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Racism against Northeast Indians

2026-05-08T13:18:49Z

AhGaeza: creating a details

{{Short description|Racial discrimination targeting people from Northeast India in other parts of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Essay-like|date=April 2026}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2026}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''Racism against Northeast Indians''' refers to racial prejudice, discrimination, physical violence, sexual harassment, and systematic exclusion directed at people from the eight states of [[Northeast India|northeastern India]]: [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Tripura]], when they migrate to live, work, or study in other parts of India, commonly referred to as the "[[Mainland India|mainland]]."<ref name="auto10">{{cite book |last=McDuie-Ra |first=Duncan |title=Northeast Migrants in Delhi: Race, Refuge and Retail |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-8964-422-0 |doi=10.1515/9789048516230}}</ref> The phenomenon has been documented in academic literature, government reports, legal proceedings, and journalistic accounts.<ref name="auto15">{{cite journal |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |title=From 'Chinky' to 'Coronavirus': racism against Northeast Indians during the Covid-19 pandemic |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=353–373 |year=2021 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2020.1763161}}</ref> Despite constitutional guarantees of equality and freedom of movement under [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Articles 14]], [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|15]], and 19, and periodic political attention following high-profile incidents of violence, the problem has persisted into the 2020s.<ref name="auto6">{{cite report |author=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |title=Report of the Committee under the Chairmanship of Shri M.P. Bezbaruah to Look into the Concerns of the People of the North East Living in other Parts of Country |year=2014}}</ref>

The most significant government response came in 2014 with the formation of the [[Bezbaruah Committee]], established by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] following the killing of [[Murder of Nido Taniam|Nido Taniam]], a student from Arunachal Pradesh who died after shopkeepers in a [[Lajpat Nagar]] market in Delhi beat him in response to taunts about his ethnic appearance.<ref name="auto9">{{cite news |title=Delhi youth's death spotlights racism against northeast Indians |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26024683 |work=BBC News |date=4 February 2014 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> The committee's recommendations, including the enactment of a specific anti-discrimination law and the establishment of fast-track courts for racially motivated crimes, have largely not been implemented.<ref name="auto6"/>

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== Background ==
[[Northeast India]] covers approximately 262,000 square kilometres and is home to hundreds of distinct ethnic communities, languages, and indigenous traditions.<ref name="auto10"/> The region borders [[China]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Nepal]], and is connected to the rest of India by only a narrow land corridor known as the [[Siliguri Corridor]], commonly called the "Chicken's Neck," near [[Siliguri]], which has historically limited economic and social integration with the [[Mainland India|mainland]].<ref name="auto10"/> Large-scale migration from the Northeast to mainland Indian cities accelerated from the 1990s onwards, driven by limited economic opportunities at home, the presence of [[Insurgency in Northeast India|armed conflict and militarism in several states]], and the pull of better-connected universities and service sector employment.<ref name="auto10"/> According to the [[Bezbaruah Committee]] report of 2014, more than 200,000 people from Northeastern India had migrated to Delhi alone between 2005 and 2013.<ref name="auto6"/> India's economic liberalisation created a notable concentration of Northeast migrants in the retail, hospitality, telecommunications, and wellness sectors, where their bilingualism, familiarity with English, and Western-influenced cultural practices made them commercially desirable employees.<ref name="auto10"/>

The roots of the racial othering of Northeast Indians run back to British colonial policy. Colonial administrators deliberately separated the hill territories of the Northeast from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|plains]] of [[British India]] through a series of exclusionary laws and spatial demarcations, including the Scheduled Districts Act of 1874 and later the [[Inner Line Permit]] system.<ref>{{cite journal |title=An elusive line in an elusive frontier: Delineating the historical trajectory of the inner line in India's northeast |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |year=2024 |doi=10.1177/00194646241285363}}</ref> These policies treated the indigenous hill peoples as categorically different from the rest of the Indian population, reinforcing boundaries between what colonial ethnography termed "tribal" and "non-tribal" India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://polsci.institute/democracy-and-development-northeast-india/inner-line-permit-northeast-india-tribal-regions/ |title=Inner Line Permit: Regulating Access to Northeast India's Tribal Regions |publisher=PolSci Institute |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Colonial [[Scientific racism|racial science]] produced a body of literature classifying the peoples of the region as belonging to a distinct "[[Mongoloid]]" stock, a categorisation that was inherited by post-independence Indian society without critical re-examination.<ref name="auto15"/> Scholars including Thongkholal Haokip have noted that the category of "northeastern" functions in contemporary India as a colonial residue: a catch-all marker of racial difference that flattens the enormous internal diversity of the region into a single, foreign-seeming type.<ref name="auto15" /> The [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 added a specifically geopolitical dimension to the racial suspicion directed at Northeast Indians.<ref name="auto8">{{cite web |last=Kikon |first=Dolly |title=Hello Chinky |url=https://culanth.org/fieldsights/hello-chinky |work=Hot Spots, Fieldsights |publisher=Society for Cultural Anthropology |date=16 March 2021 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Academic researchers have also used the framework of "racial hypervisibility" to describe the experience of Northeast Indians in mainland cities.<ref name="auto10" /> Their physical distinctiveness means they are constantly identified, stared at, and targeted in public spaces in ways that other Indian migrants from states such as [[Bihar]] or [[Tamil Nadu]] are not.<ref name="auto10" /> McDuie-Ra describes this as a process of othering driven by differences in physical appearance from mainland Indians: northeast migrants' [[Epicanthic fold|epicanthic eye folds]] and other features make them instantly identifiable to mainland Indians as different, and that difference is immediately coded as foreign.<ref name="auto10" /> This visible difference is widely documented as the primary trigger for the racial othering that Northeast migrants encounter in cities such as [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Kolkata]].<ref name="auto15" />

== Forms of discrimination ==

=== Racial slurs and verbal abuse ===

The most pervasive and daily form of discrimination Northeast Indians face is verbal abuse.<ref name="auto15"/> The most commonly deployed slur is "chinky" or "chinki," a term derived from the English word "[[chink]]".<ref name="auto8"/> In 2011 the Indian government declared "chinky" a racist term attracting prosecution under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]].<ref name="auto6"/> The Bezbaruah Committee in 2014 specifically noted the routine use of this term and recommended further criminalisation.<ref name="auto6"/>

Other common terms of abuse include "momo" (after the [[Momo (food)|Tibetan-origin dumpling]] associated with [[Northeast Indian cuisine|Northeast]] and [[Nepalese cuisine]]), "[[Nepalis|Nepali]]" is used as a reductive catch-all, and "corona" from 2020 onwards.<ref name="auto15"/>

Beyond slurs related to ethnicity and appearance, Northeast migrants are targeted for their food practices, language, names, and dress.<ref name="auto10"/> Eating [[dog meat]] or [[pork]], practices common in parts of the Northeast, are used to justify social exclusion.<ref name="auto13">{{cite book |editor1-last=Pulla |editor1-first=Venkat |editor2-last=Bhattacharyya |editor2-first=Rituparna |editor3-last=Bhatt |editor3-first=Sanjai |title=Discrimination, Challenge and Response: People of North East India |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-46250-5 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46251-2}}</ref> Speaking languages other than [[Hindi]] is treated as evidence of foreignness rather than as the natural consequence of [[Languages of India|India's vast multilingualism]].<ref name="auto10"/>

=== Physical violence and hate crimes ===

Incidents of physical violence against Northeast Indians have been documented since at least the 1990s, but it was the killing of [[Murder of Nido Taniam|Nido Taniam]] in January 2014 that brought national attention to the issue.<ref name="auto9"/> Taniam, a 20-year-old student from Arunachal Pradesh and the son of a state legislator, was beaten to death in the [[Lajpat Nagar]] market area of Delhi after shopkeepers mocked his dyed-blonde hair and his ethnic appearance; he died of severe lung and brain injuries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal student killed in 'racist attack' in Delhi |url=https://morungexpress.com/arunachal-student-killed-racist-attack-delhi |work=Morung Express |date=31 January 2014 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> His death catalysed the formation of the Bezbaruah Committee and prompted the largest public debate about racism in India in the post-independence period.<ref name="auto9"/>

Researchers have catalogued comparable cases, including the death of Richard Loitam in [[Bangalore]], a 19-year-old architecture student from Manipur who was found dead in his hostel room in April 2012 following an altercation with fellow students;<ref name="auto7">{{cite news |title=Timeline of attacks on Northeast people in India |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/timeline-of-attacks-on-northeast-people-in-india-1.1285464 |work=Gulf News |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> the murder of Ramchanphy Hongray, a 19-year-old woman from Manipur who was sexually assaulted, strangled, and burned at her rented apartment in [[south Delhi]] in October 2009;<ref name="auto7"/> and the suicide of Dana Sangma, an MBA student from Meghalaya, at [[Amity University, Noida|Amity University]] in [[Noida]] in 2012, following allegations of discriminatory treatment by a university invigilator.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}

In December 2025, [[Anjel Chakma]], a 24-year-old final-year MBA student from [[Tripura]]'s [[Unakoti district]], was stabbed by a group of men in the [[SelaQui International School|Selaqui]] area of [[Dehradun]] on 9 December after his attackers hurled racial slurs at him and his brother Michael; he died of his injuries on 26 December 2025 after seventeen days in hospital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Student Anjel Chakma Dies After Brutal Racial Attack In Dehradun |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/tripura-student-anjel-chakma-dehradun-racial-attack-killed-uttarakhand-latest |work=The Quint |date=29 December 2025 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Five suspects were arrested and murder charges were added after his death; a public interest litigation was subsequently filed before the [[Supreme Court of India]] seeking guidelines to address racial discrimination against Northeast Indians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Student's Tragic Death: Plea In Supreme Court Seeks Recognition Of 'Racial Slur' As Hate Crime |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-pil-tripura-student-anjel-chakma-death-racial-attack-hate-crime-516513 |work=Live Law |date=30 December 2025 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> The [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] paid formal tribute to Chakma on 23 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Assembly pays tribute to MBA student Anjel Chakma killed in Dehradun attack |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-assembly-pays-tribute-to-mba-student-anjel-chakma-killed-in-dehradun-attack-1364130-2026-03-23 |work=India Today NE |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref>

In February 2026, three women from Arunachal Pradesh residing in [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]], south Delhi, were subjected to racial abuse by a neighbouring couple during a dispute over debris from maintenance work; the altercation, captured on video, included slurs telling the women to "go and sell momos" and describing "northeast people as shit."<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |title=Arunachal women subjected to racial abuse in Delhi's Malviya Nagar, FIR lodged |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/north/delhi/delhi-malviya-nagar-racial-abuse-arunachal-women-fir-bns-231161 |work=The Federal |date=24 February 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> The accused couple were arrested by [[Delhi Police]] on 25 February 2026 under provisions of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023|Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] and the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Police Arrest Couple for Racial Abuse of Arunachal Women |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/02/delhi-police-arrest-couple-over-racial-abuse-of-three-arunachal-women/ |work=The News Mill |date=25 February 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister [[Pema Khandu]] contacted the [[Commissioner of the Delhi Police|Delhi Police Commissioner]] to demand action and later confirmed the arrests.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal CM Pema Khandu speaks to Delhi Police Commissioner over alleged racial abuse incident in Malviya Nagar |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-speaks-to-delhi-police-commissioner-over-alleged-racial-abuse-incident-in-malviya-nagar20260226113036/ |work=ANI |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Housing discrimination ===

Finding accommodation is one of the most immediately fraught experiences for Northeast migrants arriving in mainland cities.<ref name="auto10"/> Landlords routinely refuse housing based on assumptions about the cultural practices and moral character of Northeast tenants, with common justifications including concerns about the consumption of alcohol, hosting members of the opposite sex, cooking food with strong smells, or keeping social hours that violate the norms of the landlord's community.<ref name="auto6"/> The Bezbaruah Committee report specifically mentioned that Northeast women face harassment by landlords and property dealers, a finding corroborated by a [[National Commission for Women]]-commissioned survey by the Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research, which found that 23% of Northeast women surveyed had been harassed by landlords or property dealers.<ref name="auto6"/>

These refusals push Northeast migrants into a small number of urban neighbourhoods, notably [[Mukherjee Nagar]] in Delhi, where a critical mass of the community has already established a presence and landlords have learned that the economic benefits of renting to Northeast tenants outweigh cultural discomfort.<ref name="auto10"/> While this clustering provides social support and a degree of insulation from hostility, it also reproduces the spatial segregation that marks marginalised communities in cities worldwide.<ref name="auto10"/>

=== Workplace discrimination and economic exclusion ===

Northeast migrants are heavily concentrated in low-wage service sector work, including malls, call centres, restaurants, salons, and spas.<ref name="auto10"/> McDuie-Ra's ethnographic research demonstrates that their cultural capital, including English proficiency, cosmopolitan taste, and familiarity with Western consumer culture, is extracted and monetised in service spaces, while outside those spaces they remain racialised outsiders.<ref name="auto10"/>

The volume edited by Venkat Pulla, Rituparna Bhattacharyya, and Sanjai Bhatt (2020) explores how Northeast migrants are stereotyped as "backwards, anti-national, anti-assimilationist, and immoral" and are consequently relegated to low-status positions even when their qualifications would justify better employment.<ref name="auto13"/> Several studies note a pattern of lower wages for Northeast workers performing the same tasks as their mainland Indian counterparts, and many face difficulty accessing part-time jobs despite universities making internships mandatory.<ref name="auto13"/>

=== Sexual harrasment ===
Duncan McDuie-Ra, Professor of Development Studies at the [[University of New South Wales]], observed in his 2012 ethnographic study ''Northeast Migrants in Delhi: Race, Refuge and Retail'' that commercial visibility placed Northeast women in sustained contact with mainland India.<ref name="mcdra2012">{{cite book |last=McDuie-Ra |first=Duncan |title=Northeast Migrants in Delhi: Race, Refuge and Retail |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-8964-422-0 |doi=10.1515/9789048516230}}</ref> The most frequently cited stereotype underlying Northeast Indian women is the perception that they are [[Female promiscuity|sexually promiscuous]] and exotic.<ref name="haokip2021">{{cite journal |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |title=From 'Chinky' to 'Coronavirus': racism against Northeast Indians during the Covid-19 pandemic |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=353–373 |year=2021 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2020.1763161}}</ref><ref name="auto8" /> Researchers have identified several cultural factors that feed the stereotype: the comparatively greater social autonomy women from many Northeast communities exercise; their adoption of Western fashion including jeans, short skirts, and sleeveless tops; and social practices such as eating out, drinking alcohol socially, and keeping later hours, all of which are normative in parts of the Northeast but read as sexually transgressive by many in mainland North India.<ref name="mcdra2012" />

A survey commissioned by the [[National Commission for Women]] found that 29 percent of Northeast women in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bangalore had experienced harassment and molestation, and 42 percent had experienced verbal abuse; sixty percent had faced some form of harassment or discrimination overall.<ref name="bezbaruah2014">{{cite report |author=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |title=Report of the Committee under the Chairmanship of Shri M.P. Bezbaruah to Look into the Concerns of the People of the North East Living in other Parts of Country |year=2014}}</ref> Women reported being propositioned as sex workers by strangers, being followed by men making sexual comments, and receiving unwanted attention on [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] buses during commutes.<ref name="bezbaruah2014" />

McDuie-Ra noted that some Northeast women in Delhi's service sector were aware of how their perceived exoticism was monetised by employers and were able to negotiate better wages or working conditions as a result of their commercial desirability.<ref name="mcdra2012" /> However, researchers have cautioned that such strategies operate within and do not dismantle the underlying structure of fetishisation.<ref name="pulla2020">{{cite book |editor1-last=Pulla |editor1-first=Venkat |editor2-last=Bhattacharyya |editor2-first=Rituparna |editor3-last=Bhatt |editor3-first=Sanjai |title=Discrimination, Challenge and Response: People of North East India |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-46250-5 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46251-2}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] produced a shift in the stereotyping of Northeast women. Haokip (2021) argued that the pandemic period demonstrated how the sexual stereotyping of Northeast women is not a fixed set of perceptions but a flexible framework that absorbs whatever anxieties are culturally salient at a given moment, shifting from a framing centred on sexual morality to one incorporating biological contamination without abandoning the earlier layer.<ref name="haokip2021" />

A survey by the Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research, commissioned by the [[National Commission for Women]], found that 29 percent of Northeast women in four metropolitan cities reported harassment and molestation, and 42 percent reported verbal abuse; sixty percent of Northeast women surveyed in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bangalore had faced some form of harassment or discrimination.<ref name="auto6"/> Women who have sought police assistance have in several documented cases been actively discouraged from filing formal complaints, creating a double bind in which harassment is common and institutional recourse is unreliable.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Abdul Azeez |first1=E P |last2=Negi |first2=Dandub Palzor |last3=Senthil Kumar |first3=A P |last4=Kaini |first4=A |title='You people have brought the virus here': Othering experience of northeastern people amid COVID-19 in Delhi, India |journal=International Social Science Journal |volume=72 |issue=245 |pages=905–917 |year=2022 |doi=10.1111/issj.12343 |pmc=9349438 |pmid=35942284}}</ref>

== COVID-19 pandemic ==
{{Main|Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#India}}
The [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] worsened the situation for Northeast Indians in mainland cities.<ref name="auto15" /> Because Northeast Indians share physical features with East Asian populations, they were targeted as presumed carriers of the virus from the earliest weeks of the pandemic.<ref name="auto15" /> Research published in ''Asian Ethnicity'' by Haokip (2021) documents a systematic upsurge in racist incidents directed at Northeast Indians beginning in February 2020, arguing that the pandemic reinforced rather than created racism against the group, which the country had been grappling with for at least a decade.<ref name="auto15" />

Documented incidents included a woman from Manipur being spat on in a Delhi street while being called "corona," a student being shouted at in a market with the words "Get lost, it is because of you people that coronavirus has come," and Northeast students being denied entry to grocery stores.<ref name="auto15" /> A 2022 study based on qualitative interviews with nineteen Northeast residents of Delhi, conducted during the first wave of the pandemic, found that the outbreak had exacerbated othering and produced new forms of stigmatisation, insecurity, and mental and emotional strain.<ref name="auto" />

The Rights and Risks Analysis Group (RRAG), a New Delhi-based civil rights organisation catalogued 22 hate crimes and incidents of racial prejudice between 7 February and 25 March 2020 alone.<ref name="auto1">{{cite report |author=Rights and Risks Analysis Group |title=Coronavirus Pandemic: India's Mongoloid Looking People Face Upsurge of Racism |year=2020 |url=https://www.rightsrisks.org/}}</ref> The report concluded that the pandemic had removed the thin layer of social restraint that sometimes governs the expression of racial hostility in everyday life, but that the underlying structural racism predated the pandemic by decades.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Institutional and legal responses ==
A recurring theme in accounts of racism against Northeast Indians is the reluctance of mainland Indians to recognise the phenomenon as racism at all.<ref name="auto12">{{cite book |last=McDuie-Ra |first=Duncan |title=Debating Race in Contemporary India |publisher=Palgrave Pivot |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-137-53897-0 |doi=10.1057/9781137538987}}</ref> The word "racism" carries political weight in Indian discourse; it is primarily associated with the [[Colonial India|colonial history of India]] and understood as something that white Europeans did to Indians, and applying the same term to intra-Indian relations is resisted by many.<ref name="auto13"/> Incidents are frequently reframed as misunderstandings, cultural friction, or random violence rather than as racially motivated harm.<ref name="auto12"/>

Police frequently decline to register cases of racial harassment as hate crimes, and Northeast victims have in several documented cases been discouraged from pursuing formal complaints.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Bezbaruah Committee (2014) ===
{{Main|Bezbaruah Committee}}
The most significant formal institutional response to racism against Northeast Indians in the post-independence period was the M. P. Bezbaruah Committee, established in February 2014 by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] following the killing of [[Murder of Nido Taniam|Nido Taniam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-09 |title=Anjel Chakma: Tripura student's killing puts spotlight on racism in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c931qx3lepro |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The committee, chaired by retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer M. P. Bezbaruah, was tasked with examining discrimination and safety concerns facing Northeast people living outside their home region and recommending corrective measures; it submitted its report to the Ministry of Home Affairs on 11 July 2014.<ref name="auto6" /> The committee estimated that 86% of the over 200,000 Northeast migrants in Delhi had experienced discrimination.<ref name="auto6" />

Its key recommendations included the enactment of a specific anti-discrimination law or an amendment to the [[Indian Penal Code]] to address racial discrimination explicitly; making racially motivated offences cognisable and non-bailable; establishing a Special Police Unit for North Eastern Region (SPUNER); setting up fast-track courts for racially motivated crimes; and integrating Northeast history, culture, and society into school and university curricula nationwide.<ref name="auto6" /> Most of these recommendations have not been implemented.<ref name="auto14">{{cite news |title=Nido Tania and Anjel Chakma were not killed by geography alone |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/nido-tania-and-anjel-chakma-were-not-killed-by-geography-alone-1324098-2025-12-30 |work=India Today NE |date=30 December 2025 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

Following the death of Anjel Chakma, the [[Tipra Motha Party]] demanded the enactment of a dedicated anti-racial violence law, with party spokespersons stating that the lack of such legislation had allowed discrimination and racially motivated violence to persist unchecked.<ref name="auto5">{{cite news |title=Tipra Motha demands anti-racial law following killing of Tripura student in Dehradun |url=https://nenews.in/tripura/tipra-motha-demands-anti-racial-law-following-killing-of-tripura-student-in-dehradun/38668/ |work=NE News |date=1 January 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Axone (film)|Axone]]'', a 2019 comedy-drama film about Northeast Indian migrants in Delhi
* [[Racism in India]]
* [[Historical definitions of races in India]]
* [[Ethnic relations in India]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[Anti-Bengali sentiment]]
* [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Human rights in India]]
[[Category:Racism by country|India]]
[[Category:Racism in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Society of India]]

Tourism in India by state

2026-05-07T11:53:22Z

AhGaeza: made pg...

{{Short description|Tourism in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Travel guide|date=April 2025}}
{{Very long|date=April 2025}}
}}
[[Tourism]] plays a significant role in the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]]. According to the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], the sector contributed to 5.22% of India's GDP in 2023-24 (provisional estimates), recovering from pandemic lows of 1.50% in 2020-21 to pre-pandemic levels of around 5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Status of Tourist Inflow |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2155168 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=10 August 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contribution of Tourism in GDP |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2076960 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=24 November 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The World Travel and Tourism Council reported that India's travel and tourism sector contributed nearly Rs 21 trillion to the economy in 2024, supporting approximately 46.5 million jobs (9.1% of total employment).<ref>{{cite web |title=India's International Visitor Spend Soars to Record Highs |url=https://wttc.org/news/india-international-visitor-spend-soars-to-record-highs |website=World Travel and Tourism Council |date=5 June 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism Expansion in India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/FactsheetDetails.aspx?Id=149085 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=31 July 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

{{India States and Territories Labelled Map}}[[States and union territories of India|States]] and [[Union territory|Union territories]] of India with their names.{{TOC right}}
== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ==

{{main|Tourism in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, first settled around 26,000 years ago, form an [[archipelago]] of 572 tropical islands, of which only 37 are inhabited.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands – Incredible India |url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/travel-news/andaman-nicobar-islands-28207.html |access-date=29 July 2015 |publisher=The Indian Panorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2015 |title=Andaman-Nicobar Islands – An Unending Delight |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?article_id=2481 |access-date=29 July 2015 |publisher=Daijiworld}}</ref> Tourism plays a major economic role in the islands. According to official estimates, tourist arrivals tripled from 130,000 in 2016 to 430,000 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Misachi |first=John |date=March 2021 |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/islands/andaman-and-nicobar-islands.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=World Atlas}}</ref>

The islands straddle the fault line between the [[Indo-Australian Plate]] and the [[Sunda Plate]], and their topography reflects millions of years of [[volcanism]] and [[tectonics]]. [[Barren Island (Andaman Islands)|Barren Island]] hosts South Asia’s only active volcano, which typically erupts every one to two years; its most recent eruption occurred in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program – Barren Island |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=260010 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program}}</ref>

The most notable historical site is the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Port Blair]]. Built in 1906 during the [[British Raj]], it became notorious for its harsh conditions and use as a [[political prison]] for members of India’s independence movement. The former prison complex now serves as a museum and memorial.

<gallery mode="nolines" widths="150px" class="center">
File:The_Coral_Reef_at_the_Andaman_Islands.jpg|Coral reef near [[Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park|Jolly Buoy Island]]
File:Havelock Island by Vikramjit Kakati.jpg|Beach on [[Havelock Island]]
File:Keshet_neal_island_india.jpg|Natural bridge in [[Neil Island]]
File:Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar.JPG|The [[Cellular Jail]] in Port Blair
File:Andaman ross is.jpg|Landing on [[Ross Island (Andaman)|Ross Island]]
File:Narcondam island.jpg|{{nowrap|Nicobar Island}} from offshore
</gallery>

== Andhra Pradesh ==
{{main|Tourism in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[File:Araku-valley.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Rolling green hills in Araku Valley|[[Araku Valley]] near Visakhapatnam]]
[[File:Valley_near_lambasinghi.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Foggy hill slopes near Lambasingi|[[Lambasingi]] hill station]]
[[File:Amaravati Stupa in AP W IMG 8075.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Carved stone panels and remains of an ancient Buddhist stupa|[[Amaravati Stupa]], an important Buddhist site; its antiquity dates to about 500 BCE]]
[[File:Tirumala Venkateswara temple entrance 09062015.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=Gopuram entrance of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]]]
[[File:Rushikonda beach view 001.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Sandy shoreline and waves at Rushikonda|Rushikonda Beach, Visakhapatnam]]
[[File:Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle of Visakhapatnam dist in AP.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Rock-cut standing Buddha at Bojjanakonda|Rock-cut Buddha at Bojjanakonda, Visakhapatnam district]]
[[File:Ettipothala Water Falls Scenery.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Cascading multi-tier waterfall amid greenery|Ethipothala Waterfalls]]
[[File:Belumcave1.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Spacious underground chamber with rock formations|[[Belum Caves]], Kurnool district]]

Tourism features numerous Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage destinations along with beaches, caves, hill stations, and wildlife sites.

'''Pilgrimage sites'''
- [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] {{snd}} In the hills near [[Tirumala]], the temple is a major Vaishnavite pilgrimage centre dedicated to [[Venkateswara]].
- [[Kanaka Durga Temple]] {{snd}} A temple of the Goddess Durga on Indrakeeladri Hill in [[Vijayawada]] on the [[Krishna River]]; major festivities include [[Dussehra]] and [[Theppotsavam]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://waytotemple.com/shakthipages/durgai.html
|title=Kanaka Durga Temple
|publisher=WayToTemple.com
|access-date=9 April 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407183104/http://waytotemple.com/shakthipages/durgai.html
|archive-date=7 April 2014
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
- [[Mallikarjuna Swamy|Mallikarjuna Temple]] {{snd}} At [[Srisailam]] in the [[Nallamala Hills]], one of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga|Jyotirlingas]] of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://srisailamtemple.com/Srisaila_devasthanam/index.html
|title=Srisailam Temple
|publisher=Srisaila Devasthanam Administration
|access-date=4 April 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427230909/http://srisailamtemple.com/Srisaila_devasthanam/index.html
|archive-date=27 April 2014
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
- [[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta|Kodandarama Temple]] {{snd}} A 16th‑century temple in [[Vontimitta]], [[Kadapa district]], dedicated to [[Rama]].
- [[Pancharama Kshetras]] {{snd}} Five ancient [[Shiva]] temples: [[Amararama]] (Amaravathi), [[Draksharama]], [[Somarama]] (Bhimavaram), [[Ksheerarama]] (Palakollu), and [[Kumararama]] (Samalkota).
- [[Srikalahasteeswara temple|Srikalahasteeswara Temple]] {{snd}} In [[Srikalahasti]], [[Chittoor district]], identified with the [[Pancha Bhuta|Panchabhoota]] manifestation of [[Vayu]] (air).
- [[Shakta pithas]] {{snd}} The shrines at [[Draksharamam]], [[Pithapuram]], and [[Srisailam]].

'''Buddhist centres'''
- [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravathi]] {{snd}} [[Guntur district]]
- [[Nagarjunakonda]] {{snd}} Guntur district
- [[Bhattiprolu]] {{snd}} Guntur district
- [[Ghantasala, India|Ghantasala]] {{snd}} [[Krishna district|Krishna]] district
- [[Bojjannakonda|Sankaram]] {{snd}} [[Visakhapatnam]] district
- [[Bavikonda]] {{snd}} Visakhapatnam district
- [[Thotlakonda]] {{snd}} Visakhapatnam district
- [[Ramatheertham]] {{snd}} [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] district
- [[Salihundam]] {{snd}} [[Srikakulam]] district
- [[Lingapalem]] {{snd}} [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] district
Other sites include [[Pavurallakonda]], [[Chandavaram Buddhist site|Chandavaram]], [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntupalli]], [[Adurru]], Kummarilova, Kotturu Dhanadibbalu, Karukonda, Kapavaram, and Nandalu.

'''Places of interest'''
- [[Araku Valley]] {{snd}} Hill station near [[Visakhapatnam]] known for coffee plantations.
- [[Undavalli Caves]] {{snd}} A multi‑storey monolithic cave complex, largely dated to the early centuries CE.
- [[Gandikota]] Fort {{snd}} On the [[Penna River]], including the [[Madhavaraya Temple, Gandikota|Madhavaraya]] and [[Ranganatha]] temples.
- [[Thimmamma Marrimanu]] {{snd}} A sprawling [[banyan]] tree noted for its extensive canopy.
- [[Prakasam Barrage]] {{snd}} A road cum rail bridge across the [[Krishna River]] at [[Vijayawada]].
- [[Kolleru Lake]] {{snd}} A large freshwater lake between [[Krishna district|Krishna]] and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] districts.
- [[Pulicat Lake]] {{snd}} A brackish lagoon on the Andhra Pradesh–[[Tamil Nadu]] border along the [[Bay of Bengal]]; much of it forms the [[Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary]].
- [[Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary]] {{snd}} A bird sanctuary near [[Guntur district|Guntur]] visited by thousands of migratory birds seasonally.
- [[Ethipothala Falls]] {{snd}} A cascade on the Chandravanka stream near [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]].
- [[Borra Caves]] {{snd}} A cave system in the [[Ananthagiri Hills]] of the [[Eastern Ghats]] near Visakhapatnam, known for stalactite and stalagmite formations.
- [[Belum Caves]] {{snd}} A cave system in [[Kurnool district]] with long passages, chambers, and freshwater galleries.
- [[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park]] {{snd}} A zoo in the reserve forests of [[Visakhapatnam district]].
- [[Sri Venkateswara National Park]] {{snd}} A national park in the Tirumala hills, [[Chittoor district]], with waterfalls including [[Talakona Waterfalls|Talakona]].
- [[Horsley Hills]] {{snd}} A hill area near [[Madanapalle]] in Chittoor district.
- [[Suryalanka Beach|Suryalanka Beach]] {{snd}} A seaside resort area near [[Bapatla]] in Guntur district.
- [[Rajahmundry]] {{snd}} A city on the [[Godavari River]] known for cultural institutions and landmarks including [[Godavari Bridge]], [[ISKCON]] Temple, and Pushkar ghats.
- [[Visakhapatnam]] {{snd}} A major coastal city with attractions such as the [[INS Kursura (S20)|INS Kurusura Submarine]] Museum, [[Yarada Beach]], and [[VUDA Park]].

{{clear}}

== Arunachal Pradesh ==
{{main|Tourism in Northeast India}}
[[File:Tawang Monastery (Tibetan Buddhist).jpg|right|thumb|alt=Courtyard and buildings of a mountaintop Buddhist monastery|[[Tawang Monastery]] in Arunachal Pradesh]]

According to Puranic and epic traditions, the region is associated with episodes in the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', including sites linked to [[Parashurama]], [[Vyasa]], [[Bhishmaka]], and [[Krishna]] and [[Rukmini]]; these associations are matters of legend and require citations.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Places of worship and pilgrimage include [[Parshuram Kund|Parashurama Kund]] and the 17th‑century [[Tawang Monastery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parshuram Kund |url=https://lohit.nic.in/tourist-place/parshuram-kund/ |website=District Lohit, Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Tawang Monastery is the largest monastery in India and the second-largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=Discovering Tawang Monastery: The largest monastery in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/discovering-tawang-monastery-the-largest-monastery-in-india/articleshow/105076947.cms |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> Archaeological and heritage sites include [[Malinithan]] and [[Ita Fort|Ita Fort]] in [[Itanagar]]. Lakes include [[Ganga Lake (India)|Ganga Lake]] (''Geker Sinying'') near Itanagar and lakes around [[Sela Pass]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Geker Sinying (Ganga Lake) |url=https://papumpare.nic.in/tourist-place/geker-sinying/ |website=District Papum Pare, Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The state offers opportunities for angling, boating, rafting, trekking, and hiking, and has multiple wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.

== Assam ==
{{Main|Tourism in Assam|Tourism in Northeast India}}
[[File:Kaziranga Rhinoceros unicornis.jpg|right|thumb|alt=One-horned rhinoceros grazing in tall grassland|An [[Indian rhinoceros]] in [[Kaziranga National Park]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]

[[Assam]] is a state in [[Northeast India]] and serves as a gateway to the other [[Seven Sister States]]. It has several protected areas, including [[Kaziranga National Park]], home to the [[Indian rhinoceros|one-horned rhinoceros]], [[Manas National Park]], [[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park]], [[Nameri National Park]], and [[Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary]]; [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]] and [[Manas National Park|Manas]] are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The state also includes the large river island [[Majuli]], known for its Vaishnavite [[Sattra]]s, historic [[Sivasagar]] with monuments of the [[Ahom kingdom]], the city of [[Tezpur]], and tea estates and rubber plantations dating to the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Majuli|first=River Island|title=Largest river island|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-river-island-|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>

Other sites include [[Madan Kamdev]], a temple complex noted for sculptural remains about 30 km from [[Guwahati]]; nearby is [[Gopeswar Mandir]] at [[Deuduar]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} [[Basudev Than]] is a satra more than 300 years old.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Assam’s cultural heritage includes the period of the [[Ahom kingdom]], which governed the region for centuries before British rule. Notable features include the [[Brahmaputra River]], the bird-death phenomenon reported at [[Jatinga]], and temples such as the [[Kamakhya Temple]], associated with [[Tantra]]. [[Gurdwara Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur, Dhubri|Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur]] (Damdama Sahib) is located in [[Dhubri]] on the Brahmaputra. [[Guwahati]], the state’s largest city, features markets, temples, and nearby wildlife sanctuaries.

== Bihar ==
{{Main|Tourism in Bihar|Tourism in Patna}}
[[File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|200px|right|thumb|alt=Stone temple with central spire and surrounding stupas|The [[Mahabodhi Temple]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
[[File:Nalanda University ruins.JPG|thumb|alt=Ruins of ancient university buildings|Ruins of [[Nalanda]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2016]]

Bihar is among the world’s oldest continuously inhabited regions, with human settlement dating back over 3,000 years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Abhishek |date=7 January 2024 |title=A Journey Through Time: The Historical Tapestry of Bihar |url=https://inbihar.org/a-journey-through-time-the-historical-tapestry-of-bihar/ |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> It is associated with figures such as [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Mahavira]], [[Ashoka]], [[Chandragupta Maurya]], and [[Aryabhata]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2025 |title=Legacy of Bihar |url=https://mmhapu.ac.in/page/legacy-of-bihar |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, Bihar recorded 65 million domestic and 700,000 foreign tourist arrivals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bishnoi |first=Kamakshi |date=8 August 2025 |title=Bihar Records Over 6.5 Cr Tourist Arrivals In 2024; Ranks Among Top 10 For Foreign Visitors |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/bihar/bihar-records-over-65-cr-tourist-arrivals-in-2024-ranks-among-top-10-for-foreign-visitors-10258809 |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Attractions'''
- [[Patna]] {{snd}} The state capital, known for its historical sites and riverfront.
- [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] {{snd}} The site of [[Bodh Gaya]], where [[Gautama Buddha]] attained enlightenment under the [[Bodhi Tree]] at the Mahabodhi Temple; also the location of the [[Vishnupad Temple, Gaya|Vishnupad Temple]] and the [[Mangla Gauri Temple]]{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}.
- [[Muzaffarpur]] {{snd}} Known for lychee cultivation and local temples.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
- [[Darbhanga]] {{snd}} Historic city with palaces and the Kali Mandir.
- [[Nalanda]] {{snd}} Site of the ancient Nalanda University.
- [[Kesariya]] {{snd}} Location of the Kesariya Stupa, one of the largest Buddhist stupas.
- [[Sasaram]] {{snd}} Contains the tomb of [[Sher Shah Suri]].
- [[Sonepur Cattle Fair]] {{snd}} Asia’s largest cattle fair, held annually in [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonepur]].
- [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]] {{snd}} A Sikh shrine at the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh.
- [[Munger]] {{snd}} Known for the Bihar School of Yoga and [[Shakta pithas]].
- [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] {{snd}} Birthplace of [[Mahavira]].
- [[Champapuri]] {{snd}} A Jain pilgrimage site associated with Tirthankara Vasupujya{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}.
- [[Rajgir]] {{snd}} An ancient city sacred to Buddhism and Jainism, near the [[Son Bhandar Caves]].
- [[Pawapuri]] {{snd}} Site of Mahavira’s cremation and the Jal Mandir.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

''For further details, see [[List of tourist attractions in Bihar]].''

== Chandigarh ==
[[File:Chand2.jpg|thumb|alt=Garden sculptures made from reused materials|[[Rock Garden of Chandigarh|Rock Garden]] made of scrap material in [[Chandigarh]]]]
[[Chandigarh]] is a city and union territory at the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] and serves as the joint capital of [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandigarh – Know India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/chandigarh.php |website=Government of India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Nicknamed the "City Beautiful," it is among India’s earliest planned cities and was designed by Swiss‑French architect [[Le Corbusier]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandigarh – Know India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/chandigarh.php |website=Government of India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Major attractions include [[Rock Garden of Chandigarh|Nek Chand Rock Garden]], [[Zakir Hussain Rose Garden]], [[Sukhna Lake]], the [[Open Hand Monument]], and the [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex|Capitol Complex]], the last of which is part of the World Heritage property "The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1321/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> In 2025, Chandigarh was adjudged the second cleanest city in its population category in the Swachh Survekshan rankings by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narula |first=Mandeep Kaur |title=Swachh Survekshan 2024–25 awards: Chandigarh adjudged second cleanest city |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/swachh-survekshan-2024-25-awards-chandigarh-adjudged-second-cleanest-city-101752744731537.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 July 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Chhattisgarh ==
{{main|Tourism in Chhattisgarh}}
[[File:The_Chitrakote_Falls.jpg|150px|thumb|alt=Wide curtain of water plunging over a rocky cliff with mist at the base|[[Chitrakote Falls]] in [[Chhattisgarh]]]]
[[Chhattisgarh]] became a state on 1 November 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table of contents (Chhattisgarh Water Resources) |url=https://cgwcd.gov.in/sites/default/files/3aap-1.pdf |website=Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> According to the India State of Forest Report 2023, forests cover about 44.2% of the state’s area; the report is published biennially by the Forest Survey of India under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.<ref>{{cite web |title=India State of Forest Report 2023 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2086742 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=20 December 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh tops among all states in forest, tree cover growth: ISFR |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-tops-among-all-states-in-forest-tree-cover-growth-isfr-124122200656_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=21 December 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The state features ancient monuments, temples, Buddhist sites, waterfalls, caves, rock paintings, hill plateaus, and protected forests.

Prominent attractions include [[Chitrakote Falls]] on the Indravati River; [[Kotumsar Cave]]; the rock-cut caves at [[Ramgarh, Chhattisgarh|Ramgarh]] (Sitabenga and Jogimara); [[Bhoramdeo Temple]]; [[Arang temples]]; [[Sirpur Group of Monuments|Sirpur]]; [[Rajim]]; [[Ratanpur]]; and [[Malhar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chitrakote Waterfall |url=https://bastar.gov.in/en/tourist-place/chitrakote-waterfall/ |website=District Bastar, Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chitrakote |url=https://tourism.cgstate.gov.in/destinations/Bastar/Chitrakote |website=Chhattisgarh Tourism Board |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Delhi ==
[[File:Qutab Minar mausoleum.jpg|thumb|150px|right|alt=A tall red-sandstone minaret with carved balconies|[[Qutb Minar]] in [[Delhi]]]]
{{Main|Tourism in Delhi}}

[[Delhi]] is India’s national capital and a union territory.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sundaram |first=K. V. |title=Delhi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi |website=Britannica |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> [[Old Delhi]] has long served as a historic seat of power, while [[New Delhi]] was laid out in the early 20th century by architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Delhi |url=https://www.architecture.com/explore-architecture/inside-the-riba-collections/rashtrapati-bhavan-new-delhi |website=Royal Institute of British Architects |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> New Delhi is noted for axial planning, broad boulevards, and monumental government buildings such as [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] and the Parliament House.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Delhi |url=https://www.architecture.com/explore-architecture/inside-the-riba-collections/rashtrapati-bhavan-new-delhi |website=Royal Institute of British Architects |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Prominent landmarks include [[Qutb Minar]], [[Red Fort]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[India Gate]], and the [[Lotus Temple]], alongside museums, parks, and markets across the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi |website=Britannica |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img1.jpg|[[Red Fort]]
File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|[[India Gate]]
File:Amar Chakra, National War Memorial, New Delhi.jpg|[[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] near [[India Gate]]
File:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|[[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Temple]]
File:Chattarpur_Temple.jpg|[[Chhatarpur Temple]]
File:Rashtrapati Bhavan (Dehli).jpg|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
File:Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|[[Lotus Temple]]
</gallery>

== Goa ==
[[File:Vagatore4.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Clifftop view over a crescent beach and the Arabian Sea|[[Vagator Beach]] seen from [[Chapora Fort]]]]
{{Main|Tourism in Goa}}

A former Portuguese colony, [[Goa]] is a coastal state known for its beaches, historic churches and temples, forts, waterfalls, wildlife sanctuaries, markets, and water-based recreation. The [[Churches and Convents of Goa]] in Old Goa—covering sites such as the [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]] and the [[Se Cathedral]]—are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref>{{cite web |title=Churches and Convents of Goa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/234/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Other noted attractions include [[Shri Mangeshi Temple]], [[Anjuna Beach]], [[Fort Aguada]], [[Chapora Fort]], and [[Dudhsagar Falls]].

The annual [[Carnival in Goa|Goa Carnival]] is a pre‑Lenten festival featuring parades, floats, music, and dance held in towns including Panaji, Margao, Vasco, and Mapusa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carnival |url=https://goa-tourism.com/news/carnival/ |website=Goa Tourism (GTDC) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Gujarat ==
{{Main|Tourism in Gujarat}}
[[File:Statue_of_Unity358.jpg|thumb|alt=Tall bronze statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on a river island|[[Statue of Unity]], near Kevadia]]
[[File:Kadiya_Dhro.jpg|thumb|alt=Eroded badlands with layered earth formations|Kadiya Dhro in the Rann of Kutch, Gujarat]]
[[File:Palitana.jpg|thumb|alt=Hilltop Jain temple complex with white marble spires|The [[Palitana temples]] on [[Shatrunjaya]] hills]]

[[Gujarat]] is a western Indian state on the Arabian Sea, noted for archaeological sites, historic temples and mosques, coastal landscapes, and wildlife reserves. Its inscribed World Heritage properties include [[Rani ki Vav]] (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, the [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]], and [[Dholavira: a Harappan City|Dholavira]] in Kachchh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dholavira: a Harappan City |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1645/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The last remaining wild population of the [[Asiatic lion]] occurs in and around [[Gir Forest National Park|Gir]] in Saurashtra, Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asiatic lion |url=https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/priority_species/threatened_species/asiatic_lion/ |website=WWF India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Panthera leo ssp. persica (Asiatic Lion) |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/pdf/5327221 |website=IUCN Red List |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The Indus Valley site of [[Lothal]] in the Ahmedabad region is noted for an early dockyard and related maritime infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lothal |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/central-zone/ahmedabad/lothal.html |website=Gujarat Tourism (Government of Gujarat) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Selected attractions'''
- [[Rani ki Vav]] (Patan) — an 11th‑century stepwell inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]] — a cultural landscape with fortifications, palaces, mosques, temples, and water systems spanning prehistoric to medieval periods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Dholavira: a Harappan City|Dholavira]] (Kachchh) — one of the best-preserved urban settlements of the Harappan civilisation, with sophisticated water management.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dholavira: a Harappan City |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1645/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Gir Forest National Park]] — core area of the only wild Asiatic lion population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asiatic lion |url=https://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/priority_species/threatened_species/asiatic_lion/ |website=WWF India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Lothal]] — Harappan settlement with an early dockyard and archaeological museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lothal |url=https://www.gujaratourism.com/central-zone/ahmedabad/lothal.html |website=Gujarat Tourism (Government of Gujarat) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Rani Ki Vav - Front View.JPG|[[Rani ki Vav]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]
File:Jama masjid in Champaner.JPG|[[Jama Mosque, Champaner|Jama Mosque]], part of [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]
File:Dholavira1.JPG|[[Dholavira]], a major [[Indus Valley civilization]] city
File:Jain temples on Girnar mountain aerial view.jpg|[[Girnar Jain temples]] near [[Junagadh]]
File:Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|[[Dwarkadhish Temple, Dwarka|Dwarkadhish Temple]] in [[Dwarka]]
File:Somnath-current.jpg|[[Somnath Temple]] in [[Gujarat]]
File:Baroda Lvp.JPG|[[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]] in [[Vadodara]]
File:Gir lion male.jpg|[[Asiatic lion]]s occur in and around [[Gir Forest National Park]]
</gallery>

== Haryana ==
{{main|Tourism in Haryana}}
[[File:DLF Cyber Hub, Gurgaon 2.jpg|thumb|150x150px|alt=Pedestrian street with restaurants and offices at night|DLF CyberHub in [[Gurgaon]] (officially [[Gurugram]])]]
[[File:32nd Avenue in Gurgaon (P1140743).jpg|thumb|150x150px|alt=Low-rise boulevard with cafes and public art|32nd Avenue in [[Gurgaon]] (officially [[Gurugram]])]]
[[File:OP Jindal Gyan Kendra.jpg|thumb|150x150px|alt=Modern brick and glass cultural center|OP Jindal Gyan Kendra.]]

=== Paleolithic ===

* [[Mangar Bani]]:
** History of human presence in Haryana dates back to 100,000 years ago. [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] discovered cave paintings and tools in Mangar Bani hill forest in May 2021; the cave paintings are estimated to be 100,000 years old. These are world's oldest and largest collections of sites in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Palaeolithic cave paintings found in corner of NCR could be among oldest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/palaeolithic-cave-paintings-found-in-corner-of-ncr-could-be-among-oldest-in-the-country-101626201354624.html|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2021|title=Prehistoric Cave Paintings from One Lakh Years Ago Discovered in Faridabad|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/prehistoric-cave-paintings-from-one-lakh-years-ago-discovered-in-faridabad-3973361.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=News18}}</ref> Group of 43 sites was found in this area including Ankhir, [[Anangpur]], Anangpur Dam, Shilakhari, [[Mangar Bani]], Dhauj, Kot, Roj ka Gujjar, Nurpur, Dhumaspur, [[Surajkund]], etc.<ref name=mangr2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rush-for-protected-tag-to-faridabad-site-where-stone-age-cave-art-found/articleshow/84875868.cms Rush for protected tag to Faridabad site where stone age cave art found], Times of India, 31 July 2021.</ref>

* [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar-Hakra River's neolithic stone age]]
** Paleolithic and [[South Asian Stone Age#Neolithice|Neolithic Stone Age]] (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) find were excavated from the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|banks of the stream]] (paleochannel of [[Saraswati river]]) flowing through HMT complex,<ref>Manmohan Kumar : Archaeology of Ambala and Kurukshetra Districts, Haryana, 1978, Mss, pp.240-241.</ref><ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225259/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf |date=29 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018, p38-40.</ref> by the [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim]] who was a British geologist and [[palaeontology|palaeontologist]], who discovered 150,000 year old [[Archaic humans|prehistoric human]] teeth and part of a jaw denoting that the [[Peopling of India#Early hominins of Acheulean period|ancient people]], who were intelligent [[Hominini|hominins]] dating as far back as 150,000 [[Before Present|ybp]] [[Acheulean]] period,<ref name="sciencemag.org">{{Cite journal|title=Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India|first1=Shanti|last1=Pappu|first2=Yanni|last2=Gunnell|first3=Kumar|last3=Akhilesh|first4=Régis|last4=Braucher|first5=Maurice|last5=Taieb|first6=François|last6=Demory|first7=Nicolas|last7=Thouveny|date=25 March 2011|journal=Science|volume=331|issue=6024|pages=1596–1599|doi=10.1126/science.1200183|pmid=21436450|bibcode=2011Sci...331.1596P |s2cid=206531024}}</ref> lived in Pinjore region near [[Chandigarh]].<ref>Pilgrim, Guy, E. 'New Shivalik Primates and their Bearing on the Question, of the Evolution of Man and the Anthropoides, Records of the Geological Survey of India, 1915, Vol.XIV, pp. 2-61.</ref> [[Quartzite]] tools of [[Lower Paleolithic]] period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana to [[Nalagarh]] ([[Solan district]] in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer], Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref>

=== Neolithic ===

[[Neolithic]] sites are numerous in Haryana, specially the pre-[[Indus Valley civilisation|IVC]] phases found at [[Bhirrana]], [[Siswal]], [[Rakhigarhi]], [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]],<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref> etc.

=== Vedic era===

* [[Kurukshetra]]'s [[48 kos parikrama]]: Historic region with numerous religious and cultural sites connected to epic traditions and later history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurukshetra |url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/destinations/kurukshetra/ |website=Haryana Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
** [[Jyotisar]] {{snd}} Site promoted as the “birthplace of the Gita,” with associated temples and interpretation facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jyotisar |url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/places_of_interest/jyotisar/ |website=Haryana Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
** [[Thanesar]] {{snd}} Town that includes the [[Sthanesvar Mahadev Temple]] and other shrines in the Kurukshetra area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Attractions |url=https://kurukshetra.gov.in/kurukshetraattractions/ |website=District Kurukshetra, Government of Haryana |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
** [[Pehowa]] {{snd}} A tirtha where rituals such as [[Pind Daan]] are performed at traditional ghats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Attractions |url=https://kurukshetra.gov.in/kurukshetraattractions/ |website=District Kurukshetra, Government of Haryana |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
** [[Panchkula]] {{snd}} Access point for the [[Morni Hills]] area, including lakes such as Tikkar Tal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurukshetra – Haryana Tourism |url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/destinations/kurukshetra/ |website=Haryana Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
** [[Phalgu Tirth|Phalgu Tirth (Pharal)]] {{snd}} Pilgrimage site in Kaithal district associated with Shraddha observances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phalgu Rishi Tirtha, Pharal |url=https://kaithal.gov.in/tourist-place/temple-and-ghats-located-at-phalgu-rishi-tirtha-pharal/ |website=District Kaithal, Government of Haryana |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

* [[Agroha Dham]]

=== Present day===

* [[Gurgaon]] (officially [[Gurugram]]) is a major city and economic centre in Haryana; nearby [[Sultanpur National Park]] is a protected wetland and Ramsar Site known for resident and migratory waterbirds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haryana's Corporate Hub 'Gurgaon' Renamed as 'Gurugram' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/Apr/12/haryanas-corporate-hub-gurgaon-renamed-as-gurugram-923496.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 April 2016 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sultanpur National Park |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2457 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

===Religion===

See [[History_of_Haryana#Religion|Religious history of Haryana]].

== Himachal Pradesh ==
{{main|Tourism in Himachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Khajjiar.jpg|thumb|alt=Meadow with a small lake surrounded by deodar forests|[[Khajjiar]]]]
[[File:Cloudy Triund, above Mcleod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|alt=Grassy ridge with clouds over snow-clad peaks|[[Triund]]]]
[[File:Dharamshala June 2016 (32807959470).jpg|thumb|alt=Monastic complex with prayer flags in a hill town|Monastery in [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]]]
[[File:Statue of Buddha in Dalai Lama Temple-Dharamshala-Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|alt=Seated Buddha statue inside a temple hall|Dalai Lama Temple in Dharamshala]]

[[Himachal Pradesh]] is noted for Himalayan landscapes, hill stations, and outdoor recreation including [[rock climbing]], [[mountain biking]], [[paragliding]], [[ice-skating]], and [[heli-skiing]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Adventure |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/types/adventure/ |website=Himachal Tourism (Department of Tourism & Civil Aviation, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

[[Shimla]], the state capital, is a popular hill station served by road, rail, and air; the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]] is a narrow‑gauge line inscribed on UNESCO's "Mountain Railways of India."<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain Railways of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Other well-known hill stations include [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]], and [[Kasauli]].

[[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]—home to the headquarters of His Holiness the Dalai Lama has Tibetan monasteries and Buddhist temples and serves as a base for treks in the [[Kangra Valley]] and the [[Dhauladhar]] range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharamshala |url=https://hptdc.in/index.php/dharamshala/ |website=Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> [[Bir, Himachal Pradesh|Bir]] and nearby Billing are noted paragliding sites in the district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adventure Tourism |url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/adventures/ |website=District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The [[Spiti Valley]] is known for high‑altitude landscapes, monasteries, and villages in a cold‑desert environment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Places in Spiti |url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/tourist-places-in-spiti/ |website=District Lahaul & Spiti, Government of Himachal Pradesh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Himalayan Queen.jpg|[[Kalka–Shimla Railway]], part of UNESCO’s [[Mountain Railways of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain Railways of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
File:Ridge, Shimla.JPG|[[The Ridge, Shimla]]
File:Skiing manali.jpg|Skiing in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]
File:Cloud Volcano.jpg|[[Rohtang Pass]] in Himachal Pradesh
</gallery>

== Jammu and Kashmir ==
{{Main|Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir|Tourism in Ladakh}}
[[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|right|thumb|200px|alt=Green valley with rivers and pine forests against Himalayan foothills|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is known for mountain landscapes and valleys]]
[[Kashmir]] features lakes, gardens, and religious shrines alongside historic temples and mosques across destinations such as [[Srinagar]], [[Pahalgam]], and [[Gulmarg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dal Lake |url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/dal-lake/ |website=District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Major pilgrimages include [[Vaishno Devi]], which recorded 95.22 lakh pilgrims in 2023, and the annual [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath Yatra]], which saw about 3.69 lakh pilgrims in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 95 lakh pilgrims visited Vaishno Devi shrine in 2023: CEO Garg |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/over-95-lakh-pilgrims-visited-vaishno-devi-shrine-in-2023-ceogarg-101706373313374.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shri Amarnathji Yatra 2023 surpasses previous year's records |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/shri-amarnathji-yatra-2023-surpasses-previous-years-records-being-lauded-by-devotees/ |work=DD News |date=27 July 2023 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Tourist attractions include [[Dal Lake]] and the Mughal gardens of Srinagar, meadows and rivers in [[Pahalgam]], and alpine slopes around [[Gulmarg]]; nearby valleys such as [[Yusmarg]] are also visited for outdoor recreation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dal Lake |url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/dal-lake/ |website=District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="200px" mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Cave Temple of Lord Amarnath.jpg|[[Amarnath Temple]] near [[Pahalgam]] (open during the summer pilgrimage season)
File:Gulmarg kashmir winter2004.jpg|[[Gulmarg Gondola]] cable car in winter
File:Vaishno Devi Bhavan.jpg|[[Vaishno Devi Temple]] near [[Jammu]]
File:Dal Lake Hazratbal Srinagar.jpg|[[Dal Lake]] in central [[Srinagar]]
</gallery>

== Jharkhand ==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Jonha Waterfalls, Ranchi, Jharkhand.jpg
| caption1 = [[Jonha Falls]] near [[Ranchi]]
| image2 = Hundru falls.JPG
| caption2 = [[Hundru Falls]] near [[Ranchi]]
| image3 = Sikharji jalmandir.jpg
| caption3 = ''Jal Mandir'' at [[Shikharji]]
| direction = vertical
}}

{{Main|Tourism in Jharkhand}}

[[Jharkhand]] is a state in eastern India formed on 15 November 2000. <ref>{{cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in |website=Raj Bhavan Jharkhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Notable attractions include waterfalls near [[Ranchi]], major Hindu and Jain pilgrimage centres, and protected forests and wildlife areas. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/home/AboutTourism |website=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

[[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath (Baidyanath Dham)]] at [[Deoghar]] is among the twelve [[Jyotirlinga|jyotirlingas]] of [[Shiva]] and is a focal point during the [[Shraavana#Shravani Mela|Shravani Mela]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Baidyanath Dham |url=https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/how-to-reach/53/1 |website=Jharkhand Tourism (Government of Jharkhand) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Places |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/tourist-places/ |website=District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

[[Shikharji]], on [[Parasnath]] hill (the highest peak in Jharkhand), is a major [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Jain tirtha]]. Jain tradition holds that twenty of the twenty-four [[tirthankara]]s attained moksha here. <ref>{{cite web |title=Unstarred Question No. 597 (06.02.2023) |url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/usq.597%20for%2006.02.2023.pdf |website=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hachette India |title=Indiapedia: The All-India Factfinder |publisher=Hachette India |date=25 October 2013 |isbn=978-93-5009-766-3}}</ref>

[[Ranchi]], the state capital, is known for waterfalls on its outskirts, including [[Jonha Falls]] and [[Hundru Falls]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Jonha Fall |url=https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/jonha-fall/ |website=District Ranchi, Government of Jharkhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hundru Waterfall |url=https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/hundru-waterfall/ |website=District Ranchi, Government of Jharkhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Protected areas include [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]] (part of [[Betla National Park]]) and [[Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Palamau Tiger Reserve |url=https://forest.jharkhand.gov.in/wings_wildlife_protectedarea_palamau.aspx |website=Department of Forest, Environment & Climate Change, Government of Jharkhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://appforest.jharkhand.gov.in/wildlife/topchachi.aspx |website=Department of Forest, Environment & Climate Change, Government of Jharkhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Karnataka ==
{{Main|Tourism in Karnataka}}
[[File:Coorg_-_The_Scotland_of_India.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Green ridgeline under clouds in the Western Ghats|[[Kumara Parvatha]] in the [[Coorg]], Western Ghats]]
[[File:Harangi_Elephant_Camp_and_Tree_Park.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Reservoir and tree park beside a dam|[[Harangi Reservoir]] in [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]]]
[[File:Coorg landscape.jpg|150x150px|thumb|Coorg plains during Monsoons(August)]]
[[File:Delight_india.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Curving sandy beach and headland on the Arabian Sea|[[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] on the Arabian Sea coast]]

[[Karnataka]] features major cultural heritage sites, coastal and Western Ghats landscapes like [[Coorg]] and [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]], waterfalls, and wildlife reserves. The state’s UNESCO World Heritage properties include the [[Group of Monuments at Hampi]] and the [[Group of Monuments at Pattadakal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Group of Monuments at Hampi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Group of Monuments at Pattadakal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The Western Ghats host popular treks to peaks such as [[Tadiandamol]] and [[Kumara Parvatha|Kumara Parvatha (Pushpagiri)]], while coastal destinations include [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] and nearby beaches. [[Jog Falls]] on the [[Sharavathi River]] is a notable waterfall, especially during the monsoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tadiandamol Trekking |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/tadiandamol/ |website=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kumara Parvatha Trek |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/kumara-parvatha-trek/ |website=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jog Falls |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/jog-falls/ |website=Karnataka Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Historic monuments span Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, and Indo-Islamic traditions, with temple and urban remains at [[Hampi]] and Chalukyan-era temples at [[Pattadakal]], among other sites across the state. [[Gol Gumbaz]] at Vijayapura is noted for its massive dome and whispering gallery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Group of Monuments at Hampi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Group of Monuments at Pattadakal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vijayapura Gol Gumbaz — The Whispering Dome |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/karnataka/vijayapura/gol-gumbaz |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Karnataka’s protected landscapes support significant populations of [[tiger]]s and [[Asian elephant]]s, with multiple tiger landscapes in the Western Ghats and documented statewide elephant populations in recent assessments.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Tiger Estimation 2022 — Detailed Report |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1943922 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=28 July 2023 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka sees increase in elephant population, numbers rise to 6,395 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-sees-increase-in-elephant-population-numbers-rise-to-6395-2641267 |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:View of the Virupaksha temple complex from Hemakuta hill.JPG|[[Group of Monuments at Hampi|Hampi]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]
File:Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal.JPG|Jain Narayana temple at [[Pattadakal]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site
File:Hampi virupaksha temple.jpg|[[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]] at Hampi
File:Bahubali Shravana Belagola.jpg|[[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanabelagola]]
File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|[[Gol Gumbaz]] in [[Vijayapura]]
File:Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|[[Brahma Jinalaya]], [[Lakkundi]]
File:Mysore palace illuminated.jpg|[[Mysore Palace]]
File:Bangalore palace.jpg|[[Bangalore Palace]]
</gallery>

== Kerala ==
{{Main|Tourism in Kerala}}
[[File:Munnar_hill_station_.JPG|150x150px|thumb|alt=Tea-clad hills and mist around a town in the high ranges|[[Munnar]] hill station]]
[[File:Munnar hillstation kerala.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Broad green massif with rocky summit|[[Anamudi]] peak, Kerala]]
[[File:Kadalundi Bridge - A border of Malappuram and Kozhikode.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=River spanned by a bridge with forested banks|[[Kadalundi River]] near [[Malappuram]]]]
[[Kerala]] is a state on the tropical [[Malabar Coast]] of southwestern India, with tourism promoted around backwaters, beaches, hill stations, wildlife, and cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Kerala is marketed as "God's Own Country" by the state's tourism department; policy initiatives include a Responsible Tourism Mission that supports community-based, sustainable tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Kerala Shopping Festival |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals/assets/uploads/pdf/Grand%20Kerala%20Shopping%20Festival.pdf |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Responsible Tourism Mission to become Society |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/newsletter/news/2023/responsible-tourism-mission-society/2131 |website=Kerala Tourism |date=2023 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The state's backwaters form a network of canals, rivers, and lagoons around destinations such as [[Alappuzha]] and [[Kumarakom]], while beaches including [[Kovalam]] and [[Varkala]] draw domestic and international visitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kovalam Beach |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/kovalam-beach |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> In the high ranges, [[Munnar]] is a noted hill station near protected areas such as [[Eravikulam National Park]] and the [[Periyar National Park|Periyar Tiger Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Experience the Best of Munnar |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala/munnar |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Periyar National Park |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala/munnar/periyar-national-park |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Major attractions include backwater cruises around Alappuzha and Kumarakom; coastal areas such as [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kovalam]], and [[Varkala]]; and wildlife viewing, boating, and trekking opportunities in protected landscapes of the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kovalam Beach |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/kovalam-beach |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Heritage sites and museums across cities including [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]] showcase regional history, architecture, and performance traditions such as [[Kathakali]] and [[Koodiyattam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The [[Grand Kerala Shopping Festival]] is a state-run, December–January retail and cultural programme launched in 2007, held across registered outlets statewide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Kerala Shopping Festival |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals/assets/uploads/pdf/Grand%20Kerala%20Shopping%20Festival.pdf |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Madhya Pradesh ==
{{Main|Tourism in Madhya Pradesh}}
[[File:0102621_Omkareswar_Jyothirlinga_temple,_Mandhata_Madhya_Pradesh_005.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Temple complex on an island in a wide river|[[Omkareshwar Temple]] in [[Mandhata]]]]
[[File:Indore_Rajwada01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Seven-storey historic palace facade with arched windows|150x150px|[[Rajwada|Rajwada Palace]] in [[Indore]]]]
[[File:White Marble Rocks at Bhedaghat.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Steep white marble gorge with river between cliffs|[[Marble Rocks|Marble cliffs]] near [[Jabalpur]]]]

[[Madhya Pradesh]] is a central Indian state noted for three UNESCO World Heritage properties—[[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], [[Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi|Sanchi]], and the [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]]—alongside historic cities, river landscapes, and wildlife reserves. <ref>{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/madhya-pradesh |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanchi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanchi-historical-site-India |website=Britannica |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhimbetka rock shelters |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bhimbetka-rock-shelters |website=Britannica |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The temples at [[Khajuraho]] are known for Nagara‑style architecture and sculptural programs that include erotic imagery; Sanchi preserves a major complex of Buddhist monuments; and Bhimbetka comprises a large concentration of prehistoric rock shelters and paintings. <ref>{{cite web |title=Khajuraho Group of Monuments |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanchi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanchi-historical-site-India |website=Britannica |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhimbetka rock shelters |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bhimbetka-rock-shelters |website=Britannica |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Wildlife tourism features tiger landscapes and protected areas in the Satpura and Vindhyan ranges, including [[Kanha Tiger Reserve]] and [[Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/madhya-pradesh |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General introduction to the Kanha Tiger Reserve |url=https://www.mpforest.gov.in/img/files/Kanha_TCP_Buffer.pdf |website=Forest Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve |url=https://www.bandhavgarhtigerreserve.org |website=Forest Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

As part of Project Cheetah, eight cheetahs from Namibia (September 2022) and a further twelve from South Africa (February 2023) were translocated to [[Kuno National Park]] in Sheopur district. <ref>{{cite web |title=Commemorating one year of successful implementation of Project Cheetah |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1958158 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=16 September 2023 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twelve cheetahs will be translocated from South Africa to India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1899802 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Action Plan for Introduction of Cheetah |url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/Reports/Others/GWLS_Cheetah_Action_PLan_2024_Low_Res.pdf |website=National Tiger Conservation Authority |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Scenic river landscapes include the marble gorge at [[Bhedaghat]] near Jabalpur, part of the Bhedaghat–Lametaghāt entry on India’s Tentative List for World Heritage. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bhedaghat–Lametaghāt in Narmada Valley |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6531/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Maharashtra ==
{{Main|Tourism in Maharashtra}}
[[File:Coastal_Road_(Mumbai),_by_night.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Night view of an illuminated coastal road with Mumbai’s skyline in the background|[[Mumbai]]’s coastline and cityscape]]
[[File:Kaas_world_Heritage.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Lateritic plateau with seasonal wildflowers and shallow pools|Kaas Plateau, part of the [[Western Ghats]] World Heritage property]]
[[File:Pink visitors - Flamingos in Mumbai.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Flock of pink flamingos wading in a tidal creek with city in distance|Flamingos at Thane Creek, a designated Ramsar wetland in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]
[[File:Ekiv waterfall in Satara district3.jpg|150x150px|thumb|alt=Two-tier monsoon waterfall amid lateritic rock and greenery|Ekiv waterfall in [[Satara district|Satara]]]]

Maharashtra features a mix of cultural heritage and coastal–Western Ghats landscapes, including four UNESCO World Heritage properties: the [[Ajanta Caves]], [[Ellora Caves]], [[Elephanta Caves]], and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT)]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elephanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

In Mumbai, colonial-era architecture such as CSMT stands alongside modern urban development, while offshore the Elephanta cave temples preserve mid‑1st‑millennium rock‑cut art dedicated chiefly to Shiva.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elephanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> In the Deccan, the mural‑rich Buddhist monastic complex at Ajanta and the multi‑faith rock‑cut ensemble at Ellora are key heritage destinations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Natural attractions include portions of the UNESCO‑inscribed [[Western Ghats]] serial property, with seasonal lateritic plateaus such as Kaas noted for wildflower blooms and endemic biodiversity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Western Ghats – Documents |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/documents/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The urban wetland of Thane Creek (Mumbai Metropolitan Region) is a Ramsar site that supports large congregations of flamingos and other waterbirds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thane Creek |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2490 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RIS for Site no. 2490, Thane Creek (India) |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN2490RIS_2210_en.pdf |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|[[Ajanta Caves]] murals (UNESCO World Heritage Site)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
File:Ellora cave16 001.jpg|[[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailasa Temple]] at Ellora (UNESCO World Heritage Site)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
File:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus at night, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (2003).jpg|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (UNESCO World Heritage Site)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
File:Elephanta Caves Trimurti.jpg|Trimurti relief in [[Elephanta Caves]] (UNESCO World Heritage Site)<ref>{{cite web |title=Elephanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
File:Sahyadri Parvatmala.jpg|[[Western Ghats]] in Maharashtra (part of UNESCO serial property)<ref>{{cite web |title=Western Ghats – Documents |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/documents/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
</gallery>

== Manipur ==
{{main|Tourism in Northeast India}}
[[File:Loktak Lake1.jpg|thumb|alt=Wide freshwater lake with floating vegetation and distant hills|[[Loktak Lake]]]]

[[Manipur]] is a state in Northeast India known for wetland landscapes, highland biodiversity, and cultural festivals centered on sites such as Loktak Lake and the surrounding protected areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loktak Lake |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/463 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Loktak is a designated Ramsar wetland notable for floating vegetated islands (phumdi) and forms part of a wider wetland complex managed for conservation and livelihoods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loktak Lake (RIS) |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN463RIS.pdf |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wetland Complex |url=https://www.loktaklake.org/wetland-complex/ |website=Loktak Development Authority |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The adjacent [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]]—described as the world’s only floating national park—provides habitat for the endemic brow‑antlered deer known locally as the sangai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keibul Lamjao National Park |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/manipur/imphal/keibul-lamjao-national-park |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> In the Ukhrul highlands, the state‑level Shirui Lily Festival highlights conservation of the endemic Shirui lily (Lilium mackliniae).<ref>{{cite web |title=Shirui Lily Festival |url=https://manipurtourism.gov.in/shirui-lily-festival/ |website=Manipur Tourism (Government of Manipur) |date=2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shirui Lily Festival |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/shirui-lily-festival-1 |website=Utsav: Ministry of Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- [[Imphal]] — Capital city with World War II memorial sites including the Imphal War Cemetery maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imphal War Cemetery |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/manipur/imphal/imphal-war-cemetery |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] — Floating phumdi meadows on Loktak Lake noted for the sangai deer and wetland biodiversity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keibul Lamjao National Park |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/manipur/imphal/keibul-lamjao-national-park |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Loktak Lake]] — Ramsar site supporting waterbirds and traditional fisheries; part of the broader Loktak wetland complex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loktak Lake |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/463 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wetland Complex |url=https://www.loktaklake.org/wetland-complex/ |website=Loktak Development Authority |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] — Border trade town on the India–Myanmar corridor in Tengnoupal district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moreh |url=https://tengnoupal.nic.in/tourist-place/moreh-town/ |website=District Tengnoupal, Government of Manipur |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Meghalaya ==
{{main|Tourism in North East India}}
[[File:Near_Krang_Suri_Waterfall.jpg|thumb|150x150px|alt=Blue pool and veil-like cascade amid forested cliffs|Krang Suri Waterfalls]]
[[File:Wei_Sawdong_Waterfall_(6).jpg|thumb|150x150px|alt=Tiered plunge pool waterfall surrounded by green cliffs|[[Wei Sawdong Falls]]]]
[[File:Rainbow_Waterfall_Meghalaya.jpg|thumb|150x150px|alt=Thin waterfall with spray forming a rainbow|Rainbow Waterfalls]]
[[File:Nohkalikai fall.JPG|thumb|alt=High free-falling waterfall dropping from an escarpment|[[Nohkalikai Falls]]]]

[[Meghalaya]] features high‑rainfall subtropical forests and biodiverse hill landscapes across the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills, with protected areas including [[Nokrek National Park]] (core of the UNESCO-recognised Nokrek Biosphere Reserve) and [[Balpakram National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nokrek – Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/nokrek |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Land of Perpetual Winds – Balpakram National Park Experience |url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/experiences-4/the-land-of-perpetual-winds-balpakram-national-park-experience/ |website=Meghalaya Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The state’s living root bridges—locally known as jingkieng jri—were added to UNESCO’s Tentative List in 2022 as “Jingkieng jri: Living Root Bridge Cultural Landscapes of Meghalaya.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Jingkieng jri: Living Root Bridge Cultural Landscapes |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6606/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Living Root Bridges of Meghalaya |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/living-root-bridges-meghalaya |website=Indian Culture (Ministry of Culture) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Living Root Bridges |url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/experiences-4/living-root-bridges-2/ |website=Meghalaya Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Around [[Umiam Lake]], visitors can access boating and water‑sports facilities at sites managed near Shillong and in Ri‑Bhoi district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Umiam Lake |url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/destinations/umiam-lake/ |website=Meghalaya Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Umiam Lake |url=https://ribhoi.gov.in/tourist-place/umiam-lake/ |website=District Ri Bhoi, Government of Meghalaya |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- [[Nokrek National Park]] — Core of the [[Nokrek National Park|Nokrek Biosphere Reserve]] on the Tura Range, noted for evergreen forests and wild citrus diversity (Citrus indica).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nokrek – Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/nokrek |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nokrek Biosphere Reserve |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2537419 |website=Indian Culture (Ministry of Culture) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Balpakram National Park]] — Plateau and canyon landscapes in South Garo Hills with trekking experiences described by the state tourism authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Land of Perpetual Winds – Balpakram National Park Experience |url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/experiences-4/the-land-of-perpetual-winds-balpakram-national-park-experience/ |website=Meghalaya Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Umiam Lake]] — Reservoir with boating and water‑sport options near Shillong and Nongpoh in Ri‑Bhoi district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Umiam Lake |url=https://ribhoi.gov.in/tourist-place/umiam-lake/ |website=District Ri Bhoi, Government of Meghalaya |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Living root bridges]] — Indigenous Ficus‑based structures across southern Meghalaya valleys, on UNESCO’s Tentative List since 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jingkieng jri: Living Root Bridge Cultural Landscapes |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6606/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Mizoram ==
{{main|Tourism in Mizoram}}

Mizoram is a hill state in Northeast India known for subtropical evergreen forests, birdlife, and community-based tourism promoted by the state tourism department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram Tourism – Department of Tourism, Government of Mizoram |url=https://mizoramtourism.com |website=Mizoram Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Protected areas include [[Dampa Tiger Reserve]] in Mamit district and [[Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Lawngtlai district, noted for elephants, primates, hornbills, and other fauna of the Indo–Burma region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dampa Tiger Reserve |url=https://mamit.nic.in/tourist-place/dampa-tiger-reserve-en/ |website=District Mamit, Government of Mizoram |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://lawngtlai.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |website=District Lawngtlai, Government of Mizoram |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/108 |website=Mizoram Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The state bird, Mrs. Hume’s pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae), is the focus of local conservation initiatives and birdwatching interest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram: Villagers, NGOs build a new nest for the rare Mrs. Hume’s Pheasant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mizoram-villagers-ngos-build-a-new-nest-for-the-rare-mrs-hume-s-pheasant-101745997468147.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Cultural heritage sites include Mizo Poets’ Square (Mizo Hlakungpui Mual) at Khawbung and the megalithic complex of [[Kawtchhuah Ropui]] near Vangchhia, the latter notified as a centrally protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hlakungpui Mual – Mizo Poets’ Square |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/59 |website=Mizoram Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The discovery of Vangchhia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/the-discovery-of-vangchhia/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 February 2016 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

{{wide image|Aizawl Panoramic View.jpg|750px|A panorama of Aizawl taken from Zemabawk.}}

== Odisha ==
{{Main|Tourism in Odisha}}
[[File:Birds_eyeview_of_Chilika_Lake.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial view of a large coastal lagoon with barrier spits and inlets|[[Chilika Lake]], a large brackish water lagoon]]
[[File:Konark Sea Beach In odisha.jpg|thumb|alt=Wide sandy shoreline near a coastal temple town|Konark coast near [[Konark Sun Temple]]]]
[[File:Konark Sun Temple Front view.jpg|thumb|alt=Stone chariot-like temple facade with wheels carved in relief|[[Konark Sun Temple]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
[[File:Udayagiri caves from Khandagiri hill.jpg|thumb|alt=Rock-cut cave cells on a low hill with carved doorways|[[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] near [[Bhubaneswar]]]]
[[File:Temple-Jagannath.jpg|thumb|alt=Tall Kalinga-style temple tower with surrounding shrines|[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]]]

[[Odisha]] features coastal wetlands, temple cities, Buddhist heritage sites, and protected forests from the Mahanadi delta to the Eastern Ghats foothills. The state includes the UNESCO World Heritage [[Konark Sun Temple]], the Ramsar‑listed [[Chilika Lake]], and the Ramsar‑listed [[Bhitarkanika Mangroves]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sun Temple, Konârak |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/sun-temple-konarak |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chilika Lake |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/229 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhitarkanika Mangroves |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1205 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Chilika is a brackish lagoon along the Bay of Bengal, important for migratory waterbirds and fisheries; management initiatives have addressed past siltation issues documented under the Ramsar Convention.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chilika Lake |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/229 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> In the northern delta, the Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem supports saltwater crocodiles and marine turtle nesting beaches and is recognized as a wetland of international importance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhitarkanika Mangroves |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1205 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Bhubaneswar, Puri, and Konark form a historic "temple triangle," with Kalinga‑style monuments and pilgrimage traditions centred on the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Shree Jagannath Temple]] and the annual [[Rath Yatra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shree Jagannath Temple |url=https://puri.odisha.gov.in/tourism/tourist-places/shree-jagannath-temple |website=Government of Odisha (District Puri) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sun Temple, Konârak |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/sun-temple-konarak |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Early historic rock‑cut retreats at the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] lie on twin hills near Bhubaneswar and are maintained in part by the Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick Booking – Udayagiri & Khandagiri Hills |url=https://asi.payumoney.com/quick/aru |website=Archaeological Survey of India (ticketing) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Buddhist sites such as [[Lalitgiri]], [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]], and [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri (Jajpur)]] preserve monastic remains of the "Diamond Triangle," while the Ashokan rock edicts at [[Dhauli]] document imperial inscriptions associated with Kalinga in the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhauli: An Early Historic Urban Centre of Orissa |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/july2006/engpdf/49-53.pdf |website=Odisha Review (Government of Odisha) |date=July 2006 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Two of India's surviving [[Chausathi Jogini Temple|Chausathi (64) Yogini]] shrines are located in Odisha, at [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Hirapur|Hirapur (Khurda)]] and [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Ranipur Jharial|Ranipur Jharial (Balangir)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chausathi Yoginis of Hirapur & Ranipur Jharial: A Revelation |url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/blog-details/chausathi-yoginis-of-hirapur-ranipur-jharial-a-revelation.html |website=Odisha Tourism (Government of Odisha) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The [[Similipal National Park|Similipal]] landscape in Mayurbhanj forms a UNESCO‑recognized biosphere reserve under the Man and the Biosphere Programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Similipal – Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/similipal |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- [[Bhubaneswar]] {{snd}} Historic temples including [[Lingaraja Temple]] and [[Rajarani Temple]]; nearby [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] and the rock edicts at [[Dhauli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhauli: An Early Historic Urban Centre of Orissa |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/july2006/engpdf/49-53.pdf |website=Odisha Review (Government of Odisha) |date=July 2006 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Puri]] {{snd}} [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] and coastal attractions; annual [[Rath Yatra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shree Jagannath Temple |url=https://puri.odisha.gov.in/tourism/tourist-places/shree-jagannath-temple |website=Government of Odisha (District Puri) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Konark]] {{snd}} [[Konark Sun Temple]] and coastal belt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sun Temple, Konârak |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/sun-temple-konarak |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Chilika Lake]] {{snd}} Brackish lagoon with important bird habitats and fisheries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chilika Lake |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/229 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Bhitarkanika National Park|Bhitarkanika]] {{snd}} Mangrove wetlands and wildlife in the lower Mahanadi–Brahmani–Baitarani delta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhitarkanika Mangroves |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1205 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Similipal National Park|Similipal Biosphere Reserve]] {{snd}} Forested plateau and waterfalls in Mayurbhanj.<ref>{{cite web |title=Similipal – Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/similipal |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Hirapur|Hirapur]] and [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Ranipur Jharial|Ranipur Jharial]] {{snd}} Two surviving 64‑Yogini temples in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chausathi Yoginis of Hirapur & Ranipur Jharial: A Revelation |url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/blog-details/chausathi-yoginis-of-hirapur-ranipur-jharial-a-revelation.html |website=Odisha Tourism (Government of Odisha) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Puducherry ==
{{Main|Tourism in Puducherry}}
[[File:Auroville puducherry.jpg|thumb|alt=Golden geodesic sphere set within landscaped gardens|The Matrimandir in [[Auroville]], near [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]]]

The [[Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] comprises four coastal regions—Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahé, and Yanam—administered as a single UT with enclaves across South India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Website of Government of Puducherry |url=https://www.py.gov.in |website=Government of Puducherry |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Districts |url=https://www.py.gov.in/districts |website=Government of Puducherry |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The capital, Puducherry, preserves a historic French Quarter with colonial-era urban fabric alongside temples, churches, and civic buildings.<ref>{{cite web |title=The French Quarter, Puducherry |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/puducherry/puducherry/the-french-quarter |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Nearby [[Auroville]] features the Matrimandir and its Peace Area, a landscaped precinct at the township's centre that serves as a quiet meditation space and symbolic "soul" of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Matrimandir and the Peace Area |url=https://auroville.org/page/matrimandir-and-peace-area |website=Auroville |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Punjab ==
{{Main|Tourism in Punjab, India}}
[[File:MotiBaghPalace.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Historic palace facade with arched windows and chhatris|[[Moti Bagh Palace]] in [[Patiala]]]]

[[Punjab]] is a northwestern Indian state noted for Sikh heritage, historic cities, and festivals across destinations such as Amritsar, Anandpur Sahib, Patiala, and Pathankot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/punjab |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- [[Amritsar]] {{snd}} [[Harmandir Sahib|Sri Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple)]], the [[Jallianwala Bagh]] memorial, and the daily Attari–Wagah border ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Places |url=https://amritsar.nic.in/tourist-places/ |website=District Amritsar, Government of Punjab |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/punjab |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wagah Border |url=https://amritsar.nic.in/tourist-place/wagah-border/ |website=District Amritsar, Government of Punjab |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Anandpur Sahib]] {{snd}} [[Virasat-e-Khalsa]] museum and the annual [[Hola Mohalla]] festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virasat-e-Khalsa |url=https://rupnagar.nic.in/tourist-place/virasat-e-khalsa/ |website=District Rupnagar, Government of India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hola Mohalla |url=https://rupnagar.nic.in/hola-mohalla/ |website=District Rupnagar, Government of India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Patiala]] {{snd}} Palaces and forts including [[Moti Bagh Palace]], [[Sheesh Mahal, Patiala|Sheesh Mahal]], and the [[Qila Mubarak, Patiala|Qila Mubarak]] complex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moti Bagh Palace |url=https://patiala.nic.in/tourist-place/moti-bagh-palace/ |website=District Patiala, Government of Punjab |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sheesh Mahal |url=https://patiala.nic.in/tourist-place/sheesh-mahal/ |website=District Patiala, Government of Punjab |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Architecture (Qila Mubarak, Moti Bagh, Sheesh Mahal) |url=https://patiala.nic.in/architecture/ |website=District Patiala, Government of Punjab |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Pathankot]] {{snd}} [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]] (Thein Dam) on the Ravi River; day‑trip access from the district headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranjit Sagar Dam |url=https://pathankot.nic.in/tourist-place/ranjit-sagar-dam/ |website=District Pathankot, Government of Punjab |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Rajasthan ==
{{main|Tourism in Rajasthan}}
[[File:Chambal-river-gorge.jpg|thumb|alt=Steep-sided ravine with a river flowing between rock walls|Chambal River gorge near [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]]]
[[File:Chambal river front view.jpg|thumb|Chambal riverfront in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]]]
[[File:Umaid bhavan Palace, Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|alt=Sandstone palace with domes and colonnades on a hilltop|[[Umaid Bhawan Palace]] in [[Jodhpur]]]]

[[Rajasthan]] is a state in northwestern India noted for desert landscapes, historic cities, and a concentration of major forts and palaces, including UNESCO‑listed hill forts and a World Heritage wetland at Bharatpur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/rajasthan |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Keoladeo National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Selected places'''
- [[Jaipur]] — Historic walled city with palaces and gateways; nearby [[Amber Fort]] forms part of the UNESCO serial property "Hill Forts of Rajasthan."<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/rajasthan |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Jodhpur]] — City dominated by [[Mehrangarh Fort]] and sandstone palaces including [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/rajasthan |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Udaipur]] — Palaces and temples around lakes including [[Lake Pichola]] and [[Jag Mandir]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/rajasthan |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Jaisalmer]] — Living fort town in the Thar; [[Jaisalmer Fort]] is included in the UNESCO "Hill Forts of Rajasthan."<ref>{{cite web |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] — [[Keoladeo National Park]] (Keoladeo Ghana), a UNESCO World Heritage wetland known for migratory and resident waterbirds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keoladeo National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Sawai Madhopur]] — [[Ranthambore National Park]]; [[Ranthambore Fort]] is part of the UNESCO hill forts serial property.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Chittorgarh]] and [[Kumbhalgarh]] — Rajput hill forts included in the UNESCO serial property.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Hawa Mahal 2011.jpg|[[Hawa Mahal]] in [[Jaipur]]
File:Mehrangarh Fort.jpg|[[Mehrangarh Fort]] in [[Jodhpur]]
File:JagMandir.jpg|[[Jag Mandir|Jag Mandir]] in [[Udaipur]]
File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|[[Jaisalmer Fort]] (part of the UNESCO "Hill Forts of Rajasthan")
File:Ranthambhore Fort.jpg|[[Ranthambore Fort]] (UNESCO "Hill Forts of Rajasthan")
File:Walls of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|[[Kumbhalgarh]] (UNESCO "Hill Forts of Rajasthan")
File:Thar Khuri.jpg|[[Thar Desert]] near [[Jaisalmer]]
</gallery>

== Sikkim ==
{{main|Tourism in North East India}}
[[File:Kanchenjunga from Tiger Hills.JPG|thumb|alt=Himalayan massif with snow-covered peaks under a clear sky|[[Kangchenjunga]], the third highest mountain in the world]]
[[File:Dongmar lake.jpg|thumb|alt=High-altitude turquoise lake with arid mountains in the background|[[Gurudongmar Lake]], [[Sikkim]]]]

[[Gangtok]] is the capital of Sikkim and a base for visits to monasteries, lakes, viewpoints, and heritage sites across the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/sikkim |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Air access is available via [[Pakyong Airport]] within Sikkim and via [[Bagdogra Airport]] in neighboring West Bengal, while rail access is via [[New Jalpaiguri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakyong Airport |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/pakyong |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gangtok |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/sikkim/gangtok |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- [[Nathu La]] and [[Tsomgo Lake]] near Gangtok, with high mountain views and seasonal snow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/sikkim |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Rumtek Monastery]] and the [[Namgyal Institute of Tibetology]] in and around Gangtok.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/sikkim |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Pelling]], [[Yuksom]], and [[Rabdentse]] in West Sikkim for monasteries, former royal sites, and views of the Kangchenjunga range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/sikkim |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Gurudongmar Lake]] in North Sikkim, a high-altitude excursion that is subject to permits and local conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurudongmar Lake |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/sikkim/mangan/gurudongmar-lake |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

High-altitude trekking routes include [[Dzongri]] and [[Goecha La]], with entries and logistics facilitated by registered operators under state regulations and permit requirements for certain protected areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim Tourism — Official |url=https://sikkimtourism.gov.in |website=Tourism and Civil Aviation Department, Government of Sikkim |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/sikkim |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Tamil Nadu ==
{{Main|Tourism in Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Mamallapuram_(167).jpg|thumb|alt=Seaside stone temple complex with carved towers facing the Bay of Bengal|[[Shore Temple]] at [[Mahabalipuram]] (part of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]])]]

Tamil Nadu features historic temple cities, Western Ghats landscapes, and rail heritage that includes three UNESCO inscriptions: the [[Great Living Chola Temples]], the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Mahabalipuram monuments]], and the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] within the "Mountain Railways of India".<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Living Chola Temples |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain Railways of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

;Temples
The Great Living Chola Temples comprise [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]], [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondacholapuram]], and [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at [[Darasuram]], illustrating Chola-period architecture and sculpture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Living Chola Temples |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Pallava-era rock-cut and structural monuments at Mahabalipuram include rathas, cave shrines, large open-air reliefs, and the Shore Temple on the Coromandel coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Other prominent temple centres include [[Madurai]] (Meenakshi Amman), [[Rameswaram]] (Ramanathaswamy), [[Srirangam]] (Sri Ranganathaswamy), and [[Kanchipuram]] (Kailasanathar).

;Sanctuaries and national parks
Parts of Tamil Nadu lie within the UNESCO-inscribed [[Western Ghats]] serial property noted for biodiversity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Western Ghats – Documents |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/documents/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The state’s tiger conservation network includes [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve]], [[Mudumalai Tiger Reserve]], [[Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve]], and [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiger Reserves |url=https://ntca.gov.in/tiger-reserves/ |website=National Tiger Conservation Authority |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> Along the southeast coast, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] Biosphere Reserve includes islands and nearshore habitats with seagrass beds, mangroves, and coral reefs recognized in UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulf of Mannar |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/biosphere-reserve/gulf-mannar |website=UNESCO |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

;Hill stations and rail heritage
[[Ooty]], [[Kodaikanal]], and [[Yercaud]] are established hill stations in the Ghats, and the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] is inscribed as part of the UNESCO "Mountain Railways of India".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain Railways of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines">
File:The_big_temple.jpg|[[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]] (UNESCO "Great Living Chola Temples")
File:India - Madurai temple - 0781.jpg|[[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] at [[Madurai]]
File:Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, in Srirangam, near Tiruchirappali (24) (37254366620).jpg|[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]]
File:Kailasanathar temple Kanchipuram (16).jpg|[[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]]
File:NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg|[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] (UNESCO "Mountain Railways of India")
File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|[[Fort Dansborg]] at [[Tharangambadi]]
File:Tea Monarch Aramby Ooty Nilgiris Mar21 A7C 00293.jpg|Tea plantation near [[Ooty]]
File:Terraced farming- Kodaikanal.jpg|Terraced farming in [[Kodaikanal]]
File:Thirumalai nayak mahal.jpg|[[Thirumalai Nayakkar Palace]] at [[Madurai]]
File:Vellore Fort Tamil Nadu-3.jpg|[[Vellore Fort]]
File:Thiruvalluvar Statue At Kanyakumari (197523127).jpeg|[[Thiruvalluvar Statue]] at [[Kanyakumari]]
</gallery>

== Telangana ==
{{Main|Tourism in Telangana}}
{{See also|List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad}}
[[File:Charminar Hyderabad 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Four-arched monument with four minarets in a historic market area|[[Charminar]], [[Hyderabad]]]]
[[File:Golconda22.JPG|thumb|alt=Hilltop fort complex with stone ramparts and gateways|[[Golkonda]] Fort, [[Hyderabad]]]]
[[File:Birla Mandir in Hyderabad, 2015.JPG|thumb|alt=White marble hilltop temple with city views|[[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Mandir]], [[Hyderabad]]]]

[[Telangana]] features historic monuments, temples, museums, and annual festivals across the Deccan region, with a UNESCO World Heritage site at the Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple in Mulugu district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1570/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India gets its 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738864 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- [[Hyderabad]] — [[Charminar]] and nearby markets; [[Golkonda]] Fort; museums and palaces including [[Chowmahalla Palace]] and the [[Salar Jung Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick Booking – Charminar |url=https://asi.payumoney.com/quick/chr |website=Archaeological Survey of India (ticketing) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Mulugu district]] — [[Ramappa Temple]] (Rudreshwara), inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1570/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India gets its 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738864 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Hanamkonda]] and [[Warangal]] — [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] and [[Warangal Fort|Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] precincts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1570/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Medaram]] — [[Sammakka Saralamma Jatara]], a biennial tribal congregation held in the forests near Medaram.<ref>{{cite web |title=India gets its 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738864 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Nirmal district]] — [[Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basar|Gnana Saraswati Temple]] at Basar.<ref>{{cite web |title=India gets its 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738864 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Rajanna Sircilla district]] — [[Vemulawada Rajarajeshwara Temple|Rajanna (Rajarajeshwara) Temple]] at Vemulawada.<ref>{{cite web |title=India gets its 39th World Heritage Site: Ramappa Temple |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1738864 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]] — [[Yadadri Lakshmi Narasimha Temple]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Quick Booking – Charminar |url=https://asi.payumoney.com/quick/chr |website=Archaeological Survey of India (ticketing) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Warangal1000pillarTemple.jpg|[[Thousand Pillar Temple]] at [[Hanamkonda]]
File:Ramappa temple main.JPG|[[Ramappa Temple]] (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
File:Warangal fort.jpg|[[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] at [[Warangal Fort]]
File:Chowmahalla Palace 01.jpg|[[Chowmahalla Palace]] in [[Hyderabad]]
</gallery>

== Tripura ==
{{main|Tourism in Tripura}}
[[File:Ujjayanta Palace as seen from the Rajbari Lakes.jpg|thumb|alt=White domed palace with gardens and lakes|[[Ujjayanta Palace]] in [[Agartala]]]]
[[File:Unakoti (Scorpian ad).JPG|thumb|alt=Rock-cut reliefs on a forested hillside|[[Unakoti]] rock-cut reliefs]]

[[Tripura]] features royal-era architecture, archaeological sites, and riverine hill landscapes across districts such as West Tripura, Gomati, South Tripura, and Unakoti. The former royal [[Ujjayanta Palace]] now houses the State Museum with collections on regional history, archaeology, and arts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ujjayanta Palace |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/single-tour.php?id=1 |website=Tripura Tourism (Government of Tripura) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ujjayanta Palace (State Museum) brochure |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/images/documents/1731059654.pdf |website=Tripura Tourism (Government of Tripura) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

At [[Unakoti]] in the Unakoti district, large rock-cut sculptures and reliefs on a forested hillside are a noted pilgrimage and heritage landscape; the site was added to India’s UNESCO Tentative List in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Sites in Tentative List of World Heritage Sites |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/three-sites-in-tentative-list-of-world-heritage-sites |website=Drishti IAS |date=22 December 2022 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Other places:
- [[Bhubaneswari Temple]] (Udaipur, Gomati) — 17th‑century temple patronized by Maharaja Govinda Manikya, located by the Gomati River; associated with literary references by Rabindranath Tagore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhubaneswari Temple |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/bhubaneswari-temple |website=Indian Culture (Ministry of Culture) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Devtamura|Chabimura]] (Gomati) — river‑bank cliffs with panels of rock carvings depicting deities, accessible by boat from Amarpur and Udaipur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ujjayanta Palace |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/single-tour.php?id=1 |website=Tripura Tourism (Government of Tripura) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]] (South Tripura) — archaeological zone with Hindu–Buddhist remains from about the 8th to 12th centuries; antiquities from Pilak are displayed at the State Museum, Agartala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ujjayanta Palace (State Museum) brochure |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/images/documents/1731059654.pdf |website=Tripura Tourism (Government of Tripura) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Boxanagar Ruins|Boxanagar]] (West Tripura) — ASI excavations have revealed a brick stupa, chaityagriha, and monastery indicating a Buddhist establishment dating to about the 8th century CE or later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Remains, Boxanagar |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/excavation4.html |website=Archaeological Survey of India, Guwahati Circle |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

== Uttarakhand ==
{{main|Tourism in Uttarakhand}}
[[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG|thumb|left|alt=High alpine meadow carpeted with wildflowers beneath snow-clad peaks|[[Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks]], a UNESCO World Heritage property]]
[[File:Tehri lake.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Blue reservoir with surrounding hills and lakeside settlement|[[Tehri Lake]] near [[New Tehri]]]]

[[Uttarakhand]] is a Himalayan state noted for protected mountain landscapes and pilgrimage centres; the combined [[Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks]] is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

The [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage circuit comprises [[Badrinath]], [[Kedarnath]], [[Gangotri]], and [[Yamunotri]], with official registration and yatra information provided by the state portal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apply online Char Dham Yatra and Hemkund Sahib Registration, Uttarakhand |url=https://services.india.gov.in/service/detail/apply-online-char-dham-yatra-and-hemkund-sahib-registration-uttarakhand-1 |website=Government of India Services |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Major protected areas include [[Corbett Tiger Reserve]] and [[Rajaji Tiger Reserve]]; the Asan Conservation Reserve near Dehradun is designated a Ramsar wetland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiger Reserves |url=https://ntca.gov.in/tiger-reserves/ |website=National Tiger Conservation Authority |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Corbett National Park – Official website |url=https://corbettgov.org |website=Corbett Tiger Reserve |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asan Conservation Reserve |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2437 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Adventure activities include skiing at [[Auli, India|Auli]] and water sports at [[Tehri Lake]], featured by state and district tourism resources.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skiing |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/adventures/skiing |website=Uttarakhand Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Auli |url=https://chamoli.gov.in/tourist-place/auli/ |website=District Chamoli, Government of Uttarakhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tehri Lake |url=https://tehri.nic.in/tehri-lake/ |website=District Tehri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Water Sports |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/feel-thrill/water-sports |website=Uttarakhand Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Badrinath Temple - OCT 2014.jpg|[[Badrinath Temple]]
File:Kedarnath Temple.jpg|[[Kedarnath Temple]]
File:Gangotri.JPG|[[Gangotri]]
File:Yamuna at Yamunotri.JPG|[[Yamunotri]]
File:Har Ki Pauri, Haridwar.jpg|[[Ganga]] at [[Haridwar]]
File:Nainital.jpg|[[Nainital]], a hill station in Kumaon
File:Nanda devi.jpg|[[Nanda Devi]] in the UNESCO World Heritage property
File:Bengal-Tiger Corbett Uttarakhand Dec-2013.jpg|[[Corbett Tiger Reserve]]
</gallery>

== Uttar Pradesh ==
{{Main|Tourism in Uttar Pradesh}}
[[File:Sarayu_River_night_view,_Ayodhya_001.jpg|thumb|alt=Illuminated riverside ghats along the Saryu at night|[[Ayodhya]] on the Saryu River]]
[[File:Ganga_Dwar,_Gateway_of_Corridor_of_Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple,_Varanasi_2.webp|thumb|alt=Gateway of a temple precinct near the Ganga|[[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] precinct in [[Varanasi]]]]
[[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|alt=Ivory-white marble mausoleum beside the Yamuna|[[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]]]]

Uttar Pradesh is a northern Indian state known for UNESCO-listed Mughal heritage in Agra and major pilgrimage centers such as Varanasi and Ayodhya, drawing visitors for architecture, riverfront ghats, and museums. <ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.incredible-india.org/uttar-pradesh |website=Incredible India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taj Mahal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> The Kumbh Mela held at Prayagraj is inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumbh Mela |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258 |website=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- Agra — Three UNESCO World Heritage properties: the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and Fatehpur Sikri. <ref>{{cite web |title=Taj Mahal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Agra Fort |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fatehpur Sikri |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- Varanasi — Historic ghats on the Ganga and temple traditions including the Kashi Vishwanath precinct and nearby Sarnath. <ref>{{cite web |title=Varanasi – Sarnath |url=https://uptourism.gov.in/en/page/varanasi-sarnath |website=Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- Ayodhya — Pilgrimage city on the Saryu, noted among the seven sacred cities in several traditions. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ayodhya Dham |url=https://uptourism.gov.in/en/page/ayodhya |website=Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- Prayagraj — Site of the Kumbh and Ardh Kumbh gatherings recognized by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumbh Mela |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kumbh-mela-01258 |website=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- Sarnath — ASI site museum and archaeological park associated with early Buddhist heritage near Varanasi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeological Museum Sarnath |url=http://www.sarnathmuseumasi.org |website=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- Kushinagar — Major Buddhist pilgrimage center associated with the Mahaparinirvana of the Buddha. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kushinagar |url=https://uptourism.gov.in/en/page/kushinagar |website=Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- Dudhwa National Park — Terai ecosystem with tiger reserve landscapes in Lakhimpur Kheri district. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dudhwa National Park |url=https://uptourism.gov.in/en/page/dudhwa-national-park |website=Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]] — International award winning reserve area for doubling the tiger population before the targeted time.<ref>{{cite web|title=How did they increase the tigers in this new protected area?|work=IUCN|url=https://iucn.org/fr/node/18042#:~:text=03%20D%C3%A9c%2C%202020-,Pilibhit%20Tiger%20Reserve%20in%20India%20wins%20the%20inaugural%20TX2%20Award,vision%20to%20secure%20their%20future.}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" class="center">
File:Panoramic vie of Fahpur Sikri Palace.jpg|[[Fatehpur Sikri]] (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
File:Kumbh Mela 2001.jpg|[[Kumbh Mela]] at [[Prayagraj]] (UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage)
File:Kushinara1.jpg|[[Kushinagar]] (Buddhist pilgrimage center)
File:Sultan- largest amongst all the tigers at PTR.png|Sultan- largest amongst all the tigers in [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]]
</gallery>

== West Bengal ==
{{Main|Tourism in West Bengal|Tourist attractions in West Bengal}}
{{See also|Places of interest in Kolkata}}
[[File:Bakkhali1.jpg|thumb|alt=Wide sandy shoreline with casuarina fringes and shallow surf|[[Bakkhali]] on the Bay of Bengal coast]]
[[File:Santiniketan-Griha-Southern-View.jpg|thumb|alt=Historic ashram building with verandas in a shaded grove|[[Santiniketan]] (UNESCO World Heritage Site)]]
[[File:Mayapur-(Birthplace_of_Lord_Caitanya_Mahaprabhu).jpg|thumb|alt=Large domed temple complex near a riverside town|Mayapur temple complex at [[Nabadwip–Mayapur]]]]
[[File:Maithon_Dam.jpg|thumb|alt=Reservoir with concrete dam and surrounding hills|Maithon reservoir]]
[[File:Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|thumb|alt=Terracotta-decorated twin-roofed brick temple|[[Jor Bangla Temple]] at [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]]]

[[West Bengal]] features UNESCO-listed sites and diverse landscapes from the Himalayan foothills to the Sundarbans delta, alongside historic architecture in cities and temple towns. [[Santiniketan]] was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023, while [[Sundarbans National Park]] is part of the mangrove delta recognized by UNESCO since 1987; the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] is included within the UNESCO "Mountain Railways of India".<ref>{{cite web |title=Santiniketan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1375/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sundarbans National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain Railways of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Selected places:
- [[Kolkata]] — Colonial-era architecture and museums alongside major places of worship and cultural institutions such as [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], [[Howrah Bridge]], [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]], and [[Belur Math]].<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/west-bengal |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Santiniketan]] (Birbhum) — Historic ashram-town founded by Rabindranath Tagore; inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Santiniketan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1375/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Sundarbans National Park]] — Mangrove landscape and tiger habitat in the lower delta, recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sundarbans National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Darjeeling]] and the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] — Hill station and narrow-gauge rail heritage operating between New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain Railways of India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] — Terracotta temples including [[Jor Bangla Temple]] and other Malla-era monuments.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/west-bengal |website=Incredible India (Ministry of Tourism) |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
- [[Bakkhali]] — Beach destination on the Bay of Bengal coast noted by the state tourism authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=All Destinations |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/all-destination/details |website=West Bengal Tourism |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Victoria Memorial situated in Kolkata.jpg|[[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Kolkata]]
File:Durga Puja DS.jpg|Durga Puja idol during the annual festival in Kolkata
File:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|[[Royal Bengal tiger]] in [[Sundarbans National Park]] (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
File:Dakshineshwar.jpg|[[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] in [[Kolkata]]
File:Howrah bridge at night.jpg|[[Howrah Bridge]] over the [[Hooghly River]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|India}}
* [http://tourism.gov.in/ Ministry of Tourism, Govt of India]
* [https://incredibleindia.org/ Official India Tourism website]

{{Tourism in India|state=expanded}}
{{Tourism in Asia}}

[[Category:Tourism in India by state or union territory]]

Violence against Indians in Australia controversy

2026-05-06T22:36:55Z

AhGaeza: made bio

{{Short description|Controversy in Australia}}
{{See also|Anti-Indian sentiment|Persecution of Hindus|Anti-Hindu sentiment}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[Image:Indian students protest and blocked off Swanston Street and Flinders Street , Melbourne.jpg|300px|thumb|Indian students protesting on 31 May 2009, in Melbourne, blocking Swanston and Flinders Streets]]

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the media of India, and Australia, mostly in [[Melbourne]], and [[Sydney]], publicised reports of crimes and robberies against [[Indians in Australia]] that were described as [[Hate crime|racially motivated]].

Rallies were organised in Melbourne and [[Sydney]], and intense media coverage of the perceived hate crimes commenced in India, which were mostly critical of Australian and [[Victoria Police|Victorian Police]]. The [[Australian government]] initially called for calm as it began an investigation into the crimes. In June 2009, the Victoria Police Chief Commissioner, [[Simon Overland]], stated that some of the crimes were racist in nature, and others were opportunistic.<ref name="Perry2009-06-01">{{cite news | last = Perry | first = Michael | date = 1 June 2009 | title = Australian PM condemns attacks on Indian students | work = [[Reuters]]| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSYD134541 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160128071501/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSYD134541 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 January 2016 | access-date = 11 November 2010 }}</ref> A subsequent Indian Government investigation concluded that, of 152 reported assaults against Indian students in Australia that year, 23 involved racial overtones.<ref name="Indian_Express">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|title=Only 23 of 152 Oz attacks racist, Ministry tells LS|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/only-23-of-152-oz-attacks-racist-ministry-tells-ls/584247/|access-date=25 February 2010}}</ref>

==Background==
Indian students were at the time the second largest group of international students studying at a tertiary level in Australia. From 2004 to 2009, the number of Indians studying in Australia rose from 30,000 to 97,000 with 45,000 of these living in Melbourne, 32,000 in [[Adelaide]] and the remainder shared between Sydney, [[Brisbane]] and [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]].<ref name="Verghese">{{cite news|last=Verghese|first=Eapen|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/opinion/columns/world/10321951.html|title=Are Melbourne attacks racist, or simply criminal?|date=11 June 2009|access-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616112257/http://www.gulfnews.com/opinion/columns/world/10321951.html|archive-date=16 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Anderson">{{cite news | last = Anderson | first = Laini |newspaper = [[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|Sunday Mail]]| title = Thugs can cost us all dearly| date=14 June 2009 | page = 25 }}</ref><ref name="effig">{{cite news|author1=Hodge, A |author2=Karvelas, P |name-list-style=amp |publisher=[[The Australian]] (PDA edition)|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/wireless/story/0,22282,2702-25573550,00.html|title=Hindu extremists burn Rudd effigies|date=2 June 2009|access-date=11 June 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="chauh">
{{cite news
| last = Chauhan
| first = Swaraaj
| title = India Protests: Attacks on Students Down Under
| publisher = The Moderate Voice
| date = 30 May 2009
| url = http://themoderatevoice.com/33677/india-protests-attacks-on-students-down-under/
| access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107071930/http://themoderatevoice.com/33677/india-protests-attacks-on-students-down-under/|archive-date=7 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>According to a 2009 government survey, 70% of foreign students want permanent Australian residency. To qualify for residency, International graduates must be offered a job that uses their degree. In 2009 the percentage of International students granted residency was, NSW:41%, Victoria:37% and SA:5% (South Australia has a larger number of domestic graduates seeking work compared to other states). South Australia is the only state that has a program to help students find employment. —Source:[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] 19 September 2009 Page 5.</ref> Eapen Verghese stated in an opinion piece that the cost of living in Australian cities has made it necessary for many of these students to live in cheaper and more distant suburbs, where there is an increased risk of encountering violent crime.<ref name="Verghese"/> Others have indicated that Indian students face discrimination and exploitation in housing and jobs.<ref>Johnston C ''[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/citys-new-underclass-forced-to-suffer-in-silence/2007/05/18/1178995413741.html?page=fullpage City's new underclass forced to suffer in silence]'' The Age, Melbourne, 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 6 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071109180156/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/citys-new-underclass-forced-to-suffer-in-silence/2007/05/18/1178995413741.html?page=fullpage Archived] 8 September 2009.</ref>

In 2007–2008, international education contributed {{A$|13.7}} billion to the Australian economy, measured through all categories of export earnings, including tuition fees, living expenses and tourism associated with visits from relatives.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics, cited at [http://www.idp.com/research/statistics/education_export_statistics.aspx Education Export Statistics: The value of international education to Australia] by IDP Education Pty Ltd. Retrieved 6 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080722065824/http://www.idp.com/research/statistics/education_export_statistics.aspx Archived] 8 September 2009.</ref><ref>Dutta S ''[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Australia-attacks-may-push-education-profit-line-Down-Under/471421 Australia attacks may push education profit line Down Under]'' Indian Express, 5 June 2009</ref>

==Australian Visits by Indian Politicians==

[[Revanth Reddy]] and [[Nama Nageswara Rao]] were the first major Indian politicians to visit [[Melbourne]], Australia to meet with International students from India during that time period.

[[Sriprakash Jaiswal]], [[S. M. Krishna]], and various other Indian politicians also later visited Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India during the same time period.

===Visit by Revanth Reddy and Nama Nageswara Rao===
In June 2009, when Indian students were being attacked in Australia, then [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam]] leaders [[Revanth Reddy]] and [[Nama Nageswara Rao]] had visited Melbourne, Australia to meet with International students from India. Revanth Reddy and [[Nama Nageswara Rao]] had visited hospitals, and travelled in trains and public transport in [[Melbourne]] to meet victims, and interact with Indian students in Australia, to get a better understanding of the situation.

Revanth Reddy and [[Nama Nageswara Rao]] and had also visited the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]], and had meetings with then Victorian opposition leader [[Ted Baillieu]], and Ministerial Adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta to raise concerns about Indian students being attacked in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2023/12/06/when-new-telangana-cm-revanth-reddy-had-visited-australia/ |title=When Reddy visited Melbourne |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=6 Dec 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-06-21 |title=Racism not motive behind attacks on Indians in Australia: TDP |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/racism-not-motive-behind-attacks-on-indians-in-australia-tdp/articleshow/4684577.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-06 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[Nama Nageswara Rao]] held a press conference on his return to [[India]]. He stated that he had interviewed many of the victims, and the attacks did not appear to be motivated by racism. He also noted that many of the perpetrators were immigrants from ethnic minorities, such as "Afghans, Lebanese and other nationals who settled in Australia".<ref>{{cite news|title=Racism not motive behind attacks, ''The Economic Times''|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Racism-not-motive-behind-attacks-on-Indians-in-Australia-TDP/articleshow/4684577.cms|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810225035/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Racism-not-motive-behind-attacks-on-Indians-in-Australia-TDP/articleshow/4684577.cms|archive-date=10 August 2016|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2009|date=21 June 2009}}</ref>

==Indian visits by Australian Politicians==

===Visit by Ted Baillieu===
In July 2009, then Victorian Opposition Leader [[Ted Baillieu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/09/03/from-psos-to-work-from-home-the-policies-that-shaped-victorias-elections/|title= From PSOs to WFH |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=3 Sep 2025 }}</ref> along with Ministerial Adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta had visited [[India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/07/10/work-the-48-months-or-lose-the-vote/|title=Work 48 months |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=10 July 2025 }}</ref> and had met with various politicians/prominent personalities in India like [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]], [[Rajeev Shukla]], [[Revanth Reddy]], [[Nama Nageswara Rao]], and various others, during the time when there were stories in Indian media about attacks on Indian students in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/02/17/can-brad-battin-win-over-victorias-indian-community/|title=Can Battin win over Indian community |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=17 Feb 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/10/08/brad-battin-needs-to-cover-a-few-more-yards/|title=Brad needs to cover few more yards |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=8 Oct 2025 }}</ref>

===Visit by Michael Danby===
In July 2009 [[Michael Danby]] heading a six-member Australian parliamentarian delegation to India said, "We are joining the Premier of Victoria in a march to express the views of the overwhelming majority of Australians condemning these attacks."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/australia-to-hold-harmony-march-in-solidarity-with-indian-students_100213197.html#ixzz0iW51TKG8 |title=Australia to hold 'Harmony March' in solidarity with Indian students |author=ANI |work=Thaindian News |date=4 July 2009 |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322074834/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/australia-to-hold-harmony-march-in-solidarity-with-indian-students_100213197.html#ixzz0iW51TKG8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Harmony Day March Occurred on 12 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/803/41331 |author1=Chris Peterson |author2=Sue Bolton |name-list-style=amp |title=Censorship mars Harmony Day march |newspaper=Green Left Weekly |date=19 July 2009 |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920190901/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/803/41331 |archive-date=20 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/09/07/call-grows-for-bipartisan-harmony-walk-after-indian-community-targeted/|title=Calls grow for Harmony Walk |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=7 Sep 2025 }}</ref>

===Visit by John Brumby===
In September 2009, Victorian Premier [[John Brumby]] visited India and tried to "repair Australia's reputation" as fewer Indian students are applying for Australian visas.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/national/indian-student-visa-requests-decline-20090918-fvf5.html Indian student visa requests decline], Dan Harrison. Retrieved 20 September 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923010957/http://www.theage.com.au/national/indian-student-visa-requests-decline-20090918-fvf5.html Archived] 26 September 2009.</ref>

== IPL ==
Indian politician [[Bal Thackeray]] in response to attacks on Indian students in Australia had threatened to stop [[Australia]]n cricketers from being a part of the 2010 edition of [[Indian Premier League]].

On suggestion of Victorian politician [[Ted Baillieu]], Ministerial Adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta had a phone call with Mr. Thackeray, and requested to withdraw the proposal to ban [[Australia]]n players from the IPL. Nitin is understood to have suggested in the phone call that move to ban Australian players might cause some harm to the efforts of resolving situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2026/01/31/how-jess-wilson-might-engage-victorias-indian-community/|title= How Jess would engage Indian community |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=31 Jan 2026 }}</ref> Surprisingly Mr. Thackeray accepted Nitin's request, and withdrew his decision to stop Australians from being a part of IPL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/10/25/inside-the-media-playbook-that-helped-the-liberals-win-in-2010/|title= Libs Media Playbook for 2010 |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=25 Feb 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/thackeray-withdraws-threat-to-aussies-participation-in-ipl-3/story-yOcOzEdrPmdc8MAZoSvNfP.html |title=Thackeray withdraws threat to Aussies participation in IPL 3 |website=hindustantimes.com |date=2010-02-17 |access-date=2024-06-22}}</ref>

== Bollywood reaction ==

=== Victorian Bollywood Policy ===

In Oct 2006, the Victorian Opposition leader [[Ted Baillieu]] had released a '''Bollywood Policy''' that was drafted by Ministerial Adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2026/02/07/why-september-trips-fall-flat-and-how-victorias-bollywood-policy-was-born/|title= How Victoria's Bollywood Policy was born |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=7 Feb 2026 }}</ref> The policy included the original idea by Nitin Gupta of creating the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2019/02/13/building-bridges/|title= Building Bridges |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=13 Feb 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2019/12/20/getting-nba-audiences-dance-bollywood-tune-bala-bala/|title= NBA Bala Bala |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=20 Dec 2019 }}</ref>

The policy was drafted in 2006, amended in 2009, and funded and re-amended in October 2010, to include concerns regarding attack on Indian students in [[Australia]]. After [[Ted Baillieu]] came into power, the tender process was started in 2011, the tender winner was announced in Feb 2012, and the first funded edition of [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] was delivered in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2022/01/10/call-to-involve-indian-expats-on-australias-indian-engagement-strategy/|title= Engaging with Indian Expats in US |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=10 Dec 2022 }}</ref>

=== Bollywood reaction ===
[[Bollywood]]'s largest labour union declared that its members would refuse to work in Australia until attacks on Indian students there are stopped.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090612043106/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hMMNoM2AFHzZfMmqqlWlSYm2DYng Bollywood union boycotts Australia over attacks]</ref> Dinesh Chaturvedi, the general secretary of the Federation of Western India Cine Employees Association, has declared that their associates have been instructed not to shoot films in Australia as "the situation is not normal over there".<ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/04/slide-show-1-bollywood-says-no-to-australia.htm Bollywood says NO to Australia], [[Rediff.com]]</ref>

In response to the issue, [[Bollywood]] star [[Amitabh Bachchan]] turned down an honorary doctorate from the [[Queensland University of Technology]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1260793 |title=Racial attacks in Australia 'most disturbing': Aamir Khan |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |author=PTI |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>

==Detailed Chronology==
=== 2007–2008 crime statistics ===
There were 120,913 Indian students enrolled to undertake an Australian qualification in 2009.<ref name="india.embassy.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.india.embassy.gov.au/ndli/study.html |title=Study in Australia – Australian High Commission |publisher=India.embassy.gov.au |access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref> In the year 2007–2008, 1,447 Indians had been victims of crime including assaults and robberies in the state of Victoria in Australia. However, the statistics reportedly show that Indians were not over represented in assaults.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lauren Wilson |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/simon-overland-admits-indians-are-targeted-in-attacks/story-e6frg6nf-1225821804456 |title=Simon Overland admits Indians are targeted in attacks |newspaper=The Australian |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> In either case, the Victorian police refused to release the data for public scrutiny, the stated reason being that it was "problematic: as well as 'subjective and open to interpretation'".<ref name="Sushi Das">{{cite news| author=Sushi Das |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-politics-of-violence-20100212-nxks.html?skin=text-only|title=The politics of violence|publisher=The Age, Melbourne |date=13 February 2010|access-date=15 October 2010}}</ref>

===April 2008 Indian taxi driver protest===
On 29 April 2008, in Melbourne an estimated five hundred Indian taxi drivers protested at [[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street station]] with a sit-in protest following the stabbing of a taxi driver.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stephen Lunn |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/cabbies-drive-home-jobs-drawbacks/story-e6frg71o-1111116243926 |title=Cabbies drive home job's drawbacks |newspaper=The Australian |date=5 May 2008 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> A similar protest was held on 19 May 2008 in Adelaide, where about fifty taxi drivers protested after an assault on an Indian taxi driver.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/taxi-drivers-protest-bashing-of-indian-cabbie-in-adelaide_10050257.html |title=Taxi drivers protest bashing of Indian cabbie in Adelaide |date=19 May 2008 |author=Neena Bhandari |work=Thaindian News |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501075701/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/taxi-drivers-protest-bashing-of-indian-cabbie-in-adelaide_10050257.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Victorian Government brought in mandatory safety shields later that year, but this was met with protests because of the costs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110235847/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/17/2449284.htm?site=news Govt stands firm on taxi safety shields] 17 Dec 2008, ABC News</ref>

===May 2009 Indian student protests===
After incidents in May 2009{{clarify|date=February 2024}}, over 4,000 Indian students staged a protest opposite [[Federation Square]] in Melbourne on 31 May 2009, saying attacks on Indian students were motivated by racism and were not being sufficiently addressed by the Australian Government.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Racial-attacks-Indians-hold-rally-in-Australia/articleshow/4599752.cms Thousands rally against racism in Melbourne – Times of India]</ref> One report said "Along with more police protection, the students also want a multicultural police section, and on-site accommodation for Indian students at all universities and colleges". 18 protesters were detained.<ref>Brown, Rachel [http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2008/s2585932.htm Indian students protest over race attacks] ABC Radio "The World Today" 1 June 2009</ref>

On 31 May 2009, In Melbourne India's High Commissioner, Sujatha Singh, met with Victorian State Premier [[John Brumby]] to express her government's concerns over the violence.<ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Australians-protest-over-racial-violence.5319536.jp Australians protest over racial violence]</ref>
On 1 June 2009, Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] phoned Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] to express his concerns.<ref>[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2009/jun2009/stud-j02.shtml Australia: Indian university students protest racist attacks]</ref>

On 1 June 2009, in [[New Delhi]], roughly 100 people including members of the Indian political party [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and student protesters held a demonstration outside the Australian High Commission in New Delhi, where effigies of Kevin Rudd were burnt. Shiv Sena MP [[Manohar Joshi]] warned that Australians living or travelling in India could face revenge attacks if Indians living in Australia continued to be attacked.<ref>{{cite news|first=Amanda and Karvelas, Patricia |last=Hodge |work=[[news.com.au]]|title=Indian protesters burn Rudd effigies outside embassy |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/indian-protesters-burn-rudd-effigies-outside-embassy/story-e6frfkvr-1225720055419 |access-date=28 January 2010 |date=2 June 2009 }}</ref> On the same day Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd expressed regret for the attacks and declared that the perpetrators would be brought to justice. He did not state whether he considers the attacks to be racially motivated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.littleabout.com/news/15895,rudd-indian-student-attackers-brought.html |title=Rudd says Indian student attackers will be brought to justice |access-date=6 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128071500/http://www.littleabout.com/news/15895,rudd-indian-student-attackers-brought.html |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The left-wing [[All India Students Federation]] conducted a candle march at the [[India Gate]], and demanded "stringent action against those behind the brutal attacks on the innocent students".<ref name="left_center_reaction">[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906032128.htm AISF takes out candle march to protest racial attacks in Oz], [[The Hindu]]. Retrieved 6 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104092107/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906032128.htm Archived] 8 September 2009.</ref>

In June 2009, Indian student organisations called on the Indian government to declare Australia an "unsafe destination for Indian students".,<ref>{{cite news|title=Australians protest over racial violence|url=http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Australians-protest-over-racial-violence.5319536.jp |access-date=7 June 2009|location=Edinburgh|work=The Scotsman|date=31 May 2009}}</ref> the [[National Students Union of India]] met the Minister of State of External Affairs, [[Shashi Tharoor]] and demanded that the centre should prevail upon the Australian government to ensure that such incidents do not occur again<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonyvellayani.com/2009/07/insightful-tweets-of-shashi-tharoor-in.html |title=Insightful Tweets of Shashi Tharoor in Twitter |publisher=Blogger |author=Brijesh Nair |date=6 July 2009 |access-date=4 April 2010 |work=Scaling New Heights: My Thoughts about India and Kerala }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2010}} and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] political party, said it would consider an Australian boycott over the bashings if authorities did not do more to protect Hindus in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Hodge, Amanda |author2=Dodd, Mark |name-list-style=amp |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |title=Consumer boycott threat over attacks on Indians |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25579620-5013871,00.html |access-date=4 April 2010 |date=3 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606220053/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25579620-5013871,00.html |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 7 to 10 June 2009, rallies in the [[Sydney CBD]] and at [[Harris Park, New South Wales|Harris Park]], were attended by hundreds of Indians and supporters. The rally started at [[Sydney Town Hall]] and marched to [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]]. Some attending the rally specifically mentioned Harris Park (a Sydney suburb where 20% of the population is Indian), as an area where Indians were frequently assaulted, and called on police to do more to make that suburb safe.<ref>{{cite news|first=Vincent |last=Morello|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|title=Indian student rally calls for equality |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/indian-student-rally-calls-for-equality-20090607-bzpp.html |access-date=11 June 2009|date=7 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608071822/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/indian-student-rally-calls-for-equality-20090607-bzpp.html|archive-date=8 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The students said they were considered "soft targets".<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Mark|publisher=[[PM (ABC Radio)]]|title=Indian students to retaliate against assault |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2593461.htm |access-date=9 June 2009|date=9 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612031255/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2593461.htm|archive-date=12 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Indian protestors were reported to be carrying hockey sticks and baseball bats. According to police, the protest was sparked by an attack on Indians earlier in the evening allegedly by Lebanese men.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indians-in-Australia-say-Lebanese-youths-behind-attacks/articleshow/4646950.cms|title=Indians in Australia say Lebanese youths behind attacks|date=12 June 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 June 2009}}</ref> In retaliation the protesters attacked three uninvolved Lebanese men, who sustained minor injuries.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|title=Indian students stage violent protest over attacks in Australia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/5486102/Indian-students-stage-violent-protest-over-attacks-in-Australia.html|newspaper=The Telegraph| location=London | first=Bonnie | last=Malkin | date=9 June 2009 | access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> This was believed to be the first violent reaction by Indian students against attacks on them.<ref name=google_june8/> A police dog squad was called in to control the crowd.<ref name=telegraph/>

On 9 June 2009, Indian Prime Minister, addressing the Indian Parliament said that "he was 'appalled' by the senseless violence and crime, some of which are racist in nature,"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054711/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/PM-appalled-at-attacks-on-Indian-students-in-Australia/Article1-419564.aspx PM 'appalled' at attacks on Indian students in Australia] [[Hindustan Times]], 9 June 2009.</ref>

===January 2010 murders and protests===
The murders of 25-year-old fruit picker Ranjodh Singh on 29 December 2009 in [[Griffith, New South Wales]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/killing-reveals-another-kind-of-race-problem-20100107-lwu9.html |title=Killing reveals another kind of race problem |author=Nick O'Malley |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=8 January 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> and 21-year-old student Nitin Garg on 3 January 2010 in Melbourne<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/student-assaults-teach-some-harsh-lessons-about-racism-20100104-lq1i.html |title=Student assaults teach some harsh lessons about racism |author=Gerard Henderson |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=5 January 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> resulted in a protest in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|first=Toni |last=O'Loughlin |work=[[guardian.co.uk]]|title=Indian man's burnt remains found on rural Australian road |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/06/indian-student-australia-melbourne |access-date=28 January 2010 |date=6 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Three Indian nationals were put on trial for the murder of Singh in April 2011, with police alleging that the murder related to a pay dispute.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/three-to-stand-trial-over-fruit-pickers-death-20110417-1djuh.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Three to stand trial over fruit picker's death | date=18 April 2011}}</ref> Garg was stabbed by a 15-year-old male during a robbery in a city park.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/20/3196580.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423155104/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/20/3196580.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2011 |title=Teen pleads guilty to Indian student's murder – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref>

On 5 January 2010, a cartoon depicting the Victoria Police as a [[Ku Klux Klan]] member was published in the New Delhi [[Mail Today]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Lillebuen |first=Steve |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/police-smeared-in-indian-newspaper-as-ku-klux-klan/story-e6frfkvr-1225817199443 |title=Indian 'Ku Klux Klan' cartoon deeply offensive, says Julia Gillard |publisher=News Limited |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> This was condemned by Acting Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] who described it as "deeply offensive".
In January 2010 the Indian Government issued a travel advisory for Indians in Melbourne, warning of the increasing crime rate "often accompanied by verbal abuse and fueled by drugs and alcohol". However, [[Simon Crean]], the acting Foreign Minister, urged Indian leaders to "avoid fuelling hysteria" and stated that Melbourne was a safe place to visit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8442763.stm|title=Australia downplays India student warning|date=6 January 2010|access-date=11 January 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref>

On 9 January, Indian national Jaspreet Singh made false reports to Victorian Police alleging he was doused in fuel and set on fire in a racially motivated attack in Melbourne. Singh pleaded guilty in May 2010 to criminal damage with intent to gain through arson, attempting to obtain property by deception and making a false report to police. Singh was handed an 8-month suspended sentence.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indian-who-faked-racial-attack-in-oz-gets-light-sentence-416923 Indian who faked racial attack in Oz gets light sentence]</ref>

On 26 January 2010, the Australian Prime Minister's nephew [[Van Thanh Rudd]] and Sam King,<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/26/2010-01-26_prime_ministers_nephew_van_thanh_rudd_in_ku_klux_klan_protest_flap_at_australian.html NY Daily News – article]</ref> both of the Revolutionary Socialist Party, dressed up as members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], protesting against the allegedly racist violence against Indians during the [[Australian Open]] tennis tournament in Melbourne, with the signs "Racism – Made in Australia" on the front of their dresses.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/pms-nephew-marks-invasion-day-with-antiracism-protest-20100126-mvot.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=PM's nephew marks 'Invasion Day' with anti-racism protest | first=Selma | last=Milovanovic | date=26 January 2010}}</ref> The protest took place in front of [[Melbourne Park]] and both reportedly fined for "inciting a riot".<ref name="smh.com.au"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/26/2801852.htm?site=local |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110184122/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/26/2801852.htm?site=local |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |title=Rudd's nephew fined for 'inciting riot' – ABC Local – Australian Broadcasting Corporation |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2010-01-26 |access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref>

On 24 February 2010, the Vindaloo against Violence protest saw 17,000 protesters at over 400 restaurants, workplaces, schools and universities "reached out to the Indian community, and all our immigrant communities, to let them know that they are not indifferent to violence and that they are welcome and entitled to feel safe here. showed the government and law enforcement that we feel seriously about this issue and want to understand why this violence is happening and what is being done to diffuse it. The official participation of Victoria Police and Premier Brumby in the day's action illustrates that this message has been received."<ref>{{cite web |author=Mia Northrop |url=http://vindalooagainstviolence.wordpress.com/ |title=Vindaloo Against Violence |publisher=wordpress.com |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326134853/http://vindalooagainstviolence.wordpress.com/ |archive-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2010}}

===November 2010 stabbing===
Another student was stabbed in the bowel on 5 November 2010 in Melbourne. He required emergency surgery in the hospital with 26 stitches. Police reported that they believed the attack to have been random, rather than racially motivated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/indian-student-recalls-stabbing-horror-in-australia-news-international-kl3nkqehjaj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202050349/http://sify.com/news/indian-student-recalls-stabbing-horror-in-australia-news-international-kl3nkqehjaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2010 |title=Indian student recalls stabbing horror in Australia |author=IANS |website=Sify News |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=18 December 2010 |location=Melbourne}}</ref>

==Other Reactions ==
=== Media coverage ===
Some Indian community leaders in Australia said Indian media has blown the issue out of proportion, and that their coverage could overcast the real issues faced by students.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Indians-in-Oz-blame-media-for-blowing-issue-out-of-proportion/articleshow/4609234.cms Indians in Oz blame media for blowing issue out of proportion]</ref>

The Indian media's coverage has been likened to hysteria by the Australian media.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/aussie-indians-fear-backlash-as-homeland-hysteria-grows-over-student-assaults/story-e6frg6nf-1225720691817 Aussie Indians fear backlash as homeland hysteria grows over student assaults] 'The Australian'</ref> Australia's Immigration Minister, Chris Evans, said "There's been a lot of concern inside India and there's been, I think, some fairly hysterical reporting of what's occurred."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090721002230/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25804450-2702,00.html Evans off to India to calm "hysteria"] The Australian {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[The Herald Sun]]'s conservative right wing columnist, [[Andrew Bolt]], described the events as a "[[circus]]",<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/opinion/we-are-not-a-redneck-mob/story-e6frfhqf-1225826889695 {{dead link|date=September 2021}}</ref> whilst another said that Indian TV networks ignored the higher murder rate in India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/indian-tvs-unsound-fury-20100106-lu8y.html | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | first=Tim | last=Colebatch | title=Indian TV's unsound fury | date=7 January 2010}}</ref> The [[John Brumby|Victorian Premier]] said the Indian media's coverage of the incidents was "unbalanced" and emphasised that two Indian nationals were charged with the murder of Jaspreet Singh.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/brumby-slams-indian-government-and-media-20100203-ncs3.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Brumby slams Indian government and media | date=3 February 2010}}</ref> An editorial by [[Radio Australia]] on the crimes used the words "[[media circus]]" in its headline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.radioaustralia.net.au/today/an-indian-boy-and-a-media-circus |title=Radio | ABC Radio Australia |publisher=Radio | ABC Radio Australia |date=2014-01-08 |access-date=2014-01-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708090740/http://blogs.radioaustralia.net.au/today/an-indian-boy-and-a-media-circus |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 8 February 2010, the weekly Indian newsmagazine [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] published a 10-page cover story on the attacks called "Why the Aussies Hate Us",<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/issues.aspx Outlook India – archives]</ref> in which [[Vinod Mehta]], the [[editor in chief]] wrote that the Indian Media were not overreacting in their coverage of the violence, and accused the Australian authorities of displaying a "smug and superior attitude". He expressed admiration for Australia but criticised the Australian responses.<ref name="Wade2010-02-01">{{cite news | last = Wade | first = Matt | date = 1 February 2010 | title = Anatomy of hate as magazine unleashes anti-Australian rage | work = [[Brisbane Times]] | location = Brisbane, Australia | url = http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/anatomy-of-hate-as-magazine-unleashes-antiaustralian-rage-20100131-n6n4.html | access-date = 2 February 2010 }}</ref>

Some in the Indian media have accused the Australian authorities of being [[denialist]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Race horror: Assailants walk free|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Race-horror-Assailants-walk-free/articleshow/4327566.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226092139/http://www.timesnow.tv/Race-horror-Assailants-walk-free/articleshow/4327566.cms|archive-date=26 February 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref>

There were also concerns that reports of an Indian journalist being attacked in Australia, cited by several Indian newspapers as an example of the "ongoing attacks," did not mention that her assailant was Indian.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-expresses-serious-concern-over-attacks-seeks-report/494714/ |title=India expresses 'serious concern' over attacks; seeks report |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 July 2009 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Penberthy |first=David |url=http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/now-even-indians-are-attacking-indians/ |title=Now even Indians are attacking Indians |newspaper=The Punch |date=28 July 2009 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>

In an attempt to repair the relationship, some Indian journalists were invited to visit Australia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archive/news/indian-journos-paid-to-see-were-not-racist/story-e6frf7l6-1225833204470 |title=Indian journos paid to see we're not racist |newspaper=Herald Sun |date=23 February 2010 |access-date=2014-01-12 |author=Mark Dunn}}</ref>

In 2010, investigative reporter Andrew Marantz from [[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] magazine, gained employment selling [[mobile phone]] call plans with the [[Delhi Call Centre]] in order to investigate Indian perception of Australians following media reports of Indians facing racism in Australia. Marantz's training included a three-week course on Australian culture and "how to act Australian". During the course topic "dissecting the Australian psych", employees were told that Australia was known as "the dumbest continent on Earth" where college was "literally" unknown. Australians were technologically backward with the average person using mobile phones no better than the [[Nokia 3110 classic]], were racist and that the best time to call was Friday nights as all Australians "drink constantly" and would likely be "[[Alcohol intoxication|smashed]]". In an interview on U.S. radio, Marantz stated he was shocked at the extent of Indian stereotyping of Australians.<ref>Brendan Hills ''Dumb Racist Drinkers...what Indian call centre staff are told about Australians'' [[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] 24 July 2011 p. 11</ref>

=== Allegations of racism ===
A report about attacks on Indians in Australia was submitted to the Indian Parliament by the Overseas Indian Ministry, early 2010. According to this report, of the 152 attacks that the Indian consulate was aware of, 23 had "racial overtones", i.e., were accompanied by racial abuse, or "anti-Indian remarks". The majority were found to be either thefts, or robberies, or results of verbal disputes.<ref name="Indian_Express"/><ref>[http://www.aol.com.au/news/story/Indian-students-targeted--in-bashings/2089321/index.html Indian students targeted in bashings] AOL 29 May 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708030923/http://www.aol.com.au/news/story/Indian-students-targeted--in-bashings/2089321/index.html Archived copy] at [[WebCite]] (8 September 2009).</ref><ref>Ramachandran ''[http://www.smh.com.au/national/coverage-of-indian-student-assaults-irresponsible-20090602-btxb.html Coverage of Indian student assaults 'irresponsible']''Sydney Morning Herald 2 June 2009</ref> Others have objected to labeling Australia as racist based on the actions of a few.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Swapan-Dasgupta-Dont-tar-all-of-Australia-as-racist/articleshow/4625971.cms Don't tar all of Australia as racist, ''The Times of India'']</ref>

[[Sitaram Yechury]], a member of parliament representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], wrote that both sides of the debate have points. Economic crises and downfalls often cause rising [[fascism]] and [[racism]] against minorities, such as the rise of [[Nazi Germany]], the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great American Depression]], as well as economic downturns in India itself resulting in racist-like violence between various ethnic groups and ultra-nationalist parties in the country. Yechury says that the [[racism]] directed against Indians in Australia can be explained in this broader context.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054731/http://www.hindustantimes.com/This-way-lies-disaster/H1-Article1-417563.aspx This way lies disaster]</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Indians-in-Oz-blame-media-for-blowing-issue-out-of-proportion/articleshow/4609234.cms India Times]</ref>

Sydney students interviewed by [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]'s [[AM (ABC Radio)|AM]] programme stated that their attackers were members of several ethnic groups, and while they said there was a "racial element" they also saw the attacks as opportunistic.<ref>{{cite news|last=Edwards|first=Michael|publisher=[[AM (ABC Radio)]]|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/03/2587766.htm|title=Indian students describe Sydney attacks|date=3 June 2009|access-date=8 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611145612/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/06/03/2587766.htm|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The attackers have been described as being [[white people|white]],<ref name=brutal/> [[Africa]]n,<ref name="Bolt2009-06-03">{{cite news | last = Bolt | first = Andrew | date = 3 June 2009 | title = We're not the racists | work = [[Herald Sun]] | location = Melbourne, Australia | url = http://www.heraldsun.com.au/opinion/were-not-the-racists/story-e6frfifo-1225720517445 | access-date = 14 March 2010 }}</ref> [[Asian people|Asian]],<ref name=brutal/> [[Middle East]]ern,<ref name=google_june8>[https://archive.today/20130125095041/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpSw8zTGhtsbthCV20Ba-xnrd2jQ Indians protest in Sydney after new attack: police]</ref><ref name=brutal/><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian students rally over Sydney attack|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=9 June 2009 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2009/s2592714.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612023324/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2009/s2592714.htm|archive-date=12 June 2009|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginal]],<ref name=brutal/> and [[Pacific Islander]].<ref name=brutal>{{cite news|title=Brutal truth about attacks|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/brutal-truth-about-attacks-20090610-c2dm.html|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612035356/http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/brutal-truth-about-attacks-20090610-c2dm.html|archive-date=12 June 2009|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2009 | first=Paul | last=Sheehan | date=10 June 2009}}</ref>

''Herald Sun'' columnist [[Andrew Bolt]] criticised the automatic labelling of Australia as a racist country as unfair, noting comments from foreign victims of crime that their attackers were foreigners themselves.<ref name="Bolt2009-06-03"/> On 28 January 2010 two Indian nationals were arrested for the murder of Ranjodh Singh on 29 December 2009.<ref>{{cite news|first=Byron |last=Kaye |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=Married couple charged with Indian man's murder |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/husband-and-wife-arrested-over-murder-of-indian-national-at-griffith/story-e6freuy9-1225824327837 |access-date=28 January 2010 |date=28 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jodie |last=Minus |newspaper=[[The Australian]]|title=Fellow Indians held over murder of Ranjodh Singh |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/fellow-indians-held-over-murder-of-ranjodh-singh/story-e6frg6nf-1225824477004 |access-date=29 January 2010 |date=29 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Natasha and Aaron Findlay |last=Robinson |newspaper=[[The Australian]]|title=Indian media ignore killing |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/indian-media-ignore-killing/story-e6frg6nf-1225824866540 |access-date=30 January 2010 |date=30 January 2010 }}</ref> People from a range of different ethnic backgrounds perpetrated these assaults and investigations revealed that at least two of the later attacks were perpetrated by Indians.<ref name="aus410">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/editor-persists-with-claims-of-australian-racism/story-e6frg6nf-1225826526882|title=Editor persists with claims of Australian racism|date=4 February 2010|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|author=Amanda Hodge|access-date=14 February 2010}}</ref>

In October 2010 a number of Victorian police officers were dismissed or otherwise disciplined after sending around emails with a video of an Indian train passenger being electrocuted with distasteful commentary referring to the Indian student affair.<ref>[http://www.theindiadaily.com/racist-scandal-in-australia-cops-joke-about-indians/ ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608023214/http://www.theindiadaily.com/racist-scandal-in-australia-cops-joke-about-indians/ |date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Statistics controversy==
An Australian study into the statistics of these attacks concludes that "In the light of poor criminological evidence and a plethora of evocative images, the global media has propagated and fostered claims about crimes and racism related to that are well outside the evidence.".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.proceedings.com.au/isana/docs/2009/paper_Spolc.pdf |title=Indian students in Australia: victims of crime, racism or the media? |author=Spolc, Peter |author2=Lee, Dr Murray |year=2009 |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419223539/http://www.proceedings.com.au/isana/docs/2009/paper_Spolc.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A report was submitted to the Indian Parliament by the Overseas Indian Ministry, early 2010. According to this report, of the 152 attacks that the Indian consulate was aware of, 23 had "racial overtones", i.e., were accompanied by racial abuse, or "anti-Indian remarks". The majority were found to be either thefts, or robberies, or results of verbal disputes.<ref name="Indian_Express"/>

The [[NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research]] states there has been no recorded increase in assault crimes in Harris Park in the past two years. A member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Council|NSW upper house]], [[Gordon Moyes]], cited changing victim demographics for the suburb, "''What has happened over the last few years is that a number of Indian students, attracted by fairly cheap accommodation, have come into the area, the target – always the soft targets – moved from elderly people walking on the street to Indian students with laptops.''<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/national/harris-park-violence-going-on-for-years-20090610-c2z0.html?page=1 Harris Park violence 'going on for years'] [[Sydney Morning Herald]] 10 June 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090616231722/http://www.smh.com.au/national/harris-park-violence-going-on-for-years-20090610-c2z0.html?page=1 Archived] 8 September 2009.</ref>

New South Wales Police have stated that Indians are not over represented in Australian crime statistics.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Student protests threaten Australian reputation
| work = Lateline
| publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2008/s2594905.htm
| access-date = 12 June 2009}}; ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 8 June 2009</ref>

This view was supported by Sydney-based United India Association president Dr Prabhat Sinha, who took the view that the attacks were not necessarily racially motivated. He said: "They become soft targets by groups of four to six drug users, for example, who just want cash."<ref name="bhand">Bhandari N ''[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1063349 Indian students in Australia attacked]'' DNA, Mumbai, 10 November 2006</ref>

The Victorian State Premier, John Brumby, has stated that internal police statistics show that Indians are not over represented in assaults. However, according to the Police Commissioner, Simon Overland, people belonging to a broad statistical category of "South Asian appearance" (which includes Indians) are over represented in robberies. In either case, the Victorian police refuse to release these statistics to public scrutiny, the stated reason being that they are "problematic: as well as 'subjective and open to interpretation'".<ref name="Sushi Das"/>

Newspaper columnist [[Greg Sheridan]] said that Victorian Premier John Brumby was in "indolent denialism" regarding these incidents by saying that "Assaults on Indian students are under-represented as a population share."<ref name="Sheridan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25583278-7583,00.html |title=Blind to Racism, ''The Australian'' |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606220132/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25583278-7583,00.html |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Sheridan, the Victorian Police had initially denied gathering statistics on crime by ethnicity, then reversed that and said they did collate such statistics, but said that they were unreliable.<ref>{{cite news|author=Greg Sheridan |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/brumby-must-take-the-blame-for-anti-australian-backlash/story-e6frg6zo-1225827256803 |title=Brumby must take the blame for anti-Australian backlash |newspaper=The Australian |date=6 February 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> Sheridan was concerned that there was also systematic under-reporting of all crime in Victoria as claimed in the [[Victorian Ombudsman]] report "Crime Statistics and Police Numbers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ombudsman.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Crime_statistics_and_police_numbers_report.pdf |title=Crime statistics and police numbers |publisher=Government of Victoria |date=March 2009 |via=Ombudsman Victoria |author=G.E. Brouwer |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026080733/http://www.ombudsman.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Crime_statistics_and_police_numbers_report.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Educational, policing and safety issues===
An editorial in the ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'' suggested that education institutions should take more consideration of safeguarding student safety, and other factors including inadequate policing numbers and liquor licensing should be addressed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian attacks risking billions|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/06/08/76721_opinion.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616083218/http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/06/08/76721_opinion.html|archive-date=16 June 2009|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2009}}</ref>

The Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs said it would conduct a national quality crackdown on education and training providers, in particular smaller education providers that have been the target of student complaints.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25625761-12332,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615090105/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25625761-12332,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2009 |title=Crackdown on education providers in wake of student attacks |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=12 June 2009}}</ref>

The [[People's Republic of China]] has also expressed concern over student safety in Australia.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/world/asia/04Australia.html?ref=global-home Aid Sought for Students],</ref><ref>[http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/06/02/indian-press-on-australias-racism-a-crikey-wrap/ Crikey wrap: Indian press on Australia’s racism]</ref> According to official figures, more than 130,000 Chinese students are currently studying in Australia.

[[New Zealand]] has responded to these attacks and subsequent incidents. The education sector in New Zealand has moved to distance itself from attacks on Indian students, saying they were "totally different societies". The Chief Executive of the New Zealand Education Trust, Robert Stevens, has stressed to prospective students from India that New Zealand "is a different country from Australia – in the nicest possible way", and is striving to market New Zealand to Indians in this manner.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hotklix.com/link/news/India/We-039-re-different-New-Zealand-tells-Indian-students |title=We're different, New Zealand tells Indian students |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607074441/http://www.hotklix.com/link/news/India/We-039-re-different-New-Zealand-tells-Indian-students |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/06/03/indianstudents-could-move-to-new-zealand-if-racialat.html |title=Oz Racial Attacks:NZ tries to lure Indian students |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217023117/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/06/03/indianstudents-could-move-to-new-zealand-if-racialat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Education authorities in New Zealand are hoping recent attacks on Indian students in Australia will make New Zealand a more attractive option.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25581696-421,00.html Indian students 'safe in New Zealand'], news.com.au</ref>

===Need for a mechanism to prevent attacks on Indians abroad===
Domestically, the Indian government declared that it would formulate a policy to deal with racial discrimination against Indians abroad.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Policy soon to deal with racial discrimination abroad: Preneet Kaur |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Policy-soon-to-deal-with-racial-discrimination-abroad-Preneet-Kaur/articleshow/4625610.cms |access-date=7 June 2009 |date=6 June 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

As part of the initiative to create an institutionalised mechanism to prevent racist attacks on Indians abroad, [[Vayalar Ravi]], the head of the overseas Indian affairs ministry, has been tasked to protect the Indians in Australia. Ravi has called for a report on these incidents from the Indian High Commission in Australia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160128071502/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jf3ru1cjihd&title=Vayalar_Ravi_takes_charge_of_overseas_Indian_affairs_ministry Vayalar Ravi takes charge of overseas Indian affairs ministry]</ref>

== Aftermath ==
There was a 46% drop in Indians applying for student visas for Australia from July to 31 October 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, and a total drop of 26% in student visa applications to Australia from all countries (including India).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/education/indian-student-visa-applications-fall-by-half-20100106-lubt.html|title=Indian student visa applications fall by half|author=Harrison, Dan|date=7 January 2010|access-date=11 January 2010|newspaper=The Age | location=Melbourne}}</ref> A study (completed before the deaths of Nitin Garg and Ranjodh Singh) forecast a 20% drop in Indian students expected to study in Australia in 2010, compared to 2009, partly due to a reduction in the number of visas allowed to be granted, stiffening of the regulations associated with them,<ref>{{cite news|author=M Ramya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Australia-rejected-1/3rd-of-student-visas/articleshow/5408301.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030653/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-04/india/28142790_1_visa-applications-australian-high-commission-universities-australia |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Australia rejected 1/3rd of student visas |date=4 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> the strength of the Australian dollar,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8444870.stm | work=BBC News | title=India students shunning Australia | date=7 January 2010 | access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> and a clampdown on unscrupulous migration agents and colleges.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/eet_ctte/esos/report/c01.htm |title=Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Committee: Education Services for Overseas Students Amendment (Re-registration of Providers and Other Measures) Bill 2009 – Report |publisher=Parliament of Australia |date=16 October 2009 |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604191622/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/eet_ctte/esos/report/c01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the attacks of 2009 and the deaths in Jan 2010, its expected to fall even further than the 20% drop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/01/20101543430513421.html|title=Indian student murder 'not racist'|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=11 January 2010}}</ref>

In response, Victorian police were given new powers to conduct stop-and-search operations without the need for warrants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/weapons-seized-as-hunt-for-killer-continues-20100107-lwsv.html?autostart=1|title=Weapons seized as hunt for killer continues|author1=Millar, Paul |author2=Austin, Paul |name-list-style=amp |date=8 January 2010|access-date=11 January 2010|newspaper=The Age | location=Melbourne}}</ref>

The former head of its elite Special Air Service (SAS) regiment and current National Security Adviser, [[Duncan Lewis]], was charged with leading a taskforce to examine the attacks on Indian students. Lewis chaired the task force's first meeting and coordinated Australia's response to the assaults. The Victorian government is considering enacting [[hate crime]] legislation that would consider prejudicial motivation as a factor in sentencing.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120907174347/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jWgWcU5pZ4JxJuK5C_ci0pf1ceHQ Ex-SAS head to lead response to Indian attacks]</ref>

=== Student numbers ===
Overall, the number of foreign students coming to Australia over the period 2009–2011 declined. Factors included; a steep rise in the value of the Australian dollar, decreasing the country's attractiveness relative to its main competitors in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and the [[United States]]; a tightening of government regulation of the education and of visa requirements contributed to this decline; and reported concerns over safety.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/plunge-in-chinese-university-students-coming-to-australia/story-e6frgcjx-1225860383768 | first1=Michael | last1=Sainsbury | first2=Guy | last2=Healy | title=Plunge in Chinese university students coming to Australia | date=30 April 2010 | work=The Australian}}</ref> An Australian Council for Educational Research study found higher education visas for Indian students fell from 34,200 in 2007–08 to 9750 in 2011–12.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian student numbers falling |date=2012-12-13 |website=[[The Age]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524145712/https://www.theage.com.au/national/indian-student-numbers-falling-20121213-2bcnq.html |archive-date=2023-05-24 |url-status=live |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/indian-student-numbers-falling-20121213-2bcnq.html}}</ref> In 2010, Federation of Indian Students in Australia (FISA) says that 30,000 Indian students have left Australia in the last year, and claims "race attacks is one of the major reasons behind the exodus. Other significant factors include that there are no jobs and students can't survive without that. Denying permanent residency to many Indians despite fulfilment of conditions has also been a reason.".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/30-000-indian-students-have-left-australia-student-federation-news-nri-kl1rkmjihaj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131054951/http://www.sify.com/news/30-000-indian-students-have-left-australia-student-federation-news-nri-kl1rkmjihaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2011 |title=30,000 Indian students have left Australia: Student federation |website=Sify News |author=IANS |date=27 November 2010 |access-date=19 December 2010}}</ref> The number of applications for student visas by Indians rose from 4000 in 2011 to 7700 in 2012 but there was a downturn on successful applications.<ref>{{cite news|author=Benjamin Preiss |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/indian-student-numbers-falling-20121213-2bcnq.html |title=Indian student numbers falling |newspaper=The Age |date=2012-12-14 |access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref> Subsequently the number of Indian students has rapidly increased, reaching 129,864 in 2021 <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/australia-slowly-bouncing-back-as-campus-destination-for-indian-students/articleshow/91468540.cms#:~:text=As%20of%20December%202021%2C%20there,student%20enrolments%27%20with%20Australian%20institutions | title=Australia slowly bouncing back as campus destination for Indian students | India News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 May 2022 }}</ref>

=== Safety of international students research project ===
In order to establish reliable statistics for the examination of the safety of international students, the [[Australian Institute of Criminology]] is undertaking a research project on the safety of international students living in Australia. The project is intended to compare the rate of crime against international students with the rate of crime against the broader Australian population.<ref>[http://www.immi.gov.au/students/news/2010/safety-students-research.htm ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602131410/http://www.immi.gov.au/students/news/2010/safety-students-research.htm |date=2 June 2011 }}</ref> The Australian [[Department of Immigration and Citizenship]] (DIAC) is releasing data to Australian police jurisdictions and the Australian Institute of Criminology as part of a data-matching exercise which will enable identification of international students who have been victims of crime (Australian police jurisdictions do not collect statistics on victims' citizenship or visa status).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/students/_pdf/sis-research.pdf|title=Safety of International Students Research Project|access-date=2 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317112157/http://www.immi.gov.au/students/_pdf/sis-research.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2011}}</ref>

=== Crimes Against International Students Report by the Australian Institute of Criminology ===
In 2011, the [[Australian Institute of Criminology]] released a study entitled ''Crimes Against International Students:2005–2009''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aic.gov.au/en/publications/current%20series/special/1-20/001/04_executive.aspx |title=Australian Institute of Criminology – Executive summary |publisher=Aic.gov.au |date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2014-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505045003/http://www.aic.gov.au/en/publications/current%20series/special/1-20/001/04_executive.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This found that over the period 2005–2009, international students were less likely to be assaulted than the average person in Australia. Indian students experienced an average assault rate in some jurisdictions, but overall they experienced lower assault rates than the Australian average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/special/1-20/001/08_national.aspx |title=Australian Institute of Criminology – National summary of findings |publisher=Aic.gov.au |access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref>

=== Indian immigration to Australia ===
As of 2012 the number of Indians migrating to Australia has increased to such an extent that Indians are now the most numerous nationality moving to Australia per year, overtaking China and the UK.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130629121333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/other-news/39713546_1_permanent-migrants-overseas-born-population-australia India now biggest source of migrants to Australia: Report – Times Of India]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Australia|India}}
*''[[The Colour of Darkness]]''
*[[Persecution of Hindus]]
*[[Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
*[[Australia–India relations]]
*[[Gangs in Australia]]
*[[Brand Bollywood Downunder]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090611165227/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1903038,00.html Racial Attacks Trouble Indian Students in Australia] – [[TIME]]
*[https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-06-04-voa10-68788567/411227.html Indian Students Claim Epidemic of Racist Violence in Australia] – [[Voice of America]]
*[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25571717-5000117,00.html Statement from Victorian Chief Commissioner of Police, 2 June 2009]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090912075524/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1921482,00.html Australia: Attacks on Indian Students Raise Racism Cries]

[[Category:Indian diaspora in Australia]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in Oceania]]
[[Category:Anti-Asian sentiment in Australia]]
[[Category:Students in Australia]]

Pulimada

2026-05-04T19:12:08Z

AhGaeza: creating a post.

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film by A. K. Sajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pulimada
| image = Pulimada poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. K. Sajan]]
| writer = A. K. Sajan
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Rajesh Damodaran
* Sijo Vadakkan
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Joju George]]
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = A. K. Sajan
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ishaan Dev]] (songs)
* [[Anil Johnson]] (score)
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Appu Pathu Pappu Production House
* Ink Lab Cinemas
* Land Cinemas
}}
| distributor = Ann Mega Media Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|10|26|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Joju George's 'Pulimada' gets a release date |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/joju-georges-pulimada-gets-a-release-date/article67392496.ece |access-date=15 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013121135/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/joju-georges-pulimada-gets-a-release-date/article67392496.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 110 minutes{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Pulimada''''' ({{Translation|Leopard's den}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] written, edited and directed by [[A. K. Sajan]]. The plot follows the unforeseen events that occur on Vincent Kariya's ([[Joju George]]) wedding day and his subsequent mood changes. The film also features [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Jeo Baby]] and [[Balachandra Menon]] in the supporting cast.

[[Principal photography]] began in January 2022 in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]. The songs were composed by [[Ishaan Dev]], while [[Anil Johnson]] provided the background score. The cinematography is handled by [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]].

''Pulimada'' was released on 26 October 2023 to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Vincent Kariya (Scaria), also known as Ummachan, is a 40-year-old unmarried [[Civil Police Officer|civil police officer]] who lives in 10th Mile, [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]]. He leads a lonely life and is haunted by memories of his deceased mother, who suffered from [[mental disorder]]s. Following his [[engagement]] to Jessy, Vincent meets Dr. Joshi Kuriyan and expresses concern that his mother's mental disorders may pass on to him, causing several of his prior marriage proposals to be canceled. The doctor advises him to proceed with the marriage and instills confidence in him. Vincent's relatives Appachan and Kuttappaappi arrive with their families on the eve of the wedding. When the presence of a [[tiger]] is confirmed in the [[Thirunelly]] and [[Ambalavayal]] areas, forest officials issue an alert to the public through an announcement vehicle.

The next day, Vincent, his relatives, and friends arrive at the church for the wedding. Everyone realizes that Jessy eloped with her boyfriend. On hearing this, Vincent returns home in a flustered mood and asks everyone to leave. Late at night, he approaches a woman he knows and asks for sex. However, the woman avoids him since she is on her [[menstruation|period]]. Vincent then approaches his friend, Kambikkuttan, and talks about the matter. On the way, he meets a young lady named Mahishmathi Emily Jayaram, whose car [[Breakdown (vehicle)|broke down]] while heading to [[Muthanga]]. Meanwhile, once the presence of the tiger has been confirmed, Vincent's friend, [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Ashokan, is on patrol duty. Vincent takes Mahishmathi to his house when she inquires about a place to stay for the night. She thinks it is a [[homestay]], and Vincent introduces his friend Kuttimani as the manager and himself as its general manager.

Ashokan gets information that a girl is missing from [[Kalpetta]]. Sini, a civil police officer, suspects that the missing girl might be with Vincent. While on patrol, Sini informs Ashokan that there is a possibility of a crime at Vincent's home, but Ashokan ignores it. Mahishmathi learns through the wedding invitation card that it was Vincent's wedding night and tries to comfort him. Vincent asks Mahishmathi whether he can marry her, which she takes as a joke. He then attempts to [[Sexual abuse|sexually abuse]] Mahishmathi while [[Alcohol intoxication|inebriated]].

The body of a girl is found in the forest by police officers. Vincent awakens from his drunken state to find Mahishmathi lying on the floor, bleeding. He calls Ashokan, who is at the scene of the girl's death. Vincent digs a pit near his house to bury Mahishmathi's body and calls the [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] to inform him that a crime has been committed there. He calls Ashokan and tells him everything. Sini then requests that Ashokan do something right away. After the patrol, Ashokan and other officers arrive at Vincent's house in the morning. However, they were unable to locate the girl mentioned by Vincent. Ashokan says to Vincent that he must have felt all of those while intoxicated and asks him to join the service immediately.

Vincent, along with his Valyammachi, goes on a [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] with a group to the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] in [[Velankanni]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. A female [[Prison officer|jailer]] calls Vincent and informs him that there is a molestation case against him and that he must surrender immediately. Mahishmathi, who was actually a culprit, unexpectedly comes on the call and tells Vincent that she actually pranked him that night because she didn't like the way he behaved with her. She also says that they will meet again soon. Later, Ashokan takes the initiative and arranges Vincent and Sini's marriage.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Joju George]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Vincent Kariya alias Ummachan<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 August 2023 |title=Joju George starrer Pulimada teaser will leave you wanting for more |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/joju-george-starrer-pulimada-teaser-will-leave-wanting/ |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824205331/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/joju-george-starrer-pulimada-teaser-will-leave-wanting/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Mahishmathi Emily Jayaram
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Ashokan
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Appachan
* [[Johny Antony]] as Kuttappaappi
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as CPO Sini
* [[Jeo Baby]] as Agustine
* Abin Bino as Kuttimani
* [[Balachandra Menon]] as Dr. Joshi Kuriyan
* [[Dileesh Nair]] as CPO Chandrabos
* Firoz as CPO Prasad
* [[Krishna Praba]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Anasuya
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Valyammachi, Vincent's aunt
* [[Sona Nair]] as Molly, Appachan's wife
* [[Jolly Chirayath]] as Sherly, Kuttappaappi's wife
* [[Fara Shibla]] as Jessy
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Kambikkuttan
* Roshan NG as [[Priest#Christianity|Father]]
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]]
* [[Parvathi T.]] as Ammachi, Vincent's mother
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Pulimada'' marks the return of cinematographer [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] to [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] after a nine-year gap.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2023 |title=Pulimada teaser: A mysterious Joju George and a high-spirited Aishwarya Rajessh have us intrigued |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pulimada-teaser-a-mysterious-joju-george-and-a-high-spirited-aishwarya-rajessh-have-us-intrigued/f2c8622a61622 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830060647/https://www.ottplay.com/news/pulimada-teaser-a-mysterious-joju-george-and-a-high-spirited-aishwarya-rajessh-have-us-intrigued/f2c8622a61622 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2022, It was reported that [[Jakes Bejoy]] would be composing the music and [[Vivek Harshan]] was assigned as the editor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2022 |title=Joju George-Aishwarya Rajesh starrer Pulimada begins rolling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jan/05/joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-pulimada-begins-rolling-28839.html |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126121243/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jan/05/joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-pulimada-begins-rolling-28839.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also reported that the film would be produced by Dixon Poduthas and Suraj P. S. under the banner of Ink Lab Cinemas in association with Super Deluxe Entertainment.<ref name=":3" /> The film was jointly produced by Rajesh Damodaran and Sijo Vadakkan under the banners of Appu Pathu Pappu Production House, Ink Lab Cinemas and Land Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title='Pulimada' trailer: Joju George's film promises to be a thriller |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pulimada-trailer-joju-georges-film-promises-to-be-a-thriller/article67426384.ece |access-date=16 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016143052/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pulimada-trailer-joju-georges-film-promises-to-be-a-thriller/article67426384.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 5 January 2022 in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2022 |title=Joju George-A K Sajan's Pulimada rolls in Wayanad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jan/06/joju-george-a-k-sajans-pulimada-rolls-in-wayanad-2403522.html |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813202835/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jan/06/joju-george-a-k-sajans-pulimada-rolls-in-wayanad-2403522.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2022 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh - Joju George starrer thriller 'Pulimada' starts rolling |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joju-george-starrer-thriller-pulimada-starts-rolling/articleshow/88730130.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118064410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joju-george-starrer-thriller-pulimada-starts-rolling/articleshow/88730130.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming began with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ceremony held at the Mount Avenue Hotel in [[Ambalavayal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pulimada {{!}} പുലിമട: Scent of a Woman - Mallu Release {{!}} Watch Malayalam Full Movies |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/01/pulimada-movie.html |access-date=15 October 2023 |language=english |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529090554/https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/01/pulimada-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Nilavilakku]] was first lit by [[Stephy Zaviour]], while producer Dixon Poduthas performed the switch-on and Suraj P. S. gave the first clap.<ref name=":0" /> The film was shot in 60 days on a single schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=19 August 2023 |title=Teaser of Joju George, Aishwarya Rajesh starrer 'Pulimada' out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/teaser-of-joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-pulimada-out/article67213052.ece |access-date=15 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824210259/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/teaser-of-joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-pulimada-out/article67213052.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The songs are composed by [[Ishaan Dev]], while the background score is provided by [[Anil Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=12 August 2023 |title=First look of Joju George-Aishwarya Rajesh film Pulimada out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/12/first-look-of-joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh-film-pulimada-out-46517.html |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819101230/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/12/first-look-of-joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh-film-pulimada-out-46517.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rafeeq Ahamed]], Dr. Thaara Jeyashankar and Fr. Michael Panachikal wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi to unveil the teaser of Joju George starrer 'Pulimada' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-unveil-the-teaser-of-joju-george-starrer-pulimada/articleshow/102830104.cms |access-date=17 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824145245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-unveil-the-teaser-of-joju-george-starrer-pulimada/articleshow/102830104.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Ishaan Dev began composing songs for the film in 2022 in collaboration with the [[Budapest]] [[Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title='Composing Music For Pulimada Began In 2022 On Video Calls': Ishaan Dev |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/composing-music-for-pulimada-began-in-2022-on-video-calls-ishaan-dev-8646821.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103145022/https://www.news18.com/movies/composing-music-for-pulimada-began-in-2022-on-video-calls-ishaan-dev-8646821.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjana |date=22 August 2023 |title=First song from 'Pulimada' movie OUT: Soulful song 'Arikil Onnu Vannal' is making hearts content |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/first-song-from-pulimada-movie-out-soulful-song-arikil-onnu-vannal-is-making-hearts-content-lma-rzsduu |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018093503/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/first-song-from-pulimada-movie-out-soulful-song-arikil-onnu-vannal-is-making-hearts-content-lma-rzsduu |url-status=live }}</ref> The first song "Arikil Onnu Vannal" was released on 22 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=Arikil Onnu Vannal song from Joju George, Aishwarya Rajesh's Pulimada out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/22/arikil-onnu-vannal-song-from-joju-george-aishwarya-rajeshs-pulimada-out-46845.html |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827215958/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/22/arikil-onnu-vannal-song-from-joju-george-aishwarya-rajeshs-pulimada-out-46845.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Promotional recording|promo song]] titled "Mada Trance," sung, written and composed by [[Dabzee]], was released on 27 October 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=Promo song of Pulimada, Mada Trance, is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/27/promo-song-of-pulimada-mada-trance-is-out-49018.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028074621/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/27/promo-song-of-pulimada-mada-trance-is-out-49018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Arikil Onnu Vannal
| length1 = 4:56
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| extra1 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], Ishaan Dev
| title2 = Neela Vaanile
| length2 = 3:20
| lyrics2 = Dr. Thaara Jeyashankar
| extra2 = Pradeep Kumar
| title3 = Swargam Vithakkunna
| length3 = 4:27
| lyrics3 = Fr. Michael Panachikal
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]], Kester
| title4 = Alakalil
| length4 = 3:31
| lyrics4 = Dr. Thaara Jeyashankar
| extra4 = Ishaan Dev
| total_length = 16:14
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in theatres on 26 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Joju George and Aishwarya Rajesh's 'Pulimada' set to hit theatres on October 26 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/joju-george-and-aishwarya-rajeshs-pulimada-set-to-hit-theatres-on-october-26/articleshow/104213143.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018093503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/joju-george-and-aishwarya-rajeshs-pulimada-set-to-hit-theatres-on-october-26/articleshow/104213143.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It was distributed by Ann Mega Media Release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Joju George and Aishwarya Rajesh much anticipated thriller 'Pulimada' official trailer is out... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/joju-george-and-aishwarya-rajesh-much-anticipated-thriller-pulimada-official-trailer-is-out-101697528906286.html |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017085439/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/joju-george-and-aishwarya-rajesh-much-anticipated-thriller-pulimada-official-trailer-is-out-101697528906286.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The [[digital distribution]] rights were sold to [[Netflix]] and streaming began on 23 November 2023 in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Pulimada OTT release date: When, where to watch Joju George-Aishwarya Rajesh's thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pulimada-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-joju-george-aishwarya-rajeshs-thriller/74caf399da721 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116105647/https://www.ottplay.com/news/pulimada-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-joju-george-aishwarya-rajeshs-thriller/74caf399da721 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Pulimada gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/nov/16/pulimada-gets-ott-release-date-49589.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116105648/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/nov/16/pulimada-gets-ott-release-date-49589.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film grossed {{USD|5077|link=yes|long=no}} in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=28337918|access-date=25 November 2023|title=Pulimada}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Pulimada'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Kusumika Das of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Pulimada'' offers a turbulent journey into the mind of its protagonist, with stellar performances and captivating visuals. While stumbling in its resolution, the film manages to be a worthwhile cinematic experience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Kusumika |date=23 November 2023 |title=Pulimada Movie Review: A Gripping Thrill Ride with Joju George's Stellar Performance, Despite Narrative Hiccups |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/pulimada-movie-review-a-gripping-thrill-ride-with-joju-georges-stellar-performance-despite-narrative-hiccups-review-105453168 |website=Times Now |language=en |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123165723/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/pulimada-movie-review-a-gripping-thrill-ride-with-joju-georges-stellar-performance-despite-narrative-hiccups-review-105453168 |url-status=live }}</ref> Akhila Menon of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Pulimada'' tries hard to establish itself as an edge-of-the-seat thriller. But predictability and inconsistency in writing prevent this Joju George starrer from emerging as an engaging watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=23 November 2023 |title=Pulimada review - Joju George's powerful performance saves this thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pulimada-review-joju-georges-powerful-performance-saves-this-half-baked-thriller-that-shines-in-parts/20b2059378909 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125083323/https://www.ottplay.com/review/pulimada-review-joju-georges-powerful-performance-saves-this-half-baked-thriller-that-shines-in-parts/20b2059378909 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Although ''Pulimada'' mostly prompts a sense of bewilderment, the engaging performances and the brilliance of certain technical aspects render the AK Sajan film watchable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=26 October 2023 |title=Pulimada movie review: Joju George film is saved by the performances, while its script tries to drag it down |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/pulimada-movie-review-joju-george-film-is-saved-by-the-performances-while-its-script-tries-to-drag-it-down-9000341/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026130714/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/pulimada-movie-review-joju-george-film-is-saved-by-the-performances-while-its-script-tries-to-drag-it-down-9000341/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Though the actor excels throughout, it's hard not to get reminded of his previous performances from ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'', [[Nayattu (2021 film)|''Nayattu'']], and ''[[Iratta]]''. It has also got to do with the fact that all these films are also set against the same hilly backdrop and have him as a disturbed, drunkard cop. But sadly, ''Pulimada'' doesn't achieve the cinematic excellence of any of those films."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=26 October 2023 |title=Pulimada Movie Review: This Joju George showreel is mauled by a bizarre final act |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/oct/26/pulimada-movie-review-this-joju-george-showreel-is-mauled-by-a-bizarre-final-act-48983.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Athira M. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "AK Saajan's ''Pulimada'' (Tiger's Den) is a roller-coaster ride with twists and turns. However, the film falters at a few junctures, taking the sheen off an interesting narrative."<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |date=28 October 2023 |title='Pulimada' movie review: This thriller is a Joju George show all the way |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pulimada-movie-review-this-thriller-is-a-joju-george-show-all-the-way/article67469344.ece |access-date=29 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028204927/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pulimada-movie-review-this-thriller-is-a-joju-george-show-all-the-way/article67469344.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "''Pulimada'' offers an enjoyable viewing experience that is sure to captivate, if not completely thrill, the audience. While the movie does tend to be quite loud with its background score, it does make for a decent watch, especially if approached with moderate expectations."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Ajith |first=Swathi |date=26 October 2023 |title=Unpredictable twists keep 'Pulimada' engaging, yet it stumbles at times {{!}} Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/26/pulimada-malayalam-movie-review-joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Onmanorama |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026130740/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/26/pulimada-malayalam-movie-review-joju-george-aishwarya-rajesh.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wayanad]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. K. Sajan]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]

Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)

2026-04-29T10:33:37Z

AhGaeza: creating new stub.

{{About|the lunar rover from [[Chandrayaan 3]]|the rover from [[Chandrayaan 2]]|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
{{Short description|Indian lunar rover}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Pragyan''
| image = Pragyan rover deployed on the moon.webp
| image_caption = ''Pragyan'' roll out on Moon
| mission_type = [[Lunar rover]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| mission_duration = {{time interval|August 23, 2023|September 4, 2023}} (final)
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| landing_mass = {{cvt|26|kg}}
| dimensions = {{cvt|0.9|x|0.75|x|0.85|m|ft}}
| power = 50 W from [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]]
| launch_date = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35 IST (09:05 UTC)<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[LVM3]] M4
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second launch pad]]
| deployment_from = [[Chandrayaan-3#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']]
| deployment_date = 23 August 2023<ref name="Landing date">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23–24 preferred landing dates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms |date=6 July 2023 |website=THE TIMES OF INDIA |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825135914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| last_contact =
| declared =
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = rover
|object = Lunar
|arrival_date = 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan-2 update: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|date = September 1, 2019|access-date = September 1, 2019|publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|archive-date = September 3, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903075526/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|location =
|distance = {{Cvt|101.4|m}}
}}
| programme = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-2]]
}}

'''''Pragyan''''' (from {{langx|sa|प्रज्ञान|translit=prajñāna|lit=wisdom}})<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |access-date=24 August 2019 |quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=561|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124234/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[lunar rover]] that forms part of [[Chandrayaan-3]], a lunar mission developed by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|title=Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=May 2019|access-date=2019-05-01|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518232417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

A previous iteration of the rover, also named [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)|Pragyan]], was launched as part of [[Chandrayaan-2]] on 22 July 2019 and was destroyed with its lander, ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'', when it crashed on the [[Moon]] on 6 September.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan – 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms |date=2020-11-12 }} ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref> Chandrayaan-3 launched on 14 July 2023, carrying new versions of ''Vikram'' and ''Pragyan'',<ref name="scheduled launch"/> which successfully landed near the [[lunar south pole]] on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Pragyan rover.png|thumb|Schematic view of the rover]]
''Pragyan'' has a mass of about {{cvt|27|kg|lb}} and dimensions of {{cvt|0.9|x|0.75|x|0.85|m|ft}}, with a power output of 50 [[watt]]s.<ref name="Launchkit_gl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|title=Launch Kit at a glance{{snd}}ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2019-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723232918/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is designed to operate on solar power.<ref name="ndtv20180829">{{cite news |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |title=Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief |work=Gadgets360 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829225643/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="idos20180828">{{Cite press release |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> The rover moves on six wheels and is intended to traverse {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}} on the lunar surface at the rate of {{cvt|1|cm}} per second, performing on-site analysis and sending the data to its lander for relay back to the Earth.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7| title=ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7| website=The Wire| access-date=2019-06-12| archive-date=2019-06-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613012659/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time|last=Singh|first=Surendra|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 May 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="payload">{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |title=Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213938/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Economic">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface |title=Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon |work=The Economic Times |agency=Times News Network |date=2 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812045710/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|title=Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's 'most complex mission' so far|last=Ramesh|first=Sandhya|date=12 June 2019|work=ThePrint|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711103152/https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|url-status=live}}</ref> For navigation, the rover is equipped with :

* '''''Stereoscopic Camera-based 3D Vision :''''' Two 1-[[megapixel]], [[Monochrome|monochromatic]] NAVCAMs in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a [[digital elevation model]] of the terrain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laxmiprasad |first1=A.S. |last2=Sridhar Raja |first2=V.L.N. |last3=Menon |first3=Surya |last4=Goswami |first4=Adwaita |last5=Rao |first5=M.V.H. |last6=Lohar |first6=K.A. |title=An in situ laser induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) for Chandrayaan-2 rover: Ablation kinetics and emissivity estimations |journal=Advances in Space Research |date=July 2013 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=332–341 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2013.03.021 |bibcode=2013AdSpR..52..332L }}</ref> [[IIT Kanpur]] contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|title=With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics|date=2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-10|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720235523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''''Control and Motor Dynamics :''''' The rover design has a [[rocker-bogie]] suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent [[brushless DC electric motor]]s. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc| title="Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter & Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy.| last1=Annadurai |first1=Mylswami |last2=Nagesh| first2=G.| date=28 June 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628213352/http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc|archive-date=28 June 2017| access-date=14 June 2019| quote=Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The Rover mobility has been tested in the Lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results.|last3=Vanitha|first3=Muthayaa}} [https://archive.org/details/IAAFSE170602Annadurai/page/n6 Alt URL]</ref>

The expected operating time of the rover is one lunar day or around 14 Earth days, as its electronics are not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. Its power system has a solar-powered sleep and wake-up cycle, which could result in a longer operation time than planned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|title=Dr M Annadurai, Project director, Chandrayaan 1: 'Chandrayaan 2 logical extension of what we did in first mission'|date=2019-06-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-30|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629180634/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1=Payyappilly| first1=Baiju| last2=Muthusamy| first2=Sankaran| date=17 January 2018| chapter=Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover| chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524| title=2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES)| pages=1–6| doi=10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660| isbn=978-1-5090-4426-9| s2cid=38638820| access-date=5 August 2019| archive-date=20 July 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524_Design_framework_of_a_configurable_electrical_power_system_for_lunar_rover| url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:The lunar crater that the Pragyan rover of Chandrayaan-3 encountered on 27th August 2023, as seen by the Navgation Camera.png|thumb|A four-meter diameter crater, as captured by the Navigation camera onboard the rover.]]

[[Chandrayaan-3]] was launched aboard an [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at {{convert|30|km|mi}} above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly {{convert|150|m|ft}}; it hovered there for about 30 seconds and located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 [[UTC]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=India Is on the Moon: Lander's Success Moves Nation to Next Space Chapter |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823172509/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

After reaching the Moon's south pole, Chandrayaan-3 deployed the rover to explore the cratered surface, harnessed integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week exploration of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Monisha Ravisetti |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

The first video of the rover, posted on 25 August 2023, showed it leaving the Vikram lander on a ramp and driving onto the Moon. ISRO posted the video in a thread on [[Twitter]] that also included footage from the lander approaching its landing site and kicking up dust as it touched down on the surface. ISRO wrote afterwards that the rover's two scientific instruments had been turned on and that it had moved eight meters.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1694945669721776263 |title=... ... and here is how the Chandrayaan-3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface.|access-date=2023-08-29|language=en}}</ref>

On 26 August, the ISRO posted a new video, shot from the lander, of the rover's drive away, moving almost out of the lander's sight.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1695378531243454712 |title='''Chandrayaan-3 Mission:''' 🔍What's new here? Pragyan rover roams around Shiv Shakti Point in pursuit of lunar secrets at the South Pole 🌗!|access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en}}</ref> On 27 August, it published two pictures after the rover encountered a large [[Lunar craters|crater]] positioned three metres ahead of its location. However, the rover safely headed on a new path afterwards.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696116050843349028 |title='''Chandrayaan-3 Mission:''' On August 27, 2023, the Rover came across a 4-meter diameter crater positioned 3 meters ahead of its location. The Rover was commanded to retrace the path. It's now safely heading on a new path.|date=2023-08-28|access-date=2023-08-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's lunar mission beams back video and images from the Moon's south pole |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/28/23848816/india-chandrayaan-3-lunar-rover-videos-pictures |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

Later on 30 August, at 7:35 am, the rover took a picture of the Vikram lander, showing its two payloads, Chaste and ILSA, had deployed.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696792992718442558 |title='''Chandrayaan-3 Mission:''' Smile, please📸! Pragyan Rover clicked an image of Vikram Lander this morning. The 'image of the mission' was taken by the Navigation Camera onboard the Rover (NavCam). NavCams for the Chandrayaan-3 Mission are developed by the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS) https://isro.gov.in/LEOS.html|date=2023-08-30|access-date=2023-08-31 |language=en}}</ref> Another image was captured at 11:04 the same day, from a distance of 15{{Nbsp}}m.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=isro |author=ISRO|number=1696906614194807178 |title='''Beyond Borders, Across Moonscapes:''' '''India's Majesty knows no bounds!.''' Once more, co-traveller Pragyan captures Vikram in a Snap! This iconic snap was taken today around 11 am IST from about 15 m. The data from the NavCams is processed by SAC/ISRO, Ahmedabad.|date=2023-08-30|access-date=2023-08-31|language=en}}</ref>

On September 2, the rover finished all assignments and entered into a sleep mode in preparation for wake up on September 22, however, it was not expected to continue working.<ref>{{cite web |title="Hopeful Chandrayaan-3 lander and rover will awake": space scientist Suvendu Patnayak |url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/hopeful-chandrayaan-3-lander-and-rover-will-awake-space-scientist-suvendu-patnayak20230921122252/ |website=ANI News |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=21 September 2023}}</ref> Its battery was fully charged when it went into hibernation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan 3: Pragyan goes to sleep, may 'wake up' on next sunrise on Sept 22 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pragyan-rover-set-into-sleep-mode-battery-charged-to-wake-up-on-sept-22-chandrayaan-3-latest-news-101693672416450.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 September 2023 |language=en |date=2 September 2023}}</ref> However, after more than two weeks, both the rover and its lander's reactivations were delayed to the 23rd for unspecified reasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reactivation of Chandrayaan-3 lander, rover deferred by a day |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/reactivation-chandrayaan3-vikram-lander-pragyan-rover-scheduled-tomorrow-101695376476590.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=22 September 2023}}</ref> As of 28 September 2023, the rover still had not woken<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Hope Fades for India's Historic Moon Lander After It Fails to 'Wake Up' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hope-fades-for-india-s-historic-moon-lander-after-it-fails-to-wake-up-/7288217.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> and no updates have been provided by ISRO since. The Pragyan rover is presumed to be dead.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Artemis program]], NASA's lunar program
* [[Luna-Glob]], Russian lunar program
* [[Rover (space exploration)]]
* [[Lunar rover]]
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{Orbital launches in 2023}}

[[Category:Lunar rovers]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:LQ30 quadrangle]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by LVM3 rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]
[[Category:2023 on the Moon]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2023]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2023]]
[[Category:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2023]]
[[Category:Indian missions to the Moon]]

Mahalwari

2026-04-27T12:22:59Z

AhGaeza: created the info initial version...

{{Short description|British revenue system used in Colonial India}}
The '''Mahalwari''' system was used in India to protect village-level-autonomy. It was introduced by [[Holt Mackenzie ]] in 1822.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE Ting Ling Ting Ling |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13529/6/06_chapter%201.pdf |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> The word "Mahalwari" is derived from the [[Hindi]] word ''Mahal'', which means a community made from one or more villages..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mahalwari-system |title=Mahalwari system |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Mahalwari consisted of [[landlord]]s or [[Lambardar]]s (also called as Nambardars) assigned to represent villages or groups of villages. Along with the village communities, the landlords were jointly responsible for the payment of revenue . Revenue was determined on basis of the produce of Mahal. Individual responsibility was not assigned. The land included under this system consisted of all land in the villages, including forestland, pastures etc. This system was prevalent in parts of the Gangetic Valley, [[Uttar Pradesh]], the North Western province, parts of [[Central India]] and [[Punjab]].<ref>Chapter 4: Getting Ahead in Social Science with CCE 8 pagal published by [[Orient Blackswan]].</ref>

The other two systems were the [[Permanent Settlement]] in [[Bengal]] in 1793 and the [[Ryotwari]] system in 1820. It covered the states of [[Punjab]], [[Awadh]] and [[Agra]], parts of [[Orissa]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== History ==
During the 1800s, the [[British Empire|British]] established control over the administrative machinery of India. The System of Land Revenue acted as a chief source of income for the British. Thus, they used land to control the entire Revenue system, strengthening their economic condition in India.

The [[North-Western Provinces]] and [[Oudh State|Oudh]] ([[Awadh]]) were two important territories acquired by the [[East India Company]] in modern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In 1801, the [[Nawab of Awadh]] surrendered the districts of [[Allahabad]] to the Company. The [Jamuna] and the [[Ganges]] valleys were acquired by the British after the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. [[Governor-General of Bengal]], [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings]] conquered more territories of [[North India]] after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1820.

The village [[Village head|headman]] or ''lambardar'' was responsible for all recommendations, land survey, maintaining records of land rights, settlement of the land revenues, demand in the Mahals, and collection of land revenue. Regulation VII of 1822 accredited the legal sanction to these recommendations. In cases where estates were not held by landlords, but by the cultivators in common tenancy, the state demand was fixed at 95% of the rental. However, this system broke down as the state demand was large and rigid. The amount payable by the cultivators was more than what they could afford.<ref>http://www.preservearticles.com/2011090412831/brief-notes-on-the-mahalwari-system-in-india-1757-1857.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811221939/http://www.preservearticles.com/2011090412831/brief-notes-on-the-mahalwari-system-in-india-1757-1857.html |date=2017-08-11 }} {{self-published source|date=August 2016}}</ref>

== Bentinck, Bird, Thompson, and Broun-Ramsay ==
[[File:Bentinck william.png|thumbnail|William Bentinck]]
[[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]], the Governor-General of Bengal and afterwards Governor-General of India (1828-1835), revised the Regulation of 1822, introducing the Mahalwari System. They realized that the result of the Regulation of 1822 was widespread misery.

After a prolonged consultation, Bentick's Government passed a new regulation in 1833. The ''mahalwari'' system of land revenue was introduced by Holt Mackenzie and [[Robert Merttins Bird]], which made the system more flexible. The process of preparing estimates of produce and rents was simplified. It introduced the fixation of the average rents for different classes of soil. This scheme functioned under Mettins Bird. The processes of measuring land, examining [[soil quality]] was improved further. The State demand was fixed at 66% of the rental value and the Settlement was made for 30 years.

The Mahalwari system of land revenue under the scheme of 1833 was completed under the administration of [[James Thompson (civil servant)|James Thompson]]. The 66% rental demanded proved onerous. In the Saharanpur Rules of 1855, it was revised to 50% by Governor-General [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie]]. However, British officers paid little attention to these rules. This created widespread discontent among the [[Indian people|Indians]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cohn |first=Bernard S. |date=August 1960 |title=The Initial British Impact on India: A case study of the Benares region |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=418–431 |doi=10.2307/2943581 |jstor=2943581}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mughal fiscal system]]
* [[Ryotwari]]
* [[Permanent Settlement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''The History of India, vol.2'', [[T.G.Percival Spear]], Penguin (1990) {{ISBN|0-14-013836-6}}
* ''India: A History'', [[John Keay]], Grove/Atlantic (2001) {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}
* ''A rule of property for Bengal: an essay on the idea of permanent settlement'', Ranajit Guha, Durham, Duke U Press (1996) {{ISBN|0-8223-1771-0}}

[[Category:History of taxation in India]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Government of British India]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]

Arvind Kumar Singh (Samajwadi Party politician)

2026-04-27T04:32:47Z

AhGaeza: started bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arvind Kumar Singh 'Gope'
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Barabanki
| constituency =
| office = [[Akhilesh Yadav ministry|Minister of Rural Development]] Government of Uttar Pradesh
| office2 = [[Third Mulayam Singh Yadav ministry|Minister of State]] Government of Uttar Pradesh
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2007
| constituency3 = [[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]]
| office3 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2012
| office4 =
| constituency4 =
| predecessor3 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| successor3 = Ram Magan
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Mrs Renu Singh
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19421
| office1 = [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Ram Nagar, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2017
| term_end1 = 2017
| term_start1 = 2012
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| successor1 = [[Sharad Kumar Awasthi]]
| predecessor1 = Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary
}}

'''Arvind Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He is a three-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and was a cabinet minister in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] government. He hails from [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]].

He is currently serving as the National Secretary of the Samajwadi Party.

Singh completed his LLB at [[University of Lucknow]] and was its former president of student union.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19421 |website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

Singh was also the state general secretary of Samajwadi Party.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arvind Kumar}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

S. M. Siddaiah

2026-04-21T02:52:42Z

AhGaeza: creating new entry.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1918–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S.M Siddaiah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = August 15, 1918
| birth_place = Sosale
| death_date = July 7,2011
| death_place = [[Mysuru]]
| constituency1 = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| term_start1 = 5 April 1957
| term_end1 = 31 March 1962
| predecessor1 = [[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]] [[N. Rachaiah]]
| successor1 = [[M. Shankaraiya]]
| alongside1 = [[M. Shankaraiya]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar (SC)]]
| term = 1 April 1962 – 18 January 1977
| predecessor = ''Seat established''
| successor = [[B. Rachaiah]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1952–1977), [[Janata Party]] (1977–2011), [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]] (until 1952)
| spouse = D. Mahadevamma
| children = 7; 4 sons and 3 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
}}

'''S. M. Siddaiah''' (1918–2011) was an Indian politician who was a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and held many posts in the Union Government and MP for the [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]] constituency from 1957 to 1977. (Chamarajanagar seat was a part of Mysore seat before 1967)<ref>{{cite web|title=Empowering India - making democracy meaningful, know our representative and candidate|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=490995&p=p&cid=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113142444/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=490995&p=p&cid=14|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2017|website=Empowering India|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panini|first=M. N.|title=General Elections of 1967 in Rampura |date=1972|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23618585|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=21|issue=1|pages=48–60|doi=10.1177/0038022919720104 |jstor=23618585 |s2cid=157562983 |issn=0038-0229|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Siddaiah died in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore: Govt Taken to Task for Failure to Tackle Drought on War-footing |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=123910 |access-date=5 February 2023 |publisher=Daiji World |date=5 December 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddaiah, S.M.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Lunglei South Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:39:36Z

AhGaeza: created initial info nd citations...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Expand list|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lunglei South
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Lunglei South highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]
| established = [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| constituency_no = 33
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lalramliana Papuia]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:19050}}
}}
'''Lunglei South''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> It was first established before the [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=election1987>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3659-mizoram-1987/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1987 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

It is part of [[Lunglei district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2018, it is represented by [[Lalramliana Papuia]] of the [[Zoram People's Movement]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| S. Laldingliana
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| K Pachhunga<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Lalramliana Papuia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lunglei South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalramliana Papuia]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. K. Pachhunga|party=Mizo National Front|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Meriam L. Hrangchal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Biaksailova|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lunglei South<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = K Pachhunga
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|22.618|92.872|display=title}}

[[Category:Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Lunglei]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Mizoram]]

Kaithu, Shimla

2026-04-15T10:24:19Z

AhGaeza:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaithu
| official_name =
| translit_lang1 =
| Country =
| native_name_lang =
| elevation_m = 1,928
| elevation_ft = 6,325
| timezone1 =
| native_name = Kainthu
| image_skyline = Annadale from uphill.jpg
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_caption = Kaithu with Annadale locality and ground as viewed from uphill
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 171003
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Location of Kaithu in Shimla
| coordinates = {{coord|31.112780|77.163334|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla]]
| named_for = [[Coulter pine]]
}}

'''Kaithu''' is a part of [[Shimla]] city, in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is near [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]]. The area of Kaithu is highly posh and populated.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2020 |title=कैथू में अवैध निर्माण पर चला नगर निगम का हथौड़ा, घर के आगे बना दिया था अवैध कमरा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/himachal/shimla/news/municipal-corporation-hammer-on-illegal-construction-in-kaithu-illegal-room-was-made-in-front-of-house-127715430.html&ved=2ahUKEwj2q-GjsdKKAxVmRmwGHYYMPSYQyM8BKAB6BAgLEAE&usg=AOvVaw0sb4SuYe_8IK4AjyxSqD3E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/himachal/shimla/news/municipal-corporation-hammer-on-illegal-construction-in-kaithu-illegal-room-was-made-in-front-of-house-127715430.html&ved=2ahUKEwj2q-GjsdKKAxVmRmwGHYYMPSYQyM8BKAB6BAgLEAE&usg |archive-date=31 December 2024 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The region of Kaithu has a lot of [[Pine]] trees. This Pine forest was the reason behind the name of the region. In [[Keonthali dialect]] of [[Mahasu Pahari#Dialects|Lower Mahasu Pahari]], the local language of the region, the Pine tree's seeds ([[Coulter pine|Coulter pines]]) are known as ''Kaintha'', they were in abundance there because of the Pine forest. That's why the local people in old times named the area as Kainthu which by the time changed to Kaithu.

==Geography==

Kaithu is located near Annadale and Cart Road area of Shimla and is one of the major suburbs of Shimla. It is located near 1.5 km an away from Old Bus Stand and same from [[Shimla railway station|Shimla Railway Station]]. It comes under [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]]'s Ward No.3. [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] is its close area to hangout. A Gurudwara and a Shiv Mandir is also situated here in Buchail area.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rathore |first=Navneet |date=18 February 2024 |title=Shimla Ward Watch - Kaithu: No road for ambulance here |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/shimla-ward-watch-kaithu-uphill-task-no-road-for-ambulance-here-592164/amp&ved=2ahUKEwiArtK8rNKKAxXmd2wGHRQOGi8QyM8BKAB6BAgJEAE&usg=AOvVaw3jMcGgn_HcU1q0lKBCvjMV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/shimla-ward-watch-kaithu-uphill-task-no-road-for-ambulance-here-592164/amp&ved=2ahUKEwiArtK8rNKKAxXmd2wGHRQOGi8QyM8BKAB6BAgJEAE&usg |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date= |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

Kaithu is divided into two areas, Upper Kaithu and Lower Kaithu. While Lower Kaithu has the primary health center, Upper Kaithu has the City Police Lines,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/crime/four-including-police-constable-arrested-with-chitta-in-rampur-bushahr|title=कैथू पुलिस लाइन के कांस्टेबल समेत चिट्टे के साथ चार गिरफ्तार, निलंबित|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> Public Works Department colonies along with a temple and a [[Himachal Pradesh High Court|H.P. High Court]] Guest House. Kaithu has three municipal corporation parking, two near Gol Pahari Park and one near Police Lines. Kaithu's area has spread from the Circular Road near Pine View Hotel, below Fingask Estate to Chungi Khana, above Gol Pahari Park.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Krishan |date=23 November 2024 |title=कैथू जेल में कंबल को लेकर आपस में भिड़ गए दो कैदी, एक घायल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/amp/shimla/two-prisoners-clashed-over-a-blanket-in-kaithu-jail-one-injured-2024-11-23&ved=2ahUKEwiArtK8rNKKAxXmd2wGHRQOGi8QyM8BKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2fPhlrVQB2iNp9vAfLvnMg |archive-url=https://www.amarujala.com/amp/shimla/two-prisoners-clashed-over-a-blanket-in-kaithu-jail-one-injured-2024-11-23&ved=2ahUKEwiArtK8rNKKAxXmd2wGHRQOGi8QyM8BKAB6BAgGEAE&usg |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dobhal |first=Ankush |date=28 July 2024 |title=शिमला में पौधारोपण का बना बड़ा रिकॉर्ड, गोल पहाड़ी पर लगाए गए इतना हजार पौधे |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/shimla-record-made-in-plantation-one-thousand-saplings-planted-in-gol-pahadi-himachal-pradesh-ann-2747916&ved=2ahUKEwiZhejkr9KKAxUgVmwGHWqXBAQQFnoECCYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw07JsBbYpB0SBnZ7eX5jM8v |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/shimla-record-made-in-plantation-one-thousand-saplings-planted-in-gol-pahadi-himachal-pradesh-ann-2747916&ved=2ahUKEwiZhejkr9KKAxUgVmwGHWqXBAQQFnoECCYQAQ&usg |archive-date=31 December 2024 |website=ABP News}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Grammar school Kaithu.jpg|thumb|Grammar Public School, Kaithu]]

Kaithu has a convent school, [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla|Loreto Covent Tara Hall]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/loreto-convent-tara-hall-shimla-chateau-de-perfection/story-hVUTokSCVy89T9McRWm6IL.html|title=Loreto Convent Tara Hall, Shimla: Château de perfection|website=hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> one public school i.e. Grammar Public School and formerly there was another one named Himalayan Public School which has been permanently closed now. In addition, there is one government school i.e. Kaithu High School located at Lower Kaithu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=The Sound of Music’ play staged at Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/the-sound-of-music-play-staged-at-loreto-convent-tara-hall-shimla/amp&ved=2ahUKEwiuy_vWrtKKAxVQXGwGHRaJAyoQyM8BKAB6BAgLEAE&usg=AOvVaw3Bbq-Aj1h7jwfp3anAVd5m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/the-sound-of-music-play-staged-at-loreto-convent-tara-hall-shimla/amp&ved=2ahUKEwiuy_vWrtKKAxVQXGwGHRaJAyoQyM8BKAB6BAgLEAE&usg |archive-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Shimla]]

Gopal Anjan Bhurji

2026-04-05T00:05:57Z

AhGaeza: started post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2025}}
{{citation style|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopal Anjan Bhurji
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| nominator = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| occupation = Politician
| term_start = October 18, 2021
}}
'''Gopal Anjan Bhurji''' is an Indian politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh currently he is serving as member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from 18 October 2021. He was nominated by the [[governor of Uttar Pradesh]] for his services to the community. He is affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Previously he has served as vice - chairman of Uttar Pradesh Khadi & Village Industries Board (UPKVIB).

==References==
{{reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=जितिन प्रसाद, डॉ. संजय निषाद, गोपाल अंजान भुर्जी और वीरेन्द्र सिंह गुर्जर बने UP विधान परिषद सदस्य - Nominated MLC in UP BJP Nominated Jitiin Prasad Dr Sanjay Nishad Gopal Anjan Bhurji and Virendra Singh Gurjar MLC |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-nominated-mlc-in-up-bjp-nominated-jitiin-prasad-dr-sanjay-nishad-gopal-anjan-bhurji-and-virendra-singh-gurjar-mlc-22057389.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोपाल अंजान को एमएलसी बनाने पर खुशी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur/story-happy-to-make-gopal-anjan-mlc-4672979.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811054620/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur/story-happy-to-make-gopal-anjan-mlc-4672979.html |archive-date=2022-08-11 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Hindustan |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Merin Philip

2026-03-14T23:01:30Z

AhGaeza: created first info nd citations...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}

{{Indian name|Merin|Philip}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Merin Philip
| image = Merin Philip.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| occupation = Actress,Model,Journalist
| years_active = 2018–present
| birth_name = Merin Mary Philip
| birth_place = [[Anchal]], [[Kollam]] Dist [[Kerala]], India
| father = Philip C Mathew
| mother = Daisy Philip
}}

'''Merin Mary Philip''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. She is known for her lead roles in ''[[Happy Sardar]]'' (2019) and ''[[Vadakkan]]'' (2025). She also played supporting roles in ''[[Vaathil]]'' (2023), ''[[Anchakkallakokkan]]'' (2024), and ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
Merin Mary Philip<ref name="first2024" /> was born on 21 June 1997 in [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]], to parents originally from [[Anchal]], [[Kollam]].<ref name="info">{{cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=21 April 2021 |title=Merin Philip to play a traditional Tamil girl in Eeyal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/merin-philip-to-play-a-traditional-tamil-girl-in-eeyal/articleshow/82028242.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> She grew up in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[UAE]], where she also first attempted theatre acting at age 14.<ref name="info" /> She continued acting in the theatre until she moved back to Kerala. She has a [[master's degree]] in [[journalism]].<ref name="info" />

==Career==
Merin moved to [[Kochi]] to pursue acting through workshops. She was trained in acting by [[K. P. Suveeran]], [[Babu Annur]], and James Elia.<ref name="info" /> Her first entry to Malayalam cinema is as a supporting role as Irene's friend in ''[[Poomaram]]'' starring [[Kalidas Jayaram]] and [[Neeta Pillai]] who played Irene in 2018. ''Poomaram'' received mixed reviews but received many accolades.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhu|first=Vignesh|date=2019-02-17|title=Merin Philip to play the female lead in Kalidas Jayaram's Happy Sardar|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/merin-philip-to-play-the-female-lead-in-kalidas-jayarams-happy-sardar/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=onlookersmedia|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, she played a lead role as Mary Harvinder Singh ({{nee|Kochara}}) in ''[[Happy Sardar]]'', opposite to Kalidas Jayaram.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=16 February 2019 |title=Javed Jaffrey plays Kalidas' father in Happy Sardar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/javed-jaffrey-plays-kalidas-father-in-happy-sardar/articleshow/68021550.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> The film received negative reviews where critics criticised the pair's lack of chemistry. Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' described her performance as "cute in her different get-ups" but Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that she was a "bland character".<ref>{{cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=18 November 2019 |title=Happy Sardar Movie Review: A tale of romance sans chemistry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/happy-sardar/movie-review/72278509.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=29 November 2019 |title='Happy Sardar' review: A ridiculously staged rom-com |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Nov/29/happy-sardar-review-a-ridiculously-staged-rom-com-2068553.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref> Her next film was in 2023, where she played a supporting role as Kamala in ''[[Vaathil]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=20 August 2023 |title='Vaathil' trailer: Lies, deceit, and mystery; Vinay Forrt - Anu Sithara's film promises a perfect thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vaathil-trailer-lies-deceit-and-mystery-vinay-forrt-anu-sitharas-film-promises-a-perfect-thriller/articleshow/102870653.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> The same year, she played a lead role as Gauthami in ''Rahel Makan Kora'', opposite to [[Anson Paul]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=20 August 2023 |title='Rahel Makan Kora' trailer: Anson Paul starrer promises a heartwarming family entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rahel-makan-kora-trailer-anson-paul-starrer-promises-a-heartwarming-family-entertainer/articleshow/104336750.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, Merin played in three films in supporting roles. She played Daisy in ''[[Anchakkallakokkan]]'', a film that received positive reviews but was an average success.<ref name="first2024">{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=19 April 2024 |title=Anchakkallakokkan on OTT – Here's where you stream the Chemban Vinod-starrer cop drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/anchakkallakokkan-on-ott-heres-where-you-stream-the-chemban-vinod-starrer-cop-drama/4d55120f93308 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514164328/https://www.ottplay.com/news/anchakkallakokkan-on-ott-heres-where-you-stream-the-chemban-vinod-starrer-cop-drama/4d55120f93308 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> She made her Tamil debut as Kani, the beggar's wife, in ''[[Bloody Beggar]]''. The film received mixed reviews and was a box-office failure. Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt her character was underwritten.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2024-10-31 |title='Bloody Beggar' movie review: A fantastic Kavin anchors a delightful dark comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bloody-beggar-movie-review-a-fantastic-kavin-anchors-a-delightful-dark-comedy/article68817499.ece |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'' starring [[Nazriya Nazim]], she played as Stephy, Priya's friend and neighbour who is Manuel's girlfriend. The film received positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success. Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' felt that she delivers "memorable performances as well and the casting seems very apt."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sookshmadarshini Review |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/sookshmadarshini-review-this-superbly-written-nazriya-nazim-basil-joseph-fun-thriller-is-a-must-watch-101732350860032.html |date=23 November 2024 }}</ref>

In 2025, Merin played a lead role as Anna Joseph in ''[[Vadakkan]]''. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews. Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that, along with other cast members, she "do what is expected of them, though they are mostly reduced to stereotypical horror movie characters reacting to fear rather than driving the story forward."<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Anjana |date=2025-03-08 |title=A one-time watch for its technical brilliance and some genuinely eerie moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vadakkanreview/movie-review/118798391.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was an official selection at [[Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival]] and [[Salerno Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=The first look poster of the Malayalam movie 'Vadakkan' is out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-first-look-poster-of-the-malayalam-movie-vadakkan-is-out/article69186779.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> She played as Chothi, a supporting role in ''[[Nellikkampoyil Night Riders]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=4 September 2025 |title=Mathew Thomas-starrer Night Riders gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Sep/04/mathew-thomas-starrer-night-riders-gets-a-release-date |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> Vivek Santosh described her performance as "with an eerie stillness" and wrote, "Her scenes carry a chill that the rest of the film never recaptures."<ref>{{cite news |last=Vivek |first=Santhosh |date=October 26, 2025 |title=Nellikkampoyil Night Riders Movie Review: A panic tale without a pulse |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/26/malayalamreview2025oct24nellikkampoyil-night-riders-movie-review-a-panic-tale-without-a-pulse |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Films
! Role
! Language
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2018 || ''[[Poomaram ]]'' || Irene's friend || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2019 || ''[[Happy Sardar]]'' || Mary Kochara || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Vaathil]]'' || Kamala || Malayalam
|-
| ''Rahel Makan Kora''|| Gauthami || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 ||''[[Anchakkallakokkan]]''|| Daisy || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Bloody Beggar]]''|| Kani || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'' || Stephy || Malayalam
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Vadakkan]]'' || Anna Joseph || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Nellikkampoyil Night Riders]]'' || Chothi || Malayalam
|-
| ''Anumana Pakshi'' || Kanya Kumari ||Telugu
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=11531465}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip, Merin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Mehdi Hasan Aini Qasmi

2026-03-14T22:59:20Z

AhGaeza: created some pg more to come...

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and social activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mehdi Hasan Aini Qasmi
| native_name = مہدی حسن عینی قاسمی
| image = Mehdi Hasan Aini Qasmi.jpg
| image_caption = Qasmi at ''Education Expo 2023''
| birth_place = [[Nasirabad, Raebareli]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Islamic scholar, social activist
| organization = India Islamic Academy, Deoband
| known_for = Religious education, social reform, activism
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
}}
'''Mehdi Hasan Aini Qasmi''' is an Indian Islamic scholar and social activist. He is the founder and director of India Islamic Academy, [[Deoband]], and the president of Tanzeem Abna E Madaris, Deoband. He has been active in religious education, humanitarian efforts, and social reform. His work includes advocacy for madrasa education, campaigns for simple and affordable weddings, and [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] relief initiatives. He has also been involved in media-related activism and discussions on the political challenges faced by marginalized communities in India.

== Biography ==
Mehdi Hasan Aini Qasmi, originally from [[Nasirabad, Raebareli]], Uttar Pradesh, completed the Aalim and Faazil programs and earned a postgraduate degree in Islamic Science from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name="IIAD">{{Cite web |title=IIAD - Founder & Director |url=https://www.iiadeoband.com/iiad-founder-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118195926/https://www.iiadeoband.com/iiad-founder-director/ |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=India Islamic Academy Deoband |language=en}}</ref>

He is the Founder & Director of India Islamic Academy, Deoband (IIAD) and serves as the President of the Deoband Alumni Federation and Tanzeem Abna E Madaris.<ref name="IIAD"/>

He is also associated with the Abna-e-Madaris Welfare Educational Trust and the Social Reform Committee (UP) under the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name="IIAD"/>

== Career and activities ==
=== Academic discourse ===
Qasmi has discussed madrasa education in India, stating that its prevalence increased after the exclusion of Islamic education during British rule, leading to the establishment of independent religious institutions. He believes that madrasas played a role in resisting colonialism, citing Darul Uloom Deoband as an example. Additionally, he highlights that many madrasas provide free education, making them accessible to students from lower-income backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=What are the odds? More than 20 lakh students study in madrasas, yet remain unemployed |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education/what-are-the-odds-more-than-20-lakh-studentsnbsp-study-in-madrasas-yet-remain-unemployed/3420606/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

He has also delivered lectures on contemporary ideological challenges. At Education Expo 2023, he discussed various global intellectual movements, including liberalism, secularism, capitalism, and feminism, as well as Indian ideologies like Hindutva and nationalism. He stressed the need for scholars and youth to engage intellectually with these issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=AIMPLB General Secretary Moulana Fazlur Rahman Mujaddidi stressed over the Revitalisation of Madrasas education with Modernisation, addressing to Education Expo 2023 |url=https://thehindustangazette.com/latest-news/aimplb-general-secretary-moulana-fazlur-rahman-mujaddidi-stressed-over-the-revitalisation-of-madrasas-education-with-modernisation-addressing-to-education-expo-2023-23459 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Hindustan Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bari |first=Pervez |date=2023-12-21 |title=Maulana Mujjaddidi stresses need to incorporate modern education system in madrasas |url=https://www.siasat.com/maulana-mujjaddidi-stresses-need-to-incorporate-modern-education-system-in-madrasas-2938612/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>

=== Relief work ===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], Qasmi played a significant role in providing aid to affected communities. He and his team established a helpdesk that arranged hospital beds, oxygen cylinders, and free medical counseling. They also worked to counter misinformation about the disease, assisting over 5,000 people and arranging more than 2,000 oxygen cylinders and medicines.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-24 |title=Deoband madrasa alumni group fights Covid-19 and misinformation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deoband-madrasa-alumni-group-fights-covid-19-misinformation/articleshow/82908536.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-09 |title=Madarsa old students provide medical help to corona patients |url=https://muslimmirror.com/madarsa-old-students-provide-medical-help-to-corona-patients/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Additionally, he led large-scale relief efforts, distributing over 200,000 ration kits and meals. He collaborated with medical institutions and welfare organizations to set up a COVID-19 help desk, which provided medical supplies and facilitated hospital admissions for over 150 patients.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bint-E.-Javaid Akhter |first=Erina |date=2021-05-29 |title=Deoband Madrasa's helpline desk works round the clock in fight against COVID-19 |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/deoband-madrasas-helpline-desk-works-round-the-clock-in-fight-against-covid-19/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Maktoob Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Social reforms ===
Qasmi has actively campaigned for simple and affordable weddings, opposing extravagant expenses. As a member of the Social Reform Committee of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB), he promotes the Aasaan wa Masnoon Nikah campaign, which encourages simple weddings and discourages dowry practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=آسان و مسنون نکاح مہم' سے ہر فرد کو جڑنا چاہیے :علما' |trans-title=Every individual should join the 'Simple and Sunnah-compliant Marriage' campaign: Scholars |url=https://www.urdu.awazthevoice.in/india-news/every-person-should-be-connected-with-easy-and-elegant-marriage-campaign-ulema-9126.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Awāz - The Voice |language=ur}}</ref>

In February 2019, he led a delegation to areas affected by toxic liquor, meeting with affected families and discussing measures to prevent alcohol consumption in local communities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-14 |title=दस सदस्यीय प्रतिनिधिमंडल ने किया जहरीली शराब से प्रभावित क्षेत्रों का दौरा |trans-title=Ten-member delegation visited areas affected by toxic liquor |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/141550083092-muzaffarnagar-news |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>

In December 2019, he participated in a candlelight march in Deoband following the [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder|Hyderabad incident]], calling for stricter legal measures against perpetrators. The protest also included a signature campaign and a memorandum to the President, Prime Minister, and National Commission for Women and Child Development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-13 |title=सहारनपुर: हैदराबाद कांड के खिलाफ फतवों की नगरी देवबंद में निकला कैंडल मार्च |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/saharanpur/candle-march-in-deoband-against-hyderabad-scandal/up20191213195703194 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=hi}}</ref>

In November 2019, ahead of the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|Ayodhya verdict]], Qasmi commended the administration’s efforts to maintain peace but urged them to engage religious leaders from all communities rather than focusing solely on Muslim scholars. He also called for action against hate speech on social media and the deployment of security forces in sensitive areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=केवल मुस्लिम ही नहीं, हिंदू धर्मगुरुओं से भी सहयोग मांगे प्रशासन: मौलाना मेहदी |trans-title=Islamic cleric says administration must meet to non muslim also |url=https://www.patrika.com/saharanpur-news/islamic-cleric-says-administration-must-meet-to-non-muslim-also-5318710 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika News]] |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Activism ===
In 2017, following the [[List of incidents of cow vigilante violence in India#2017|lynching of Junaid Khan]], protests were held across India. Some individuals wore [[black armband]]s during [[Eid al-Fitr]] prayers as a symbolic gesture against mob violence. Qasmi commented that mob lynching was becoming a serious issue and described the armbands as a peaceful form of protest. He also sought religious guidance from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] regarding the permissibility of wearing black armbands. While no written ruling was issued, some scholars reportedly conveyed over the phone that there was no prohibition on this practice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasha |first=Dilnawaz |date=25 June 2017 |title=काली पट्टी बांधकर ईद की नमाज़ क्यों पढ़ने वाले हैं मुसलमान |trans-title=India burning in the fire of hatred, Eid prayers with black armbands |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-40395972 |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[BBC Hindi]] |language=hi}}</ref>

In the same year, he initiated an online petition against [[Zee TV]]’s program ''[[Fatah Ka Fatwa]]'', alleging that it promoted sectarianism. The petition gained significant traction, leading a major sponsor to reconsider its advertisement placement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Raqib Hameed |date=2017-02-21 |title=Online petition forces Asian paints to withdraw sponsorship to Tarek Fatah's programme |url=https://twocircles.net/2017feb21/405070.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, he played a role in filing an FIR against [[Tarek Fatah]] for allegedly making derogatory remarks about Islam and Islamic seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2017 |title=FIR Registered Against Hate-monger Tarek Fatah in Deoband |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/15440-fir-registered-against-hate-monger-tarek-fatah-in-deoband/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, Qasmi criticized statements made by [[Waseem Rizvi]] that linked madrasas to terrorism and called for their closure. He filed a formal complaint against Rizvi, alleging that his remarks could incite communal tensions and disrupt public order. Letters were also sent to the Director General of Police (DGP) Uttar Pradesh, the Supreme Court, the Allahabad High Court, and the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP), urging legal action.<ref>{{Cite news |title=शिया वक्फ बोर्ड के चेयरमैन के खिलाफ तहरीर |trans-title=Complaint filed against Shia Waqf Board chairman |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-fir-against-baff-boards-chairman-17641819.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=10 March 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>

Following the [[2019 Pulwama attack]], Qasmi and a group of madrasa students organized a candlelight march in Deoband to honor the fallen soldiers. The participants strongly condemned terrorism and called for a comprehensive counterterrorism strategy rather than politicization of such incidents. He also demanded financial compensation for the families of the deceased soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-16 |title=पुलवामा आतंकी हमले ने देश को किया एकजुट, देवबंद में हिन्दू-मुस्लिम सभी ने मिलकर जवानों को दी श्रद्धाजंलि |trans-title=Madrasa student of Deoband criticises Pulwama Attack and pays tribute |url=https://www.patrika.com/saharanpur-news/madrasa-student-of-deoband-criticises-puwama-attack-and-pay-attribute-4143575 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

In December 2019, he participated in a protest against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)]] in Deoband. The protest, which began at the city's central mosque, was later dispersed by police, who cited a lack of prior permission. Tensions escalated when police attempted to arrest Qasmi, but he persuaded demonstrators to return to their hostels peacefully.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=M Ghazali |date=2019-12-25 |title=Muslim Youths Determined to Decide Their Own Fate, Deoband Rector Dances to the Tune of Local Admin, Stops Students from Protesting |url=https://www.urdumediamonitor.com/2019/12/25/ongoing-anti-caa-anti-nrc-protests-and-madarsa-students/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Urdu Media Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Usmani |first=Aarif |date=2019-12-11 |title=شہریت ترمیمی بل کے خلاف دیوبند میں زبردست احتجاج |trans-title=Massive protest in Deoband against Citizenship Amendment Bill |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/massive-protest-in-deoband-against-citizenship-amendment-bill |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Qaumi Awaz |language=ur}}</ref>

=== Views ===
Qasmi has expressed concerns over the influence of modern ideologies on religious beliefs. He argues that apostasy occurs in stages—first in thoughts, then in culture, and finally in faith. He has particularly spoken about [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] systems and the role of parents in children's upbringing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Shahab |date=11 September 2023 |title='بچوں کے والدین بنیں دوست نہیں ، والدین کی ذمہ داریاں کون نبھائے گا؟' |trans-title=Be parents to your children, not friends – who will fulfill parental responsibilities? |url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/be-the-parents-of-children-not-friends-who-will-fulfill-the-responsibilities-of-parents-49084 |website=[[The Inquilab]] |language=ur}}</ref>

In February 2024, the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR) alleged that a [[fatwa]] on [[Darulifta-Deoband.com|Darul Uloom Deoband's website]] contained content that could incite hatred and requested legal action. Darul Uloom denied issuing any fatwa, stating that it had merely quoted a hadith in response to a religious query. Qasmi criticized the commission, arguing that the issue was being misrepresented and used to portray the institution negatively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aafaq |first=Zafar |date=2024-02-24 |title=Did an Islamic institution really issue the 'fatwa' that child rights panel claims will fan hatred?|url=https://scroll.in/article/1064208/did-islamic-institution-really-issue-the-fatwa-that-child-rights-panel-claims-will-promote-hatred |access-date=2025-03-08|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Was that a fatwa on Gazwa-e-Hind by Deoband which is now being probed? |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/india/was-that-a-fatwa-on-gazwa-e-hind-by-deoband-which-is-now-being-probed-1260813 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=[[Madhyamam]] |date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Participation in Waqf training workshop (2025) ===
In November 2025, Qasmi participated as a speaker in a training workshop on uploading Waqf documents to the UMEED portal held at Jami'a Zainab lil-Banaat, Deoband. His lecture, titled "The Waqf Law: Its Shariah and Legal Dimensions and Our Responsibilities", addressed legal and religious aspects of the Waqf Act, 2024. He stated that while the Supreme Court of India had provided interim relief on certain provisions of the Act, the process of online registration and documentation through the UMEED portal should continue. He also advised Mutawallis to renew the registration of their respective Waqf properties before 5 December 2025.<ref name="indiatomorrow20251110">{{cite web |last=Bari |first=Pervez |title=Training Workshop on Uploading Waqf Documents to UMEED Portal Held in Deoband |url=https://indiatomorrow.net/2025/11/10/training-workshop-on-uploading-waqf-documents-to-umeed-portal-held-in-deoband/ |date=10 November 2025 |website=India Tomorrow |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="siasat20251110">{{cite web |title=Workshop for uploading waqf documents on UMEED portal organized in Deoband |url=https://www.siasat.com/workshop-for-uploading-waqf-documents-on-umeed-portal-organized-in-deoband-3294113/ |date=10 November 2025 |website=The Siasat Daily |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Mehdi Hasan Aini}}
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:People from Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Akola Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-12T04:21:06Z

AhGaeza:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Akola
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Akola.map}}
| map_caption =Akola Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]] [[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]] [[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]] [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]] [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]] [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Anup Dhotre]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| electors = 18,90,814
| preceded_by = [[Sanjay Dhotre]] (2019) [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

'''Akola Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]], currently represented by [[Anup Dhotre]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 2008, Akola Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments (with their constituency numbers and reservation status) are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|28
|[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Akola district|Akola]]
|[[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale|Prakash Bharasakle]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|29
|[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]
|[[Nitin Deshmukh]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|30
|[[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]
|[[Sajid Khan Pathan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|31
|[[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]
|[[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar|Randhir Savarkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|32
|[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]](SC)
|[[Harish Marotiappa Pimple|Harish Pimple]]
|-
|33
|[[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak|Amit Zanak]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar|Gopalrao Khedkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=12}}
|-
|[[Laxman Shrawan Bhatkar|Laxman Bhatkar]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar|Gopalrao Khedkar]]
|-
|[[Laxman Shrawan Bhatkar|Laxman Bhatkar]]
|-
|1960^
|[[T. S. Patil]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Mohammad Mohibbul Haq
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|[[K.M. Asghar Husain]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|1972^
|rowspan="2"|[[Vasant Sathe]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Madhusudan Vairale]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Pandurang Fundkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Prakash Ambedkar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|[[Republican Party of India]]}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Sanjay Dhotre]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Anup Dhotre]]
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Akola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anup Dhotre|Anup Sanjay Dhotre]]
|votes = 457,030
|percentage = 38.96
|change ={{down}}10.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abhay Kashinath Patil
|votes = 416,404
|percentage = 35.50
|change = {{up}}10.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
|candidate = [[Prakash Ambedkar]]
|votes = 276,747
|percentage = 23.59
|change = {{down}}1.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =5,783
|percentage =0.49
|change ={{down}}0.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National League
|candidate = Adv Najib Shaikh
|votes =3,300
|percentage = 0.28
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Kashinath Vishwanath Dhamode
|votes =2,760
|percentage = 0.24
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =40,626
|percentage = 3.46
|change = {{down}}21.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,73,072
|percentage = 62.04
|change = {{up}}1.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =BJP
|loser =Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Akola]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Dhotre]]
|votes = 5,54,444
|percentage = 49.53
|change = +2.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = [[Prakash Ambedkar]]
|votes = 2,75,596
|percentage = 24.91
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hidayatullah Barakatullah Patel
|votes = 2,54,370
|percentage = 22.72
|change = -3.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,866
|percentage =0.79
|change = +0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,75,596
|percentage = 24.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,20,185
|percentage = 60.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Akola]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
|votes = 4,56,472
|percentage = 46.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hidayatulla Barkatulla Patel
|votes = 2,53,356
|percentage = 25.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
|candidate = [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar]]
|votes = 2,38,776
|percentage = 24.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ajay Panjabrao Hingankar
|votes = 8,076
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhai B. C. Kamble
|votes = 7,858
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,206
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,03,116
|percentage = 20.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,78,630
|percentage = 58.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Akola]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre|Sanjay Dhotre]]
|votes = 2,87,526
|percentage = 38.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
|candidate = [[Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant|Prakash Ambedkar]]
|votes = 2,22,678
|percentage = 30.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Babasaheb Dhabekar
|votes = 1,82,776
|percentage = 24.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 64,848
|percentage = 8.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,38,955
|percentage =49.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency]] (1951 elections as Buldhana Akola Lok Sabha constituency electing two seats)
* [[Khamgaon Lok Sabha constituency]] (1962,1967,1971 elections to 3rd,4th,5th Lok Sabha)
* [[Washim Lok Sabha constituency]] (1977 to 2004 elections for 6th to 14th Lok Sabha)
* [[Akola district]]
* [[Washim district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx Previous Lok Sabha Members by Constituency] [[Lok Sabha]] website
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/akola/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Akola lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Akola district}}

{{coord|20|42|32.09|N|76|59|47.73|E|region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akola Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Washim district]]
[[Category:Akola district]]

Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992 film)

2026-03-05T02:45:31Z

AhGaeza: Entry

{{About||the 2018 film|Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jamba Lakidi Pamba
| image = Jamba_Lakidi_Pamba.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| producer = J. Bhagavan [[D. V. V. Danayya]] Saraswathi Kumar
| writer = E. V. V. Satyanarayana
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = D. Diwakar Babu
}}
| starring = [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] [[Aamani]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = K. Ravindra Babu
| distributor = Sri Balaji Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|50 [[lakh]]}}<ref name=":0" />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|2 [[crore]]}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Jamba Lakidi Pamba''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]. The film stars [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] and [[Aamani]] (in her Telugu film debut). The film explores feminism and women's rights in a light-hearted manner and depicts the consequences when the male and female gender roles are reversed. The film is based on an old story EVV conceptualized while working under [[Jandhyala]] as an assistant director. It is also inspired by a [[Play (theatre)|play]] written by Madireddy Sulochana. EVV took the basic theme of Sulochana's play and his old story and developed it into the script of ''Jamba Lakidi Pamba.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Atluri |first=Sri |date=2008-01-10 |title=Feature Articles : TC Exclusive: Interview with Danayya |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/featurearticles/interview_danayya_2008_2.php |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324110038/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/featurearticles/interview_danayya_2008_2.php |archive-date=24 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was initially released in 1992 but went unnoticed. It was re-released on 12 July 1993 and became a commercial success.<ref name=":0" /> The film was remade in Kannada as ''Nari Munidare Gandu Parari'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug152004/mr3.asp|title=Nari munidare gandu parari – Deccan Herald|date=2 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102034832/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug152004/mr3.asp|archive-date=2 November 2004}}</ref> The 2018 film of [[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|the same name]] is also based on the concept of ''Jamba Lakidi Pamba.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pecheti|first=Prakash|title=Jamba Lakidi Pamba fails to live up to the original|url=https://telanganatoday.com/jamba-lakidi-pamba-fails-to-live-up-to-the-original|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Yashraj Films]] made a program series named ''Man's world'' on [[YouTube]], which is inspired from the film.<ref name="gulte">{{cite web|title=Hindi version of Jamba Lakidi Pamba|url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/42673/Hindi-Version-Of-Jambalakidi-Pamba|website=gulte.com|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[Vizag]], Ramalakshmi is deeply disturbed by the problems faced by all the women in their colony while their husbands happily enjoy playing cards and dominating their wives. Whenever she is furious about the plight of women, she receives a mysterious letter that appears from nowhere and on each of these occasions she has torn up the letters in distress without reading them.

On one such occasion, she reads the letter fully. In that letter, an anonymous asks her to come to an isolated place in the [[Borra caves]] if she wants to solve the problems faced by women. She reaches that place and finds Amba, a [[yogin]] who lost all her relatives because of the male-dominated society. To take revenge on society, she did penance for many years and prepared a herb called ''Jamba Lakidi Pamba''. Her disciple Chidambarananda Swami hands over the herb to Ramalakshmi, asking her to mix that in the drinking water supply to see its effect.

The next morning, an [[Inspector General|I.G.]] of the police along with a few other officers who visited [[Vizag]] start behaving weirdly. The government suspects that something mysterious has happened in Vizag and quarantines the city. Vijay, a police officer, is sent there to investigate the reason. He visits Vizag and finds that all men are behaving like women and vice versa. At the same time, Thutala Rani, a bandit who wants to exploit the situation in Vizag and moves there along with her followers.

Vijay meets Ramalakshmi at the beach and she is surprised that he is still behaving like a man. He finds that Ramalakshmi hates male domination. She asks Vijay whether he drank water on the 24th, much to his suspicion. Then he goes to a police station and finds Nagulu, an [[Sub Inspector|S.I.]] who is also behaving normally. He explains that after he had gone out of Vizag on 23rd and returned on 25th, everything in Vizag got changed. Vijay concludes that something happened on the 24th which is the root cause of this situation, and Ramalakshmi might be one of the persons behind it.

Ramalakshmi finds that Vijay is a police officer who came there for investigation. She plans to make him drink water mixed with the herb but she is tricked by Vijay who behaves like a woman and marries her. On their first night, Vijay reveals that he is normal and asks her to reveal the secret behind the strange behavior of the people in the city. In a scuffle between them, she has pushed away and accidentally goes into a coma. Before she gains her conscience, Vijay and Nagulu enact a drama to trick her into believing that she has gone into the future (the year 2092) and make her reveal the secret about Jamba Lakidi Pamba.

Vijay and Nagulu set out to meet Amba and find only her disciple Chidambarananda there. He tells them that she died and he was the one who gave the herb to Ramalakshmi. He also reveals that he found the antidote of Jamba Lakidi Pamba called ''Pamba Lakidi Jamba'' and mixed them together as he did not want to betray his kind. However, he realizes that was a mistake, and people who consumed it would become mad in five stages. Chidambarananda has a final antidote called ''Pamba Jamba Lamba Lakidi'' but before they take it from him, he is kidnapped by Thutala Rani with the help of Ramalakshmi. When they try to trace him, they find that people have reached the second stage in which kids behave like adults and vice versa. When Vijay explains all this to Ramalakshmi, she realizes her mistake and helps Vijay to find out the antidote. While they try to trace Thutala Rani, the third phase also arrives where the dressing style and the voices of all the people are changed. When all the people become mad, they chase them to the den of Thutala Rani, where they find Chidambarananda and make him prepare the antidote. They fight with Thutala Rani and finally mix it in the water and spray them on all the people and everything becomes normal.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Vijay
* [[Aamani]] as Ramalakshmi
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Anandam, Vijay’s brother
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy|Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Keeravani
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ramalakshmi’s father
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Nagulu, Sub Inspector of Police
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Mallikarjuna Rao
* [[Maharshi Raghava]]
* [[Ironleg Sastri]] as Panthulu
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ramalakshmi’s brother
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Ramalakshmi’s mother
* [[Jayalalitha (actress)|Jayalalitha]] as Thutala Rani, bandit
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Chidambarananda Swamy
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Paru, the drunkard
* [[Kalpana Rai]] as Panthulu's wife
* [[Baladitya (actor)|Aditya]] as School Headmaster
* Chidathala Apparao as Paru's assistant Bose D.K.
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]]
* Viswanatham
* Lakshmi Kantham
* Subhash
* Krishna Chaitanya
* Shilpa
{{colend}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
EVV conceptualized the story of men becoming women and vice versa while working under [[Jandhyala]] as an assistant director. He initially the story sent to ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' for publication but the newspaper rejected it.<ref name=":0" /> The film was also inspired by a [[Play (theatre)|play]] written by Madireddy Sulochana. EVV took the basic theme of Sulochana's play and his old story and developed it into the story of ''Jamba Lakidi Pamba.'' Diwakar Babu helped in the development of the story.<ref name=":1" />

[[D. V. V. Danayya]], who liked the script agreed to produce the film. Initially titled as ''Reverse Gear,'' the film was later renamed to ''Jamba Lakidi Pamba'' as the makers felt that the former might be taken in a negative way.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=తిప్పి పంపిన కథతో సూపర్ హిట్ కొట్టిన ఈవీవీ.. 'జంబలకిడి పంబ' తెరవెనుక కథ|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/evv-satyanarayana-directed-jamba-lakidi-pamba-movie-unknown-facts/articleshow/79204646.cms|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
EVV wrote the script envisioning [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] in the lead role. However owing to Prasad's busy schedule, EVV approached [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]. He liked script and signed immediately. Several actresses where approached for lead role but Tamil actress Meenakshi was finalised. She adopted the screen name [[Aamani]] and made her debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Principal photography ===
The film was entirely shot in [[Visakhapatnam]] in the span of a month.<ref name=":0" />

==Release==
The film was initially released in 1993 but went unnoticed running only for a day in theatres. Following the success of EVV-directed ''[[Varasudu]]'', it was re-released on 12 July 1993 and became a commercial success.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Raj–Koti]] and all lyrics were written by [[Bhuvana Chandra]].<ref name = "Jamba Lakidi Pamba Songs">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/3fMG4Y1H4LxUKFaiUKelEB | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Jamba Lakidi Pamba | date = August 2014 | access-date = 10 May 2021}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Jamba Lakidi Pamba Songs" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:42

| title1 = Kanaraa Vinaraa
| extra1 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length1 = 5:20

| title2 = Madanaa Thagunaa
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:36

| title3 = Nene Superman
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chorus
| length3 = 4:45

| title4 = Niluvara Valukanula Vaada
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], Radhika
| length4 = 10:10

| title5 = Yamma Yamma
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:49
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0253157}}
{{E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}

[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. V. V. Danayya]]

Atarra railway station

2026-03-04T22:02:44Z

AhGaeza:

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=February 2019}}
{{independent sources|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Atarra
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Atarra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.291210|80.576426|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| line =
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|138|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 24 hours
| closed =
| rebuilt = Yes
| electrified = Yes, Line Electrified.
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = ATE
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Jhansi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| status = Construction – Single-line
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=West Central Railway zone|left=Khurhand|right=Badausa|type=[[Khairar–Ohan branch line]]}}
}}
'''Atarra railway station''' is a grade B railway station in the [[Banda district (India)|Banda district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] with code '''ATE'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/482?|title=Atarra Railway Station|accessdate=2 November 2017}}</ref> It serves [[Atarra]] town.

==Infrastructure==
The station consists of two platforms. The station is a Category A{{clarify|date=February 2019}} station of [[Jhansi railway division]] of the [[North Central Railway zone]]. There is no waiting room for AC and NON-AC.
Public washroom are available to all.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|482}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Banda district, India]]
[[Category:Jhansi railway division]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Mother India (book)

2026-03-04T17:04:24Z

AhGaeza: Made info...

{{Short description|1927 book by Katherine Mayo}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Mother India
| image = Mother India.png
| author = [[Katherine Mayo]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| subject = Indian society, British colonialism, women's rights
| genre = Non-fiction, polemic
| publisher = Harcourt, Brace & Company (US); Jonathan Cape (UK)
| release_date = 1927
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages = 440
| preceded_by = The Isles of Fear (1925)
| followed_by = The Face of Mother India (1935)
| caption = Title page for ''Mother India'' (1927)
}}

'''''Mother India''''' (1927) is a [[polemical]] book by American journalist [[Katherine Mayo]] on the status of women and girls in Indian society as well as her perception of [[Hindu culture]]. The book was translated into more than a dozen languages and reprinted many times in the US.{{sfn|Sinha|2006|p=248}}

==Content==
Written in opposition to the [[Indian independence movement|movement for Indian independence]], the book criticized [[women in India|India's treatment of women]], the [[Dalit|untouchables]] in the [[caste system in India]], animals, the countryside, and the character of its nationalistic politicians. A large part of the book dealt with the problems resulting from the [[child marriage in India|marriage of young girls]]. This was considered to be one of the main causes that led to an uproar across India after many Indian newspapers declared the book "scurrilous libel" against [[Hindu]]s and [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Sinha, Mrinalini 2006">Sinha, Mrinalini (2006). ''Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire''. Duke University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-3795-9}}.</ref>

==Reception==
Mayo's book created outrage across India, and it was [[Book burning|burned]] along with [[Effigy|effigies]] of her.{{sfn|Frick|2006}} Mayo’s book also sparked controversy among American liberal scholars, who were also critical of Mayo.<ref name="Teed" /> A major opponent to ''Mother India'' was [[Jabez Sunderland]], a longtime pro-India activist. Sunderland made comparisons between Indian leaders and American revolutionaries who played a part in the fight for American freedom to counteract Mayo’s racial nationalism. In his book ''India, America and World Brotherhood'', Sunderland asserted that imperialistic rule over India was unjustifiable, parasitic, and destructive.<ref name="Teed" /> His book included personal testimonies and statistics mainly gathered from the Indian government to counteract Mayo’s claims about Indian society. Instead, Sunderland attributed the problems that Mayo blamed as intrinsic to Indian society, as symptoms “rooted in centuries of colonial oppression.”<ref name="Teed" />

Mayo's book was criticized by Indian independence activist [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] as a "report of a drain inspector sent out with the one purpose of opening and examining the drains of the country to be reported upon."{{sfn|Gandhi|2002|p=214}} Gandhi reminded Western readers of the shortcomings of their own societies, as did Sunderland who stated, “India knows nothing so bad as our American [[lynching]] and burning of Negroes.”<ref name="Teed" /> Sunderland drew on how at one time Irish playwright [[George Bernard Shaw]] had used the example of lynching as justification for why America was not civilized enough for self-governance and commented that “the United States is not fit to rule itself and ought forthwith to be taken in hand and civilized by some foreign nation say England or France or Japan.”<ref name="Teed" />

=== Response books ===
The book prompted over fifty critical books and pamphlets to be published, which highlighted Mayo's incorrect assertions and distorted perception of Indian society, which had become a powerful influence on the American public's view of India.{{sfn|Jayawardena|1995|p=99}} The controversy caused by Mayo's work was helpful to aid nationalist India in the reversal of Western colonial propaganda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|date=Autumn 2000|title=Refashioning Mother India: Feminism and Nationalism in Late-Colonial India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178643|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=26| issue = 3|pages=623–631|doi=10.2307/3178643 |jstor=3178643 |hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0026.308|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The outrage caused led to a new school of liberal Indian feminism and a new vision for Indian women.<ref name=":0" /> This new ideal of an Indian woman was viewed as the model embodiment of what it meant to be Indian in an independent nation state.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Teed">{{cite journal |author= Paul Teed |year= 2003|title= Race Against Memory: Katherine Mayo, Jabez Sunderland, and Indian Independence|journal= American Studies|volume= 44|issue= 1–2|pages= 35–57|jstor= 40643432}}</ref>{{sfn|Sinha|2006|p=68}}

[[Annie Besant]] called ''Mother India'' "a remarkably wicked book [[slander]]ing the whole [[Indian people]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Natarajan |first=K |date= 1928|title=Mother India: A Rejoinder |publisher=G.A. Natesan }}</ref> The book was cited as an example of [[imperial feminism]] by American historian Liz Wilson, who wrote that Mayo employed [[Feminism|feminist]] rhetoric to support her criticisms of the Indian independence movement.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last= Wilson |first= Liz |title= Who is Authorized to Speak? Katherine Mayo and the Politics of Imperial Feminism in British India |date= April 1997|journal= Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=25 |issue= 2|pages= 139–151|doi= 10.1023/A:1004204900425 |jstor= 23448577 |s2cid= 150695766 }}</ref> Wilson also explored alternative conclusions that some Western reviewers had come to after reading Mayo’s book. For example, one anonymous 1927 review in the ''[[New Statesman]]'' claimed that the Indian vices supposedly detailed in Mayo's book were exclusive to Hindus, and Muslims in India were "comparatively free of these sub-human vices". The review provoked a furious response from Bengali intellectual [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who accused Western commentators of hypocrisy.<ref name=":1" />

Mayo's initial inspiration for her assertions against India came from a British intelligence agent working for the [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]] (IPIO), which was based in London. The IPIO was formed in response to the dissemination of anarchist and revolutionary elements of [[Indian nationalism]] in Europe during the First World War.<ref name=":0" />

In 1929, Harry H. Field, whom Mayo had acknowledged in the foreword of ''Mother India'', wrote a book called ''After Mother India'' in which he responded to the criticisms levelled against Mayo's work, added more commentaries and wrote a brief biography of Katherine. A chapter was dedicated to the most notable critique, which was the one written by Gandhi.{{sfn|Field|1929|p=3}}

After its publication [[Dalip Singh Saund]], who later became a [[United States Congress|U.S. Congressman]], wrote ''My Mother India'' in 1930, to counter Mayo's assertions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saund|first=Dalip Singh|author-link=Dalip Singh Saund|title=My Mother India|year=c. 1930|publisher=Pacific coast Khalsa Diwan society (Sikh temple)|location=Stockton, California|pages=218|oclc=3401226|lccn=30013748}} {{LCC|DS421 .S25}} {{OCLC|253315388}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tisdale|first=Sara|title=Breaking Barriers: Congressman Dalip Singh Saund|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Breaking-Barriers-Congressman-Dalip-Singh-Saund.aspx|work=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=March 10, 2012|date=December 19, 2008|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615235350/http://www.pewforum.org/Breaking-Barriers-Congressman-Dalip-Singh-Saund.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saund’s writing focused largely on rebutting Mayo’s claims about Indian men’s behaviour towards women. Saund clarified that in the eyes of Indian law, women were seen as exact equals to men with the same rights to possess property, the same rights to go before the courts of justice and to ask the protection of the law.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Susmita|title=Katherine Mayo's ''Mother India '' (1927) and it's Critique by the Diaspora |date=2017|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26906156.pdf|journal=Indian History Congress|volume=78|pages=820–827|jstor=26906156 }}</ref> He also corrected Mayo’s conclusions regarding child marriage in India which was a focal issue in ''Mother India''. He noted that whilst child marriage was prevalent, the child did not cohabit with her husband until she had reached puberty. He added that although these young Indian wives may have lacked formal education, they were fully trained to run a household and to raise their children. Saund used statistics from the Census Report of 1921<ref name=":2" /> that showed that sixty percent of Indian girls remained unmarried at the beginning of their sixteenth year, as evidence for the situation in India regarding marriage developing.<ref name=":2" />

Saund's work shifted focus onto American culture and the sexual issues that were prevalent in the US stating, “When fifteen to twenty-five girls out of every hundred in any country indulge in irresponsible sexual relationships between the ages of fifteen and eighteen, that country is not in a healthy moral condition The effect of these early sexual intimacies between young girls and boys is ruinous to their later spiritual growth. How the situation may be remedied is a serious problem, which is not the task of any foreigner, however honest and friendly, to solve.”<ref name=":2" />

Another response to Mayo's book was written by [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]] in 1928, in his ''A Son of Mother India Answers''.<ref>{{cite book| author=Mukerji, Dhan Gopal |year=1928 |title=A Son of Mother India Answers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=al3rIwAACAAJ&q=editions:j0Q-czVT0s4C |publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co. |isbn=9788171676507 |access-date=January 16, 2014}} Reprint 1928 by Rupa & Company, {{ISBN|978-81-7167-650-7}}</ref> Mukerji disputed much of the facts that did not receive much backing in Mayo's writing and used statistics to highlight the inaccuracies in Mayo's writing.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} For example, he rebuts Mayo's assertion that it was commonplace for Indian girls to give birth between the ages of eight and fourteen, with figures recorded by Indian doctors showing that out of 304 births in a Bombay hospital, only three mothers were aged 14.<ref name=":2" /> The average age of the mothers was 18 years old. When discussing these figures, Mukerji stated, “I think the figures I have given prove that the cases instanced by Miss Mayo do not in the least represent the common customs of the country.”<ref name=":2" />

The response from lawyer and journalist [[K. L. Gauba]] came in the form of parody in his 1929 book ''Uncle Sham: A Strange Tale of a Civilization Run Amok''. The book criticizes America's growing global power, [[Settler colonialism|settler colonial]] and racist violence, as well as gender norms. Having never visited the United States, Gauba relied on sources ranging from the [[Chicago Commission on Race Relations]] to ''[[True Story (magazine)|True Story]]'' to critique his perception of American women and sexuality. It was reported as a world best seller, translated into other languages, and temporarily banned in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Shefali |title=Routledge Handbook of Critical Studies in Whiteness |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |pages=139–149 |chapter=How (not) to become white}}</ref>

The title of [[Mehboob Khan]]'s 1957 Hindi epic film ''[[Mother India]]'' is a deliberate rebuke to Mayo's book.<ref name="Sinha, Mrinalini 2006"/>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|title=Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire|year=2006|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3795-9}}
* {{cite web|last=Frick|first=Katherine|url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Mayo__Katherine.html|title=Mayo, Katherine|publisher=Pennsylvania Center for the Book|access-date=15 June 2011|year=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214163843/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Mayo__Katherine.html|archive-date=14 December 2012|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mahatma|title=The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas|date=2002|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-1-4000-3050-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Jayawardena |first=Kumari |title=The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Colonial Rule|year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-91104-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Field|first=Harry Hubert|title=After Mother India|year=1929|publisher=Jonathan Cape|url=https://archive.org/details/aftermotherindia035224mbp}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/b29824813/page/n7/mode/2up Scanned book on the Internet Archive]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1927 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Books about women in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment]]
[[Category:Books critical of Hinduism]]
[[Category:History of women in India]]
[[Category:1920s in India]]
[[Category:Child marriage in India]]

Needhipathi

2026-03-04T05:05:34Z

AhGaeza: created a stub more to come...

{{for|the 1983 film|Neethibathi}}
{{No plot|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Needhipathi
| director = [[A. S. A. Sami]]
| producer = N. S. Thiraviyam
| screenplay = A. S. A. Sami
| based_on = {{based on|''Needhipathi''|M. S. Solaimalai}}
| starring = [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Rajasulochana]] K. Malathi [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] [[M. N. Rajam]] [[T. S. Balaiah]]
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = R. R. Chandran Rajabahadur
| editing = P. V. Narayanan
| studio = Vijaya Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1955|10|07|ref1=<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Needhipathi''''' ({{translation|Judge}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[A. S. A. Sami]]. The film stars [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Rajasulochana]] and [[M. N. Rajam]]. It was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Anna Thammudu''.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1955 – நீதிபதி – விஜயா பிலிம்ஸ் – அண்ணா தம்முடு (தெ)-நாடகம் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails22.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322004846/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails22.asp |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film is based on the play of the same name by M. S. Solaimalai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=மணியன் |first=அறந்தை |title=பம்மல் முதல் கோமல் வரை |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |pages=1959 |language=ta |trans-title=From Pammal to Komal |oclc=225093103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Manian |first=Aranthai |title=திரைப்படங்களான இலக்கியங்களும் நாடகங்களும் |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |year=2020 |pages=1975 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
*[[Gemini Ganesan]]
*[[T. S. Balaiah]]
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
*[[D. Balasubramaniam]]
*''Yadhartham'' Ponnusamy Pillai
*C. S. Pandian
*M. K. Mustapha
*Karikol Raj
*S. V. Shanmugam
*V. S.. Nadesan
*Sankaramurthi
*M. S. Karupiah
*T. K. Gopal
*Rajagopal
*Ponnusamy
*C. V. Velappan
*Veerasamy
*T. A. Natarajan
*[[Rajasulochana]]
*[[M. N. Rajam]]
*K. Malathi
*[[T. D. Kusalakumari]]
*[[E. V. Saroja]]
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
*P. Dhanam
*Renganayagi
*P. S. Muthulakshmi
*Seethalakshmi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by the duo [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] assisted by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=95 |language=Tamil}}</ref> As per film credits, Gajalakshmi and S. J. Kantha also lent their voices for a group song.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss) !! Lyricist
|-
| "Aanandhame Aanandam" || [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]|| 03:41 || rowspan=9|[[A. Maruthakasi]]
|-
| "Vanthadhadi Rajayogam" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & Group || 03:01
|-
| "Thaayum Seyum Pirindhathai Paar" || rowspan=5|[[C. S. Jayaraman]]|| 06:57
|-
| "Thaayum Seyum" (Short version) ||
|-
| "Unmaiyaana Uravu" ||
|-
| "Annan Thambi" ||
|-
| "Aneedhiyaale" ||
|-
| "Anbe Nam Deivam" || T. V. Rathnam || 03:24
|-
| "Uruvam Kandu Yen Manasu" || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]|| 03:16
|-
| "Jilu Jiluvena Jolikkum" || K. R. Ramasamy || 03:31 || rowspan=2|[[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]
|-
| "Varuvaar Varuvaarendru" (Music Drama) || K. R. Ramasamy, Gajalakshmi & S. J. Kantha || 06:16
|-
| "Parakudhu Paar Pori" || K. R. Ramasamy & [[A. P. Komala]]|| 03:36 || [[Kannadasan]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. S. A. Sami]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

India–Syria relations

2026-03-03T23:59:24Z

AhGaeza: fixed issues

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Syria|India|Syria|map=India Syria Locator.svg|filetype=svg|mission1=Embassy of India, [[Damascus]]|mission2=Embassy of Syria, [[New Delhi]]|envoytitle1= Ambassador|envoy1=Dr. Irshad Ahmad|envoytitle2=Ambassador|envoy2= Dr. Bassam Alkhatib|flagvariant2=revolution}}
'''Bilateral relations''' between '''[[India]]''' and '''[[Syria]]''' are historic with the two countries having ancient civilisational ties. Both countries were on the [[Silk Road]] through which civilisational exchanges took place for centuries. India has an embassy in [[Damascus]].<ref name="EI-Damascus">{{cite web|url=https://eoi.gov.in/damascus/ |title=Embassy of India, Damascus, Syria |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs of India |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref> Syria has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. Both countries are members of [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="NAM members">{{cite web|url=https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|title=NAM Members & Observers|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085806/https://mnoal.org/nam-members/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:President Quwatli and Prime Mnister Nehru - Damascus 1956.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President Shukri Kuwatly in Damascus; 1956.]]

=== Ancient ===
[[Aramaic Inscription of Laghman|Aramaic edict of King Ashoka]] mentions a trade route connecting India with mediterranean basin through city of [[Palmyra|Palmyra, Syria]]. Both countries were on the Silk Road through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries. [[Syriac Christianity]], originating in [[ancient Syria]], spread further to the East and created the first Christian communities in ancient India. The [[Suriyani Malayalam|ancient Syriac language]] among the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syrian Christians]] of [[Kerala]] was also brought to Kerala by [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century CE. The Syriac language continues to be taught in colleges, universities and [[Syrian churches of Kerala|Syrian churches]] in Kerala.

=== Modern ===
Both countries established diplomatic relations in May 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tX-lxdyvQPoC&dq=Dr.+A.A.A.+Fyzee+,+Ambassador+of+India+in+Egypt+,+has+been+concurrently+accredited+as+India%27s+Minister+to+Syria&pg=RA7-PA6 |title=India News Bulletin |publisher=Embassy of India |year=1950 |pages=6 |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref> The urge to pursue relations with the Muslim world in general, and the [[Arab world]] in particular, was strengthened in light of the [[partition of India]] on religious grounds. Religious partitions aside. the same perspective brought support for the Palestinian cause. Additionally, India pursued a pro-Arab policy regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict in order to counteract Pakistani influence in the region as well as to secure access to Western Asian petroleum resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/131.htm|title=India - Middle East|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

On 14 July 1957, Indian first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited Damascus on his way to the United States. During the visit, a main street (where Umayyad Square is currently located) was named in his honour in order to "immortalise Syrian-Indian relations."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/nehru%E2%80%99s-damascus-rose-interview-indian-ambassador-syria|title=Fw-Magazine.com|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>

A common nationalism and secular orientation, membership of NAM and similar perceptions on many issues further strengthened a bond between the two states. India supported "Syria’s legitimate right to regain the occupied Golan Heights." In turn, this was reciprocated with Syrian recognition that [[Kashmir]] is a bilateral issue as well as general support of India's concerns and even candidature at various international forums.<ref name="mea.in"/>

The Indian Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, [[Arun Jaitley]], visited Syria in January 2000. A senior Minister, [[Murali Manohar Joshi]] participated in the funeral ceremonies of the former President [[Hafez al-Assad]] in June 2000. The Minister of State for Science and Technology, BS Rawat visited Syria in November 2000. [[Jaswant Singh]] also visited Syria in January/February 2001 and [[Yashwant Sinha]] visited Syria in August 2003.

Syrian Deputy PM & Foreign Minister [[Farouk Al-Shara]] visited India in August 2002.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] travelled with a delegation including his Minister of External Affairs, National Security Adviser and senior officials for a 3-day official visit to Syria, which was the first visit of an Indian prime minister after 15 years.{{when|date=February 2019}} On the trip Vajpayee and Assad jointly inaugurated the Syrian National Bio-technology Centre, that was established with Indian assistance, where Vajpayee announced a special grant of US$1 million for the centre. The two countries also decided to set up a Joint Hydrocarbon Committee. Vajpayee also announced a credit line of US$25 million for the development of bilateral trade. For their part, Syria also supported a resolution of India-Pakistan issues bilaterally through dialogue based on the [[Simla Agreement]] (1972) and the Lahore Declaration (1999), while Vajpayee reiterated India's "principled support for the Palestinian and Syrian causes and for the legitimate rights and aspirations in the framework of the UNSC Resolutions as well as the 'land for peace' principle."<ref name="mea.in"/> Later, the Syrian foreign minister did not visit India{{when|date=February 2019}} and was followed a year later by President al-Assad.{{when|date=February 2019}} After Al-Assad's son became president in July 2000, his first ministerial delegation that went abroad was to India, led by the then Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs and included the Ministers of Planning, Industry, Science & Technology and Higher Education.

===Developing relations===
{{Update|section|date=June 2018}}
Beyond commercial ties, India and Syria also have professional exchanges. In addition to a large Syrian student population in India, each year five scholarships under the CEP programme are offered to Syrian students for pursuing higher studies in India, as well as 14 scholarships to Syrian scholars under the General Cultural Scholarship Scheme (GCSS). Syria also offers five scholarships to Indian students for studying Arabic language and literature.<ref name="mea.in"/>{{Update inline|date=June 2018}} The two countries have also signed agreements{{when|date=June 2018}} to cooperate in scientific and technical education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?storyid=1093147414|title=Business & Financial - International News, Currencies & Economic Indicators|last=MENAFN|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2018}}

In 2007, Assad called on India to take a more active role in the [[Middle East peace process]]. The Syrian Foreign Minister also made a similar comment saying, "India must play its role in the international arena. The situation in the Middle East directly influences India. It is in India's interest to see a resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. India needs to invest in its relations with the US to convince the US administration that stability in the Middle East is in the interests of the US and Israel. India should also persuade other Non-Aligned Movement countries to back the peace process in the Middle East and the establishment of a Palestinian state. India can do a lot in this field. As long as India continues its independent foreign policy, relations between India and Syria will grow to mutual advantage."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=708150095&cat=&n_date=20070815|title=Syria backs bigger role for India in Middle East peace - News - Webindia123.com|publisher=webindia123|date=15 August 2007|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> In 2008, then Indian President [[Pratibha Patil]] called on the two states to strengthen relations with increasing trade and encouraging people-to-people contacts. While hosting Syrian president Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]] she said that "Our civilisational and historical links are well known and well documented. We look forward to intensifying our relations with Syria as we believe that our historical links are just as important to our peoples as our common endeavours in the path of modernisation."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/india-syria-should-intensify-ties-patil_10061745.html |title= India, Syria should intensify ties: Patil |publisher= The Indian |date= 18 June 2008 |access-date= 17 April 2017 |archive-date= 1 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170701061134/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/india-syria-should-intensify-ties-patil_10061745.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2010, on a visit to Syria patil called on Israel to return the [[Golan Heights]]: ""India has consistently supported all just Arab causes. I would also like to reiterate our strong support for Syria's legitimate right to the Golan Heights and for its very early and full return to Syria." Syrian President Bashar al-Assad held a press conferenced with Patil where he lambasted Israel for obstructing peace and said: "We expressed our hope that Syrian-Indian relations together with international efforts will help put an end to the sufferings of the Palestinian people, blockaded by an apartheid wall."<ref>{{cite news|title=India's president supports Syria's claim on Golan Heights|author=JPOST.COM STAFF|url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=196967|newspaper=THE JERUSALEM POST|date=2010-11-27  |access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian president backs Syria's claim on the Golan Heights|author=Haaretz Service|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/international/indian-president-backs-syria-s-claim-on-the-golan-heights-1.327233|newspaper=HAARETZ|date=27 November 2010|access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref>

== Commerce ==
{{Update|section|date=February 2019}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="6" | '''Trade data'''
|-
! Year
! Exports
! Imports
|-
|1995-96
|US$30 million
|US$8.29 million
|-
|1996-97
|US$48 million
|US$21 million
|-
|1997-98
|US$53 million
|US$7.3 million
|-
|1998-99
|US$60.76 million
|US$17.89 million
|-
|1999-00
|US$65.67 million
|US$11.82 million
|-
|2000-01
|US$72.91 million
|US$6.5 million
|-
|2001-02
|US$95.94 million
|US$7.23 million
|-
|2002-03
|US$122.02 million
|US$8.9 million
|}

In 2017, The Indian Foreign Ministry described the two countries' economic relations as having "bright prospects and harbour great potential."<ref name="embindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/syria.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200011/http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/syria.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-13 }}</ref>

Before the [[Syrian Civil War]], Indian exports to Syria consisted primarily of man-made fabrics and yarns (21%), machinery and transport equipment (20%), pharmaceuticals & chemicals (8%), manufacture of metals (6%), jute and jute products (4%). Its imports consisted of rock phosphates, pulses, spices, raw cotton and raw wool however, more scope was seen for increasing exports of traditional items like jute/jute products, non-basmati rice, tea, coffee, and other agricultural goods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/syria/syria-commercialrelations.htm |title=Indo-Syria Economic and Commercial Relations |access-date=2009-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109161634/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/syria/syria-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=2009-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the first decade of the 21st century, India and Syria also announced areas of mutual benefit to focus more attention on: rock phosphates and fertilisers, cement, the power sector, information technology, education and agro-industries were such areas.<ref>{{citation|url=|title=India, Syria identify areas of mutual interest. - PTI - The Press Trust of India Ltd. |access-date=}}</ref> India additionally expressed interest in expanding its industrial engagements in the form of investments and joint-ventures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/India-for-expanding-industrial-relations-with-Syria/262904/|title=India for expanding industrial relations with Syria - Express India|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=6 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906073841/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/India-for-expanding-industrial-relations-with-Syria/262904/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009, Indian Petroleum Minister [[Murli Deora]] and Syrian Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources [[Sufian Al Alaw|Sufian Al-Alaw]] signed an agreement at the Petrotech India 2009 conference paving the way for ''ONGC Videsh'', the foreign arm of the upstream [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]], to explore for oil and natural gas in Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.gaeatimes.com/india-syria-sign-oil-exploration-pact-3521/|title=India, Syria sign oil exploration pact|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> Until then most Indian investment in Syria had been on a small scale. In 2006, Syria received investments from India worth US$84 million out a total of US$800 million. India was, therefore, the third highest investor (behind Iran's lead) in the country and ahead of Germany's with US$24 million (while the EU as a whole put in US$155 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/india-syria-bilateral-relations-stepping-on-the-gas/326994/0|title=India, Syria bilateral relations: stepping on the gas|date=25 June 2008 |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> At the time, the trade balance was in favour of India, though it was speculated that this could change with the new oil and gas contracts.

Many Indian companies have also for important contracts from Syria.{{when|date=February 2019}} KEC (I) Ltd completed a contract of around US$48 million for building electricity transmission towers/network for the Jordan-Syria sector. [[BEML]] is a regular supplier of earthmoving equipment to Syria and concluded an order of around US$6 million. IRCON got an order of around US$9 million for electric sub-stations. [[ABB Group|ABB (India)]] won a contract of around US$51.5 million to supply nine power sub-stations. The ONGC Videsh-led consortium was awarded an exploration contract (block 24, which is potentially rich in oil). The Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association also for US$40 million worth of contracts.<ref name="mea.in"/>

==Cultural relations==
The first Christian presence in India was that of the [[Church of the East]]. The ancient Syriac language among the [[Syrian Christians of Kerala]] was also brought to [[Kerala]] by [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]] in the 1st century CE.<ref name="mea.in"/> Even today the language continues to be taught in colleges and universities in Kerala.<ref name="mea.in">{{Cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/syria.htm |title=Syria |access-date=2009-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718083157/http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/syria.htm |archive-date=2005-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bilateral visits==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="6" | '''Bilateral visits'''<ref name="embindia"/>
|-
!Title
!Name
! Nationality
! Year
!Reason
|-
|President
|[[Shukri al-Quwatli]]
|Syrian
|17 January 1957
|[[State visit]]
|-
|Prime Minister
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|Indian
|14 July 1957
|State visit
|-
|Prime Minister
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|Indian
|1960
|State visit
|-
|President
|[[Hafez al-Assad]]
|Syrian
|1978 & 1983
|State visit
|-
|Vice-President
|[[Zuhair Masharqa]]
|Syrian
|1991<ref name="IMEA1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Syria_November_2017_new.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwio2buzvZiAAxWzyLsIHVVBDmwQFnoECDAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3Fkzlhbj7FQPAEbQ5jVjAN|title=India–Syria relations}}</ref>
|
|-
|Foreign Minister
|[[Farouk al-Sharaa]]
|Syrian
|1998<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|
|-
|Law Minister
|[[Arun Jaitley]]
|Indian
|January 2000<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|
|-
|Human Resources Development Minister
|[[Murali Manohar Joshi]]<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|Indian
|June 2000
|[[Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad|Funeral of Hafez al-Assad]]
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister
|[[Khalid Raad]]
|Syrian
|July 2000<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister & Foreign Minister
|[[Farouk al-Sharaa]]
|Syrian
|August 2002<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|
|-
|Prime Minister
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|Indian
|November 2003<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|State visit
|-
|Deputy Foreign Minister
|[[Farukh Taha]]
|Syrian
|April 2006<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|
|-
|Industry Minister
|[[Fuad Issa al-Jouni]]
|Syrian
|January 2007
|[[Confederation of Indian Industries|CII]] Business Partnership Summit, Bengaluru
|-
|Minister of Petroleum
|[[Murli Deora]]
|Indian
|April 2007
|With [[Managing director|MD]]s of major [[Public Sector Undertaking]]s in the oil and gas sector on an exploratory bilateral visit (also first visit by a Cabinet Minister of an Indian economic ministry).0
|-
|Foreign Minister
|[[Walid Muallem]]
|Syrian
|August 2007
|State visit
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister
|[[Abdullah Dardari]]
|Syrian
|January 2008
|Ministerial and business delegation, including Ministers of Electricity, Higher Education and Planning to attend the 1st session of the Syria-India Joint Commission and the CII Partnership Summit, [[Gurgaon]]. Also visited the Auto Show (Delhi) unveiling the [[Tata Nano]], the [[Delhi Metro]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] (Haridwar), [[Pune]] (to visit Tata Motors), IT and Bio-technology and other companies in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], industrial and financial institutions in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|-
|President
|[[Bashar al-Assad]]
|Syrian
|June 2008
|State visit<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/300012.html|title=الرئيس السوري يزور الهند الثلثاء لبحث التعاون الاقتصادي|first=دمشق، باريس-أ ف ب،|last=رويترز|website=صحيفة الوسط البحرينية}}</ref>
|-
|Deputy Foreign Minister
|[[Ahmed Arnous]]
|Syrian
|February 2010
|Accompanied by the General Manager of the Syrian Investment Agency, Ahmad Abdul Aziz, visited Delhi to attend the 2nd Indo-Arab Investment Project Conclave<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|-
|Commerce and Industry Minister
|[[Anand Sharma]]
|Indian
|June 2010
|Co-Chair the 2nd Session of the India-Syria Joint Commission<ref name="IMEA1"></ref>
|-
|Deputy Foreign Minister
|[[Faisal Mekdad]]
|Syrian
|July/August 2011
|State visit
|-
|Political and Media adviser to Presidency
|[[Bouthaina Shaaban]]
|Syrian
|March 2013
|State visit
|-
|Joint Secretary
|[[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]]
|Indian
|December 2013
|Work visit
|-
|Joint Secretary
|[[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]]
|Indian
|February 2015
|Work visit
|-
|Deputy PM & Foreign Minister
|[[Walid Muallem]]
|Syrian
|11-14 January 2016
|State visit
|-
|Minister of State for External Affairs
|[[M. J. Akbar]]
|Indian
|August 2016
|State visit
|-
|Secretary (CPV & OIA)
|[[Ausaf Sayeed]]
|Indian
|October 2022
|Scholarships for Study in India programme
|-
|Foreign Minister
|[[Faisal Mekdad]]
|Syrian
|17-22 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/syrian-foreign-minister-faisal-mekdad-arrives-on-maiden-india-visit20221117222256/|title=Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad arrives on maiden India visit}}</ref>
|State visit
|-
|Joint Secretary
|Sridharan Madhusudhanan
|Indian
|13 April 2023
|State visit
|-
|Minister of State for External Affairs
|[[V. Muraleedharan]]
|Indian
|12-14 July 2023
|State visit<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-builds-syria-ties-to-boost-middle-east-presence/a-66674793 | title=India builds Syria ties to boost Middle East presence – DW – 08/30/2023 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref>
|}

== Consular exchanges ==
VP Haran, the Joint Secretary at the Indian Ministry of External Affairs, was appointed as the Ambassador of India to the Syrian Arab Republic on 10 September 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/10pr01.htm |title=14176 |access-date=2009-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410162737/http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/10pr01.htm |archive-date=2009-04-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mr. Vijay Pandey, the Second Secretary at the Indian Ministry of External Affairs, was appointed as the Chargé d'affaires of India to the Syrian Arab Republic on 18 April 2023. On 15 November 2023, Dr. Irshad Ahmed was appointed as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of India to the Syrian Arab Republic.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=320373|title=President al-Assad accepts credentials of new Ambassador of India to Syria|publisher=Syrian Arab News Agency|date=15 November 2023|access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Syria]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category|Relations of India and Syria}}
* [http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/the-saga-of-relationship-between-india-and-syria/ The Saga of Relationship between India and Syria], ''biharprabha.com'', September 2013.
* {{cite web | title=Locating Syria in India's Diplomacy toward West Asia | website=Middle East Institute | date=30 March 2017 | url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/locating-syria-indias-diplomacy-toward-west-asia | ref={{sfnref | Middle East Institute | 2017}} | access-date=18 February 2019}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Syria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Syria relations}}
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Udaya Geetham

2026-03-03T05:22:06Z

AhGaeza: improved article

{{short description|1985 film by K. Rangaraj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Udaya Geetham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Rangaraj]]
| screenplay = K. Rangaraj
| story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| producer = [[Kovaithambi]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]|[[Revathi]]}}
| cinematography = Dinesh Babu
| editing = R. Bhaskaran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Motherland Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|04|13}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Udhaya Geetham''''' ({{IPAc-en|u|ð|ə|j|ə|ɡ|iː|ð|əm}} {{Translation|Morning hymn}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[K. Rangaraj]] and produced by [[Kovaithambi]]. The film stars [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Revathi]], with [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Anand Babu]], and [[Prathapachandran]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a singer who is facing a death sentence for a murder he did not commit, and the efforts of a young girl to clear his name. The film was released on 13 April 1985 and was a commercial success, running for 148 days in theatres and thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].

== Plot ==
Arun is a singer sentenced to death. He meets Shanthi, a fan, during one of his concerts and she follows him on many occasions both within and outside prison. Arun shows deep animosity towards Shanthi's behaviour and continuously shuns her, but a persistent Shanthi refuses to give up. Maari, an inmate, attempts a prison escape but is stopped by Arun. He tells Arun about his sick daughter, and his inability to pay for her operation. A sympathetic Arun promises to raise funds for the sick child through his next concert, which he also plans shall be his final one.

Leela Chowdhry is the newly appointed [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] for the Madras Central Jail, where Arun is imprisoned. Shanthi talks her into getting her married to Arun, who also agrees to it after deeply thinking and deliberating. The wedding takes places in Leela's house. During their [[Consummation|wedding night]], Shanthi stabs Arun and reveals herself as the sister of Anand, for whose murder Arun was convicted. Anand was Arun's musical partner in their troupe before his murder. Arun claims he was wrongfully convicted and Shanthi, believing him, promises to clear his name.

Leela allows Shanthi and Arun to go to a nearby temple, but sends policemen along with them to prevent Arun from escaping. Shanthi outsmarts them and takes Arun to her home where she imprisons him, much to his dislike. She makes it seemingly impossible for him to escape, until she is able to prove his innocence. Leela is later punished for having let Arun "escape", and simultaneously realises that Arun is her long lost son, becoming heartbroken. However, she remains bound to her duty of capturing Arun, and a manhunt for him begins.

Shanthi later meets Shankar, the real killer of Anand. He admits to the murder, but states that did so because he witnessed Anand sleeping with his wife. Shanthi, knowing that Shankar's wife is promiscuous (it was she who seduced the reluctant Anand), takes him to her and Shankar is angered on seeing his wife with another man in bed. He kills her, but not before she mortally wounds him. Arun, having escaped, is confronted by Leela who he realises is his mother. She allows him to perform his final concert, but has to have him hanged to death him after that. Right after he finishes his concert he is arrested, but Shanthi and Shankar finally arrive and tell the truth about Anand's death, after which Shankar succumbs. Arun's death sentence is revoked.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Arun{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=299}}
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Leela Chowdhry{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=299}}
* [[Revathi]] as Shanthi{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=299}}
* [[Goundamani]] as Balaji
* [[Anand Babu]] as Anand Babu{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=298}}
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Shankar{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=298}}
* [[Poornam Vishwanathan]] as Doctor
* [[Kallapetti Singaram]]
* [[Senthil]] as Senthil, an inmate
* J. Lalitha as Amudha{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=298}}
* [[Disco Shanti]] as Raani {{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=298}}
* [[T. K. S. Natarajan]]
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Arun's father (Photographic Appearance)
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as a police officer's daughter (Guest Appearance)
* Shekhina Shawn as the sick child<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Divya |date=5 April 2012 |title=Vocal Score |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article3283962.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425114424/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article3283962.ece |archive-date=25 April 2016 |access-date=25 April 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' (1984), producer [[Kovaithambi]] and director [[K. Rangaraj]] decided to reunite for another film. The film was titled ''Udaya Geetham'' because Kovaithambi had a "sentiment" for the letter 'U', as with ''Unnai Naan Santhithen''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=15 April 2019 |title=இளையராஜா சார் ஒரேயொரு பாட்டுக்கு ரொம்பநேரம் எடுத்துக்கிட்டார்{{''}} - 'உதயகீதம்' இயக்குநர் கே.ரங்கராஜ் பேட்டி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161402-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320104941/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161402-.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The comedy subplot involving [[Goundamani]] as a fake [[swami]] and [[Senthil]] as an inmate was written by [[A. Veerappan]].{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=301}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=Sudha |date=8 June 2001 |title=From scratch to success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/08/stories/0908022a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190325054126/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/08/stories/0908022a.htm |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? – உதயகீதம் |url=http://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89724 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200823100825/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89724 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=23 August 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udhaya Geetham (1985) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000176 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530104454/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000176 |archive-date=30 May 2014 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Udhaya Geetham Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/udhaya-geetham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210081249/https://mossymart.com/product/udhaya-geetham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> this being his 300th film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2018 |title=இசைப்பயணம் தொடர்கிறது! |trans-title=Music Tour Continues! |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/2018/02/08153102/Music-tour-continues.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315075433/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/2018/02/08153102/Music-tour-continues.vpf |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Thene Thenpaandi" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=161}} "Paadu Nilavae" is set in the Kusumadharini raga,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=151}} and the title song is set in [[Dhenuka (raga)|Dhenuka]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=163}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sangeetha Megam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:28
| lyrics1 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| title2 = Paadu Nilavae
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 5:02
| lyrics2 = [[Mu. Metha]]
| title3 = Ennodu Paattu Paadungal
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 5:58
| lyrics3 = [[M. G. Vallabhan]]
| title4 = Thene Thenpaandi
| extra4 = S.P. Balasubrahmanyam
| note4 = male
| length4 = 4:12
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title5 = Uthaya Geetham
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:49
| lyrics5 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title6 = Thene Thenpaandi
| note6 = female
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| length6 = 3:22
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| title7 = Maane Thene
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length7 = 4:19
| lyrics7 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| total_length = 32:10 
}}

The movie was dubbed into Telugu with same title Udaya Geetham and lyrics were written by Rajashri
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu (dubbed) Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sangeetha Bhaavam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = Palikinchave Nee Kavita
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Eeroju Pata Padali
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 5:58
| title4 = Lali Aa Pala Velli
| extra4 = [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| note4 = male
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Uthaya Geetham Padana
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title6 = Lali Na Pala Velli
| note6 = female
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length6 = 3:22
| title7 = Pade Ede Adenule
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length7 = 4:19
| total_length = 32:10
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Udaya Geetham'' was released on 13 April 1985, a day before [[Puthandu]]. Despite facing competition from other Mohan films released in the same week such as ''[[Pillai Nila]]'' and ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=19 April 2020 |title='உதயகீதம்', 'பிள்ளைநிலா', 'தெய்வப்பிறவி'; ஒரேநாளில் ரீலீஸ்; மூன்றுமே செம ஹிட்டு; 35 வருடங்களாச்சு! |trans-title=''Udaya Geetham'', ''Pillai Nila'' and ''Deivapiravi'' released on the same day; all three were big hits; 35 years have passed! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/550321-udhayageetham-35-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200714175020/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/550321-udhayageetham-35-years-4.html |archive-date=14 July 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> the film became a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 148 days,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2016 |title=மணிரத்னம் டைரக்ஷனில் இதயக்கோயில் |trans-title=''Idhaya Kovil'' in Mani Ratnam's direction |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/07/03221613/1023195/cine-history-mani-ratnam.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103061534/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/07/03221613/1023195/cine-history-mani-ratnam.vpf |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].{{sfn|Balabharathi|2012|p=302}} ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film for numerous [[plot hole]]s, but praised Ilaiyaraaja's music and Rangaraj's direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 May 1985 |title=உதய கீதம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/may/12-05-1985/p60.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729111303/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/may/12-05-1985/p60.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=19 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=60 |language=ta}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, humour, music, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=22 April 1985 |title=உதயகீதம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_174/6.jp2/full/1000,1342/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702130228/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_174/6.jp2/full/1000,1342/0/default.jpg |archive-date=2 July 2025 |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Balabharathi |title=தமிழ் சினிமா 80 பாகம்-2 |publisher=Nakkheeran Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-81828-41-0 |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=Tamil Cinema 80 Part-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{K. Rangaraj}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Rangaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mappillai (2011 film)

2026-03-03T03:24:04Z

AhGaeza: Content updated and refined

{{short description|2011 film directed by Suraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mappillai 2011.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]]
| screenplay = Mayank Jain
| story = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| based_on = ''[[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989)
| producer = [[Nemichand Jhabak]] [[Nemichand Jhabak|Hitesh Jhabak]]
| starring = [[Dhanush]] [[Hansika Motwani]] [[Manisha Koirala]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[S. R. Sathish Kumar]]
| editing = [[Kishore Te.]]
| studio = [[Nemichand Jhabak]]
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|4|8}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 25crs
| gross = 30crs
}}
'''''Mappillai''''' ({{Translation|Son-in-law / Bridegroom}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]], starring [[Dhanush]] as the son-in-law and [[Manisha Koirala]] as the mother-in-law along with actress [[Hansika Motwani]] (in her Tamil debut), playing as her daughter. The film is a remake of the [[Mappillai (1989 film)|1989 film of the same name]], which itself was based on the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]''. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] with editing by [[Kishore Te.]] and cineamtography by [[S. R. Sathish Kumar]]. The film released on 8 April 2011 to mixed reviews and was a decent hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2011 |title=Chennai Box Office – April 29 to May 1, 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14968998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425110716/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14968998 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Saravanan is a do-gooder who is soft-spoken and admired by one and all. Another person named Child Chinna is the head of the Namitha Fan Club in his area. The two of them come across Gayathri, the daughter of an arrogant businesswoman named Rajeshwari. Chinna falls for Gayathri, so he tries several plans to get close to her, but in vain.

Gayathri falls for Saravanan after he saves her from an accident. Coming to know of their affair, Rajeshwari decides to have them marry. The reason is that she is keen on getting a son-in-law who will always do what she wants and be under her control.

However, Rajeshwari is in for a shock when she learns that Saravanan has a past. He is a much feared ruffian. Now she plans to halt all plans, while Saravanan overcomes her plans with ease. Rajeshwari takes steps to get her daughter Gayathri married to Devaraj's son Aathi. Saravanan challenges Rajeshwari to abduct the bride. But at a time when none of them expected the wedding, he kidnaps the groom. In the confusion of Devaraj rescuing his son, Saravanan defies Rajeshwari and ties the thaali around Gayathri's neck with her consent on the same stage in front of everyone. Later, Rajeshwari takes Saravanan to her house with his wife Gayathri. Rajeshwari tries not to let the two live together. But, Saravanan breaks it all and starts his married life with Gayathri.

At last, he learns that Rajeshwari had humiliated his parents when they ask her to accompany them to their village festival. He makes a plan to take her whole family to his village and make them stay there in his ancestral house with the help of Rajeshwari's astrologer, and further, he plans to arrange for his sister's marriage with Rajeshwari's son. Saravanan requests his friend Chinna to act a wealthy businessman named James Pandian, to which Chinna agrees. Later, Rajeshwari knows the truth about James. She insults him and his family in front of the whole village and leaves.

Later, she and Gayathri are caught by some goons, but Saravanan saves them and reconciles with his family.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Saravanan
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Gayathri
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Rajeshwari
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Child Chinna / James Pandiyan / Youth
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Devaraj
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Chinna's friend
* [[Pattimandram Raja]] as Saravanan's father
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Saravanan's mother
* [[Dr. Sharmila]] as Saravanan's sister
* Thadi Balaji as Chinna's friend
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Chinna's friend
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Industrialist
* [[Manobala]] as Rajeshwari's astrologer
* [[Chitti Babu (actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Rajeshwari's PA
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Rajeshwari's assistant
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Chinna's assistant
* [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]] as Aathi
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as Saravanan's brother-in-law
* [[Maran (actor)|Maran]] as Ravi
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[Munnar Ramesh]]
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]]
* Rajendranath
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] (special appearance in the song "Onnu Rendu")
* Erina Andriana (special appearance in the song "Onnu Rendu")
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] (uncredited role)
}}

== Production ==
In January 2010, [[Manisha Koirala]] was reported to play [[Dhanush]]'s mother-in-law in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rishi |date=2010-01-21 |title='Ma'nisha-in-law |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/manisha-in-law |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=[[The Himalayan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is scored by [[Mani Sharma]]. The audio was launched at Kamarajar Arangam on 11 March 2011,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=45456596670742528 |user=dhanushkraja |title=March 11 th mappillai audio ! Mass kuthu numbers with ennoda raasi remix ! God bless |author=Dhanush |author-link=Dhanush |date=9 March 2011 |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> and telecast on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 27 March 2011.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=51941516050038784 |user=dhanushkraja |title=hey guys thank u 4 ur feedbacks on mappillai audio launch show on sun tv ! hopefully the movie will satisfy u all ! god bless :) |author=Dhanush |author-link=Dhanush |date=27 March 2011 |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> The audio was marketed by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2011 |title=Dhanush's Mappillai audio launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-s-mappillai-audio-launched-news-tamil-ldmkzufadda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313012644/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-s-mappillai-audio-launched-news-tamil-ldmkzufadda.html |archive-date=13 March 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The song "Ennoda Raasi" was recreated from the [[Mappillai (1989 film)|1989 film]]. The song "Onnu Rendu" was based on the song "Suppanathi" from the Telugu film ''[[Dubai Seenu]]''; and the songs "Ready Readya" and "Love Love" were based on the songs "Yelageyalaga" and "Manakanna Podiche'" (respectively) from the Telugu film ''[[Parugu]]''. Both Telugu films were composed by Sharma.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:48
| title1 = Aaru Padai
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| length1 = 04:56
| title2 = Love Love
| lyrics2 = [[Snehan]]
| extra2 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
| note2 = not featured in the film
| length2 = 04:41
| title3 = Onnu Rendu
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra3 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length3 = 04:23
| title4 = Ready Readya
| lyrics4 = Snehan
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Saindhavi
| length4 = 04:31
| title5 = Ennoda Raasi
| lyrics5 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra5 = Ranjith
| note5 = remix
| length5 = 04:26
| title6 = Ready Readya
| lyrics6 = Snehan
| extra6 = Ranjith
| note6 = remix
| length6 = 03:45
| title7 = Mappillai Theme
| lyrics7 = -
| extra7 = Ranjith
| note7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 02:06
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 describing it a "bad copy of the original", further adding that it was "just spice, humour, and plenty of silliness thrown in for good entertainment",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=8 April 2011 |title=Mappillai is a bad copy of the original |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mappillai/20110408.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120082204/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mappillai/20110408.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> while Aravindan D.I. of [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] stated that "it was a Romcom remake BUT Still requires some moments".<ref>{{Cite web |last=D.I. |first=Aravindan |date=10 April 2011 |title='Mappillai' a sloppy remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mappillai-a-sloppy-remake-tamil-moview-review-news-national-lekp4hiedgg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020151551/http://www.sify.com/movies/mappillai-a-sloppy-remake-tamil-moview-review-news-national-lekp4hiedgg.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> N. Venkateswaran ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and stated that "If you are among those for whom 'Mappillai' holds a lot of nostalgia, give the latest version a miss".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=N |date=2011-04-16 |title=Mappillai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Mappillai/movie-review/7998585.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105123733/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Mappillai/movie-review/7998585.cms |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=2011-09-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was said to have taken a good opening at the box office. At the Mayajaal multiplex on the ECR, the film had 50 shows per day and had collected a net of {{INRConvert|25.3|c|year=2011}}, in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2011 |title=Mappillai takes a super opening |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mappillai-takes-a-super-opening-news-tamil-lemlmLbbbcb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415003443/http://www.sify.com/movies/mappillai-takes-a-super-opening-news-tamil-lemlmLbbbcb.html |archive-date=15 April 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Suraj (director)}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suraj (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Justin Moed

2026-02-21T04:47:07Z

AhGaeza: fix references additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|American politician from Indiana}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Justin Moed
|image =Justin Moed.jpg
|office1 = Minority Whip of the [[Indiana House of Representatives]]
|term_start1 = November 6, 2024
|state_house2=Indiana
|state2=Indiana
|district2=97th
|term_start2=2013
|term_end=
|preceded2=Mary Ann Sullivan
|succeeded=
|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|birth_date= {{birth based on age as of date|40|2024|12|27}}
|birth_place=
|death_date=
|death_place=
|alma_mater= [[Butler University]]
|occupation= Politician
|spouse=
|residence=Indianapolis, Indiana
}}

'''Justin Moed''' (born 1983/1984) is a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] member of the [[Indiana House of Representatives]], representing the 97th district since 2013.

Moed earned his bachelor's degree from [[Butler University]], then worked as doorkeeper for the [[Indiana House of Representatives]]. He worked up to senior policy analyst, then decided to run for office.<ref name="Look">{{cite news|last=Simpson|first=Ryan|title=A close look at Justin Moed|url=http://www.hspainfo.net/main.asp?SectionID=60&SubSectionID=254&ArticleID=72381|access-date=December 18, 2013|newspaper=HSPA InfoNet|date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Justin Moed |url=https://chancellor.iupui.edu/campus-leadership/advisors/moed-justin.html |website=IUPUI Office of the Chancellor}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Moed graduated from [[Butler University]] in Indianapolis in 2006.

==Legislative career==
Justin Moed serves as the Democratic Whip in the Indiana House of Representatives. He is the ranking minority member of the Public Policy Committee. Moed is a member of the Agriculture and Rural Development committee, as well as the Local Government committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Rep. Justin Moed |url=https://indianahousedemocrats.org/members/justin-moed/full |website=Indiana House Democratic Caucus}}</ref>

Justin Moed has served as the representative for the citizens of Indiana's 97th district since 2013. Democrats have been in the minority for the duration of his time in office, so Moed had to work across party lines to deliver results for his constituents.

=== Key Votes ===
On August 5, 2022, Moed voted against SB1, which Prohibits All Abortions Unless Under Certain Circumstances. The bill passed the House 62–38. Governor [[Eric Holcomb]] signed the bill into law on August 5, 2022.

On April 24, 2019, Moed voted to Authorize Sports Betting for the State of [[Indiana]] (HB 1015).

On January 13, 2016, Moed Co-Sponsored the bill to Repeal ISTEP Program for Indiana public schools (HB 1395).

On February 27, 2014, Moed voted to repeal Common Core Standards for Indiana public schools.

On February 25, 2014, Moed voted to Authorize the Sale of Alcohol at the Indiana State Fair (SB 339).

==== Civil Liberties ====
On January 26, 2022, Moed voted against HB 1134, which Prohibits Teaching Certain Concepts on Race, Gender, and Ethnicity.

On February 22, 2021, Moed voted against HB 1369, a bill to Authorize Carrying a Firearm Without Permit.

On March 7, 2016, Moed voted to Authorize Liquor Licenses for State Parks (HB 1386).

On January 28, 2014, Moed voted against HJR 3, a joint resolution which Defines Marriage as Between 1 Man and 1 Woman.

On February 25, 2013, Moed voted to Require Drug Testing for Certain Welfare Recipients (HB 1483).

==== Criminal Justice ====
On February 22, 2021, Moed voted to Establish a Defense for a Person who Operates a Vehicle with Marijuana in Their Metabolism (HB 1028).

On January 7, 2021, Moed Co-Sponsored HB 1006, a bill to increase Police Accountability.

On April 22, 2019, Moed voted to Expand "Stand Your Ground" Laws (HB 1284).

On February 14, 2019, Moed voted to Increase Penalties for Animal Abuse (HB 1615).

On January 26, 2016, Moed voted against HB 1019, a bill that Limits Public Access to Police Body Camera Footage.

==== Education ====
On May 24, 2022, Moed voted against HB 1041, a bill to Prohibit Transgender Girls from Playing on Female Sports Teams.

On March 11, 2020, Moed voted against HB 1065, a bill that Authorizes School Districts to Use Tax Dollars for Charter Schools.

On April 2, 2019, Moed voted to Authorize Academic Credit for Religious Education Courses (SB 373).

On February 18, 2019, Moed voted to Authorize Firearm Training for Teachers and School Staff (HB 1253).

On January 7, 2014, Moed Co-Sponsored HB 1004, a bill that Establishes Preschool Scholarship System for Certain Individuals.

On April 15, 2013, Moed voted to Authorize Certain Undocumented Students to Receive In-State Tuition (SB 207).

==== Election Integrity ====
On January 31, 2022, Moed voted against HB 1116, a bill to Increase Requirements for Mail-In Voting.

==== Environment ====
On January 14, 2021, Moed Co-Sponsored HB 1381, a bill to Establish Standards for Assessing Solar Projects.

On March 3, 2020, Moed voted against SB 229, a bill to Remove State Oversight of Certain Drains near Wetlands.

On January 28, 2014, Moed voted against HB 1143, a bill that Prohibits State Environmental Regulations from Exceeding EPA Regulations.

==== Healthcare ====
On August 5, 2022, Moed voted to Appropriate Funds for Pregnancy and Child Care (SB 2).

On May 10, 2021, Moed voted against SB 5, a bill that Prohibits a Local Health Department from Implementing Orders More Restrictive than the Governor.

On March 11, 2020, Moed voted to Require Healthcare Providers Give "Good Faith" Estimates of Medical Costs.

On January 23, 2018, Moed voted to Require Dissemination of Vaccine Information.

==== Transportation ====
On March 13, 2014, Moed voted to Authorize Funding for a Mass Transit System (SB 176).

On February 25, 2013, Moed voted to Authorize a Metropolitan Transit District for the City of [[Indianapolis]].

<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2022 |title=Justin Moed's Voting Records |url=https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/key-votes/135965/justin-moed |website=Vote Smart}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In March 2015, Moed was caught in a sexting scandal with adult film actress [[Anthony Weiner sexting scandals|Sydney Leathers]].<ref name="Indianapolis Star">{{cite web|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2015/03/10/report-dem-moed-sexted-with-leathers-of-weiner-scandal/24710961/|title=Indiana state rep apologizes for sexting with Sydney Leathers|work=indystar.com|date=March 11, 2015}}</ref> Moed sent Leathers money and a series of gifts, and revealed a series of explicit fantasies and stories of his own sexual history. Leathers herself first became famous for her sexting affair with former Congressman [[Anthony Weiner]].<ref name="TMZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2013/07/25/anthony-weiner-sext-partner-sydney-elaine-leathers-thong-photo/|title=Weiner's Sexting Partner Thonged Out For His Pleasure|work=tmz.com|date=July 25, 2013}}</ref> Moed later apologized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2015/03/10/report-dem-moed-sexted-with-leathers-of-weiner-scandal/24710961/|title = Indiana state rep apologizes for sexting with Sydney Leathers}}</ref>

==Electoral history==

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 election, 2012
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed
|votes = 8,325
|percentage = 58.3%
|change = +0.63%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = AJ Feeney-Ruiz
|votes = 5,961
|percentage = 41.7%
|change = -0.63%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 14,286
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 election, 2014
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed (incumbent)
|votes = 3,689
|percentage = 100%
|change = +41.7%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 3,689
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 election, 2016
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed (incumbent)
|votes = 9,834
|percentage = 60.95%
|change = -39.05%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Dale Nye
|votes = 6,300
|percentage = 39.05%
|change = +39.05%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 16,134
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 election, 2018
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed (incumbent)
|votes = 8,635
|percentage = 100%
|change = +39.05%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 8,635
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 election, 2020
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed (incumbent)
|votes = 9,707
|percentage = 55.5%
|change = -44.5%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = John Schmitz
|votes = 6,962
|percentage = 39.8
|change = +39.8%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Libertarian Party (United States)
|candidate = Mark Renholzberger
|votes = 816
|percentage = 4.7%
|change = +4.7%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 17,485
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 election, 2022
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed (incumbent)
|votes = 5,103
|percentage = 58.8%
|change = +3.3%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = John Schmitz
|votes = 3,333
|percentage = 38.4
|change = -1.4%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Libertarian Party (United States)
|candidate = Edgar Amaro Villegas
|votes = 238
|percentage = 2.7%
|change = -2.0%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 8,674
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 Democratic Primary election, 2024
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed (incumbent)
|votes = 968
|percentage = 76.3%
|change = -23.7%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Sarah Shydale
|votes = 300
|percentage = 23.7
|change = +23.7%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 1,268
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title= Indiana State House District 97 election, 2024
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Justin Moed (incumbent)
|votes = 8,822
|percentage = 58.2%
|change = -0.6%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Stephen Whitmer
|votes = 5,900
|percentage = 38.9
|change = +0.5%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Libertarian Party (United States)
|candidate = Mark Renholzberger
|votes = 429
|percentage = 2.8%
|change = +0.1%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes = 15,151
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2022 |title=Indiana House of Representatives District 97 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Indiana_House_of_Representatives_District_97 |website=Ballotpedia}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Justin Moed graduated from [[Butler University]] in 2006. He started as a doorkeeper for the [[Indiana House of Representatives]], then was Assistant Policy Director, and later served as Senior Policy Analyst.

Moed is a homeowner in [[Garfield Park (Indianapolis)|Garfield Park]], where he owns and manages an urban farm. He is also involved with numerous neighborhood organizations. Moed serves as a member of the Indiana State Tourism Council, the [[White River State Park|White River]] Park Commission, and on the Board of Advisors for [[Indiana University Indianapolis|Indiana University - Indianapolis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Justin Moed |url=https://chancellor.iupui.edu/campus-leadership/advisors/moed-justin.html |website=IUPUI Office of the Chancellor}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indianahousedemocrats.org/justin-moed Official Legislative website]
* {{CongLinks | congbio= | votesmart=135965 | fec= | congress= }}
*[https://twitter.com/JustinMoed Twitter account]

{{Indiana House of Representatives}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moed, Justin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the Indiana General Assembly]]
[[Category:Butler University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Indianapolis]]

Shritama Mukherjee

2026-02-12T02:42:28Z

AhGaeza: adjusted references per sources and updated info

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shritama Mukherjee
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|11|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| other_names = Shri
| known_for = Roles of Rajkumari Jaynandini in ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]'' Vinita 'Vinnie' Maheshwari in ''[[Best Friends Forever?|Best Friend Forever]]'' Vedika Vidhaan Nayak in ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]''
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2011–present
}}
'''Shritama Mukherjee''' (born 3 November 1993) is an Indian television actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Rajkumari Jainandini in the show ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]'' and Koyal in [[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]. Mukherjee played the role of Mahi in ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''. In 2025, Shritama appeared in a music video ‘Sohbatein’ alongside [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Akriti Kakkar]].

==Early life and career==
Shritama is from a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family she was born and brought up in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/beyond-the-comfort-zone/article7712504.ece|title=Beyond the comfort zone|last=Aamir|first=S. M.|date=2015-10-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kota-girl-Shritama-still-misses-her-hometown/articleshow/48844843.cms|title=Kota girl Shritama still misses her hometown - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 September 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> She dropped out of school and moved to Mumbai to pursue a career in acting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shritama-Mukherjee-I-am-in-love-and-will-get-married-soon/articleshow/48914017.cms|title=Shritama Mukherjee: I am in love and will get married soon - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 September 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

Shritama made her debut with [[Sony TV (India)|Sony TV's]] serial ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]'' in 2011, where she played the role of Rajkumari Jainandini.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jainandini to get Manyata (Moniya) drunk; will get scolded by Rajmata |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/jainandini-get-monia-drunk-will-get-scolded-rajmata |publisher=Telly Chakkar }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Monia-Jainandini's cold war in Dekha Ek Khwaab |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/monia-jainandinis-cold-war-dekha-ek-khwaab |publisher=Telly Chakkar }}</ref>

She played the role of Vinnie (Vinita) in ''[[Best Friends Forever?]]'' telecast on [[Channel V]].

In May 2015 she played the role of Vedika in ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]'' telecast on [[Life OK]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kanwar-Dhillon-and-Shritama-the-new-leads-in-Do-Dil-Ek-Jaan/articleshow/27477943.cms|title=Kanwar Dhillon and Shritama the new leads in 'Do Dil... Ek Jaan' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 December 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref> She was also seen on [[Channel V]] show ''[[Yeh Jawani Ta Ra Ri Ri]]'' and in ''[[Gustakh Dil]]'' on [[Life OK]].

She made her film debut with ''[[Soombe]]'', a [[Tulu Cinema|Tulu film]] directed by Saikrishna Kudla released on 13 March 2015 all around [[Tulunadu]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

In 2016 she was cast in the role of Mahi in ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shritama-Mukherjee-the-new-lead-in-Tashan-E-Ishq/articleshow/50813710.cms|title=Shritama Mukherjee the new lead in Tashan-E-Ishq - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 February 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Shows
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]''
| Rajkumari Jainandini
|[[Sony TV]]
| Main Female Antagonist
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Best Friends Forever?]]''
| Vinita 'Vinnie' Maheshwari
| [[Channel V]]
| Main Female Lead Role
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]''
| Vedika Vidhaan Nayak
| [[Life OK]]
| Main Female Lead Role
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yeh Jawani Ta Ra Ri Ri]]''
| Kimaya
| [[Channel V]]
| Main Female Lead Role
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
| Jasmine
| [[Life OK]]
| Main Female Antagonist
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kalash - Ek Vishwaas]]''
| Sakshi Deol
| [[Life OK]]
| Parallel Lead Role<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shritama-Mukherjee-to-enter-Kalash/articleshow/47138184.cms|title=Shritama Mukherjee to enter 'Kalash' - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kota-girl-Shritama-Mukherjee-wants-to-play-a-bechari-ladki-on-screen/articleshow/47229618.cms|title=Kota girl Shritama Mukherjee wants to play a bechari ladki on screen - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 May 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Donal-Bisht-replaces-Shritama-in-TV-show/articleshow/48113940.cms|title=Donal Bisht replaces Shritama in TV show - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 July 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|-
|2015
|''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''
|Koyal Ghosh
|[[Star Plus]]
|Main Female Lead Role<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shritama-mukherjee-vibhav-roy-gautam-gupta-come-together-for-a-tv-show/|title=Shritama Mukherjee, Vibhav Roy, Gautam Gupta come together for a TV show|date=2015-09-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
|Mahi Taneja/ Mahi Yuvraj Luthra/ Devika Khanna
|[[Zee TV]]
| Parallel Lead
|-
|2017
|''[[Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)|Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi]]''
|Sonali
|[[&TV]]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
|
|[[Colors TV]]
|Episodic Role
|-
|2025
|''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
|[[Vishkanya]]
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Shritama}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Kota, Rajasthan]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Sahib Singh Verma

2026-02-11T00:00:35Z

AhGaeza:

{{short description|Indian politician (1943-2007)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sahib Singh Verma
| native_name =
| image = The Union Labour Minister Dr. Sahib Singh chairing the 165th Meeting of the CBT, Employees Provident Fund in New Delhi on December 3, 2003 (Wednesday) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Verma in December 2003
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|03|15}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|06|30|1943|03|15}}
| death_place = [[Jonaicha Khurd]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| residence = {{ubl|7B, Shalimar Bagh, [[North West Delhi|Delhi]]}}
| alma_mater =
| profession = {{hlist|Agriculturist|educationist}}
| children = 5 (including [[Parvesh Verma]] and [[Siddharth Verma]])
| website =
| office = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of Labour and Employment]]
| predecessor = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| successor = [[Shish Ram Ola]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sahib Kaur|1954}}
| footnotes =
| office2 = 4th [[Chief Minister of Delhi]]
| termstart2 = 27 February 1996
| termend2 = 12 October 1998
| predecessor2 = [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| successor2 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| term_start = 1 July 2002
| term_end = 22 May 2004
| lieutenant_governor2= [[Tejendra Khanna]] [[Vijai Kapoor]]
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi, Delhi]]
| termstart1 = 6 October 1999
| termend1 = 13 May 2004
| predecessor1 = [[Krishan Lal Sharma]]
| successor1 = [[Sajjan Kumar]]
| office3 = [[Khurana ministry|Cabinet Minister, Government of Delhi]]
| termstart3 = 2 December 1993
| termend3 = 26 February 1996
| 1blankname3 = [[List of Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry & Department's
| 1namedata3 = [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| 2namedata3 = *Welfare
*Labour
*Tourism
*Employment
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart4 = November 1993
| termend4 = November 1998
| constituency4 = [[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
| predecessor4 = ''constituency established''
| successor4 = Ravinder Nath Bansal
| office5 = [[Delhi Metropolitan Council|Councillor of Delhi Metropolitan Council]]
| termstart5 = 1977
| termend5 = 1990
}}

'''Sahib Singh Verma ''' (15 March 1943 – 30 June 2007){{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} was an Indian politician.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bjp.org/today/offmem.html | title= List of Office Bearers | accessdate= 1 July 2007 |url-status=dead | publisher= BJP |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070408211510/http://www.bjp.org/today/offmem.html  |archivedate= 8 April 2007}}</ref> He served as the 4th [[Chief Minister]] of [[Delhi]] (1996–1998) and [[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Labour Minister of India]] from 2002 to 2004. He was a member of [[13th Lok Sabha]], Parliament of India (1999–2004).<ref name=13th>{{cite web |url= http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13DL03.htm |title= Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament 13th Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref name="Amitav-31955">{{cite news |title=Sahib Singh wanted to visit Serbia to meet fellow Jats |first=Amitav |last=Ranjan |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/31955/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 September 2003 |accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref>

== Life ==
Sahib Singh Verma was born on 15 March 1943 in [[Mundka]] village of [[Delhi]] to Chaudhary Mir Singh Lakra, a zamindar, and Bharpai Devi in a [[Jat]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=For Sahib Singh Verma's son, campaigning runs in the family |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/for-sahib-singh-vermas-son-campaigning-runs-in-the-family-5703667/ |accessdate=23 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=tribuneindia... Editorial |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct10/edit.htm |accessdate=23 October 2020 |work=Tribune India |date=10 October 1999}}</ref> He had 2 brothers [[Master Azad Singh|Azad Singh Verma]] and Attar Singh Verma. He was influenced by Arya Samaj from an early age.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Singh had a PhD degree in [[Library Science]], and started work as librarian in [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College|Bhagat Singh College]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Delhi CM Sahib Singh Verma dies in road accident |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun302007/national2007063010305.asp?section=updatenews |date=30 June 2007 |accessdate=4 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702164015/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun302007/national2007063010305.asp?section=updatenews  |archivedate=2 July 2007}}</ref> He held a master's degree in Arts, ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) and also in [[Library Science]] from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.amu.ac.in/pro.jsp?did=10065&lid=Prominent%20Alumni | title=LIST OF PROMINENT ALUMNI | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810054850/http://www.amu.ac.in/pro.jsp?did=10065&lid=Prominent%20Alumni | archive-date=2017-08-10}}</ref>

He was married to Sahib Kaur and had two sons and three daughters. One of his sons, [[Parvesh Verma]] is serving as Member of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from [[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Arvind Kejriwal loses New Delhi, AAP loses Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/aap-chief-arvind-kejriwal-loses-high-stakes-new-delhi-seat-to-bjps-parvesh-verma-2676751-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhushan|first=Shashi|date=23 November 2013|title=Mothers campaigning for sons in Delhi assembly election|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mothers-campaigning-for-sons-in-delhi-assembly-election-1923839|access-date=22 October 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
He was active in the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name="Tribune OpEd" /> He had also served the [[World Jat Aryan Foundation]], as its president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navjot Sidhu calls for Jat unity |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070924/himachal.htm#5 |author=Tribune News Service |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |place=Dharamsala |date=23 September 2007 |accessdate=26 February 2013}}</ref>

[[File:The Union Minister for Human Resource Development Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi presenting "Best Employer's Award - 2003" to one of the awardee at a function, in New Delhi on December 3.jpg|thumb|The Union Minister for Human Resource Development Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi presenting "Best Employer's Award - 2003" to one of the awardees at a function, in New Delhi on 3 December 2003 (Wednesday). The Union Minister for Labour Dr. Sahib Singh Verma is also seen.|258x258px]]

In 1977 he was elected to the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] and took the Oath as a Councillor by the hands of [[Guru Radha Kishan]]. Initially he won as a [[Janata Party]] candidate and was re-elected on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ticket. He became the Education and Development Minister in the Delhi government in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIB Press Releases |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rjul2002/02072002/r020720028.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In 1996, after [[Madan Lal Khurana]] was embroiled in a corruption crisis, Sahib Singh became the Chief Minister of Delhi.<ref>{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20130125190134/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021207250400.htm The Hindu]}}</ref> Singh served as CM for two and a half years, facing increasing rivalry from Khurana.<ref name=zee>{{cite news|title=Sahib Singh Verma dies in road accident |publisher=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/sahib-singh-verma-dies-in-road-accident_379962.html |date=30 June 2007 |accessdate=4 July 2007}}</ref> Following an onion price crisis, he was replaced by [[Sushma Swaraj]].

Subsequently, he won the [[Lok Sabha]] [[1999 Indian general election|elections, 1999]] from [[Outer Delhi]] with a margin of over two [[lakh]] votes.<ref name="Tribune OpEd">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct10/edit.htm|format=Editorial|publisher=Tribune India|date=10 October 1999|first=Harihar|last=Swarup
|title=Long-standing rivals now compete for Cabinet berths}}</ref> In 2002, he became [[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]] in the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] government, and was known as "bull in a China shop" for standing up against the bureaucrats against lowering the Provident Fund interest rate.<ref name="zee"/> He was defeated in the 2004 polls.

He died in a road accident in Rajasthan in 2007 when the car he was travelling in had a head-on collision with a truck.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2007|title=Sahib Singh Verma dies in road accident|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sahib-singh-verma-dies-in-road-accident/story-WgOHp3KkoN8XDv7ZkNibIM.html|access-date=22 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Verma cabinet]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/chat/sahichat.htm|title=The Sahib Singh Verma Chat|publisher=Rediff on the NeT|date=16 September 1999|first=Raju|last=Kulkarni}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Madan Lal Khurana]]|
title=[[Chief Minister of the Delhi]]|
after=[[Sushma Swaraj]]|
years=1996-97}}
{{S-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Delhi}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Sahib Singh}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Delhi]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]

Devi Lal Samar

2026-02-07T18:41:01Z

AhGaeza: expand lead and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian puppeteer (1911–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Devi Lal Samar
| office =
| term =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = The statue of Devi Lal Samar at the entrance of Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal (Indian Public Society for Arts) in Udaipur City, Rajasthan State, India.jpg
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1911|07|30}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1981|12|03|1911|07|30}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| height_m =
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}}

'''Devi Lal Samar''' (30 July 1911 – 3 December 1981) was an Indian puppeteer who was the founder-director of a folk-theatre museum called the [[Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal]] in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his outstanding work. He wrote several books in Hindi about [[Rajasthan]]i theatre and [[puppetry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Devi Lal Samar |url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/devi-lal-samar-udaipur.html |website=UdaipurBlog |access-date=26 February 2023 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

Samar was a school teacher who learnt puppetry and in 1952 set up Bhartia Lok Kala Mandal. He also began the first puppet festival in 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81094195/|title=Antarmana|website=worldcat.org|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref>

Devila Samar received the Padma Shri in 1968 for Katputli art. He died on 3 December 1981, at the age of 70.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sangeet Natak: Volume 37 |date=2002 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |pages=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STgDCLToHogC&q=Devi+Lal+Samar+1911 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian and Japanese Folklore: An Introductory Assessment |date=1984 |publisher=KUFS Publication |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF8KAQAAIAAJ&q=Devilal+Samar+1981 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[https://www.udaipurblog.com/devi-lal-samar-udaipur.html Devi Lal Samar the Visionary Behind The '''Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal''']
*[[Kathputli (Puppet)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071212193638/http://puppetindia.com/contemp.htm puppetindia]
*[http://ignca.nic.in/bibsp002.htm ignca]
*[http://www.kalamandal.org/activities.html kalamandal]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samar, Devi Lal}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian puppeteers]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Museum founders]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Theat-bio-stub}}
{{Puppet-stub}}

Uday Chopra

2026-02-05T22:49:59Z

AhGaeza: add page for clarity and added references

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1973)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uday Chopra
| image = Uday Chopra launch 'YOMICS' 07.jpg
| caption = Chopra in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|01|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| organization =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer}}
| yearsactive = 1993–present
| parents = [[Yash Chopra]] [[Pamela Chopra]]
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Chopra-Johar family|Chopra-Johar family]]
}}

'''Uday Raj Chopra''' (born 5 January 1973) is an Indian actor and producer. He is the son of filmmaker [[Yash Chopra]]. He made his acting debut in the 2000 film ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' and featured in several other films including ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' (2002), ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004), ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006) and ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013).

==Early life==
He is the son of director [[Yash Chopra]] and [[Pamela Chopra]]. His brother is filmmaker [[Aditya Chopra]] and his sister-in-law is the actress [[Rani Mukerji]]. Chopra worked as an assistant director on a number of his father's and brother's films under the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner.<ref name="Times">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/In-candid-conversation-with-Uday-Chopra/articleshow/5425704.cms|title=In Candid Conversation with Uday Chopra|date=9 January 2010|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=19 January 2010|archive-date=21 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121231309/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Media/Entertainment-/Entertainment/In-candid-conversation-with-Uday-Chopra/articleshow/5425704.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/tanisha-uday-engage-250607.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717095730/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/tanisha-uday-engage-250607.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|title=Uday Chopra engagement|date=25 June 2007|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref>

In July 2012, Chopra founded his own company, "[[Yomics World|Yomics]]", which creates comics based on Yash Raj Films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yomics.in/ |title=Yomics | Comic Books | Comic Books India | Comic Books Online |access-date=5 January 2015 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218143119/http://yomics.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1994, Chopra produced ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' starring [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kajol]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]]. He made his acting debut in ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000).<ref name="Times"/> Chopra had mostly acted in films under his father's production house.

He starred in the action thriller ''[[Dhoom]]'' and in its sequels ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' and ''[[Dhoom 3]]'', released in 2006 and 2013 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Uday-Chopra-is-the-best-in-Dhoom-2/articleshow/551266.cms|title=Uday Chopra is the best in Dhoom 2|date=24 November 2006|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 January 2010|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104174240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-24/news-interviews/27820894_1_bipasha-abhishek-uday|url-status=live}}</ref> Although praised for his performance as ''Ali Akbar Fateh Khan'' in the first installment, a role he reprised in both the sequels, the sequels were met with mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bowes|first=Danny|title=Dhoom: 3 movie review & film summary (2013) {{!}} Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dhoom-3-2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130180449/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/dhoom-3-2013|archive-date=30 November 2019|access-date=2020-09-07|website=Rogerebert|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhoom: 3 movie review - NDTV Movies|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dhoom-3-movie-review-907|access-date=2020-09-07|website=NDTVMovies.com|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203012335/https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dhoom-3-movie-review-907|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, he went to [[Los Angeles]] to join a production work shop in [[UCLA]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-father-thought-i-was-stupid-to-do-this-uday-chopra-1995713|title=My father thought I was stupid to do this: Uday Chopra|date=16 June 2014|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618130546/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-father-thought-i-was-stupid-to-do-this-uday-chopra-1995713|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Chopra produced two films. ''[[Grace of Monaco (film)|Grace of Monaco]]'' was the [[biography film]] about [[Grace Kelly]] starring [[Nicole Kidman]] in the leading role. He produced the [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film ''[[The Longest Week]]'', a [[comedy drama]] starring [[Olivia Wilde]] and [[Jason Bateman]]. It is the first project of [[Yash Raj Film]]'s subsidiary [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] production house [[YRF Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Yash-Raj-Films-ventures-into-Hollywood/Article1-772860.aspx |title=Yash Raj Films ventures into hollywood |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2011-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124002708/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Yash-Raj-Films-ventures-into-Hollywood/Article1-772860.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chopra began dating actress [[Tanishaa Mukerji]] during the filming of ''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' (2005). They broke up after two years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanishaa Mukerji On Her Break-Up With Uday Chopra: "People Make A Big Deal Out Of It" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tanishaa-mukerji-on-uday-chopra-we-are-still-friends-4805435 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

Chopra began dating [[Nargis Fakhri]] in 2013. The relationship attracted substantial media coverage in India and they speculated on an impending marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/nargis-fakhri-and-uday-chopra-are-getting-married-say-rumours-are-they-true-1781695 |title=Nargis Fakhri And Uday Chopra Are Getting Married, Say Rumors. Are They True? |date=November 30, 2017 |work=NDTV |access-date=October 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331094125/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/nargis-fakhri-and-uday-chopra-are-getting-married-say-rumours-are-they-true-1781695 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the couple broke up towards the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dazzling.news/a2660/how-uday-chopra-broke-up-with-nargis-fakhri-and-their-relationship-timeline |title=How Uday Chopra broke up with Nargis Fakhri and their relationship timeline! |date=November 17, 2017 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809172326/https://www.dazzling.news/a2660/how-uday-chopra-broke-up-with-nargis-fakhri-and-their-relationship-timeline |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Throwback: When Nargis Fakhri revealed she regretted keeping quiet about her relationship with Uday Chopra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nargis-fakhri-opens-up-about-her-regret-of-not-speaking-about-her-relationship-with-uday-chopra/articleshow/107174958.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
| ''[[Lamhe]]'' || {{n/a}}
|rowspan=3| Assistant director
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 1993
| ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' || {{n/a}}
|-
| ''[[Darr]]'' || {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1994
| ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]'' || {{n/a}} || Producer
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995
| ''[[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge]]'' || Biker in front of Simran || {{no wrap|Uncredited cameo;}}
Also assistant director
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1997
| ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' || {{n/a}} || Assistant director
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
| ''[[Mohabbatein]] '' || Vikram Kapoor
| rowspan=3 | Also associate producer
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' || Sanjay Malhotra
|-
|''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' || Rohan Verma
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Supari (film)|Supari]]'' || Aryan Pandit ||
|-
| ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' || Day 6 Announcer || Cameo appearance
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Charas: A Joint Operation]]'' || Ashraf ||
|-
| ''[[Dhoom]]'' || Ali Akbar Fateh Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' || {{n/a}} || Associate producer
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2005
| ''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' || Gurneal 'Neal' Ahluwalia ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2006
| ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' || Ali Akbar Fateh Khan ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2010
| ''[[Pyaar Impossible]]'' || Abhay Sharma || Also producer and screenwriter
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
| ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' ||Ali Akbar Fateh Khan ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 2014
| ''[[Grace of Monaco (film)|Grace of Monaco]]'' || {{n/a}} || rowspan="2" | Producer
|-
| ''[[The Longest Week]]'' || {{n/a}}
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | 2023
| ''[[The Romantics (series)|The Romantics]]''
| Himself
| Documentary; also executive producer
|-
| ''[[The Railway Men]]''
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2" | Executive producer
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2025
|''[[Mandala Murders]]''
| {{n/a}}
|}

==Awards and nominations==

* Nominated - [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie]] for the ''[[Grace of Monaco (film)|Grace of Monaco]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uday Chopra - Emmy Awards, Nominations and Wins | Television Academy |url=http://m.emmys.com/bios/uday-chopra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011221749/https://www.emmys.com/bios/uday-chopra |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|uday-chopra}}

{{IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Uday}}
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]

Kissik

2026-01-14T12:49:49Z

AhGaeza:

{{Short description|2024 song by Devi Sri Prasad, Chandrabose, Sublahshini featuring Sreeleela}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Kissik
| type = single
| cover = Kissik album cover.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] featuring [[Sublahshini]]
| album = [[Pushpa 2: The Rule (soundtrack)|Pushpa 2: The Rule]]
| language = Telugu
| released = 24 November 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Pop-folk]]|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]|[[Folktronica]]}}
| length = 4:08
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyricist = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| tracks = # "Pushpa Pushpa"
# "Sooseki"
# "'''Kissik'''"
# "[[Peelings]]"
# "Gango Renuka Thalli"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=LZXJUE9OH_0|title="Kissik"}}
}}
}}

"'''Kissik'''" is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song, composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with lyrics written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], and recorded by [[Sublahshini]] for the [[Pushpa 2: The Rule (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2024 Indian film ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'', featuring with [[Sreeleela]] and [[Allu Arjun]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Kissik from Pushpa 2 out: Sreeleela and Allu Arjun deliver new dance anthem |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kissik-pushpa-2-song-sreeleela-allu-arjun-2639399-2024-11-24 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203094601/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kissik-pushpa-2-song-sreeleela-allu-arjun-2639399-2024-11-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on 24 November 2024 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the third single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref name=":1" /> The full video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 19 December 2024 on [[YouTube]].

The song was also released in other languages through the same name. Upon the release, it was compared to "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]" from [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']] (2021), and was subjected to criticism owing to its lyrics and dance choreography.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-06 |title=Devi Shri Prasad: I was prepared for Pushpa 2's Kissik's comparison with Pushpa's Oo Antava |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/devi-shri-prasad-i-was-prepared-for-pushpa-2s-kissiks-comparison-with-pushpas-oo-antava-101736164735402.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108135138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/devi-shri-prasad-i-was-prepared-for-pushpa-2s-kissiks-comparison-with-pushpas-oo-antava-101736164735402.html |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Pushpa 2's 'Kissik' leaves fans disappointed, struggles to match 'Oo Antava' magic {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pushpa-2-kissik-sreeleela-fan-vs-oo-antava-samantha-1.10111487 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126115229/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pushpa-2-kissik-sreeleela-fan-vs-oo-antava-samantha-1.10111487 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sreeleela]]'s dance was also criticized while comparing with her performance in "[[Kurchi Madathapetti]]" from [[Guntur Kaaram (soundtrack)|''Guntur Kaaram'']] (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-05 |title='Pushpa 2' 'Kissik' song leaves netizens divided: Some call it 'Vibes forever,' others unimpressed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-2-kissik-song-leaves-netizens-divided-some-call-it-vibes-forever-others-unimpressed/articleshow/115641421.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122035502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-2-kissik-song-leaves-netizens-divided-some-call-it-vibes-forever-others-unimpressed/articleshow/115641421.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, following the film's release, it peaked at number one on the [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] in the third week and had a significant commercial success.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519060847/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background and composition ==
Owing to the success of "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]" from [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']] (2021), the production team insisted Devi Sri Prasad to include a similar item number in the sequel. By March 2023, the song was finalised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2: Sukumar and Devi Sri Prasad lock two new songs |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-sukumar-and-devi-sri-prasad-lock-two-new-songs/4d46b6a9cf561 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=ottplay.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606220603/https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-sukumar-and-devi-sri-prasad-lock-two-new-songs/4d46b6a9cf561 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamil singer [[Sublahshini]] was chosen to record the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-28 |title=Meet Sublahshini: Singer of Sreeleela and Allu Arjun starrer 'Kissik' from 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-sublahshini-singer-of-sreeleela-and-allu-arjun-starrer-kissik-from-pushpa-2-the-rule/articleshow/115760044.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202224512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-sublahshini-singer-of-sreeleela-and-allu-arjun-starrer-kissik-from-pushpa-2-the-rule/articleshow/115760044.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sublashini had recorded the song in Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada versions. Lothika had recorded the song in Hindi along with Sublashini. [[Ujjaini Mukherjee]] was hired to sing the Bengali version of the song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-23 |title=How Ujjayini Mukhopadhyay Was Chosen to Sing Kissik for Pushpa 2's Bengali Version - Interview |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/how-ujjayini-mukhopadhyay-was-chosen-to-sing-kissik-for-pushpa-2-s-bengali-version-interview-enn24112303130 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> Priya Jerson recorded the Malayalam version of the song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title='സാമന്തയെ വെല്ലുമോ ശ്രീലീല': ഞായറാഴ്ച അറിയാം 'പുഷ്പ 2' വന്‍ അപ്ഡേറ്റ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/pushpa-2-the-rule-allu-arjun-and-sreeleela-s-song-kissik-release-date-announced-sndy2m |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123042740/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/pushpa-2-the-rule-allu-arjun-and-sreeleela-s-song-kissik-release-date-announced-sndy2m |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music video ==

=== Background and production ===
There were speculations about various actresses including [[Triptii Dimri]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Disha Patani]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]], being considered for the item song.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Disha Patani Set to Replace Samantha in Pushpa 2 Item Song After Rejecting Oo Antava? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disha-patani-set-to-replace-samantha-in-pushpa-2-item-song-after-rejecting-oo-antava-4895405.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor Or Tripti Dimri Likely To Feature in Special Song Of Pushpa 2 The Rule |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/janhvi-kapoor-or-tripti-dimri-likely-to-feature-in-special-song-of-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-110451971 |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=Times Now |date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527105059/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/janhvi-kapoor-or-tripti-dimri-likely-to-feature-in-special-song-of-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-110451971 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shraddha Kapoor to join Allu Arjun in special dance number in Pushpa 2: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shraddha-kapoor-allu-arjun-special-dance-number-pushpa-2-2620703-2024-10-21 |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=India Today|date=21 October 2024 }}</ref> However, these speculations turned out to be false as [[Sreeleela]] was later finalised for the song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guntur Kaaram actor Sreeleela, Allu Arjun to dance in a Pushpa 2 song: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/guntur-kaaram-actor-sreeleela-allu-arjun-to-dance-in-a-pushpa-2-song-report-2627391-2024-11-03 |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=India Today|date=3 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sreeleela to groove with Allu Arjun in a peppy dance number in Pushpa 2: The Rule: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sreeleela-groove-allu-arjun-peppy-dance-number-pushpa-2-rule-report/ |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 November 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108231243/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sreeleela-groove-allu-arjun-peppy-dance-number-pushpa-2-rule-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jani Master]] was hired to choreograph the song, but was eventually replaced by [[Ganesh Acharya]], due to sexual assault allegations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rape-accused choreographer Jani Master dropped from Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2? Producer reveals THIS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rape-accused-choreographer-jani-master-dropped-from-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-producer-reveals-this-1355427 |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=Pinkvilla |date=26 October 2024 |archive-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115092327/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rape-accused-choreographer-jani-master-dropped-from-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-producer-reveals-this-1355427 |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter had also choreographed the song "Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-28 |title=Ganesh Acharya Interview: 'Sreeleela Is Kamaal Dancer, Allu Arjun's Style and Swag Add a Lot to Song' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/exclusive-interview-choreographer-ganesh-acharya-on-working-with-allu-arjun-and-sreeleela-in-pushpa-2-song-kissik-enn24112802600 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202163724/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/exclusive-interview-choreographer-ganesh-acharya-on-working-with-allu-arjun-and-sreeleela-in-pushpa-2-song-kissik-enn24112802600 |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was filmed in November 2024 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreeleela Begins Shooting Special Song With Allu Arjun For Pushpa 2: The Rule |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sreeleela-begins-shooting-special-song-with-allu-arjun-for-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-115047970 |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=Times Now |date=7 November 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108230545/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sreeleela-begins-shooting-special-song-with-allu-arjun-for-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-115047970 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Synopsis ===
The music video is a direct clip from the scenes in ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''. The scenes primarily featured [[Sreeleela]] and [[Allu Arjun]] dancing together.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Dancing Queen' Sreeleela Sets The Stage On Fire With 'Kissik' Song From 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/dancing-queen-sreeleela-sets-the-stage-on-fire-with-kissik-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-2824283.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210084251/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/dancing-queen-sreeleela-sets-the-stage-on-fire-with-kissik-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-2824283.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It also featured [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Rao Ramesh]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adnal |first=Madhuri |date=2024-11-25 |title=Pushpa 2's 'Kissik' Song Released: Allu Arjun Brings The Heat With Sreeleela |url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-s-kissik-song-released-allu-arjun-brings-the-heat-with-sreeleela-3997601.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=[[Oneindia]] |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125082412/https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-s-kissik-song-released-allu-arjun-brings-the-heat-with-sreeleela-3997601.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The song was launched at a promotional event in [[Chennai]] on 24 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Pushpa 2: Allu Arjun and Sreeleela's steamy track 'Kissik' to be launched at Chennai event. Watch promo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-and-sreeleelas-steamy-track-kissik-to-be-launched-at-chennai-event-watch-promo-9687434/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231054224/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-and-sreeleelas-steamy-track-kissik-to-be-launched-at-chennai-event-watch-promo-9687434/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Allu Arjun, Sreeleela's 'Kissik' Song In Pushpa 2 The Rule To Release In Chennai |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/allu-arjun-sreeleelas-kissik-song-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-to-release-in-chennai-article-115546559 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123132551/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/allu-arjun-sreeleelas-kissik-song-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-to-release-in-chennai-article-115546559 |url-status=live }}</ref> The full video song was later released on YouTube on 19 December 2024.

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=KISSIK Lyrical Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3C1n5lqGdmY |work=[[YouTube]] |date=24 November 2024 |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108172524/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3C1n5lqGdmY |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]] {{spaced ndash}} Composer
* [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] {{spaced ndash}} Lyricist
* [[Sublahshini]] {{spaced ndash}} Vocals
* [[Ganesh Acharya]] {{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Manasi DSP {{spaced ndash}} Backing vocals
* S. P. Abhishek {{spaced ndash}} Backing vocals, vocal supervision
* A. Uday Kumar {{spaced ndash}} Mix engineer, mastering engineer, record engineer
* T. Uday Kumar {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
* Suresh Kumar Taddi {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
* Murugan {{spaced ndash}} orchestra in-charge
* Pugalendhi {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
* Bharat {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
* B. Manikandan {{spaced ndash}} Album Co-ordinator
{{div col end}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Peelings"
! scope="col" | Chart (2024{{Ndash}}2025)
! scope="col" | Peak position
|-
! scope="row" | [[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0" />
| 1
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Asian Music Chart {{!}} Official Charts |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.officialcharts.com |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607131810/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 4
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=LZXJUE9OH_0|title=''Kissik'' (full video version)}}
* {{YouTube|id=3C1n5lqGdmY|title=''Kissik'' (lyrical)}}
{{Pushpa (film series)}}
{{Devi Sri Prasad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Chandrabose (lyricist)]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Pushpa (film series)]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in India]]
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]
[[Category:Folktronica songs]]

Ramkumar Chattopadhyay

2026-01-07T23:50:29Z

AhGaeza: creating bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian singer, composer and music director}}
'''Ramkumar Chattopadhyay''' (1921 — 18 March 2009) was an eminent [[Bengalis|Bengali]] singer, composer and music director. He was well known as a classical singer with a unique repertoire of ''Puratani'' (old Bengali) songs, devotional songs and [[Tappa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengalfoundation.org/portfolio/ramkumar-chatterjee/|title=Ramkumar Chattopadhyay|work=bengalfoundation.org|access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ramkumar was born in 1921 at Darjipara of [[North Kolkata]] in a family with musical background. His grandfather was a classical singer from whom Chattopadhyay learned [[Tabla]]. He took lesson on [[classical music]] from Jatin Chatterjee, a singer of [[Bishnupur gharana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bengalfoundation.org/music/artist-bio.php?singerid=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041154/http://www.bengalfoundation.org/music/artist-bio.php?singerid=63|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2018|title=RAMKUMAR CHATTOPADHYAY|access-date=28 November 2018}} </ref>

==Music career==
Chattopadhyay first got an opportunity to accompany [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] during a public meeting held by [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]] in [[Kolkata]]. He learned [[Tappa]] from ''Kolobabu'' alias Jitendranath Bandopadhyay. [[Sarat Chandra Pandit]] appointed him as a regular artist of [[Akashbani]] Kolkata and after that Chattopadhyay was established as a professional singer. His unparalleled skills lay in giving humorous, quirky twists to traditional forms of music, which were appreciated by classical music lovers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/music/in-pics-the-indian-legends-music-lost-783072-5.html|title=In pics: The Indian legends music lost|website=news18.com|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> He composed music in two Bengali movies named [[Strir Patra]] in 1972 and Parikrama in 1996. He gained much popularity for [[Shyama Sangeet]] and Bengali Puratani Song or ''Baithaki Gaan''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/bengali-music-legend-ramkumar-chattopadhyay-dead_100168193.html|title=Bengali music legend Ramkumar Chattopadhyay dead|website=thaindian.com|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/692571/quicksilver-tappas-from-beyond-the-gwalior-and-banaras-gharanas|title=Quicksilver tappas from beyond the Gwalior and Banaras gharanas|date=6 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> In his career he worked as a playback singer in number of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]]. Chattopadhyay died at 89 due to [[sepsis]] and multi organ failure at a private hospital in Kolkata. His son, Srikumar Chattyopadhyay is also a Bengali Classical Singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/music-maestro-ramkumar-dead/436459/|title=Music maestro Ramkumar dead|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/bangla-singer-ramkumar-chattopadhyay-passes-away|title=Bangla singer Ramkumar Chattopadhyay passes away|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> On 1 June 2017 a statue of Chattopadhyay was inaugurated in Kolkata by Mala Roy, the then Chairperson of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/outside_jsp/Ramkumar_Chattopadhyay_03_06_2017.jsp|title=Inauguration of statue of eminent singer Ramkumar Chattopadhyay|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1410331}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Ramkumar}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]

Khokon (village)

2025-12-27T13:11:06Z

AhGaeza: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khokon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Khokawn
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|59|33.3|N|093|59|47.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangpokpi District|Kangpokpi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Ngulthong Haokip
| named_for =
| government_type = Village council
| governing_body = Village council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795114
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91385-
| registration_plate = MN
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Sex ratio]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 980 (2011)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 70%
| website = {{URL|kangpokpi.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khokon''' (also spelled as '''Khokawn''') is a [[Kuki people|Kuki]] village in the [[Kangpokpi district]] of [[Manipur]], India.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=Khokon |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=304465 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=2 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170902153245/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=304465 |archivedate=2 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As per Census of India 2011, there are 33 household with a total population of 189 persons, out of which 96 are male while 93 are female.<ref name="2011 Census" />

==Etymology==
The term Khokon means a zig-zag village.

==History==
The [[Kuki people|Kuki]] village of Khokon was originally established in the 1900s in the then Ukhrul subdivision of Manipur (roughly coinciding with the present-day [[Ukhrul district]]). It was situated between two [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul]] villages Kachai and Sumdal, which had ongoing rivalries between them. Khokon was established on a hill top between the two villages with the encouragement of the then state administration, under the leadership of chief Paokhoson Haokip. The villagers of Khokon, using their armed strength, controlled the two warring villages in the Ukhrul subdivision, and as a result brought about the much needed peace and tranquility in the area. In post-independence India, the rising [[Naga nationalism]] and militancy led some of the Tangkhul nationalists to serve quit notice to Khokon villagers forgetting their contribution in the past. Their village was burnt down by Naga nationalists in 1961.<ref name="Thongkholal Haokip">{{citation |last=Haokip |first=T. |title=Migration, Regional Autonomy, and Conflicts in Eastern South Asia: Searching for a Home(land) |year=2023 |editor1=Amit Ranjan |chapter=Home and Belonging in Northeast India |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9783031287640 |editor2=Diotima Chattoraj |pages=156–157}}</ref><ref>The Plight of Indigenous Kuki People, p. 42, sl. no. 45, published by Kuki Movement for Human Rights (KUMHUR), 2009</ref> The villagers were forced to leave their homes in 1961.<ref>PS Haokip, [[Zale'n-gam]]: The Kuki Nation, KNO Publication, 2008, p. 562.</ref> Scholar Thongkholal Haokip notes that the erstwhile villagers of Khokon are now spread out all over the state of Manipur.<ref name="Thongkholal Haokip"/>

The then Khokon village chief Ngulthong Haokip later established a new village under the same name in the Saikul subdivision of Sadar Hills (now [[Kangpokpi district]]).<ref name="Thongkholal Haokip"/>

==Location==
Khokon village is located at 24°59'33.3"N latitude, and 93°59'47.8"E longitude. It is situated at a height of 790 m above sea level, and just about 35 Kilometres from [[Imphal]], the capital city of [[Manipur]].

==Literacy==
As per the Census of India 2011, Khokon has a literacy rate of 56.68%, out of which the male population is 61.05% and female is 52.17%.

==Church==
The people in the village had been largely converted during the 19th century, and they are affiliated to [[Kuki Baptist Convention]], a [[Baptist]] Kuki denomination in [[Northeast India]].

==Occupation==
Even though Khokonites were traditionally cultivators and animal rearers, with the passage of time they largely shifted to small businesses and other skilled professions such as knitting and yarning. The educated ones are engaged in teaching and research in various universities of [[India]] and also as medical practitioners. A sections of youths also migrated to different metropolitan cities in the country to work in various companies and BPOs.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sadar Hills]]
[[Category:Villages in Kangpokpi district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

List of Mumbai cricketers

2025-12-25T21:50:12Z

AhGaeza: small refined citations to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2020}}
This is a list of all cricketers who have played [[First-class cricket|first-class]], [[List A cricket|list A]] or [[Twenty20]] cricket for [[Mumbai cricket team]] (formerly called Bombay cricket team).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/48/Players.html| title = Mumbai players | publisher=www.cricketarchive.com | access-date = 12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/545/Players.html| title = Bombay players | publisher=www.cricketarchive.com | access-date = 12 October 2014}}</ref> Seasons given are first and last seasons; the player did not necessarily play in all the intervening seasons. Players in '''bold''' have played international cricket.

''Last updated at the end of the 2015/16 season.''

{{compact TOC|o=O|q=Q|x=X|center=yes|refs=yes|biblio=yes|extlinks=no|nobreak=yes}}

==A==
* [[Iqbal Abdulla]], 2006/07-2015/16
* [[Khan Abdulla]], 1951/52
* [[Abu Abraham (cricketer)|Abu Abraham]], 1955/56
* [[Sudhakar Adhikari]], 1959/60-1966/67
* '''[[Ajit Agarkar]]''', 1996/97-2012/13
* [[Badre Alam]], 2014/15-2015/16
* [[Mohini Amladi]], 1951/52-1952/53
* [[Vasant Amladi]], 1947/48-1949/50
* '''[[Pravin Amre]]''', 1986/87-1998/99
* [[Hoshang Amroliwala]], 1956/57-1963/64
* '''[[Salil Ankola]]''', 1990/91-1996/97
* [[S Anwar]], 1938/39
* '''[[Anwar Hussain (cricketer)|Anwar Hussain]]''', 1943/44-1945/46 (played international cricket for Pakistan)
* '''[[Arvind Apte]]''', 1957/58-1964/65
* '''[[Madhav Apte]]''', 1951/52-1967/68
* [[Sheshil Arolkar]], 1941/42
* [[Kiran Asher]], 1968/69-1977/78

==B==
* [[Harmeet Singh (cricketer born 1992)|Harmeet Singh Baddhan]], 2009/10-2015/16
* '''[[Sairaj Bahutule]]''', 1991/92-2008/09
* [[Ranjan Baindoor]], 1975/76-1984/85
* [[Shamsher Baloch]], 1946/47
* [[Subhash Bandiwadekar]], 1973/74-1976/77
* [[Ahmed Baporia]], 1934/35-1937/38
* [[Maganlal Bhagwandas]], 1934/35-1935/36
* [[AK Bhalerao]], 1941/42
* [[Zubin Bharucha]], 1992/93-1995/96
* [[Vijay Bhosle]], 1967/68-1970/71
* [[Jitendra Bhutta]], 1968/69
* [[Jay Bista]], 2014/15-2015/16
* [[Vishwanath Bondre]], 1965/66-1969/70
* '''[[Chandu Borde]]''', 1954/55

==C==
* [[Nariman Canteenwala]], 1936/37-1937/38
* [[Raghunath Chandorkar]], 1950/51
* [[Mrudul Chaturvedi]], 1984/85
* [[Ankeet Chavan]], 2007/08-2012/13
* [[HE Cheetham]], 1902/03
* [[Siddharth Chitnis]], 2009/10-2015/16
* [[Padmakar Chury]], 1934/35
* [[Frederick Clarke (cricketer)|Frederick Clarke]], 1892/93
* '''[[Sorabji Colah]]''', 1926/27-1933/34
* [[Hormasji Contractor]], 1934/35-1935/36
* [[Hoshedar Contractor]], 1982/83
* [[Rustom Cooper]], 1943/44-1944/45
* [[Edward Cox (cricketer)|Edward Cox]], 1892/93

==D==
* [[Vishal Dabholkar]], 2012/13-2015/16
* [[HM Dadachanji]], 1953/54
* [[Prathamesh Dake]], 2013/14-2014/15
* [[Madhav Dalvi]], 1947/48-1959/60
* [[Madhukar Dalvi]], 1952/53
* [[Amit Dani]], 1995/96-2001/02
* '''[[Bal Dani]]''', 1954/55
* [[Avi D'Avoine]], 1934/35
* [[John Davy (English cricketer)|John Davy]], 1902/03
* [[Suresh Deobakht]], 1971/72
* [[Avinash Desai]], 1952/53-1957/58
* [[Prasad Desai]], 1989/90-1992/93
* '''[[Ramakant Desai]]''', 1958/59-1968/69
* [[Tushar Deshpande]], 2014/15
* [[Patrick Dickinson]], 1947/48-1948/49
* '''[[Sameer Dighe]]''', 1990/91-2001/02
* [[Ajay Divecha]], 1962/63
* '''[[Ramesh Divecha]]''', 1951/52
* [[KN Divekar]], 1934/35-1936/37
* [[Sharad Diwadkar]], 1957/58-1966/67
* [[SS Dongree]], 1934/35
* [[Peter Dowson]], 1937/38
* [[John du Cane]], 1892/93
* [[Shivam Dubey]], 2015/16

==E==
* '''[[Farokh Engineer]]''', 1959/60-1974/75
* [[Maneck Engineer]], 1941/42
* [[Ashok Eshwalkar]], 1985/86

==F==
* [[Leonard Furber]], 1902/03

==G==
* [[Ravi Gadiyar]], 1994/95
* [[Edulji Gai]], 1934/35
* [[B. K. Garudachar]], 1943/44
* '''[[Sunil Gavaskar]]''', 1967/68-1986/87
* [[Mazhar Ghadially]], 1993/94
* '''[[Karsan Ghavri]]''', 1973/74-1981/82
* [[Shankarrao Godambe]], 1926/27-1939/40
* [[VV Godbole]], 1964/65
* [[Behram Govadia]], 1950/51-1961/62
* [[J. G. Greig|John Greig]], 1902/03
* '''[[Ghulam Guard]]''', 1947/48-1961/62
* '''[[Baloo Gupte]]''', 1953/54-1967/68
* [[Gurudut Gupte]], 1980/81
* '''[[Subhash Gupte]]''', 1948/49-1958/59
* [[Omkar Gurav]], 2007/08-2011/12
* [[Rajesh Gurav]], 1992/93

==H==
* [[Abdul Hakim (cricketer)|Abdul Hakim]], 1933/34-1941/42
* [[Mahendra Hansoti]], 1935/36
* '''[[Manohar Hardikar]]''', 1955/56-1967/68
* [[Shishir Hattangadi]], 1981/82-1991/92
* [[Saeed Hatteea]], 1969/70-1970/71
* [[Dadabhoy Havewala]], 1934/35-1941/42
* [[JP Havewala]], 1933/34
* [[Sharad Hazare]], 1964/65-1976/77
* [[Swapnil Hazare]], 2000/01-2006/07
* [[Salebhoy Heptullah]], 1934/35
* [[Akhil Herwadkar]], 2011/12-2015/16
* '''[[Dattaram Hindlekar]]''', 1934/35-1946/47
* [[Reginald Hopkins]], 1935/36
* [[Bernard Howlett]], 1926/27

==I==
* '''[[KC Ibrahim]]''', 1940/41-1949/50
* [[Vinit Indulkar]], 2004/05-2013/14
* [[Behram Irani]], 1946/47-1952/53
* [[Mehli Irani]], 1951/52-1953/54
* [[Rustom Irani]], 1941/42
* [[Abdul Ismail]], 1969/70-1977/78
* [[Shreyas Iyer]], 2013/14-2015/16

==J==
* [[Rajendra Jadeja]], 1978/79-1979/80
* [[Deepak Jadhav]], 1982/83-1987/88
* [[Jayaprakash Jadhav]], 1990/91-1991/92
* [[Pushkaraj Jadhav]], 1999/00-2003/04
* [[Sanjeev Jadhav]], 1989/90
* '''[[Wasim Jaffer]]''', 1996/97-2014/15
* '''[[Laxmidas Jai]]''', 1926/27-1941/42
* [[Ankush Jaiswal]], 2015/16
* '''[[Rustomji Jamshedji]]''', 1926/27-1935/36
* [[Sanjay Jaywant]], 1975/76-1976/77
* [[Manoj Joglekar]], 1992/93-2003/04
* [[Henry John]], 1902/03
* [[SS Joshi]], 1933/34

==K==
* [[SM Kadri]], 1935/36-1941/42
* [[Bomanji Kalapesi]], 1926/27-1936/37
* [[Prabhakar Kamat]], 1952/53-1959/60
* '''[[Vinod Kambli]]''', 1989/90-2004/05
* [[Shriram Kannan]], 1999/00-2000/01
* [[Bahadur Kapadia]], 1926/27
* [[Framroze Kapadia]], 1934/35
* [[Hansraj Kapadia]], 1950/51
* [[Mahesh Karanjkar]], 1992/93-1995/96
* [[Vijay Karkhanis]], 1967/68-1968/69
* [[Avinash Karnik]], 1974/75-1977/78
* [[Bharat Karnik]], 1994/95
* [[Pradeep Kasliwal]], 1985/86-1988/89
* [[Laxman Kenny]], 1938/39-1941/42
* '''[[Ramnath Kenny]]''', 1950/51-1960/61
* [[Badruddin Khan]]
* [[Iqbal Khan (cricketer)|Iqbal Khan]], 1986/87-1994/95
* [[Javed Khan (cricketer)|Javed Khan]], 2010/11-2014/15
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]], 2013/14-2014/15
* '''[[Zaheer Khan]]''', 2006/07-2013/14
* [[Shreyas Khanolkar]], 1999/00
* [[Onkar Khanwilkar]], 2003/04-2010/11
* [[Sachin Khartade]], 1994/95
* [[Aniruddha Kher]], 1987/88-1988/89
* [[Jehangir Khot]], 1935/36-1950/51
* [[Gopal Kohli]], 1970/71
* [[DV Koppikar]], 1938/39
* [[Janardan Kore]], 1944/45-1947/48
* [[J Kotian]], 1950/51
* [[Sharma Krishnan]], 1990/91
* [[Subhash Kshirsagar]], 1979/80-1988/89
* [[Sahil Kukreja]], 2005/06-2010/11
* '''[[Dhawal Kulkarni]]''', 2006/07-2015/16
* '''[[Nilesh Kulkarni]]''', 1994/95-2007/08
* '''[[Raju Kulkarni]]''', 1982/83-1992/93
* [[Ravi Kulkarni]], 1978/79-1989/90
* [[Sulakshan Kulkarni]], 1986/87-1998/99
* '''[[Umesh Kulkarni (cricketer)|Umesh Kulkarni]]''', 1963/64-1968/69
* '''[[Abey Kuruvilla]]''', 1990/91-1999/00

==L==
* [[Siddhesh Lad]], 2012/13-2015/16
* [[Abdul Latif (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Latif]], 1948/49
* [[JS Lawyer]], 1937/38
* [[Rajendra Lele]], 1985/86-1987/88
* [[Vishwanath Lele]], 1953/54-1968/69
* [[Sunil Limaye]], 1986/87-1989/90
* [[Harry Lowis]], 1902/03
* [[Charles Luard]], 1892/93

==M==
* [[Vishal Mahadik]], 1993/94-1997/98
* '''[[Ebrahim Maka]]''', 1944/45-1946/47
* [[Usman Malvi]], 2002/03-2010/11
* [[Shridhar Mandale]], 1979/80-1984/85
* [[Vinayak Mane]], 2000/01-2008/09
* [[Mun Mangela]], 2006/07-2010/11
* [[Shrideep Mangela]], 2014/15-2015/16
* [[Sushant Manjrekar]], 1999/00-2002/03
* '''[[Sanjay Manjrekar]]''', 1984/85-1997/98
* '''[[Vijay Manjrekar]]''', 1949/50-1955/56
* '''[[Ashok Mankad]]''', 1963/64-1982/83
* '''[[Vinoo Mankad]]''', 1951/52-1955/56
* [[Rahul Mankad]], 1975/76-1984/85
* '''[[Madhav Mantri]]''', 1941/42-1956/57
* [[Sushant Marathe]], 2005/06-2014/15
* '''[[Khershed Meherhomji]]''', 1933/34
* [[Atul Mehta]], 1969/70-1971/72
* [[Champaklal Mehta]], 1933/34-1935/36
* [[Uday Merchant]], 1939/40-1949/50
* '''[[Vijay Merchant]]''', 1933/34-1950/51
* [[Jack Meyer (educator and cricketer)|Jack Meyer]], 1926/27
* '''[[Paras Mhambrey]]''', 1992/93-2002/03
* [[John Milne (cricketer)|John Milne]], 1902/03
* [[Mermadi Mistry]], 1937/38-1943/44
* '''[[Rusi Modi]]''', 1943/44-1957/58
* [[Urmikant Mody]], 1975/76
* [[Vijay Mohanraj]], 1975/76-1977/78
* [[MM Mohiuddin]], 1947/48-1950/51
* [[Kiran Mokashi]], 1980/81-1990/91
* [[Kunal More]], 2001/02
* [[Shankar More]], 1964/65-1966/67
* [[Sunil More]], 1992/93-1997/98
* [[Robin Morris]], 1996/97-2006/07
* [[Robert Moss (English cricketer)|Robert Moss]], 1937/38-1939/40
* [[Wilkin Mota]], 2003/04-2014/15
* [[Behram Mowadala]], 1949/50-1950/51
* [[Murtuza Hussain]], 2007/08-2011/12
* [[Amol Muzumdar]], 1993/94-2008/09

==N==
* '''[[Bapu Nadkarni]]''', 1960/61-1967/68
* [[Bharat Nadkarni]], 1978/79
* [[Ramesh Nagdev]], 1964/65
* [[Ajit Naik]], 1970/71-1973/74
* [[Manohar Naik (cricketer)|Manohar Naik]], 1938/39-1940/41
* [[Prashant Naik]], 2006/07-2011/12
* '''[[Sudhir Naik]]''', 1966/67-1977/78
* [[Framroze Nariman]], 1937/38-1939/40
* [[Bharat Narvekar]], 1965/66
* [[Sujit Nayak]], 2013/14
* '''[[Suru Nayak]]''', 1976/77-1988/89
* '''[[Abhishek Nayar]]''', 2003/04-2015/16
* [[Saurabh Netravalkar]], 2013/14-2014/15
* [[Arthur Newnham]], 1892/93

==P==
* [[Amit Pagnis]], 1996/97-1999/00
* '''[[Ajit Pai (cricketer)|Ajit Pai]]''', 1968/69-1975/76
* [[Karkulu Pai]], 1958/59-1962/63
* '''[[Phiroze Palia]]''', 1937/38
* [[Yeshwant Palwankar]], 1944/45-1954/55
* '''[[Chandrakant Pandit]]''', 1979/80-1990/91
* [[Kamalkar Panjri]], 1953/54-1957/58
* '''[[Jatin Paranjpe]]''', 1991/92-2000/01
* [[Vasudev Paranjpe]], 1961/62-1965/66
* '''[[Ghulam Parkar]]''', 1978/79-1985/86
* '''[[Ramnath Parkar]]''', 1970/71-1980/81
* [[Zulfiqar Parkar]], 1977/78-1984/85
* [[Akash Parkar]], 2014/15
* [[Vazirani Parsram]], 1949/50
* '''[[Chandrakant Patankar]]''', 1949/50-1965/66
* [[Babubhai Patel (cricketer)|Babubhai Patel]], 1935/36
* [[Bhavesh Patel (Indian cricketer)|Bhavesh Patel]], 2007/08
* [[Minoo Patel]], 1937/38-1939/40
* '''[[Munaf Patel]]''', 2003/04-2004/05
* [[Pravin Shyama Salian]], 2000-2004
* [[Madhusudan Patil]], 1949/50-1952/53
* [[Nikhil Patil]], 2012/13-2015/16
* '''[[Sandeep Patil]]''', 1975/76-1986/87
* [[Sanjay Patil]], 1989/90-1993/94
* [[Vithal Patil]], 1956/57-1957/58
* [[Nilesh Patwardhan]], 2002/03
* [[Kaustubh Pawar]], 2011/12-2013/14
* [[Rajesh Pawar]], 1996/97-2002/03
* [[Akbar Peerbhoy]], 1937/38
* [[Dudley Pelham (cricketer)|Dudley Pelham]], 1902/03
* '''[[Dattu Phadkar]]''', 1944/45-1951/52
* [[Mandar Phadke]], 1995/96-1999/00
* '''[[Robert Poore]]''', 1892/93 (played international cricket for South Africa)
* [[Kiran Powar]], 1996/97-2000/01
* '''[[Ramesh Powar]]''', 1999/00-2012/13
* [[HA Printer]], 1937/38

==R==
* [[Vinod Raghavan]], 1994/95
* '''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]''', 2006/07-2015/16
* [[Madan Raiji]], 1941/42-1948/49
* [[Vasant Raiji]], 1941/42
* [[Ernest Raikes]], 1892/93
* Rohan Raje, 2007/08-2015/16
* '''[[Vijay Rajindernath]]''', 1952/53
* '''[[Lalchand Rajput]]''', 1982/83-1990/91
* '''[[Gulabrai Ramchand]]''', 1948/49-1962/63
* [[Atul Ranade]], 1996/97-1997/98
* [[Amol Rane]], 1999/00-2000/01
* '''[[Khandu Rangnekar]]''', 1940/41-1948/49
* [[Sharad Rao (cricketer)|Sharad Rao]], 1980/81
* [[Ghulam Rasool (cricketer)|Ghulam Rasool]], 1926/27
* [[Abhishek Raut]], 2008/09-2015/16
* [[Milind Rege]], 1967/68-1977/78
* [[Yatin Rele]], 1953/54-1957/58
* [[Anup Revandkar]], 2007/08-2012/13
* [[Grimley Richards]], 1934/35-1936/37
* '''[[Pankaj Roy]]''', 1954/55

==S==
* [[Anup Sabnis]], 1987/88-1989/90
* '''[[Aavishkar Salvi]]''', 2001/02-2012/13
* [[Vinayak Samant]], 2002/03-2009/10
* [[Mahesh Sampat]], 1970/71-1975/76
* '''[[Balwinder Sandhu]]''', 1980/81-1986/87
* [[Balwinder Sandhu (cricketer, born 1987)|Balwinder Sandhu]], 2008/09-2015/16
* [[Jignesh Sanghani]], 1982/83-1988/89
* [[Sushil Sanghvi]], 1967/68-1968/69
* '''[[Dilip Sardesai]]''', 1960/61-1972/73
* '''[[Chandu Sarwate]]''', 1943/44
* [[Ajit Sawant]], 1982/83-1987/88
* [[Sachin Sawant]], 2000/01
* [[Santosh Saxena]], 1997/98-2000/01
* [[Hiken Shah]], 2005/06-2014/15
* [[Vignesh Shahane]], 1991/92-1992/93
* [[Aquib Shaikh]], 2010/11
* [[Faisal Shaikh]], 1997/98
* [[Rahil Shaikh]], 2008/09-2009/10
* [[Shoaib Shaikh]], 2009/10-2014/15
* [[Sufiyan Shaikh]], 2014/15
* [[SV Shankar]], 1953/54-1954/55
* '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''', 2006/07-2015/16
* '''[[Ravi Shastri]]''', 1979/80-1993/94
* [[Devdas Shenoy]], 1961/62
* [[Bravish Shetty]], 2011/12-2014/15
* [[Nishit Shetty]], 2000/01-2006/07
* [[Suresh Shetty]], 1982/83-1985/86
* [[Abhijit Shetye]], 2000/01-2005/06
* '''[[Sadu Shinde]]''', 1950/51-1954/55
* [[Santosh Shinde]], 2004/05-2005/06
* [[Raju Shirke]], 1990/91
* [[Nitin Shirodkar]], 1967/68
* [[Padmakar Shivalkar]], 1964/65-1987/88
* [[Yeshwant Sidhaye]], 1954/55
* [[Reginald Sinclair]], 1902/03
* [[Shashank Singh]], 2014/15-2015/16
* [[Sidak Singh]], 2014/15
* [[Alan Sippy]], 1984/85-1990/91
* '''[[Ranga Sohoni]]''', 1951/52-1954/55
* '''[[Eknath Solkar]]''', 1966/67-1981/82
* [[Piyush Soneji]], 1990/91-1992/93
* [[Frederick Sprott]], 1902/03
* [[Sankaran Srinivasan]], 1978/79
* '''[[Charlie Stayers]]''', 1962/63 (played international cricket for West Indies)
* [[Herbert Stockdale (cricketer)|Herbert Stockdale]], 1892/93
* [[Doraiswamy Subramanian]], 2012/13-2013/14
* '''[[Gundibail Sunderam]]''', 1953/54-1955/56
* [[MG Surti]], 1934/35
* [[Rajesh Sutar]], 1994/95-2001/02
* [[Suryansh Shedge]], 2024–

==T==
* [[Dinkar Talpade]], 1933/34-1937/38
* [[Sameer Talpade]], 1988/89-1992/93
* [[Pravin Tambe]], 2013/14-2015/16
* [[Milind Tamhane]], 2002/03
* '''[[Naren Tamhane]]''', 1953/54-1963/64
* [[Rakesh Tandon]], 1972/73-1977/78
* '''[[Keki Tarapore]]''', 1937/38-1948/49
* [[Aditya Tare]], 2007/08-2015/16
* [[SD Telang]], 1949/50
* '''[[Sachin Tendulkar]]''', 1988/89-2013/14
* [[Bhavin Thakkar]], 2001/02-2007/08
* [[Ravindra Thakkar]], 1981/82-1989/90
* [[Jitendra Thakre]], 1986/87-1988/89
* [[Rahul Thakur]], 2003/04-2004/05
* [[Shardul Thakur]], 2012/13-2015/16
* [[Suresh Tigdi]], 1969/70-1970/71
* [[Subash Tipnis]], 1963/64
* [[John Trask (cricketer)|John Trask]], 1892/93
* [[Francis Travers]], 1926/27
* [[Herbert Trevor]], 1892/93
* [[Sagar Trivedi]], 2014/15-2015/16
* [[Hugh Troup]], 1892/93

==U==
* '''[[Polly Umrigar]]''', 1946/47-1962/63
* [[Thomas Usborne (cricketer)|Thomas Usborne]], 1892/93

==V==
* [[Hormasji Vajifdar]], 1926/27-1935/36
* [[Paul Valthaty]], 2005/06-2010/11
* [[Arun Varde]], 1963/64-1967/68
* [[Amitabh Velaskar]], 2002/03
* '''[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]''', 1975/76-1991/92
* [[Rajesh Verma (cricketer)|Rajesh Verma]], 2002/03-2012/13

==W==
* '''[[Ajit Wadekar]]''', 1958/59-1974/75
* [[Jal Wadia]], 1934/35
* [[Raghunath Wadkar]], 1934/35-1938/39
* [[Praful Waghela]], 2004/05-2012/13
* [[Kshemal Waingankar]], 2006/07-2014/15
* [[Vishwas Walawalkar]], 1994/95
* [[WS Walcott]], 1902/03

==Y==
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]], 2009/10-2024/25
* [[Anand Yalvigi]], 1996/97
* [[Vikrant Yeligati]], 2007/08-2010/11

==Z==
* [[Avadhut Zarapkar]], 1974/75-1979/80

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of Indian cricketers}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian cricketers by state or union territory|Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Mumbai-related lists|cricketers]]

2025 Chhattisgarh local elections

2025-12-22T15:07:43Z

AhGaeza: started post!

{{Short description|Elections in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative election
| election_name = 2025 Chhattisgarh local bodies elections
| country = India
| previous_election = 2020
| previous_year =
| election_date =[[2025 elections in India|11 February 2025]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/voter-data-local-body-election-chhattisgarh-2025-134324767.html|title=Mayor election on 11 February..Result on 15 February: Municipal elections announced in Chhattisgarh|work=Dainik Bhaskar|date=20 January 2025 |accessdate=20 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>
| next_election = 2030
| next_year =
| seats_for_election = 173 municipalities in [[Chhattisgarh]]
| ongoing = no
|party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
|leader1 = [[Kiran Singh Deo]]
|seats1=126
| last_election1 = 43
| percentage1 = 56
|party2 = Indian National Congress
|leader2 = [[Deepak Baij]]
|seats2=30
| last_election2 = 63
| percentage2 = 31.25
|party3 = Bahujan Samaj Party
|leader3 = Hemant Poyam
|seats3=01
| last_election3 = New
| percentage3 = 3.36
|party4 = Aam Aadmi Party
|leader4 = Komal Hopendi
|seats4=01
| last_election4 = new
| percentage4 = 1.06
|party5 = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|leader5 = [[Amit Jogi]]
|seats5 =0
| last_election5 = 21
| percentage5 = 0.4
|party6 = Independents
|seats6 =15
| last_election6 = 11
| percentage6 = 7.73
}}
'''2025 Chhattisgarh local bodies elections''' were held on '''11 February 2025''' to elect members of local bodies in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-12-27|title=छत्तीसगढ़ में अब आचार संहिता 7 जनवरी के बाद:कल होने वाली आरक्षण प्रक्रिया जनवरी में होगी; इस बीच नए मंत्रियों का शपथ संभव|url= https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/chhattisgarh-government-urban-body-election-reservation-date-changed-27-december-reservation-process-date-changed-7-january-2025-reservation-new-cabinet-body-election-discussion-chhattisgarh-political-134187457.html|access-date=2025-01-08|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> The counting of votes for 10 [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]], 49 [[Nagar Palika Nigam|Nagar Palikas]], 114 [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayats]] were declared on '''15th February 2025'''.

In the results of the municipal elections, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] delivered a strong performance, securing landslide victory in 126 out of 173 local bodies, while the [[Indian National Congress]] had to settle for just 30. Independents led in 15 bodies, while the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] won one each. The [[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh]] failed to make an impact. In all 10 municipal corporations, including the state capital [[Raipur Municipal Corporation|Raipur]], BJP's mayoral candidates emerged victorious. Notably, for the first time in approximately 111 years, the BJP won in [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]] Nagar Panchayat, defeating the Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=CG Nikay Chunav Result 2025: छत्तीसगढ़ के 10 नगर निगमों पर BJP का क्लीन स्वीप, सीएम साय ने कहा-युवाओं को देंगे रोजगार |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-cg-nikay-chunav-result-2025-live-chhattisgarh-nagar-nigam-election-parinam-raipur-bilaspur-durg-ambikapur-8380227 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=पांडे |first=अंबुज |title=छत्तीसगढ़ निकाय चुनाव में बहुमत से जीत रही BJP, इस वजह से पिछड़ी कांग्रेस |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-local-body-election-result-2025-bjp-won-chunav-with-majority-cm-vishnu-dev-sai-nagar-panchayat-lost-ann-2884904/amp |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=chhattisgarh municipal corporation election result bjp congress Know who became mayor where including raipur durg {{!}} CG Nagar Nigam: छत्तीसगढ़ में भाजपा की ऐतिहासिक जीत, नगर निगम चुनाव में हाथ साफ... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/raipur/chhattisgarh-municipal-corporation-election-result-know-who-became-mayor-where-see-bjp-congress-list/2647136/amp |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Chunav Winners List: छत्तीसगढ़ के 10 नगर निगम में बीजेपी की धाक, 36 नगर पालिकाओं पर भी कब्जा, देखें कौन कहां से जीता |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/chhattisgarh-nikay-chunav-result-2025-check-candidate-wise-winners-losers-list/articleshow/118277467.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 17 January 2025
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 28 January 2025
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 29 January 2025
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 31 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 31 January 2025
|-
| Date of Poll
| 11 February 2025
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| 15 February 2025
|}

== Voter turnout ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! District
! Turnout (%)
|-
| [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| rowspan="2" | 51.37 (lowest)
|-
| [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|-
| [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]]
| 75.58
|-
| [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
| 72.53
|-
| [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]
| 77.58
|-
| [[Sakti district|Sakti]]
| 81.44
|-
| [[Kawardha]]
| 64.04
|-
| [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
| 81.44
|-
| [[Sarangarh-Bilaigarh district|Sarangarh-Bilaigarh]]
| 78.52
|-
| [[Surajpur district|Surajpur]]
| 66.15
|-
| [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]]
| 79.85
|-
| [[Surguja district|Surguja]]
| 64.85
|-
| [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi]]
| 71.41
|-
| [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]]
| 70.48
|-
| [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
| 76.10
|-
| [[Kanker district|Kanker]]
| 76.31
|-
| [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]]
| 77.44
|-
| [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| 70.43
|-
| [[Durg district|Durg]]
| 67.96
|-
| [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]]
| 70.71
|-
| [[Balod district|Balod]]
| 75.34
|-
| [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]]
| 81.13
|-
| [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
| 75.82
|-
| [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]]
| 72.52
|-
| [[Koriya district|Koriya]]
| 84.99 (highest)
|-
| [[Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district|Khairagarh]]
| 83.50
|-
| [[Sukma]]
| 66.97
|-
| [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]]
| 58.71
|-
| [[Korba district|Korba]]
| 74.10
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''72.44'''
|-
|}

== Parties and Alliance ==
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
!colspan="4"|Alliance/Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!colspan="2"|Seats Contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Kiran Singh Deo]]
|colspan="2"|173
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Deepak Baij]]
|colspan="2"|173
|-
|{{party color cell |Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| Hemant Poyam
|colspan="2"|173
|}

== Candidates ==
=== Mayoral Election ===
*On 26 January 2025, BJP released list of mayoral candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: BJP declares candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://bansalnews.com/cg-bjp-raipur-mayor-candidate-meenal-choubey-snj/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Bansal News |language=hi}}</ref>
* On 27 January 2025, INC released list of mayoral candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/chhattisgarh-congress-announces-list-of-candidates-for-upcoming-civic-body-polls-check-full-list|title=Chhattisgarh Congress Announces List Of Candidates For Upcoming Civic Body Polls|work=Free Press Journal|accessdate=27 January 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |No.
! align="Centre" |Municipal Corporation
! align="Centre" |District
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP candidate''']]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|'''INC candidate''']]
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 1
| Ambikapur Municipal Corporation
| [[Surguja district|Sarguja]]
| Manjusha Bhagat
| Ajay Tirkey
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 2
| Durg Municipal Corporation
| [[Durg district|Durg]]
| Alka Baghmar
| Premlata Sahu
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 3
| [[Bilaspur Municipal Corporation]]
| [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| Pooja Vidhani
| Pramod Nayak
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 4
|[[Raipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| Meenal Choubey
| Deepti Dubey
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 5
|Chirmiri Municipal Corporation
|[[Koriya district|Koriya]]
| Ram Naresh Rai
| Vinay Jaiswal
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 6
| Dhamtari Municipal Corporation
| [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
| Jagadish Ramu Mehra
! —<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/nomination-of-congress-mayor-candidate-vijay-golchha-canceled-in-dhamtari-2025-01-30|title=Congress gets a big setback in Dhamtari, nomination of mayoral candidate Vijay Golcha cancelled|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=30 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>{{efn|Congress candidate Vijay Golchha's candidature was rejected.}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 7
| Jagdalpur Municipal Corporation
| [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| Sanjay Pandey
| Malkeet Singh Gaidu
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 8
| Rajnandgaon Municipal Corporation
| [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
| Madhusudan Yadav
| Nikhil Dwivedi
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 9
| [[Korba Municipal Corporation]]
| [[Korba district|Korba]]
| Sanju Devi Rajput
| Usha Tiwari
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 10
| Raigarh Municipal Corporation
| [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
| Jeevardhan Chauhan
| Janki Katju
|}

== Municipal general election results ==
=== Party wise ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Municipal general election results
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| Mayors/Chairpersons
! colspan=2| Corporators/ Councillors/
Ward Members
|-
! Seats
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| '''10'''
| 10 {{increase}}
| '''1868'''
| {{Increase}}1063
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 0
| 10 {{decrease}}
| 952
| {{Decrease}}754
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| 0
|{{No change}}
|1
| {{Increase}}1
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| 0
| {{No change}}
|13
| {{Decrease}}4
|-
| colspan=2| '''Total'''
|'''10'''
|{{No change}}
|'''3200'''
|{{increase}}'''305'''
|}

=== Body wise ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Division
! rowspan="2" |Seats
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
![[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!Municipal Corporation
!10
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |10
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
!Nagar Palika
!49
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" | 35
| style="text-align:center;" |8
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |5
|-
!Nagar Panchayat
!114
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" | 81
| style="text-align:center;" |22
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |10
|-
!Total
!173
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |126
!30
!1
!1
!15
|}
=== Municipal Corporation wise ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |No.
! align="Centre" |Municipal Corporation
! align="Centre" |District
! colspan="2" |Winning party
! align="Centre" |Elected Mayor
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 1
| Ambikapur Municipal Corporation
| [[Surguja district|Sarguja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
| Manjusha Bhagat
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 2
| Durg Municipal Corporation
| [[Durg district|Durg]]
| Alka Baghmar
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 3
| [[Bilaspur Municipal Corporation]]
| [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| Pooja Vidhani
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 4
|[[Raipur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| [[Meenal Choubey]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 5
|Chirmiri Municipal Corporation
|[[Koriya district|Koriya]]
| Ram Naresh Rai
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 6
| Dhamtari Municipal Corporation
| [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
| Jagadish Ramu Mehra
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 7
| Jagdalpur Municipal Corporation
| [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| Sanjay Pandey
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 8
| Rajnandgaon Municipal Corporation
| [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
| Madhusudan Yadav
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 9
| [[Korba Municipal Corporation]]
| [[Korba district|Korba]]
| Sanju Devi Rajput
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 10
| Raigarh Municipal Corporation
| [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
| Jeevardhan Chauhan
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://cgsec.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Chhattisgarh elections}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Chhattisgarh local elections]]
[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Chhattisgarh]]

2006 Vadodara riots

2025-12-14T10:19:46Z

AhGaeza: correct intro for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Riots in Gujarat, India over the removal of a shrine}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2006 Vadodara riots
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| map_type =India Gujarat
| map_label = Vadodara
| map_caption = Location of riots in Gujarat, India
|date= {{Start date|df=yes|2006|05|01}} – {{End date|df=yes|2006|05|03}} (3 Days)
| place = [[Vadodara district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.303176|N|73.210545|E|display=inline,title}}
| causes = Caused by the municipal council's decision to remove the 200-year-old dargah
| fatalities = 8
| injuries = 42
}}

The '''2006 Vadodara riots''' also known as the '''2006 Dargah riots''' occurred on 1 May of that year in the city of [[Vadodara]] in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.<ref name="Pelly 2008" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2006 p. 179"/> The riots were caused by the [[Municipal council (India)|municipal council]]'s decision to remove the ''[[dargah]]'' (shrine) of Syed Chishti Rashiduddin, a medieval [[Sufi]] saint.<ref name="Westcoat 2008"/> The shrine was between two and three hundred years old.<ref name="Bunsha 2006" /><ref name="Pelly 2009" /> The incident resulted in six to eight people being killed and forty-two injured, 16 of these were from police shooting.<ref name="Bunsha 2006" /><ref name="Jaffrelot 2011" />

==Background==

The ''dargah'' was first mentioned in a municipal survey carried out in 1912, when Vadodara was the princely state of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] ruled by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]].<ref name="Damle 2007"/> The city [[Mayor]], Sunil Solanki, had said that the council were removing illegal buildings as part of a road widening programme and that they had already removed 20 temples and three dargahs.<ref name="Bunsha 2006" />

On 2 April, the [[Gujarat High Court]] looked into the incidents [[Sua sponte|suo motu]] and decided that "encroachments on public roads cannot be tolerated", and that if needed, "anti-socials" who opposed these demolitions should be arrested before the demolition was carried out. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] overturned the judgment on 4 April and ordered a temporary stay on demolition of illegal religious structures, due to the situation being volatile."<ref name="Bunsha 2006" />

The [[Commissioner of Police (India)|commissioner for police]], Deepak Swaroop, had requested caution on the issue. But Solanki insisted on the programme continuing as the shrine was in the way of development. It is reported that he said "If the police and the corporation will not do it, our boys in the [[Bajrang Dal]] will do it."<ref name="Bunsha 2006" /><ref name="Thakur 2006"/>

==Riots==

On the first day it is estimated that eighteen people were injured and thirty-eight placed under arrest. The police have stated that they had at first used tear gas and batons in an attempt to control the crowd, but were left with no option other than to shoot.<ref name="BBC 2006"/> On 2 May there were incidents of violence between Muslims and Hindus in several areas.<ref name="CNN-IBN 2006"/> On 3 May the [[Government of Gujarat|State Government]] requested that the [[Government of India|federal government]] provide additional security personnel. A Muslim man had been burned to death in his car by a 1,500 strong crowd, and cases of arson had been reported. People were also evacuated out of the Ajabdi Mills area as a precaution.<ref name="BBC 2006"/><ref name="CNN-IBN 2006"/>

[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] wrote of the incident unlike the riots of 2002, this was only a skirmish. There were spontaneous clashes between two communities. There were casualties on both sides, of innocent people just like in 2002 but at much milder scale. The [[2002 Gujarat violence|violence of 2002]] was a far more widespread and has been opined to be a state-sponsored, planned and systematic targeting of Muslims."<ref name="Bunsha 2006" /> The [[Indian People's Tribunal|Independent People's Tribunal]], an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] has stated that the police had [[Anti-Muslim violence in India|targeted]] Muslims during the incident.<ref name="Pelly 2009" />

The home minister for Gujarat, [[Amit Shah]], stated that as a result of the incident paramilitary forces had been deployed and security increased in five of Gujarat's districts.<ref name="BBC 2006"/>

==See also==

*[[1969 Gujarat riots]]
*[[1985 Gujarat riots]]

==References==
{{reflist
| refs =

<ref name="Pelly 2008">{{cite book|last=Pelly|first=Grace|title=State Terrorism: Torture, Extra-judicial Killings, and Forced Disappearances in India|year=2008|publisher=Human Rights Law Network|pages=194–195|url=http://koha.hrln.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1772|access-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210220/http://koha.hrln.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1772|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Pelly 2009">
{{cite book|last=Pelly|first=Grace|title=State Terrorism: Torture, Extra-judicial Killings, and Forced Disappearances|year=2009|publisher=Human Rights Law Network|isbn=978-81-89479-47-3|pages=194–195}}
</ref>

<ref name="Bunsha 2006">{{cite news|last=Bunsha|first=Dionne|title=Killing zeal|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2309/stories/20060519003802000.htm|magazine=Frontline|volume=23|issue=9|date=6 May 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706234034/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2309/stories/20060519003802000.htm|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Westcoat 2008">
{{cite book|last=Westcoat|first=James L.|title=Cultural Heritage and Human Rights|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0387765792|page=59|editor=Helaine Silverman, [[D. Fairchild Ruggles]]}}
</ref>

<ref name="Damle 2007">
{{cite book|last=Damle|first=Shweta|title=Secularism and Secular Action|year=2007|publisher=Centre for Education & Documentation|page=1|url=http://ced.org.in/docs/ced/publications/Secularism-and-Secular-Action.pdf}}
</ref>

<ref name="Jaffrelot 2011">
{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1849041386|page=393}}
</ref>

<ref name="BBC 2006">
{{cite news|title=India troops patrol riot-hit city|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4968402.stm|publisher=BBC|date=4 May 2006}}
</ref>

<ref name="CNN-IBN 2006">
{{cite news|title=Mob burns man alive in Vadodara|url=http://www.news18.com/videos/india/mob-burns-man-alive-in-vadodara-234885.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=3 May 2006}}
</ref>

<ref name="Thakur 2006">
{{cite news|last=Thakur |first=Sankarshan |title=The Secular Lies of Vadodara |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne052006The_Secular_CS.asp |newspaper=Tehelka |date=20 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022625/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne052006The_Secular_CS.asp |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}
</ref>

<ref name="Jaffrelot 2006 p. 179">
{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christopher|title=Religion and Violence in South Asia|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415372916|page=179|editor=John Hinnells, Richard King}}
</ref>

| colwidth = 30em
}}
{{Riots in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadodara riots}}
[[Category:2006 mass murders]]
[[Category:2000s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:2006 riots]]
[[Category:Vadodara district| ]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Gujarat]]
[[Category:May 2006 in India]]
[[Category:2006 murders in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:May 2000 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2006]]
[[Category:2000s political riots]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on Islamic buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Political riots in India]]

Marripudi, Bapatla district

2025-11-26T08:10:44Z

AhGaeza: created basic place basic info...

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marripudi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.9882783|N|80.5037402|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bapatla
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Marripudi''' is a village in the [[Bapatla district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bapatla district]]

K. Gangavaram mandal

2025-11-24T05:32:14Z

AhGaeza: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pamarru Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''K.Gangavaram Mandal''' is one of the mandals in [[Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was called as Pamarru mandal and later renamed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/23999141/K-Gangavaram-Mandal |title=K Gangavaram Mandal |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=wikmapia}}</ref> As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4929-pamarru-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Pamarru Mandal of Konaseema, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 24 villages.

== Demographics ==
This mandal has total population of 63,013 as per the Census 2011 out of which 31,835 are males while 31,178 are females and the average Sex Ratio is 979. The total literacy rate is 69.15%. The male literacy rate is 65.74% and the female literacy rate is 58.81%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/pamarru-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4929|title=Pamarru Mandal Population, Religion, Caste Konaseema district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}</ref>

== Towns & Villages ==

=== Villages ===

#Addampalle
#Amjuru
#Balantharam
#Bhatla Palika
#Dangeru
#Gangavaram
#Gudigalla Bhaga
#Gudigalla Rallagunta
#Koolla
#Kota
#Kotipalle
#Kudupuru
#Kunduru
#Masakapalle
#[[Pamarru, Konaseema district|Pamarru]]
#Paningapalle
#Pekeru
#Satyawada
#Sivala
#Sundarapalle
#Thamarapalle
#Vilasa Gangavaram
#Yendagandi
#Yerraa Pothavaram
#Vakatippa (Uninhabited)
#Nagulacheruvu (Uninhabited)

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Nua (Rajasthan)

2025-11-07T03:11:51Z

AhGaeza: creating a info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nua
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.12|N|75.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = panchaytiraj
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]
| leader_name1 = Narendra kumar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages = Shekhawati, Hindi, Marwadi
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 333041
| area_code = +91-1592
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = RJ-18
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Jhunjhunu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = rita choudhary
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]] & [[Marwari language|Marwari]]|
}}

'''Nua''' is a small town located in [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]] district, in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Lynden |first1=Pauline |title=Rajasthan |date=1 October 2003 |publisher=Assouline Publishing |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

There is one hospital with initial emergency service, established in 1970.

It has a railway station established in 1926 and is served by six daily trains,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nua railway station |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/nua-nua/2484 |website=www.indiarailinfo.com/ |publisher=India rail info |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> and was one of the locals where the 2011 Hindi comedy film [[Chalo Dilli]] was shot and 2020 web series Bard Of Blood Season 1 was also shot here .<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahesh Bhupathi turns producer for Lara Dutta|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/news-interviews/28643223_1_mahesh-bhupathi-eros-international-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509204811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/news-interviews/28643223_1_mahesh-bhupathi-eros-international-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2011-04-14|date=1 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lara, Vinay: An odd couple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Lara-Vinay-An-odd-couple/articleshow/7662414.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509204816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/news-interviews/28676632_1_vinay-pathak-lara-dutta-film|url-status=live|archive-date=9 May 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2011-04-14|date=10 March 2011}}</ref>

There are two government schools and one private girls college.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jhunjhunu district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jhunjhunu district]]

Ahmad Shah II's invasion of Mewar

2025-11-04T21:05:56Z

AhGaeza: started article!

{{Short description|Battles between Gujarat and Mewar}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Gujarati Invasion of Mewar
| place = [[Mewar]] ([[Rajasthan]], modern day [[India]])
| result = [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] victory
| territory = [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] failed to capture [[Nagaur]], [[Mount Abu|Abu]] and [[Kumbhalgarh]].
| combatant1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| combatant2 = [[Sultanate of Gujarat]]
| commander1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]] [[Rana Kumbha]]
| commander2 = [[Ahmad Shah II]] Rai Ram Chadar Malik Gadday Immad-ul-Mulk
| date = 1443<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D.R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga |year=1976 |pages=Page no 331 " in 1443, the sultan of Gujarat made another attempt to get the better of Kumbha, this time w'ith a two-prolonged operation: he sent one army to Abu under his commander-in-chief Malik Shaaban Imadul-Mulk, while the sultan himself led another against Kumbhalgarh."|publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 }}</ref> or 1456<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt5GAAAAIAAJ |title=Maharana Kumbha: Sovereign Soldier Scholar |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries |year=1917 |pages=Page no- 57 "In S. 1513 (A.D. 1456) Kumbha, aware of this plan, came out, attacked and "defeated Imad-ul-Mulk with great slaughter," and by forced marches reached Kumbhalgarh before the Sultan arrived there."}}</ref>
}}

'''Ahmad Shah II's invasion of Mewar''' was a military conflict between the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] and the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Islamic Sultanate of Gujarat.]] This invasion was an attempt to punish the Rana of Mewar [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbha]] for defeating the [[Battle of Nagaur|Gujarati forces at Nagaur]] earlier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanakumbhaso00sardrich/page/56/mode/1up |title=Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar |date=1917 |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=Page no - 56 "The Sultan thereupon espoused his cause and sent a large army under Rai Ram Chandar and Malik Gadday to take back Nagor. The Maharana allowed the army to approach Nagor when he came out, and after a severe engagement, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Gujrat army, annihilating it. Only remnants of it reached Ahmedabad, to carry the news of the disaster to the Sultan."}}</ref> Initially, Gujarat's Sultan Qutub-ud-din [[Ahmad Shah II]] besieged Abu and defeated Rao of Sirohi and marched towards Kumbhalgarh. The attack caused by Gujarat was well responded by Mewaris and their Rana who defeated Gujarat's forces at Abu and later defeated the Sultan himself at Kumbhalgarh forcing him to return to Gujarat and to drop the plans to occupy Nagaur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=136}}</ref>

== Background ==
The invasion of [[Timur|Timur the Lame]] has weakened the grip of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] over a large number of its subahs. One of them was Nagaur's ruler Firoz Khan who belonged to the family of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Kings of Gujarat]]. He was originally the governor of the same province under the [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultans of Delhi]]. He had, however, thrown off! his allegiance to Delhi and become independent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt5GAAAAIAAJ |title=Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar |date=1917 |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co. |pages=Page no-85 "The same year (A. D. 1455) Feroz Khan, Sultan of Nagor, died.1 He belonged to the family of the kings of Gujrat, and was originally Governor of the province of Nagor, under the Sultans of Delhi. He had, however, thrown of! his allegiance to Delhi and become independent}}</ref>

Firoz died in 1455 which started a succession struggle between his two sons Shams Khan and Mujhaid Khan. Initially, Shams succeeded his father but after a stiff resistance, he faced from his brother forced him to evacuate the throne and flee to [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] for help which Rana of Mewar Kumbha agreed to give him on the condition that he would destroy the battlements of the fort of Nagaur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |title=Maharana Kumbha: Sovereign, Soldier, Scholar |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries |year=1917 |pages=Page no-53 " On his death his younger son, Shams Khan, succeeded him, but his younger son, Mujahid Khan, deposed him and prepared to take his life. Shams Khan fled to Rana Kumbha for shelter 2and help. Kumbha, who had long designs on Nagor, gladly embraced this opportunity and carrying them out, agreed to place Shams Khan on the throne of Nagor on the condition that he acknowledged Kumbha's supremacy by demolishing part of the battlements of the fort of that place. "}}</ref> When he failed to fulfill the terms he was banished from Nagaur. He fled towards [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] where he gave his daughter as a wife to the Sultan of Gujarat in return the Sultan of Gujarat would wrest Nagaur from [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D.R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga |date=1976 |publication-date=1976 |pages=Page no- 31 "Subsequently, when the latter failed to implement the undertaking and even reinforced the fortifications of his fort, Kumbha marched once again to Nagore, drove out Shams Khan and annexed Nagore and confiscated frofn its treasury a large store of precious stones, jewels and other valuables."|publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankrekar |first=D.R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga |date=1976 |publisher= Vikas Publishing House|pages=Page no-"Shams Khan fled to Ahmedabad and Sultan Kutbuddin of Gujarat, who married the former's daughter, espoused his cause."|isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 }}</ref> Initially, Sultan Qutb-ud-Din, or [[Ahmad Shah II]] sent a large army under Rai Ram Chandar and Malik Gadday to take back [[Nagaur]]. The Maharana allowed the army to approach Nagaur when he came out, and after a severe engagement, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Gujarat army, nearly annihilating it to the last men. Only a few reached Ahmedabad to carry the news of the disaster to the Sultan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVFAQAAMAAJ |title=A History and Culture of Indian People |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1967 |edition=6th |pages=Page no 385 "The latter now sought help from Sultan Qutb-ud-dln of Gujarat and having offered his daughter in marriage to the Sultan, secured the services of a Gujarat army. Kumbha, however, inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy and captured Nagaur. The incident is described in a contemporary inscription in the following language: “In complete disregard of the ruler of Gujarat Kumbha captured Nagor"}}</ref>

== Invasion of Gujarat ==
Humiliated by the defeats of his generals at the hands of [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]]. Sultan thereupon decided to take the field in person. The Maharana advanced to meet him and came to [[Mount Abu]]. Sultan too marched as the head of a large host and arrived near Mount Abu. He sent a part of his army to take the fort of Abu under his general Malik Shaaban Imad-ul-Mulk and self-marched against the fortress of [[Kumbhalgarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D.R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga |year=1976 |pages=Page no 331 " in 1443, the sultan of Gujarat made another attempt to get the better of Kumbha, this time w'ith a two-prolonged operation: he sent one army to Abu under his commander-in-chief Malik Shaaban Imadul-Mulk, while the sultan himself led another against Kumbhalgarh."|publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 }}</ref> Rana Kumbha who was aware of this plan came out of the fort and with a great slaughter, defeated Immad-ul-mulk and forced marched towards Kumbhalgarh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt5GAAAAIAAJ |title=Maharana Kumbha: Sovereign Soldier Scholar |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries |year=1917 |pages=Page no- 57 "In S. 1513 (A.D. 1456) Kumbha, aware of this plan, came out, attacked and "defeated Imad-ul-Mulk with great slaughter," and by forced marches reached Kumbhalgarh before the Sultan arrived there."}}</ref> Sultan in the meantime attacked [[Sirohi]] who then was paying allegiance to Mewar. Raja of Sirohi came out of his fort and tried to give a battle to the Sultan but he was defeated. However, the Sultan abstained from taking Sirohi and marched to meet Rana Kumbha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt5GAAAAIAAJ |title=Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co |year=1917 |pages=Page no 57 "Ferishta, however, states (Vol. IV, page 41) that the Raja of Sirohi, who was a relation of the Maharana met the Sultan in battle but was defeated, and that the Sultan then went away towards Kumbhalgarh."}}</ref> He arrived at the foothill of the Kumbhalgarh fort where Immad-ul-mulk too joined him. Rana Kumbha who had reached before the Sultan, sallied out of the fortress and both sides met each other in the vicinity of Kumbhalgarh where the Sultan sustained heavy losses and returned to [[Gujarat]] completely defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=HIstory of Mewar: from Earliest Time to 1751 A.D |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipu |year=1976 |pages=Page no -149 "he Sultan at this time came to Know about the defeat of his army sent against Abu, ‘Therefore, he gave orders to call Malik Shaban back, He also detached contingents to lay waste the territory of Godawar and to demolish the temples, When he came near Kumbhalgarh, Maharana Kumbha came out from the fort and attacked the Gujrat army, ‘The Sultan failed to conquer the fort, and was compelled to retreat,"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/335/mode/1up |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06, The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Sultan of Gujarat [[Ahmad Shah II]] who had now been defeated by [[Kumbha of Mewar|Kumbha]], along with the Sultans of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and Nagaur, decided to make joint efforts against Rana in the treaty of Champaner where it was decided that the southern part of Mewar contiguous to Gujarat was to be attached to Gujarat; and Mewar proper, [[Ajmer]] and [[Ahirwada|Ahirwara]], to Malwa. Rana on the other side was able to strengthen his position in Rajasthan and Northern [[Madhya Pradesh]] by successfully defending and expanding his kingdom on the verge of his neighbouring Sultanates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar: from Earlliest time to 1751 A.D |year=1976 |pages=Page no- 137 " As already stated, the Sultans of Malwa and Gujrat, the traditional enemies of Mewar, entered into an offensive alliance against Maharana Kumbha, It was agreed between them that Godawar and the south western Mewar, including Chittor, contiguous to Gujrat, were to be attached to Gujrat, while the central Mewar, Ajmer, Uparamal, Hadoti etc, to Malwa, They now decided to make simultaneous attacks."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanakumbhaso00sardrich/page/58/mode/1up |title=Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar |date=1917 |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries co. |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mewar]]

Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy

2025-11-04T14:48:58Z

AhGaeza:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy
| image = Mekapati Rajamohana Reddy.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|06|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| residence = Nellore
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| successor = [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
| constituency1 = [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency| Narasaraopet]]
| term_start2 = 1989
| term_end2 = 1991
| predecessor2 = [[Bezawada Papi Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Magunta Subbarama Reddy]]
| constituency2 = [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency| Ongole]]
| office3 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly]] [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 1985
| term_end3 = 1989
| predecessor3 = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| successor3 = Madala Janakiram
| constituency3 = [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency| Udayagiri]]
| education = Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| otherparty = *[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse = Mekapati Manimanjari
| children = 1 daughter and 3 sons
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 16 September|
| year = 2006|
| source =
| alma_mater = Osmania University
}}
'''Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy''' (born 11 June 1944) is a former member of the [[9th Lok Sabha]], [[14th Lok Sabha]], [[15th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represented the [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore Loksabha Constituency]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[YSR Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3394 |title=Lok Sabha Member Bioprofile |publisher=Parliament of India |date= |accessdate=2013-08-04}}</ref>

Reddy lost an election contest in 1983 as an [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate. In 1985 he was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] as a candidate of the same party, and in 1989 he became an INC member of the [[Lok Sabha]]. He stood again for parliament in 1996, and 1998 as MP candidate from Ongole parliamentary constituency, both times as a [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate. Those attempts were unsuccessful in 2004 from [[Narasaraopet]] parliamentary constituency and in 2009 elections from Nellore parliamentary constituency as INC candidate, winning on both occasions. Reddy then became a member of the YSR Congress and was re-elected to the 15th [[Lok Sabha]] in a by-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.partyanalyst.com/candidateElectionResultsAction.action?candidateId=13626 |title=Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy's Profile |publisher=Partyanalyst.com |accessdate=2013-08-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130804164623/http://www.partyanalyst.com/candidateElectionResultsAction.action?candidateId=13626 |archivedate=4 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
He was elected as Leader in Lok Sabha from YSRCP Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/top-news/mekapati-rajamohana-reddy-elected-as-ysrcp-parliamentary-party-leader-135538?pfrom=inside-latest-news|title = వైఎస్ఆర్ సిపి పార్లమెంటరీ పార్టీ నేతగా మేకపాటి|date = 31 May 2014}}</ref>

==Politics==

* 1985 -- Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] Udayagiri.
* 2004 -- Member of [[14th Lok Sabha]] from Narasaraopet.
* 2009 -- Member of [[15th Lok Sabha]] from Nellore.
* 2011 -- Member of [[15th Lok Sabha]] from Nellore from [[YSR Congress]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jagan Mohan Reddy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[YSR Congress Party]] in the [[16th Lok Sabha]]|years=2014–2019}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{16th LS members from Andhra Pradesh |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Mekapati Rajamohan}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Former members of Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]

Amalapuram

2025-11-01T23:07:45Z

AhGaeza: update

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amalapuram
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District Headquarter]] [[List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh|Municipal Town]]
| image_skyline = Amalapuram.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Poornakumbham sculpture in Amalapauram
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5787|N|82.0061|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| map_caption1 = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Amalapuram Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 7.20
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="geo">{{cite web|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Amalapuram, India|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Amalapuram.html|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 3
| population_total = 53,231
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – East Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=4 April 2017|pages=16, 54}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08856
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Aithabathula Anandarao
}}

'''Amalapuram''' is a town in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the district headquarters and largest town of [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]]. It is the mandal and divisional headquarters of [[Amalapuram mandal]] and [[Amalapuram revenue division]] respectively.<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Amalapuram|url=http://eastgodavari.nic.in/temples/AMALAPURAM.aspx|website=eastgodavari.nic.in|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220800/http://eastgodavari.nic.in/temples/AMALAPURAM.aspx|archive-date=4 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town is situated in the delta of [[Konaseema]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhaskar|first1=B.V.S.|title=Water crisis grips Konaseema|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/water-crisis-grips-konaseema/article8491454.ece|access-date=4 April 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:గడియర స్తంభం సెంటర్ IMG 20190526 225221.jpg|thumb|Clock Tower]]
[[File:The Godavari River @Amalapuram.jpg|thumb|Godavari River in Pasarlapudi village near Amalapuram]]
Amalapuram was originally named Amlipuri. Some of its temples are dedicated to Amaleswarudu.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Amalapuram is also called Panchalingapuram as it is the seat of five temples to Shiva as Amaleswarudu, Sidheswarudu, Ramalingeswarudu, Chandramouleeswarudu and Chennamalleeswarudu. Amalapuram is the most developed town in [[Konaseema district]]. It is hub of the district for education and financial institutes. There are approximately 65 schools and colleges, six engineering colleges and one medical college in the area where Dr.Yugandar Bangari and Dr.Lagishetti Mahesh who are notable alumni of K.I.M.S. hospital, Amalapuram is contributing to improve health care sector in Amalapuram. It is one among few parliament constituencies in India which do not have a railway connectivity.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Geography ==
Amalapuram is spread over an area of {{Convert|7.20|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" /> It is located at {{Coord|16.5787|N|82.0061|E}}. It has an average elevation of {{Convert|2|m|abbr=on}}.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} It is the largest town of Konaseema district.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |date=29 May 2022 |title=Caste matters in Konaseema |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/caste-matters-in-konaseema/article65472911.ece |access-date=3 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India, Amalapuram Municipality had a population of 53,231, with 26,485 males and 26,746 females, resulting in a sex ratio of 1,010 females per 1,000 males. The population of children aged 0–6 years was 4,635.

The average literacy rate of Amalapuram was 89.80%, with male literacy at 93.24% and female literacy at 86.39%. Scheduled Castes (SC) constituted 13.23% of the population, and Scheduled Tribes (ST) made up 1.48%.

The total area of the municipality is 7.20 km2, resulting in a population density of approximately 7,393 persons per square kilometre.

''Source: Census of India 2011, [https://censusindia.gov.in CensusIndia.gov.in]''

== Amalapuram Mandal ==
Amalapuram is also the headquarters of the Amalapuram mandal, which includes the town and 16 surrounding villages. According to the 2011 Census, the mandal had a total population of 141,693 — comprising 70,973 males and 70,720 females — with a sex ratio of 996 females per 1,000 males.

The mandal spans an area of approximately 80.06 km2. The population density of the mandal is around 1,770 persons per square kilometre.

Children in the 0–6 age group numbered 13,365, and the average literacy rate in the mandal was 84.22%, with male literacy at 88.35% and female literacy at 80.09%.

''Source: Census of India 2011, [https://censusindia.gov.in CensusIndia.gov.in]''

== Governance ==

=== Politics ===
[[File:Not a parliament.jpg|thumb|Government Office in Amalapuram]]
[[File:Sheikh Abdulla Bin Hussein Al Ahmar in New Dehli, India, 2001.jpg|thumb|GMC Balayogi (To the right), Former Speaker of Parliament]]
Amalapuram is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in Andhra Pradesh.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Transport ==
[[File:Godavari river ferry and bridge.jpg|thumbnail|A Ferry in Godavari river]]

The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Amalapuram bus station. Regular buses between Rajahmundry, Kakinada non-stop, hourly based Vizag and Vijayawada from evening buses to Hyderabad available.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref>

A [[Amalapuram railway station|railway station]] currently under construction (in 2023).

== Education ==

Amalapuram is home to Sree Konaseema Bhanoji Ramars College (SKBR College), established in 1951, the oldest college in the Konaseema region and among the earlier higher education institutions in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=About SKBR College |url=http://skbrcollege.org/aboutus.php |website=SKBR College Official Website |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> The town houses the Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), a reputed medical college and hospital serving the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=About KIMS Amalapuram |url=https://www.kimsamalapuram.org/ |website=Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

Amalapuram has the Government Junior College for Girls, a public institution offering intermediate education for female students in Amalapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt Junior College (Girls), Amalapuram |url=https://www.justdial.com/East-Godavari/Govt-Junior-College-Girls-Near-Vr-College-Amalapuram/9999PX883-X883-110506162950-V9R3_BZDET |website=Justdial |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

Amalapuram also hosts multiple engineering colleges affiliated with JNTU Kakinada and approved by AICTE:<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Engineering Colleges in Amalapuram 2025 |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/engineering/colleges-in-amalapuram/ |website=CollegeDekho |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> Srinivasa Institute of Engineering and Technology (SIET), offers diploma and B.Tech programs in areas such as AI/ML, Electronics & Communications, and Electrical & Electronics Engineering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Srinivasa Institute of Engineering and Technology, Amalapuram |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/srinivasa-institute-of-engineering-and-technology-amalapuram/courses |website=Careers360 |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
Amalapuram Institute of Management Sciences & College of Engineering, provides B.E./B.Tech and M.Tech programs, along with diploma courses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amalapuram Institute of Management Sciences and College of Engineering |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/amalapuram-institute-of-management-sciences-and-college-engineering-east-godavari-46579 |website=Shiksha |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
BVC Institute of Technology & Science (BVCITS), a private AICTE‑accredited institution established in 2002, offering engineering (B.Tech/M.Tech), management (MBA), computer applications (MCA), and diploma courses.<ref>{{cite web |title=BVC Institute of Technology and Science Amalapuram |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/bvcits |website=CollegeDekho |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[G. M. C. Balayogi]], former [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]]
* [[Pradeep Machiraju]], anchor and actor
* [[Ram Madhav]], General Secretary, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Bayya Suryanarayana Murthy]], former MP of [[Rajya Sabha]], journalist, essayist, short-story writer
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] music composer and singer
* [[Kala Venkata Rao]], former Minister
* [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]], badminton player
* [[G. N. Saibaba]] – Human rights activist and former Delhi University professor, originally from Amalapuram.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi University professor G. N. Saibaba sentenced to life imprisonment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gn-saibaba-gets-life-term/article8291382.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 March 2017 |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
* Amalapuram Urban Development Authority (AMUDA) - http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/uda/35,%20Dt.20.03.2023-AMUDA.PDF
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Konaseema district}}

* [http://skbrcollege.org/ Sree Konaseema Bhanoji Ramars College Official Website]
* [https://www.kimsamalapuram.org/ Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences Official Website]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]

Mohanjit

2025-10-05T22:04:49Z

AhGaeza: created some pg needs work...

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
'''Dr. Mohanjit''' is a Punjabi poet. He won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2018 for his poetry collection ''Kone Da Suraj''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Mohanjit is from village [[Adiiwala|Adliwala]], [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bharti |first=Vishav |date=6 December 2018 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award for Mohanjit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/sahitya-akademi-award-for-mohanjit-694146 |work=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> His first poems were published in 1956. During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], his writings were published in [[Nagmani (magazine)|Nagmani]] magazine under the title ‘Dispatches from the Western Front’.<ref name=":0" />

He is based in Delhi and was a lecturer at the Delhi University's Deshbandhu College.<ref name=":0" />

He won the Sahitya Akademi Award for the poetry collection ''Kone Da Suraj'' in 2018. In 2020, he announced that he had returned his award in support of the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|2020-2021 Indian farmers' protest]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Bhartiya Sahitya Akademi Award winners from Punjab return awards in support of farmers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Dec/04/bhartiya-sahitya-akademi-award-winners-from-punjab-return-awards-in-support-of-farmers-2231732.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Sahitya Akademi Award controversy ==
Mohanjit said that he got the award at the late age of 80 because the gang that was controlling the Punjabi Sahitya Akademi Award was opposed to him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharti |first=Vishav |date=10 December 2018 |title=Mohanjit-Akademi awards row nothing new, it started with Amrita Pritam |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/sahitya-akademi-awards-not-new-to-controversy-696207}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== Collections of poems ===

* ''Sehkada Shehir''
* ''Ohle Ch Ojiara''
* ''Kone Da Suraj''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Dhoraji Assembly constituency

2025-09-21T22:28:28Z

AhGaeza: Made a data...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhoraji
| mla = [[Mahendra Padalia|Dr. Mahendrabhai Padalia]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:268706}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 75
}}

'''Dhoraji''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] district, and is one of the 8 assembly seats under [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Upleta Taluka
# Dhoraji Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=5| [[Vitthalbhai Radadiya]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=5|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|2009^
| [[Jayesh Radadiya]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Vitthalbhai Radadiya]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2013^
| [[Pravin Makadiya]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Lalit Vasoya]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Mahendra Padalia|Dr. Mahendrabhai Padalia]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
*2009^ (by-poll) - Jayesh Radadiya, after his father Vitthal Radadiya became an MP and gave up his Vidhan Saha seat
*2012 - Vitthalbhai Radadiya, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
** Vitthalbhai Radadiya joined BJP soon after the 2012 election and resigned from the assembly
*2013^ (by-poll)

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Dhoraji Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahendra Padalia]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=66430|percentage=42.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lalit Vasoya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=54182|percentage=34.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vipul Sakhiya<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP releases second list of 9 candidates for Gujarat Assembly polls |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2022/08/18/bom12-gj-aap-candidates.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=The Week |date=18 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=29794|percentage=19.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prabhat Govind Solanki|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1577|percentage=1.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1620|percentage=1.04|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,248|percentage=7.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:266718}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dhoraji<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalit Vasoya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:250620}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Gujarat Legislative Assembly By election]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narendramodi.in/bjp%E2%80%99s-victory-in-all-6-gujarat-by-elections-an-ultimatum-to-congress-cm/ |title=BJP's victory in all 6 Gujarat by elections an ultimatum to Congress: CM |date=5 June 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pravin Makadiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 44,751
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Haribhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33,254
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,497
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=11 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vitthalbhai Radadiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 76189
|percentage = 46.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Haribhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 73246
|percentage = 44.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2943
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 164045
|percentage = 70.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajkot district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|21.73|70.45|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Gujarat]]

1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2025-09-02T04:35:44Z

AhGaeza: Made new article

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox hurricane season
| Basin=NIO
| Year=1999
| Track=1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.jpg
| First storm formed=January 30, 1999
| Last storm dissipated=December 10, 1999
| Strongest storm name=[[1999 Odisha cyclone|BOB 06]] (Most intense tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean on record)
| Strongest storm pressure=912
| Strongest storm winds=140
| Average wind speed=3
| Total disturbances=8, 2 unofficial
| Total depressions=6, 2 unofficial
| Total storms=4, 1 unofficial
| Total hurricanes=4
| Total intense=3
| Total extreme=3 (record high, tied with [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2019]] and [[2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2023]])
| Total super=1
| Fatalities=At least 16,485 total 
| Damages=5446
| five seasons=[[1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1997]], [[1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1998]], '''1999''', [[2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2000]], [[2001 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2001]]
|Atlantic season=1999 Atlantic hurricane season
|East Pacific season=1999 Pacific hurricane season
|West Pacific season=1999 Pacific typhoon season
}}

The '''1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season''' was an extremely active and deadly tropical cyclone season in recent times. It was an event in the annual cycle of [[tropical cyclone]] formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and October-November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], east of the [[Horn of Africa]] and west of the [[Malay Peninsula]]. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean – the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west of the [[Indian subcontinent]], abbreviated ''ARB'' by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD); and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, abbreviated ''BOB'' by the IMD.

The official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] in this basin is the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), while the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] releases unofficial advisories. The [[tropical cyclone scales|tropical cyclone scale]] for this basin is detailed on the right. On average, 4 to 6 storms form in this basin every season.<ref name="IMD">{{cite web|title=IMD Cyclone Warning Services: Tropical Cyclones|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/services/cyclone/tropical-cyclone.htm|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090529004113/http://www.imd.ernet.in/services/cyclone/tropical-cyclone.htm |archivedate = May 29, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The season produced an above-average number of cyclonic storms but there was a very above-average number of intense cyclones. In May, a Category 3 cyclone struck Pakistan, leaving 6,400 people dead. In October, two very intense cyclones struck eastern India within two weeks of each other with [[1999 Odisha cyclone|the latter]] becoming the most intense Northern Indian Ocean cyclone on record, leaving over 10,000 people dead and causing more than $5.4 billion (1999 USD) in damages.

__TOC__
{{-}}

== Season summary ==
<div style="text-align: center;">
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:200
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:50 left:20
Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/02/1999 till:01/01/2000
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/02/1999
Colors =
id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Depression_(31–50_km/h)
id:DD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Deep_Depression_(51–62_km/h)
id:TS value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Cyclonic_Storm_(63–88_km/h)
id:ST value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(89–117_km/h)
id:VS value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Very_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(118–165_km/h)
id:ES value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Extremely_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(166–220_km/h)
id:SU value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Super_Cyclonic_Storm_(≥221_km/h)
Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData =
barset:Hurricane
bar:Month
PlotData=
barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
from:02/02/1999 till:05/02/1999 color:ST text:"BOB 01 (SCS)"
from:16/05/1999 till:22/05/1999 color:ES text:"[[1999 Pakistan cyclone|ARB 01 (ES)]]"
from:08/06/1999 till:11/06/1999 color:TS text:"03B (CS)"
from:17/06/1999 till:17/06/1999 color:DD text:"BOB 02 (DD)"
from:27/07/1999 till:28/07/1999 color:DD text:"BOB 03 (DD)"
from:06/08/1999 till:09/08/1999 color:TD text:"BOB 04 (D)"
from:15/10/1999 till:19/10/1999 color:ES text:"[[1999 East India cyclone|BOB 05 (ES)]]"
barset:break
from:25/10/1999 till:03/11/1999 color:SU text:"[[1999 Odisha cyclone|BOB 06 (SU)]]"
from:05/12/1999 till:05/12/1999 color:TD text:"31W (TD)"
from:08/12/1999 till:10/12/1999 color:DD text:"BOB 07 (D)"
bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/02/1999 till:28/02/1999 text:February
from:01/03/1999 till:31/03/1999 text:March
from:01/04/1999 till:30/04/1999 text:April
from:01/05/1999 till:31/05/1999 text:May
from:01/06/1999 till:30/06/1999 text:June
from:01/07/1999 till:31/07/1999 text:July
from:01/08/1999 till:31/08/1999 text:August
from:01/09/1999 till:30/09/1999 text:September
from:01/10/1999 till:31/10/1999 text:October
from:01/11/1999 till:30/11/1999 text:November
from:01/12/1999 till:31/12/1999 text:December
</timeline>
</div>

During the 1999 season, a total of ten tropical cyclones were observed. The [[India Meteorological Department]], the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] of the North Indian Ocean basin, identified eight of them. The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] unofficially tracked two additional cyclones, 03B and 31W, during the course of the season.

== Systems ==
=== Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=01B 1999-02-03 0232Z.png
|Track=Cyclone 01B 1999 track.png
|Formed=February 2
|Dissipated=February 5
|3-min winds=50
|1-min winds=40
|Pressure=998
}}
On January 30, an area of disturbed weather began to develop. Convection began to form around the center and a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued the next day by the JTWC. Development of the storm stalled and the alert was cancelled. The next day, another TCFA was issued but was once more cancelled. Finally, on February 2, after the third TCFA was issued, the low pressure area developed into a tropical storm at 0900Z 370 [[Nautical Mile|nm]] west of [[Phuket, Thailand]]. The storm slowly intensified and reached its peak of 45 mph (1-min) on February 3. Shortly after peaking in intensity, vertical wind shear weakened the storm and the low became exposed by 1800Z the same day. The storm later dissipated on February 5 without making landfall.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 (02A) ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=02A 1999-05-20 0600Z.png
|Track=Cyclone 02A 1999 track.png
|Formed=May 16
|Dissipated=May 22
|3-min winds=105
|1-min winds=110
|Pressure=946
}}
{{Main|1999 Pakistan cyclone}}
An area of disturbed weather in the [[Arabian Sea]] was monitored in early May for possible development. Over the next two weeks, strong convection would develop before sunrise but dissipate by sunset. By May 16, the convection had become constant and a TCFA was issued at 0100Z. The low became a tropical storm by 0900Z. Tropical Storm 02A intensified as it moved to the northwest and reached cyclone status on May 17 at 0600Z. At that time, a mid-latitude trough weakened the subtropical ridge, allowing 02A to curve into [[Pakistan]]. 02A continued to intensify and by May 19, it had reached its peak of 125 mph (205 km/h), just below Category four status on the SSHS. 02A made landfall on May 20 near [[Karachi, Pakistan]] at peak intensity. The storm began to dissipate as it continued inland over the Indus River Valley on May 21 and completely dissipated the next day.

The cyclone struck the same area which had been hit hard by Tropical Cyclone 03A, a category three as well, almost exactly a year prior. It proved to be very deadly with 6,400 people reported to be dead. Damages totaled to $6 million (1999 USD).

02A was the strongest storm to ever form in the Arabian Sea until 2001, when cyclone 01A became the strongest storm to form in the Arabian Sea. It was itself surpassed in [[2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2007]] when [[Cyclone Gonu]] became the first category five to form in the Arabian Sea.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> That would itself be surpassed again in 2019 when [[Cyclone Kyarr]] became the most intense system in the Arabian Sea.
{{Clear}}

=== Tropical Storm 03B ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=03B 1999-06-10 1025Z.png
|Track=Cyclone 03B 1999 track.png
|Formed=June 8
|Dissipated=June 11
|1-min winds=35
|Pressure=997
}}
On June 8, an area of low pressure formed 235 nm south of [[Chittagong, Bangladesh]]. The low slowly developed over the next two days while drifting to the west and northwest. On June 10, a TCFA was issued at 0830Z and the first warning on Tropical Storm 03B was issued at 1500Z the same day. The storm made landfall as a minimal tropical storm to the west of [[Calcutta, India]] later that day. 03B rapidly weakened due to vertical wind shear and the interaction with land and dissipated on June 11. No fatalities or damages have been associated with 03B.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Deep Depression BOB 02 ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=BOB 02 1999-06-17 0332Z.png
|Track=BOB02 1999 track.png
|Formed=June 17
|Dissipated=June 17
|3-min winds=30
|Pressure=986
}}
A weak depression existed on June 17 before it made landfall near [[Berhampur]]. The depression was monitored by the IMD, not the JTWC.
{{Clear}}

=== Deep Depression BOB 03 ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Tropical Depression BOB 03 27 Jul 1999 0929z.png
|Track=BOB03 1999 track.png
|Formed=July 27
|Dissipated=July 28
|3-min winds=30
|Pressure=990
}}
A depression formed on July 27, strengthened slightly before moving inland into the Odisha state on July 28. The depression was monitored by the IMD, not the JTWC.
{{Clear}}

=== Depression BOB 04 ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=BOB 04 1999-08-06 1322Z.png
|Track=BOB04 1999 track.png
|Formed=August 6
|Dissipated=August 9
|3-min winds=25
|Pressure=992
}}
A depression formed in the northern Bay of Bengal on August 6 and moved inland into the Odisha state the next day. It was dissipated by August 8. The depression was monitored by the IMD, not the JTWC.
{{Clear}}

=== Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 (04B) ===
{{main|1999 East India cyclone}}
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=04B 1999-10-17 0000Z.png
|Track=Cyclone 04B 1999 track.png
|Formed=October 15
|Dissipated=October 19
|3-min winds=90
|1-min winds=120
|Pressure=968
}}

On October 15, a developing area of low pressure, located 220 nm northwest of the [[Andaman Islands]] began to intensify. By 1730Z a TCFA was issued and the first advisory on Tropical Storm 04B was issued at 2100Z. 04B was moving to the west-northwest at 8–12 knots as it continued to intensify. On October 17, the storm began to turn to a more northerly direction as it intensified to a cyclone. 04B underwent explosive intensification the same day and reached its peak of 140 mph at 0000Z. The storm held this intensity as it made landfall on the Odisha coastline near Gopalpur beach. The storm began to weaken due to the interaction with land and dissipated on October 19.

04B was responsible for 198 fatalities and hundreds of houses and huts in low-lying areas were destroyed by flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 2000 |title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999 |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1999.pdf |journal=[[India Meteorological Department]] }}</ref> Several thousand others were injured by the storm and hundreds were left homeless. The Prime Minister of India requested that relief supplies be distributed to the affected region immediately.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=The Birmingham Post|date=October 20, 1999|accessdate=July 30, 2009|title=Cyclone kills 79|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-60485385}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Super Cyclonic Storm BOB 06 (05B) ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Cyclone 05B.jpg
|Track=1999 Indian cyclone 05B track.png
|Formed=October 25
|Dissipated=November 3
|3-min winds=140
|1-min winds=140
|Pressure=912
}}
{{Main|1999 Odisha cyclone}}
On October 23, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued by the JTWC for an area of low pressure in the [[South China Sea]]. The low did not develop further and the TCFA was cancelled. On October 25, the low crossed the Malay Peninsula. Later that day, the system reorganized and another TCFA was issued at 1930 UTC, with advisories for Tropical Cyclone 05B initiated early the next morning. The storm tracked to the northwest and continued to intensify quickly; peaking as a 160 mph category five late on October 28. 11 hours after peaking, 05B weakened slightly to 155 mph and made landfall near the same area that 04B had only 11 days prior. The storm slowly weakened as it stalled just onshore in [[Odisha]], [[India]] while dumping torrential rains. The storm reemerged into the Bay of Bengal on October 31 as a 45 mph tropical storm. 05B slowly weakened as it drifted southward. 05B weakened to a tropical depression on October 31, before dissipating on November 4.

Damage from the cyclone was tremendous. Flooding from the storm's rain was described as being the worst in 100 years as well as the worst in India's post-independence history. The storm claimed the lives of at least 9,887 people<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 2000 |title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999 |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1999.pdf |journal=[[India Meteorological Department]] |pages=50–64}}</ref> and 406,000 livestock. Damages from the storm totaled to $4.44 billion (1999 USD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Tropical Depression 31W ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=31-W 1999 track.png
|Formed=December 5 ([[1999 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Depression 31W|Entered basin]])
|Dissipated=December 5
|1-min winds=20
|Pressure=
}}The remnants of this storm [[1999 Pacific typhoon season|from the Western Pacific basin]] entered the [[Andaman Sea]] on December 5 but redevelopment did not occur.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |journal=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |pages=131 |access-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{clear}}

=== Depression BOB 07 ===
{{Infobox Hurricane Small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=BOB 07 1999-12-08 2155Z.png
|Track=BOB07 1999 track.png
|Formed=December 8
|Dissipated=December 10
|3-min winds=25
|Pressure=998
}}
A Tropical Depression formed in the Bay of Bengal on December 8. The depression was monitored by the IMD, not the JTWC. The depression remained out over open waters before dissipating on December 10.<ref>[http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ1999.htm Northern Hemisphere 1999 Tropical Cyclone Season Review]</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Season effects ==
{{North Indian Ocean areas affected (Top)}}
|-
| BOB 01 || {{Sort|01|February 2 –5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{Sort|4|Severe Cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{Sort|095|95 km/h (60 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{sort|0998|998 hPa (29.47 inHg)}} || [[Sri Lanka]]|| {{ntsh|0}} None || None ||
|-
| [[1999 Pakistan cyclone|ARB 01]] || {{Sort|02|May 16 –22}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{Sort|6|Extremely Severe Cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{Sort|195|195 km/h (120 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{sort|0946|946 hPa (27.94 inHg)}} || [[India]], [[Pakistan]] || $6 million || 6,400 ||
|-
| 03B || {{Sort|03|June 8 –11}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|2|Tropical Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|065|65 km/h (40 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{sort|0997|997 hPa (29.12 inHg)}} || [[India]] || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
| BOB 02 || {{Sort|04|June 17 –17}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|055|55 km/h (35 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{sort|0986|986 hPa (29.12 inHg)}} || [[India]] || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
| BOB 03 || {{Sort|05|July 27 –28}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|055|55 km/h (35 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{sort|0990|990 hPa (29.23 inHg)}} || [[India]] || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
| BOB 04 || {{Sort|06|August 6 –9}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|045|45 km/h (30 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0992|992 hPa (29.29 inHg)}} || [[India]] || Unknown || Unknown ||
|-
| [[1999 East India cyclone|BOB 05]] || {{Sort|07|October 15 –19}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{Sort|6|Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{Sort|165|165 km/h (105 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|ESCS}}|{{sort|0968|968 hPa (28.59 inHg)}} || [[India]], [[Myanmar]] || $1 billion || 198 ||
|-
| [[1999 Odisha cyclone|BOB 06]] || {{Sort|08|October 25 – November 3}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SUCS}}|{{Sort|7|Super Cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SUCS}}|{{Sort|260|260 km/h (160 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SUCS}}|{{sort|0912|912 hPa (26.93 inHg)}} || [[India]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]] || $4.44 billion || >9,887 ||
|-
| 31W || {{Sort|09|December 5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|035|35 km/h (25 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}| Not specified || [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] || None || None ||
|-
| BOB 07 || {{Sort|10|December 8 –10}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|045|45 km/h (30 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0998|998 hPa (29.47 inHg)}} || [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] || None || None ||
|-
{{TC Areas affected (Bottom)|TC's=8 systems, 2 unofficial
|dates=February 2–December 10|winds=260 km/h (160 mph)|pres=912 hPa (26.93 inHg)|damage=$5.446 billion|deaths=>16,485|Refs=}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons]]
* [[1999 Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[1999 Pacific hurricane season]]
* [[1999 Pacific typhoon season]]
* South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[1998–99 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1998–99]], [[1999–00 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1999–00]]
* Australian region cyclone seasons: [[1998–99 Australian region cyclone season|1998–99]], [[1999–00 Australian region cyclone season|1999–00]]
* South Pacific cyclone seasons: [[1998–99 South Pacific cyclone season|1998–99]], [[1999–00 South Pacific cyclone season|1999–00]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619073130/http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/WCDRDOCS/Primer%20for%20Parliamentarians.pdf Primer for Parliamentarians]
* [http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/ Gary Padgett Summaries]
* [http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/indian_oc/index.html Unisys Track]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100120054907/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/annual-tropical-cyclone-reports JTWC Archive]
{{TC Decades|Year=1990|basin=North Indian Ocean|type=cyclone}}

{{1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|1999}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1999 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season}}
[[Category:1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season| ]]

Dilya Ghari Tu Sukhi Raha

2025-09-02T03:05:12Z

AhGaeza: started data

{{Short description|Marathi television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dilya Ghari tu sukhi raha title-card.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| writer =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| director = Girish Vasaikar
| producer = Rakesh Sarang Sangeet Sarang
| language = Marathi
| theme_music_composer = [[Kaushal Inamdar]]
| num_seasons =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_episodes = 336
| company = Camps Club
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| country = India
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|11|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|22|df=y}}
}}

'''''Dilya Ghari Tu Sukhi Raha''''' ({{translation|Live Happily in the home given to you}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-presents-new-show-dilya-ghari-tu-sukhi-raha.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317071739/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-presents-new-show-dilya-ghari-tu-sukhi-raha.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 March 2023|title=Zee Marathi presents new show ‘Dilya Ghari Tu Sukhi Raha’|website=Essel News Letter}}</ref> It premiered from 28 November 2011 and ended on 22 December 2012. It starred Saurabh Gogate and Bhakti Deshpande in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/dilya-ghari-launched-with-premiere.php|title=‘Dilya Ghari Tu Sukhi Raha’ launched with Premiere|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show is about the changes that come in a girl's life and how her marital home differs from her paternal home and the overriding question in every girl and every mother's heart that will her daughter get the same love and care in her marital home. The story revolves around Vrunda a bright, ambitious, righteous girl who is aspires to be an engineer. She is the topper at her college and her parents have many hopes for her. Her family comprises her father Baburao a simple service man, her mother Mangala who is a homemaker, elder sister Chandana and a younger brother. Vrunda's life takes an unforeseen turn when due to tragic circumstances that render her family helpless she is married to Prasad Chorge from the same chawl. Her entry into matrimony squashes her dreams of a bright education and promising career. She has to face the strongest challenge in her life, that of a very manipulative, conniving mother-in-law Kanta Chorge whose sole aim is to teach Vrunda a lesson as she is the only one who has threatened her stronghold in the chawl. Will Vrunda find love & support in Prasad who would soon spot the burning desire in her to excel, or will matrimony and the daily grind of managing expectations take a toll on her.

Vrunda an aspiring student with free-minded gets on the wrong foot with Kanta Chorge an evil resident Limbuwadi. Vrunda's elder sister Chandana's marriage gets fixed with Kanta's son Prasad. But while traveling, she meets with an accident and loses one of her leg and hence Kanta tries to break the alliance. Vrunda's parents get shocked with this news and asks her to agree for the alliance. Kanta to defeat Vrunda's self-esteem, she asks her parents to get Vrunda married to Prasad and they agree. After the marriage, Kanta misunderstands Vrunda's every attempt and creates hurdles for her and tries to torture her.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Saurabh Gogate as Prasad Chorghe
* Bhakti Deshpande as Vrunda Kakade

=== Recurring ===
* [[Atisha Naik]] as Kanta Chorghe
* Mrunal Chemburkar as Vrunda and Chanda's mother
* Rajan Bhise as Baburao Kakade, Vrunda and Chanda's father
* Yogesh Soman
* [[Rupali Bhosale]]
* [[Pratiksha Jadhav]]

== Reception ==
=== Grand Premiere ===
A grand premiere of this new Marathi serial was held in the presence of huge audience at Sahakar Nagar, Wadala. The inaugural episode was witnessed by the audience gathered on this occasion in the presence of all the artistes from this serial besides other celebrities who were present there. [[Abhijeet Khandkekar]] played the host of the programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-dilya-ghari-tu-sukhi-raha-premiere-2599042.html|title=झी मराठीच्‍या 'दिल्‍या घरी तू सुखी राहा' या मालिकेचा पहिल्‍यांदाच भव्‍य प्रिमीयर|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Airing history ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Airing Date !! Days !! Time (IST)
|-
| 1 || 28 November 2011 – 14 April 2012 || rowspan="2"| Mon-Sat || 7 pm
|-
| 2 || 16 April – 22 December 2012 || 7.30 pm
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=514 | title = Dilya Ghari Tu Sukhi Raha | archive-date = 2012-12-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121215180058/http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=514 | access-date = 2022-11-30 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt14837152}}

[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]

Akhtar Nawab

2025-08-16T04:13:08Z

AhGaeza: started a article!

{{Short description|American chef and restaurateur}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox chef
| name = Akhtar Nawab
| image =
| caption =
| alt = Akhtar Nawab
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Wisconsin]], U.S.
| education = [[California Culinary Academy]]
| spouse =
| children =
| restaurants =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|akhtarnawab.com/}}
}}
'''Akhtar Nawab''' is an American chef and restaurateur. After graduating from culinary school, Nawab moved to New York in 1998 and worked under chef [[Tom Colicchio]] at [[Gramercy Tavern]] for several years. He was part of the opening staff of Colicchio's restaurant Craft, and in 2002 helped open Craftbar, later serving as [[executive chef]]. His first restaurant, Elettaria, closed in 2009 due to the [[2008 financial crisis]]. Since then he has made a shift to working mainly in [[Mexican cuisine]] and has opened several restaurants.

== Early life ==
Born to Indian parents in [[Wisconsin]], Nawab's mother was a nurse and hailed from [[Lucknow]], in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], while his father worked as a [[cardiovascular surgeon]].<ref name="Eater 9-2017">{{cite news |last1=Strong |first1=Andrea |title=Meet the NYC Restaurateur Who Should be on Everyone's Radar |url=https://ny.eater.com/2017/9/7/16263196/akhtar-nawab-alta-calidad-profile |access-date=September 17, 2024 |work=[[Eater NY]] |date=September 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Tennessean">{{cite news |last1=Price |first1=Todd A. |title=How an Indian-American from Kentucky became a Mexican chef |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/american-south/2020/03/10/kentucky-indian-american-chef-akhtar-nawab-embraces-mexican-food/4954468002/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[The Tennessean]] |date=March 10, 2020}}</ref> In addition to his father, his brother, aunt, uncles, and grandfather worked in medical professions.<ref name="NBC News">{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Emily |title=How an Indian-American chef from Kentucky found peace cooking Mexican food |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/how-indian-american-chef-kentucky-found-peace-cooking-mexican-food-n824181 |access-date=November 24, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=November 28, 2017}}</ref> His parents and brother were born in India, but Nawab was born in Wisconsin, where his father was completing a [[Fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]] program prior to moving to [[Louisville]], [[Kentucky]].<ref name="Tennessean" /> Nawab spent time cooking with his mother growing up,<ref name="Eater 9-2017" /> and they made foods such as ''[[roti]]'' (a [[flatbread]]), ''[[korma]]'' (a [[curry]]) and ''[[chana dal]]'' (a [[chickpea]]-based dish).<ref name="Tennessean" /> He experienced difficulties being raised in a family that was more strict and conservative relative to those around them, and they only knew one other Indian family in the city.<ref name="Tennessean" /> He graduated from the [[St. Francis School (Louisville)|St. Francis School]] in 1990.<ref name="Francis Parker School">{{cite web |title=Alumni Profile: Akhtar Nawab G'86, '90 |url=https://www.francisparkerlouisville.org/alumni-profiles/alumni-profile-akhtar-nawab-g86-90/ |publisher=[[Francis Parker School of Louisville]] |access-date=November 24, 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 1990–1998: Early culinary ventures and training ===
Nawab attended [[Bradley University]] in Illinois for one year, after which he returned to Louisville to pursue work in the restaurant business. He worked at a [[family restaurant]] for four years.<ref name="Tennessean" /><ref name="Francis Parker School"/> The decision displeased his parents, and he recalled: "My mom was terrified for me to do this. My dad was angry."<ref name="NBC News" /> He entered the [[California Culinary Academy]] in San Francisco in 1994, where, in the course of three years, he would cook for chefs Loretta Keller (of Bizou) and [[Roland Passot]] (of [[La Folie (restaurant)|La Folie]]).<ref name="NBC News" /><ref name="Eater 9-2017" />

=== 1998–2009: Move to New York, work with Tom Colicchio, and Elettaria ===
Nawab moved to New York in 1998, and worked as a cook at the [[Gramercy Tavern]] for a couple years, mentored by chef [[Tom Colicchio]].<ref name="NBC News" /><ref name="Eater 9-2017" /> After a couple years at Gramercy, Colicchio chose Nawab as part of the opening staff for his restaurant Craft. There, Nawab would meet and serve as a mentor to future restaurateur [[David Chang]], who was working as a cook. In 2002, he opened Craftbar under chef [[Marco Canora]], and later moved into the [[executive chef]] role with Canora's departure.<ref name="Eater 9-2017" />

Nawab worked at the restaurant European Union (E.U.) before he opened his own restaurant, Elettaria, in 2008.<ref name="Eater 9-2017" /><ref name="Tennessean" /> It was reviewed in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Platt |first1=Adam |author1-link=Adam Platt |title=Persephone and Elettaria |url=https://nymag.com/restaurants/reviews/46196/ |access-date=November 23, 2024 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=April 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Peed |first1=Mike |title=Elettaria |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/05/26/elettaria |access-date=November 24, 2024 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=May 19, 2008}}</ref> He appeared on [[Food Network]]'s ''[[Iron Chef America]]'' the following year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNulty |first1=Ian |title=New Mexican restaurant Otra Vez brings a Michelin-recognized chef to New Orleans |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/eat-drink/new-mexican-restaurant-otra-vez-brings-a-michelin-recognized-chef-to-new-orleans/article_4b135889-1b09-5d18-80e8-e0d63cb80885.html |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[NOLA.com]] |date=April 9, 2019}}</ref> The restaurant was forced to close later in 2009, not two years before its opening, due to struggles it faced amid the [[2008 financial crisis]] and [[bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers]], the latter of which occurred 3 months after the restaurant's opening. Nawab was out of work in the following 7 months and faced difficulties in his personal life, such as the breakdown of his marriage.<ref name="Eater 9-2017" /><ref name="Tennessean" />

=== 2009–present: Shift to Mexican cuisine and other ventures ===
Nawab was a consultant on the opening of a Mexican restaurant Zengo under chef Richard Sandoval. He was then culinary director of the Mexican restaurant La Esquina for four years. After that point, he worked as a consultant for a Washington, D.C.-based restaurant owned by a friend, worked to expand the Choza Taqueria restaurant chain, and opened the [[fast casual]] Indian restaurant Indie Fresh in New York.<ref name="Eater 9-2017" /> He was briefly chef at La Cenita, another Mexican restaurant, around this time before he left in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaminer |first1=Michael |title=Restaurant review: La Cenita misses with tapas portions that will leave you starving |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2013/10/30/restaurant-review-la-cenita-misses-with-tapas-portions-that-will-leave-you-starving/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=October 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Morabito |first1=Greg |title=La Cenita Is Now a Steakhouse; Akhtar Nawab OUT |url=https://ny.eater.com/2014/4/2/6250741/la-cenita-is-now-a-steakhouse-akhtar-nawab-out |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[Eater NY]] |date=April 2, 2014}}</ref> From 2015 to 2017, he was [[executive chef]] at Table, in Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidman |first1=Jessica |title=New York Chef Akhtar Nawab Will Replace Patrick Robinson at Table |url=https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/332609/new-york-chef-akhtar-nawab-will-replace-patrick-robinson-at-table/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[Washington City Paper]] |date=June 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rojas |first1=Warren |title=Table Shutting Down Tuesday |url=https://dc.eater.com/2017/2/13/14598996/table-closing-dc |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[Eater DC]] |date=February 13, 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Nawab opened Alta Calidad, a [[full-service restaurant]] in New York serving Mexican food,<ref name="Eater 9-2017" /><ref name="Eater 3-2017">{{cite news |last1=McCart |first1=Melissa |title=Akhtar Nawab's First NYC Full-Service Spot in Eight Years is Now Open |url=https://ny.eater.com/2017/3/1/14780312/akhtar-nawabs-first-full-service-spot-in-eight-years-is-now-open |access-date=September 18, 2024 |work=[[Eater NY]] |date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> and Fero, a restaurant serving [[Italian cuisine]] in a [[Birmingham, Alabama]] food hall.<ref name="AL.com 2017" /> Alta Calidad was soon after given the [[Bib Gourmand]] by the ''[[Michelin Guide]]'', which is awarded quality restaurants offering affordable prices.<ref name="NBC News" /> His next project, Prather's on the Alley, opened in the [[Mount Vernon Triangle]] of Washington, D.C. in late 2018. He was its executive chef through early 2019.<ref name="Eater DC" /> He opened Otra Vez, a Mexican restaurant in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, in 2019.<ref name="Tennessean" />

Nawab is the founding CEO of Hospitality HQ, which opened a food hall in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] in 2019, and one in Chicago, Illinois, in 2020, among other projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vettel |first1=Phil |title=Food hall in Cook County Hospital development to open with roster of minority-owned vendors |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-food-dining-dr-murphys-0723-20200724-purur5d45bexbgdlfblbgfzgwu-story.html |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=July 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Food halls: Redesigning the dining experience |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/food-halls-redesigning-the-dining-experience/ |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[CBS News Sunday Morning]] |date=November 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Babur |first1=Oset |title=Omaha's First Food Hall Opens in a Former Race Track |url=https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/restaurants/inner-rail-akhtar-nawab-food-hall-omaha |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[Food & Wine]] |date=October 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006124804/https://www.foodandwine.com/travel/restaurants/inner-rail-akhtar-nawab-food-hall-omaha |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His first cookbook, ''Good for You'', was published by [[Chronicle Books]] in 2020.<ref name="Tennessean" />

==Restaurants==
* Elettaria (open from 2008 to 2009) in New York.<ref name="Eater 3-2017" /><ref name="Eater 9-2017" />
* Indie Fresh (opened in 2015), a soup stall [[pop-up restaurant|pop-up]] within Choza Taqueria in New York.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferst |first1=Devra |title=Gotham West Is Getting Indie Fresh, a Broth Stall from Choza Taqueria |url=https://ny.eater.com/2015/1/21/7868467/gotham-west-is-getting-indie-fresh-a-broth-stall-from-choza-taqueria |access-date=November 25, 2024 |work=[[Eater NY]] |date=January 21, 2015}}</ref>
* Alta Calidad (opened in 2017), a [[full-service restaurant]] in New York serving [[Mexican cuisine]].<ref name="Eater 3-2017" />
* Fero (opened in 2017), a restaurant serving [[Italian cuisine]] in a [[Birmingham, Alabama]] food hall.<ref name="AL.com 2017">{{cite news |last1=Carlton |first1=Bob |title=Italian restaurant opening in Birmingham's Pizitz Food Hall |url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/2017/07/italian_restaurant_opening_in.html |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[AL.com]] |date=July 7, 2017}}</ref>
* Prather's on the Alley (opened in 2018), in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Eater DC">{{cite news |last1=Hiatt |first1=Gabe |title=Chef Tim Ma Juggles Restaurants Again With a New Job at Prather's on the Alley |url=https://dc.eater.com/2019/11/20/20972737/prathers-on-the-alley-hire-tim-ma-executive-chef-kyirisan-american-son |access-date=November 24, 2024 |work=[[Eater DC]] |date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>
* Otra Vez (opened in 2019), a Mexican restaurant in [[New Orleans]], Louisiana.<ref name="Tennessean" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.akhtarnawab.com/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nawab, Akhtar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American restaurateurs]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Louisville, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Cuisine of New York City]]
[[Category:California Culinary Academy alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Chefs from Kentucky]]

Sitaram Panchal

2025-07-14T02:15:13Z

AhGaeza: made new post...

{{Short description|Indian actor (1963–2017)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sitaram Panchal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = [[Narwana]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2017|8|10|54|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1994–2017
}}
'''Sitaram Panchal''' (1963 – 10 August 2017) was an Indian actor known for his roles in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), ''[[Peepli Live]]'' (2010), ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' (2002) and ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tiwari|first1=Vijay|title=I want people to abuse me: Sitaram Panchal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-want-people-to-abuse-me-Sitaram-Panchal/articleshow/20519497.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Sitaram Panchal passed away|date=10 August 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sitaram-panchal-dead-4790140/|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate= 10 Aug 2017}}</ref>

== Death ==
He was suffering from kidney and lung cancer.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaushal|first1=Sweta|title=Paan Singh Tomar actor Sitaram Panchal is fighting lung and kidney cancer, seeks help on FB|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/paan-singh-tomar-actor-sitaram-panchal-is-fighting-lung-and-kidney-cancer-seeks-help-on-fb/story-GUeEOziusIBam9OU4QeSbK.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=naina|title='Peepli Live' Actor Sitaram Panchal Battles Cancer, Seeks Help From Film Fraternity|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/07/18/peepli-live-actor-battles-cancer-seeks-help-from-film-fratern_a_23034959/|publisher=[[HuffPost]]|date=18 July 2017}}</ref> [[Haryana Government]] gave ₹5 [[lakh]] in financial help to the actor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana govt gives ₹ 5 lakh financial help to ailing actor Sitaram Panchal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/haryana-govt-gives-5-lakh-financial-help-to-ailing-actor-sitaram-panchal/story-r2LRF7a0bExS2sKkTOEmKO.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 July 2017}}</ref> CINTAA have also put out a plea to gather help for Panchal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Actor Sitaram Panchal Is Battling Cancer, Asks For Help In Facebook Post|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-sitaram-panchal-is-battling-cancer-asks-for-help-in-facebook-post-1725905|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=17 July 2017}}</ref> He died on 10 August 2017 in [[Mumbai]], India

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1995)<ref>{{cite news|title=एक्टिंग से हर फिल्म में छा जाता था ये हीरो, आज कैंसर के इलाज के लिए भी पैसे नहीं|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/actor-sitaram-panchal-suffering-from-cancer-sitaram-panchal-films?pageId=4|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|date=19 July 2017|language=Hindi}}</ref>
* ''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Shakti: The Power]]'' (2002)
* ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Peepli Live]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Halla Bol]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008)
* ''Sau Jhooth Ek Sach'' (2010)
* ''10ml LOVE'' (2010)
* ''[[Shagird (2011 film)|Shagird]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Yeh Khula Aasmaan]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Ammaa Ki Boli]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Saare Jahaan Se Mehnga]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ammaa Ki Boli]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Bumper Draw]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rebellious Flower]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Bhouri]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Ekkees Tareekh Shubh Muhurat]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Game Paisa Ladki]]'' (2018)

== Television ==
* ''[[Looteri Dulhan]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ek Ghar Banaunga]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Office Office as Gowardhan]]'' (1999)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0659162}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panchal, Sitaram}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney cancer in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]

Kumradol railway station

2025-07-01T16:22:16Z

AhGaeza: Data

{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kumradol
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Kumradol, [[Godda district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.695171|N|87.07556|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|159|m|ft}}
| line = [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]]
| other =
| structure = At–grade
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened = 1907
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2012–15
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = 
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KADL
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_dot_label = Kumradol railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| map_state = collapsed
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Hansdiha|right=Danre Halt|type=[[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]]}}
}}
{{Dumka–Bhagalpur line|collapse=y}}
'''Kumradol railway station''' is an Indian railway station on the [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]] of the [[Sahibganj loop]] of the [[Malda railway division]] in the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KADL / Kumradol |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/KADL/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Total Train Info}}</ref> The station is situated at Kumradol in [[Godda district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KADL/Kumradol (1 PFs)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kumradol-kadl/10031|access-date=13 October 2020|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==
The metre-gauge railway track from [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station]] to [[Mandar Hill railway station]] branch was opened in 1907. The branch was converted to broad gauge.{{when|date=January 2023}} A new railway line from Mandar Hill to Hansdiha became operational on 23 December 2012 and the Dumka to Barapalasi route was reconstructed in June 2014. The full track finally became operational in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagalpur to Dumka train link in 2015 |website=RailNews |date=19 January 2015|url=http://www.railnews.in/bhagalpur-to-dumka-train-link-in-2015/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703165344/http://www.railnews.in:80/bhagalpur-to-dumka-train-link-in-2015/ |archivedate=3 July 2018|access-date=14 January 2023}} - {{Cite news|agency=TNN|date=11 February 2014|title=Dumka–Jasidih passenger train flagged off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Jasidih-passenger-train-flagged-off/articleshow/30208723.cms|access-date=13 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|Bhagalpur ← toward → Dumka
|-
|}

==Track layout==
{{Routemap
| title = Kumradol railway station track layout
| title-bg=
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| float = none
| map =
CONTg
PSTR(L) ~~ to [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station|Bhagalpur]]
cd!~PSTR(L)\c!~c*1
PSTR(L) ~~ to {{stnlnk|Dumka}}
CONTf
| bottom = {{center|Station with one tracks and one side platforms}}
}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Dumka]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* {{stnlnk|Dumka}}
* {{stnlnk|Jasidih Junction}}
* [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]]
* {{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[Dumka Airport]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Godda district]]

Mardol, Goa

2025-01-25T13:01:59Z

AhGaeza: brief adjust article after review further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mardol
| other_name = Mhardol
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.433|N|73.95|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Mhardolkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GA
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mardol''' is a [[census town]] in [[Ponda taluka]], [[North Goa district]] in the state of [[Goa]],
[[India]].<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/#lat=15.440575&lon=73.97275&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2&search=mardol Mardol on wikimapia]</ref>

The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Portuguese language]]s radio playwright and short-story writer Ananta Rau Sar Dessai lived and practiced medicine in Mardol.
Mardol is a fast-growing town in Goa. Mardol and Mangueshi are twin towns. The late Vasantrao Velingkar, the first [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Marcaim, who sacrificed his post for Dayanand Bandodkar, who became Chief Minister, lived in Mardol.
Mardol has a football team playing in the Third Division in Goa.

==Main attraction==
The [[Mahalasa Narayani Temple, Mardol|Mahalasa Narayani Temple]], dedicated to the goddess Mahalasa(Supreme Lord Vishnu’s avatar (incarnation)) is located at Mardol in [[Ponda taluk|Ponda]] is one of the most famous temples in Goa.

==Transport ==
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|zoom=SWITCH:4,6,10|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}
[[Panaji]] is 21 kilometers from Mardol and [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] is 9.2 kilometers away. Many inter-state government run and privately operated buses travel through Mardol.Nearby travelling villages are Kunkolim, Veling, Priol.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Villages in North Goa district]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

Mir Zahid Harawi

2024-11-09T15:13:38Z

AhGaeza: created first details nd citations

{{Short description|17th-century Islamic scholar}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Mir
| name = Zahid Harawi
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|زاهد هروی}}
| caption =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| school = [[Hanafi]]
| alias = Mirza Zahid
| Sufi_order = [[Naqshbandi]]
| location = [[Kabul]]
| title =
| period = 17th-century
| father = [[Aslam Harawi]]
| teacher =
| students = [[Shah Abdur Rahim]]
| influenced =
| relatives =
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mughal Empire
| death_date = 1101 [[Hijri year|AH]] (1689-1690 CE)
| death_place = [[Kabul]], Mughal Empire
| resting_place =
}}
'''Mīr Muḥammad Zāhid Harawī''' ({{Langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|میر محمد زاهد هروی}}}}; died 1689) was an [[Islamic scholar]], [[historian]], and chronicler. He is considered to be one of the authors of the historic [[Dars-i Nizami]] curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details/14485|title=زاهد هروی ، محمد}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPaBFoHTxA8C&dq=Mir+Zahid+Harawi&pg=PA251|title=The 'Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia|first=Francis|last=Robinson|date=September 12, 2001|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=9781850654759 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riMyFm6hOjkC&dq=Mir+Zahid+Harawi&pg=PA349 | title=The Islamic Scholarly Tradition: Studies in History, Law, and Thought in Honor of Professor Michael Allan Cook | isbn=978-9004194359 | last1=Cook | first1=Michael A. | last2=Ahmed | first2=Asad | last3=Sadeghi | first3=Behnam | last4=Bonner | first4=Michael | date=21 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aA1uEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mir+Zahid+Harawi&pg=PA21|title=Palimpsests of Themselves: Logic and Commentary in Postclassical Muslim South Asia|first=Asad Q.|last=Ahmed|date=July 19, 2022|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=9780520344655 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Zahid was born in [[North India|Hindustan]]. His father, [[Qadi]] Muhammad Aslam (d. 1651), was from [[Herat]] in and migrated to [[Lahore]] during the reign of the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]]. The emperor was impressed with Aslam's piety and religiosity and offered him a position as the ''Qadi'' (judge) of [[Kabul]] and later of the army. The next Mughal emperor, [[Shah Jahan]], reinstated his position as Qadi and declared Aslam as his [[Imam]]-e-Khas.<ref name="auto">بزم تیموریہ: صفحہ 215۔</ref>

Zahid's education began with his father. He studied under Mullah Muhammad Fazil Badakhshani and Mullah Sadiq Halwai in Kabul. After that, he went to [[Turan]], where he studied under Mirza Muhammad Jan Shirazi . He studied ''[[hikmah]]'' under Shirazi's student Mullah Yusuf. Sometime after, Zahid returned to Lahore, where he studied with Mullah Jamal.<ref name="auto"/>

== Career ==
In [[Ramadan]] 1054 [[Hijri year|AH]] (July 1654), [[Shah Jahan]] appointed him as the chronicler of Kabul. Zahid remained in this position during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]]. In 1666, he was appointed as the accountant for the [[Mughal army]]. Aurangzeb later appointed him to the presidency of Kabul. While serving as the army accountant in [[Agra|Akbarabad]], Zahid continued to teach [[Islamic studies]]. He taught the science of rationality to [[Shah Abdur Rahim]]. Towards the end of his life, Zahid started to focus more on teaching and retired from his imperial employment. Some of his students travelled from faraway places, such as Muhammad Salih of [[Bengal]].<ref>تذکرہ مصنفین درس نظامی: صفحہ 235۔</ref>

Harawi was a relative of Masum Sirhindi (son of [[Ahmad Sirhindi]]) of the [[Naqshbandi]] order and was one of his successors ([[Khalifah (Sufism)|Khalifa]]). [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] praised Harawi for his piety in his work ''Anfas-ul-Arifin.'' [['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi|' Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]] notes that Harawi had great confidence in the wisdom of Waliullah's father [[Shah Abdur Rahim]] on matters of jurisprudence.<ref>تذکرہ مصنفین درس نظامی: صفحہ 236۔</ref>

== Works ==
Harawi wrote several [[hashiya|''hashiyas'']](glossary) such as Hashiya Sharh Muwaqif, Hashiya Sharh Tahzeeb Allama Dwani, Hashiya Risala Qutbuddin Razi, and Hashiya Sharh Hayakal.

== Death ==
Harawi died in 1101 [[Hijri year|AH]] (1689-1690 CE) in Kabul.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Rahi |first1=Akhtar |title=تذکرہ منصنفین درس نظامی |trans-title= Discussing the authors of Dars-i-Nizami |date=1978 |publisher=Maktabah Rahmaniyah |location=Lahore |pages=234–237 |language=ur |chapter=Mir Muhammad Zahid Harawi |oclc=793843738}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein |author1-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |title=Routledge History of World Philosophies |volume=1|date=1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=1067 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi5vbnoAGm4C&dq=mir+zahid+harawi&pg=PA1067 |access-date=3 January 2023}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
[[Category:1690 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:17th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:17th-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:People from Herat]]
[[Category:People from Kabul]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harawi, Mir Zahid}}

Inter-State Bus Terminus, Indore

2024-07-01T20:49:29Z

AhGaeza: Page

{{refimprove|date=April 2023}}

{{Short description|Bus terminal complex in Indore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Inter State Bus Terminus, Indore
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
| image =
| alt = ISBT Indore
| caption =
| address = [[Kushabhau Thakre Marg]], Indore, Madhya Pradesh
| borough =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.768|75.861|display=title,inline}}
| owned = [[Indore Development Authority]]
| operator =
| bus_stands =
| bus_operators =
| bus_routes =
| connections = {{Unbulleted list|[[Indore Metro]]|[[Indore City Bus]]|[[UP roadways]]}}
| structure = at Grade
| parking = yes
| bicycle = no
| accessible = yes
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened =  Under-construction
| rebuilt =
| closed = 
| passengers = 80,000
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =

}}

'''Inter-State Bus Terminus, Indore''' (ISBT) popularly known as '''ISBT Indore''', located in [[Vijay Nagar, Indore]] is an upcoming<ref>{{cite news |last1=Visaal |first1=Arsh Rafiq |title=Indore: Work on MR-10 ISBT to get completed by December 2022 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-work-on-mr-10-isbt-to-get-completed-by-december-2022 |access-date=29 March 2023 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=28 Jul 2022 |location=Indore, MP |language=English}}</ref> [[Inter State Bus Terminals|Inter State Bus Terminal]] in [[Indore]].

It is expected to be completed by July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISBT at MR10 Square likely to be completed by July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/isbt-at-mr10-square-likely-to-be-completed-by-july/articleshow/99681439.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times Group |date=22 Apr 2023 |location=Indore, MP |language=English}}</ref> As of January 2024, there was a delay in the completion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore: IDA Delay In ISBT Project Costs ₹100 Crore |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-ida-delay-in-isbt-project-costs-100-crore |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
==The Terminal==
The bus terminal is expected to accommodate a footfall of 80,000 passengers. It will have the capacity of rotation of approximately 1400 buses on a daily basis. It will have ample parking space for 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers and 4-wheelers alike. Furthermore, it would also have a waiting hall with a capacity of 1100 passengers. Availability of basic amenities like ATM, Tourist Help Desk, Guard Room etc. is also expected.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Visaal |first1=Arsh Rafik |title=Indore: MR-10 ISBT Project running behind schedule |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-mr-10-isbt-project-running-behind-schedule |access-date=29 March 2023 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=7 Jul 2022 |location=Indore, MP |language=English}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indore Junction railway station]]
* [[Laxmibai Nagar Junction railway station]]
* [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]]
* [[Gangwal Bus Stand]]
* [[Navlakha Bus Stand]]
* [[Sarwate Bus Stand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Indore]]
[[Category:Bus stations in India]]

Mukti Mandapa

2024-04-09T22:25:55Z

AhGaeza: created the details w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2015}}
There are many [[Mandapa]]s or Pillared halls on raised platforms within the [[Jagannath Temple]] complex meant for religious congregations. The most prominent is the '''Mukti Mandapa''' the congregation hall of the holy seat of selected learned Brahmins.<ref name=harekrishna.com>{{cite web|title=The Importance of Mukti Mandapa in Jagannath Culture|url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/12-13/features3034.htm|website=harekrsna.com|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
'''Mukti Mandapa''' is situated in front of the Adi Nrusingha Temple and by the southern side of the main Jagannatha Temple. The black granite platform is of five feet high. The area of the platform is nine hundred sq. ft. and it is square in shape. The platform is having a roof that is supported by twelve pillars around the circumference, with four pillars in the middle. The height of each pillar is eight feet and the roof of the platform is thirteen feet high from the ground level of the temple.<ref name=googlebooks>{{cite book|last1=Manti|first1=J.C.|title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri|date=22 August 2014|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|pages=64|isbn=9789382652458|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&dq=mukti+mandapa&pg=PA65}}</ref> Idols of different Gods and Goddesses are situated around the platform, including Sri Krisna, Lord Nrusimha, Lord Brahma, [[Durga]] and [[Ganesh]]. The pillars have been carved with artistic paintings.<ref name=utkalaprasanga>{{cite journal|last=ସୁଆର|first=କୃଷ୍ଣଚନ୍ଦ୍ର|title=ମୁକ୍ତି ମଣ୍ଡପ- ଏକ ବିହଙ୍ଗାବଲୋକନ|journal=ଉତ୍କଳ ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗ|volume=June 2014|pages=204–207|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/utkalprasanga/2014/Jun/oriyapdf/204-207.pdf|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

== Cultural Importance ==
* All disputes among different groups of priests and other groups of people engaged in temple services are solved by the scholars of Mukti Mandapa Sabha. Not only Gajapati Maharaja or Sebakas i.e. people engaged in temple for religious rites but also common people seek the advice of Mukti Mandapa Sabha on disputes of religious and social nature.
* The yearly religious almanac popularly known as Panji, published by different publishers are submitted to Mukti Mandapa Sabha for their approval to authenticate specific dates of different religious rites.
* The committee of nine scholars as selected by other scholars of Mukti Mandapa Sabha is considered as the apex committee to take immediate decision during any conflict in the religious field and in the administration of Jagannath temple. During [[Nabakalebara]], all rites pertaining to it are managed by the scholars of Mukti Mandapa Sabha.<ref name=Odishareview>{{cite journal|last1=Nanda|first1=Prabhat Kumar|title=The Importance of Mukti Mandapa in Jagannath Culture|journal=Odisha Review|issue=July 2013|page=40-42|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/40-42.pdf|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Jagannath}}

{{coord |19.804507|85.818010|display=title}}

[[Category:Jagannath Temple Complex]]
[[Category:Jagannath temples]]
[[Category:Puri]]

Paluvelupula

2024-04-06T07:54:06Z

AhGaeza:

{{Short description|Village in Hanamkonda district, Telangana, India}}

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}

'''Paluvelupula''' is a village in [[Hanamkonda mandal]], [[Hanamkonda district]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/telangana/warangal/hanamkonda/palvelpula.html|title = Palvelpula Village in Hanamkonda (Warangal) Telangana | villageinfo.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Warangal Urban district}}
{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Villages in Hanamkonda district]]

{{Warangal-geo-stub}}