
|-
| '''Other Europe'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Germany||1422||5329||1439||662||142||100||9094
|-
| France||640||1653||1165||548||227||117||4350
|-
| Austria||395||1618||746||233||76||45||3113
|-
| United Kingdom||501||756||581||302||233||140||2513
|-
| Greece||175||1364||343||122||46||71||2121
|-
| Italy||530||501||242||142||95||37||1547
|-
| Netherlands||188||367||265||282||112||95||1309
|-
| Belgium||-||615||297||196||51||44||1203
|-
| '''Total'''||'''3851'''||'''12203'''||'''5078'''||'''2487'''||'''982'''||'''649'''||'''25250'''
|-
| '''Asia'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Iraq||15||1708||31627||88161||868||375||122754
|-
| Yemen||270||35422||9203||588||89||26||45598
|-
| Turkey||4362||26295||2323||1228||271||220||34699
|-
| Iran||43||1778||11935||11048||4856||1096||30756
|-
| Aden||-||2636||190||328||35||58||3247
|-
| India||12||856||1105||364||49||650||3036
|-
| China||-||644||1207||316||85||160||2412
|-
| Other||-||1966||931||634||230||197||3958
|-
| '''Total'''||'''4702'''||'''71305'''||'''58521'''||'''102667'''||'''6483'''||'''2782'''||'''246460'''
|-
| '''Africa'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Tunisia||6821||17353||3725||3414||2548||606||34467
|-
| Libya||1064||14352||8818||6534||1146||224||32138
|-
| Morocco||-||-||4980||7770||5031||2990||20771
|-
| Egypt||-||7268||7154||2086||1251||1041||18800
|-
| Algeria||-||-||506||272||92||84||954
|-
| South Africa||178||217||154||35||11||33||628
|-
| Other||-||382||5||6||3||9||405
|-
| '''Total'''||'''8063'''||'''39572'''||'''25342'''||'''20117'''||'''10082'''||'''4987'''||'''108163'''
|-
| ||||||||||||||
|-
| Unknown||13827||10942||1742||1901||948||820||30180
|-
| ||||||||||||||
|-
| '''All countries'''||'''102879'''||'''243183'''||'''169405'''||'''173901'''||'''23375'''||'''10347'''||'''723090'''
|}

After Aliyah Bet, the process of numbering or naming individual aliyot ceased, but immigration did not. A major wave of Jewish immigration, mainly from post-Holocaust Europe and the Arab and Muslim world took place from 1948 to 1951. In three and a half years, the Jewish population of Israel, which was 650,000 at the state's founding, was more than doubled by an influx of about 688,000 immigrants.<ref name=jafi>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.jewishagency.org/society-and-politics/content/36566|title=The Mass Migration of the 1950s|date=April 27, 2015|website=The Jewish Agency|access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=February 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206064045/http://archive.jewishagency.org/society-and-politics/content/36566|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1949, the largest-ever number of Jewish immigrants in a single year—249,954—arrived in Israel.<ref name="Branovsky-2008"/> This period of immigration is often termed ''kibbutz galuyot'' (literally, ingathering of exiles), due to the large number of Jewish [[diaspora]] communities that made aliyah. However, ''kibbutz galuyot'' can also refer to aliyah in general.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

At the beginning of the immigration wave, most of the immigrants to reach Israel were Holocaust survivors from Europe, including many from [[Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe|displaced persons camp]]s in [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]], [[Allied-occupied Austria|Austria]], and [[Italy]], and from [[Cyprus internment camps|British detention camps]] on [[British Cyprus|Cyprus]]. Large sections of shattered Jewish communities throughout Europe, such as those from [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] and [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] also immigrated to Israel, with some communities, such as those from [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], being almost entirely transferred. At the same time, the number of Jewish immigrants from Arab countries greatly increased. Special operations were undertaken to evacuate Jewish communities perceived to be in serious danger to Israel, such as [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]], which evacuated almost the entire Jewish population of [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]], and [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]], which airlifted most of the Jews of [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] to Israel.<ref name=jafi/> Egyptian Jews were smuggled to Israel in Operation Goshen. Nearly the entire Jewish population of [[Libya]] left for Israel around this time, and clandestine aliyah from [[Syria]] took place, as the Syrian government prohibited Jewish emigration, in a process that was to last decades. Israel also saw significant immigration of Jews from non-Arab Muslim countries such as [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] in this period.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

This resulted in a period of [[Austerity in Israel|austerity]]. To ensure that Israel, which at that time had a small economy and scant foreign currency reserves, could provide for the immigrants, a strict regime of rationing was put in place. Measures were enacted to ensure that all Israeli citizens had access to adequate food, housing, and clothing. Austerity was very restrictive until 1953; the previous year, Israel had signed a [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations agreement]] with [[West Germany]], in which the West German government would pay Israel as compensation for the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], due to Israel's taking in a large number of Holocaust survivors. The resulting influx of foreign capital boosted the Israeli economy and allowed for the relaxing of most restrictions. The remaining austerity measures were gradually phased out throughout the following years.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

When new immigrants arrived in Israel, they were sprayed with [[DDT]], underwent a medical examination, were inoculated against diseases, and were given food. The earliest immigrants received desirable homes in established urban areas, but most of the immigrants were then sent to transit camps, known initially as [[Immigrant camps (Israel)|immigrant camps]], and later as ''[[Ma'abarot]]''. Many were also initially housed in reception centers in military barracks. By the end of 1950, some 93,000 immigrants were housed in 62 transit camps. The Israeli government's goal was to get the immigrants out of refugee housing and into society as speedily as possible. Immigrants who left the camps received a ration card, an identity card, a mattress, a pair of blankets, and $21 to $36 in cash. They settled either in established cities and towns, or in [[kibbutz]]im and [[moshav]]im.<ref name=jafi/><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o-xQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mNAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6814,1593043 Israel Hard Pressed to Handle Immigration Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222174055/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o-xQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mNAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6814,1593043 |date=2015-12-22 }} - The Portsmouth Times. 27 April 1949</ref> Many others stayed in the ''Ma'abarot'' as they were gradually turned into permanent cities and towns, which became known as [[development town]]s, or were absorbed as neighborhoods of the towns they were attached to, and the tin dwellings were replaced with permanent housing.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In the early 1950s, the immigration wave subsided, and emigration increased; ultimately, some 10% of the immigrants would leave Israel for other countries in the following years. In 1953, immigration to Israel averaged 1,200 a month, while emigration averaged 700 a month. The end of the period of mass immigration gave Israel a critical opportunity to more rapidly absorb the immigrants still living in transit camps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1902&dat=19530710&id=Z1cfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5264,2105913|title=The Canadian Jewish Review - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=2020-10-14|archive-date=2022-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180229/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1902&dat=19530710&id=Z1cfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5264,2105913|url-status=live}}</ref> The Israeli government built 260 new settlements and 78,000 housing units to accommodate the immigrants, and by the mid-1950s, almost all were in permanent housing.<ref name=mfa>[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2002/Pages/Aliyah.aspx Aliyah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013301/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2002/Pages/Aliyah.aspx |date=2014-02-22 }} - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> The last ''ma'abarot'' closed in 1963.

In the mid-1950s, a smaller wave of immigration began from North African countries such as [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[French Algeria|Algeria]], and [[Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)|Egypt]], many of which were in the midst of nationalist struggles. Between 1952 and 1964, some 240,000 North African Jews came to Israel. During this period, smaller but significant numbers arrived from other places such as Europe, Iran, [[Indian Jews in Israel|India]], and [[Latin America]].<ref name=mfa/> In particular, a small immigration wave from then [[Polish People's Republic|communist Poland]], known as the "[[Gomulka Aliyah]]", took place during this period. From 1956 to 1960, Poland permitted free Jewish emigration, and some 50,000 Polish Jews immigrated to Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-poles-apart-no-longer-1.5232179|title=Tribute to an Aliyah Like No Other|first=Aviva|last=Lori|date=March 3, 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203020634/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-poles-apart-no-longer-1.5232179|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the founding of the State of Israel, the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]] was mandated as the organization responsible for aliyah in the diaspora.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://knesset.gov.il/allsite/QGenTxt_eng.asp |title=Knesset Rules of Procedure - PART A (2) |publisher=Knesset.gov.il |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719044937/http://knesset.gov.il/allsite/QGenTxt_eng.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

===From Arab countries===
{{Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries}}
{{Main|Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries}}
{{See also|Iraqi Jews in Israel|Moroccan Jews in Israel|Yemenite Jews in Israel}}

From 1948 until the early 1970s, around 900,000 Jews from Arab lands left, fled, or were expelled from various Arab nations, of which an estimated 650,000 settled in Israel.{{sfn|Beker|2005|p=4}} In the course of [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]] (1949–1950), nearly the entire community of [[Yemenite Jews]] (about 49,000) immigrated to Israel. Its other name, Operation On Wings of Eagles (Hebrew: כנפי נשרים, Kanfei Nesharim), was inspired by

<blockquote>Exodus 19:4: "Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=220736 |title=MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Exodus 19:4: Retrieved 23 June 2012 |publisher=Quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2012-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106002919/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=220736 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

and

<blockquote>Isaiah 40:31: "But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=2594466 |title=MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Isaiah 40:31: Retrieved 23 June 2012 |publisher=Quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127171900/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=2594466 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Some 120,000 [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraqi Jews]] were airlifted to Israel in [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]].

===From Iran===
{{See also|Iranian Jews in Israel}}

Following the establishment of Israel, about one-third of [[Persian Jews|Iranian Jews]], most of them poor, immigrated to Israel, and immigration from Iran continued throughout the following decades. An estimated 70,000 Iranian Jews immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1978. Following the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] in 1979, most of the Iranian Jewish community left, with some 20,000 Iranian Jews immigrating to Israel. Many Iranian Jews also settled in the United States (especially in [[New York City]] and [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]).<ref name="littman3">Littman (1979), p. 5.</ref>

===From Ethiopia===
{{Main|Aliyah from Ethiopia}}
{{See also|Ethiopian Jews in Israel}}

The first major wave of aliyah from Ethiopia took place in the mid-1970s. The massive airlift known as [[Operation Moses]] began to bring [[Ethiopian Jews]] to Israel on November 18, 1984, and ended on January 5, 1985. During those six weeks, some 6,500–8,000 Ethiopian Jews were flown from [[Sudan]] to Israel. An estimated 2,000–4,000 Jews died en route to Sudan or in Sudanese refugee camps. In 1991 [[Operation Solomon]] was launched to bring the [[Beta Israel]] Jews of [[Ethiopia]]. In one day, May 24, 34 aircraft landed at [[Addis Ababa]] and brought 14,325 Jews from Ethiopia to [[Israel]]. Since that time, Ethiopian Jews have continued to immigrate to Israel bringing the number of Ethiopian-Israelis today to over 100,000.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== From Romania ===
{{Main|Jewish emigration from Romania}}
After the war, Romania had second-largest Jewish population in Europe, of around 350,000 or higher. In 1949, 118,939 Romanian Jews had immigrated to Israel since the war ended.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309414871|title=Alyiah of Romanian Jews – socio-statistical facts (historical approach)|first=Adina|last=Babeș|newspaper=[[Sfera Politicii]]|volume=22|issue=180–181|pages=247–254|year=2014}}</ref>

Romanian Jews were, under their own will, "sold" or "exchanged" to Israel in the 1950s with the help of the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]] for about 8,000 [[Romanian leu|lei]] (about 420 [[American dollar|dollars]]). The price of these Jews usually varied according to their "worth". This practice continued at a slower pace from 1965 under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], a Romanian communist leader. During the 1950s, [[West Germany]] had been also paying Romania an amount of money in exchange for some [[Germans of Romania]], and, just like the Jews (both of which were regarded as "co-nationals"), their price was "calculated". Ceaușescu, happy with these policies, even declared that "[[oil]], Germans, and Jews are our most important export commodities".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/people-have-been-used-as-bargaining-chips-before-by-romanias-nicolae-ceau-escu-73141|title=People have been used as bargaining chips before – by Romania's Nicolae Ceaușescu|first=James|last=Koranyi|newspaper=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

Israeli government paid to facilitate aliyah, and around 235,000 people emigrated from Romania to Israel under this agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gasparini |first1=Amedeo |title="Our most important export commodities": independence, money, and ethnic purity in the Jewry policy during the Ceaușescu years |journal=Journal of Modern Jewish Studies |date=24 May 2023 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=267–275 |doi=10.1080/14725886.2023.2212283 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725886.2023.2212283 |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=en |issn=1472-5886|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When Romania was under control of [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], he received 10 million dollars per year, and only he had the access to the money transferred to the secret account. Israel also bought Romanian goods and invested into Romania's economy. After his death, Ceauşescu practically sold the Jews to Israel, and received between 4,000 and $6,000 per person.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petrescu |first1=Dragoq |title=The Ransom of the Jews: The Story of the Extraordinary Secret Bargain Between Romania and Israel (review) |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |date=2008 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.1162/jcws.2008.10.1.127 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/6/article/231590/summary |access-date=15 January 2024 |issn=1531-3298|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Israel could have transferred nearly 60 million dollars for the aliyah.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melman |first1=Yossi |last2=Raviv |first2=Dan |title=BUYING ROMANIA'S JEWS |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1990/01/14/buying-romanias-jews/6b7fe6eb-7fd6-4d0a-9264-92f008926cd9/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=15 January 2024 |date=14 January 1990}}</ref> Another estimation is higher - according to [[Radu Ioanid]], "Ceausescu sold 40,577 Jews to Israel for $112,498,800, at a price of $2,500 and later at $3,300 per head."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beckerman |first1=Gal |title=The Cold War's Strangest Bedfellows How Romania Sold Its Jews to Israel, and What It Got in Return |url=https://forward.com/culture/2923/the-cold-war-e2-80-99s-strangest-bedfellows-how-romania/?amp=1 |website=The Forward |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=en |date=11 February 2005}}</ref>

===From the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states===
{{Main|1970s Soviet Union aliyah|1990s post-Soviet aliyah|Jackson–Vanik amendment}}
{{See also|Russian Jews in Israel|Georgian Jews in Israel}}

[[File:Immigration to Israel.webp|thumb|{{center|'''Immigration to Israel'''}}
{{legend|#3981C6|Total Immigrants|outline=#D5D5D5}}
{{legend|#D9544D|Immigrants from the [[USSR]] and [[Post-Soviet states]]|outline=#FFD900}}
]]
[[File:19730110 Soviet refuseniks demonstrate at MVD.jpg|thumb|upright|Soviet authorities break up a demonstration of Jewish [[Refusenik (Soviet Union)|refuseniks]] in front of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the right to immigrate to Israel, January 10, 1973<ref name="Aliyah">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/10/Aliyah |title=Aliyah |date=2008-08-02 |work=mfa |publisher=mfa.gov.il |access-date=2008-08-10 |archive-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218143631/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/10/Aliyah |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. The only acceptable ground was family reunification, and a formal petition ("вызов", ''vyzov'') from a relative from abroad was required for the processing to begin. Often, the result was a [[refusenik (Soviet Union)|formal refusal]]. The risks to apply for an exit visa compounded because the entire family had to quit their jobs, which in turn would make them vulnerable to charges of [[Parasitism (social offense)|social parasitism]], a criminal offense. Because of these hardships, Israel set up the group [[Lishkat Hakesher]] in the early 1950s to maintain contact and promote aliyah with Jews behind the [[Iron Curtain]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

From [[Israel]]'s establishment in 1948 to the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Soviet aliyah remained minimal. Those who made aliyah during this period were mainly elderly people granted clearance to leave for family reunification purposes. Only about 22,000 Soviet Jews managed to reach Israel. In the wake of the Six-Day War, the USSR broke off the diplomatic relations with the Jewish state. An [[Anti-Zionism|Anti-Zionist]] propaganda campaign in the state-controlled [[mass media]] and the rise of [[Zionology]] were accompanied by harsher discrimination of the Soviet Jews. By the end of the 1960s, Jewish cultural and religious life in the Soviet Union had become practically impossible, and the majority of Soviet Jews were [[cultural assimilation|assimilated]] and [[atheist|non-religious]], but this new wave of state-sponsored [[anti-Semitism]] on one hand, and the sense of pride for victorious Jewish nation over Soviet-armed Arab armies on the other, stirred up [[Zionism|Zionist]] feelings.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

After the [[Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair]] and the crackdown that followed, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960–1970, the USSR let only 4,000 people leave; in the following decade, the number rose to 250,000.<ref name="Alexeyeva-1992"/> The exodus of Soviet Jews began in 1968.<ref name="Lazin-2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.cis.org/RefugeeResettlement-SovietJewry |title=Refugee Resettlement and 'Freedom of Choice': The Case of Soviet Jewry |last=Lazin |first=Fred A. |date=July 2005 |publisher=Center for Immigration Studies |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622163351/http://cis.org/RefugeeResettlement-SovietJewry |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:right;"
! Year
! Exit visas to Israel
! Immigrants from the USSR<ref name="Alexeyeva-1992">{{cite book |script-title=ru:История инакомыслия в СССР |last=Alexeyeva |first=Lyudmila |author-link=Lyudmila Alexeyeva |year=1992 |publisher=Vest' |location=Vilnius |language=ru |trans-title=The History of Dissident Movement in the USSR |oclc=489831449 |access-date=October 7, 2012 |url=http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/alexeewa/ |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309152800/http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/alexeewa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1968 || 231 || 231
|-
|1969 || 3,033 || 3,033
|-
|1970 || 999 || 999
|-
|1971 || 12,897 || 12,893
|-
|1972 || 31,903 || 31,652
|-
|1973 || 34,733 || 33,277
|-
|1974 || 20,767 || 16,888
|-
|1975 || 13,363 || 8,435
|-
|1976 || 14,254 || 7,250
|-
|1977 || 16,833 || 8,350
|-
|1978 || 28,956 || 12,090
|-
|1979 || 51,331 || 17,278
|-
|1980 || 21,648 || 7,570
|-
|1981 || 9,448 || 1,762
|-
|1982 || 2,692 || 731
|-
|1983 || 1,314 || 861
|-
|1984 || 896 || 340
|-
|1985 || 1,140 || 348
|-
|1986 || 904 || 201
|}

Between 1968 and 1973, almost all Soviet Jews allowed to leave settled in Israel, and only a small minority moved to other Western countries. However, in the following years, the number of those moving to other Western nations increased.<ref name="Lazin-2005"/> Soviet Jews granted permission to leave were taken by train to [[Austria]] to be processed and then flown to Israel. There, the ones who chose not to go to Israel, called "dropouts", exchanged their immigrant invitations to Israel for refugee status in a Western country, especially the United States. Eventually, most Soviet Jews granted permission to leave became dropouts. Overall, between 1970 and 1988, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas, of whom 165,000 moved to Israel and 126,000 moved to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924 |title=Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation |access-date=2021-01-16 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105203728/http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989 a record 71,000 Soviet Jews were granted exodus from the USSR, of whom only 12,117 immigrated to Israel.

In 1989 the United States changed its immigration policy of unconditionally granting Soviet Jews refugee status. That same year, Soviet Premier [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] ended restrictions on Jewish immigration, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991. Since then, about a million people from the former Soviet Union immigrated to Israel,<ref>{{cite news |title=After 20 years, why has Russian immigration to Israel stagnated? |first=Tracy |last=Levy |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/after-20-years-why-has-russian-immigration-to-israel-stagnated-1.8125 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822051153/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/after-20-years-why-has-russian-immigration-to-israel-stagnated-1.8125 |url-status=live }}</ref> including approximately 240,000 who were not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the [[Law of Return]].

The number of immigrants counted as halachically non-Jewish from the former USSR has been constantly rising ever since 1989. For example, in 1990 around 96% of the immigrants were halachically Jewish and only 4% were non-Jewish family members. However, in 2000, the proportion was: Jews (includes children from non-Jewish father and Jewish mother) - 47%, Non-Jewish spouses of Jews - 14%, children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother - 17%, Non-Jewish spouses of children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother - 6%, non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent - 14% & Non-Jewish spouses of non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent - 2%.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHOwFJ20p2kC&pg=PA101 |title=Jewish Intermarriage Around the World - Shulamit Reinharz, Sergio Della Pergola |date=2011-12-31 |isbn=978-1-4128-1544-4 |access-date=2013-04-29|last1=Reinharz |first1=Shulamit |last2=Dellapergola |first2=Sergio |publisher=Transaction Publishers }}</ref>

Following the beginning of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], [[Ukrainian Jews]] making aliyah from Ukraine reached 142% higher during the first four months of 2014 compared to the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/19-ukrainian-jews-make-aliyah-to-flee-growing-unrest/ | title=Ukrainian Jews immigrate to Israel amid growing unrest | website=[[The Times of Israel]] | date=May 4, 2014 | access-date=12 May 2014 | archive-date=21 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421090547/http://www.timesofisrael.com/19-ukrainian-jews-make-aliyah-to-flee-growing-unrest/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/23227/ukrainian-aliyah-to-israel-up-significantly/ |title=Ukrainian Aliyah to Israel Up Significantly |publisher=Shalom Life |date=May 5, 2014 |access-date=15 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122218/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/23227/ukrainian-aliyah-to-israel-up-significantly/ |archive-date=17 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2014, aliyah from the former Soviet Union went up 50% from the previous year with some 11,430 people or approximately 43% of all Jewish immigrants arrived from the former Soviet Union, propelled from the increase from Ukraine with some 5,840 new immigrants have come from Ukraine over the course of the year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jewishagency.org/blog/1/article/31301 | title=Aliyah Hits Ten-Year High: Approximately 26,500 New Immigrants Arrived in Israel in 2014 | publisher=The Jewish Agency | date=Jan 2, 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=2 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702213535/http://www.jewishagency.org/blog/1/article/31301 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189334#.VZDX-_lVhBc | title=Aliyah Figures at Highest in a Decade; France Leads the Way | publisher=Arutz Sheva | date=December 31, 2014 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=1 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601221611/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189334#.VZDX-_lVhBc | url-status=live }}</ref>

The wave of aliyah from Russia since 2014 has been called "Putin's aliyah", "Putin's exodus", and "cheese aliyah" (foreign cheese was one of the first products to disappear from Russian shops because of anti-sanctions imposed by the Russian government).<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Members of the 'Putin Aliyah' Are Abandoning Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/members-of-the-putin-aliyah-are-abandoning-israel-1.5460939 |website=Haaretz |access-date=20 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320164055/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/members-of-the-putin-aliyah-are-abandoning-israel-1.5460939 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Putin's Aliyah: Russian Jews leave Israel |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170414-russian-jews-leave-israel/ |website=Middle East Monitor |access-date=20 March 2022 |date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320184612/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170414-russian-jews-leave-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Galily |first1=Lily |title=THE OTHER TRIBE: ISRAEL'S RUSSIANSPEAKING COMMUNITIY AND HOW IT IS CHANGING THE COUNTRY |date=September 2020 |publisher=The Brookings Institution |page=16 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FP_20200921_other_tribe_galili.pdf |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320185235/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FP_20200921_other_tribe_galili.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rudnitsky |first1=Anna |title=On the banks of the Yarkon River lies a little piece of Moscow |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/on-the-banks-of-the-yarkon-river-lies-a-little-piece-of-moscow/ |website=The Times of Israel |date=26 October 2016 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320185234/https://www.timesofisrael.com/on-the-banks-of-the-yarkon-river-lies-a-little-piece-of-moscow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubinets |first1=Elena |title=Russian Composers Abroad: How They Left, Stayed, Returned |date=5 October 2021 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-05779-2 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHBOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22putin%27s+aliyah%22&pg=PA183 |access-date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The number of repatriants in this wave is comparable with that coming from the USSR between 1970 and 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAWire - Putin's exodus: Number of Jews leaving Russia for Israel reaches Soviet levels |url=https://www.uawire.org/putin-s-exodus-number-of-jews-leaving-russia-for-israel-reaches-soviet-levels |website=www.uawire.org |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180230/https://www.uawire.org/putin-s-exodus-number-of-jews-leaving-russia-for-israel-reaches-soviet-levels |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Israel announced "[[Operation Israel Guarantees|Immigrants Come Home]]" operation. As of June 2022, more than 25,000 people arrived in Israel from [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Belarus]] and [[Moldova]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-709274|title=Over 25,000 olim in 'Immigrants Come Home' operation arrived in Israel|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=13 June 2022|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722164833/https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-709274|url-status=live}}</ref>

===From Latin America===
{{Main|Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s}}
{{See also|Argentine Jews in Israel|Uruguayan Jews in Israel|Venezuelan Jews in Israel}}

In [[Argentina]], the [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|political and economic crisis of 1999–2002]] led to a severe banking collapse, resulting in the loss of billions of dollars in deposits and significantly affecting the country's middle class. During this period, most of the estimated 200,000 Jews in Argentina were directly impacted. Approximately 4,400 individuals chose to start anew and immigrate to Israel, where they saw new opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2002-03-10 |title=La comunidad judía argentina, ante un momento difícil |url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-judia-argentina-momento-dificil_0_r1bmO5Sx0Yl.html?srsltid=AfmBOorMLd1TxGTBjoM4M9qeJJjTKtL09t_AUTi0ruT0edOW3OssdFL7 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Prensa Judía |title=Los judíos argentinos son los que más emigran a Israel |url=http://www.prensajudia.com/shop/detallenot.asp?notid=18389 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115062328/http://www.prensajudia.com/shop/detallenot.asp?notid=18389 |archivedate=15 January 2014 |accessdate=13 January 2014 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Since 2000, over 10,000 Argentine Jews have moved to Israel, joining the thousands of Argentine immigrants who had already settled there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judío |first=Enlace |date=2014-07-24 |title="Crisis económica asimilación y Aliá, causas la disminución de la Comunidad judía en Argentina": Daniel Berliner, Director AJN |url=https://www.enlacejudio.com/2014/07/24/crisis-economica-asimilacion-alia-causas-la-disminucion-de-la-comunidad-judia-en-argentina-daniel-berliner-director-ajn/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Enlace Judío |language=es}}</ref>

In [[Uruguay]], the [[History of the Jews in Uruguay|Jewish community]], which had reached its peak in the 1960s, began to decline in the 1970s due to a period of political turmoil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=World Jewish |title=World Jewish Congress, Community in Uruguay |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/UY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302122515/https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/UY |archive-date=2024-03-02 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=World Jewish Congress |language=EN}}</ref> However, by the early 21st century, following an [[2002 Uruguay banking crisis|economic crisis]], a portion of the country's Jewish community chose to make aliyah, with approximately 22,000 members remaining in Uruguay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uruguay's Dwindling Jewish Community Falls Victim to Its Zionist Spirit |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/americas/2019-05-16/ty-article/.premium/uruguays-dwindling-jewish-community-falls-victim-to-its-zionist-spirit/0000017f-e9ac-d639-af7f-e9ff8f3f0000 |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> It continued to be one of the largest Jewish communities on the continent, both in terms of absolute numbers and as a percentage of the total population.<ref>{{Citation |title=World Jewish Population, 2019 |volume=26 |year=2019 |editor-last=Dashefsky |editor-first=Arnold |editor-last2=DellaPergola |editor-first2=Sergio |editor-last3=Sheskin |editor-first3=Ira |url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2019_World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DataBank_Final.pdf |publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank}}</ref>

During 2002 and 2003 the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]] launched an intensive public campaign to promote aliyah from the region, and offered additional economic aid for immigrants from Argentina. Although the [[economy of Argentina]] improved, and some who had immigrated to Israel from Argentina moved back following South American country's economic growth from 2003 onwards, Argentine Jews continue to immigrate to Israel, albeit in smaller numbers than before. The Argentine community in Israel is about 50,000-70,000 people, the largest Latin American group in the country.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In [[Venezuela]], growing [[antisemitism]] in the country, including antisemitic violence, caused an increasing number of Jews to move to Israel during the 2000s. For the first time in Venezuelan history, Jews began leaving for Israel in the hundreds. By November 2010, more than half of Venezuela's 20,000-strong Jewish community had left the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Venezuela, remarks like 'Hitler didn't finish the job' are routine |first1=Natasha |last1=Mozgovaya |first2=Shlomo |last2=Papirblat |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/in-venezuela-remarks-like-hitler-didn-t-finish-the-job-are-routine-1.325667 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010015025/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/in-venezuela-remarks-like-hitler-didn-t-finish-the-job-are-routine-1.325667 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jewish community in Venezuela shrinks by half |first=Gil |last=Shefler |url=https://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=186636 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=4 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904035820/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=186636 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===From France===
{{See also|History of the Jews in France|French Jews in Israel}}{{Jewish outreach}}
From 2000 to 2009, more than 13,000 French Jews immigrated to Israel, largely as a result of [[Anti-Semitism in 21st century France|growing anti-semitism]] in the country. A peak was reached in 2005, with 2,951 immigrants. However, between 20 and 30% eventually returned to France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terredisrael.com/infos/?p=34260 |title=Le chiffre de l'alya des Juifs de France ne décolle pas! |publisher=terredisrael.com |language=fr |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505224110/http://www.terredisrael.com/infos/?p=34260 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

In 2012, some 200,000 French citizens lived in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Podolsky |first=Philip |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/france-draws-up-plans-to-evacuate-200000-franco-israelis-in-case-of-war/ |title=France reportedly draws up plans to evacuate 200,000 Franco-Israelis in case of war |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=2012-08-10 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2019-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529132550/https://www.timesofisrael.com/france-draws-up-plans-to-evacuate-200000-franco-israelis-in-case-of-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the same year, following the election of [[François Hollande]] and the [[Toulouse and Montauban shootings|Jewish school shooting]] in [[Toulouse]], as well as ongoing acts of anti-semitism and the European economic crisis, an increasing number of French Jews began buying property in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is crisis bringing French Jews to Israel? |first=Ofer |last=Petersberg |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4230253,00.html |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526132542/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4230253,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2012, it was reported that anti-semitic attacks had risen by 40% in the five months following the Toulouse shooting, and that many French Jews were seriously considering immigrating to Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=French Anti-Semitic Attacks Up by 40 Percent |url=https://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/August/French-Anti-Semitic-Attacks-Up-by-40-Percent-/ |newspaper=CBN |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101023548/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/August/French-Anti-Semitic-Attacks-Up-by-40-Percent-/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, 3,120 French Jews immigrated to Israel, marking a 63% increase over the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/190040/immigration-to-israel-rises-by--led-by-french/ | title=Immigration to Israel Rises by 7% — Led by French | publisher=Forward | date=December 29, 2013 | access-date=11 March 2014 | archive-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311123530/http://forward.com/articles/190040/immigration-to-israel-rises-by--led-by-french/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In the first two months of 2014, French Jewish aliyah increased precipitously by 312% with 854 French Jews making aliyah over the first two months. Immigration from France throughout 2014 has been attributed to several factors, of which includes increasing antisemitism, in which many Jews have been harassed and attacked by a fusillade of local thugs and gangs, a stagnant European economy and concomitant high youth unemployment rates.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Jewish-Agency-touts-French-aliyah-increase-346962 | title=Jewish Agency touts French aliyah increase | date=2014-03-30 | access-date=5 April 2014 | author=Sam Sokol | archive-date=2014-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405013711/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Jewish-Agency-touts-French-aliyah-increase-346962 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/195508/thousands-attend-paris-aliyah-fair-amid-spate-of-a/ | title=2014 Sees Sharp Rise in French Immigration to Israel | date=31 March 2014 | publisher=The Forward Association, Inc. | access-date=5 April 2014 | archive-date=9 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709053105/http://forward.com/articles/195508/thousands-attend-paris-aliyah-fair-amid-spate-of-a/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179063#.U0BmuEIvla0 | title=312% Rise in French Aliyah in First Months of 2014 | date=30 March 2014 | access-date=5 April 2014 | author=Yaakov Levi | archive-date=4 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404120946/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179063#.U0BmuEIvla0 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Hate fears push French aliyah to new high | date=March 31, 2014 | author=Marcus Dysch}}</ref>

During the first few months of 2014, [[The Jewish Agency]] of Israel continued to encourage an increase of French aliyah through aliyah fairs, Hebrew language courses, sessions which help potential immigrants to find jobs in Israel, and immigrant absorption in Israel.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2014/4/7/french-anti-semitism-and-french-aliyah-skyrocket-on-parallel-tracks#.U0Np10Ivla0 | title=French anti-Semitism and French aliyah skyrocket on parallel tracks | date=April 7, 2014 | access-date=7 April 2014 | author=Josh Hasten | archive-date=8 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231859/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2014/4/7/french-anti-semitism-and-french-aliyah-skyrocket-on-parallel-tracks#.U0Np10Ivla0 | url-status=live }}</ref> A May 2014 survey revealed that 74 percent of French Jews considered leaving France for Israel; of those considering leaving, 29.9 percent cited anti-Semitism. Another 24.4 cited their desire to “preserve their Judaism,” while 12.4 percent said they were attracted by other countries. “Economic considerations” was cited by 7.5 percent of the respondents.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/198445/-of-french-jews-consider-leaving-country/#ixzz32WWy7K3t | title=74% of French Jews Consider Leaving Country | date=19 May 2014 | publisher=Forward | access-date=23 May 2014 | archive-date=22 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522015323/http://forward.com/articles/198445/-of-french-jews-consider-leaving-country/#ixzz32WWy7K3t | url-status=live }}</ref> By June 2014, it was estimated by the end of 2014 a full 1 percent of the French Jewish community will have made aliyah to Israel, the largest in a single year. Many Jewish leaders stated the emigration is being driven by a combination of factors, including the cultural gravitation towards Israel and France's economic woes, especially for the younger generation drawn by the possibility of other socioeconomic opportunities in the more vibrant Israeli economy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182037#.U7UbCUtrRHU | title=Jewish Agency: 'Dramatic' Rise in French, Ukraine Aliyah | publisher=Arutz Sheva | date=2014-06-22 | access-date=3 July 2014 | author=Moshe Cohen | archive-date=2014-07-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702204057/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182037#.U7UbCUtrRHU | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/world/europe/number-of-french-jews-emigrating-to-israel-rises-sharply.html?_r=0 | title=Number of French Jews Emigrating to Israel Rises | work=The New York Times | date=June 20, 2014 | access-date=3 July 2014 | author=Dan Bilefsky | archive-date=2 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702071429/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/world/europe/number-of-french-jews-emigrating-to-israel-rises-sharply.html?_r=0 | url-status=live }}</ref> During the Hebrew year 5774 (September 2013 - September 2014) for the first time ever, more Jews made aliyah from France than any other country, numbering approximately 6,000 and fleeing antisemitism, violence and economic malaise.<ref name="5 year high">{{cite web| date=22 September 2014| first=Gil| last=Ronen| url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/185414#.VCDdCGPX6nY| title=Ahead of New Year, Aliyah Hits 5-Year High| publisher=Israel National News| access-date=22 September 2014| archive-date=23 September 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923002212/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/185414#.VCDdCGPX6nY| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/24800-new-immigrants-arrive-in-Israel-in-5774-376063 24,800 new immigrants arrive in Israel in 5774] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922182006/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/24800-new-immigrants-arrive-in-Israel-in-5774-376063 |date=2014-09-22 }} - Retrieved 22 September 2014</ref>

In January 2015, events such as the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] and [[Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis]] created a shock wave of fear across the French Jewish community. As a result of these events, the Jewish Agency planned an aliyah plan for 120,000 French Jews who wished to make aliyah.<ref>{{cite news | title=Jewish Agency-affiliated think tank composes aliyah plan for 120,000 French Jews | publisher=JTA News | date=January 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/73795/aliyah-plan-prepares-for-120000-french-jews/ | title=Aliyah plan prepares for 120,000 French Jews | newspaper=J | publisher=JWeekly | date=January 29, 2015 | access-date=13 February 2015 | archive-date=14 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214082114/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/73795/aliyah-plan-prepares-for-120000-french-jews/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, with Europe's stagnant economy, many affluent French Jewish skilled professionals, businesspeople and investors sought Israel as a start-up haven for international investments, as well as for job and new business opportunities.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/israel-gains-as-france-loses-entrepreneurs-among-persecuted-jews | title=Israel Gains With Influx of French Jewish Entrepreneurs | publisher=Bloomberg | date=January 22, 2015 | access-date=13 February 2015 | archive-date=2015-02-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216180930/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/israel-gains-as-france-loses-entrepreneurs-among-persecuted-jews | url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Dov Maimon, a French Jewish émigré who studies migration as a senior fellow at the [[Jewish People Policy Institute]], expects as many as 250,000 French Jews to make aliyah by 2030.<ref name="Bloomberg"/>

Hours after an attack and an ISIS flag was raised on a gas factory near Lyon where the severed head of a local businessman was pinned to the gates on June 26, 2015, Immigration and Absorption Minister [[Zeev Elkin|Ze’ev Elkin]] strongly urged the French Jewish community to move to Israel and made it a national priority for Israel to welcome French Jews with open arms.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11700513/Grenoble-attack-Man-found-beheaded-and-Islamist-flag-raised-above-French-factory-live.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11700513/Grenoble-attack-Man-found-beheaded-and-Islamist-flag-raised-above-French-factory-live.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Grenoble attack: Man found beheaded and Islamist flag raised above factory in France - latest | publisher=The Telegraph | date=26 June 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | author=Raziye Akkoc, and Henry Samuel}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/come-home-israeli-minister-urges-french-jews-amid-terror-wave/ | title=Come home!' Israeli minister urges French Jews amid terror wave | publisher=Times of Israel | date=June 26, 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=28 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628010304/http://www.timesofisrael.com/come-home-israeli-minister-urges-french-jews-amid-terror-wave/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Immigration from France increased: in the first half of 2015, approximately 5,100 French Jews made aliyah to Israel, or 25% more than in the same period during the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/06/21/israels-absorption-ministry-plans-for-influx-of-french-jews/ | title=Israel's Absorption Ministry Plans for Influx of French Jews | publisher=Algemeiner | date=21 June 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=1 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701105116/http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/06/21/israels-absorption-ministry-plans-for-influx-of-french-jews/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/does-a-gritty-ex-cops-move-to-israel-symbolize-the-end-for-frances-jews/ | title=Does a gritty ex-cop's move to Israel symbolize the end for France's Jews? | publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] | date=28 October 2015 | access-date=30 October 2015 | archive-date=29 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029235849/http://www.timesofisrael.com/does-a-gritty-ex-cops-move-to-israel-symbolize-the-end-for-frances-jews/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] committed by suspected ISIS affiliates in retaliation for [[Opération Chammal]], one source reported that 80 percent of French Jews were considering making aliyah.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/203445#.Vku20HarSM9 | title=80% of French Jews considering aliyah | publisher=Arutz Sheva | date=16 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Cohen, Shimon | archive-date=17 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117163752/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/203445#.Vku20HarSM9 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/french-now-realizing-they-and-not-just-jews-are-targets/ | title=French now realizing they, and not just Jews, are targets | publisher=Times of Israel | date=15 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Amanda Borschel-Dan | archive-date=16 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116164802/http://www.timesofisrael.com/french-now-realizing-they-and-not-just-jews-are-targets/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-1.686070 | title=For French Jews, a New Reality: Under Attack for Being French, Not Jewish | publisher=Haaretz | date=14 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Shitbon, Shirli | archive-date=16 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116191735/http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-1.686070 | url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Jewish Agency, nearly 6,500 French Jews made aliyah between January and November 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Steady-increase-in-number-of-French-Jews-making-aliya-434327 | title=Steady increase in number of French Jews making aliya | publisher=The Jerusalem Post | date=17 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Bassist, Rina | archive-date=18 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118101615/http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Steady-increase-in-number-of-French-Jews-making-aliya-434327 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/israel-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-says-destroy-terrorists-homes-fight-terrorism-655186 | title=French Jews head to Israel in the wake of Paris terror attacks | publisher=IB Business Times | date=17 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | archive-date=18 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118042107/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/israel-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-says-destroy-terrorists-homes-fight-terrorism-655186 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/first-french-jews-immigrate-to-israel-after-paris-attacks/ | title=Dozens of French Jews immigrate to Israel after Paris attacks | publisher=Times of Israel | date=17 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | archive-date=17 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117183516/http://www.timesofisrael.com/first-french-jews-immigrate-to-israel-after-paris-attacks/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{anchor|North American Aliyah}}

===From North America===
{{See also|History of the Jews in the United States|History of the Jews in Canada}}
[[File:Welcoming.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nefesh B'Nefesh]] group welcomes North American immigrants to Israel]]
More than 200,000 North American immigrants live in Israel. There has been a steady flow of immigration from North America since Israel's inception in 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title=Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line! |author=Daphna Berman |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/need-an-appointment-at-the-u-s-embassy-get-on-line-1.237816 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=January 23, 2008 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |quote=According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories. |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924225204/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/need-an-appointment-at-the-u-s-embassy-get-on-line-1.237816 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship |author=Michele Chabin |location=Jerusalem |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-03-19/in-vitro-citizenship/53656616/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=March 19, 2012 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |quote=Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free. |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629165641/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-03-19/in-vitro-citizenship/53656616/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several thousand American Jews moved to Mandate Palestine before the State of Israel was established. From Israel's establishment in 1948 to the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, aliyah from the United States and Canada was minimal. In 1959, a former President of the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel estimated that out of the 35,000 American and Canadian Jews who had made aliyah, only 6,000 remained.<ref>Troen S., Ilan and Lucas, Noah: ''Israel: The First Decade of Independence''</ref>

Following the Six-Day War in 1967, and the subsequent euphoria among world Jewry, significant numbers arrived in the late 1960s and 1970s, whereas it had been a mere trickle before. Between 1967 and 1973, 60,000 North American Jews immigrated to Israel. However, many of them later returned to their original countries. An estimated 58% of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 ended up returning to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1997/05/27/archive/six-day-war-anniversary-north-american-olim-who-came-after-1967-war-maintain-idealism-2|title=Six-day War Anniversary: North American Olim Who Came After 1967 War Maintain Idealism|date=May 27, 1997|access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203020639/https://www.jta.org/1997/05/27/archive/six-day-war-anniversary-north-american-olim-who-came-after-1967-war-maintain-idealism-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Daphna |url=https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/the-40th-anniversary-of-the-six-day-war-rate-of-return-1.221976 |title=The 40th anniversary of the Six-Day War / Rate of return - Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2007-06-01 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016041209/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/the-40th-anniversary-of-the-six-day-war-rate-of-return-1.221976 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Like Western European immigrants, North Americans tend to immigrate to Israel more for religious, ideological, and political purposes, and not financial or security ones.<ref>Waxman, Chaim. American Aliyah, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989. pg. 131-135</ref> Many immigrants began arriving in Israel after the [[First Intifada|First]] and [[Second Intifada]], with a total of 3,052 arriving in 2005 — the highest number since 1983.<ref name=jta>{{cite web|url=https://jta.org/news/article/2009/12/29/1009932/us-aliyah-highest-in-26-years |title=U.S. aliyah highest in 36 years |publisher=JTA Article |date=2009-12-29 |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531124402/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2009/12/29/1009932/us-aliyah-highest-in-26-years |archive-date=2012-05-31 }}</ref>

[[Nefesh B'Nefesh]], founded in 2002 by Rabbi [[Yehoshua Fass]] and Tony Gelbart, works to encourage aliyah from North America and the UK by providing financial assistance, employment services and streamlined governmental procedures. Nefesh B’Nefesh works in cooperation with the [[Jewish Agency]] and the Israeli Government in increasing the numbers of North American and British immigrants.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

After the [[2008 financial crisis]], American Jewish immigration to Israel rose. This wave of immigration was triggered by Israel's lower unemployment rate, combined with financial incentives offered to new Jewish immigrants. In 2009, aliyah was at its highest in 36 years, with 3,324 North American Jews making aliyah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Not just Zionism: Lousy economy pushes more U.S. Jews to move to Israel |first=Beth |last=Schwartzapfel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/not-just-zionism-lousy-economy-pushes-more-u-s-jews-to-move-to-israel-1.263995 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707184354/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/not-just-zionism-lousy-economy-pushes-more-u-s-jews-to-move-to-israel-1.263995 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Since the 1990s===
[[File:December Charter Flight.jpg|thumb|New immigrants in Ben Gurion airport in Israel, 2007]]
Since the mid-1990s, there has been a steady stream of [[History of the Jews in South Africa|South African]], [[American Jews|American]] and [[French Jews]] who have either made aliyah, or purchased property in [[Israel]] for potential future immigration. Over 2,000 French Jews moved to Israel each year between 2000 and 2004 due to [[Antisemitism in 21st-century France|anti-Semitism in France]].<ref>{{cite news |title=As attacks rise in France, Jews flock to Israel |first=Andrea |last=Stone |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-11-22-jews-france_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |date=22 November 2004 |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021060513/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-11-22-jews-france_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Bnei Menashe]] Jews from [[India]], whose recent discovery and recognition by mainstream Judaism as descendants of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]] is subject to some controversy, slowly started their aliyah in the early 1990s and continue arriving in slow numbers.<ref name="Nefesh B Nefesh">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbn.org.il/|date=2008-08-02|title=Nefesh B. Nefesh|publisher=nbn.com|access-date=2005-10-12|archive-date=2005-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051003205014/http://www.nbn.org.il/|url-status=live}}</ref> Organizations such as [[Nefesh B'Nefesh]] and [[Shavei Israel]] help with aliyah by supporting financial aid and guidance on a variety of topics such as finding work, learning [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] into [[Israeli culture]].

In early 2007 ''[[Haaretz]]'' reported that aliyah for the year of 2006 was down approximately 9% from 2005, "the lowest number of immigrants recorded since 1988".<ref>{{cite news |title=Aliyah sees 9% dip from 2005 |first=Moti |last=Bassok |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/aliyah-sees-9-dip-from-2005-1.213647 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=21 February 2007 |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020090040/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/aliyah-sees-9-dip-from-2005-1.213647 |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of new immigrants in 2007 was 18,127, the lowest since 1988. Only 36% of these new immigrants came from the former Soviet Union (close to 90% in the 1990s) while the number of immigrants from countries like France and the United States was stable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=200821028 |title=הודעות לעיתונות |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719015921/http://cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=200821028 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some 15,452 immigrants arrived in Israel in 2008 and 16,465 in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/14424/2010-was-a-very-good-year-for-making-aliyah/ |title=2010 Was a Very Good Year for Making Aliyah |publisher=Shalomlife.com |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006125750/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/14424/2010-was-a-very-good-year-for-making-aliyah/ |archive-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref> On October 20, 2009, the first group of [[Kaifeng Jews]] arrived in Israel, in an aliyah operation coordinated by Shavei Israel.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/Article.aspx?id=158345 From Kaifeng to kibbutzim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506202538/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/Article.aspx?id=158345 |date=2013-05-06 }}. ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Oster |first1=Marcy |title=Descendants of Chinese Jews arrive in Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2009/10/26/israel/descendants-of-chinese-jews-arrive-in-israel |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423113430/https://www.jta.org/2009/10/26/israel/descendants-of-chinese-jews-arrive-in-israel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bitton |first1=Rebecca |title=Kaifeng Jews study in Israeli yeshiva |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3936926,00.html |work=Ynetnews |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424105546/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3936926,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Shalom Life'' reported that over 19,000 new immigrants arrived in Israel in 2010, an increase of 16 percent over 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/3279/immigration-to-israel-increases-by-17-percent-in-2009/ |title=Immigration to Israel increases by 17 percent in 2009 |publisher=Shalomlife.com |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006164958/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/3279/immigration-to-israel-increases-by-17-percent-in-2009/ |archive-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref>

As reported by the Ministry of Immigration and Refugees, there has been a decline in immigration to Israel since the onset of Hamas' conflict with Israel on October 7, 2023. The ministry indicates that immigration to Israel in 2023 has fallen by 30% in comparison to 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stub |first1=Zev |title=Immigration to Israel down 27% since last Passover |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/immigration-to-israel-down-27-since-last-passover/ |website=Times of Israel |date=9 April 2025 }}</ref> The Central Bureau of Statistics announced in December 2024 that 82,700 Israelis departed from the country in the previous year, marking a notable rise compared to the year before and indicating a deceleration in population growth. This was the first instance in which the bureau incorporated long-term foreign residents into its census data.<ref>{{cite web |title=End-of-2024 stats show spike in Israelis leaving, as population growth slows |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-population-growth-slows-as-stats-show-spike-in-residents-moving-abroad/ |website=Times of Israel |date=31 December 2024 }}</ref>

====Paternity testing====
In 2013, the office of the [[Prime Minister of Israel]] announced that some people born out of wedlock, "wishing to immigrate to Israel could be subjected to DNA testing" to prove their paternity is as they claim. A Foreign Ministry spokesman said the genetic paternity testing idea is based on the recommendations of [[Nativ (Liaison Bureau)|Nativ]], an Israeli government organization that has helped [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet]] Jews with aliyah since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zeiger|first1=Asher|title=Russian-speakers who want to make aliya could need DNA test|work=The Times of Israel |date=29 July 2013 |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/russian-speakers-who-want-to-immigrate-could-need-dna-test/|publisher=Times of Israel|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203225747/http://www.timesofisrael.com/russian-speakers-who-want-to-immigrate-could-need-dna-test/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Holiday==
{{main|Yom HaAliyah}}
[[File:Benjamin West - Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|''Joshua Passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant'', [[Benjamin West]], 1800]]

[[Yom HaAliyah]] (Aliyah Day) ({{langx|he|יום העלייה}}) is an Israeli national [[holiday]] celebrated annually according to the [[Jewish calendar]] on the tenth of the [[Hebrew]] month of [[Nisan]] to commemorate the [[Jews|Jewish people]] entering the [[Land of Israel]] as written in the [[Hebrew Bible]], which happened on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan ({{langx|he|י' ניסן}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4817589,00.html|title=Government to pass new holiday: 'Aliyah Day'|work=Ynetnews|access-date=2017-04-23|archive-date=2022-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101084548/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4817589,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The holiday was also established to acknowledge Aliyah, [[immigration]] to the [[Jewish state]], as a core value of the [[State of Israel]], and honor the ongoing contributions of [[Olim]], Jewish immigrants, to Israeli society. Yom HaAliyah is also observed in Israeli schools on the seventh of the Hebrew month of [[Cheshvan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178843|title=Knesset Proposes Aliyah Holiday Bill|website=Israel National News|date=24 March 2014|access-date=2017-04-23|archive-date=2021-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022172658/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178843|url-status=live}}</ref>

The opening clause of the Yom HaAliyah Law states:

{{Blockquote|
text={{Lang|he|מטרתו של חוק זה לקבוע יום ציון שנתי להכרה בחשיבותה של העלייה לארץ ישראל כבסיס לקיומה של מדינת ישראל, להתפתחותה ולעיצובה כחברה רב־תרבותית, ולציון מועד הכניסה לארץ ישראל שאירע ביום י׳ בניסן.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fs.knesset.gov.il/20/law/20_lsr_343926.pdf|title=חוק יום העלייה – ויקיטקסט|access-date=2019-10-21|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001203258/https://fs.knesset.gov.il/20/law/20_lsr_343926.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
The purpose of this law is to set an annual holiday to recognize the importance of Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel as the basis for the existence of the State of Israel, its development and design as a multicultural society, and to mark the date of entry into the Land of Israel that happened on the tenth of Nisan.
|multiline=yes
|author=Yom HaAliyah Law}}

The original day chosen for Yom HaAliyah, the tenth of Nisan, is laden with symbolism. Although a modern holiday created by the Knesset of Israel, the tenth of Nisan is a date of religious significance for the Jewish People as recounted in the Hebrew Bible and in traditional [[Jewish thought]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Bill-seeks-to-establish-national-Aliya-Day-345758|title=Bill seeks to establish national Aliya Day|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=18 March 2014|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927165708/https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Bill-seeks-to-establish-national-Aliya-Day-345758|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the tenth of Nisan, according to the biblical narrative in the [[Book of Joshua]], [[Joshua]] and the [[Israelites]] crossed the [[Jordan River]] at [[Gilgal]] into the [[Promised Land]] while carrying the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. It was thus the first documented "mass aliyah." On that day, God commanded the Israelites to commemorate and celebrate the occasion by erecting [[twelve stones]] with the text of the [[Torah]] engraved upon them. The stones represented the entirety of the Jewish nation's twelve tribes and their gratitude for God's gift of the Land of Israel ({{Hebrew Name|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל|Eretz Yisrael|ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl}}) to them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15788/jewish/Chapter-4.htm#v=19/|title=Yehoshua - Joshua - Chapter 4|website=www.chabad.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>

Yom HaAliyah, as a modern holiday celebration, began in 2009 as a grassroots community initiative and young Olim self-initiated movement in Tel Aviv, spearheaded by the TLV Internationals organization of the [[Am Yisrael Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2016/6/29/yom-haaliyah-they-made-a-day-for-us|title=Yom HaAliyah: They made a day for us!|work=JNS.org|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716191331/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2016/6/29/yom-haaliyah-they-made-a-day-for-us|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 21, 2016, the [[Twentieth Knesset]] voted in favor of codifying the grassroots initiative into law by officially adding Yom HaAliyah to the Israeli national calendar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jwire.com.au/new-national-holiday-israel/|title=New national holiday in Israel|date=2016-06-21|work=J-Wire|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en-AU|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729231437/http://www.jwire.com.au/new-national-holiday-israel/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Yom HaAliyah bill<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94|title=חוק יום העלייה – ויקיטקסט|website=he.wikisource.org|access-date=2016-11-08|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225338/https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94|url-status=live}}</ref> was co-sponsored by [[Knesset]] members from different parties in a rare instance of cooperation across the political spectrum of the opposition and coalition.<ref name="randf">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/rank-and-file-aliyah-day-becomes-official-holiday-1.5400662|title=Rank and File: Aliyah Day Becomes Official Holiday|last=Klein|first=Steven|date=2016-06-24|work=Haaretz|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916022655/https://www.haaretz.com/rank-and-file-aliyah-day-becomes-official-holiday-1.5400662|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
===Recent trends===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top aliyah sending countries: <ref>{{cite web |title=День Алии-2019: репатрианты в Израиле – некоторые данные |url=https://m.knesset.gov.il/RU/activity/mmm/al.pdf |publisher=Исследовательско-аналитический Центр Кнессета |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128071622/https://m.knesset.gov.il/RU/activity/mmm/al.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://archive.jewishagency.org/news/aliyah-statistics-%E2%80%93-2018 During 2018, 30,124 people made Aliyah, 2% more than during 2017. Not including Ethiopian immigrants, 30,087 Olim arrived, as compared to 28,192 in 2017, an increase of 7%.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213400/http://archive.jewishagency.org/news/aliyah-statistics-%E2%80%93-2018 |date=2019-12-12 }} at jewishagency.org</ref><ref name="archive.jewishagency.org">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.jewishagency.org/news/jewish-agency-summarizes-decade-aliyah|title=The Jewish Agency Summarizes a Decade of Aliyah | The Jewish Agency|website=archive.jewishagency.org|date=22 December 2019|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627205857/https://archive.jewishagency.org/news/jewish-agency-summarizes-decade-aliyah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel Aliyah Statistics 2020 |url=https://anglo-list.com/israel-aliyah-statistics-2020/ |website=Anglo-List |access-date=20 March 2022 |date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180218/https://anglo-list.com/israel-aliyah-statistics-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Agency: 250,000 expected to immigrate to Israel in the next 3-5 years |url=https://m.knesset.gov.il/en/news/pressreleases/pages/press6720x.aspx |website=m.knesset.gov.il |access-date=20 March 2022 |quote=Jewish Agency CEO Amira Ahronoviz presented the official Aliyah statistics for 2019: 35,000 immigrants, including 24,651 from the Commonwealth of Independent States; 3,963 from European countries; 3,539 from North America; 1,746 from Latin America; 663 from Ethiopia; 442 from South Africa; 318 from Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries; and 189 from Australia and New Zealand. |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180220/https://m.knesset.gov.il/en/news/pressreleases/pages/press6720x.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=There was an 18% Increase in Aliyah in 2019 |date=9 August 2020 |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/aliyah-israel/there-was-an-18-increase-in-aliyah-in-2019/2020/08/09/ |publisher=TPS / Tazpit News |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321081951/https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/aliyah-israel/there-was-an-18-increase-in-aliyah-in-2019/2020/08/09/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=20,000 make Aliyah in 2020 {{!}} The Jewish Agency |url=https://www.jewishagency.org/more-than-20000-olim-moved-to-israel-in-2020/ |website=www.jewishagency.org |date=29 December 2020 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180218/https://www.jewishagency.org/more-than-20000-olim-moved-to-israel-in-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Статистика: в 2020 году заметно сократилась алия из России и Украины |url=https://www.newsru.co.il/israel/28dec2020/aliya_120.html |website=NEWSru.co.il |date=28 December 2020 |access-date=21 March 2022 |language=ru |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324231945/https://www.newsru.co.il/israel/28dec2020/aliya_120.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 {{!}} The Jewish Agency |url=https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/ |website=www.jewishagency.org |date=11 October 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302182119/https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aliyah recovers from COVID-19 slump in 2021, new record of US olim |url=https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-689471 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319175807/https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-689471 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bybelezer-2022">{{cite web |last1=Bybelezer |first1=Charles |title=70,000 people from 95 countries make aliyah in 2022 |url=https://www.jns.org/70000-people-from-95-countries-make-aliyah-in-2022/ |website=JNS.org |access-date=6 February 2023 |date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151517/https://www.jns.org/70000-people-from-95-countries-make-aliyah-in-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Druckman |first1=Yaron |title=Israel's population nears 10 million as 2022 coming to a warp, report says |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hyruhxiyo |website=Ynetnews |access-date=6 February 2023 |language=en |date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151519/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hyruhxiyo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five-fold Increase in Immigration to Israel From Russia, Ukraine in 2022 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-01-11/ty-article/.premium/five-fold-increase-in-immigration-to-israel-from-russia-ukraine-in-2022/00000185-a199-d733-a58f-a399f9ed0000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=6 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201130524/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-01-11/ty-article/.premium/five-fold-increase-in-immigration-to-israel-from-russia-ukraine-in-2022/00000185-a199-d733-a58f-a399f9ed0000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! Country !! 2017 !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020 !! 2021 !! 2022
|-
| {{Flag icon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 10673 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 16060 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 6507 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 7500 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 43685 }}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 6561 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 6329 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2917 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2123 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 15213 }}
|-
| {{Flag icon|United States}} [[United States]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 3052 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 3141 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2661 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 4000 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 3261 }}
|-
| {{Flag icon|France}} [[France]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2723 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2470 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2351 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2819 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2049 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1467 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 665 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 712 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1589}}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1498 }}{{efn|Part of [[Operation Tzur Israel]]<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 969 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 945 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 586 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 780 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1993 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 693 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 673 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 438 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 356 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 523 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 490 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 526 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 347 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 286 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 340 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 633 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 985 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 332 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 442 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 280 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 373 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 426 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 401 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 203 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 318 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 185 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 152 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 174 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 121 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 110 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 91 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 86 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 43 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| '''Total''' || '''29,509''' || '''30,403''' || '''35,651''' || '''21,120''' || '''28,601''' || '''74,915'''
|}

===Historic data===
The number of immigrants since 1882 by period, continent of birth, and country of birth is given in the table below. Continent of birth and country of birth data is almost always unavailable or nonexistent for before 1919.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/1483_immigration/pdf/tab05.pdf|title=Oops, Something is wrong|website=www.cbs.gov.il|access-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013551/http://cbs.gov.il/publications12/1483_immigration/pdf/tab05.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_04&CYear=2013 |title=Immigrants(1), by Period of Immigration, Country of Birth and Last Country of Residence |language=en, he |access-date=2013-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113175649/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_04&CYear=2013 |archive-date=2013-11-13}}</ref><ref name="archive.jewishagency.org"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 86%;"
! style="text-align:center;"| Region/Country
! style="text-align:center;"| 1882– 1918
! style="text-align:center;"| 1919– 1948
! style="text-align:center;"| 1948– 1951
! style="text-align:center;"| 1952– 1960
! style="text-align:center;"| 1961– 1971
! style="text-align:center;"| 1972– 1979
! style="text-align:center;"| 1980– 1989
! style="text-align:center;"| 1990– 2001
! style="text-align:center;"| 2002– 2010
! style="text-align:center;"| 2011– 2020
! style="text-align:center;"| Total
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:AfricaContour.svg|12px]] ''[[African Jews|Africa]]''
|
| 4,033
| 93,282
| 143,485
| 164,885
| 19,273
| 28,664
| 55,619
| 31,558
| 20,843
| '''''561,642'''''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]]→{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Beta Israel|Ethiopia]] and {{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrea]]
|
| 0
| 10
| 59
| 98
| 309
| 16,971
| 45,131
| 23,613
| 10,500
| '''96,691'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Algeria]]
|
| 994
| 3,810
| 3,433
| 12,857
| 2,137
| 1,830
| 1,682
| 1,967
| 324
| '''29,034'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Egypt]] and {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[History of the Jews in Sudan|Sudan]]
|
| 0
| 16,028
| 17,521
| 2,963
| 535
| 372
| 202
| 166
| 21
| '''37,808'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Libya}} [[History of the Jews in Libya|Libya]]
|
| 873
| 30,972
| 2,079
| 2,466
| 219
| 67
| 94
| 36
| 5
| '''36,811'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[History of the Jews in Morocco|Morocco]]
|
| 0
| 28,263
| 95,945
| 130,507
| 7,780
| 3,809
| 3,276
| 2,113
| 384
| '''272,077'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[History of the Jews in South Africa|South Africa]]
|
| 259
| 666
| 774
| 3,783
| 5,604
| 3,575
| 3,283
| 1,693
| 2,560
| '''22,197'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[History of the Jews in Tunisia|Tunisia]]
|
| 0
| 13,293
| 23,569
| 11,566
| 2,148
| 1,942
| 1,607
| 1,871
| 398
| '''56,394'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[History of the Jews in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]
|
| 0
| 37
| 22
| 145
| 393
| 82
| 26
| 14
|
| '''719'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other (Africa)
|
| 1,907
| 203
| 83
| 500
| 148
| 16
| 318
| 85
| 24
| '''3,284'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:NorthAmericaGreen.gif|15px]][[File:ContinentSouthAmerica.svg|8px]][[File:AustraliaContour.svg|15px]] ''[[Americas]] and [[History of the Jews in Oceania|Oceania]]''
|
| 7,579
| 3,822
| 6,922
| 42,400
| 45,040
| 39,369
| 39,662
| 36,209
| 51,370
| '''''272,373'''''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[History of the Jews in Argentina|Argentina]]
|
| 238
| 904
| 2,888
| 11,701
| 13,158
| 10,582
| 11,248
| 9,450
| 3,150
| '''63,319'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[History of the Jews in Australia|Australia]]
|
| 0
| 116
| 107
| 742
| 1,146
| 835
| 977
| 524
|
| '''4,447'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 199
| 94
| 80
| 53
| 84
|
| '''510'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[History of the Jews in Brazil|Brazil]]
|
| 0
| 304
| 763
| 2,601
| 1,763
| 1,763
| 2,356
| 2,037
| 4,320
| '''15,907'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[History of the Jews in Canada|Canada]]
|
| 316
| 236
| 276
| 2,169
| 2,178
| 1,867
| 1,963
| 1,700
| 6,340
| '''17,045'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[List of Chilean Jews|Chile]]
|
| 0
| 48
| 401
| 1,790
| 1,180
| 1,040
| 683
| 589
|
| '''5,731'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 415
| 552
| 475
| 657
| 965
|
| '''3,064'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[History of the Jews in Cuba|Cuba]]
|
| 0
| 14
| 88
| 405
| 79
| 42
| 629
| 606
|
| '''1,863'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 40
| 38
| 44
| 67
| 69
|
| '''258'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Mexico]]
|
| 0
| 48
| 168
| 736
| 861
| 993
| 1,049
| 697
|
| '''4,552'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[History of the Jews in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|
| 70
| 0
| 13
| 91
| 129
| 124
| 142
| 42
|
| '''611'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 64
| 43
| 48
| 50
| 40
|
| '''245'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Jews in Peru#Peru|Peru]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 269
| 243
| 358
| 612
| 1,539
|
| '''3,021'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|United States}} [[History of the Jews in the United States|United States]]
| 2,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/10349 |title=American Aliya / Sociological and Demographic Perspectives |last=Goldsceider |first=Calvin |date=January 1974 |work=Berman Jewish Policy Archive |publisher=Behrman House Publishers |access-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215011126/http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/10349 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 6,635
| 1,711
| 1,553
| 18,671
| 20,963
| 18,904
| 17,512
| 15,445
| 32,000
| '''135,394'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]]
|
| 0
| 66
| 425
| 1,844
| 2,199
| 2,014
| 983
| 1,555
|
| '''9,086'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[History of the Jews in Venezuela|Venezuela]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 297
| 245
| 180
| 418
| 602
|
| '''1,742'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other {{small|([[Central America]])}}
|
| 0
| 17
| 43
| 129
| 104
| 8
| 153
| 157
|
| '''611'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other {{small|([[South America]])}}
|
| 0
| 42
| 194
| 89
| 62
| 0
| 66
| 96
|
| '''549'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other (Americas/Oceania)
|
| 318
| 313
| 0
| 148
| 3
| 8
| 44
| 12
|
| '''846'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Asia stub.png|15px]] ''[[List of Asian Jews|Asia]]''
|
| 40,776
| 237,704
| 37,119
| 56,208
| 19,456
| 14,433
| 75,687
| 17,300
| 1,370
| '''''500,053'''''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[History of the Jews in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
|
| 0
| 2,303
| 1,106
| 516
| 132
| 57
| 21
| 13
|
| '''4,148'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burma]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 147
| 83
| 383
| 138
| 33
|
| '''784'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|China}} [[History of the Jews in China|China]]
|
| 0
| 504
| 217
| 96
| 43
| 78
| 277
| 74
| 190
| '''1,479'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]
|
| 0
| 21
| 35
| 28
| 21
| 12
| 32
| 0
|
| '''149'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[History of the Jews in India|India]], {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[History of the Jews in Pakistan|Pakistan]], {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]], and {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
|
| 0
| 2,176
| 5,380
| 13,110
| 3,497
| 1,539
| 2,055
| 961
| 1,180
| '''29,898'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]], {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]] and the {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]]
|
|0
| 101
| 46
| 54
| 40
| 60
| 205
| 42
|
| '''548'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran}}→{{flagicon|Iran}} [[History of the Jews in Iran|Iran]]
|
| 3,536
| 21,910
| 15,699
| 19,502
| 9,550
| 8,487
| 4,326
| 1,097
|
| '''84,107'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraq]]
|
| 0
| 123,371
| 2,989
| 2,129
| 939
| 111
| 1,325
| 130
|
| '''130,994'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[History of the Jews in the Land of Israel|Israel]]{{efn|Those born in Israel who [[Repatriation|repatriated]] later in their life.}}
|
| 0
| 411
| 868
| 1,021
| 507
| 288
| 1,148
| 1,448
|
| '''5,691'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 9
| 25
| 34
| 57
| 98
| 32
|
| '''255'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]]
|
|0
| 6
| 9
| 23
| 6
| 9
| 15
| 0
|
| '''68'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[History of the Jews in Lebanon|Lebanon]]
|
| 0
| 235
| 846
| 2,208
| 564
| 179
| 96
| 34
|
| '''4,162'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]], {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]], and {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 5
| 10
| 100
| 36
|
| '''155'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]
|
| 0
| 177
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 5
| 0
| 0
|
| '''186'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Syria}} [[History of the Jews in Syria|Syria]]
|
| 0
| 2,678
| 1,870
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1,664
| 23
|
| '''6,235'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]]
|
| 8,277
| 34,547
| 6,871
| 14,073
| 3,118
| 2,088
| 1,311
| 817
|
| '''71,102'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[History of the Jews in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], {{flagicon|Georgia (country)}} [[History of the Jews in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], and the [[former Soviet Union]] (Asia){{efn|Before 1995, the aliyah from the Asian republics of the [[former Soviet Union]] were counted in the total of the aliyah from the (former) Russian Empire/Soviet Union.}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 61,988{{Efn|Specifically, 15973 from Uzbekistan and 7609 from Georgia during 1990–1999.}}
| 12,422{{Efn|Specifically, 8817 from Uzbekistan and 3766 from Georgia during 2000–2010.}}
|
| '''74,410'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemenite Jews|Yemen]]
| 2,600<ref>{{cite web|title=First Aliya|url=http://www.moia.gov.il/English/FeelingIsrael/AboutIsrael/Pages/aliya1.aspx|access-date=September 9, 2013|archive-date=October 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014183115/http://www.moia.gov.il/English/FeelingIsrael/AboutIsrael/Pages/aliya1.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 15,838
| 48,315
| 1,170
| 1,066
| 51
| 17
| 683
| 103
|
| '''69,843'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other (Asia)
|
| 13,125
| 947
| 0
| 60
| 21
| 45
| 205
| 30
|
| '''14,433'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:EuropeContour.svg|15px]] ''[[History of the Jews in Europe|Europe]]''
|
| 377,487
| 332,802
| 106,305
| 162,070
| 183,419
| 70,898
| 888,603
| 96,165
| 162,320
| '''''2,380,069'''''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Albania}} [[History of the Jews in Albania|Albania]]
|
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 8
| 0
| 0
| 376
| 0
|
| '''389'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[History of the Jews in Austria|Austria]]
|
| 7,748
| 2,632
| 610
| 1,021
| 595
| 356
| 368
| 150
|
| '''13,480'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[History of the Jews in Belgium|Belgium]]
|
| 0
| 291
| 394
| 1,112
| 847
| 788
| 1,053
| 873
|
| '''5,358'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[History of the Jews in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|
| 7,057
| 37,260
| 1,680
| 794
| 118
| 180
| 3,999
| 341
|
| '''51,429'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[History of the Jews in Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]→{{flagicon|Czechia}} [[History of the Jews in the Czech Republic|Czechia]] and {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[History of the Jews in Slovakia|Slovakia]]
|
| 16,794
| 18,788
| 783
| 2,754
| 888
| 462
| 527
| 217
|
| '''41,213'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[History of the Jews in Denmark|Denmark]]
|
| 0
| 27
| 46
| 298
| 292
| 411
| 389
| 85
|
| '''1,548'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[History of the Jews in Finland|Finland]]
|
| 0
| 9
| 20
| 172
| 184
| 222
| 212
| 33
|
| '''852'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|France}} [[History of the Jews in France|France]]
|
| 1,637
| 3,050
| 1,662
| 8,050
| 5,399
| 7,538
| 11,986
| 13,062
| 38,000
| '''90,384'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Weimar Republic}}→{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}}→{{flagicon|Germany}} [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]]
|
| 52,951
| 8,210
| 1,386
| 3,175
| 2,080
| 1,759
| 2,442
| 866
|
| '''72,869'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Greece}} [[History of the Jews in Greece|Greece]]
|
| 8,767
| 2,131
| 676
| 514
| 326
| 147
| 127
| 48
|
| '''12,736'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungary]]
|
| 10,342
| 14,324
| 9,819
| 2,601
| 1,100
| 1,005
| 2,444
| 730
|
| '''42,365'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[History of the Jews in Ireland|Ireland]]
|
| 0
| 14
| 46
| 145
| 157
| 233
| 136
| 54
|
| '''785'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[History of the Jews in Italy|Italy]]
|
| 1,554
| 1,305
| 414
| 940
| 713
| 510
| 656
| 389
|
| '''6,481'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[History of the Jews in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|
| 0
| 30
| 15
| 15
| 7
| 12
| 0
| 4
|
| '''83'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|
| 1,208
| 1,077
| 646
| 1,470
| 1,170
| 1,239
| 997
| 365
|
| '''8,172'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[History of the Jews in Norway|Norway]]
|
| 0
| 17
| 14
| 36
| 55
| 126
| 120
| 19
|
| '''387'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Poland}} [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]]
|
| 170,127
| 106,414
| 39,618
| 14,706
| 6,218
| 2,807
| 3,064
| 764
|
| '''343,718'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Portugal]]
|
| 0
| 16
| 22
| 66
| 56
| 55
| 47
| 28
|
| '''290'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Romania}} [[History of the Jews in Romania|Romania]]
|
| 41,105
| 117,950
| 32,462
| 86,184
| 18,418
| 14,607
| 6,254
| 711
|
| '''317,691'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[History of the Jews in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire]]→{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]→{{flagicon|Russia}} [[History of the Jews in Russia#Modern-day Russia|Russia]], {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Ukraine]], and the [[former Soviet Union]] (Europe){{efn|Includes Asian parts of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union until 1991 and Asian parts of modern Russia. Also includes Jews from the former Soviet Union whose republic of origin is unknown.}}
| 47,500<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61KdOZPMfwwC&q=russian+jews+first+and+second+aliyah+50%2C000&pg=PA93 |title=The Divided Self: Israel and the Jewish Psyche Today - David J. Goldberg - Google Books |date=2011-03-15 |isbn=978-1-84885-674-5 |access-date=2013-04-29|last1=Goldberg |first1=David J. |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic}}</ref>{{efn|This number is an average of two different estimates from page 93 of this book.}}
| 52,350
| 8,163
| 13,743
| 29,376
| 137,134
| 29,754
| 844,139{{Efn|Specifically, 114406 from Ukraine and 91756 from Russia during 1990–1999.}}
| 72,520{{Efn|Specifically, 50441 from Russia and 50061 from Ukraine during 2000–2010.}}
| 118,000{{efn|Specifically, 45670 from Ukraine and 5530 from Belarus.}}
| '''1,352,679'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[History of the Jews in Spain|Spain]]
|
| 0
| 80
| 169
| 406
| 327
| 321
| 269
| 178
|
| '''1,750'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[History of the Jews in Sweden|Sweden]]
|
| 0
| 32
| 51
| 378
| 372
| 419
| 424
| 160
|
| '''1,836'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[History of the Jews in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
|
| 0
| 131
| 253
| 886
| 634
| 706
| 981
| 585
|
| '''4,176'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[History of the Jews in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|
| 1,574
| 1,907
| 1,448
| 6,461
| 6,171
| 7,098
| 5,365
| 3,725
| 6,320
| '''40,069'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[History of Jews in Serbia#Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]→{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[History of Jews in Serbia|Serbia]] and the [[former Yugoslavia]]
|
| 1,944
| 7,661
| 320
| 322
| 126
| 140
| 2,029
| 162
|
| '''12,704'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other (Europe)
|
| 2,329
| 1,281
| 3
| 173
| 32
| 0
| 198
| 93
|
| '''4,109'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Not known''
|
| 52,982
| 20,014
| 3,307
| 2,265
| 392
| 469
| 422
| 0
| 0
| '''79,851'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Total'''
| '''62,500'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_02&CYear=2012 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012 - No. 63 Subject 4 - Table No. 2 |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006090823/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_02&CYear=2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|This number is an average of two different estimates.}}
| '''482,857'''
| '''687,624'''
| '''297,138'''
| '''427,828'''
| '''267,580'''
| '''153,833'''
| '''1,059,993'''
| '''181,233'''
| '''236,903'''
| '''''3,857,489'''''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Israel|Judaism}}
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Demographics of Israel]]
* [[Galut]]
* [[Historical Jewish population comparisons]]
* [[History of the Jews in the Land of Israel]]
* [[Homeland for the Jewish people]]
* [[Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel]]
* [[Israeli identity card]]
* [[Israeli passport]]
* [[Jewish population by country]]
* [[Kibbutz volunteer]]
* [[Law of Return]]
* [[Olim L'Berlin]]
* [[Visa policy of Israel]]
* [[Yerida]]
* [[Yom HaAliyah]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Salmon |first=Yosef |date=December 1978 |title=Ideology and Reality in the Bilu ''Aliyah'' |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |publisher=[President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=430–466 |issn=0363-5570 |jstor=41035804}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Alroey |first=Gur |year=2014 |title=An Unpromising Land: Jewish Migration to Palestine in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Stanford University Press | series=Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture |isbn=978-0-8047-9087-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HhlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | access-date=2023-02-02 |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202221923/https://books.google.com/books?id=7HhlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal | last=Alroey | first=Gur | year=2015 | title=Two Historiographies: Israeli Historiography and the Mass Jewish Migration to the United States, 1881–1914 | journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review | publisher=[University of Pennsylvania Press, Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania] | volume=105 | issue=1 | issn=0021-6682 | eissn=1553-0604 | jstor=43298712 | pages=99–129 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Beker |first=A. |date=2005 |title=The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees From Arab Countries |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=3/4 |pages=3–19 |jstor=25834637}}
* {{cite web |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |date=19 July 1967 |url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?ben-gurion-american-aliyah |title=Ben Gurion on the Pioneer Generations and the Need for U.S. Immigration |publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation |access-date=6 November 2012 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111223314/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?ben-gurion-american-aliyah |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Ben-David |first=Laura |year=2006 |title=Moving Up: An Aliyah Journal |publisher=Mazo Publishers |isbn=978-965-7344-14-9}}
* {{cite book | last1=גורביץ [Gurevich] | first1=דוד [David] | last2=גרץ [Gertz] | first2=אהרן [Aaron] | last3=בקי [Bachi] | first3=רוברטו [Roberto] | title=העליה, הישוב והתנועה הטבעית של האוכלוסיה בארץ-ישראל | publisher=המחלקה לסטטיסטיקה של הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל [Statistical and Search Department, Jewish Agency for Palestine] | year=1944 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g40AAAAIAAJ | language=he | access-date=2023-02-02 | archive-date=2023-02-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223354/https://books.google.com/books?id=_g40AAAAIAAJ | url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Liskofsky |first=Sidney |title=Jewish Migration |journal=The American Jewish Year Book |publisher=American Jewish Committee |volume=50 |year=1948 |jstor=23603383 |pages=725–766}}
* {{cite journal |last=Morgenstern |first=Arie |year=2002 |title=Dispersion and the Longing for Zion, 1240–1840 |journal=Azure |issue=12 |pages=71–132 |publisher=Shalem Center |url=http://mcohen02.tripod.com/dispersion.html |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006100254/http://mcohen02.tripod.com/dispersion.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shoham |first=Hizky | title=From 'Great History' to 'Small History': The Genesis of the Zionist Periodization | journal=Israel Studies | publisher=Indiana University Press | volume=18 | issue=1 | year=2013 | issn=1084-9513 | doi=10.2979/israelstudies.18.1.31 | page=31 | jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.18.1.31 | s2cid=144978084 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Shuval |first=Judith T. |date=March 1998 |title=Migration To Israel: The Mythology of 'Uniqueness' |journal=International Migration |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–26 |publisher=International Organization for Migration |doi=10.1111/1468-2435.00031 |pmid=12293507}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=aliyah |commons=Category:Immigration to Israel |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no}}
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigtoc.html Immigration to Israel] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120918090343/http://www.gov.il/FirstGov/TopNavEng/EngSituations/ESNewImmigrantsGuide Making Aliyah] at the Israel Government Portal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023080625/http://old.moia.gov.il/Moia_en/HomePage.htm Home page] of the [[Ministry of Immigrant Absorption]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121111125601/http://www.nbn.org.il/index.php Official website] of [[Nefesh B'Nefesh]], organization for aliyah from North America and UK
* [http://www.science.co.il/aliyah/ Aliyah to Israel] at Israel Science and Technology Homepage
* [http://www.jewishagency.org/ The Jewish Agency]

{{Zionism}}
{{Israel topics}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aliyah}}
[[Category:Aliyah| ]]
[[Category:History of Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:History of Ottoman Syria]]
[[Category:Immigration]]
[[Category:Land of Israel]]
[[Category:Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Zionism]]

Khamosh

2026-03-03T23:58:28Z

Ahad Sabri: improved article

{{Short description|1986 Indian thriller film by Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Khamosh}}
| image = Khamosh poster.jpg
| writer = Vidhu Vinod Chopra Ranjit Kapoor [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]] [[Sudhir Mishra]] [[Kundan Shah]] [[Manjul Sinha]]
| starring = [[Amol Palekar]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Pankaj Kapoor]] [[Soni Razdan]] [[Sushma Seth]] [[Ajit Vachani]] [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] [[Pavan Malhotra]] [[Avtar Gill]] [[Sudhir Mishra]]
| director = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| producer = Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]] [[Pramod Pradhan]]
| editing = [[Renu Saluja]] [[Reena Mohan]]
| music = [[Kersi Lord]] [[Uttam Singh]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1986|03|14|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross =
| budget = {{INR|8 [[lakh]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=6 June 2013 |title=Khamosh: Revisiting Vidhu Vinod Chopra's brilliant whodunit |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-khamosh-revisiting-vidhu-vinod-chopras-brilliant-whodunit/20130606.htm#1 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Khamosh}}''' ({{translation|Silent}}) is 1986 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[thriller film]] directed and produced by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s Sazaye Maut and Khamosh were nothing short of revolutionary |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/why-vidhu-vinod-chopras-sazaye-maut-and-khamosh-were-nothing-short-of-revolutionary/cid/1884708 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> The film starred [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Amol Palekar]], [[Soni Razdan]] and [[Pankaj Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Khamosh Cast List {{!}} Khamosh Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1986 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/khamosh/cast/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |language=en}}</ref> The film became notable for actors Palekar, Razdan and Azmi portraying fictional versions of themselves.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra's Khamosh hits the sweet spot between reel and real, beauty and terror, even 37 years after release|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidhu-vinod-chopra-khamosh-naseeruddin-shah-shabana-azmi-soni-razdan-amol-palekar-101697962699007.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=23 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title=When Vidhu Vinod Chopra converted a film set into a crime scene in ‘Khamosh’|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1057396/when-vidhu-vinod-chopra-converted-a-film-set-into-a-crime-scene-in-khamosh|website=Scroll.in|date=11 October 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Soni Razdan is a budding actress. Naseeruddin Shah is a military man. Amol Palekar is an established actor. [[Shabana Azmi]] is a fellow actress. [[Ajit Vachani]] is a film producer and Pankaj Kapoor is his mentally unstable brother. Sushma Seth plays Mrs Bhal, a retired actress now doing character roles and pushing her reluctant daughter into the film industry to obtain fame and fortune.

The filming unit enters [[Pahalgam]] in Kashmir for their next film. Razdan mysteriously commits suicide. The police are about to call it an open and shut case when Shah enters the scene. He pretends to be a special officer sent to investigate the case, but subsequently his cover is blown. The police come to arrest him just as he about to accuse Mrs Bhal of Razdan's murder as he had found Razdan's missing earring hidden under Mrs Bhal's mattress in her hotel room. Shah then reveals his true identity as Razdan's estranged brother and states that some days before the "suicide", Razdan had sent him a letter that she had gotten the lead role for a prestigious project. As such, he refuses to believe that she committed suicide. The crew accept that Razdan had indeed got the coveted role, but they are less enthusiastic about co-operating now with the police and investigation of her murder.

The only person who believes that Razdan was murdered is Azmi, who heard Razdan practising her lines until late at night. Azmi realises that Razdan was portraying a village girl who spoke no English, but that she had started shouting something in English before she became silent. She agrees to help Shah catch the culprit, and they join forces but more murders happen—first with Mrs Bhal is killed and then the male housekeeper.

Eventually, all clues point to Vachchani, who confesses that his brother Kapoor killed Razdan in a rage when she spurned his advances. Vachchani confesses that he was just covering for him, because his brother was mentally ill. Kapoor goes on a shooting spree, killing Vachchani in the process. It seems like the mystery has been solved but Shah realizes two things: Kapoor's revolver had already been emptied before he "shot" his brother dead, and Vachchani had posted a mysterious letter to his lawyer.

Azmi knows where the actual gun used to kill Vachchani is, but finds it missing from the props and costumes box.

It is then revealed that it was Amol Palekar who killed Soni as she pestered him and threatened to defame him. While killing Soni he was seen by the producer who became his accomplice. He later killed Mrs Bhal and the producer and then dumped a waiter in the river so that all suspicion came on the waiter. He reveals this all to Shabana and tries to kill her, but she is saved by Naseeruddin Shah—who read Vachchani's letter confessing his part in the crime—by shooting and finally killing Palekar.
==Cast==
*[[Shabana Azmi]]
*[[Amol Palekar]]
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Capt. Rajeev Bakshi
*[[Soni Razdan]]
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Chandran (Film Director)
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Leela Bahal
*[[Pankaj Kapur]]
*[[Pawan Malhotra]]
*Kamal Chopra
*[[Virendra Saxena]] as Shuklaji
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Dilawar Khan (Film Actor-Villain)
*[[Ajit Vachani]] as Dayal Prabhu
*Uday Chandra
*[[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0089413|title=Khamosh}}

{{Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{Vinod Chopra Films}}

[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of actors]]
[[Category:1980s slasher films]]

Suhaag Raat

2026-03-03T23:10:22Z

Ahad Sabri: reworked content based on references and improved wording for accuracy

{{Distinguish|Suhaag Raat (1968 film)}}
{{For|the South Asian consummation ritual|Suhag Raat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suhaag Raat
| image = Suhaag_Raat_1948.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Kidar Sharma]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Munshiram Varma]]|Kidar Sharma}}
| writer = {{ubl|F. A. Mirza|V. Sharma}}
| screenplay = Kidar Sharma
| story = Kidar Sharma
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Bharat Bhushan]]|[[Begum Para ]]|[[Geeta Bali]]}}
| music = [[Snehal Bhatkar]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|D. K. Ambre|D. C. Mehta|Mr. Machave}}
| editing = S. S. Chawande
| studio = Oriental Pictures
| distributor = [[Varma Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1948}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Suhaag Raat '''''([[Hindi]] for "Wedding Night) also called '''Sohag Raat''', is a [[Bollywood films of 1948|1948]] [[Hindi]] film of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] directed by [[Kidar Sharma]].<ref name="AFD">{{cite book|title=Asian Film Directory and Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=28 November 2016|year=1952|page=197}}</ref> A [[Romance films#Subgenres|romantic drama]], it was the third film produced by Oriental Pictures<ref>{{cite web| url=http://myswar.co/album/production_house/oriental-pictures
|title=Albums by Oriental Pictures|website=myswar.com|accessdate=2 April 2024}}</ref> and the first film to be distributed by the newly-founded company [[Varma Films]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sohag Raat|journal=[[Filmindia]]|date=July 1948|pages=61|url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194612unse/page/n531/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Varma|accessdate=2 April 2024}}</ref> The story was a joint effort by F. A. Mirza and V. Sharma, while the screenplay, dialogue and lyrics were written by Kidar Sharma. The music was composed by [[Snehal Bhatkar]], with cinematography by D. K. Ambre and D. C. Mehta. [[Geeta Bali]] made her debut in a lead feature film role with this movie,<ref name="Rajadhyaksha"/> which co-starred [[Bharat Bhushan]] and [[Begum Para]].<ref name="Varma">{{cite journal|title=Pictures In Making-Varma Films|journal=Filmindia|date=May 1948|volume=14|issue=5|pages=71|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194612unse#page/n387/mode/2up/search/Sohag+Raat|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> The rest of the cast included Pesi Patel, [[Nazir Kashmiri]], S. Nazir, Nazira and Shanta Kumar.

The story was set in a village in [[Kullu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Though Kullu was used as a backdrop, most of the shooting actually took place in [[Bombay]]. The costumes worn by the film's characters were representative of the hilly people of Himachal Pradesh and justified the setting. The outdoor photography by D. K. Ambre and D. C. Mehta was praised for its "picturesque" composition. The story was a romantic triangle, with two girls, one rich and the other poor, falling in love with the same man. Geeta Bali as Kammo, the poor village girl, and Begum Para as Paro, the rich landlord's daughter, portray the two girls. Bharat Bhushan as Beli, who has been saved by Kammo's father, Jaggu (Pesi Patel), plays the love interest. The arrival of the villain Rahu, Beli's step-brother, and its consequences form the rest of the story.<ref name="FIR">{{cite journal|title=Our Review-"Geeta Bali's Sohag Raat"|journal=Filmindia|date=August 1948|volume=14|issue=8|pages=51|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194612unse#page/n595/mode/2up/search/Sohag+Raat|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref>

Sohag Raat was released at Excelsior and Lamington Cinemas, in Bombay on 25 June 1948,<ref name="FIR" /> and was the seventh highest-grossing Indian film of 1948.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1948|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA==|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=26 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012171051/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA%3D%3D|archive-date=12 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film's success was attributed to the "refreshing" debutante Geeta Bali, with [[Baburao Patel]] titling his review of the film in the August 1948 issue of [[Filmindia]], as "Geeta Bali's Sohag Raat".<ref name="FIR" />

==Plot==
A dying mother asks her step-son, Rahu, to look after his younger stepbrother, Beli ([[Bharat Bhushan]]). The stepson decides to have Beli murdered in order to lay claim to the entire property. Rahu appoints Jaggu (Pesi Patel) to carry out the killing. However, Jaggu changes his mind when Beli asks him if he has any children. Jaggu then takes Beli to his village in Kullu, where he lives with his cheerful and spirited daughter Kammo ([[Geeta Bali]]). Beli soon finds a job at the Zamindar's (Landlord) house. The landlord's daughter, Paro ([[Begum Para]]), is a good friend of Kammo. Both Kammo and Paro fall in love with Beli, but Beli likes Paro.

Rahu finds out that Beli is not dead and comes to the village, ingratiating himself with the Zamindar. He asks for Paro's hand in marriage and the Zamindar agrees. On the wedding night, Kammo persuades Beli and Paro to elope but they are stopped by Rahu who tries to shoot Beli. Kammo comes in the way and is shot. She dies uniting the two lovers.

==Cast==
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Beli
* [[Begum Para]] as Paro
* [[Geeta Bali]] as Kammo
* Pesi Patel as Jaggu
* Maruti
* [[Nazir Kashmiri]]

==Geeta Bali==
[[Geeta Bali]] started her cinematic career with R. K. Shorey's short film called ''The Cobbler'' (1942) at the age of twelve, following which she made her maiden feature film appearance in actor-director Majnu's ''Badnami'' (1946).<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |pages=52|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7}}</ref><ref name="Badnami">{{cite web|title=Badnami (1946)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film27130.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> Author Tilak Rishi writes that Sharma cast Bali after being attracted by her lively dance performances and "offscreen vivacity".<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book|author=Tilak Rishi|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWlYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|accessdate=20 November 2016|date=5 June 2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3962-2|pages=123–|chapter=Geeta Bali}}</ref> According to Sharma, in his autobiography "The One and Lonely Kidar Sharma", he was impressed by Geeta Bali's "nymph like naughtiness", and was convinced to cast her as the main heroine.<ref name="Sharma2002">{{cite book|author=Kidar Sharma|title=The One and Lonely Kidar Sharma, (an Anecdotal Autobiography)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jP9kAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 November 2016|year=2002|publisher=Bluejay Books|isbn=978-81-87075-96-7|page=226|chapter=13}}</ref>

Patel's quote on Bali's debut,<ref name="FIR" /> and about her being introduced as "a New Talent" in the film's booklet were:

{{Blockquote|text="she definitely HAS talent which even overcomes plain features and a pug nose. More than even talent in this picture she reveals a personality in which naivette (sic), charm and a boyish vivacity are all mixed. That all these qualities were latent in her is true; Kidar Sharma could not have invented them. But it is equally true that by giving her a role that fitted her personality and then providing her appropriate situations, the director-writer has brought out that personality. Those who saw her in extra roles in some obscure Lahore-made pictures are truly and agreeably surprised. It may truly be said that Kidar Sharma has not only discovered but made a star".}}

==Review and reception==
The film was to mark a turning point for its heroine, Geeta Bali. The audience related to Geeta Bali's lively performance and as stated by Rishi, she was "inundated with film offers".<ref name="Rishi2012" /> Filmindia in its review Title, referred to the film as "Geeta Bali's Sohag Raat", giving the debutant, Geeta Bali, full credit for its box-office success.<ref name="FIR" /> According to author Ashok Raj, "Kidar Sharma reached the zenith of his intense creative work with Suhaag Raat".<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|accessdate=20 November 2016|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=101–}}</ref>

==Music==
The music director was [[Snehal Bhatkar]], who composed songs like "Rhoom Jhoom Matware Badal Chha Gaye", "Chhod Chale Munh Mod Chale", "Javo Javo Na Satao" and "Mere Dil Ki Dhadkanon Mein" all written by Kidar Sharma.<ref name="Sharma2002" /> "Lakhi Babul Mere Kaahe Ko Dinhi Bides" (Father, Why Do You Send Me To a Foreign Land), the ''[[bidai]]'' (bride send-off, bidding farewell to the bride) song "attributed to [[Amir Khusrow|Amir Khusro]]" was sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]].<ref name="George2013">{{cite book|author=Rosemary Marangoly George|title=Indian English and the Fiction of National Literature|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtdGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251|accessdate=28 November 2016|date=21 November 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-72955-1|pages=251–|chapter=Notes}}</ref> The song, which is lip-synced by Jaggu (Pesi Patel) appeared twice in the film, the second version being the sad one when Kammo dies.<ref name="FIR" />

Songlist:<ref name=Songs>{{cite web|title=Suhag Raat 1948|url=http://myswar.com/album/suhag-raat-1948|website=myswar.com|publisher=MySwar|accessdate=8 Sep 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Rhoom Jhoom Matwaale Badal Chha Gaye"
| [[Geeta Roy]], [[Rajkumari Dubey|Rajkumari]]
|-
| 2
| "Baaje Mori Paayal Thunak Thunak"
| Geeta Roy, Rajkumari
|-
| 3
| "Kis Paapi Sang Uljhi Ankhiyaan"
| Geeta Roy, Rajkumari
|-
| 4
| "Lakhi Babul More Kaahe Ko Deenhi Bides"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| 5
| "Mere Dil Ki Dhadkanon Mein Sakhi"
| Geeta Roy, [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| 6
| "Tere Bin Meri Zindagani Kis Kaam Ki"
| Shamshad Begum
|-
| 7
| "Javo Javo Na Satao"
| Rajkumari
|-
| 8
| "Ye Bura Kiya Jo Saaf Saaf Kah Diya"
| Rajkumari, Mukesh
|-
| 9
| "Chhod Chale Munh Mod Chale"
| Rajkumari
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0332419 |title=Suhaag Raat }}

[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:1948 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1948 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1948 romantic drama films]]

Crime File

2026-03-03T21:18:26Z

Ahad Sabri: Content updated and refined

{{refimprove|date= November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Crime File
| image = Crime file 1999.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Madhu]]
| producer = {{ubl|A. Ramakrishnan|Sajan Varghese}}
| writer = {{ubl|[[A. K. Sajan]]|A. K. Santhosh}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Suresh Gopi]]|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]|[[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]|[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]|[[Rajan P. Dev]]}}
| music = Rajamani
| cinematography = Saloo George
| editing = K. Sankunny
| studio =
| distributor = Aiswarya Productions
| released = {{Film date|1999|10|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Crime File''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1999|1999]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action film|action]] [[crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film by [[K. Madhu]]<ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Crime File |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/crime_file_1999 |access-date=2 November 2024 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> starring [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]. The film is loosely based on the 1992 [[Sister Abhaya murder case|murder of Sister Abhaya]] in Kerala.

==Plot==
Sister Amala, a nun, is found dead in the well of the convent where she was staying. The police discover that she was murdered. Idamattom Palackal Easo Panickar and his team find out the truth behind Sr. Amala's murder. The suspects include [[Church Fathers|Fr]]. Clement Kaliyar and the local legislator Monayi, and a [[Contract killing|hitman]] – Cardinal Carlos.

Things get worse when Fr. Kaliyar and one of the police officers, Ezhuthachan, are killed.
Then, Easow Panickar arrests, the collector Paul Varghese, with the support of the Chief Minister. On torturing and questioning him, he arrests the MLA Monayi. Later, the hitman Cardinal Carlos is taken into custody too.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Idamattom Palackal Easow Panicker [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Special Protection Group|SPG]] Joint Director
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Senior Superintendent of Police#India|SSP]] Anwar Ravuther [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Kottayam District Police Chief
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Father Clement Kaliyar
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as [[Opposition Leader]] Mamala Mamachan
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] [[Nun|Sister]] Amala
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Kaliyar Pathrose Vaidyan
* [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Karthav
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Ezhuthachan
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Jamal
* [[Rizabawa]] as [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Thomas
* [[Meghanathan]] as Stephen
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] James George [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly#India|MLA]] Monayi
* [[Kundara Johny]] as Pappy
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Bishop Punnassery
* [[Subair]] as [[District Collector#India|Collector]] Paul Varghese Punnasserry [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Raju Namasivayam
* [[Spadikam George]] as Cardinal Carlos
* Chandini Shaju as [[Nun|Sister]] Vimala
* [[Mohan Jose]] as the Rector
* [[Ravi Menon]] as a Priest
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Simon
* [[Babu Namboothiri]] as [[Chief Minister]] Sathyanath
* [[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Namasivayam Swami
* Priyanka Anoop as Deenamma
* [[Zeenath]] as Mother Superior
* [[Reena (actress)|Reena]] as Amala's mother
* [[Narayanankutty]] as Chacko, Vehicle Broker
* Suma Jayaram as 'Stay' Madhavi
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as [[Nun|Sister]] Fisto
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0255074|Crime File}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crime File}}
[[Category:1999 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1999 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Madhu]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Barid Shahi tombs

2026-03-03T08:40:19Z

Ahad Sabri: quick fixed lead for consistency further and corrected details

{{Distinguish|Bahmani tombs}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Barid Shahi tombs
| image = Tomb of ali barid shah.jpg
| caption = Tomb of Ali Barid Shah
| location = [[Bidar, Karnataka]], India
| architecture = [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.919|N|77.504|E|display=inline, title}}
| built = 16th century
}}
[[File:Tomb Qasim Barid Shah.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Qasim Barid I|Qasim Barid Shah I]]]]
[[File:Tomb Ali Barid Shah.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Ali Barid Shah I]] along with the two-storied gateway]]
The '''Barid Shahi tombs''' are tombs of the [[Barid Shahi dynasty]]. They are located in [[Bidar]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.journeynlife.com/2014/10/barid-shahi-park-bidar-great-historical-architecture.html|title=Journey & Life.: Barid Shahi Park – A great historical architecture in Bidar, Karnataka|website=Journey & Life.|access-date=2019-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111093056/http://www.journeynlife.com/2014/10/barid-shahi-park-bidar-great-historical-architecture.html|archive-date=2016-11-11|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Barid Shahi dynasty]] ruled between 1492 and 1695.

They were built during the medieval period in the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan)|title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|last=Law|first=John|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.|year=1914|location=Calcutta|pages=16}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The tombs were built in the [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] style typical of the [[Deccan Sultanates]]. Similar necropolises include the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]] in Hyderabad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|title=Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> They are set in a garden, of which a few mango and tamarind trees still survive.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

===Tomb of Qasim Barid===
The Tomb of Qasim Barid lies to the East of his son Amir Barid's unfinished tomb.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=149}}

===Tomb of Amir Barid===
Amir Barid lies in an unfinished tomb. He began the construction of his tomb, however, he died in 1542 CE before the tomb could be completed.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=150}}

===Tomb of Ali Barid===
The tomb of Ali Barid was completed in 984 Hijri (1576-1577 CE), three years before his death.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=152}}

===Tomb of Ibrahim Barid===
The tomb of Ibrahim Barid is a replica of his father Ali Barid's tomb.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=160}} The tomb is located on a raised platform 6 feet tall.

A two storied gateway leads to the tomb enclosure.

There are several graves within the enclosure, under the shade of mango trees.

=== Tomb of Qasim Barid II ===
The tomb is to the south of Ibrahim Barid's tomb.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=162}}

Several other tombs are located on the platform.

=== Idgah ===
There is an [[Eidgah|idgah]] at the eastern end of Qasim Barid's tomb.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=165}} The idgah might have been constructed during the Bahmani period.

== Preservation ==
The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has listed the site as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments / Sites under the jurisdiction of Karnataka (Bangalore Circle, Dharwad Circle and Hampi Circle) |url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Karnataka-Bangalore-Circle-Dharwad-Circle-and-Hampi-Circle.pdf |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> The complex, along with other sites in Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur, and Hyderabad is also listed on the tentative list of the [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Chahartaq (architecture)]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |last1=Haig |first1=Major T. W. |year=1907 |publisher=Pioneer Press, Allahabad |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan |ref={{sfnref|Haig, 1907}}}}
* {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}}
{{Bidar topics}}

[[Category:Bidar]]
[[Category:Tombs in Karnataka]]

Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway

2026-02-24T07:49:40Z

Ahad Sabri: Done

{{short description|Railways established by the Nizams of Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway
| logo_filename = Nizam’s Guaranteed State Railway Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| system_map = Nizam Railway Map.jpg
| map_caption = Nizam State Railway map
| map_size =
| marks =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale = [[Hyderabad State]], India
| start_year = 1870 to 1883, fully owned by [[Nizam]]. Owned by [[Hyderabad State]] from 1930 to 1951.<ref name="Ind Rail Herit"/>
| end_year = 1950 (nationalised and merged with [[Indian Railways]])
| predecessor_line = Nizam State Railways (1873–1883)<ref name="Ind Rail Herit"/>
| successor_line = [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]](1951) [[South Central Railway]](1966)
| gauge = [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad gauge]] [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| electrification =
| length = {{convert|351|mi|km}} (1905) {{convert|688|mi|km}} (1943) {{convert|2351|km|mi}} (1951)<ref name="Telng Today"/>
| hq_city = [[Secunderabad Railway Station|Secunderabad]] (1870–1916) [[London]] (1883–1941)<ref name="Ind Rail Herit"/> [[Kachiguda Railway Station|Kachiguda]] (1916–1950)
| website =
}}
{{Nizam's guaranteed state railway network}}
'''Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway''' ('''NGSR''') was a [[railway company]] operating in [[British Raj|India]] from 1883 to 1950. The company began with a [[Glossary of rail transport terms#Railway line|line]] built privately by the [[Exalted Highness|HEH]], the [[Nizam]], which was owned and operated by the company under a guarantee from the [[Hyderabad State]]. [[Capital (economics)|Capital]] for the line was raised by issuing redeemable mortgage [[debenture]]s. The Nizam's [[Rail transport|railway]] was eventually [[Consolidation (business)|consolidated]] with the '''Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railway''' ('''HGVR'''). In 1951, both the NGSR and the HGVR were [[Nationalization|nationalised]] and [[Mergers and acquisitions|merged]] into [[Indian Railways]].

== History ==
=== Nizam's State Railway ===
The [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|GIPR]] line connecting Bombay with Madras had bypassed the Nizam's territories.<ref>{{Cite web | title=-- Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 26, Atlas 1909 edition, Hyderabad -- Digital South Asia Library | url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/pager.html?object=46 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706153127/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/pager.html?object=46 | access-date=2025-08-01 | archive-date=6 July 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Britishers were interested in joining the GIPR line with Hyderabad and make the Nizam incur all the expenses and pay a guaranteed interest to GIPR. On 19 May 1870 an agreement was signed by Governor General [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]] with the Nizams. As per this agreement, the new company would be owned by the Nizams and be known as Nizam's State Railway. The capital to set it up would be provided by the [[Nizam]],<ref name="Nizam shocked british">{{cite news |title=He was way ahead of his time |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/328902/he-way-ahead-his-time.html |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> but will be constructed and operated by [[British Raj|Government of India]] through British Resident at Hyderabad. Hyderabad was connected to GIPR and a new line from [[Wadi, Maharashtra|Wadi]] to [[Secunderabad]] was finalised. The construction of {{convert|192|km|mi|abbr=on}} line started on 25 March 1871 and was completed on 9 October 1874. The line was split at [[Begumpet railway station|Begumpet]] with one going to [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad]] and another line going to [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad]]. The {{convert|140|km|mi}} line from Secunderabad to [[Warangal railway station|Warangal]] was opened on 8 April 1886. Later, starting from 1889, metre-gauge lines were laid from [[Manmad Junction railway station]] to Secunderabad, connecting Aurangabad, Jalna, Nanded and Nizamabad. Financial deterioration of NSR coupled with the need to extend the railways to [[Singareni]] to carry coal to the GIPR forced Salar Jung to seek funds in the London financial markets. Nizam State Railways was taken over by Morton, Rose & Co, a joint stock company based in London and renamed as Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway on 27 December 1883.<ref name="Telng Today"/><ref name="Ind Rail Herit">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/6%20Nizam_s%20Hyderabad%20State%20and%20the%20Railways%20(Indian%20Railway%20Magazine,%20July,%202018)-%20Manoj%20Pande,%20AM%20(Staff),%20Railway%20Board.pdf|last=Pande|first=Manoj|publisher=Railway Board, Indian Railways|title=Nizam's Hyderabad State and Railways|access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref>

=== Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway ===
[[File:Secunderabad railway station in 1874.jpg|thumb|Secunderabad Railway Station (circa 1874)]]
[[File:Kacheguda Rly Stn West View 1922 Lala Deen Dayal.jpg|thumb|Kacheguda Railway Station (circa 1922)]]
[[File:Hyderabad Deccan.jpg|thumb|Hyderabad Deccan Railway Station (before 1905)]]
[[File:NizamStateRailwayTicket.jpeg|thumb|A copy of ticket issued by Nizam State Railways]]
Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was formed on 27 December 1883 after the Nizam State Railways was taken over by Morton, Rose & Co. As per the agreement signed the Nizam's government had to deliver all existing railway lines free of all encumbrances to the newly formed company. The Nizams had to pay annuity for 20 years to the newly formed company. This company had ten directors out of whom only one was an Indian. The lone Indian member was Sardar Diler Jung Bahadur who was the Secretary of the Railways Department of Nizam's Government. On 1 April 1930 the NGSR was brought under the direct control of Hyderabad State with [[Akbar Hydari|Sir Akbar Hydari]] as the president. The remaining members of the board of the nationalised company were Britishers and the headquarters of H. H. Nizam's State Railways remained at London. The office was relocated to Hyderabad on 1 November 1941, as the ongoing war was making it difficult to work over such a long distance. Hyderabad was integrated with India in 1948 and on 5 November 1951 NGSR, along with GIPR and some other small railway companies were merged to form Central Railways. On 2 October 1966, [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]] was carved out of Central Railway with areas of erstwhile NGSR under its jurisdiction and [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda]] as its headquarters. At the time of merger, the total length of Nizam State Railway system was {{convert|2351|km|mi}} and was the largest system in any [[Princely state|princely State]] in India.<ref name="Ind Rail Herit"/><ref name="Telng Today">{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rewind-how-railways-arrived-in-hyderabad-state|title=Rewind: How Railways arrived in Hyderabad State|publisher=Telangana Today|date=2024-01-13|access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref>

The proposal was for an initial railway line to be built from [[Secunderabad Railway Station]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to [[Wadi railway station|Wadi Junction]]. Nizam agreed to fund the construction expenses for the initial line,{{sfn|Law|pp=26-28|1914}} leaving subsequent branches to be financed through a variety of means. Construction commenced in 1870, and the Secunderabad-Wadi Line was completed in 1874. Between 1874 and 1889, this line was extended to [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet]] and then to [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]].

In 1879, the [[Nizam]] '''''[[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]]''''' took direct control of the company, integrating it into the state bureaucracy as the state-owned Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway.<ref>{{cite web| title=HH the Nizam's Railway, Poosapally gorge| url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho0000430s6u00036000.html| publisher=bl.uk| access-date=10 July 2020| archive-date=12 April 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412125726/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho0000430s6u00036000.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Lynton|Rajan|pp=56-57|1987|p=}} This partial-nationalisation was reversed in 1883 when a management company was formed to gradually take over the lines, under the provision of a guarantee from the government of HEH, the Nizam of Hyderabad State.

In 1899, the [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]] connection between Bezwada (Vijayawada) and [[Chennai|Madras]] (Chennai Central) opened, making rail travel between Hyderabad and Chennai possible. Railroad tracks in the state thus contained {{convert|467|mi|km}} on the broad gauge, all built before 1891, and {{convert|391|mi|km}} on the [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]], which were opened between 1899 and 1901. The total capital [[expenditure]] on the [[Nizam]]'s State Railway at the end of 1904 was 4.3 [[crore]]s. In that year, the net earnings were nearly 28 [[lakh]]s, or about 6{{fraction|1|2}} percent of the [[Cost|outlay]].

In 1916, another railway terminus, [[Kachiguda Railway Station]], was built to serve as the railway's headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Umashankar |first1=JBS |title=Nizam was way ahead of his time |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/328902/he-way-ahead-his-time.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=10 July 2020 |language=en |date=27 April 2013}}</ref> The Nizam's railway was then divided into various, directly owned [[Shell corporation|subcorporations]]. Each had a head official appointed by the Nizam's Railway. The profits of these rail lines were distributed by the Nizam's Railway.

=== Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railway ===

The Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railway was a {{TrackGauge|1m}} gauge railway. [[John Wallace Pringle]] — who had recently completed surveying routes for the [[Uganda Railway|Uganda railway]]<ref name="Steamx">{{cite web|title=Inspecting Officers (Railways) |at=Pringle, [Sir] John Wallace |url=https://steamindex.com/people/inspoff.htm#pringle |access-date=2011-07-10 |website=steamindex.com }}</ref> — was appointed as the superintending engineer in 1896. The railway opened in 1896, with a {{convert|391|mi|km}} line from Hyderabad city to [[Manmad Junction railway station|Manmad Junction]]. The railway eventually grew to {{convert|467|mi|km}} of {{TrackGauge|5ft6in}} gauge track and {{convert|391|mi|km}} of {{TrackGauge|1m}} gauge track. The Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railways cost 2.6 crores, and earned 7.7 lakhs net in the same year, or nearly 3 percent. In 1901 and 1902 the earnings were about 3{{fraction|1|2}} percent.

In the early twentieth century, the [[cotton]] industry held an important place in Nizam's Hyderabad Government as the largest export of [[Hyderabad State]]. In 1889, a [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton spinning]] mill and a [[weaving]] mill were erected in [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad]], employing a total of 700 people. In [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] alone there were 9 [[cotton gin]]ning factories and five cotton presses, with two more ginning factories at Aurangabad and [[Kannad]]. In 1901, the cotton presses and ginning factories employed a total of 1,016 people. The area of cultivated land under cotton in 1914 was three million [[acre]]s (12,000 km2), with most of the cotton being grown in the [[Marathwada]] districts, where the soil was particularly well suited to it.<ref name="hydgodavari">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Godavari Valley Railway: Buldana, Aurangabad & Parbhanai Districts, Sheet No.56 A/N.W - Unknown |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/hyderabad-godavari-valley-railway-buldana-aurangabad-parbhanai-districts-sheet-no-56-a-n-w/VgGD0xllzz7OBA |website=Google Arts & Culture |access-date=14 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Expansion of Cotton industry===
The opening of the Hyderabad–Godavari Railway in October 1900 led to the growth of the cotton industry in the [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Nanded|Nander]], [[Parbhani]] and Aurangabad Districts; the line was used to transport the heavy machinery needed to open ginning and pressing factories. [[Mumbai|Bombay]] buyers began to arrive in considerable numbers during the cotton season, which lasted from October to December. More land was turned over to growing cotton and machines replaced the traditional hand gins. [[Grain]] and [[Legume|pulses]] became more expensive, with much of the best land used for cotton farming, and [[Marathwada]] entered a critical period of its history.<ref name="hydgodavari"/>

According to a census report from the period: "The evolution from the agricultural to the manufacturing stage has already begun in Marathwada. When a country begins to produce the raw materials of manufacture in place of food crops, it has started on the road to industrialisation." There were three large spinning and weaving mills and about 90 small ginning and pressing factories in the State. In 1914 69,943 people were employed in cotton spinning, sizing, and 517,750 in weaving, cotton ginning, cleaning, and pressing. The wages paid were good, but the cost of living in Marathwara rose significantly due to the rise of the cotton industry, the uncertainty of rainfall, and availability of credit from money lenders.<ref>{{cite web |last1=J |first1=Nikhil |title=Hyderabad–Godavari Valley Railway and Cotton Industry |url=https://citykatta.com/hyderabad-godavari-valley-railway/ |website=CityKatta |date=29 November 2018}}</ref>

== Railway lines ==
The following lines constituted Nizam's Railway:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/history/hyderabad.html|title='Hyderabad' by Mirza Mehdy Khan in the Provincial Series of the Imperial Gazetteer of India, Government Printing Press, Calcutta, 1909|last=Sivaramakrishnan|first=R|date=18 August 2008|website=Indian Railways Fan Club [IRFCA]|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>

* Bezwada Extension ({{convert|34.5|mi|km}}) opened in 1889
* Belharshah-Kazipet ({{convert|234.5|mi|km}}) opened in 1924
* Karipalli-Kothagudam ({{convert|39.5|mi|km}}) opened in 1927
* Vikarabad-parli vaijanath-parbhani ({{convert|91|mi|km}}) opened in 1930
* Purna Junction-Hingoli (miles) opened in 1912
* Secunderabad-British Frontier ({{convert|188.2|mi|km}}) opened in 1916
* Dhone Kurnool (cont. to Madras) ({{convert|58.5|mi|km}}) opened in 1909
* The [[Singareni Collieries Company|Singareni coal fields]] were served by a branch line from Dornakal Junction covering a distance of {{convert|19|mi|km}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaganath |first1=Dr Santosh |title=The History of Nizam's Railways System |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-312-49647-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=Jankampet-Bodhan%20Railway&pg=PA98 |access-date=10 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Rail and Road Transport Department ==

In 1932, scheduled [[Bus|bus services]] – under the auspices of the railway administration – began with over 280 miles (450 km) of routes and 27 vehicles. Within a decade, bus service investments became a total expense of 7½ million [[Hyderabadi rupee|HRs]] with nearly 500 vehicles servicing 4475 miles (7200 km) in routes. To coordinate transport policies, the Nizam's State developed a unified Rail and Road Transport Department. According to historian [[M.A. Nayeem]], the functioning of the railways, roadways and airways under a single department was unique in the world.{{Sfn|Nayeem|2002|p=221}} As a result, post-1948, Hyderabad State (later [[Andhra Pradesh]]) had a significantly superior bus network compared to the rest of India. Other Indian states such as [[Madhya Pradesh]] even bought used buses out of Andhra Pradesh. A four-lane highway has now replaced the Nizam-era road from Hyderabad through North India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cabaltimes.com/2016/06/28/nizam/12/|title=The Secret History of Hyderabad State of the Nizam (1724-1948)|last=Subani|first=Hamad|date=28 June 2016|work=Cabal Times|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190428211628/http://www.cabaltimes.com/2016/06/28/nizam/12/|archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live|page=12}}</ref>

== Rolling stock ==
In 1936 the company owned 173 locomotives, 2 steam railcars, 266 coaches and 4192 goods wagons.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA123 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |page=217}}</ref>

==Classification==
It was labeled as a Class I railway according to [[Indian Railway Classification]] System of 1926.<ref>{{cite web| title= Indian Railway Classification | url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification | access-date=10 November 2022| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA5 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |pages=210–219}}</ref>

== Merger and later ==
In 1950, the NGSR and HGVR were nationalised and in 1951 became part of [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]], a zone of [[Indian Railways]]. It was later re-zoned to [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]], another zone of Indian Railways.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/wheel-comes-full-circle|title=The wheel comes full circle…: A look back at the history of transportation in the city|last=Ifthekar|first=JS|date=26 Nov 2017|work=Telangana Today}}</ref>

All the metre-gauge lines were gradually converted to the nationwide rail standard, {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], from 1992 to 2004.<ref name="nizam">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/01/stories/2004070104580500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501212055/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/01/stories/2004070104580500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Last MG train pulls out of Nizamabad station|date=July 1, 2004}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Nizam State Railways}}
* [[Deccan Queen (bus)]]
* [[Cyril Lloyd Jones]]
* [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]
* [[Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]]

== References ==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* [https://www.deccanherald.com/content/328902/he-way-ahead-his-time.html The Nizam was way ahead of his times]
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/provincialseries00mirzuoft/|title=Hyderābād State|last1=Khān|first1=Mirza Mehdy|last2=Vredenburg|first2=E.|last3=Prain|first3=C. I. E.|publisher=Government Printing Office|year=1909|series=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series|location=Calcutta}}
* {{Cite book|title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|last=Law|first=John|publisher=Thacker, Spink, & Co.|year=1914|location=Calcutta}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Days of the Beloved|last1=Lynton|first1=Harriet Ronken|last2=Rajan|first2=Mohini|publisher=University of California Press|year=1987|isbn=0520024427|location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Splendour of Hyderabad: the last phase of an oriental culture, 1591-1948 A.D.|last=Nayeem|first=M. A.|publisher=Hyderabad Publishers|year=2002|isbn=8185492204|edition=Revised|location=Hyderabad|orig-year=1987}}

{{Class I railways according to Indian Railway Classification System}}
{{South Central Railway zone}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Godavari basin}}

[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Nationalisation in India|I]]
[[Category:Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway| ]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Metre-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Secunderabad railway division|*]]
[[Category:South Central Railway zone]]
[[Category:Transport in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1951]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Railway companies of India]]

Veer Hanuman

2026-02-22T21:48:00Z

Ahad Sabri: adding new details

{{Infobox television
| image = Veer Hanuman.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Mythological]]
| creator = [[Swastik Productions]]
| director = Loknath Pandey
| starring = {{unbulleted list | Aan Tiwari | [[Arav Chowdharry]] | Sayli Salunkhe | Mahir Pandhi | Nimai Bali | [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] | [[Malhar Pandya]] | [[Meer Ali]] | Bheemraj Malaji }}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 156
| producer = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] Gayatri Gill Tewary
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Swastik Productions]]
| network = [[Sony SAB]] [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|03|11}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|09|08}}
}}
'''''Veer Hanuman''''', also known as '''''Veer Hanuman – Bolo Bajrang Bali Ki Jai''''', is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[mythological]] [[television series]] aired from 11 March 2025 to 8 September 2025 on [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{cite news |title=List of 7 upcoming Indian TV shows set to release soon: Naagin 7, Zyada Mat Udd, Veer Hanuman and more|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/list-of-7-upcoming-indian-tv-shows-set-to-release-soon-naagin-7-zyada-mat-udd-veer-hanuman-and-more-1375922 |work=Pinkvilla |date=5 March 2025|access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> The show is produced by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] under [[Swastik Productions]].<ref>{{cite web |title=सोनी सब ने की भक्तिमय महागाथा ‘वीर हनुमान’ की घोषणा, दिखेगी बजरंगबली की अद्भुत यात्रा |trans-title=Sony SAB announces devotional epic 'Veer Hanuman' will show the amazing journey of Bajrangbali |url=https://ndtv.in/television/sony-sab-announces-devotional-epic-veer-hanuman-will-show-the-amazing-journey-of-bajrangbali-7597604 |website=NDTV |date=30 January 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series chronicles the journey of [[Lord Hanuman]] from his childhood as Maruti to becoming a symbol of unwavering devotion and supernatural strength. Set in the mythical kingdom of Kishkindha, the story follows young Maruti as he gradually uncovers his divine identity. Guided by his parents and spiritual mentors, he embarks on a journey that brings him into contact with various deities and key figures from Hindu mythology. The show emphasizes Hanuman’s internal evolution, focusing on devotion, humility, valor, and the virtues that make him the ideal devotee of Lord Rama.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2025/01/new-show-veer-hanuman-on-sony-sab/ |title=सोनी सब पर नया शो ‘वीर हनुमान’ |work=Divya Himachal |date=31 January 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veer Hanuman To Feature a Fresh Take on Early Years Of Legend Hanuman|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/veer-hanuman-to-feature-fresh-take-on-early-years-of-legend-lord-hanuman-deets-inside-article-119525568 |website=Times Now|date=26 March 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
== Cast ==
*Aan Tiwari as young [[Hanuman]] (Maruti)<ref name="toi-aan">{{cite news |title=Aan Tiwari to essay the role of young Lord Hanuman in Veer Hanuman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/child-artist-aan-tiwari-to-essay-the-role-of-young-lord-hanuman-in-veer-hanuman-says-i-feel-like-a-real-superhero/articleshow/118153757.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*[[Arav Chowdharry]] as [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]], Hanuman’s father<ref>{{cite news |title=Arav Chowdharry to essay the role of Lord Hanuman’s wise and valiant father Kesari in devotional epic Veer Hanuman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arav-chowdharry-to-essay-the-role-of-lord-hanumans-wise-and-valiant-father-kesari-in-devotional-epic-veer-hanuman/articleshow/117796413.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*Sayli Salunkhe as [[Añjanā|Anjana]], Hanuman’s mother<ref name="toi-sayli">{{cite news |title=Sayli Salunkhe: I always wanted to play a mythological character |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/sayli-salunkhe-recalls-being-confused-before-agreeing-to-play-mata-anjana-in-veer-hanuman-my-parents-said-just-do-it-101739794232735.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*Mahir Pandhi as [[Vali (Ramayana)|Bali]] and [[Sugreev]] (dual role)<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Mahir Pandhi on his looks as Bali and Sugriva in Veer Hanuman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mahir-pandhi-on-his-looks-as-bali-and-sugriva-in-veer-hanuman-says-each-character-brings-a-unique-energy/articleshow/118277256.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Thanos है बाली का कमजोर वर्जन...' Veer Hanuman एक्टर Mahir Pandhi ने बताया कितना चुनौतीपूर्ण है उनका किरदार |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-mahir-pandhi-of-veer-hanuman-calls-thanos-weaker-version-of-bali-says-working-in-serial-is-blessing-23899513.html |work=Jagran |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>
* Tanmay Rishi Shah as [[Rama]]
* Dhaniksh Dadhich as [[Lakshmana]]
* Shaurya Upadhyay as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]
* Shabd Grover as [[Shatrughna]]
*[[Nimai Bali]] as Rikshraj
*Govind Namdev as [[Brahma]]
*Priyanshi Raghuwanshi as [[Saraswati]]
*[[Himanshu Soni]] as [[Vishnu]]
*Sakshi Khandal as [[Lakshmi]]
*Abhilash Chaudhary as [[Ravana]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Salman Khan’s mental and physical strength is unmatched, says Abhilash Chaudhary |url=https://ianslive.in/salman-khans-mental-and-physical-strength-is-unmatched-says-abhilash-chaudhary--20250324104931 |work=IANS LIVE |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>
*[[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as [[Shiva]]/[[Mahakala|Mahakaal]]<ref name="toi-tarun">{{cite news |title=Tarun Khanna on playing Lord Shiva for the 11th time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tarun-khanna-on-playing-lord-shiva-for-the-11th-time-in-veer-hanuman-i-feel-bholenath-himself-chooses-me-for-the-part/articleshow/117890750.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*Aishwarya Raj Bhakuni as [[Parvati]]/[[Kali]]
*Sarthak Dayma as [[Ganesha]]
*[[Malhar Pandya]] as [[Surya]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki actor Malhar Pandya to play Suryadev in Veer Hanuman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kasam-tere-pyaar-ki-actor-malhar-pandya-to-play-suryadev-in-veer-hanuman/articleshow/119373080.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*Siyaa Patil as [[Saranyu|Sandhya]]/[[Chhaya]] (dual role)
*[[Rushiraj Pawar]] as [[Shani]]
*[[Meer Ali]] as [[Indra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Meer Ali to play Lord Indra for the sixth time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meer-ali-to-play-lord-indra-for-the-sixth-time-on-television-in-veer-hanuman/articleshow/118782677.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*Saurabh Kaushik as [[Rahu]]
*[[Kunal Bakshi]] as [[Vayu|Pawan]]
* Kritik Yadav as [[Agni]]
*Sandeep Singh as [[Varuna]]
*MM Rishi as [[Chandra]]
*Bheemraj Malaji as [[Jatayu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Veer Hanuman: Shani Dev's arrival marks a new chapter in Hanuman’s divine journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/veer-hanuman-shani-devs-arrival-marks-a-new-chapter-in-hanumans-divine-journey/articleshow/120770430.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
*Sumit Sadan as [[Jambavana]]
*Javed Pathan as Mayavi
*Dinesh Mehta as [[Ahiravan]]
*Manish Bishla as Dadimukha
*Riya Sharma as [[Rumā|Ruma]]
*Alhaan Shaikh as [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]]
* Mukund Jain as [[Nila (Ramayana)|Nila]]
*Gurpreet Kaur as [[Kaushalya]]
*[[Hunar Hali]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
*Ruchi RK Kaushal as [[Sumitra]]
*Kala Nayak as [[Manthara]]
*Anila Kharbanda as [[Tataka]]
*Vineet Asthana as [[Subahu]]
*Deblina Chatterjee as Raakha

== Production ==
''Veer Hanuman'' is produced by Swastik Productions, known for their previous mythological dramas such as ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' and ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''. The show is filmed primarily in Mumbai, using expansive sets that replicate the architectural styles of ancient India. The design team drew inspiration from the cave art of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] to reflect historical accuracy in costumes and settings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sayli Salunkhe on the majestic costumes of Veer Hanuman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sayli-salunkhe-on-the-majestic-costumes-of-veer-hanuman-inspired-by-ajanta-and-ellora/articleshow/119838221.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
The series incorporates advanced VFX and CGI technology to depict divine miracles and supernatural battles, aiming to offer a visually immersive experience.<ref>{{cite web |title=How a niche content firm is riding on spiritual revival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/how-a-niche-content-firm-is-riding-on-spiritual-revival-101740684129410.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=28 February 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
The show was promoted using 3D holographic sky projection technology in [[Ujjain]] during [[Mahashivratri]] as part of a promotional campaign by [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{cite web |title=पौराणिक शो 'वीर हनुमान' हुआ लॉन्च:चाइल्ड आर्टिस्ट आन तिवारी बने बाल हनुमान, उज्जैन के रामघाट पर दिखा भव्य 3D स्काई प्रोजेक्शन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/mythological-show-veer-hanuman-launched-134562583.html |date=28 February 2025|access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> This projection used scrim technology to create a 360-degree visual experience of [[Lord Hanuman]].<ref>{{cite web |title='वीर हनुमान' सीरियल की भव्य लॉन्चिंग! 3D होलोग्राफिक शो ने रामघाट पर बटोरी सुर्खियां|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/ujjain-ujjain-veer-hanuman-serial-grand-launch-with-3d-projection-local18-ws-b-9057587.html |website=News18|date=26 February 2025|access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=उज्जैन में 'वीर हनुमान' का 3डी प्रोजेक्शन, सीरियल के सभी अभिनेता रहे मौजूद - VEER HANUMAN SERIAL 3D PROJECTION|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/ujjain-3d-projection-for-veer-hanuman-serial-at-ramghat-madhya-pradesh-news-mps25022500935 |website=ETV Bharat|date=25 February 2025|access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Critics appreciated the show’s spiritual tone and its effort to present the epic’s stories to a modern audience with fresh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sony SAB announces devotional epic 'Veer Hanuman' will show the amazing journey of Bajrangbali |url=https://ndtv.in/television/sony-sab-announces-devotional-epic-veer-hanuman-will-show-the-amazing-journey-of-bajrangbali-7597604 |website=NDTV |date=30 January 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/veer-hanuman-bolo-bajrang-bali-ki-jai-1790006564 ''Veer Hanuman''] on SonyLIV
* {{IMDb title|36120299}}
[[Category:Indian television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Television series about Hanuman]]

Kunickaa Sadanand

2026-02-12T15:09:12Z

Ahad Sabri:

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Kunika graces the screening of Sonata.jpg
| caption = Kunickaa at the screening of Sonata, 2017
| birth_name = Kunickaa Sadanand
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|2|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = Abhay Kothari (Divorced) Vinay Lall (Divorced)<
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 1988–present
| occupation = Actress, singer, lawyer
| relatives = [[Kabir Sadanand]] (brother) [[Deepak Tijori]] (brother-in-law)
}}

'''Kunickaa Sadanand''' (born 27 February 1964) is an Indian film actress and TV actress, [[advocate]], [[Film producer|producer]] and [[Activism|social activist]] who appeared [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19]] in 2025. She is known for her various characters in many [[Cinema of India|Indian films]] as both a villain and in comedic roles.

Also a singer, she has released three pop albums titled ''Lakhon Mein Ek'' released in 1996, and ''Kunickaa'' which was released in 2002. She released her third album named ''Joombish (A Mystical Journey)'' on 2 May 2006.

==Personal life==
Kunickaa Sadanand has been married twice; her first marriage was with Abhay Kothari from Delhi. She has a son from this marriage. Her second marriage was with Vinay Lall (Mr. Lall) whom she married at the age of 35; together they have a son. She was romantically involved with Sunil Sikand (actor [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]'s son) during the 80s and later with singer [[Kumar Sanu]] in late 90s. She, along with her business partner, created restaurants called "White - the Italian café", "Zingcafe", "Majestica – The Royal Banquet Hall", and a spa called "Exhale" in [[Goregaon]] in suburban [[Mumbai]]. The partnership however ended in 2007.

Kunickaa has conducted, organized and participated in over 100 stage shows in India and around the world. She also runs an event company called Karma Events and Entertainment.

Kunickaa has been actively involved in social activities like [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] awareness campaigns for the last 20 years.

She launched Tara Charitable Trust on 15 August 2005. This trust aims at rebuilding lives of destitute people, helping the underprivileged and providing medical, educational and emotional succor to the needy. She is a trustee to the NGO CHIP (Children In Progress), [[Mumbai]], which is actively working for child health and education.

==TV and film career==
Since her teenage years, Kunickaa sadanand was keen to join the Indian TV industry as an actress. After doing a few TV serials in [[Delhi]], she went to Mumbai to act in films. [[Manju Asrani]], wife of well known comic actor [[Asrani]] gave Kunickaa the first break as an actress in a TV serial. Her second break was a role in the TV serial ''Adalat'', directed by Dheeraj Kumar. Kunickaa began her film career at the age of 28 in a 1988 horror Hindi movie named ''Kabrastan''. She has acted in many negative roles in movies like ''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'', ''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumraah]]'' and ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''. Kunickaa has acted in 110 films in 25 years.

''[[Swabhimaan]]'' a TV serial, where she played mother to an 18-year-old breakthrough role that won her many plaudits. She acted in a TV serial called ''Kana Phoosi'' on [[Doordarshan]] and in ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]'' on [[Star Plus]]. She was also seen in the [[reality TV]] show ''Box Cricket League'' on Sony Entertainment as a fielder from the team Pune Anmol Ratn, while most recently she played the character of Rani Durgavati in the TV serial ''Akbar Birbal'' on Big Magic. She is currently seen in [[&TV]] show ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]'' as a loud goan Christian Juliet Bai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kunika-all-set-to-enter-Dilli-Wali-Thakur-Girls-as-a-loud-Goan-Christian/articleshow/47147997.cms |title=Kunika all set to enter 'Dilli Wali Thakur Girls' as a loud Goan Christian - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2015}}</ref>

She is currently participating as a contestant in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|''Bigg Boss 19'']].<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web | last=Chowdhury | first=Madhumanti Pait | title=Kunickaa Sadanand's Son Ayaan Reveals Her Elder Son Was Kidnapped, "To Fight His Case, She Got Into Film Industry" | website=NDTV | date=2025-09-08 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kunickaa-sadanands-son-ayaan-reveals-her-elder-son-was-kidnapped-to-fight-his-case-she-got-into-film-industry-9234860 | access-date=2025-09-09}}</ref>

== Social Media Incident ==
In February 2026, actress '''Kunickaa Sadanand''' criticized a social media troll who compared her son to singer '''Kumar Sanu''' using an AI-generated image.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=Kunickaa Sadanand slams troll for comparing her son with Kumar Sanu; says, “This is getting out of hand now” |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kunickaa-sadanand-slams-troll-for-comparing-her-son-with-kumar-sanu-says-this-is-getting-out-of-hand-now/articleshow/128145786.cms |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She condemned the comparison as inappropriate, calling it “out of hand” and defending her family’s privacy.

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{{BLP unsourced section|date=May 2019}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2]]''
|Celina's mother
|[[Pakistani]] Film
|-
|2016
|''[[Bhouri]]''
|Kaki
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]''
| Devi's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''[[Yeh Dooriyan]]''
| Mrs. Arora
|
|-
| ''[[Monica (2011 film)|Monica]]''
| Judge
|
|-
| ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]''
| Mrs. Bajwa
| Punjabi Film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| ''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]''
| Rammi
|
|-
| ''[[Men Not Allowed]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|Tom, Dick, and Harry]]''
| Jassi Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav]]''
| Pradyuma's mother-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
|Monaz Modi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin|Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin]]''
| Prakash's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Insaaf: The Justice]]''
| Minister Rameshwari Verma
|
|-
| ''[[Suno Sasurjee]]''
| Mrs. Kiran Kumar
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003
| ''[[Jodi Kya Banayi Wah Wah Ramji]]''
| Bengali lady
|
|-
| ''[[Khanjar: The Knife]]''
| Pammi's girlfriend
|
|-
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
| Party guest
|
|-
| ''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]''
| Prema Malini
|
|-
| ''[[Kyon?]]''
| Mrs. Desai
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Tum Jiyo Hazaron Saal]]''
| Mrs. Kapur
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]''
| Sweety Aunty
|
|-
|''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)]]''
| Smt. Chopra
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
| ''[[Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya]]''
| Manjula
|
|-
| ''[[Woh Bewafa Thi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shikaar (2000 film)|Shikaar]]''
| Nurse
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
| ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/salman-khans-hum-saath-saath-hain-co-actor-kunika-gets-death-threats-from-bishnoi-community-for-her-comments-in-the-blackbuck-poaching-case-2992717/ |title=Salman Khan's Hum Saath Saath Hain Co-Actor Threatened By Bishnoi Community |date=10 April 2018 |work=India.com}}</ref>
| Shanti
|
|-
| ''[[Daag: The Fire]]''
| Nurse Lily
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1998
| ''[[Wajood (1998 film)|Wajood]]''
| Mrs. Chawla
|
|-
| ''[[Maharaja (1998 film)|Maharaja]]''
| Mrs. Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Qila (film)|Qila]]''
| Neelam Daniel
|
|-
| ''[[Jaane Jigar]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|''Pyaar Kiya to darna kya'']]
| Mrs. Khanna
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997
| ''[[Dil Kitna Nadan Hai]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Kitna Nadan Hai |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/dil-kitna-nadan-hai/cast/2030175704/ |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=TV Guide |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[Koyla]]''
| Rasili
|
|-
| ''[[Judge Mujrim]]''
| Dancer (in song "Khatra Shabnam Ka")
|
|-
| ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]''
| Actress
|
|-
| ''[[Dhaal]]''
| Mrs. Deodhar
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1996
| ''[[Shastra]]''
| Sonia
|
|-
| ''[[Fareb (1996 film)|Fareb]]''
| Brinda
|
|-
| ''[[Loafer (1996 film)|Loafer]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''
|Sharda Devi
|
|-
| ''[[Apne Dam Par]]''
| Mamiji
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1995
| ''[[Takkar (1995 film)|Takkar]]''
| Sheena Vasudev
|
|-
| ''[[The Don (1995 film)|The Don]]''
| College professor
|
|-
| ''[[Baazi (1995 film)|Baazi]]''
| Rani
|
|-
| ''[[Jawab (1995 film)|Jawab]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kismat (1995 film)|Kismat]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1994
| ''[[Hum Hain Bemisaal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mohra]]''
| Flora
|
|-
| ''[[Chhoti Bahoo]]''
| Shobha
|
|-
| ''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994 film)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]''
| Mrs. Jagatpal Sharma
|
|-
| [[Andaz (1994 film)|''Andaz'' (1994 film)]]
| Shobha (uncredited)
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1993
| ''[[15th August (1993 film)]]''|| Phulwa||
|-
| ''[[Kasam Teri Kasam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tadipaar]]''
| Mohinidevi's secretary
|
|-
|''[[Gardish]]''
|Shiva's Elder Sister
|
|-
| ''[[Chandra Mukhi]]''
| Lily
|
|-
| ''[[Khoon Ka Sindoor]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]''
| Female cop in Hong Kong
|
|-
| ''[[Kohra (1993 film)|Kohra]]''
| Kitty
|
|-
| ''[[Meri Aan]]''
| Nagina Bai
|
|-
| ''[[Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''The Monster''
| Konica
|
|-
| ''[[King Uncle]]''
| Kamla (Guest appearance)
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1992
| ''[[Dil Hi To Hai (1992 film)]]''
|Flower seller
|
|-
| ''[[Heer Ranjha]]''
| Bigo
|
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ka Goonda Raj]]''
| Chanda
|
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
| Julie
|
|-
| ''[[Zakhmi Sipahi]]''
| Cameo, in song "O Chaila"
|
|-
| ''[[Meera Ka Mohan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Siyasat]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bewaffa Se Waffa]]''
| Nagma's aunt
|
|-
| ''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]''
| Kunika
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1991
| ''[[Kaun Kare Kurbanie]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kurbaan (1991 film)|Kurbaan]]''
| Gayatri
|
|-
| ''[[Do Matwale]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ayee Milan Ki Raat]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dushman Devta]]''
| Kamli
|
|-
| ''[[Parakrami (film)|Parakrami]]''
|
| '''Unreleased movie'''
|-
| ''[[Vishnu-Devaa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jeena Teri Gali Mein]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jungle Beauty]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Haque]]''
| Asha
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1990
| ''[[Majboor (1990 film)|Majboor]]''
|Sushila
|
|-
| ''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love]]''
| Dhanraj's girlfriend
|
|-
| ''[[Thanedaar]]''
| Munni
|
|-
| ''[[Agneekaal]]''
| Madhu Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]''
| Munnijaan
|
|-
| ''[[Bandh Darwaza]]''
| Kamya Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Amavas Ki Raat]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1989
|''Paanch Paapi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paanch Paapi (1989) - BollywoodMDB |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/paanch-paapi/2560 |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sachai Ki Taqat]]''
| Laxmi
|
|-
|''[[Kahan Hai Kanoon]]''
|Rita
|
|-
| ''[[Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharnii|Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharni]]''
| Pyarelal's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Mujrim]]''
|Maria (uncredited)
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Kabrastan]]''
| Kitty
|
|}

=== Television shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Show
!Role
|-
|2025
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|''Bigg Boss 19'']]
|Contestant
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Akbar Birbal]]''
|Rani Durgavati
|-
|2015
|''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kunika-all-set-to-enter-Dilli-Wali-Thakur-Girls-as-a-loud-Goan-Christian/articleshow/47147997.cms |title=Kunika all set to enter 'Dilli Wali Thakur Girls' as a loud |date=4 May 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|Mrs. Juliet
|-
|2015
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|Thakurayan / Thakurain
|-
|2014–2015
|''Box Cricket League''
|Contestant
|-
|2014
|''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''
|Anisha James Waterson
|-
|2012
|''Kanaphusi''
|Mother in law
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Sanjog Se Bani Sangini]]''
|Naani
|-
|2007
|''[[Kahani Ghar Ghar ki]]''
|Garima Garg
|-
|2003
|''Strivers & Achievers''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030504/spectrum/tv.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television |website=The Tribune}}</ref>
|Anchor
|-
|-
|2003
|''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
|Mrs. Malini (Models Judge)
|-
|2001
|''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|CID]]''
|Rakhi
|-
|2001
|''[[Aashirwad (TV series)|Aashirwad]]''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Dollar Bahu]]''
|Charu's friend
|-
|2002
|''[[Kittie Party]]''
|Vasundhara
|-
|1998-2000
|''Sparsh''
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Swabhimaan]]''
|Nishi Malhotra
|-
|1990
|''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]''
|Yasmin Khan
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Year
|-
|[[Taish]]
|Beeji
|[[ZEE5]]
|2020
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kunickaa.com/ Official Website]
* {{iMDb name|0969505}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Shyamoli Varma

2026-02-12T02:43:58Z

Ahad Sabri: adding new details

{{short description|Indian model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyamoli Varma
| image = Shyamoli Varma Vogue India 2003.jpg
| caption = Shyamoli Varma as featured in 2003 publication of [[Vogue India]].
| birth_name = Shyamoli Varma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|12|11}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Sophia College for Women]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Model (person)|Model]]
* [[Actress]]
}}
| years_active = 1982–2005
| spouse = Abhijit Chaterjee
| children = 1
}}

'''Shyamoli Varma''' (born {{birth date|df=yes|1957|12|11}}), is a former [[Model (people)|Indian]] actress and model. She is known as India's first supermodel and the first [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé]] girl.<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820331-shyamoli-varma-the-lakme-girl-and-indias-first-supermodel-771642-2013-10-17|title = Shyamoli Varma: The Lakmé girl and India's first supermodel |date = 17 October 2013 |accessdate = 10 January 2020}}</ref> Varma is also known for her role in the Indian thriller [[Rog]] and for her work with [[Lakmé Cosmetics]]. Following her work with Lakmé Cosmetics, Varma went on to live in [[Paris]] and model with [[fashion]] companies such as [[Pierre Cardin]], [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], and [[Chanel]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url= http://stylekandy.com/frmstoryview.aspx?stid=6794&stmode=nothing |title = Back from Hiatus|author = Sheena Sidher |date = 8 April 2011 |accessdate = 10 January 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Varma was born into an Indian family on 11 December 11th 1953 in [[Pune]], [[India]]. Her father was a lieutenant colonel in the Indian army and her mother was a housewife. She is of [[Bengalis|Bengali]], [[Punjabis|Punjabi]], and English descent. Varma has one brother who worked as a financial advisor in [[Melbourne]]. She studied [[educational psychology]] in college{{clarify|date=March 2020}}.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | url= https://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/august98/shyamoli.htm |title = Communalism Combat |date = 14 August 1998 |accessdate = 10 January 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Varma married Abhijit Chaterji. She has a daughter, Akiksha, who got her Masters at the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]]. Varma is fluent in English, Hindi, and French.<ref name="auto1" />

==Career==
[[File:Shyamoli Varma featured in Vanguard, 1998.tif|thumb|upright=1.2|Image taken from 1998 publication of Vanguard. Photographed by [[Rohit Khosla]]]]

After graduating [[Sophia College for Women]], she worked as a telephone operator in Pune before she was spotted by an assistant to fashion choreographer [[Jeannie Naoroji]]. She then signed on to a three-year modelling contract with [[Lakmé Cosmetics]]. Varma is known in India for this partnership and has been coined as the "Lakmé girl".<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news | url= http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-model-life/388772/ |title = A Model Life| newspaper=The Indian Express | date = 23 November 2008|accessdate = 27 January 2021}}</ref> She was used to advertise make-up products to an India that was relatively new to the world of cosmetics. Lakmé had to overcome a negative social taboo about cosmetics in India and market their products to a country of diverse complexions and skin tones. After a year in the modeling industry, Varma appeared in ads for [[Nescafé]] and on [[Doordarshan]], a broadcasting network owned by the Indian government.<ref name="auto2" />

Following her work with Lakmé Cosmetics, she acquired a contract with [[Pierre Cardin]] and moved to [[Paris]], [[France]] in 1980 to further her work in the fashion industry. Varma worked with [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]], [[Chanel]], [[Vogue Paris|Vogue]], [[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]], [[Karl Lagerfeld]], [[Max Mara]], [[Comme des Garçons]], and other top fashion companies.<ref name="auto2" /> During her time in Paris, she was close with fellow Indian model [[Anjali Mendes]] and photographers [[Rohit Khosla]] and [[Azzedine Alaïa]]. She then moved back to Pune in 1989, where she began a career as a fashion choreographer. Since then, she has traveled around India, France, and Germany and has held 6 exhibitions. In the next two years, she choreographed shows for fashion institutes, designers and trade fairs. She continued on for 5 years until the birth of her daughter.<ref name="auto" />

== Movies ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Language
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]''
| Rasa Devi's Courtesan
| English
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Everybody Says I'm Fine!]]''
| Mrs. Mittal
| English
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Rog]]''
| Shyamoli
| Hindi
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0890064}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Shyamoli}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]

Gurtej Sandhu

2026-02-12T02:07:23Z

Ahad Sabri: Made Initial Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian-American inventor and semiconductor technologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Gurtej Singh Sandhu
| image = Gurtej Singh Sandhu.jpg
| caption = Sandhu in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|10|24}}
| birth_place = London, England
| citizenship = United States
| fields =
| workplaces = [[Micron Technology]]
| alma_mater = [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]]) [[IIT Delhi]] ([[Master of Technology|M.Tech]]) [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| doctoral_advisor = |thesis_title
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| academic_advisors =
| known_for = Inventions
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gurtej Singh Sandhu''' (born 24 October 1960<ref>{{Cite web|title= Gurtej Singh Sandhu|url= https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Dr._Gurtej_Singh_Sandhu|access-date= 15 January 2026|website=Sikh Wiki |language=en}}</ref>) is an American inventor and semiconductor technologist who is widely recognized for his pioneering contributions to [[computer memory]] and [[solid-state storage]].

Sandhu currently serves as Principal Fellow and Vice President at [[Micron Technology]], where he has worked since 1990.<ref name="FLOGEN">{{cite web|title=Gurtej Singh Sandhu - Principal Fellow and Vice President at Micron Technology|url=https://www.flogen.org}}</ref><ref name="IEEE">{{cite web|title=IEEE Andrew S. Grove Award|url=https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/grove-recipients.html}}</ref> Sandhu is among the [[List of prolific inventors|world’s most prolific inventors]], holding over 2,211 patents worldwide and 1,432 within the U.S, surpassing [[Thomas Edison]]’s record.<ref name="MicronLegal">{{cite web
|title=Micron Technology Internal Patent Summary: Gurtej Singh Sandhu
|publisher=Micron Technology, Inc.
|date=October 2024
|url=https://www.micron.com
|access-date=10 October 2025
|language=en
|quote=Patent data provided by Micron Technology’s legal department.
}}</ref><ref name="Justia">{{cite web|title=Gurtej Singh Sandhu - Patents|url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/gurtej-singh-sandhu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&d=PTXT&Query=apt%2F1+and+in%2F%28Sandhu-Gurtej$+or+Gurtej-Sandhu$%29 |title=USPTO Utility Patent Search for Gurtej Sandhu |access-date=7 July 2015|archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114231638/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&d=PTXT&Query=apt%2F1+and+in%2F%28Sandhu-Gurtej%24+or+Gurtej-Sandhu%24%29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news|title=GNDU alumnus Gurtej Sandhu 7th among world's top inventors|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com|date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gurtej Singh Sandhu was born on 24 October 1960 in [[London]] to Indian [[Sikhs|Sikh]] parents. Both of his parents were PhD graduates from the [[University of London]]. Sandhu was raised in [[Amritsar]], India, where his father was a chemistry professor at the [[Guru Nanak Dev University]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Amritsar Scientist Who Calmly Broke The Century-Old US Patent Record Of Thomas Edison |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/the-amritsar-scientist-who-calmly-broke-the-century-old-us-patent-record-of-thomas-edison-aa-ws-l-9508763.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250820231143/https://www.news18.com/viral/the-amritsar-scientist-who-calmly-broke-the-century-old-us-patent-record-of-thomas-edison-aa-ws-l-9508763.html |archive-date=2025-08-20 |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Influenced by his parents, Sandhu earned a Master of Science (Honours) in Physics from Guru Nanak Dev University, followed by a Master of Technology in Electrical Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]. He moved to the United States, where he earned a Ph.D. in Physics from the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], graduating in 1990.<ref name="FLOGEN" /><ref name="HT" /><ref name="IEEE" />

==Technical contributions==
Sandhu’s early breakthrough at Micron involved developing a titanium coating process for microchips that prevented oxygen exposure, a technique now widely adopted in memory-chip production.<ref name="Kiplinger">{{cite web|title=Patent Making: Suddenly It Clicks|url=https://www.kiplinger.com/article/business/T012-C000-S002-patent-making-suddenly-it-clicks.html|date=June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084605/http://www.kiplinger.com/article/business/T012-C000-S002-patent-making-suddenly-it-clicks.html|archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

His innovations span several key processes in semiconductor manufacturing, including [[Atomic Layer Deposition]] (ALD) of high-κ films for [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]], pitch-doubling techniques for [[NAND flash memory|NAND flash scaling]], and [[Chemical vapor deposition|CVD]] Ti/TiN processes still used in DRAM and NAND fabrication.<ref name="IEEE" /> These advancements have enabled the continuation of [[Moore’s Law]] for memory chips and have been foundational to advanced patterning and materials integration.

==Awards and recognition==
Sandhu received the [[IEEE Andrew S. Grove Award]] in 2018 for outstanding contributions to solid-state devices and technology, and is a [[Fellow of the IEEE]].<ref name="IEEE"/>
He has also been honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from IIT Delhi.<ref name="HT"/>
As of 2024, he is recognized among the world’s top inventors for his extensive patent portfolio.<ref name="Justia"/>

==Personal life==
Sandhu resides in [[Boise]], [[Idaho]], and is known for his humility and mentorship of young engineers.

He enjoys sports such as basketball and table tennis, and emphasizes that innovation often extends beyond patents, with many breakthroughs retained as trade secrets.<ref name="FLOGEN" />
He is also active in philanthropy, supporting educational initiatives and contributing to thought leadership in semiconductor scaling through keynote talks and [[IEEE Spectrum]] interviews.<ref name="EandT">{{cite web|title=Gurtej Singh Sandhu|url=https://ethw.org/Gurtej_Singh_Sandhu}}</ref><ref name="IEEE" />

== References ==

<references>

{{cite web |title=Gurtej Singh Sandhu Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/gurtej-sandhu |access-date=October 11, 2025}}
{{cite web |title=Gurtej Sandhu – ITPC Speaker Bio |url=https://www.semi.org/en/expositions-events/itpc-speaker-bio-gurtej-sandhu |access-date=October 11, 2025}}
{{cite web |title=Gurtej Sandhu |url=https://www.semi.org/en/node/21506 |access-date=October 11, 2025}}
{{cite web |title=This Boise scientist has more patents than Thomas Edison |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2018/aug/20/this-boise-scientist-has-more-patents-than-thomas-/ |access-date=October 11, 2025}}
{{cite web |title=How America’s top inventor Gurtej Sandhu gives back to students |url=https://www.braingainmag.com/how-americas-top-inventor-gurtej-sandhu-gives-back-to-students.htm |access-date=October 11, 2025}}
{{cite web |title=Dr. Gurtej Singh Sandhu – GNDU Alumni Association |url=https://alumni.gndu.ac.in/our_team/dr-gurtej-singh-sandhu/ |access-date=October 11, 2025}}
{{cite web |title=Gurtej Sandhu (Micron) |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/gurtej-sandhu-9ab2577 |access-date=October 11, 2025}}
{{cite web |title=Gurtej Sandhu Award, Roles |url=https://www.flogen.org/?bio=Sandhu&p=20 |access-date=October 11, 2025}}

</references>

{{Micron Technology}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, Gurtej}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Micron Technology people]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian inventors]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ranjan Ghosh (academic)

2026-02-10T02:55:59Z

Ahad Sabri: New

{{Short description|Indian academic and professor}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ranjan Ghosh
| image =
| caption =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Academic
* teacher
}}
| awards = 
| education =
| workplaces = [[University of North Bengal]]
| main_interests ={{flatlist|
* comparative literature
* comparative philosophy
* philosophy of education
* environmental humanities
* critical and cultural theory
* intellectual history
}}
| notable_works =
| website = {{Official website}}
}}
'''Ranjan Ghosh''' is an Indian academic and thinker who teaches at the Department of English, [[University of North Bengal]], India. His wide-ranging scholarly work spans across the fields of comparative literature, comparative philosophy, philosophy of education, environmental humanities, [[Critical theory|critical]] and [[Culture theory|cultural theory]], and [[Intellectual history]]. He has been an [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]].

==Career==
Ghosh teaches at the Department of English, [[University of North Bengal]]. Prior to that he taught at [[Darjeeling Government College]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Clark2006">{{cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Timothy|title=Editorial|journal=Oxford Literary Review|volume=28|issue=1|year=2006|pages=4|issn=0305-1498|doi=10.3366/olr.2006.001}}</ref> He was a University Professor at the Institute of English Studies, [[University of Wrocław]], Poland during 2005–06, and a Professorial Fellow at [[w:de:Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut Essen|the Institute for Cultural Studies]] at the [[University of Duisburg-Essen]], Germany in 2006.<ref name="nbu">[https://www.nbu.ac.in/doc/dept/english/Eng_RG.pdf University of North Bengal]</ref> He was elected an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow by the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] in November 2006.<ref name="Telegraph India 2007">{{cite news |title=Alexander's gift|newspaper=Telegraph India|date=8 February 2007|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/education/alexander-s-gift/cid/1329369|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713184352/https://www.telegraphindia.com/education/alexander-s-gift/cid/1329369|url-status=live}}</ref>

He delivered a distinguished lecture series on Plastic hosted by [[Beijing Language and Culture University]], [[Shenzhen University]] and [[Lanzhou University]] (2021), and a mini seminar series, ''Plastic Turn'', at the Critical Theory Institute, [[University of California]] (2018). He was a visiting professor at the Department of English and Culture, [[University of Eastern Piedmont]], [[Vercelli]], Italy (2019); visiting professor at the Department of English, [[Ashoka University]] (2019); visiting faculty member of the South Asia Program at [[Cornell University]]; visiting professor at the Department of English and American Studies, [[University of Würzburg]], Germany and guest professor at the Siebold Institute of Advanced Studies (2017).<ref name="nbu"/>

==Works==
His wide-ranging scholarly work engages with many fields of comparative literature, comparative philosophy, philosophy of education, environmental humanities, critical and cultural theory and intellectual history. His significant work in these areas include: the critically acclaimed ''Thinking Literature across Continents'' (2016) that he co-authored with American literary critic [[J. Hillis Miller]], issued by [[Duke University Press]]. The book has been cited in numerous essays, journal forums, and reviews.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beebee|first=Thomas O.|title=Review: Thinking Literature across Continents by Ranjan Ghosh and J. Hillis Miller|journal=Comparative Literature Studies|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press|volume=55|issue=4|year=2018|issn=0010-4132|doi=10.5325/complitstudies.55.4.0891|page=891}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=R.|last2=Srinivasan|first2=Ragini Tharoor|title=Thinking Thinking Literature Across Continents Across Generations|journal=Comparative Literature Studies|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press|volume=55|issue=4|year=2018|issn=0010-4132|doi=10.5325/complitstudies.55.4.0921|pages=921–939|hdl=10150/631787|s2cid=149885144 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beebee|first=Thomas O.|title=Thinking Literature across Continents by Ranjan Ghosh and J. Hillis Miller|journal=Comparative Literature Studies|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press|volume=55|issue=4|year=2018|issn=0010-4132|doi=10.5325/complitstudies.55.4.0891|page=891}}</ref> In particular two special numbers on the book were published by ''CounterText''.<ref>[https://www.euppublishing.com/toc/count/3/3 ''CounterText'', Vol. 3, Issue 3, December, 2017]</ref><ref>[https://www.euppublishing.com/toc/count/4/1 ''CounterText'', Vol. 4, Issue 4, April, 2018]</ref> Subsequently [[Penn State University]]'s ''Interdisciplinary Literary Studies'' also issued a special number of their work,<ref>[https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/38659 ''Interdisciplinary Literary Studies'', Vol. 20, Issue 2, 2018]</ref> as did ''Symploke'' ([[University of Nebraska Press]]),<ref>[https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/37931 ''Symploke'', Vol. 25, Numbers 1-2, 2017]</ref> ''College Literature'' ([[Johns Hopkins University Press]]),<ref>[https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/39252 ''College Literature'', Vol. 45, Issue 4, Fall 2018]</ref> and ''Literary Imagination'' (Oxford University Press).<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/litimag/issue/20/3 ''Literary Imagination'', Volume 20, Issue 3, November 2018]</ref>

His works have been published in journals including ''[[Critical Inquiry]]'', ''[[Diacritics (journal)|Diacritics]]'', ''[[SubStance]]'', ''[[Oxford Literary Review]]'', ''[[The Comparatist]]'', ''[[Comparative Education Review]]'', ''Symploke'', ''[[Canadian Review of Comparative Literature]]'', ''[[The Minnesota Review]]'', ''[[History and Theory]]'', ''[[Modern Language Notes]]'', ''College Literature'', ''[[Comparative Literature Studies]]'', ''[[Parallax (journal)|Parallax]]'', ''[[University of Toronto Quarterly]]'', ''[[Angelaki]]'' and others.<ref name="Telegraph India 2007"/><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Contributors|year=2017|pages=221–222|doi=10.7591/9780801469206-013|title=Presence |isbn=9780801469206 }}</ref>

Ghosh's thinking on historiography and historical theory comes through in his book ''A Lover's Quarrel with the Past: Romance, Representation, Reading'' (2012).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burton|first=Antoinette |title=Review: Ranjan Ghosh, A Lover's Quarrel with the Past: Romance, Representation, Reading|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|publisher=Informa UK Limited|volume=37|issue=3|year=2014|doi=10.1080/00856401.2014.932480|pages=541–542|s2cid=146558837 }}</ref> His book ''Thinking Literature Across Continents'' (2016) examines the function of literature and literariness through the transnational and transcultural basis of critical, scholarly, literary, and artistic voices.<ref name="Miller2018">{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=J. Hillis|title=Response to College Literature's Forum on Thinking Literature Across Continents|journal=College Literature|volume=45|issue=4|year=2018|pages=861–868|issn=1542-4286|doi=10.1353/lit.2018.0056|s2cid=149590341 }}</ref>

Ghosh's work on education resulted in the exploration of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ideas of education within the framework of transcultural philosophy of education. His book ''Aesthetics, Politics, Pedagogy and Tagore: A Transcultural Philosophy of Education'' (2017) offers "a radical rethinking of Indian thinker Rabindranath Tagore, exploring how his philosophy of education relates to the ideas of Western theorists such as [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Kant]], [[Hegel]], [[Heidegger]], [[Martin Buber]], [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]], [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze]], and others". Ghosh has also introduced new conceptual terms of readings in the critical humanities like 'trans(in)fusion approach' (his recent book is called Trans(in)fusion: Reflections for Critical Thinking from New York, 2020), 'trans-habit' in literary studies (his book Transcultural Poetics and the Concept of the Poet from New York, 2017), and very recently ''Plastic literature'', ''Plastic Turn'' and others.<ref>[https://www.humanities.uci.edu/SOH//calendar/event_details.php?eid=6308&fn=2 Ranjan Ghosh—The Plastic Turn]</ref>

Ghosh is currently the co-editor with Emelia Quinn of the English Association's journal ''Yearbook on Critical and Cultural Theory'' published by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ywcct ''The Year's Work in Critical and Cultural Theory'']</ref>

===Representative works===
* ''Lover's Quarrel with the Past: Romance, Representation, Reading'' (Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2012)
* ''Presence: Philosophy, History, and Cultural Theory for the Twenty-First Century'' ed. (Ithaca, New York, London: Cornell University Press, 2013, with [[Ethan Kleinberg]])
* ''Thinking Literature Across Continents'' (with [[J. Hillis Miller]]) (Durham, London: Duke University Press, 2016)
* ''Aesthetics, Politics, Pedagogy and Tagore: A Transcultural Philosophy of Education'' (London: Palgrave, 2017)
* ''Transcultural Poetics and the Concept of the Poet: From Philip Sidney to T. S. Eliot'' (New York: Routledge, 2017)
* ''Philosophy and Poetry: Continental Perspectives'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019)
* ''Trans(in)fusion: Reflections for Critical Thinking'' (New York: Routledge, 2019)
* ''The Plastic Turn'' (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2022)
* ''Plastic Controversy''. Critical Inquiry, In the Moment. February, 2021.
*{{cite journal
| title = Plastic Literature
| journal = [[University of Toronto Quarterly]]
| volume=88 | issue=2 | date = Spring 2019
| issn=1712-5278 | pages=277–291
| doi = 10.3138/utq.88.2.13
| s2cid = 241732532
| last1 = Ghosh
| first1 = Ranjan
}}
*{{cite journal
| title = Introduction to Focus: What Secular?
| journal = [[American Book Review]]
| volume = 39 | issue = 5 | date = July–August 2018
| issn = 2153-4578 | doi = 10.1353/abr.2018.0060
| pages=3–4
| last1 = Ghosh
| first1 = Ranjan
| s2cid = 149655135
}}
*{{cite journal
| title = Intra-active Transculturality
| journal = [[Modern Language Notes|MLN]]
| volume = 130 | issue=5 | date = December 2015
| issn = 1080-6598 | doi = 10.1353/mln.2015.0080
| pages = 1198–1220
| last1 = Ghosh
| first1 = Ranjan
| s2cid = 164050641
}}
*{{cite journal
| title = Caught in the Cross Traffic: Rabindranath Tagore and the Trials of Child Education
| journal = [[Comparative Education Review]] | publisher = University of Chicago Press
| volume = 59 | issue = 3 | year = 2015
| issn = 0010-4086 | doi = 10.1086/681905
| pages = 399–419
| last1 = Ghosh | first1 = Ranjan | s2cid = 142451236 }}
*{{cite journal
| title = Rabindranath and Rabindranath Tagore: Home, World, History
| journal = [[History and Theory]] | publisher = Wiley
| volume = 54 | issue = 4 | year = 2015
| issn = 0018-2656 | doi =10.1111/hith.10782
| pages = 125–148
| last1 = Ghosh | first1 = Ranjan }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
;Interview
*{{cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Ranjan|title=Institutionalised Theory, (In)fusion, Desivad|journal=Oxford Literary Review|volume=28|issue=1|year=2006|pages=25–36|doi=10.3366/olr.2006.004|jstor=44030939}}

==External links==
* {{Google Scholar id|PTlafuIAAAAJ}}
* {{Scopus id|55154370100}}
* {{Google books author|Ranjan Ghosh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Ranjan}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian lecturers]]
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian academic journal editors]]

Kary Arora

2026-01-30T02:41:17Z

Ahad Sabri: made new data - done

{{short description|Indian DJ|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anuh Shiroor
| birth_name = Anita Manjeshwar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|8|05}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| origin = [[Mangalore, India]]
| instrument = {{hlist|[[Phonograph|Turntable]]|[[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Disc jockey|DJ]]|Copywriter/Artist|}}
| years_active = 1979–1981
}}

'''Anuh Shiroor''' (born 5 August 1960) is an Indian DJ in Tabela, Oberoi Intercontinental, New Delhi. She is best known as India's first female DJ.

==Early life and education==
Kary Arora was born in Chandigarh, India on 7 January 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Birthday wishes: Meet India's first female professional DJ Kary Arora|url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/CHD-birthday-wishes-meet-indias-first-female-professional-dj-kary-arora-4486302-PHO.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151122230426/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/CHD-birthday-wishes-meet-indias-first-female-professional-dj-kary-arora-4486302-PHO.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 22 November 2015|website = daily.bhaskar.com|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref> There were no profound DJing schools back in India in 1997, so she joined Adersh sound and light company in Delhi as a sound labor/DJ for 300 rupees to understand digital connections of console. She studied Audio Engineering at [[SAE Institute]] in Chennai to improve her skills of songwriting.<ref name="Mahaldar">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20120206-music-punjab-women-djs-dance-floor-757110-2012-01-25|title=Six women who know how to get the party started|last=Mahaldar|first=Puja Raina|date=26 January 2012|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==Musical career==
===As a DJ===
Arora began Djing in 1997 as a freelancer. Her first resident DJing was in club Temptation in Delhi from 1999 to 2000, then joined Buzz-Delhi from 2001 to 2004, Flames in Le Meridian-Chennai in 2005, Buzz-Gurgaon, Delhi-NCR from 2006 to 2008. She now performs freelance in clubs across the globe.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DJ Kary Arora at Liquids: Events in Hyderabad |url = http://events.fullhyderabad.com/dj-kary-arora-at-liquids/2008-july/tickets-dates-videos-reviews-27063-1.html|website = events.fullhyderabad.com|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref>

===As a songwriter===
Arora has performed a wide range of roles within the Indian music industry, including singer, composer, music director, audio engineer. In 2008, she composed her first single "Funny Happy B'day to U" for Meow Fm.<ref name="mstarz.com">{{Cite web|title = 'Angry Indian Goddesses' Composer Kary Arora Talks Film, Blasts Bollywood Sexism [INTERVIEW]|url = http://www.mstarz.com/articles/94621/20151204/angry-indian-goddesses-composer-kary-arora-film-bollywood-sexism-interview.htm|website = Mstarz|date = 4 December 2015|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref> In 2009, she composed a background score for CNEB channel. Spectral Records released her two singles "Sanware ki Dhun" and "De De Deedaar De" in 2013.<ref name="bollyspice.com">{{Cite web|title = Kary Arora on the Angry Indian Goddesses song 'Tinko Ke Sahare' |url = http://bollyspice.com/116942/kary-arora-interview|website = BollySpice.com|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref> In 2013, she made her debut as music composer in Bollywood movie [[Satya 2]] with her song "Satya is Back Again"<ref name="mstarz.com" /> In 2015, she composed the song "Tinko ke Sahare" for the movie [[Angry Indian Goddesses]].<ref name="Limelight">{{Cite web|work = Telegraph India |title=Message man New page Poet's place DJ way Helping hand |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151206/jsp/7days/story_56893.jsp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213114/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151206/jsp/7days/story_56893.jsp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 March 2016|location=Kolkota|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|title = 'Angry Indian Goddesses' album is a mix of genres - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Angry-Indian-Goddesses-album-is-a-mix-of-genres/articleshow/49947811.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
[[Limca Book of Records]] honored Arora as India's first woman DJ in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/music/20.aspx |title=Empowering Women |website=www.limcabookofrecords.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628113051/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/music/20.aspx |archive-date=2014-06-28}}</ref> Arora was featured in the documentary ''360 Degree DJs'', and was ranked as one of Delhi's top five DJs for two years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/21/stories/2005032100200300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172947/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/21/stories/2005032100200300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2007|title=Carry on, Kary|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 March 2005|access-date=11 April 2012|author=Prince Frederick}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Soundtracks===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Details
! scope="col" | Year
|-
! scope="row"| Satya Is Back Again<ref name="mstarz.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|title = Satya 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Nitin Raikwar, Sanjeev Darshan, Shree-Isshq & Kary Arora on iTunes|url = https://itunes.apple.com/qa/album/satya-2-original-motion-picture/id901097918|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021351/https://itunes.apple.com/qa/album/satya-2-original-motion-picture/id901097918|url-status = dead|archive-date = 6 March 2016|publisher = iTunes Store|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref>
|
* Movie: [[Satya 2]]
* Music: Kary Arora
* Lyricist: Kary Arora
* Singers: Arsalaan Akhoon, Kary Arora
* Dialogues: [[Makarand Deshpande]]
* Director: [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
* Producer: M Samanth Kumar Reddy
* Label: [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]]
* Formats: Digital download, CD
|2013
|-
! scope="row"| Tinko Ke Sahare<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
|
* Movie: [[Angry Indian Goddesses]]
* Music: Kary Arora
* Lyricist: Kary Arora
* Singers: Kary Arora
* Director: [[Pan Nalin]]
* Producer: Gaurav Dhingra
* Label: T-Series
* Formats: Digital download, CD
|
2015
|-
|}

===Remixes===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="5"| Year
|-
!
|-
! scope="row"| Babuji Dheeray Chalna Remix<ref name="Limelight"/>
|
* Remix: Kary Arora
* Singer: Samira Raza
* Album: Rooh
* Label: Moonlight Productions
* Formats: Digital download, CD
|rowspan="2"|2011
|-
! scope="row"| Do Lafzon Ki Hai Remix<ref name="Limelight"/>
|
* Remix: Kary Arora
* Singer: Sheena Chawla
* Label: Powerplay Records
* Formats: Digital download, CD
|-
! scope="row"| Ishq Mein Ruswa Remix<ref name="bollyspice.com"/>
|
* Remix: Kary Arora
* Singer: Anweshaa
* Film: [[Dangerous Ishhq]]
* Director: [[Vikram Bhatt]]
* Label: T-Series
* Formats: Digital download, CD
|2012
|-
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Details
! scope="col" | Year
|-
! scope="row"| Sanware ki dhun me<ref name="bollyspice.com"/>
|
* Music,Singer: Kary Arora
* Lyricist: Pooja
* Genre: Lounge
* Label: Spectral Records
* Formats: Digital download, CD
|rowspan="2"|2013
|-
! scope="row"| De De Deedaar De<ref name="bollyspice.com"/>
|
* Music, lyricist, Singer: Kary Arora
* Genre: Bollywood Dance Music
* Label: Spectral Records
* Formats: Digital download, CD
|-
|}

===Background scores===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Details
! scope="col" | Year
|-
! scope="row"| 48 Sec of Morning Melody
|
* Music, lyricist, Singer: Kary Arora
* Producer: CNEB Pvt Ltd
|2009
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.djkary.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019114811/http://www.foodandnightlife.com/2010/06/24/a-tete-a-tete-with-the-queen-of-technodj-kary/ Interview with foodandnightlife.com]
* {{IMDb name|5537863}}
*[http://www.asianage.com/people/pick-your-favourites-909 Asianage - Pick Your Favorite]
*[http://echoofindia.com/port-blair-countrys-1st-female-dj-perform-itf-apr-13-53920 Echo of India - Port Blair Country's 1st Female DJ]
*[http://myswar.com/artist/kary-arora My Swar Artist Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101130/http://myswar.com/artist/kary-arora |date=21 November 2015 }}
*[http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/music/20.aspx Lim Ca Book of Records India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628113051/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/music/20.aspx |date=28 June 2014 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Kary}}
[[Category:Musicians from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian DJs]]
[[Category:Women DJs]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women musicians]]

Diamond mining in India

2026-01-29T14:28:44Z

Ahad Sabri: Made Basic Info Needs Work

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{location map+ |India |float=right |width=300|relief=1 |caption=Diamond Mining in India |places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=16.3008 |long=80.4228 |label='''Kollur Mine'''|position=below}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24.3544 |long=79.3427 |label='''Bunder Project'''|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.27 |long=80.17 |label='''Majhgawan Mine'''|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.38 |long=78.40 |label='''Golkonda'''|position=left}}
}}

'''Diamond mining in India''' extends back into antiquity. From ancient times, [[History of India#Iron Age (c. 1800 – 200 BCE)|India]] was the source of nearly all the world's known [[diamond]]s, and until diamonds were discovered in Brazil in 1726, India was the only place where diamonds were mined. India has not been a major diamond-producing country since the 1900s, but diamond mining continues. In 2013, India mined 37,515 carats of diamonds, from one industrial-scale mine and many artisanal mines; this was less than one-tenth of one percent of the world production of 132.9 million carats.<ref>World Mineral Production 2009-2013, British Geological Survey.</ref>

==History==
===Ancient times===
Diamond mining as an industry appears to have originated between 700 and 500 BCE in India.<ref name="JRM">James Remington McCarthy, ''Fire in the Earth'' (New York: Harper, 1942) 21.</ref> The double diamond drill technique was present in western India prior to 600 BCE (7th century BCE).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenoyer|first1=Jonathan Mark|last2=Frenez|first2=Dennys|title=Stone Beads in Oman during the 3rd to 2nd Millennia BCE. New Approaches to the Study of Trade and Technology|pages=67, 72|url=https://www.academia.edu/38078404|journal=[[Society of Bead Researchers|BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers]]|volume=30|date= 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Accounts of early Indian diamond mining that reached [[Europe]] were often mixed with myths. Around 400 BCE, the Greek physician [[Ctesias]] published ''[[Indica (Ctesias)|Indika]]'', a compilation of travellers' tales about India (he himself had never been to India). He described incredibly rich diamond deposits guarded by [[griffins]]. [[Pliny the Elder]], in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] (79 CE), correctly described diamonds being washed from river gravel in India. The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' of [[Kautilya]] mentions diamond trade in India.<ref name="lee1">Lee 2006, p. 685</ref> [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] works dating from the 4th century BCE describe the diamond as a well-known and precious stone but do not mention the details of diamond cutting.<ref>Dickinson 2001, pp. 1–2 1999</ref>

===Medieval period (1200 to 1800 CE)===
Diamonds were reported from numerous places across India, but most of the diamond mining took place by placer mining in the drainages of the [[Penna River]] and [[Krishna River]] in modern [[Andhra Pradesh]] state. Placer mining took place along the Krishna River for 300 km below Sangram. The most intensive mining was in a 60 km zone along the river, from the [[Kollur Mine]] to [[Paritala]]. This area was the source of many legendary gems, including the [[Koh-i-Noor]], [[Nizam]], [[Hope Diamond]], [[Regent Diamond]], [[Great Mogul Diamond]], and the [[Orlov (diamond)|Orlov]] Diamond.<ref>''Detailed Information Dossier on Diamond in India'', 2011, India Geological Survey, p.22, 124.</ref>

India's unique status as a producer of diamonds continued to fascinate Europeans. [[Marco Polo]] travelled along the coast of India in 1292, and recorded tales he heard about diamonds being found in deep mountain valleys made nearly inaccessible by heat, lack of water, and venomous snakes.<ref>Marco Polo, [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_3/Chapter_19 The Travels of Marco Polo].</ref> The French traveller [[Jean Baptiste Tavernier]] visited the Krishna River diggings in 1665, and estimated that about 60,000 people were mining diamonds.

The town of [[Karwan]], near the fortress city of [[Golkonda]], now a suburb of [[Hyderabad]], became the world's largest diamond-cutting and diamond-trading centre. Golconda was not close to diamond mines, but owed its status as a diamond centre to its location on a major trade route from the mines to the south and east. The diamonds became known as [[Golconda Diamonds]], and in Europe, the word Golconda came to mean a place of great wealth.

India continued to be the world's leading source - and nearly the only source - of diamonds until diamonds were discovered in Brazil in 1726. At first, Brazilian diamonds were reputed to be inferior, and did not command as high a price as the Indian article. To obtain better prices, Portuguese traders began shipping Brazilian diamonds through [[Goa]], and then to Europe to be sold as genuine Golconda diamonds. Indian diamond mining declined rapidly in the 1700s, due to a combination of exhaustion of known deposits and competition from Brazil.<ref name="JRM" />

Diamond mining in the Panna region began around 1675 CE, during the rule of [[Chhatrasal]], the Bundela ruler.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&dq=panna+diamond+mining+chhatrasal&pg=PA52 Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand, Ravindra K. Jain, Orient Blackswan, 2002, p.52]</ref> Diamond mining continues in the region.<ref>PRESENT STATUS OF DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY OF PANNA by R. K. MALVIYA, Diamond: A Collection of Papers Presented at the Symposium Held on 6th, 7th and 8th September, 1969 at Panna, Geological Survey of India, p. 196</ref>

==Recent mining in Panna region (Bundelkhand)==
As of 2017, there was one industrial-scale diamond mine in India, the [[Majhgawan]] mine, near the town of [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh]]. The deposit is in a [[kimberlite]] or lamproite pipe 6.5 ha in area, and yields 10 carats to the ton. Mining is done by an open pit, which was 85 m deep as of 2011. Exploration drilling has established that the pipe continues down to at least 330 m.<ref>''Detailed Information Dossier on Diamond in India'', 2011, India Geological Survey, p.50-53.</ref> The mine is owned by the [[National Mineral Development Corporation]] (NMDC), employs 199 people, and has a productive capacity of 84,000 carats per year. The mine began regular production in 1967, and to date, has yielded slightly more than a million carats of diamonds.<ref>[https://www.nmdc.co.in/Panna.aspx Diamond mining project, Panna], NMDC, accessed 28 Mar. 2017.</ref>

There are also numerous artisanal-scale mines. In the Panna mining district, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] leases 8×8 m plots to individuals, who wash the gravel for diamonds. All diamonds found are required to be handed over to the government diamond office in Panna, which markets the gems, and gives the sales proceeds to the finders, less taxes and 11.5% royalty. In 2016, there were officially 952 artisanal mines, which yielded 835 carats of diamonds. However, there is an unknown number of small illegal mines, and an unknown amount of diamonds sold on the black market.<ref>Neeraj Santoshi, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/panna-illegal-mining-rampant-in-india-s-only-diamond-producing-region/story-KGZ7i19Zcmj9e9BIiVZJPO.html "Panna illegal mining rampant in India's only diamond-producing region"], ''Hindustan Times'', 27 Jan. 2017.</ref>

The [[Rio Tinto Group]] discovered the Bunder diamond deposit in 2004 in Chhatarpur district near Buxwaha. The deposit is in an ecologically sensitive area. In February 2017, Rio Tinto quit work on the project, and gave the deposit and all on-site equipment to the state government of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>Swansy Afonso, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-07/rio-tinto-gifts-india-diamond-mine-to-madhya-pradesh-government "Rio gifts India diamond mine to Madya Pradesh government"], Bloomberg, 6 Feb. 2017.Pothireddy Jathin Reddy</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mining in India]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}
{{World topic|Diamond mining in|title=Diamond mining|noredlinks=yes}}

[[Category:Mining in India|*]]
[[Category:Diamond industry in India]]
[[Category:Diamond mining by country|India]]

Ramalinga Swamigal

2026-01-25T17:55:55Z

Ahad Sabri: small improve structure after review further and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Tamil saint and poet (1823–1874)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramalinga Swamigal aka ''Thiruvarut Prakasa Vallalar''
| image = Ramalinga Swamigal.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1823|10|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Marudur, [[Chidambaram]] (present-day [[Cuddalore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| disappeared_place = Mettukuppam, [[Vadalur]], [[Cuddalore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| disappeared_date = {{disappeared date and age|1874|1|30|1823|10|5|mf=yes}}
}}
'''Thiruvarutprakasa Vallalār Chidambaram Ramalingam''' (5 October 1823 – 30 January 1874), also known as '''Vallalār''', '''Ramalinga Swamigal''' and '''Ramalinga Adigal''', was a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saint who preached the philosophy of ''Jeevakarunyam.'' Some aspects of these encompassed feed the hungry and also seeing the existence of God in all things, living or non-living. He is a renowned thinker of the 19th century who teaches deathlessness. He belongs to a line of Tamil saints who speaks about Siddhi meaning getting merged with the supreme God known as ''Arulperumjothi'' [[Siddhar|gnana siddhars]]" ({{Lang|ta|gnana}} means 'higher [[wisdom]]').<ref name=":0" />

Ramalinga ventured to eliminate the caste system in India.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/05/20/stories/2008052050851302.htm Book Review by "The Hindu" on Vallalār Rāmalinga adigal varalaru]</ref> To that end, he founded a group known as ''Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathiya Sangam'',<ref name="ambalamyoga.org">[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalār%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf Details on ''Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathiya Sangam'' ]{{Dead link|date=November 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> which spread not only due to his theoretical teachings also due to his practiced lifestyle, which was an inspiration for his followers. According to Suddha Sanmarga, the prime aspects of human life should be love connected with charity and divine practice leading to achievement of pure knowledge.

Ramalinga espoused the veneration of the radiant flame emanating from a lit lamp, not as a deity unto itself, but rather as a symbol representing the enduring omnipotence of the [[Divinity|Divine]], as opposed to the adoration of statues within a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] framework.<ref>Alayam: The Hindu Temple; An Epitome of Hindu Culture; G.VenkataRamana Reddy; Published by Adhyaksha; Sri Rāmakrishna Math; {{ISBN|978-81-7823-542-4}}; Page 52</ref>

==Early life==
Ramalingam's{{Notetag|'Ramalingam' was his given, pre-monastic name.<ref name=":0" />}} parents were Ramayya Pillai and Chinnammai of [[Karuneegar Pillai]] caste. She was his sixth wife, as all his previous wives had died childless and in quick succession. They were a family in Marudhur, a village in the old [[South Arcot|South Arcot district]], near [[Chidambaram]]. Ramalingam was their fifth and youngest child. The older ones were two sons, Sabhapati and Parasu Rāman; and two daughters, Sundarammal and Unnamulai.

===Childhood and divine experiences===
[[File:Vallalar drawing.jpg|thumb|A modern depiction of Vallalar]]
When Ramalingam was five months old, his parents brought him to the [[Chidambaram Temple|Chidambaram Natarājar Temple]]. The infant was joyous while the priest was offering [[Archana (Hinduism)|Deepa Aradhana]] (adoration by a lighted lamp being brought close to the [[vigraham]]s); this was perceived by Ramalingam as a deep spiritual experience. In later years, he said of the experience: "No sooner the Light was perceived, happiness prevailed on me", and "The sweet nectar was tasted by me as soon as the '''Arul Perum Jothi''' (Divine Light of Grace) became visible".<ref>[http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/08/SocSci-EM/History/chapter_6.pdf Arutperunjothi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916051722/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/08/SocSci-EM/History/chapter_6.pdf |date=2008-09-16 }}, Tamil Nadu Text books online</ref>

In 1824, his father died. Following this, his mother moved to her mother's residence at Chinna Kāvanam, Ponneri. Ramalingam was a small child when he and his mother relocated to [[Chennai]] in 1826, where they lived with his eldest brother Sabhapati and his wife Pāppāthi at 31/14 Veerasamy Pillai Street in the [[Sevenwells]] area.{{NoteTag|The locality where he lived has been renamed '[[Vallalar Nagar|Vallalār Nagar]]'.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}}}

After Ramalingam reached five years of age, Sabhapati initiated his [[formal education]]. However, uninterested in his education, Ramalingam instead preferred trips to the nearby [[Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown|Kandha Kottam Kandha Swāmi Temple]].{{NoteTag|Ramalingam composed 'Deiva Mani Malai' at this temple. Today, this temple has a hall called the [[Mandapa|Mukha Mandapam]], which contains an idol of Sri Rāmalinga Swāmigal,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405031044/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=12 Dinamalar newspaper- Kandha kottam photos]</ref> as well as [[Ganesha|Sarva Siddhi Vinayakar]], [[Meenakshi|Meenakshi Sundareswarar]], Idumban, and Pamban Swāmigal.}} Sabhapati thought that the child needed punishment as a form of discipline, and he told his wife not to give Ramalingam his daily meal. His kind sister-in-law, however, secretly gave him food and persuaded him to study seriously at home. In return, Ramalingam asked for his own room, lighted lamp and mirror. He placed the light in front of the mirror and [[meditation|meditated]] by concentrating on the light. He miraculously saw a vision of the [[Murugan|Lord Muruga]]. Ramalingam said: "The beauty endowed divine faces six, the illustrious shoulders twelve."<ref>{{cite news | first=Lakshmi | last=Devnath | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm | title=Compassion is the essence of Saint Rāmalingam's philosophy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |archive-date=2011-01-07 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 February 2001 | url-status=usurped | access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

At one time, Ramalingam had to replace his elder brother Sabhapati at an [[Katha (storytelling format)|Upanyāsam]] (religious stories) session as ''upāsakar''. His great discourse on verses from the ''[[Periya Puranam|Periya Purānam]]'', an epic poem by [[Sekkizhar]] about the saintly '63 [[Nayanars|Nāyanārs]]', was appreciated by the devotees as being given by a very learned scholar. Ramalingam's mental and spiritual growth progressed rapidly. Ramalingam gave thanks to the Divine by saying: "Effulgent flame of grace, that lit in me intelligence, to know untaught."<ref>[http://www.Vallalar.org/WebComponents/FrontPage.aspx?ViewName=enBlogs&WebSiteId=1&ConId=294 Early life of Saint Vallalār]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ramalingam evolved in his spiritual journey from being a devout devotee of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] to worshiping the formless.

Ramalingam renounced the world at the young age of thirteen, but he was forced to marry his niece (on his sister's side). Legends say that the [[bridegroom]] during his first night after marriage was reading devotional works like the ''[[Tiruvasakam|Thiruvāsagam]]''. He was not interested in money, and it is said that in later life he reduced or ignored eating and sleeping. But he seemed fit in body,{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} which was believed to be due to his supposed "physical transformation".

==Teachings==
[[File:Sathya gnana sabha, vadalur 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Heaps of grain bags at [[Satyagnana Sabha, Vadalur|Sathya Gnana Sabhai, Vadalur]], established by Ramalinga ]]Ramalinga left Chennai in 1858. First, he went to [[Chidambaram]] where he had a debate with Kodakanallur Sundara Swāmigal. At the request of one Rāmakrishna Reddiyar,{{Who|date=January 2024}} he went to his house at [[Karunguzhi]] (near [[Vadalur]]) and stayed there for nine years. He was against the [[caste system]] because of the adverse impacts it had on society. Towards that end, he started a guild of devotees called the "Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam" in 1865. In 1872, it was renamed "Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam",<ref name="ambalamyoga.org" /> meaning "Society for pure truth in universal self-hood". Ramalinga was influenced by [[Valluvar]] and was drawn towards the teachings of the ''[[Tirukkural]]'' from a young age. He soon started teaching its message by conducting regular Kural classes to the masses.<ref>{{cite news | last = Kolappan | first = B. | title = First printed Tirukkural to be republished after 168 years | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 3 October 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/first-printed-tirukkural-to-be-republished-after-168-years/article25106575.ece | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref> He vowed to follow the ''Kural''<nowiki/>'s morals of compassion and non-violence and continued emphasizing non-killing and meatless diet throughout his life by his concept of ''Jeeva Karunyam'' ('compassion for living beings'<ref name=":0" />).<ref>{{cite book |author=N. V. Subbaraman |title= வள்ளுவம் வாழ்ந்த வள்ளலார் [Valluvam Vaalndha Vallalar] |url= |year= 2015 |publisher=Unique Media Integrators | location=Chennai |isbn = 978-93-83051-95-3 |page= }}</ref>{{Rp|39–42}}<ref>{{cite book |author=M. P. Sivagnanam |title=திருக்குறளிலே கலைபற்றிக் கூறாததேன்? [Why does the Tirukkural not speak about art?] |year=1974 |publisher=Poonkodi Padhippagam | location=Chennai }}</ref>{{Rp|96}} He said:<blockquote>When I see men feeding on the coarse and vicious food of meat, it is an ever-recurring grief to me.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The Hindu" article on Vallalār |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |archive-date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2008-06-14}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1867, Ramalinga established a facility named "The Sathya Dharma Salai"<ref>[http://www.Vallalarspace.com/VallalarGroups/ Image of Sathya Dharma Salai]</ref> in Vadalur for serving free food to the poor. On the inaugural day, he lit the fire of the stone stove, with a declaration that the fire be ever alive and the needy shall be fed forever.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=S. |date=2022-09-08 |title=At Sathya Dharma Salai, the homeless are fed for the past 155 years |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/feeding-the-hungry-for-155-years/article65868139.ece |access-date=2022-11-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ramalinga Swamigal |url=https://mydattatreya.com/ramalinga-swamigal/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=My Dattatreya |language=en-US}}</ref> The facility, still in existence and run by volunteers, continues to serve free food to all people, without any caste distinction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-04 |title=Vallalar, practical philosopher |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/vallalar-practical-philosopher/article65381347.ece |access-date=2022-11-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The land for the facility was donated by kind, generous people, and visitors can view the registration documents.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Sathya gnana sabha, vadalur 3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Entrance to the Sathya Gnana Sabha. The sign above it reads, "only those who have renounced meat and murder should enter".]] On 25 January 1872, Ramalinga opened the "[[Satyagnana Sabha, Vadalur|Sathya Gnana Sabhai]]" (Hall of True Knowledge) at Vadalur. This [[secular]] place is not a [[temple]]; there are no offerings, and no blessings are given. It is open to people of all castes except those who eat meat, who are only allowed to worship from the outside. The oil lamp lit by Ramalinga is kept perpetually burning. Ramalinga himself wrote in detail about the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' to be performed in Gnana Sabhai—visitors below 12 or above 72 years of age alone were expected to enter Gnana Sabhai and do ''poojas''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf Details about the seven veils described by Vallalār] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409135431/http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf |date=2011-04-09 }}</ref>

Within the complex are seven cotton fabric screens, representing the seven factors that prevent a soul from realizing its true nature. The entire complex is bound by a chain with 21,600 links, said to represent '21,600 inhalations'<ref>[http://www.religiousworlds.com/mandalam/janarnav.htm "Jnanarnava Tantra," Chapter Twenty One] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408093158/http://www.religiousworlds.com/mandalam/janarnav.htm |date=2006-04-08 }}</ref> by a normal human being. He said the intelligence we possess is ''[[Maya (religion)|Maya]]'' intelligence, which is not the true and final intelligence. The path of final intelligence is ''Jeeva Karunyam''.<ref name=":0" />

Vallalār (Ramalinga) advocated a casteless society, and condemned inequality based on birth. He was opposed to [[superstition]]s and rituals.<ref name=":0" /> He forbade killing animals, even for the sake of food. He advocated feeding the poor as the highest form of worship.<ref name=":0" /> He also forbade [[Idolatry|idol worship]], as he is historically said to have strongly opposed idols of Hindu gods and those made of himself by his followers. His rejection of idol worship was based on his belief in a formless, universal divine presence, rather than devotion to physical representations of God.

Vallalār advocated a spiritual path free from ritualistic practices, superstitions, and reliance on physical idols. His teachings emphasized compassion, love for all beings, and the pursuit of enlightenment, which he felt could not be achieved through the worship of idols or rituals. He encouraged his followers to focus on the formless divine and inner spirituality, rather than external symbols.<ref name=":0" />

One of the main teachings of Ramalinga is "[[community service|Service]] to [[Human beings|Living Beings]] is the path of Liberation ([[Moksha]])".<ref name=":0" /> He declared that death is not natural, and that life's first priority should be to fight death. He declared religion in itself a darkness.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024|reason=Claim not verifiable in source "Ramalinga Swamigal" ('''My Dattatreya''' website).}} He said God is "Arul Perum Jothi" (Divine Light of Grace), the personification of grace or mercy and knowledge, and that the path of compassion and mercy is the only path to God.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-18 |title=Beyond philosophy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/beyond-philosophy/article65425951.ece |access-date=2022-11-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Today, there are spiritual groups spread out all over the world who practice his teachings and follow the path of Arut Perum Jothi.

==Literary works==
As a musician and poet, Ramalinga composed 5,818 poems teaching universal love and peace, compiled into 'Six Thiru Muraigal', which are all available today as a single book called ''Thiruvarutpa''<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/tnpsc/FINEARTSde.html Tamil Nadu Public service commission included Thiru arut pa in syllabus]</ref> ('holy book of grace'). He composed the '''Veeraraghva Panchakam''' dedicated to [[Veeraraghava Swamy Temple|Veeraraghava Perumal]] located in [[Tiruvallur]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thiruarutpa.org/thirumurai/v/T154/tm/viiraraakavar_poorrip_panjsakam | title=வீரராகவர் போற்றிப் பஞ்சகம் / Vīrarākavar pōṟṟip pañsakam - திரு அருட்பா, திருவருட்பா, Vallalar, வள்ளலார், Ramalinga Adigalar, Thiru Arutprakasa Vallalar, தயவு, திருஅருட்பிரகாச வள்ளலார், சிதம்பரம் இராமலிங்கம், சமரச சுத்த சன்மார்க்க சத்திய சங்கம், VallalarSpace, ThiruArutpa, Thiruvarutpa, அருட்பெருஞ்ஜோதி தனிப்பெருங்கருணை }}</ref>

Other works of his include the ''Manumurai Kanda Vāsagam'',<ref>[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf Manumurai Kanda Vāsagam ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409135431/http://www.ambalamyoga.org/On%20Vallalar%20by%20Arul%20file.pdf |date=2011-04-09 }}</ref> which describes the life of [[Manu Needhi Cholan]], and ''Jeeva Karunya Ozhukkam'',<ref>[http://www.ambalamyoga.org/Jeiva%20Karunai.pdf Details on Jeeva Karunya Ozhukkam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002210/http://www.ambalamyoga.org/Jeiva%20Karunai.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> which emphasizes compassion towards all sentient forms and insists on a plants-only diet.

===Songs set to music===
* ''Thiruvarutpa'' songs of Rāmalinga Swāmigal are sung in concerts, and now at least 25 songs (in ''Thiruvarutpā Isai Mālai'') are given with ''swara-tāla'' notation.
* ''Thāyāgi thandhaiyumai'' ([[Hamsadhwani]]), ''Idu nalla tharunam'' ([[Dheerasankarabharanam|Shankarābharanam]])
* ''Varuvar azhaithu vadi'' (Begada) and ''Thaen ena inikkum''.

Some of his songs were set to music by [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan|Sīrkāzhi Govindharājan]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050104114542/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/11/05/stories/2004110503330900.htm Sirkazhi Govindarajan] from "The Hindu" newspaper</ref>

==Disappearance==
{{Further|Locked-room mystery}}
On 22 October 1873, Ramalinga raised the 'flag of Brotherhood'{{clarify|date=October 2018}} on his one-room residence ''Siddhi Valāgam'' in Mettukuppam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-02-02 |title=Compassion is the essence of his philosophy |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107124551/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/02/02/stories/1302136a.htm |archive-date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2008-06-14 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He gave his final lecture—about spiritual progress and the "nature of the powers that lie beyond us and move us"—and recommended meditation using the lighted lamp from his room, which he then kept outside.

On 30 January 1874, Ramalinga entered the room, locked himself inside and told his followers not to open it. After opening, he said, he would not be found there. (He will be "united with nature and ruling the actions of 'all of the alls'," as told in his poem ''Gnana Sariyai''). His seclusion spurred many rumors, and the government finally forced the doors open in May. The room was empty, with no clues. In 1906, records about his disappearance<ref>[http://bp3.blogger.com/_ye_-S-DaxNE/R_RyHb_UkJI/AAAAAAAAAqs/98zB2rqpjDI/s1600-h/gazette+1.jpg Engraved stone in Vadalur (image)] about the Madras District Gazette's note describing Rāmalingam's disappearance on 30 January 1874.</ref> were published in the South Arcot District's ''[[Madras District Gazetteers]]''. Recent scholarship has noted how his disappearance bears a striking resemblance to the [[Rainbow body|Rainbow Body]] phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiso |first=Francis |title=Rainbow body and resurrection: spiritual attainment, the dissolution of the material body, and the case of Khenpo A Chö |date=2016 |publisher=North Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-58394-795-1 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=12–17}}</ref>

==Postage stamp==
On 17 August 2007, [[M. Karunanidhi]], the then [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], released postage stamps depicting Ramalinga.<ref>[http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2007.html commemorative postage stamp on Vallalār] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217132138/http://indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2007.html|date=2010-12-17}}</ref> After that, writ petition was submitted against the portrayal of Ramalinga with 'Thiru Neeru' (sacred ash) on his forehead. The [[Madras High Court]] declined to entertain that writ petition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-06 |title=Writ petition against Vallalar stamp rejected |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100653631000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075635/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100653631000.htm |archive-date=2008-01-30 |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Two [[biographical film]]s were made about Ramalinga Swamigal.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Actor
!Note
|-
|1939
|''[[Jothi (1939 film)|Jothi]]''
|K. A. Muthu Bhagavathar
|[[Lost film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1971
| rowspan="2" |''[[Arutperunjothi]]''
|[[Master Sridhar]]
|Young Ramalingam
|-
|[[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|Adult Ramalingam
|}

To commemorate Vallalar's 200th birth anniversary in 2022, a mosaic art piece was created using more than 5,000 small pieces of paper.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-krishnagiri/news/3139142 | title=5,000 பேப்பர் துண்டுகளில் வள்ளலார் உருவம் அமைப்பு | date=6 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/at-hosur-on-the-200th-birth-anniversary-of-vallalarhis-image-in-mosaic-artdesigned-by-a-private-company-employee-520454 | title=ஓசூரில், வள்ளலாரின் 200 வது பிறந்த நாளையொட்டி மொசைக் ஆர்ட்டில் அவரது உருவத்தை வடிவமைத்த தனியார் நிறுவன ஊழியர் | date=5 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-krishnagiri/news/3138463 | title=5,000 பேப்பர் துண்டுகளில் வள்ளலார் உருவம் அமைப்பு | date=5 October 2022 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jothi Agaval]]
* [[Arutperunjothi (1971 film)]]
* [[Jothi (1939 film)]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1970|List of people who disappeared]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://Vadalurvallalarthaipusam2024jothi.blogspot.com வடலூர் வள்ளலார் தைப்பூச ஜோதி தரிசனம்: எப்போது, எங்கு, எப்படி?]
* Thiru Arutprakasa Vallalar Ramalinga Swamigal, or Ramalinga Adigal, Thiruvarutpa was written by - Ramalinga Swamigal. [https://vallalarsongs.com/ Vallalar Songs]

==Further reading==
* [[Annamalai University|Annamalai University's]] complete compilation of Thiruvarutpa in all six thirumurai in 10 Volumes [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209152651/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/09/stories/2006020918910500.htm Third edition of Thiruvarutpa released]
* Srilata Raman. "The Spaces In Between: Rāmalinga swāmigal (1823-1874), Hunger, and Religion in Colonial India," ''History of Religions'' (August 2013) 53#1 pp 1–27. [[DOI: 10.1086/671248]]
* ''Arut Prakasa Vallalār, the Saint of Universal Vision'' by V.S. Krishnan, published by Rāmanandha Adigalar Foundation, Coimbatore 641006
* Richard S. Weiss. 2019. ''The Emergence of Modern Hinduism: Religion on the Margins of Colonialism''. California: University of California Press. [https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520307056/the-emergence-of-modern-hinduism]

==External links==


{{Authority control}}
{{Vegetarianism|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rāmalinga Adigal}}
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1870s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Missing Indian people]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Monotheism]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Deified Indian men]]

Jadaun (clan)

2026-01-16T02:58:51Z

Ahad Sabri: made a page - done

{{Short description|Clan of Rajput}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{No footnotes|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{About|a Rajput clan|the Pashtun and Hindkowan tribe|Jadoon}}
'''Jadaun,''' also known as '''Jadon,''' is a [[Rajput]] clan of [[India|Indian]] origin.<ref>Barbara N. Ramusack (2003). The Indian Princes and their States, The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 9781139449083</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions Within Regions|author=Ashutosh Kumar|pages=400|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781315391441|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6YqiDQAAQBAJ&q=Karauli+Rajputs}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Garland of Forgotten Goddesses: Tales of the Feminine Divine from India|author=Michael Slouber|year=2020|pages=158|publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520375758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGUDEAAAQBAJ&q=jadaun+rajputs&pg=PA165}}</ref> They claim descent from the [[Yaduvanshi Rajput|Yaduvanshi]] lineage of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+rajput&pg=PT52 |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India |date=2020-11-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-08400-9 |language=en}}</ref> They further claim to be the descendants of [[Krishna]], a major deity in Hinduism. It is believed that they once ruled the state of [[Mathura]] (now part of [[Mathura district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) and later shifted to [[Bayana]] and [[Karauli State|Karauli]] (both in modern-day state of [[Rajasthan]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Lucia Michelutti|title=Sons of Krishna: The Politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf|year=2018|publisher=London School of Economics|pages=47|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions Within Regions|author=Ashutosh Kumar|pages=400|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781315391441|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6YqiDQAAQBAJ&q=Karauli+Rajputs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Dr Aijaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIU3EAAAQBAJ&dq=yaduvanshi+jadon+rajput&pg=PA25 |title=History of Mewat |date=2021-07-09 |publisher=Alina Books |isbn=978-81-933914-2-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luniya |first=Bhanwarlal Nathuram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wFuAAAAMAAJ&q=yaduvanshi+rajput |title=Life and Culture in Medieval India |date=1978 |publisher=Kamal Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

A sub-group of [[Charan|Charan Banjara]] caste is also known by the name Jadon.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNvGp4Yuk4QC&dq=jadon+caste&pg=PA19 |title=The Banjara |last2=Deogaonkar |first2=Shailaja Shashishekhar |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-433-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajput Groups}}{{Society-stub}}
[[Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Fourth Nitish Kumar ministry

2026-01-14T14:44:47Z

Ahad Sabri: Made Basic Bio More To Come!

{{Short description|Government of Bihar, India in 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_number = 35th
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| jurisdiction = [[Bihar]]
| political_parties = {{Party index link| Janata Dal (United)}}
| legislature_term = 8 months and 29 days
| election=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| opposition_leader = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]] (BJP), Council [[Nand Kishore Yadav]] (BJP), Assembly
| opposition_party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| legislature_status = Supported by [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] & [[Indian National Congress ]] ([[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)| Mahagathbandhan]]), cabinet composed solely of JD(U)
| members_number = 23 (including CM)
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Bihar|Governor]]
| state_head = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| date_formed = 22 February 2015
| date_dissolved = 20 November 2015
| caption = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| image_size = 150px
| flag_border = true
| previous = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi ministry]]
| successor = [[Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry]]
|image = The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar meeting with the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize Annual Plan 2007-08 of the State, in New Delhi on February 14, 2007 (Nitish Kumar) (cropped).jpg}}

After [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] resigned on 20 February 2015, [[Nitish Kumar]] was again sworn in as Chief Minister on 22 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-bihar-cm-for-the-fourth-time/article6923511.ece|title=Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar CM for the fourth time|work=The Hindu|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/nitish-kumar-takes-oath-as-bihar-cm-for-the-fourth-time-22-member-cabinet-sworn-in/|title=Nitish Kumar takes oath as Bihar CM for the fourth time, 22-member cabinet sworn in|work=The Indian Express|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=14 August 2025}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> This was his fourth term in office. [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] was able to comfortably form the government and was supported in the legislature by the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-takes-oath-as-bihar-cm-22-ministers-sworn-in/articleshow/46335619.cms|title=Nitish Kumar takes oath as Bihar CM, 22 ministers sworn in|work=Times of India|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=14 August 2025}}</ref> The cabinet of ministers was composed entirely of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] members. This interim ministry continued until the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] took place, after which the [[Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry]] was formed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/feb/22/Nitish-Kumar-Sworn-in-as-Bihar-Chief-Minister-Promises-Good-Governance-721039.html|title=Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar Chief Minister, promises good governance|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=14 August 2025}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-bihar-chief-minister-22-ministers-take-oath-744918|title=Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar Chief Minister, 22 ministers take oath|work=NDTV|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=14 August 2025}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] [[List of ministers of home of Bihar|Home]] General Administration Cabinet Secretariat Vigilance Election Other departments not allocated to any Minister
|minister1=[[Nitish Kumar]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Water Resources
|minister1=[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title= [[List of finance ministers of Bihar|Finance ]] Commercial Taxes
|minister1=[[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Rural Works
|minister1=[[Ramai Ram]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of Health Ministers of Bihar|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]]
|minister1=[[Damodar Rout]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Revenue & Land Reforms [[List of ministers of law of Bihar |Minister of Law]]
|minister1=[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of ministers of education of Bihar| Minister of Education]]
|minister1=P. K. Shahi
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Industries
|minister1=[[Shyam Rajak]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Rural Development
|minister1=[[Awadhesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Food & Consumer Protection
|minister1=[[Leshi Singh]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of ministers of transport of Bihar |Minister of Transport]]
|minister1= [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
|minister1=[[Rajiv Ranjan Singh]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of EBC Welfare
|minister1=[[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title= [[List of ministers of co-operatives of Bihar|Minister of Co-operative]]
|minister1=Ram Lakhan Ram Raman
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Minor Irrigation
|minister1=Ramdhani Singh
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=[[List of ministers of science and technology of Bihar |Minister of Science & Technology]]
|minister1=[[Jai Kumar Singh]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Mines & Geology
|minister1=[[Manoj Kumar Singh (Indian politician)|Manoj Kumar Singh]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Minority Welfare|minister1=Javed Iqbal Ansari
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Tourism
|minister1=[[Bima Bharti]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Art, Culture & Youth Affairs
|minister1=[[Ranju Geeta]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Animal & Fish Resources
|minister1=Baidyanath Sahni
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of Urban Development & Housing
|minister1=Vinod Singh Yadav
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

{{Cabinet table minister
|title=Minister of BC & EBC Welfare Minister of Minority Welfare
|minister1=[[Naushad Alam]]
|minister1_party=Janata Dal (United)
|minister1_termstart=22 February 2015
|minister1_termend=20 November 2015}}

|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Bihar ministries|Nitish Kumar]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar ministries|4]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2015|Nitish IV]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2015|Nitish IV]]

Asur people

2026-01-11T07:52:30Z

Ahad Sabri: started

{{Short description|Austroasiatic ethnic group living primarily in the Indian state of Jharkhand}}
{{other uses|Ashur (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Asur
| pop = c. 33,000 (2011 census)
| total_ref =
| languages = [[Asur language|Asur]], [[Birjia language|Birija]]
| religions = Traditional beliefs
| related = [[Munda peoples]]
| image = Old Tribal Lady belonging to Asur Community In a village at Sakhuapani , Gurdari , Jharkhand.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| region1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| region2 = [[Bihar]]
| pop1 = 28,735
| pop2 = 4,987
| ref1 = <ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|access-date=2017-03-24|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>
}}

The '''Asur people''' are a very small [[Austroasiatic]] ethnic group living primarily in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]], specifically within the [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]], and [[Latehar district|Latehar]] districts. They speak [[Asur language|Asur]], a [[Munda languages|Munda language]].

==Occupations==
Asurs are traditionally iron-smelters. They were once hunter gatherers, having also involved in shifting agriculture. However, majority of them switched to agriculture, with 91.19 percent enlisted as cultivators in the 2011 census.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

Their indigenous technology of iron smelting gives them a distinct identity; as they claim to have descended from the ancient Asuras who were associated with the art of metal craft. When smelting, the Asur women sing a song relating the furnace to an expectant mother encouraging the furnace to give a healthy baby, i.e., good quality and quantity of iron from the ore; and were thence, according to Bera, associated with the fertility cult.<ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oG9_QkvmUKMC&q=asur+people |author1=Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri |author2=Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri |title = Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography, Volume 1| access-date = 2013-06-13 | publisher = Mittal Publications | year=2005 |isbn=8183240267}}</ref> But nowadays a major section of the population is also attached with mining work.

==Society==
Except in emergency cases, they use traditional herbal medicines.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} They have their own community council (''jati panch'') where disputes are settled. They accept food from Rajputs, Oraon, Kharwar, Thakur, Ghasi, and few others; and maintain putative kinship ties with the Kharwar, Munda and other neighbouring tribes. Except the burial site, they share all other public spaces with their neighbours.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} They live in ''pats'' (a clearing area) surrounded by the forest, and their houses are made of mud walls supported by wooden poles with a roof covered with paddy straw and self-baked ''khapras'' (tiles). Their houses consist of spaces for cattle and poultry and a separate area for worship of ancestors. Utensils for cooking and storing water drawn from wells, are made of iron, aluminium and earthen ware. Traditional male clothing is [[dhoti]] while the females wear tattoo marks (depicting totemic objects) upon their bodies as ornaments. The females also wear other metal and non-metal ornaments as well as glass bangles. They use common agricultural implements for cultivation; and occasionally hunt game in the forest using bows and arrows.<ref name="Chaudhuri"/>

==Divisions==
The modern Asur tribe is divided into three sub-tribal divisions, namely Bir (Kol) Asur, Birjia Asur and Agaria Asur. The Birjia are recognized as a separate schedule tribe.<ref name=jharkhandi>{{cite web | url = http://jharkhandi.com/asur.aspx%5C | title = Asur Adivasi | access-date = 2009-10-01 | publisher = Jharkhandi.com | archive-date = 2020-11-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201102104512/http://jharkhandi.com/asur.aspx%5C | url-status = dead }}</ref>

They are further divided into 12 clans. These Asur clans are named after different animals, birds and food grains. Family is second prominent institution after the clan. The clans are ''Aind (Eel), Dhan (Rice), Lila (Deer), Suar (Pig), Bharewa (Wild dog), Kerketta (A kind of bird), Munjani (Anjun tree), Titio (A kind of bird), Beng (Frog), Khusar (A kind of bird), Non (Salt) and toppo (Wood pecker)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.533482/2015.533482.asur-a_djvu.txt|title=Asur A Study Of Primitive Iron Smelters|year=1963 |publisher=THE BHARATIYA ADIMJATI SEVAK SANGH|page=64-65|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

==Religion==
The Asur religion is a mixture of animism, animatism, naturalism and ancestral worships. They also believe in black magic like ''bhut-pret'' (spirits) and witchcraft. Their chief deity is Singbonga. Amongst the other deities are Dharati Mata, Duari, Patdaraha and Turi Husid.

They celebrate festivals like [[Tribes of Jharkhand#Sarhul|Sarhul]], Karma, Dhanbuni, Kadelta, Rajj karma, Dasahara Karam.<ref name="jharkhandi2">{{cite web|title=Asur Adivasi|url=http://jharkhandi.com/asur.aspx%5C|access-date=2009-10-01|publisher=Jharkhandi.com|archive-date=2020-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102104512/http://jharkhandi.com/asur.aspx%5C|url-status=dead}}</ref> Asurs believe the [[Mahishasura]] of the Durga Maa was their benevolent ancestor, and mourn during the [[Durga Puja]] period for what they see as the unjust butchering of their ancestor. The veneration of Mahishasura has spread throughout the Munda tribes of West Bengal as well as [[Namasudra|Namasudras.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Not Durga Puja! It's Mahishasura's martyrdom that these tribals observe|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/oct/08/not-durga-puja-its-mahishasuras-martyrdom-that-these-tribals-observe-2044705.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Marriage==

Marriage is a very important ritual and comes essentially in the life of every individual. Only the physically disabled are not able to get married. The Asur follow the rule of [[Monogamy]], but in case of [[barrenness]], [[Widow|widower]] and [[Widowhood|widow-hood]], they follow the rule of [[Bigamy]] or even [[Polygamy]]. Widow remarriages are permissible. At the time of marriage, they follow the rule of [[Endogamy|Tribe Endogamy]]. Those who do not obey these rules are thrown out from the community but are allowed after paying seven times feast to the community members.

== Challenges ==
Presently, the Asurs of [[Jharkhand]] are having many difficulties. They don't have access to proper basic amenities like health services, education, transportation, drinking water, etc. They are on the verge to become destitute because of the elimination of their traditional occupation iron-smelting. Their agricultural based economy is also in danger due to [[bauxite mining]] in the area. As a result, migration and displacement have become their major problems. There have been cases of human trafficking of the minor girls, poverty is a big reason behind it.
These days a young Asur woman called Sushma Asur is striving hard to preserve art, culture and the existence of her community.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://test.prabhatkhabar.com/node/274891 |title=Prabhat Khabar |date=16 March 2013 |access-date=2013-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012032238/http://test.prabhatkhabar.com/node/274891 |archive-date=2013-10-12 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tribes of Jharkhand}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Scheduled tribes of West Bengal}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Bihar]]

Devaadi Raja Perumal temple

2026-01-08T09:46:40Z

Ahad Sabri: Made A Place and Citations

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Devaadi Raja Perumal temple
| image = Therazhunthur 3.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|02|47|N|79|34|46|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = [[Therazhundur]]
| deity = Devaadi Raja Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
Sengamalavalli ([[Lakshmi]]), Amaruviappan

| facade_direction=
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Devaadi Raja Perumal temple''' ({{Langx|ta|தேவாதிராஜன் பெருமாள் கோயில்}}) (also called '''Amaruviappan temple''') in [[Therazhundur]], a village in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Amaruviappan, and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Sengamalavalli Thayar.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}</ref> The original structure of the temple was built by the [[Karikala Chola]] during the 1st century CE, with later additions from the [[Cholas]] during the 11th century.

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple tank is located opposite to the temple, outside the main entrance. The temple follows [[Vadakalai]] tradition of worship. Six daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Vaikasi Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] of ''Vaikasi'' (during May - June), and [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during ''Margali'' (December - January) being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Therazhunthur 8.jpg|200px|left|thumb|[[Pushkarni|Temple tank]], located in front of the temple]]
According to the temple's [[sthala purana]], [[Uparichara Vasu]], a king, obtained boons after severe penance for years from [[Brahma]] that would enable him to fly with his chariot. While flying at this place, his [[Temple car|chariot]] (locally called ''ther'') fell in waters and splashed on sage [[Agasthya|Agastya]] who was doing penance. The chariot got stuck in the place and hence it came to be known as Theranzhundur (where the chariot got immersed). Another variant, Uparichara Vasu ruled in favour of celestial deities against the sages and the sages cursed that his chariot would not any further and it got stuck in the place. A third variant notes that the king did not heed the request of her queen to get down to worship Vishnu at this place while flying in his chariot and on account of divine powers his chariot was held at this place.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=King with a flying chariot|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/10/22/stories/2004102202840600.htm|date=22 October 2004|last=T.A.|first=Srinivasan|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 March 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

As per Hindu legend, Brahma, the Hindu god of creation, drove the cattle belonging to [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. Krishna created another herd in the meanwhile. Realising that the herd belonged to Krishna, Brahma apologized and wished Krishna to set his abode at this place. Since Krishna appeared for the cattle and settled here, the presiding deity is called Amaruviappan (the one who is flanked by cattle). Following the legend, the presiding deity in the sanctum is portrayed with cattle surrounding him. As per another legend, [[Prahlada]], an ardent devotee of Vishnu feared [[Narasimha]], the avatar that killed [[Hiranyakshipu|Hiranyakakashipu]], the asura father of Prahlada. Amaruviappan appeared to console Prahalad. There is another belief that [[Kaveri]], the river goddess prayed Amaruviappan to relieve herself off the curse by sage Agastya.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|page=442}}</ref> Vishnu was pleased by the devotion of Kaveri and appeared here to please her devotion.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=533|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
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| width2 = 2530 | height2 = 1536
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Therazhunthur 2.jpg
|image2=Therazhunthur 5.jpg
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|footer_align=center
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Amaruviappan temple is located in [[Therazhundur]], a village located {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Mayiladuthurai]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]]. The temple is believed to have been built by [[Karikala Chola]] during the 1st century CE, with additions in the later century. The temple tank is located in front of the temple and the temple is approached to the roads in the embankment. The temple has a five tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'', the gateway tower that pierces the granite concentric walls. The central shrine houses the image of Devadi raja Perumal in standing posture and the festival deity Amaruviappan, housed under the Garuda Vimanam. There are also other images of cattle and sages in the sanctum. There is a separate shrine of Sengamalavalli, the consort of Amaruviappan in the second precinct. There are separate shrines for [[Agastya]], [[Narasimha]], [[Rama]], [[Vishvaksena]], [[Hanuman]], and the [[Azhwars|Alvars]].<ref name=hindu1/> [[Adisesha|Adishesha]], Surya Prabhai, [[Indra]] Vimanam, horse and elephant are the mounts used for Amaruviappan. For the goddess, the mounts used are the [[Yali (Hindu Mythology)|yali]], [[swan]], [[elephant]], and [[lion]]. The sub-temples of this shrine are Govindarajar temple.<ref>''Census of India, 1961, Volume 9, Issue 7''.India. Office of the Registrar, India. Office of the Registrar General</ref> There are two water bodies associated with the temple along with river [[Kaveri]], namely Darsa Pushkarani located in front of the temple and Gajendra Pushkarani in the northern side.<ref name=hindu2/>

==Religious importance==
Amaruviappan temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam|Naalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. Thirumangai Alvar has glorified the powers of Sengamalavalli Thayar. The temple also finds mention in later works by [[Nathamuni]], Thirukachi Nambi, [[Ramanuja]] and [[Manavala Mamunigal]]. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.<ref name=dinamalar/> The temple is also one of the Pancha Krishnaranaya Kshetrams, the five divine places for [[Krishna]], an avatar of Vishnu. Devaadi Raja Perumal is believed to be a representation of "Rakshakathvam", the divine protection rendered to true devotees of Vishnu.<ref name=hindu2/>

==Worship practices and festivals==
The temple follows [[Vadakalai]] tradition of worship{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} based on [[Pancharatra]] Agamic tradition. The temple is open from 6:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Nithyakalyana Perumal and his consort Sengamalavalli. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, with the Vaikasi Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] of ''Vaikasi'' (during May - June), Thiruvonam and [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during ''Margali'' (December - January) being the most prominent.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Devadhirajan temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=272|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> During the Brahmotsavam festival, the festival deities of Devaadi Raja Perumal and Sengamalavalli is taken in procession around the streets of the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=In need of funds|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-need-of-funds/article657414.ece|work=The Hindu|date=20 February 2009|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050123233000/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/10/22/stories/2004102202840600.htm Article about the temple]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPcxAarXhlA Panguni Uthram Thayar Thirukalyanam video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpLChmGr0oU&feature=PlayList&p=D2C3D3F382E39CB8&index=0&playnext=1 Discourse by Shri U. Ve Velukudi Krishnan]

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Teralundur amaruviappan temple1.jpg|Entrance
File:Teralundur amaruviappan temple2.jpg|Bali peetam and flagpost
File:Teralundur amaruviappan temple3.jpg|Rajagopuram
File:Teralundur amaruviappan temple4.jpg|Vimana of presiding deity
File:Teralundur amaruviappan temple5.jpg|Alvar shrine
File:Teralundur amaruviappan temple6.jpg|Andal shrine
</gallery>

{{commons category}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Tilaiya Dam

2026-01-08T04:51:16Z

Ahad Sabri: adding page

{{Infobox dam
| name = Tilaiya Dam
| name_official = Tilaiya Dam
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jharkhand
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|24|19|26|N|85|31|16|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Koderma district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| status = Functional
| construction_began =
| opening = 21 February 1953
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Damodar Valley Corporation]]
| dam_type = Concrete gravity dam
| dam_height = {{convert|30.28|m}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length = {{convert|366|m}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Barakar River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type = Concrete spillways
| spillway_capacity = 1348 cubic meters/s
| res_name = Tilaiya reservoir
| res_capacity_total = 380.71 million cubic meters (13.45 tmcft)
| res_capacity_active = 305.93 million cubic meters (10.8 tmcft)
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = 59.08 square kms
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator = [[Damodar Valley Corporation]]
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity = 4 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
[[File:TILAIYA DAM.jpg|thumb|Tilaiya Dam]]
[[File:TILAIYA DAMM.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tilaiya Dam''' was the first of the four multi-purpose dams included in the first phase of the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]]. It was constructed across the [[Barakar River]], at [[Tilaiya]] in [[Koderma district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]] and opened in 1953.

==DVC overview==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|33|0|N|85|38|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Koderma district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, D: dam, P: power plant, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|28|34|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chandwara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chandwara]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|34|48|N|85|46|18|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Dhab| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhab]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|22|33|N|85|38|37|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Jainagar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Jainagar, Koderma]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|19|38|N|85|50|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Markacho| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|24|26|N|85|48|41|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Nawadih| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Nawadih, Markacho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|25|51|N|85|46|21|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Nawalsahi| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Nawalsahi]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|44|47|N|85|46|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Satgawan| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Satgawan]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|19|55|N|85|31|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Tilaiya| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Tilaiya]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|21|20|N|85|27|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Urwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Urwan]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|28|12|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Kodarma| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Kodarma]] (M) |label-size10=13 |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|25|44|N|85|32|7|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=Jhumri Telaiya| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jhumri Telaiya]] (M) |label-size11=13 |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|28|23|N|85|41|23|E}}| label-pos12=top|label12=Domchanch| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Domchanch]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|50|N|85|35|22|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Bekobar| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Bekobar]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|26|40|N|85|33|9|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Karma| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Karma, Koderma]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|19|26|N|85|31|40|E}}| label15= Tilaiya|labela15= Dam| label-angle15=0| label-pos15=right| mark-size15=12| numbered15=D|mark-title15 =Tilaiya Dam |shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black 
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|28|N|85|33|40|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Koderma Thermal Power Station | numbered16=P| mark-title16= [[Koderma Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color16=#967117
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|34|0|N|85|36|0|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Koderma|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|20|0|N|85|37|0|E}} |label18= Barakar River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 10| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label19= Sakri River|label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 50| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|40|0|N|85|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -75| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}
[[File:Damodar Map.jpg|thumb|300px|Damodar Basin]]
The valley of the [[Damodar River]] was flood prone and the devastating flood of 1943, lead to the formation of the high-powered ”Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee” by the government of Bengal. The committee recommended the formation of a body similar to the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] of the United States. Subsequently, W.L. Voorduin, a senior engineer of TVA, was appointed to study the problem. He suggested the multi-purpose development of the valley as a whole in 1944. [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] was set up in 1948 as “the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India.”<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/overview/ | title= Overview |publisher= DVC| accessdate = 16 November 2021}}</ref>

The first dam was built across the Barakar River at Tilaiya and inaugurated in 1953. The second dam, [[Konar Dam]], across the [[Konar River]] was inaugurated in 1955. The third dam across the [[Barakar River]] at [[Maithon]] was inaugurated in 1957. The fourth dam across the Damodar at [[Panchet]] was inaugurated in 1959.<ref name=dvc1>{{cite web |url =http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |title =Damodar Valley Corporation |work =Dams and Barrages |publisher =DVC |access-date = 6 June 2010 |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100429025712/http://www.dvc.gov.in/activitiesdamsbarrages.htm |archive-date =29 April 2010}}</ref>

DVC was formed with the central government and the governments of Bihar (later Jharkhand) and West Bengal participating in it. The main aims of the corporation were flood control, irrigation, generation and transmission of electricity, and year-round navigation. The corporation was also expected to provide indirect support for the over-all development of the region. However, while Voorduin had proposed the construction of eight dams, DVC built only four.<ref name="project">Planning in India by Mahesh Chand, Vinay Kumar Puri, pages 422-423, Allied Publishers Private Ltd. {{ISBN|81-7023-058-6}}</ref>

==The dam==
Tilaiya Dam was built across the [[Barakar River]], a tributary of the Damodar River, about {{convert|130|mi}} above the point of confluence.<ref name="project"/> It is only {{convert|64.4|km}} from its source. At the point where the dam has been built, the river passes through a narrow [[gorge]], with hills rising steeply on both the sides. It is a concrete [[gravity dam]] with a maximum height of {{convert|30.2|m}}, while the hills on both the sides rise to a height of about {{convert|45.7|m}}. The [[spillway]] has 14 [[crest gate]]s. There are 2 modified [[sluice gates]] at a lower level for release of water during the dry season. The reservoir is spread over an area of {{convert|5921|ha}}.<ref>Hydrology and Water Resources of India by Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal and Vijay P.Singh, page 394: Tilaiya Reservoir, Springer</ref>

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru at the site of Tilaiya Dam, Damodar Valley, 23 April 1950.jpg|thumb|400 px|left|Jawaharlal Nehru at the site of Tilaya Dam in 1950]]
Tilaiya Dam was inaugurated on 21 February 1953. It has a power generation capacity of 2 x 2 MW.<ref name="dvc1"/>

The main ([[Patna]]-[[Ranchi]]) road from [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] on [[Grand Trunk Road]] passing through hills overlooking the reservoir is picturesque.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tilaiya Dam |url=https://koderma.nic.in/koderma/tourism.jsp |access-date=2010-06-10 |publisher=Koderma district administration}}</ref>

==Postal stamp==
The [[Indian Postal Service]] issued a set of four stamps for the Five-Year Plan series on 26 January 1955, that included one stamp of one [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]] value depicting Tilaiya Dam. Shortly after opening the Tilaiya dam, pictured on the one-anna stamp, [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] commented in a letter to the chief ministers that "the sight of those works filled me, as it did others who were present, with a sense of great achievement."<ref>{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Andrew |date=2005-10-30 |title=Do our stamps evoke nationalism? |url=https://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/10/30/stories/2005103000100100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102073839/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/10/30/stories/2005103000100100.htm |archive-date=2 November 2005 |access-date=10 June 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Damodar Valley}}
{{Power Plants of Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Dams in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Koderma district]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1953]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Shahi Qila, Jaunpur

2025-12-31T21:07:46Z

Ahad Sabri: improve layout per standard format per sources

{{Short description|Fort in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Other uses|Shahi Qila (disambiguation){{!}}Shahi Qila}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Shahi Qila
|location = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|image = Jaunpur Fort 5.jpg
|caption = Inner gate of the Shahi Qila, Jaunpur
|map_size =
|map_caption = Shown within Uttar Pradesh
|type = River side fort
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|25.749619|N|82.688506|E}}
|built = 1362, (Rebuilt - 1576-77)
|builder = Ibrahim Naib Barbak
|materials = Stone
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition = Good
|ownership = Government of India
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlak's]] [[Lodi dynasty]] [[Mughal emperors]]
* [[Humayun]] and
* [[Akbar]]
{{flag|India}} (1947-Present )
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
| website = http://jaunpur.nic.in/
}}

'''Shahi Qila''' (English: Royal Fort), also known as Karar Fort or Jaunpur Fort, is a [[fort]] built during the 14th century in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="JPO">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaunpuronline.in/city-guide/shahi-qila-in-jaunpur|website=Jaunpur Online|access-date=2018-04-06|title=Shahi Qila in Jaunpur, Architecture and History of Shahi Qila}}</ref><ref name="NAPLE">{{cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/jaunpur/attractions/shahi-qila/#overview|title=Shahi Qila - Jaunpur / Shahi Qila Photos, Sightseeing|access-date=2018-04-06|website=Native Planet}}</ref> The fort is located close to the [[Shahi Bridge]] on the [[Gomti River]].

==Background==
A tourist attraction of the [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur city]], it is located near [[Shahi Bridge]] on the [[Gomti River]], {{convert|2.2|km}} from Jaunpur.<ref name="JPO"/><ref name="NAPLE"/>

Constructed by Ibrahim Naib Barbak, a chieftain of [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]], it was constructed using material from old [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] structures. The fort was destroyed multiple times by rulers, including the [[Lodhis]] and the [[British Empire]]. It went through extensive renovations and repairs during the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Datta"/><ref name="JPO"/><ref name="NAPLE"/>

==History==
[[File:Fort at Juanpore on the river Goomtee - British Library X123(5).jpg|thumb|The Fort in 1805, by [[Daniel Havell]], after [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]]]]
[[File:Jaunpur Fort 7.jpg|thumb|Mosque inside Jaunpur Fort]]
[[File:Jaunpur Fort 12.jpg|thumb|[[Hammam]] inside Jaunpur Fort]]
The ''Kerar Kot'' fort once stood on the same site on the left (north) bank of the [[Gomti River]].{{Clarify|reason=Does this imply that the fort is now at a different bank of the river? If the river has changed course, that should be made more clear.|date=August 2025}} It contained a [[mosque]] and a spacious and stylish set of [[Turkish bath|baths]] (hammam) installed by Barbak, the brother of Tughlaq. The fort's layout is an irregular [[Complete quadrangle|quadrangle]] enclosed in stone walls. The walls surround raised earthworks. Most of the remains of the original structures are buried or in ruin.<ref name="fort">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_jaunpurfort.asp "Jaunpur Fort,"] Archaeological Survey of India website. Accessed 7 December 2013.</ref>

The main gates face east. The largest inner gate is {{convert|14|m|ft}} in height. Its external surface is set with ashlar stone.<ref name="fort"/> A further outer gate was installed during the reign of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] under the patronage of the governor of Jaunpur, Min'im Khan, in the 16th century. It is designed in the shape of a flanking [[bastion]]. The [[spandrels]] or spaces between the arches of the outer gate were decorated with blue and yellow tiles. Ornamental [[niche (architecture)|niche]]s are built into the walls of the outer gate.

The two-storey residential and administrative building or "palace" was built in a square layout. An interior pillared [[verandah]] or ''aiwan'' overlooked the ground floor from the first.

Nothing much has survived inside the fort. A [[mosque]] and a Turkish [[hammam]] are the only two prominent structures within the fort complex.<ref name="Datta"/> Apart from these the complex also contains a gate-like structure along with a [[dargah]].

===Bhool bhulaiya===
The structure consists of several domes with openings on tops allowing light to filter in. The interior consists of several rooms complete with water channels and tubs. The rooms are connected with a complex maze of passageways giving it a ''bhulaiya ''-like appearance. <ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Jaunpur in Uttar Pradesh — the land of 'Shahi' forts, mosques and more |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/jaunpur-in-uttar-pradesh-the-land-of-fort-mosques-and-more/cid/1931639 |access-date=17 August 2023 |agency=The Telegraph |issue=My Kolkata |date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

===The Mosque===
The mosque or ''masjid'' is likely the oldest building in Jaunpur township. It follows a rectangular plan of dimension {{convert|39.40|m|ft}} x {{convert|6.65|m|ft}}. The mosque has a triple arch and is topped with three low central domes. There is a stone pillar next to the mosque.<ref name="Datta" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://jaunpur.nic.in/tourist-place/shahi-quila | title=Shahi Quila | District Jaunpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of forts in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Forts in Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

==References==
{{commons category|Shahi Qila, Jaunpur}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Jaunpur Fort}}

[[Category:Forts in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate]]

Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T09:12:48Z

Ahad Sabri: started

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bagalkot
|map_image = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Bagalkot.map}}
| map_caption =Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency map
| state =[[Karnataka]]
| established = 1967
| assembly_cons = [[Mudhol Assembly constituency|Mudhol]] [[Terdal Assembly constituency|Terdal]] [[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi]] [[Bilgi Assembly constituency|Bilgi]] [[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]] [[Bagalkot Assembly constituency|Bagalkot]] [[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]] [[Nargund Assembly constituency|Nargund]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| reservation =None
| mp =[[P. C. Gaddigoudar|Gaddigoudar Parvatagouda Chandanagouda]]
| party =[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
[[File:Bagalkot Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
[[File:Bagalkot lok sabha map.jpg|thumb|]]
'''Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 1967. [[Sanganagouda Basanagouda Patil]], was the first [[Member of Parliament]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight legislative assembly segments:<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=207}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No{{efn|Constituency number}}
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|19
|[[Mudhol Assembly constituency|Mudhol]] (SC)
| rowspan="7" |[[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
|[[R. B. Timmapur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|20
|[[Terdal Assembly constituency|Terdal]]
|[[Siddu Savadi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|21
|[[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi]]
|[[Jagadish Gudagunti|Jagadish Gudaguntimath]]
|-
|22
|[[Bilgi Assembly constituency|Bilgi]]
|[[J. T. Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|23
|[[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]]
|[[B. B. Chimmanakatti|Bhimsen Chimmanakatti]]
|-
|24
|[[Bagalkot Assembly constituency|Bagalkot]]
|Vacant
|{{party name with color|Casual vacancy}}
|-
|25
|[[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]]
|[[Vijayanand Kashappanavar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|68
|[[Nargund Assembly constituency|Nargund]]
|[[Gadag district|Gadag]]
|[[C. C. Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-67 : See [[Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur South]]''}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sanganagouda Basanagouda Patil|Sanganagouda Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Veerendra Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| Hanmantagouda Patil
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| Subhash Patil
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[H. Y. Meti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| Ajaykumar Sarnaik
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Shakti}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| R. S. Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="5" | [[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bagalkot]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,71,039|percentage=50.93|change={{down}}4.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Samyukta Shivanand Patil|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,02,640|percentage=45.74|change={{up}}4.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,420|percentage=0.26|change={{down}}0.68}}
{{Election box majority||votes=68,399|percentage=5.19|change={{down}}8.77}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,19,713|percentage=72.91|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing = {{down}}4.24
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bagalkot]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Parvatagouda Gaddigoudar]]|votes=6,64,638|percentage=55.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Veena Kashappanavar<ref name="Congress LS candidate list: Rewarding kinship and loyalty">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress LS candidate list: Rewarding kinship and loyalty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/congress-ls-candidate-list-rewarding-kinship-and-loyalty/article26627546.ece |accessdate=29 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=24 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429170149/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/congress-ls-candidate-list-rewarding-kinship-and-loyalty/article26627546.ece |archivedate=29 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> |votes=4,96,451|percentage=41.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=11,328|percentage=0.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India|candidate=Parashuram Laxman Neelnaik|votes=7,486|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 1,68,187|percentage=13.96|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,04,702|percentage=70.70|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bagalkot]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS103.htm?ac=3|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|accessdate=21 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195456/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS103.htm?ac=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parvatagouda Gaddigoudar]]
|votes = 5,71,548
|percentage = 52.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Sarnaik
|votes = 4,54,988
|percentage = 42.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Shankar Bidari
|votes = 10,959
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=10,764|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,16,560
|percentage = 10.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,79,324
|percentage = 68.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bagalkot district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|16.2|75.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bagalkot district]]

2015 Seshasamudram violence

2025-12-11T20:23:23Z

Ahad Sabri: article

{{short description|Violence against Dalit community}}
The '''2015 Seshasamudram violence''' also known as the '''Villupuram violence''' refers to the violence that took place on 15 August 2015 in Seshasmudram, a village in [[Sankarapuram Taluk]], [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. A crowd of 500 dominant-caste villagers attacked a Dalit colony over a dispute over a procession of a temple car. 15 houses belonging to the [[Dalit]]s were burnt down and 40 Dalits were injured during the violence.

== Background ==
In the village, there were 2000 [[Vanniyar]] families and 75 Dalit families.<ref name="frontlineNOT">{{Cite web|last=RAJASEKARAN|first=ILANGOVAN|title=Night of terror|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/night-of-terror/article7603490.ece|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4"/>

=== Festival tensions ===
The Dalits were denied entry to at least 5 temples controlled by the Vanniyars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get Wired 18/8: MoEF Bypassing SC, Special Parl. Session, IndiGo's Order, and More|url=https://thewire.in/economy/get-wired-moef-bypassing-sc-special-parl-session-indigos-order-and-more|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Wire}}</ref> The Dalit community constructed a [[Mariamman]] temple in the village and for four years, they were refused permission to conduct a procession by the local administration as it was opposed by the Vanniyars and that it could also cause tensions in the village.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-18|title=Dalit houses torched for taking out procession in Tamil Nadu village: How the conflict unfolded|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/dalit-houses-torched-taking-procession-tamil-nadu-village-conflict-unfolded-2396828.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The Dalits threatened to accept [[Buddhism]] if they were not permitted to take the car out in 2015. Peace committee meetings were held by the Villupuram district administration, attended by a 100 members from Vanniyar community and 5 members from the Dalit colony, and it was agreed that Dalits will be allowed to conduct the procession.<ref name="frontlineNOT" />

In the year 2015, The Dalit colony's Mariamman temple car festival was planned for August 16. Following 2012, when the temple car was constructed, policemen have been posted regularly in the village. While the whole Dalit colony was involved in the arrangements, the Vanniyars, mainly young people, departed for the neighboring town of [[Kallakurichi]], where [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], one of the leaders of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), was taking part in a demonstration.<ref name="frontlineNOT" />

== Attacks ==
The attacks began at 8:30 pm on August 15 on Independence day.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=40 Hurt, 15 Houses, Temple Car Torched in Villupuram|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/aug/16/40-hurt-15-houses-temple-car-torched-in-villupuram-800030.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Police stated that even after the peace negotiations, a group of Vanniyars dug up the route to block the temple car procession. The mob of 100, including women, began hurling stones on the police when they tried to stop the mob and threw petrol bombs at the temple vehicle, burning it.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sivaraman|first=R.|date=2015-08-17|title=70 held for burning Dalit houses in Villupuram|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/70-held-for-burning-dalit-houses-in-villupuram/article7548443.ece|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2015-08-18|title=Temple procession row: TN police nab 75 for torching Dalit houses|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/temple-procession-row-tn-police-nab-75-for-torching-dalit-houses/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Police claimed that this attack was made by the Vanniyars returning from the demonstration held by the PMK.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-17|title=Tamil Nadu: Vanniyars attack Dalit procession, torch huts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/tamil-nadu-vanniyars-attack-dalit-procession-torch-huts/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

A mob of 500 people armed with [[Crowbar (tool)|crow bars]], stones, sticks, sickles and petrol filled bottles reached the Dalit colony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalits Too Resorted to Violence: Witness|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/aug/17/dalits-too-resorted-to-violence-witness-800486.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> They took positions on the rooftops watching over the colony at the same time. By vandalizing the transformer in the area, the mob had turned off power supply. When the lights went out, they hurled petrol bombs and stones from the rooftops into the colony. Another party stormed in the colony and quickly smashed the tube lights and the bulbs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2015-08-23|title=A promise ends in a riot|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/state-view-a-promise-ends-in-a-riot-in-tamil-nadu/article10329255.ece|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Then they burned huts and properties after discovering nobody there. Then the group attacked the badly outnumbered policemen, who attempted to stop the attackers. The police team had relocated the Dalits to the fields and told them to stay there before backup reached the village. Some of the policemen also suffered injuries.<ref name="frontlineNOT" /> At least 15 houses were burned down and about 40 Dalit people were injured.<ref name=":0" /> 8 police officers and 3 village assistants were also injured.<ref name="Key Accused in Caste Riots Held">{{Cite web|title=Key Accused in Caste Riots Held|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/sep/04/key-accused-in-caste-riots-held-809472.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Vehicles of Dalit families were also burned by the mob. The police discovered that half a dozen goats were killed. During their attack the mob also shouted "Burn them! No [[Paraiyar]]s should be let off".<ref name=":1" /> Many of the Dalits lost money, jewels and their bona fide records.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Naig|first=Udhav|date=2015-08-20|title=Seshasamudram village still shaken|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/seshasamudram-village-still-shaken/article7559558.ece|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The police had to shoot in the air several times to enter, as the Vanniyars blocked the policemen to go through their area to enter the Dalit colony. It eventually took a rain that lasted almost an hour to extinguish the fire.<ref name=":0" />

In September 2015, a house belonging to a Vanniyar were set on fire.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-06|title=Caste-tempers rise in Villupuram yet again as another house set on fire|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/caste-tempers-rise-villupuram-yet-again-another-house-set-fire-34045|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> A local source said it was an accident, not an act of retribution.<ref name=":2"/> Later, 2 Dalit houses were again torched in September with petrol bombs, the victims claimed that their houses were burned when they spoke to the media about the recent violence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|date=2015-09-02|title=Tamil Nadu village tense after 2 Dalit houses burnt|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-village-tense-after-2-dalit-houses-burnt-2121210|access-date=2020-12-27|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== Investigations ==
A human rights organization based in Madurai named Evidence, claimed a number of Dalit women had been abused in the attack. They had been stripped and told to run away, abandoning their children in the house. The riots which started on 8:30pm was reported to have continued until early in the morning of the next day.<ref name=":1" />

As per police reports and residents, in the countdown of the 2012 panchayat election, a Vanniyar contestant named Subramanian pledged to help the Dalit community to buy a temple car in an effort to attract the Dalit vote. He helped them buy the car after winning by collecting funds and using the money of the Dalits. Vanniyars objected taking the car through the streets where they lived.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalyanaraman|first=M.|date=Aug 25, 2015|title=Villupuram riot, a flashpoint in caste build-up {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Villupuram-riot-a-flashpoint-in-caste-build-up/articleshow/48661771.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725192402/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Villupuram-riot-a-flashpoint-in-caste-build-up/articleshow/48661771.cms |archive-date=2016-07-25 |access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Local officials refused permission for the procession for the past three years as they were unable to solve the issue. The district magistrate granted permission on 2015 to the Dalits being unable to withhold approval forever.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sridharan|first=Janani|title=How an attack on Dalits on Independence Day reveals the cynical caste politics in Tamil Nadu|url=http://scroll.in/article/750867/how-an-attack-on-dalits-on-independence-day-reveals-the-cynical-caste-politics-in-tamil-nadu|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

After the violence, the police arrested and jailed Subramanian for being responsible for the riots and jailed him in [[Vellore Central Prison|Vellore central prison]]. Local news sources stated that Subramanian of the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] disrupted the villagers unity by inciting a caste clash between both the communities. Subramani confessed that other than him, over 100 Vanniyar men were preparing an attack together.<ref name="Key Accused in Caste Riots Held"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-04|title=DMDK politician arrested for Villupuram Dalit colony riots|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dmdk-politician-arrested-villupuram-dalit-colony-riots-33979|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Arrests ==
85 people, including 18 women and seven minors, all from the Vanniyar caste, were detained by police.<ref name="frontlineNOT" /> Two more people were later arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Villupuram Retd HM, Ryot Held in Riots Case|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/aug/21/villupuram-retd-hm-ryot-held-in-riots-case-802620.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The PMK founder, [[S. Ramadoss]], accused the police for the violence.<ref name="frontlineNOT" />

The [[Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front]] asked the NHRC to start using its legal power to prosecute those responsible for the violence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kumar|first=pradeep|date=2015-08-18|title=So much violence for five feet of road|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150818/nation-current-affairs/article/so-much-violence-five-feet-road|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

Chief Minister [[J Jayalalithaa]] provided financial aid of ₹ 50,000 each to 8 police officers and 3 village assistants who were injured.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seshasamudram Violence: Jaya Grants Rs 50k Aid to 8 Cops, 3 Village Assistants|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/aug/17/seshasamudram-violence-jaya-grants-rs-50k-aid-to-8-cops-3-village-assistants-800785.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Over 1000 [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK) members blocked the Tiruvannamalai Road at [[Sankarapuram]], demanding action against those responsible for the violence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Another Hut Afire; Riot-hit Village Limps to Normalcy|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/aug/18/another-hut-afire-riot-hit-village-limps-to-normalcy-800946.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) chief [[Vaiko]] denounced the burning of the Dalits Temple Car and Houses and pleaded to the members of both groups to live in peace.<ref name=":2" />

The president of [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] party, [[K. Krishnasamy]] has demanded tough action against those involved in the violence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2015-08-19|title=Krishnasamy condemns Sankarapuram violence|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/krishnasamy-condemns-sankarapuram-violence/article7555760.ece|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]] appealed to all members of both the communities to aim for harmony.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/night-of-terror/article7603490.ece Night of terror - ''Frontline TheHindu'']

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:August 2015 in India]]

Dhoom 3 (soundtrack)

2025-11-25T05:53:53Z

Ahad Sabri: Made Initial Entry Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhoom 3
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover = Dhoom 3 (soundtrack).jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|12|09}}
| recorded = YRF Studios [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Hindi
| length = {{Duration|m=27|s=24}}
| label = [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Music]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| prev_title = [[R... Rajkumar]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
'''''Dhoom 3''''' is the soundtrack album for [[Dhoom 3|2013 action thriller film of the same name]] which was written and directed by [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]], who also co-wrote the story and also serves as the third instalment of the [[Dhoom (franchise)|Dhoom franchise]] and starred [[Aamir Khan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] in the lead roles. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Pritam]] while the film's score was composed by [[Julius Packiam]], who replaced [[Salim-Sulaiman]] from the first two films.

==Development==
It was announced that the composer of ''[[Dhoom]]'' and ''[[Dhoom 2]]''; [[Pritam]], would return once again to compose the music of the third instalment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2624/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104140134/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2624/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |title=Pritam chooses Dhoom 3 over Ek Tha Tiger | Latest Movie Features |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 September 2011|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/aug/270812-Dhoom-3-director-wants-the-perfect-music-for-his-film.htm |title=Dhoom 3' director wants the perfect music for his film |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=27 August 2012|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://cw.topnews.in/content/22641-pritam-association-dhoom-3|title=Pritam returns for Dhoom 3|publisher=Topnews.in|date=15 February 2011|access-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724090335/http://cw.topnews.in/content/22641-pritam-association-dhoom-3|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Earlier reports suggested that [[Shefali Alvares]] had been roped to sing the ''Dhoom'' title track, but this turned out to be a rumour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/I-love-Bollywood-but-it-doesnt-draw-me-Shefali-Alvares/articleshow/22137537.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103190223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/news-and-interviews/41583131_1_pritam-bollywood-gulabi-aankhein |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2013 |title=I love Bollywood but it doesn't draw me: Shefali Alvares |date=30 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Aamir said in a statement that the title track "Dhoom Machale Dhoom" is dedicated to [[Sachin Tendulkar]] who was then playing his 200th and final test match at the [[Wankhede Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service | date=10 November 2013|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-dedicates-Dhoom-machale-to-Sachin-Tendulkar/articleshow/25549242.cms |title=Aamir dedicates 'Dhoom machale' to Sachin Tendulkar |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/aamir-dhoom-3-team-have-the-perfect-farewell-gift-for-sachin-tendulkar/ |title=Aamir & Dhoom 3 Team Have The Perfect Farewell Gift For Sachin Tendulkar |publisher=Koimoi.com |date=10 November 2013|access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> The song "Bande Hain Hum Uske" was sung by [[Shankar Mahadevan]]'s 12-year-old son Shivam Mahadevan and Anish Sharma.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/I-never-want-to-be-treated-as-a-star-kid-Shivam-Mahadevan/articleshow/28896730.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140202131454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/news-and-interviews/46299889_1_dhoom-3-title-song-siddharth|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014|title=I never want to be treated as a star kid: Shivam Mahadevan|date=9 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref> His elder son [[Siddharth Mahadevan]] sung the song "Malang" in the film along with [[Shilpa Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/dhoom-3-watch-aamir-katrinas-stunning-aerial-act-in-malang-promo_147012.html |title='Dhoom 3': Watch Aamir, Katrina's stunning aerial act in 'Malang' promo |date=29 November 2013 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>

While [[Sameer Anjaan]] returned to write the lyrics for ''Dhoom 3'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pritam-and-sameer-not-friends-anymore/articleshow/5639847.cms|title=Pritam and Sameer Not Friends Anymore|work=The Times of India |date=4 March 2010 |access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> he eventually wrote only two songs including the title track due to an earlier fallout with Pritam, while two additional lyricists, [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] and [[Kausar Munir]], wrote a song each. Sameer and Pritam eventually did not work with each other for at least a decade, though they briefly shared lyricist-composer credit alongside Bhattacharya and [[Tanishk Bagchi]] in ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2'' (2022). They ultimately reunited 12 years later for the [[Salman Khan]]-starrer ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]'' (2025), whose soundtrack failed to leave a mark.

==Release==
The title song's video featuring [[Katrina Kaif]] and sung by [[Aditi Singh Sharma]] was unveiled on 14 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-scores-a-perfect-ten-in-dhoom-3-song-446178 |title=Katrina Kaif scores a perfect ten in Dhoom: 3 song | NDTV Movies.com |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114200208/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-scores-a-perfect-ten-in-dhoom-3-song-446178 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dhoom-3-title-song-dhoom-macha-le-launched-featuring-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif-abhishek-bachchan-uday-chopra-217480-2013-11-13 |title=Watch: Dhoom Machale Dhoom with Katrina Kaif and Aamir Khan : Bollywood, News |work=India Today |date=25 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207032714/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhoom-3-title-song-dhoom-macha-le-launched-featuring-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif-abhishek-bachchan-uday-chopra/1/324796.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> The first look of the song "[[Malang (song)|Malang]]" was revealed on 25 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/dhoom-3-song-malangs-first-look-revealed-feat-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif/ |title=Dhoom 3 Song Malang's First Look Revealed |publisher=KoiMoi.com |date=25 November 2013}}</ref> A teaser for "Dhoom Tap" featured Aamir Khan tap dancing to beats, along with background dancers. It was unveiled on 3 December 2013. A teaser for the song "Kamli", featuring Katrina Kaif and sung by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] was revealed on 6 December 2013. The title song "Dhoom Machale" was also recorded in an Arabic version sung by Lebanese singer [[Naya (singer)|Naya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dhoom-macha-le-goes-Arabic/articleshow/27124863.cms |title=Dhoom macha le goes Arabic! |work=The Times of India |date=9 December 2013|access-date=15 December 2013}}</ref> A Spanish version of "Dhoom Machale" song sung by [[Mia Mont]] was released by Yashraj Films on 4 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/perus-pop-sensation-mia-mont-dreams-of-bollywood-role/ | title=Peru's pop sensation Mia Mont dreams of Bollywood role|date=27 January 2014|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/4352519_Peru-s-pop-sensation-Mia-Mont-dreams-of-Bollywood-role.html| title=Pop sensation Mia Mont dreams of Bollywood role| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://archive.today/20140128145929/http://www.ptinews.com/news/4352519_Peru-s-pop-sensation-Mia-Mont-dreams-of-Bollywood-role.html| archive-date=28 January 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news/after-a-song-in-aamir-khans-dhoom3-perus-pop-sensation-mia-mont-wants-to-act-in-bollywood/| title=After a song in Aamir Khan's Dhoom:3, Peru's pop sensation Mia Mont wants to act in Bollywood!|date=28 January 2014|publisher=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=27|s=24}}
| title1 = [[Malang (song)|Malang]]
| extra1 = [[Siddharth Mahadevan]], [[Shilpa Rao]], Mauzzam, Rizwan, [[Shadaab Faridi]]
| length1 = 4:33
| lyrics1 = [[Sameer Anjaan]]
| title2 = [[Kamli (song)|Kamli]]
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length2 = 3:55
| lyrics2 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| title3 = Tu Hi Junoon
| extra3 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length3 = 5:02
| lyrics3 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| title4 = Dhoom Machale Dhoom
| extra4 = [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| length4 = 3:56
| lyrics4 = Sameer Anjaan
| title5 = Bande Hain Hum Uske
| extra5 = Shivam Mahadevan, Anish Sharma
| length5 = 3:05|
| title6 = Dhoom Tap
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 2:47|
| title7 = Dhoom : 3 Overture
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 4:10
| title8 = Dhoom Machale Dhoom
| note8 = Arabic
| extra8 = [[Naya (singer)|Naya]]
| length8 = 3:48|
| title9 = Dhoom Machale Dhoom
| note9 = Spanish
| extra9 = [[Mia Mont]]
| length9 = 3:47|
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dhoom-3/7A8eKeBiocU_|title=Dhoom 3 (Tamil) (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=14 November 2013 }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:21
| title1 = Matanga
| extra1 = Abishek Nailwal, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Amali Dhumali
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Dhoom Majare
| extra3 = [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| length3 = 3:55
| title4 = Ore Oru Paravai
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length4 = 5:00
| title5 = Dhoom Majare Dhoom
| extra5 = Aditi Singh Sharma
| length5 = 3:57
| title6 = Nam Padaithavanin Pillaigal
| extra6 = Shivam Mahadevan, Anish Sharma
| length6 = 3:04
| title7 = Dhoom Tap
| extra7 = Pritam
| length7 = 2:52
| title8 = Dhoom: 3 Overture
| extra8 = Julius Packiam
| length8 = 4:09
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track listing<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dhoom-3/nDpLGVzh,aE_ |title=Dhoom 3 (Telugu) (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=14 November 2013 }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:37
| title1 = Dhoom Majale Dhoom
| extra1 = Aditi Singh Sharma
| length1 = 3:57
| title2 = Nemali
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Tarang
| extra3 = Abishek Nailwal, Shilpa Rao
| length3 = 3:55
| title4 = Oohinchale Oohinchale
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length4 = 5:03
| title5 = Pillalam Memathaniki
| extra5 = Shivam Mahadevan, Anish Sharma
| length5 = 3:04
| title6 = Dhoom Tap
| extra6 = Pritam
| length6 = 2:52
| title7 = Dhoom: 3 Overture
| extra7 = Julius Packiam
| length7 = 4:09
}}

==Reception==
The music of ''Dhoom 3'' received a mixed critical reception. Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted, "There are songs like 'Tu Hi Junoon', 'Malang' and 'Kamli' that round off ''Dhoom 3'' beautifully." Koimoi reported, "Overall it might not be the best album Pritam has come up with, but two really interesting compositions make the album scrupulous me! A noteworthy effort for sure!"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tuteja|first1=Joginder|title=Review: Dhoom 3's soundtrack is engaging|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dhoom-3s-soundtrack-is-engaging/20131214.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=14 December 2013}}</ref> The predictions turned out to be true as the album topped the [[iTunes]] charts only after the release of the film. Rohit Khilnani of ''[[India Today]]'' deemed the music "below average".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhoom-3-movie-review-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif-abhishek-bachchan-uday-chopra/1/332052.html |title="Movie review: Dhoom 3 is a visual treat but that's about it" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022040814/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhoom-3-movie-review-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif-abhishek-bachchan-uday-chopra/1/332052.html |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Dhoom (franchise)]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2013 soundtrack albums]]

Ganga Pushkaram

2025-11-24T23:05:55Z

Ahad Sabri: expand information for clarity and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Hindu festival, held every 12 years}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Ganga Pushkaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_size = 100px
| image = File:Harkipauri panorama.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Pilgrims taking dip in the holy [[Ganges river]] at [[Haridwar]] (2012)
| status = Active
| genre = [[Hindu festivals]]
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = every 12 years
| venue = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; 
|title=List of Major [[Ghats]]
|1=[[Gangotri]]|2=Gangasagar|3=[[Haridwar]]|4=Badrinath|5=Kedarnath|6=Varanasi|7=[[Allahabad|Prayag]]}}
| location = [[Ganga River]]
| coordinates =
| country = India
| first =
| founder_name =
| last = 2011
| prev =
| next = 22 April – 5 May 2023
| participants =
| attendance =
| capacity =
| area = [[North India]]
| budget =
| activity = [[Holy river]] dip
| leader_name =
| patron =
| organised = 
| people =
| member =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ganga Pushkaram''' is a festival of [[Ganga River|River Ganga]] which normally occurs once in 12 years. This [[Pushkaram]] is observed for a period of 12 days from the time of entry of [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]] into Aswini nakshatra ''Mesha'' rasi ([[Aries (astrology)|Aries]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT921 |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |page=921}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Kumbh Mela]]
*[[Godavari Maha Pushkaram|Godavari Pushkaram]]
*[[Pushkaram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pushkaram}}
{{HinduFestivals|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Ganges]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

{{Hindu-festival-stub}}

Thamsar Pass

2025-11-18T11:47:52Z

Ahad Sabri: adding a data

{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Thamsar Pass
| other_name = Thamsar Jot
| photo = File:Thamsar Pass.jpg
| photo_caption = Thamsar Pass and lake
| elevation_m = 4750
| elevation_ref =
| location = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| range = [[Himalayas]]
| map = #India Himachal Pradesh#India
| label_position = right
| map_caption = Location in [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32|13|32|N|76|46|43|E|display=inline,title|type:pass}}
}}

'''Thamsar Pass''' is a high mountain pass located in the [[Dhauladhar|Dhauladhar Range]] of the western [[Himalayas]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It connects remote regions within Kangra and Chamba districts—primarily linking [[Bara Bhangal]] and the Barot Valley as well as Bir–Billing area. It serves both as a traditional shepherd route and a moderate difficult trek.

== Geography and Location ==
Thamsar Pass lies at an elevation of approximately ''4,750 metres (15,600 ft)''' above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Himachal: Trekking banned in high-altitude mountain passes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachaltrekking-banned-in-high-altitude-mountain-passes-101636662940370.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It forms part of the northern stretches of Kangra district and the southern boundary of Chamba in the Dhauladhar range.

== Connectivity and Significance ==
The pass has historically been used by the semi-nomadic [[Gaddi people|Gaddi shepherds]] as a seasonal route to move livestock between summer grazing grounds in Bara Bhangal and markets near Bir-Billing, Barot Valley, Baijnath, and Joginder Nagar. It is typically accessible from mid-June to mid-October each year.

== Trekking and Adventure tourism ==
Thamsar Pass is a recognized moderate to difficult trek of around 20 kilometers from Rajgundha to Thamsar Pass and further 15 kilometers towards Bara Bhangal. Route includes starting from Billing or Bir, moving through mountain villages such as Rajgundha(2500m), and temporary settlements Palachak(2700), Johdi Waterfall (3000m), Panhartu (3500m), Bhedpal (4000m) and crossing Thamsar Pass (4750m) before descending into Bara Bhangal (2500m) via Marhi (4000m). Trek duration varies from 2–5 days, offering views of two glacial lakes, Chhoti Thamsar (Barot valley side) and Badi Thamsar (Bara Bhanghal side) lakes along with five other large and small glacial lakes in the vicinity, alpine meadows, and Himalayan peaks of around 5000 meters.

== Flora and Fauna ==
The region features diverse vegetation zones—from lower-elevation deodar, oak, and rhododendron forests to high-altitude alpine meadows and herbaceous plants. Wildlife includes species such as Himalayan Tahr and musk deer, with occasional sightings of Himalayan Black bears, and Brown bears, and high-altitude birds.

== Climate and Accessibility ==
The alpine climate at Thamsar Pass is characterized by sub-zero temperatures, sudden weather changes, and heavy snowfall. Temperatures range around 10 to -30 degrees in the Pass and surrounding areas in Winter Season (October–May) when heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures block the accessibility, and around -5 degrees to 15 degrees during Summers (June–September) and monsoon season. Snowfall can happen throughout the year above 4000 meters with rare instances in July and August. The best season to explore the pass and surrounding areas is between June and October when snow recedes.

== Local communities and Culture ==
The trek provides insight into the traditional lifestyle of the Gaddi shepherds, who migrate seasonally through these highlands with flocks of sheep and goats. Bara Bhangal is one of the most remote villages in India, accessible via high-altitude passes like Thamsar and Kalihani, or alternatively via around 20 kilometers trek from the Holi, Chamba side.

== Conservation and Safety ==
The region is regarded as an ecologically sensitive area with fragile alpine ecosystems. Trekkers and explorer are often prone to landslides, altitude sickness, avalanches, variable weather due to its difficult high altitude terrain and unpredictable weather.

=== Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary ===
Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area passing through Thamsar Pass trail originating near Palachak campsite, around 5 kilometers north from the Rajgundha Village. It Covers an area of approximately 982.86 square kilometers. The sanctuary is known for its diverse alpine and sub-alpine ecosystems, ranging from dense deodar, oak, and rhododendron forests to high-altitude meadows. It is home to several rare and endangered species, including the Himalayan black bear, leopard, musk deer, and Himalayan tahr, along with a rich variety of birds and medicinal flora. The sanctuary plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation objectives of the government of Himachal Pradesh. It attracts nature lovers and trekkers exploring the nearby regions of Barot Valley, Joginder Nagar Valley, Baijnath, Palampur etc. when the region is accessible.

== See also ==
* [[Barot, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Gaddi people]]
* [[Bir, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Jogindernagar]]
* [[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://wanderlog.com/place/details/11427660/thamsar-pass Thamsar Pass, Bir, India - Reviews, Ratings, Tips and Why You Should Go]
* [https://lastfrontiersonfoot.com/dhauladar-thamsar-pas/ Dhauladar: Thamsar pass]
* [https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/marginalised-by-fate-and-government-alike-1502694833.html Marginalised by fate and government alike!]
* [https://brozaadventures.com/thamsar-pass-trek Thamsar Pass Trek - Complete Guide - Itinerary, Cost, Best Time, Map - Broza Adventures]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/thamsar-pass/articleshow/52868367.cms Thamsar Pass]
* [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/travel/bada-bhangal-a-journey-through-tradition-time/ Bada Bhangal, a journey through tradition & time]
* [https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/himachal-pradesh/kangra/dhauladhar-wildlife-sanctuary Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary- Preserving Kangra's Biodiversity]

[[Category:Mountain passes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Kangra district]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]

Love You To

2025-11-02T02:43:53Z

Ahad Sabri: Started

{{Short description|1966 song by the Beatles}}
{{distinguish|Love You Two|Love You Too (disambiguation){{!}}Love You Too}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Love You To
| cover = Love you to beatles.PNG
| cover_size = 160
| alt =
| caption = Cover of the [[Northern Songs]] sheet music
| type =
| artist = [[the Beatles]]
| album = [[Revolver (Beatles album)|Revolver]]
| EP =
| written =
| published =
| released = 5 August 1966
| format =
| recorded = 11 and 13 April 1966
| studio = [[Abbey Road Studios|EMI]], London
| venue =
| genre = [[Raga rock]], [[Music of India|Indian music]],{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}} [[psychedelic rock]]
| length =
*3:09 (mono)
*3:00 (stereo)
| label = [[Parlophone]]
| writer = [[George Harrison]]
| composer =
| lyricist =
| producer = [[George Martin]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
"'''Love You To'''" is a song by the English [[Rock music|rock]] band [[the Beatles]] from their 1966 album ''[[Revolver (Beatles album)|Revolver]]''. The song was written and sung by [[George Harrison]] and features Indian instrumentation such as [[sitar]] and [[tabla]]. Following Harrison's introduction of the sitar on "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]" in 1965, it was the first Beatles song to fully reflect the influence of [[Indian classical music]]. The recording was made with minimal participation from Harrison's bandmates; instead, he created the track with tabla player Anil Bhagwat and other Indian musicians from the [[Asian Music Circle]] in London. The title references their first hit song; "[[Love Me Do]]".

The composition adheres to the pitches of the Indian equivalent of [[Dorian mode]] and emulates the [[khyal]] vocal tradition of [[Hindustani classical music]]. For musical inspiration, Harrison drew from the work of master sitarist [[Ravi Shankar]], who became his sitar tutor shortly after the recording was completed. In its lyrical themes, "Love You To" is partly a love song to Harrison's wife, [[Pattie Boyd]], while also incorporating philosophical concepts inspired by his experimentation with the hallucinogenic drug [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]. In the context of its release, the song served as one of the first examples of the Beatles expressing an ideology aligned with that of the emergent [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]].

"Love You To" has been hailed by musicologists and critics as groundbreaking in its presentation of a non-Western musical form to rock audiences, particularly with regard to authenticity and avoidance of parody. Author Jonathan Gould describes the song's slow sitar introduction as "one of the most brazenly exotic acts of stylistic experimentation ever heard on a popular LP".{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=353}} [[Ronnie Montrose]], [[Bongwater (band)|Bongwater]], [[Jim James]] and [[Cornershop]] are among the artists who have covered "Love You To".

==Background and inspiration==
{{quote box|quote= To me, [Indian classical music] is the only really great music now, and it makes Western three-or-four-beat type stuff seem somehow dead. You can get so much more out of it if you are prepared really to concentrate and listen.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=209}}|source= – George Harrison, 1966|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}

On the 1965 album ''[[Rubber Soul]]'', [[George Harrison]] had led [[the Beatles]] towards [[Indian classical music]] through his use of the Indian [[sitar]] on [[John Lennon]]'s song "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]",{{sfn|Leng|2006|p=19}} while his own composition "[[If I Needed Someone]]" reflected the genre's influence in its melody<ref>{{cite web|last=Fontenot |first=Robert |url=http://oldies.about.com/od/thebeatlessongs/a/ifineededsomeone.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009115244/http://oldies.about.com/od/thebeatlessongs/a/ifineededsomeone.htm |title=The Beatles Songs: 'If I Needed Someone' – The history of this classic Beatles song |publisher=[[About.com|oldies.about.com]] |archive-date=9 October 2015|access-date=29 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and suggestion of [[Drone (music)|drone]].{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=150}} He subsequently wrote "Love You To" as a way to showcase the sitar,{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=209}}{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=55}} and to feature the [[tabla]], a pair of Indian [[hand drums]], for the first time.{{sfn|Harrison|2002|p=102}}{{sfn|Womack|2014|p=583}} Music critic [[Richie Unterberger]] describes the song as the Beatles' "first all-out excursion" in [[raga rock]],<ref name="Unterberger/AM">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/love-you-to-mt0010100257 |last=Unterberger|first=Richie|title=The Beatles 'Love You To'|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> a genre that author [[Nicholas Schaffner]] says was "launched" by Harrison's use of sitar on "Norwegian Wood".{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|pp=66, 68}}

Harrison wrote "Love You To" in early 1966{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=55}} while the Beatles were enjoying an unusually long period free of professional commitments, due to their inability to find a suitable film project.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=237}} He used the available time to further explore his interest in Indian music and the sitar,{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=164}} which, journalist [[Maureen Cleave]] noted in a contemporary article, "has given new meaning to [his] life".<ref name="Cleave/Standard">{{cite news|title=How A Beatle Lives Part 3: George Harrison – Avocado With Everything ...|last=Cleave |first=Maureen|newspaper=[[The Evening Standard]]|date=18 March 1966}} Available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/how-a-beatle-lives-part-3-george-harrison--avocado-with-everything Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref> Aside from [[honeymoon]]ing in [[Barbados]] with his wife, English model [[Pattie Boyd]], Harrison's activities included receiving sitar tuition from an Indian musician at the [[Asian Music Circle]] (AMC) in north London,{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=114, 240}} where he also attended music recitals,{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=55}} and seeing Indian sitarist [[Ravi Shankar (musician)|Ravi Shankar]] perform at the [[Royal Festival Hall]].<ref name="Cleave/Standard" /> As reflected in "Love You To",{{sfn|Clayson|2003|p=201}} Harrison continued to immerse himself in recordings by Shankar,{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=114}} who, when the pair met in June 1966, would agree to take Harrison as his student.{{sfn|Tillery|2011|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=176, 177}} This meeting took place at the home of the AMC's founders, Ayana and Patricia Angadi, whose network of friends and visitors added to Harrison's self-education in new forms of art, culture and politics.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=84–85}}

[[File:Granny smith and cross section.jpg|thumbnail|right|190px|The song's working title, "Granny Smith", referenced the [[Granny Smith|same variety of apple]] that the Beatles later adopted for the logo of their company [[Apple Corps]].{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=114}}]]
Typically of his songs over this period, Harrison was unable to commit to naming the new composition.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=114, 143}} At the start of the sessions for the Beatles' ''[[Revolver (Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' album, [[Geoff Emerick]], the band's [[recording engineer]], gave the song the working title of "Granny Smith", after [[Granny Smith|the variety of apple]].{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172fn}}{{refn|group=nb|This temporary title remained in place until the completion of ''Revolver'', on 22 June 1966.{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=40, 65}}}} The song was partly inspired by Harrison's experimentation with the hallucinogenic drug [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]],{{sfn|Hertsgaard|1996|p=184}}{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=66}} which he credited as a catalyst for increased awareness and his interest in Eastern philosophical concepts.{{sfn|The Editors of ''Rolling Stone''|2002|p=145}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Glazer|first=Mitchell|date=February 1977|title=Growing Up at 33⅓: The George Harrison Interview|work=[[Crawdaddy!|Crawdaddy]]|page=41}}</ref> Author [[Ian MacDonald]] views the subject matter as "part philosophical" and "part love-song" to Boyd.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172}}

==Composition==
===Musical form===
"Love You To" is in the [[Key (music)|key]] of C and adheres to the pitches of [[Kafi (raga)|Kafi]] [[That (music)|thaat]], the Indian equivalent of [[Dorian mode]].{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=41}} The composition emulates the [[khyal]] vocal tradition of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] (or North Indian) classical music. Structurally, it comprises an opening [[alap]]; a [[Gat (music)|gat]] section, which serves as the main portion of the song; and a short [[drut]] (fast) gat to close the piece.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}}

The alap consists of sitar played in free tempo, during which the song's melody is previewed in the style of an Indian [[raga]].{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}} Described by Harrison biographer Simon Leng as "essentially an adaptation of a blues lick",{{sfn|Leng|2006|p=22}} the seven-note [[Motif (music)|motif]] that closes the alap serves as a recurring motif during the ensuing gat.{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=41}} The change of [[Meter (music)|metre]] following the alap marks the first such example in the Beatles' work; it would shortly be repeated in Lennon's composition "[[She Said She Said]]",{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=40, 66}} which Harrison helped complete by joining together three separate pieces that Lennon had written.{{sfn|Leng|2006|p=21}}

The gat is set in [[madhya laya]] (medium tempo){{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}} and features a driving [[Rock music|rock]] rhythm{{sfn|Leng|2006|p=22}} accentuated by heavy [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]] drone.{{sfn|Reck|2009|p=297}} This portion of the composition consists of eight-[[Bar (music)|bar]] "A" sections and twelve-bar "B" sections, structured in an A-B-A-B pattern.{{sfn|Pedler|2003|p=731}} The alap's lack of a distinct [[time signature]] is contrasted with a temporal reference in the lyrics to the opening verse: "Each day just goes so fast / I turn around, it's past".{{sfn|Reising|LeBlanc|2009|p=96}} Throughout, the vocal line avoids the melodic embellishment typical of khyal,{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}} apart from the use of [[melisma]] over the last line in each of the A sections.{{sfn|Reck|2009|p=297}} In keeping with the minimal harmonic movement of Indian music,{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=41}} the composition's only deviation from its I chord of C is a series of implied {{music|flat}}VII chord changes, which occur in the B sections.{{sfn|Pedler|2003|p=731}}

During the mid-song instrumental passage, the melody line of the sitar incorporates aspects of the alap, raising the melody previewed there by an [[octave]].{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=41–42}} The song then returns to verses sung over the A and B sections,{{sfn|Pedler|2003|p=731}} culminating in the line "I'll make love to you, if you want me to."{{sfn|Harrison|2002|p=104}} The arrival of the drut gat follows Hindustani convention by ending the composition at an accelerated tempo, although the brevity of this segment marks a departure from the same tradition.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=175–76}}{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=42}}

===Lyrical interpretation===
As with all of the songs written by Harrison or Lennon and recorded by the Beatles in 1966, the lyrics to "Love You To" marked a departure from the standard [[Love song|love-song]] themes that had defined the group's previous work.{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|pp=53–54, 63}} Harrison presents a worldview that variously reflects cynicism,{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}} sardonic humour and a degree of detachment with regard to personal relationships.{{sfn|Inglis|2010|p=8}} According to music critic [[John Harris (critic)|John Harris]], the lines "There's people standing round / Who'll screw you in the ground / They'll fill you in with all the sins you'll see" serve as one of the first examples of the Beatles' ideology aligning with that of the emerging [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]], by highlighting the division between traditional mores and an LSD-inspired perspective.<ref name="Harris p 41">{{cite book|last=Harris |first=John |year=2003 |chapter=Cruel Britannia |title=[[Mojo (magazine)#Special editions|Mojo Special Limited Edition]]: 1000 Days of Revolution (The Beatles' Final Years – Jan 1, 1968 to Sept 27, 1970)|location=London |publisher=Emap|page=41}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Harris cites Lennon's similar demarcation between "groovers and squares" in "[[Rain (Beatles song)|Rain]]" as the other example of the Beatles first espousing countercultural principles.<ref name="Harris p 41" />}} Authors Russell Reising and Jim LeBlanc recognise this and other statements in "Love You To" as part of the Beatles' espousal of anti-materialism from 1966 onwards, a message that, inspired by the LSD experience, suggested a "[[Psychedelia|psychedelic]] vision of society".{{sfn|Reising|LeBlanc|2009|p=101}}

Among other commentators discussing the lyrical themes, [[Mark Hertsgaard]] writes that Harrison's "response to the fleetingness of time was to affirm and celebrate life: 'make love all day long / make love singing songs'",{{sfn|Hertsgaard|1996|p=184}} while Robert Rodriguez describes "Love You To" as "a somewhat oblique expression of love directed toward his bride, along with larger concerns regarding mortality and purpose".{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=70}}{{refn|group=nb|In his interview with Cleave in February 1966, Harrison said that Boyd had been urging him to "write more beautiful words". Referring to a [[couplet]] in "Love You To", a [[Demo (music)|demo]] of which Harrison played during their meeting, Cleave wrote: "'Love me while you can; before I'm a dead old man.' George was aware that these words were not beautiful."<ref name="Cleave/Standard" />{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=228–29}}}} In Ian Inglis' estimation, the lyrics "remind us that in a world of material dissatisfaction and moral disharmony, there is always the solace of sexual pleasure".{{sfn|Inglis|2010|pp=7–8}}

==Recording==
"Love You To" was the third track the Beatles recorded for ''Revolver'', after "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]" and "[[Got to Get You into My Life]]".{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=106–14, 243}}{{sfn|Miles|2001|pp=228–29}} Rodriguez comments that "Love You To" "[made] explicit the Indian influence implicit throughout the entire album",{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=115}} as songs such as "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "Got to Get You into My Life", together with the non-album [[Single (music)|single]] tracks "[[Paperback Writer]]" and "[[Rain (Beatles song)|Rain]]", all incorporate drone sounds or otherwise display the limited harmonic movement that typifies the genre.{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=41, 42}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=167, 171fn, 175}}{{refn|group=nb|In addition, "Rain" and "[[I Want to Tell You]]" include the vocal melismas commonly used in Indian composition.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=175, 184–85}} Indian musical stylings similarly feature in the guitar solos on "[[I'm Only Sleeping]]" and "[[Taxman]]".{{sfn|Leng|2006|pp=21, 22}}}} In a 1997 interview, Harrison said that the song's inclusion reflected the band's willingness to experiment during this period, adding: "We were listening to all sorts of things, [[Karlheinz Stockhausen|Stockhausen]], [[avant-garde music]], whatever, and most of it made its way onto our records."<ref name="Kubernik">{{cite web|url=http://cavehollywood.com/ravi-shankar-a-life-in-music-exhibit-at-the-grammy-museum-may-2015-spring-2016/ |first=Harvey|last=Kubernik|title=Ravi Shankar: A Life In Music Exhibit at the Grammy Museum May 2015–Spring 2016|website=Cave Hollywood|date=16 June 2015|access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref>

The basic track for "Love You To" was taped in London at EMI Studios (now [[Abbey Road Studios]]) on 11 April 1966.{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=72}}{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=229}} According to Beatles historian [[Mark Lewisohn]], Harrison initially sang and played acoustic guitar, accompanied by [[Paul McCartney]] on backing vocals. By the end of the first session that day, three takes of the song had been made, with Harrison introducing his sitar on the last of these takes. Work resumed at 8 pm,{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=72}} with the participation of Anil Bhagwat, a tabla player that Harrison had sourced through Patricia Angadi.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=176}} Other outside contributors, also from the AMC, included musicians on tambura and sitar.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172}}

{{quote box|quote=A chap called [Ayana] Angadi called me and asked if I was free that evening to work with George ... he didn't say it was Harrison. It was only when a Rolls-Royce came to pick me up that I realised I'd be playing on a Beatles session. When I arrived at Abbey Road there were girls everywhere with Thermos flasks, cakes, sandwiches, waiting for the Beatles to come out.{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=72}}|source= – Anil Bhagwat, 1988|width=25%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}

According to Inglis, "Love You To" is "defined" by the interplay between sitar and tabla.{{sfn|Inglis|2010|p=7}} Bhagwat later recalled of his involvement: "George told me what he wanted and I tuned the tabla with him. He suggested I play something in the Ravi Shankar style, 16-beats, though he agreed that I should improvise. Indian music is all improvisation."{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=72}} After rehearsing the song together many times, Harrison and Bhagwat recorded the sitar and tabla parts onto the vocal and guitar performance taped earlier that day.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=229–31}}{{refn|group=nb|A portrait artist,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jul/17/guardianobituaries.books |first=Sarah |last=Harrison |title=Obituary: Patricia Angadi |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 July 2001 |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> Patricia Angadi sketched the pair as they rehearsed, having painted Harrison and Boyd's wedding portrait earlier in the year.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=85, 231}}}}

[[File:Prop._Tabla.jpg|thumbnail|180px|left|The track makes extensive use of the double hand-drum [[tabla]], along with sitar.]]
With take 6 selected as the best performance, a [[Reduction mixing|reduction mix]] was carried out on 13 April, freeing up space for more [[Overdubbing|overdubs]] on the [[Multitrack recording|four-track tape]].{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|pp=72, 73}} Harrison added another vocal part onto what was now referred to as take 7, and [[Ringo Starr]] played tambourine. McCartney contributed a high harmony vocal over the words "They'll fill you in with all their sins, you'll see", but this part was omitted from the final mix.{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=73}}{{refn|group=nb|McCartney's singing was retained elsewhere in the verses, however.{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=40}} Although Lennon shared Harrison's interest in Indian music,{{sfn|Kruth|2015|p=72}} he is not thought to have participated in the recording of "Love You To".{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172}}}} Harrison also overdubbed [[FuzzTone|fuzz-tone]] electric guitar,<ref name="Fontenot/About">{{cite web|last=Fontenot |first=Robert |url=http://oldies.about.com/od/thebeatles/a/The-Beatles-Songs-Love-You-To.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906095658/http://oldies.about.com/od/thebeatles/a/The-Beatles-Songs-Love-You-To.htm |archive-date=6 September 2015 |title=The Beatles Songs: Love You To – The history of this classic Beatles song |publisher=[[About.com|oldies.about.com]] |access-date=14 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> controlling the output via a [[volume pedal]].{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=40}} Producer [[Tony Visconti]] has marvelled at the guitar sounds the Beatles introduced on ''Revolver'', particularly Harrison's part on "Love You To", which he says "sounds like a chainsaw cutting down a tree in Vermont".<ref>{{cite web|first=Julian |last=Marszalek |url=http://thequietus.com/articles/10534-tony-visconti-favourite-albums?page=2 |title=Prophets, Seers & Sages: Tony Visconti's Favourite Albums |work=[[The Quietus]]|date=31 October 2012|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

Credit for the main sitar part on "Love You To" has traditionally been the subject of debate among commentators.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=114}}{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=325}} While MacDonald says that, rather than Harrison, it was the sitarist from the AMC who played this part,{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172}} Rodriguez writes that "others point to [Harrison's] single-minded diligence in mastering the instrument, as well as his study through private lessons, proximity to accomplished musicians, and close listening to pertinent records."{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=114}} In his official history of the Beatles' recording career, ''[[The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions]]'', Lewisohn states: "George played the sitar but an outside musician, Anil Bhagwat, was recruited to play the tabla."{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=72}} Musicologist [[Walter Everett (musicologist)|Walter Everett]] also identifies Harrison as the main sitar player on the recording,{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=40, 325}} as does Peter Lavezzoli, author of ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West''.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}} Leng comments that, as on "Norwegian Wood", Harrison "is still playing the sitar like a guitar player [on the recording], using blues and rock 'n' roll bends rather than the intensely intricate Indian equivalents".{{sfn|Leng|2006|p=22}}{{refn|group=nb|In Everett's estimation, the part on "Love You To" "would have required knowledge of no rag[a]s and only an elementary understanding of Hindustani formal patterns, easily attainable by a good guitarist within a few weeks".{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=325}} Harrison said he had "made some strides" as a sitarist since the recording of "Norwegian Wood".<ref name="Kubernik" />}} Speaking to author [[Steve Turner (writer)|Steve Turner]], Bhagwat has dismissed the idea that the sitarist was not Harrison, saying: "I can tell you here and now – 100 percent it was George on sitar throughout."{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=231}}

Final [[Audio mixing|mixing]] for the song took place on 21 June{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=84}} as the Beatles rushed to complete ''Revolver'' before beginning the [[The Beatles' 1966 tour of Germany, Japan and the Philippines|first leg of their 1966 world tour]].{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=59–60}}{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=146}} Harrison discussed "Love You To" with Shankar when the two musicians met that month,<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Timothy|last=White|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80 |title=Ravi Shankar: Godfather of World Music|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=18 March 1995|page=80|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>Spencer, Neil. "Eastern Rising". In: {{harvnb|''Mojo Special Limited Edition''|2002|p=80}}.</ref> at a social event hosted by the Angadi family.{{sfn|Tillery|2011|p=55}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=57, 176}} Although he was unaware of the band's popularity and had yet to hear "Norwegian Wood",{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=176}} Shankar was impressed with Harrison's humility{{sfn|Clayson|2003|p=193}}{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=303}} as the guitarist downplayed his sitar recordings with the Beatles as merely "experiments".{{sfn|Shankar|2007|p=100}}{{refn|group=nb|Shankar was later dismissive of the link made during the 1960s between Indian music and the prevailing liberal attitude towards sex{{sfn|Clayson|2003|pp=210–11}}{{sfn|Shankar|1999|pp=198, 200, 202–03}} and drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/dec/12/ravi-shankar-classic-interview|title=Ravi Shankar: 'Our music is sacred' – a classic interview from the vaults|publisher=[[The Guardian|theguardian.com]]|date=12 December 2012|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Sue C. |last=Clark |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ravi-shankar-the-rolling-stone-interview-19680309 |title=Ravi Shankar: The ''Rolling Stone'' Interview|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=9 March 1968 |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> After "Love You To", according to Lavezzoli, Harrison "took greater care" when writing the lyrics to his next Indian-style song, "[[Within You Without You]]", which was influenced by his introduction to [[Vedic philosophy]]{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=177–79}} while in India with Shankar over September–October 1966.{{sfn|Leng|2006|pp=24–25, 31}}{{sfn|The Editors of ''Rolling Stone''|2002|pp=34, 36}}}} Soon after this meeting, Shankar gave Harrison his first sitar lesson at [[Kinfauns (Surrey)|Kinfauns]], his and Boyd's home in [[Surrey]],{{sfn|Tillery|2011|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Shankar|2007|p=101}} and later, with tablist [[Alla Rakha]],{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=185}} performed a private recital there for Harrison, Lennon and Starr.{{sfn|Clayson|2003|p=201}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=177}} Harrison subsequently recalled of his first lesson with Shankar: "I felt I wanted to walk out of my home that day and take a one-way ticket to Calcutta. I would even have left Pattie behind in that moment."{{sfn|Greene|2006|p=63}}
{{-}}

==Release==
''Revolver'' was released on 5 August 1966, with "Love You To" sequenced as the fourth track.{{sfn|Castleman|Podrazik|1976|p=55}}{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|pp=172, 442}}{{refn|group=nb|On the abbreviated US version of ''Revolver'', it appeared as the third track,{{sfn|Castleman|Podrazik|1976|p=56}} since [[Capitol Records]] had already issued "I'm Only Sleeping" on the North American release ''[[Yesterday and Today]]''.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=25–26, 246}}{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=201}} American pressings of ''Revolver'' also differed by mis-titling the song "Love You Too".{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=40}}}} In advance of the release, [[EMI]] had issued the songs to radio stations throughout July, in increments, to prepare the Beatles' audience for the progression the band had made with their latest work. According to cultural historian Simon Philo, the album represented "pop's most sustained deployment of Indian instruments, musical form and even religious philosophy thus far – which all came together most notably on ['Love You To']".{{sfn|Philo|2015|pp=110–11}} By that point, the Beatles' association with Indian music had been firmly established,{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=176, 177}}{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=55}} after, at Harrison's suggestion, the band stopped over in Delhi on the return flight from their concerts in the Far East.{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=223}}{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=236}} During the highly publicised visit, all four members of the group bought musical instruments{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=236}} from Rikhi Ram & Sons in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|pp=176, 177}}{{refn|group=nb|Having used a cheap model purchased from the Indiacraft store in London for "Norwegian Wood" and "Love You To",{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|pp=196, 209}}{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=174}} Harrison bought a top-quality sitar in Delhi, along with some other Indian instruments.{{sfn|Tillery|2011|pp=56, 160}}}} Bhagwat's name appeared on the LP's back cover, one of the few times that an outside musician received an official credit on a Beatles album.<ref name="Fontenot/About" />{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=115, 138}}

[[File:WCFL Sound 10 survey October 1966 Beatles Jim Stagg (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Harrison (top) in August 1966 with his Beatles bandmates and American disc jockey [[Jim Stagg]]]]
Among commentators recalling the song's release, [[Peter Doggett]] describes "Love You To" as having "sounded astonishing next to the electrifying pop of the ''Revolver'' album".{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=238}} Hertsgaard writes: "what caught most people's interest was the exotic rhythm track. The opening descent of shimmering harplike notes beckoned even those who resisted Indian music, while the lyrics melded the mysticism of the East ... with the pragmatism of the West, and the hedonism of youth culture."{{sfn|Hertsgaard|1996|p=184}}{{refn|group=nb|Author Jonathan Gould describes the song's introduction as "filled with croaking drones, pregnant pauses and softly elasticized notes", and highlights it as "one of the most brazenly exotic acts of stylistic experimentation ever heard on a popular LP".{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=353}}}}

In his 1977 book ''The Beatles Forever'', Schaffner wrote that, next to the dominant [[Lennon–McCartney]] songwriting partnership, Harrison's three compositions on ''Revolver'' – "Love You To", "[[Taxman]]" and "[[I Want to Tell You]]" – "offered ample indication that there were now three prolific songwriting Beatles".{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=63}} Schaffner also commented that, through his championing of the sitar and Shankar's music, Harrison came to be seen as "the maharaja of raga-rock" among Western musicians.{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|pp=63, 65–66}}{{refn|group=nb|Schaffner considered "Love You To" to be "sprawling and listless", however, in comparison to other examples of "Beatle raga-rock" – namely, "Norwegian Wood" and Harrison's later compositions "[[Within You Without You]]" and "[[The Inner Light (song)|The Inner Light]]".{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=68}}}} In the Beatles' 1968 animated film ''[[Yellow Submarine (1968 film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', a brief portion of the song is used to introduce Harrison's character,{{sfn|Womack|2014|p=584}} as a [[guru]]-like figure,{{sfn|Clayson|2003|p=230}} standing on a hill.<ref>{{cite news|last=Collis|first=Clark|date=October 1999|title=Fantastic Voyage|work=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]|page=53}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
In a joint album review with [[Peter Jones (journalist)|Peter Jones]] for ''[[Record Mirror]]'', Richard Green enthused about "Love You To", saying: "Starts like a classical Indian recital ... This is great. So different. Play it again! Best [track] so far."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Beatles: ''Revolver'' (Parlophone)|last1=Green|first1=Richard|last2=Jones|first2=Peter|magazine=[[Record Mirror]]|date=30 July 1966}} Available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-beatles-irevolveri-parlophone Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref> As an example of what Turner views as older pop journalists being unable to evaluate the new progressive music of 1966, Allen Evans of the ''[[NME]]'' described the song as an "Oriental-sounding piece"{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=395–96}} with "sitar jangles" and a "[[Kama Sutra]]-type lyric".<ref>Shaar Murray, Charles. "''Revolver'': Talking About a Revolution". In: {{harvnb|''Mojo Special Limited Edition''|2002|p=74}}.</ref> ''[[Melody Maker]]''{{'}}s reviewer lauded Harrison's sitar playing as "stunning" and "tremendous" before concluding: "Fascinating mixture of minor melody with Indian accompaniment. One of the most striking tracks."<ref>{{cite magazine|editor-first=John|editor-last=Mulvey|title=July–September: LPs/Singles|url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfRock1966/page/n77/mode/2up?q=veritable|magazine=The History of Rock: 1966|publisher=Time Inc.|location=London|year=2015|page=78|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

''[[Disc and Music Echo]]''{{'}}s review of ''Revolver'' took the form of a track-by-track rundown by [[Ray Davies]] of [[the Kinks]],{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=176}} whose July 1965 single "[[See My Friends]]" became widely viewed as one of the first pop songs to incorporate Eastern elements.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=396–97}} In his comments on "Love You To", Davies said that Harrison "must have quite a big influence on the group now", adding that "it's well performed which is always true of a Beatles track." Davies also said: "This sort of song I was doing two years ago – now I'm doing what the Beatles were doing two years ago."<ref name="Davies/Disc">{{cite magazine|author=Staff writer|title=Ray Davies Reviews the Beatles LP|magazine=[[Disc and Music Echo]]|date=30 July 1966|page=16}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Turner writes that this last comment, as with several others in the ''Disc'' article, reflected the bitterness Davies had felt towards the Beatles since 1964, and that Harrison was the only Beatle to publicly recognise the Kinks as equals.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=396–97}} In a 1988 interview, Davies recalled the 1960s music scene as "incredible ... The Beatles were waiting for the next Kinks album while [[the Who]] were waiting for the next Beatles record."{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=397–98}}}}

Writing in the recently launched ''[[Crawdaddy!]]'', [[Paul Williams (Crawdaddy! creator)|Paul Williams]] "heaped praise" on "Love You To", according to Rodriguez.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=175}} The majority of contemporary US reviews were lukewarm towards ''Revolver'', however, in reaction to the publication of Lennon's comment to Maureen Cleave that the Beatles had become [[More popular than Jesus|more popular than Christ]].{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=172, 174, 176}} An exception was New York critic [[Richard Goldstein (writer born 1944)|Richard Goldstein]], who praised the album as "a revolutionary record",{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=175}} and later wrote that the song's lyrics "exploded with a passionate [[sutra]] quality".<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Goldstein |title=We Still Need the Beatles, But ...|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 June 1967|page=II 24}} Available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-beatles-isergeant-peppers-lonely-hearts-club-bandi-capitol Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref> While bemoaning the initial lack of recognition for ''Revolver'', ''[[KRLA Beat]]''{{'}}s reviewer said that Harrison had "created a new extension of the music form which he introduced in ''Rubber Soul''", and described "Love You To" as "Well done and musically valid. Also musically unrecognized."<ref>{{cite news|title=The Beatles: ''Revolver'' (Capitol)|author=Uncredited writer|work=[[KRLA Beat]]|date=10 September 1966|pages=2–3}} Available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-beatles-irevolveri-capitol Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref>

==Retrospective assessment and legacy==
{{quote box|quote= While it was the songs and voices of Lennon and McCartney that led the Beatles to enduring influence, Harrison's embrace of Indian music added a welcome, if wholly unexpected, note to the proceedings, instantly and forever changing Western awareness of the Asian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robbins|first=Ira|title=George Harrison: And Life Flows On|date=3 December 2001|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]}} Available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison-and-life-flows-on Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref>|source= – [[Trouser Press|Ira Robbins]], 2001|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}

Writing in the journal ''[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]]'', [[ethnomusicology|ethnomusicologist]] David Reck has cited "Love You To" as being revolutionary in Western culture,{{sfn|Leng|2006|p=22}} adding: "One cannot emphasise how absolutely unprecedented this piece is in the history of popular music. For the first time an Asian music was not parodied utilising familiar stereotypes and misconceptions, but rather transferred in toto into a new environment with sympathy and rare understanding."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reck |first=D.B. |title=Beatles Orientalis: Influences from Asia in a Popular Song Form|journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |volume=XVI |year=1985 |pages=83–150|doi=10.2307/834014 |jstor=834014 }}</ref> Reck views it as the first in "a series of finely crafted Indian-based songs" by Harrison that would extend through his solo career, and while admiring the range of authentic Hindustani musical elements in the composition, he concludes: "All of this in a three-minute song!"{{sfn|Reck|2009|pp=296, 297}} Peter Lavezzoli describes "Love You To" as "the first conscious attempt in pop to emulate a non-Western form of music in structure and instrumentation",{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}} while Reck calls it "the first song in the Euro-American pop music canon that is scored predominantly for Asian musical instruments, [with] sitar, tabla and tambura replacing rock band guitars, keyboards, bass and drums".{{sfn|Reck|2016|p=65}} Lavezzoli says of the sitar part: "[Harrison's] playing throughout the song is an astonishing improvement over 'Norwegian Wood'. In fact, 'Love You To' remains the most accomplished performance on sitar by any rock musician."{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=175}}

Music critic [[Lester Bangs]] termed "Love You To" "the first injection of ersatz Eastern wisdom into rock", while Peter Doggett credits Harrison's spiritual concerns with inspiring "an entire [new] genre of songwriting".{{sfn|Miles|2001|pp=217, 238}} The song has been recognised as a precursor to the [[world music]] genre.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=xiii}} Through the success of ''Revolver'' in 1966, it was a key factor in the rise in popularity of Indian classical music among contemporary Western youth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/12/13/ravi-shankars-impact-went-beyond-the-beatles/ |first=Mark|last=Caro|title=Ravi Shankar's impact went beyond the Beatles|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=13 December 2012|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> In addition, the song inspired other rock musicians to experiment with non-Western instruments and tones, and so helped expand the scope of raga rock,{{sfn|Philo|2015|p=111}} while its mix of Indian instrumentation and distorted electric guitar was highly influential in the development of 1960s [[psychedelic music]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Campbell|first=Hernan M.|date=27 February 2012|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/48319/The-Beatles-Revolver/|title=Review: The Beatles – Revolver|publisher=sputnikmusic|access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

Reviewing Harrison's musical career in a 2002 issue of ''[[Goldmine (magazine)|Goldmine]]'' magazine, [[Dave Thompson (author)|Dave Thompson]] wrote that "Love You To" "opened creative doors through which Harrison's bandmates may not – and [George] Martin certainly would not – have ever dreamed of passing".<ref>{{cite news|first=Dave |last=Thompson|title=The Music of George Harrison: An album-by-album guide|work=[[Goldmine (magazine)|Goldmine]]|date=25 January 2002|page=15}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' contributor [[Greg Kot]] pairs it with "Taxman" as two "major contributions" that saw Harrison "[come] into his own as a songwriter" on ''Revolver''. Kot describes "Love You To" as "a boldly experimental track" and "the first full-scale incorporation of Eastern instruments on a Beatles album".{{sfn|The Editors of ''Rolling Stone''|2002|p=185}}{{refn|group=nb|Reviewing [[Martin Scorsese]]'s 2011 documentary ''[[George Harrison: Living in the Material World]]'', Joseph Jon Lanthier of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' described "Love You To" as a "groundbreaking Eastern homage" and rued that Scorsese had overlooked the song in favour of discussing "Within You Without You".<ref>{{cite web|first=Joseph Jon|last=Lanthier|title=Blu-ray Review: ''George Harrison: Living in the Material World''|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/george-harrison-living-in-the-material-world-bd/|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=27 April 2012|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref>}}

[[AllMusic]] editor [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] considers "Love You To" to be Harrison's "first and best foray into Indian music",<ref>{{cite web|first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/revolver-mw0000189174 |title=The Beatles ''Revolver'' |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> while Bruce Eder, also writing for AllMusic, views it as "exquisite".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/george-harrison-mn0000209142/biography |first=Bruce|last=Eder|title=George Harrison|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725231500/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/george-harrison-mn0000209142/biography |archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> In his song review for the same website, Richie Unterberger is unimpressed with the track; while acknowledging that "Love You To" was "Undoubtedly ... another indication of the group's rapidly broadening barriers", he cites a lead vocal that "drone[s] on in a rather lugubrious way", Harrison's slightly "disheveled" sitar playing, and lyrics that constitute "a rather muddled mix of [[free love]] advocacy, meditations on the transience of life on Earth, and chip-on-the-shoulder wariness of people out to exploit him".<ref name="Unterberger/AM" /> Although he finds the melody "sourly repetitious", Ian MacDonald writes that the track is "distinguished by the authenticity of its Hindustani classical instrumentation and techniques", and admires Harrison's understanding of the genre.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172}} In a 2009 review for ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'' magazine, [[Mark Kemp]] described ''Revolver'' as the album on which the Beatles "completed their transformation from the mop tops of three years earlier into bold, groundbreaking experimental rockers", and added: "Harrison's 'Love You To' is pure Indian raga – sitar and tablas punctuated by the occasional luminous guitar riff jolting through the song's paranoid, drug-fueled lyrics like a blinding ray of sun into a dark forest."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2009/09/the-beatles-the-long-and-winding-repertoire.html|last=Kemp|first=Mark|title=The Beatles: The Long and Winding Repertoire|magazine=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|date=8 September 2009|page=59|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref>

==Cover versions==
[[The Feelies#Offshoots|The Trypes]], an offshoot of [[the Feelies]], covered "Love You To" on their 1984 EP ''The Explorers Hold''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-explorers-hold-mw0000889695 |title=The Trypes ''The Explorers Hold [EP]''|last= Cleary |first=David |publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref> A version of the song was covered by [[Ronnie Montrose]], that included a rare vocal performance by the guitarist, on his 1986 album ''[[Territory (Ronnie Montrose album)|Territory]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/territory-mw0000194911 |title=Ronnie Montrose ''Territory''|last= Theakston |first=Rob |publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> The song has also been covered by experimental rock band [[Bongwater (band)|Bongwater]] on their 1988 debut album ''[[Double Bummer]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000199818 |title=Bongwater ''Double Bummer''|last= Raggett |first=Ned |publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

[[My Morning Jacket]] singer [[Jim James]] performed "Love You To" on a [[banjo]] for his 2009 EP ''[[Tribute To]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Stacey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wIe3FI6TI0C&pg=PA88|title=Yim Yames ''Tribute To''|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=September 2009|page=88}}</ref> a collection of Harrison songs that James recorded shortly after the former Beatle's death in November 2001.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ayers|first=Michael D.|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/jim-james-reveals-george-harrison-e-p-details-1003987895.story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627030450/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/jim-james-reveals-george-harrison-e-p-details-1003987895.story |title=Jim James Reveals George Harrison E.P. Details|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|billboard.com]]|date=25 June 2009|archive-date=27 June 2009 |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Glide staff |url=http://www.glidemagazine.com/14067/jim-james-becomes-yim-yames-for-george-harrison-tribute-ep/ |title=Jim James Becomes Yim Yames for George Harrison Tribute EP|work=Glide Magazine|date=25 June 2009|access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' included James's version on ''Harrison Covered'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Harrison Covered|url=http://www.mojocovercds.com/cd/1713|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123101433/http://www.mojocovercds.com/cd/1713|publisher=Mojo Cover CDs|archive-date=23 January 2012|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> a tribute CD accompanying the November 2011 issue of the magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mojo4music.com/1972/mojo-issue-216-november-2011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005033357/http://www.mojo4music.com/1972/mojo-issue-216-november-2011/ |title=MOJO Issue 216 / November 2011|work=MOJO |date=November 2011 |publisher=[[Mojo (magazine)|mojo4music.com]]|archive-date=5 October 2013|access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> In 2012, [[Cornershop]] recorded it for ''Mojo''{{'}}s multi-artist compilation ''Yellow Submarine Resurfaces''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mojocovercds.com/cd/1945 |title=Yellow Submarine Resurfaces|publisher=Mojo Cover CDs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615221936/http://www.mojocovercds.com/cd/1945 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mojo4music.com/3146/mojo-issue-224-july-2012/ |title=MOJO Issue 224 / July 2012|work=MOJO |date=July 2012 | publisher=[[Mojo (magazine)|mojo4music.com]]|access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>

==Personnel==
According to [[Kenneth Womack]]{{sfn|Womack|2014|pp=583–84}} and Ian MacDonald:{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172}}{{refn|group=nb|Consistent with his querying the extent of Harrison's sitar playing on the track, MacDonald includes a question mark after the sitar credit he gives Harrison, as he does for McCartney's vocal credit.{{sfn|MacDonald|1998|p=172}} In his list of personnel, Womack adds bass guitar to Harrison's sitar and guitar contributions.{{sfn|Womack|2014|p=583}}}}

'''The Beatles'''
*[[George Harrison]] – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar, [[sitar]], rhythm guitar,<ref name="Fontenot/About" /> [[FuzzTone|fuzz-tone]]{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=40}} lead guitar
*[[Paul McCartney]] – backing vocal
*[[Ringo Starr]] – tambourine

'''Additional musicians'''
*Anil Bhagwat – [[tabla]]
*Unnamed musicians from the [[Asian Music Circle]] – sitar, [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=The Beatles|title=The Beatles Anthology|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco, CA|year=2000|isbn=0-8118-2684-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesanthology0000unse}}
* {{cite book|last1=Castleman|first1=Harry|last2=Podrazik|first2=Walter J.|title=All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York, NY|year=1976|isbn=0-345-25680-8|url=https://archive.org/details/alltogethernowfi0000cast}}
* {{cite book|last=Clayson|first=Alan|title=George Harrison|publisher=Sanctuary|location=London|year=2003|isbn=1-86074-489-3}}
* {{cite book|author=((The Editors of ''Rolling Stone''))|title=Harrison|publisher=Rolling Stone Press|location=New York, NY|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7432-3581-5|url=https://archive.org/details/harrison00fine}}
* {{cite book
| last=Everett
| first=Walter
| year=1999
| title=The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| location=New York, NY
| isbn=0-19-512941-5
}}
* {{cite book|last=Gould|first=Jonathan|title=Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America|publisher= Piatkus |location=London|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7499-2988-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Greene|first=Joshua M.|title=Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|year=2006|isbn=978-0-470-12780-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Harrison|first=George|title=I, Me, Mine|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco, CA|year=2002|orig-year=1980|isbn=978-0-8118-5900-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Hertsgaard|first=Mark|title=A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles|publisher= Pan Books|location=London|year=1996|isbn=0-330-33891-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Inglis|first=Ian|title=The Words and Music of George Harrison|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara, CA|year=2010|isbn=978-0-313-37532-3}}
* {{cite book|title=This Bird Has Flown: The Enduring Beauty of Rubber Soul Fifty Years On|year=2015|first=John|last=Kruth|publisher=Backbeat Books|location=Milwaukee, WI |isbn=978-1-6171-3573-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Lavezzoli|first=Peter|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|publisher=Continuum|location=New York, NY|year=2006|isbn=0-8264-2819-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Leng|first=Simon|title=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison|publisher=Hal Leonard|location=Milwaukee, WI|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4234-0609-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Lewisohn|title=The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962–1970|publisher=Bounty Books|location=London|year=2005|orig-year=1988|isbn=978-0-7537-2545-0}}
* {{cite book|last=MacDonald| first=Ian| year=1998| author-link=Ian MacDonald| title=Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties| publisher=Pimlico|location=London| isbn=978-0-7126-6697-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Barry|title=The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years|year=2001|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|isbn=0-7119-8308-9}}
* {{cite book|year=2002|title=[[Mojo (magazine)#Special editions|Mojo Special Limited Edition]]: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967)|location=London |publisher=Emap|ref={{SfnRef|''Mojo Special Limited Edition''|2002}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Pedler |first=Dominic |title=The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles |publisher=Omnibus Press |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7119-8167-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Philo|first=Simon|title=British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqiDBQAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-8108-8626-1}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Reck|chapter=The Beatles and Indian Music|editor-last=Julien|editor-first=Olivier|year=2016|orig-year=2008|title= Sgt. Pepper and the Beatles: It Was Forty Years Ago Today|location=Abingdon, UK|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7546-6708-7}}
* {{cite book|first=David B.|last=Reck|chapter=India/South India|editor-last=Titon|editor-first=Jeff Todd|title=Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples'' (5th edn)''|publisher=Schirmer Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, CA|year=2009|isbn=978-0-534-59539-5}}
* {{cite book|first1=Russell |last1=Reising |first2=Jim |last2=LeBlanc |chapter=Magical Mystery Tours, and Other Trips: Yellow submarines, newspaper taxis, and the Beatles' psychedelic years|editor-last=Womack|editor-first=Kenneth|year=2009|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68976-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodriguez|first=Robert|title=Revolver: How the Beatles Reimagined Rock 'n' Roll|year=2012|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=978-1-61713-009-0|location=Milwaukee, WI }}
* {{cite book|last=Schaffner|first=Nicholas|title=The Beatles Forever|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|year=1978|isbn=0-07-055087-5|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesforever00scha}}
* {{cite book|first=Ravi|last=Shankar|title=Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar|publisher=Welcome Rain|location=New York, NY|year=1999|isbn=1-56649-104-5|url=https://archive.org/details/ragamalaautobiog00shan}}
* {{cite book|first=Ravi |last=Shankar |title=My Music, My Life ''(updated edn)'' |publisher=Mandala Publishing |location=San Rafael, CA |year=2007|orig-year=1968 |isbn=978-1-60109-005-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Tillery|first=Gary|title=Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison|publisher=Quest Books|location=Wheaton, IL|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8356-0900-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Turner|first=Steve|title=Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year|year=2016|publisher=HarperLuxe|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-06-249713-0}}
* {{cite book|last= Womack |first= Kenneth |year= 2014 |title=The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn= 978-0-313-39171-2 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thebeatles.com/love-you Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles' official website]
* {{noteson|http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/lyt.shtml|Love You To}}
* [https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ShOyoU6g0Rs5TPKxfOgwxK/The-Beatles-magical-mystery-tour-of-India.html "The Beatles' magical mystery tour of India", ''Live Mint'', 20 January 2018]

{{Revolver}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1966 songs]]
[[Category:The Beatles songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by George Harrison]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by George Martin]]
[[Category:Songs published by Northern Songs]]
[[Category:The Beatles and India]]
[[Category:Raga rock songs]]
[[Category:The Beatles' Yellow Submarine]]

National Highway 104 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T03:27:11Z

Ahad Sabri: redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 227 (India)]]

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